Aff flit Kfl WW X M Um m lm\ xMBQ Bq^ffijffl^^ MM—WIMMWWw ■MHHfB j ^^^Hj aSfflBis TOgwgj Sag llsl Hill llii lllii I BJBlHIIIl ■ INHdUHI TEGG'S DICTIONARY OF CHRONOLOGY: 0E ' ^AJ^lf^ HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL REGISTER, PROM THE BIRTH OF CHRIST TO THE PRESENT TIME, % 3m (BMtioit, ENLARGED, REVISED, AND IMPROVED. NEW YORK: I). APPLETON AND COMPANY, 3,46 & 348 BROADWAY. 1854. 67266 ADVERTISEMENT. The sale of several extensive Editions of this Chronology inducing the Editor to believe that a new one, brought down to the present time, would be acceptable to the public, he has been at some pains, by a revision and copious enlargement of the contents, to render it more correct, and better adapted for the purpose of reference. To effect these objects, he has availed himself of the assistance of a literary friend, and hopes that the result of their labours will be found a useful and comprehensive guide, when information is required connected with Chronology. Being at the same time fully aware that in a work compiled like the present, from various sources, errors must frequently occur, the Editor, whilst for such errors he solicits the indulgence of the public, will feel highly indebted for any corrections or suggestions that may be forwarded to him, of which he will gladly avail himself in future editions. 85, Queen Street, Cheapside, 1853. DICTIONARY OF CHRONOLOGY. ABB ABD Aba, king of Hungary, crowned 1041. Abbas L, called the Great, shah of Persia, died 1627. Abbas II., 1641. Abbas III, 1732. Abbeys founded in the third cen- tury : one at Phaim, in Upper Egypt, 305; the first in France, 360; in England, 560; at Monte Cassino, Naples (the richest in the world), 529. Pillaged by William the Conqueror, 1069 ; compelled by the same prince to alter their te- nures, 1070; 100 suppressed by order of council, 1414, 2 Henry V. ; dissolved by Henry VII., 1540. — Number suppressed in England and Wales — 1643 monasteries, 90 col- leges, 2374 churches and free cha- pels, and 110 hospitals. The reve- nues of 193 dissolved at this time, reached £2,653,000. Totally sup- pressed through the realm, 31 Hen. VII., 1539 ; suppressed in Germany, 1785 ; and in France, 1790. Abbesfleet, isle of Thanet, Saxons arrive at, 449. Abbots, their number reduced in parliament to twenty-five, 20 Rich- ard II., 1396; those of Reading, Glastonbury, and St. John's, Col Chester, hanged and quartered, for denying the king's supremacy, and not surrendering their abbeys, 1529. Abbot, archbishop of Canter- bury, killed his gamekeeper, Jan. 30, 1621. Abdalia, the father of Mahomet, a camel-driver, 575; the caliph of the Saracens, Abdalla II., who branded all Jews and Christians in the hand, on taking Jerusalem, 781. Abdaliah, caliph of Bagdad, the son of Haroun-al-Raschid, the great patron of learning, 833. Abdalbahman I. founded the Moorish empire in Spain, 750. Abdication of Baliol, king of Scotland, 1306 ; of Otho of Hun- gary, 1309; of Eric IV., king of Denmark, 1439; of Eric XIII. of Sweden, 1441 ; of the emperor Charles V., 1556 ; of Christina of Sweden, 1654 ; of Casimir of Po- land, 1669; of James II. of Eng- land, 1688; of Frederic Augustus H. of Poland, 1704 ; of Philip V. of Spain, 1724 ; of Victor, king of Sardinia, 1730 ; of Charles, king of Naples, 1759 ; of Stanislaus of Po- land, 1795; of Victor of Sardinia, 1802; of Francis H. of Germany, becoming emperor of Austria alone, 1804; of Charles IV. of Spain, in favour of his son, 1808; of Joseph Bonaparte of Naples, to become king of Spain, 1808; the same, of the crown of Spain, 1808 ; of Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland, 1810 ; of Jerome Bonaparte, king of West- phalia, 1813; of Napoleon, emperor of France, 1814 ; of Emanuel, king of Sardinia, 1821 ; of Don Pedro of AB J ACA Portugal, 1826; of Charles X. of France, 1830; of Pedro of Brazil, 1831 ; of Don Miguel of Portugal, flying the kingdom, 1834 ; of Wil- liam I. of Holland, 1840 ; of Chris- tina of Spain, 1840; of Louis Philippe of France, 1848 ; of Louis Charles of Bavaria, 1848 ; of Fer- dinand of Austria, 1848 ; of Charles Albert of Sardinia, 1849. Abdul- Ahmed, sultan of Turkey, 1774. Abdul-Megid, sultan of Turkey, 1850. Abel, king of Denmark, killed his brother Eric, 1250. Abelard and Heloise, their amour, 1118; he died, 1142; she, 1163. Aberconway, castle of, built by Edward I., 1204 ; suspension bridge constructed at, 1824. Abercromby Robinson and Waterloo transports, lost at the Cape of Good Hope, with 189 souls, 1842. Abercrombie, Gen. Sir Ralph, wounded in Egypt at the battle of Canopus; died, March 28, 1801. Aberdare Railway opened, 1846. Aberdeen, Scotland, bishopric of, founded in the twelfth century ; university of, 1494; Gothic bridge constructed at, 1283 ; King's col- lege, 1500; Marischal college, 1593; bishopric discontinued, 1689 ; popu- lation, 63,288. . Abergavenny East Indiamanlost on Portland Bill, with 300 souls, Feb. 6, 1805. Aberrations of the fixed stars discovered by Dr. Bradley, 1727. Abhorrers, a court party in England in the reign of Charles II., supporters of passive obedience, in opposition to the Addressers, 1680. Abingdon, Berks., founded 517 ; the abbey of, built 941. Abjuration Oath refused by many Scotch ministers, 1716. Abjuration, Oath of, against popery, first required, 25 Charles II. 1672; against the Pope and the Pretender, by 13 William III., 1701. Abney Park Cemetery, London, opened May 20, 1840. Abo, treaty of, 1743; university founded, 1640. Aboukir, castle and bay ; near the former was fought a battle between the French and Turks, 1799; the battle of the Nile in, Aug. 1, 1798 ; on shore, the battle of Canopus, March 21, 1801, in which General Abercrombie fell ; the castle surren- dered to the British, March 18, 1801. Abraham, Era of, so called from the patriarch : it was used by Eusebius in 313, and began 2016 years before Christ. Abrahamites, a religious sect, suppressed by a patriarch of An- tioch ; it reappeared between 800 and 900, but was annihilated for worshipping images. Absentee-Tax, levied in Ireland on the profits, fees, emoluments, and pensions of absentees, 1715 ; it ceased in 1753. Abstinence of Gilbert Jackson, -of Carse Grange, Scotland, who lived three years without food, 1719; Anne Moore of Tutbury, Staffordshire, lived twenty months without food, 1808. Abstinents, a mild sect of reli- gionists, who appeared in France and Spain about the year 300, and repudiated wine, flesh meat, and marriage. Abu-bekr, the successor of Ma- homet, 624. Acacia brought from North America, 1640. Academy, from Academia, a grove near Athens, where Plato taught philosophy, a. c. 378 ; hence the name. Academy of Florence, 1272, belles lettres; 1582, della crusca; 1807, antiquities. Academy of Pisa, 1339. Academy of Milan ; 1380, architec- ture ; 1719, sciences. Academy of Parma, 1550. Academy of Faenza, 1612. Academy of Naples ; 1560, mathematics; 1675, sciences ; 1755, Herculaneum. Academy of Padua ; 1610, poetry ; 1792, sciences. Aca- demy of Perugia ; 1561, the Insen- AC A ACT sati; 1574, the Filingiti, the Exe- cutrici, Scossi, and the arts and sciences. Academy of Rome ; 1611, the Umoristi ; 1625, the Fantascici ; 1658, the Infecondi ; 1665, of paint- ing; 1690, the Arcadi; 1752, the English. Academy of Verona; 1543, music; 1780, sciences. Aca- demy of Paris ; 1391, of painting ; 1543, of music ; 1635, the French ; 1663, of medals ; 1671, of architec- ture; 1731, of surgeiy; 1751, the military ; 1796, of natural philoso- phy: to these may be added, the Sorbonne, established 1256. Aca- demy of Ar-cona, 1624. Academy of Brescia, 1626. Academy of me- dicine, Palermo, 1645. Academy, military, of Toulon, 1682. Aca- demy of Nismes, 1682. Academy of Bologna; 1687, ecclesiastical; 1690, mathematical; 1712, sciences and arts. Academy of Berlin ; 1700, Royal Society; 1703, of princes ; 1799, of architecture. Academy of Lyons ; 1700, sciences ; 1758, physic and mathematics join- ed. Academy of Mantua, called the Vigilanti ; 1704, sciences. Aca- demy, 1713, Royal Spanish; 1751, military. Academy of Venice; 1701, medical. Academy of Vien- na ; 1705, arts ; 1783, surgery ; 1810, oriental. Academy of Gene- va; 1715, medical. Academy of Lisbon; 1720, history; 1779, sci- ences. Academy of Marseilles ; 1726, belles lettres. Academy of Cortona, 1726, sciences. Academy of Madrid; 1730, history; 1753, painting and the arts. Academy of Upsal ; 1720, sciences. Academy of Brescia ; 1726, the Erranti. Aca- demy of Woolwich ; 1741, military. Academy of- Stockholm; 1741, sciences; 1753, belles lettres ; 1781, agriculture. Academy of Philadel- phia; 1 749, arts and sciences. Aca- demy of Genoa; 1751, painting; 1783, sciences. Academy of War- saw; 1741, languages, history, belles lettres. Academy of Copenhagen; 1742, art. Academy of Caen ; 1750, belles lettres. Academy of Turin ; 1759, sciences; 1778, arts. Aca- demy of Erfurt, 1754. Academy of Munich ; 1759, arts and sciences. Academy of Dublin; 1749, arts; 1786, sciences. Academy of Lon- don ; 1768, painting and sculpture ; of literature, 1823. Academy of Haarlem ; 1760, sciences. Academy of Manheim ; 1775, sculpture. Aca- demy of Turkey; 1775, military. Academy of Massachusetts ; 1780, arts an d sciences. Academy of New York; 1814, literature and philoso- phy. Academy, Hibernian; 1821, arts. Acamapitzin, king of the Atzecs, reigned from 1352 to 1389. Acapulco, a Spanish galleon so named, laden with the precious me- tals, taken by Lord Anson, in 1743. Achaxzie, battle of, between the Russians and Turks, Aug. 24, 1828. Achilles, a statue so named, set up in Hyde Park, to the honour of the Duke of Wellington, 1822. Achmet III., sultan of Turkey, 1735 ; he encouraged the art of printing. Ackbak, sultan of Hindostan, 1555. Acke, commonly called St. Jean dAcre, taken by Richard I. of Eng- land, 1192, on the 12th of July, after a siege of two years, and the loss of 6 archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 earls, 500 barons, and 300,000 men. Retaken by the Saracens in 1192, when 60,000 Christians perished. Attacked by Napoleon Bonaparte, in March, 1798, and successfully defended by Sir Sidney Smith. It was seized by Ibrahim Pacha in 1832; and in the Syrian war of 1840, was bombarded and stormed by the seamen and marines of the British fleet, with great loss to the Egyptians, Nov. 3, 1840. Acs, battle of, between the Aus- trians and Hungarians, July 2, 1849. Acton Buknel, parliament held at, Oct. 1284. Active Indiaman lost in Margate roads, 1803. Acts of Parliament first pro- mulgated in the 16 John, 121,*. The number passed annually, from ADM ADM 1840 to 1850, was on the average 112. Act making the Irish par- liament octennial, 1768. Acts of the Apostles, supposed to be written by one of the evan- gelists, in the year 63 or 64. Adalbert, preaching Christianity in Prussia, murdered by the Pagans, 1010. Adamites, a sect that arose in 130, and met naked, in imitation of Adam before the fall ; Prodicus was their leader. The sect was a second time renewed at Antwerp, in the thirteenth century, under a leader called Tandeme; it was again re- vived in Poland, in the fifteenth century. Adams, John, the second pre- sident of the United States of North America, March 4, 1797. Adams, John Quincy, the sixth individual who held the office of president of the United States; elected March 4, 1825. Addington administration suc- ceeded that of Mr. Pitt, March 1801 , and terminated 1804. Adelais, queen of Henry I. of England, daughter of the Earl of Louvaine, married 1129. Adelaide, queen of William IV. of England, and sister of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen,' married July 11, 1818; died Dec. 2, 1849. Adelard, grandson of Charles Martel, and cousin of Charlemagne, founded the Abbey of New Corbie for the education of missionaries, 820. Adelphi Buildings, Strand, erected by the brothers Adam, 1770. Adhad-Edoulet, emperor of Persia, 937. He became master of Bagdad, and greatly adorned it ; he died in 982. Administrations since the revo- lution of 1688:. — .Lords Somers, Godolphin, and Danby, &c, 1689; Earl of Sunderland, 1695; Mon- tagu, Earl of Halifax, Earl of Pem- broke, &c, 1697. In Queen Anne's reign — Lord Godolphin, Robert Harley, Lord Pembroke, and Duke of Buckingham, &c, 1702; the Duke of Marlborough, &c, 1705; the Earl of Godolphin, Lord Cow- per, and the Dukes of Marlborough and Newcastle, &c, 1707 ; Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, 1710 ; Earl of Rochester, Lord Dartmouth, and H. St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, 1710; the Duke of Shrewsbury, 1714; — in the reign of George I., Lord Cowper, the Duke of Shrews- bury, the Marquis of Wharton, &c, 1714; Robt. Walpole, 1715; James Earl Stanhope, 1717; Charles, Earl of Sunderland, 1718; Sir Robert Walpole, 1721 ; — under George H., Lords Carteret, Wilmington, and Bath, Mr. Sandys, &c, 1742 ; Hon. Henry Pelham, Earl of Harrington, Duke of Newcastle, &c, commonly called the Broad Bottom adminis- tration, 1744 ; Mr. Pelham, Earl of Chesterfield, Duke of Bedford, &c, 1746; Duke of Newcastle, Sir T. Robinson, Henry Fox, Lord Anson, 1754; the Duke of Devonshire, William Pitt, Earl Temple, Hon. H. B. Legge, 1756 ; Duke of New- castle, William Pitt, Mr. Legge, Earl Temple, Earl of Holdernesse, Mr. Eox, 1757; — reign of George III., Earl of Bute, Earl of Egremont, Duke of Bedford, Hon. George Grenville, Sir F. Duckwood, Mr. Fox, George Grenville, Earl of Ha- lifax, Earl of Sandwich, Duke of Bedford, 1763; Marquis of Rock- ingham, Duke of Grafton, Earl of Shelburne, 1765 ; Earl of Chatham, Duke of Grafton, Hon. C. Townsend, Earl of Northington, Lord Shel- burne, 1766; Duke of Grafton, Lord North, Earl of Chatham, Lord Weymouth, Lord Halifax, Earl Gower, 1767; Lord North, Lords Halifax, Weymouth, Sandwich, Sir E. Hawke, Marquis Granby, 1770; Marquis of Rockingham, Lord J. Cavendish, Lord Camden. Lord Shelburne, C. J. Fox, Duke of Rich- mond, T. Townsend, Edmund Burke, 1782; Earl of Shelburne, William Pitt, Lord Camden, Duke of Rich- mond, Duke of Grafton, Lord Gran- tham, T. Townsend, 1782; Duke ADM ADM of Portland, Lord North, Mr. Fox, &c, forming the Coalition ministry, 1783; William Pitt, Lord Gower, Lords Sidney, Carmarthen, Thurlow, Mr. W. W. Grenville, Henry Dun- das, Lord Mulgrave, Duke of Rich- mond, &c, 1783; William Pitt, Lord Camden, Marquis of Stafford, Lord Hawkeshury, &c, 1786; Wil- liam Pitt, Lord Grenville, Duke of Leeds, Lord Camden, &c., 1790 ; William Pitt, Lord Grenville, Earl of Chatham, Lord Loughborough, 1793; William Pitt, Duke of Port- land, Lord Grenville, H. Dundas, 1795; William Pitt, the Earl of Westmoreland, Earl of Chatham, Lord Grenville, &c, 1798; Henry Addington, Duke of Portland, Lords Hawkeshury, Hobart, Eldon, 1801 ; William Pitt, Lord Melville, G. Canning, Lords Harrowhy, West- moreland, the Duke of Portland, Mr. Dundas, &c., 1804; Lord Gren- ville, Henry Petty, Earl Spencer, William Windham, Charles Fox, Lord Erskine, and Charles Grey, &c, 1806 ; Duke of Portland, G. Can- ning, Lord Hawkeshury, Earl Cam- den, Spencer Perceval, 1807; Duke of Portland, Earl Bathurst, Lord Castlereagh, Lord G. Gower, 1808; Spencer Perceval, Earls Camden, Liverpool, and Westmoreland, Mar- quis Wellesley, Lord Palmerston, Richard Eyder, &c, 1809. The Regency of the Prince of Wales : — Spencer Percival, Earl of Liverpool, 1812; Earls of Liverpool, Bathurst, Sidmouth, Harrowhy, Lord Castlereagh, Nicholas Van- sittart, &c, 1812. Reign of George IV., the same: — George Canning, "Viscount Goderich, LordLyndhurst, Sturges Bourne, &c, 1827 ; Viscount Goderich, Duke of Portland, William Huskisson, J. C. Herries, &c, 1827; Duke of Wellington, Robert Peel, Earl of Dudley, Viscount Melville, Earl of Aberdeen, Messrs. Goulburn, Herries, Grant, &c, 1828 ; Duke of Wellington, Earl of Aberdeen, Sir G. Murray, Lord Lowther, Sir H. Hardinge,Lords Dudley andPalmer- ston, with Grant and Huskisson, went out May 30, 1828. Reign of Wm. IV. : — Earl Grey, Lords Althorpe, Melbourne, Gode- rich, and Palmerston, Marquis of Lansdowne, Lords Holland and Auckland, Sir J. Graham, &c, 1830 ; May 9, 1832, Earl Grey resigned, but resumed office May 18, 1832; Lords Melbourne, Palmerston, Al- thorpe, John Russell, Howick, and Duncannon, Sir J. C. Hobhouse, Messrs. S. Rice and P. Thompson, &c, 1834; July 14, the Duke of Wellington took office until the ar- rival of Sir Robert Peel from Italy, November, 1834; Sir Robert Peel, the Duke of Wellington, Lords Lyndhurst, Aberdeen, Rosslyn, Wharncliffe, Ellenborough, Sir G. Murray, Messrs. Baring, Herries, Goulburn, &c, 1834; Lord Mel- bourne and his brother ministers returned to office April 18, 1835 ; Lord Melbourne's ministry resigned May 7, 1839 ; Sir R. Peel failing to form an administration on terms agreeable to the crown, Lord Mel- bourne resumed office May 10, 1839 ; Sir R. Peel, the Duke of Wellington, the Earls of Aberdeen, Ripon, and Haddington, Lord Stanley, and Mr. Goulburn, August 30, 1841; Lord JohnRusselhMarquis of Lansdowne, Lords Minto, Palmerston, Morpeth, and Grey, Sir George Grey, Sir Charles Wood, Mr. Labouchere, Sir J. Hobhouse, July 3, 1846; the Earls of Derby, Malmesbury, Mr. D'Israeli, Mr. Walpole, Sir. J. Pakington, &c, April, 1852, resigned on the rejection of their budget, December 25; Earl of Aberdeen, Lord J. Russell, Lord Palmerston, Mr. Gladstone, Sir William Moles- worth, Sir James Graham, Dec. 28, 1852. Admiral, a title first instituted in England about 1300, before which the sovereigns commanded their own navies. The title of Admiral of the English seas was first given to William de Layburn in 1297, by Edward I. That of Lord High ADR 6 AER Admiral was given first in 1385, by Richard II. The office was executed by a commission from 1708 to 1827, when it was conferred on the Duke of Clarence, who resigned it in 1828, in which year it returned to a com- mission. There was once a Lord High Admiral in Scotland, discon- tinued in 1703. James Butler was made Lord High Admiral of Ireland by Henry VIIL, in May 1534. Admiralty Court, instituted 1357, by Edward III. An appeal from the decision of this court permitted to the privy council by statutes 1830, 1831. Admiralty revenue, £40,000 in 1604; £50,000 in 1609. Adolphus, emperor of Germany, elevated to the imperial throne in 1292; slain, 1298. Adolphus, count of Cleves, in- stituted the Order of Fools in 1380. Adolphus Frederick II. , king of Sweden, born, 1710; mounted the throne in 1751 ; died, 1771. Adolphus, Gustavus, of Sweden, killed in battle atLutzen, Nov., 1632. Adrian, the Roman emperor, born 76; visited England 116, and built the wall called after him be- tween England and Scotland, eight miles long and twelve feet high, 121. Adrian's Mole at Rome, con- structed 120. Adrian I., a pope, born at Rome, raised to the Chair, 772. Adrian II. made pope, 867. Adrian III. raised in 872, lived only a year in office. Adrian IV., an Englishman, born at Langley, died 1159. There were two other popes of the same name it 1276, 1522. Adrian IV. permitted Henry II. of England to invade Ireland, on making every family there pay pence to the Holy See. Adrianople, battle of, by which Constantine won the empire, 323; taken by Amurath, the Turkish sultan, from the Greeks, 1360. The seat of the Ottoman empire removed thence to Constantinople, 1453. Mahomet II. born here, 1430. Taken by the Russians, 1829, but restored at the close of the war in 1830. Adriatic Sea wedded by the Doge upon Ascension-day, a cere- mony instituted 1173; omitted the first time for centuries, 1797. Adulteration of Wine, John Jacob Ehrni beheaded for this practice at Eslingen, 1698. One Blumenthal prosecuted for, in Eng- land, in 1842. Adulteration oe Wine, prohibi- tion of, at Nuremberg, 1409; in Swabia, Eranconia, and Alsace, 1487; at Worms, 1495; atFreyberg, 1498; at Augsburg, 1500, 1548; Holland and Zealand, 1327; Brus- sels, 1384; Paris, 1371 and 1696. Adultery, from 457 to 828, during the Saxon heptarchy, punished by cutting off the hair, whipping the woman naked through the streets, without distinction of rank, on the demand of the husband. Ears and nose cut off under Canute, 1031. Made capital, 1650, according to report, but there is no record of a case. In New England, made capital, even if the man were unmarried; and several suffered for it in 1662. Advent, instituted by the Council of Tours in the sixth century, in- cluding two Sundays, the first is always that nearest to St. Andrew's day. Adventurers, Merchant, or Lon- don merchants, translated into Eng- land by Edward III. from Brabant, where the duke originated such bodies in 1296. Queen Elizabeth made them a corporation in 1564. Adventure Bay, Van Dieman's Land, so named by Captain Fur- neaux, who visited it in 1778, called so from his vessel. Advertisements in newspapers first became general, as now used, in the beginning of the eighteenth century. The duty on them re- duced to Is. 6d. in England, and Is. in Ireland, in 1833. Advocate, The King's, an office instituted at the beginning of the year 1597, to prosecute certain crimes at his own instance. Aeronautics, invented in France by the brothers Montgolfier, in 1782. A G A AGI JElfric Society, established in England, 1842. -ZElian, a Greek historian, born at Prameste in Italy, 160. He was surnamed the honey-tongue, from the sweetness of his Greek style. jEmilianus, the Roman emperor, ruled, 253. -ZEolian Harp, said to have been invented by Kircher, 1653. Afghanistan, battle in, Nov. 2, 1840. Affinity, degrees of, in marriage, first set forth by authority in Eng- land, 1563. All marriages within the forbidden degrees declared void by statute, 1835. Affirmation of the Quakers in lieu of an oath admitted partially, 1702; altered Dec. 13, 1721; re- ceived in all cases, 1829 ; sufficient for members of parliament, Feb. 14, 1833. Africa conquered by Belisarius, 553 ; by the Mahometan Arabs or Moors, 637 ; expedition to, by steam, 1841, ascended the Niger to Egga, 320 miles from the sea, Sept. 28 ; relinquished, owing to disease and the loss of many lives ; reached Fernando Po on return, Oct. 17. African Association at Exeter, obtained a charter from queen Eli- zabeth, 1588. African Company, a charter gran- ted to one, in 1618 ; a third, in 1631 ; a fourth, in 1662, by Charles II. ; and a fifth by letters patent, in 1672 ; remodelled in 1695; trade settled, 1698. It would appear that the go- vernment of Charles II. owed this company £11,686,800, and their divided capital was£10, 780,000. The rights were vested in the present company, by 23 Geo. H., 1749. African Institution founded in 1807 for the civilisation of Africa, which established schools at Sierra Leone, and founded a promising colony there. Agapemone and Agapemonians, a sect that gives itself up to brotherly love, and a fancied communion with God. The disciples live in a species of community, and no harm appears to result from the indulgence of this new fancy in creed. One establish- ment, situated near Bridgewater, in Somerset, was first brought before the public notice in consequence of Chancery proceedings in May, 1850. Agaric, an excrescence of the oak, first used as a styptic, 1750. Agatha, St., monastery of, built in 1131, near Richmond, Yorkshire. Agathan, Pope, 678. Age, or Ages, terms of a century in duration, divided, under the un- certainty of the chronology of the darker times, into periods, as there is no certain chronology until the foundation of the Persian empire, 536 years before Christ. In this de- ficient state of knowledge, many di- vide the time between the creation and birth of Christ into " six ages," which should be eras, for which the laxity of the term will permit ages to be used. The first age was 1650 years, from the creation to the deluge ; the second from the deluge to Abraham's entering Canaan, or 426 years, ter- minating in 2082; the third was from Abraham to Moses quitting Egypt, 430 years, ending a.m. 2513; the fourth from the leaving Egypt to the building of the temple by Solomon, 479 years, ending a.m. 2992 ; the fifth age from the build- ing of the temple to the destruction of Jerusalem, 434 years, ending 3416; the sixth age from the Babylonish captivity to the birth of Christ, 584 years, ending a.m. 4000, or 4004 before the vulgar reckoning. Age, or Being of Age ; the ma- jority of Edward VI. was fixed at eighteen years, by Henry VHL, his father, in 1547. Agelnoth, an Anglo-Saxon pre- late, who refused to crown Harold, king of England, on the death of Canute, in 1035. Agincourt, battle of, between the French and English, the last under Henry V. ; 10,000 were killed, and 14,000 made prisoners ; 3 dukes, an archbishop, a marshal, 13 earls, 92 barons, and 1500 knights,, were among the slain; and 2 dukes of AGY 8 ALB the blood royal, 7000 barons, knights, and gentlemen were made prisoners, with private men more numerous than the British army, Oct. 25, 1415. Agnacobites, a sect that first ap- peared in 701. Agnus Dei, first read in the Ca- tholic litany, 687; consecration of, 1566. Agouin, Island of, discovered by Tristan Nunez, 1444. Agra, Fobtress of, in India, captured by the English from the Mahrattas, Oct. 17, 1803. Agricola, the Roman general, born 37, died 86; he commanded the army in England, and erected a rampart and chain of forts between the Clyde and Forth to keep out the northern barbarians ; circum- navigated Great Britain, 85; poi- soned by Domitian, 86. Agricultural Labourers, in England, 1831, 1,055,982; and in Ireland, 1,131,715, to 34,250,000 acres, and 14,000,000 respectively. Agricultural Produce of Eng- land.. — 13,667,000 acres in tillage; 13,332,000 in grass ; average rent, 27s. 2d. ; of wheat produce, 26| bu- shels per acre ; of labour, 9s. 6d. per week. Rental of England, 1842, £37,795,905. Agricultural Societies institu- ted in Scotland, 1723; in Ireland, 1747; in England, at Bath, 1777; Highland, of Scotland, 1793; the London Board of Agriculture, 1793. Agrippa, or Herod L, king of Judea, bom three years before Christ, died a.d. 44; Agrippa, or Herod II., died a.d. 100. Agrippa Cornelius, asserted to be a magician in France and Ger- many, born at Cologne, 1486, died at Grenoble, 1535. Agrippina, murder of, by Nero, 59. Agynnians, a sect that appeared about the year 694, alleging that God forbade the eating flesh meat, founding their doctrine on the first book of Genesis. This sect was revived at Manchester and other English towns in 1814. Ailesbury conquered by the West Saxons, in 571. Here, too, was buried St. Osyth, in 600. It was incorporated by charter, 1553. Air, the pressure of, discovered by Torricelli, 1645 ; found to vary with the height of its column in pressure, by Pascal, 1647 ; air-gun invented by Guter of Nuremberg, 1656; air-pump invented by Gue- ricke of Magdeburg, in 1650, and improved by Boyle, 1657 ; the air- pipe invented by Sutton, a London brewer, about 1756; air-chamber applied to fire-engines, by Leupold, in 1720. Aire, a town of France, taken, with all its magazines, by Sir Row- land Hill, March 2, 1814. Aix, university of, re-established, 1603. Arx la Chapelle, founded 795 ; treaty of, between France and Spain, concluded May 2, 1668. A second between England, France, Hol- land, Hungary, Spain, and Ge- noa, confirming the treaties of Westphalia, Nimiguen, Ryswick, Utrecht, Baden, the Triple Alli- ance, the Quadruple Alliance, and that of Vienna, Oct. 7, 1748. A congress of the sovereigns of Aus- tria, Russia, and Prussia, with the ministers of France and England, was held here, Oct. 9, 1818; and the sum due from France to the allies settled at 265,000,000 francs. Akerman, treaty of, 1826, be- tween Russia and Turkey. Alabama made a western state of North America, 1819. Alans, The, extirpated by the Goths, 417. Alaric and Visigoths settle in Portugal, 472. Alaric, the Goth, captures Rome, 410. Alba Julia, Transylvania, Uni- versity of, founded, 1629. Alba, a city of Italy, founded 1152, a.c., afterwards incorporated with the Roman dominions. Alban, St., an English saint, martyred at Verulam by decapita- tion, 286, June 23. ALB 9 ALD Alban's, St., anciently Verulam, so called after the saint of that name ; it was incorporated by Ed- ward VI., 1552. Alban's, St., monastery of, found- ed hy Offa, king of the Mercians, in 793. Alban's, St., battle of, between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which Hi chard, duke of York, vanquished Henry IV., the latter losing 5000 men, May 22, 1455. The second battle between the Earl of Warwick and the Yorkists, and Margaret of Anjou and the Lan- castrians, when the Yorkists were defeated, Eeb. 2, 1461. The third battle between the Earl of Warwick and Edward IV., April 14, 1471, in which the Earl was slain. Albany, battle of, between the English and Americans, 1777, Aug. 16. Albert of Austria elected em- peror of Germany, 1298; succeeds to the throne of Hungary, 1437. Albertus Magnus, the great ma- thematician; flourished 1237, died 1280. Albigenses, a sect which origi- nated in 1160, at Albigeois, in Languedoc and Toulouse. They opposed the corruptions of the Catholic religion, and the popes persecuting them, by means of Simon de Montfort, with horrible cruelties, they resisted, and defeated the Count of Toulouse, with the loss of 17,000 of their enemies. Alb in, the name given to Eng- land by its Roman invaders, who held it 400 years, abandoning the island in 428, and 473 years from the invasion by Julius Cassar. Albinus declared emperor in Bri- tain, 190. Albion, New, in California, on the west side of North America, so named by Sir Francis Drake, who first took possession of it, 1578. Alboin, king of the Lombards, invaded Italy, 568. Albuera, battle of, between the French and English in Spain, 181L Albuquerque, Alfonso de, the Portuguese viceroy of India, died 1515, the conqueror of the East. Alcantara order of knighthood instituted, 1160. Alcantara, bridge of, built in Portugal, 98. Alchymy, a pretended branch of chemistry for turning metals into gold, licensed in England, 1476. Dr. Price of Guildford, pretending to the same art, and being required to prove his skill before some mem- bers of the Royal Society, took poi- son to avoid it, and died, 1783. Alcoran, the divine book, as pre- tended, of the Mahometans, and the standard of the Arabic language. It was composed by Mahomet about the year 610 : the prophet was said to have had assistants in the labour. Alcuinus, Alcuin, or Albinus Flaccus, the friend of Charlemagne, and scholar of the venerable Bede. He founded the university of Paris, was born at York, 732, and died at Tours, 804. Aldermen, governors of pro- vinces, 882; became magistrates of towns, in London, temp. Henry III. , appointed, 1242, to the number of twenty -six; in Dublin, twenty- four, 1323, chosen for life, 17 Richard II., 1394; present mode of election in London established, 11 George I., 1725 ; made justices of the peace, 15 George II., 1741. Alderney, Race of, the French escape through it after their de- feat at the battle of La Hogue, 1692; Henry, son of Henry I. of England, and many of the young nobility, lost in a storm here, 1119. The Victory, of 110 guns and 1100 men, lost here with all the crew, and Sir John Belcher, the admiral, Oct. 8, 1744. Aldersgate, London, built 1616 ; taken down, and sold for £91, 10s., April, 1761. Alderton Moor, battle of, in the English civil war, 1643. Aldgate, London, built 1608; taken down, and sold for £177, 10s., April, 1760. ALE 10 ALG Alcock, Mr., and Mr. Colclough, fought a duel ; the latter killed, and the former lost his reason, June 21, 1807. Ale Booths set up in England, 728, licensed 1551. Ale is men- tioned in the laws of Ina, king of Wessex, and the sale was subse- quently regulated ; alehouses licen- sed in 1621; excise duty on, 13 Charles II., 1660. Alemanni, or Germans, so called from being a mixture of races. They were defeated by Caracalla, 214, and ultimately subdued by the Franks. Alencon, duke of, proposed mar- riage to queen Elizabeth, who re- fused, 1573 ; returned home, 1582. Alert, Dublin packet, lost with all on board, March 26, 1803. Alessandria, battle of, between the Erench, under Moreau, and allied Russian and Austrian armies, under Suwarrow, when Moreau was defeated, losing 4000 men, May 17, 1799; taken by the French after the battle of Marengo, June 14, 1800. Alexander Severus, a Roman emperor, assassinated, 235. Alexander I., emperor of all the Russias, died, 1825. Alexander I., surnamed the Fierce, king of Scotland, 1107. Alexander III., pope, 1178 ; died, 1181. The kings of France and England held his stirrups. Alexander VI., one of the popes, an infamous character, father of Csesar Borgia, and of Lucretia ; born at Valencia, 1430 ; died, 1503. Alexander Newskoi, order of knighthood, in Russia instituted, 1700. Alexander, king of Scotland, subdued Northumberland, 1216. Alexandrian Era, a period dating from the death of Alexander the Great ; it is used in Abyssinia. The day of the birth of Christ answers to 5777 of this computation, in reckoning the age of the world. Alexander died, Nov. 12, a.c. 323. Alexandria in Egypt, built by Alexander the Great; the walls, six miles in compass, were taken by Cassar 47 years before Christ, and the library and MSS. of the Ptolemies destroyed ; the citizens massacred by Antoninus, 213; taken by the Caliph Omar in 642, and the library of 700,000 volumes destroy- ed; taken by the French, under Bonaparte, in 1798, July 5 ; cap- tured by the English in 1801. Alexandria, battle of, between the English and French; General Abercromby mortally wounded, after gaining the victory over Gen- eral Menou, March 21, 1801; the city taken again by the English under General Frazer, March 21, 1807. Alexis, Czar of Russia, called the father of his country, 1645. Alexius Angolus put out the eyes of his brother, Isaac II., and ascended the throne of the East, 1195. Alexius II., Comnenus, ascended the throne of the East, 1180, under the regency of his mother. Alexius III., called the Tyrant, deposed at Constantinople, and his eyes put out, 1193. Alford, battle of, July 2, 1645, between Generals Baillie and Mon- trose. Aleonsus, of Portugal, defeated five Moorish kings, and was pro- claimed sovereign by his army, 1139. Alfred, son of Ethelred II., his eyes put out by Earl Godwin, and, with 600 followers, slain at Guild- ford, 1036. Alfred the Great defeated 300 Danish pirates, with ten galleys, on the coast of Dorset, 897. Alfred the Great born, 849; ascended the throne, 872 ; died, October 28, 904. Algarve, in Portugal, taken from the Moors by Sancho I., 1189. Algebra brought into Spain by the Saracens, in the year 900; and into Italy, by Leonardo of Pisa, about 1202. The first writer no- ticed to have used it was Stifalius, at Nuremberg, in 1544. Symbols for quantities were introduced by ALI 11 ALL Vieta, in 1590. The use made of it by Newton, being the basis of his fluxions, dates from 1668. Algesiras entered by the Moors in 713 ; recovered from them, 1344; an engagement off this place with a French squadron moored under the batteries, unsuccessful on the part of the English ; but on coming out, two ships of Spain, of 112 guns each, and one of 74, were taken or de- stroyed by Admiral Saumarez, July 12, 1801. Algiers invaded by the emperor Charles V. unsuccessfully, 1541 ; reduced by Admiral Blake, 1653, and forced to a peace with Eng- land; the French repulsed before it in 1688 and 1761; and the Spaniards also, in 1773, 1783, and 1784; attacked and bombarded by Lord Exmouth, Aug. 27, 1816; Christian slavery abolished for ever. The French attacked it by land, after a severe conflict, July 5, 1830 ; and in 1834 they announced their intention of holding it per- manently. They entered Marcarra in 1836 ; attacked and took Con- stantina in 1837 ; and after a pro- longed contest with Abd-el-kader, the Moorish chief, he was beaten, and surrendered in Dec, 1847, on condition of his personal freedom. This condition was violated by Louis Philippe, and he was kept a close prisoner in France until Sept., 1852, when Louis Napoleon, the president of the French nation, released him, and redeemed the national honour. Ali sect of Mahometans, so called from this chief, the son-in-law of Mahomet, 642. He was assassi- nated in 660. Ali Bey, a Mameluke chief, seized the government of Egypt in 1773. He was a Caucasian adventurer. Alicante, taken by the French, December 3, 1709. Alice Hackney, dug up at St. Mary-at-Hill Church, after being buried 175 years, her skin entire, and joints pliable, 1494. Alice Pierce, mistress of Edward III., banished, and her estate con- fiscated, October 13, 1377, under Richard II. The sentence reversed Nov. 12, 1383, by parliament. Ali Pacha of Albania, a native of Tripolini, born 1744, and slain by the agents of the Turkish go- vernment, Feb. 5, 1822. Alien Priories, seized by the crown in 1337. Aliens, watched narrowly by the government up to 1377 ; juries to try them to be half foreigners conceded to them, 1430; not allowed to trade by retail, 1483 ; in Jan., 1793, new measure enacted against them, called an alien bill ; act passed to register them, 1795 ; bill of 1793 repealed, and a new one passed, 1816 ; an act passed to abolish the privilege of their naturalization by holding stock, which they before enjoyed in Scotland, June, 1820 ; a new regis- tration act, 7 Geo. IV., 1826; this last act repealed, and a new act passed, 6 William IV., 1836. Aliwal, battle of, between the Sikhs and English, Jan. 28, 1846. The loss of the Sikhs was estimated at 6000 killed, wounded, and drowned in the Sutlej. Allegiance Oath, first established in 1605 ; another by the Convention parliament, 1689. Allen, John, archbishop of Dub- lin, murdered in Lord Offaly's re- bellion, 1534. Alleyn, Edward, an English actor in the reign of Queen Eliza- beth and James I. Keeper of the royal bear-garden. He left a sum of money to found a college at Dul- wich, where he is buried. He was born in London in 1566, and died 1626. Alliance, called also the "Holy," entered into by the unconstitu- tional governments of Europe, Sep. 26, 1815. All Saints, or All HalloAvs, in- stituted by the Romish Church, 625. It was retained in the English church, temp. Henry VIII., on the Reformation. All Souls' College, Oxford, ALN 12 ALT founded by Henry Chicheley, arch- bishop of Canterbury, 1437. All Souls, festival of, instituted, 1604. All- Spice, introduced into Eng- land from Carolina, 1726. Ally Cawn, raised to the rank of Nabob by Col. Clive, June 23, 1765. Almagro Diego, a Spanish ad- venturer, strangled by his rival Pizarro, in 1538, at the age of 75. Almamon, the Saracen king, passed a decree for measuring a degree of meridian near Babylon, 817. Almanacs, supposed of Saxon origin. The first compiled in Eng- land was at Oxford, in 1380, called John Somers' Calendar. One was published at Lambeth, in 1460. The first printed almanac appeared at Bada, in Poland, 1470, and the first printed in England, 1497, by Kichard Pynson. Tybault's prog- nostications, in 1553, and Lilly's ephemeris, in 1644. The celebrated nautical almanac was begun in 1767. The company of stationers claimed an exclusive right to publish almanacs until 1790, and now are supposed to sell a million per annum. The stamp duty was abolished in August, 1834. An almanac ap- peared for the first time at Constan- tinople in 1806. ALMANza, battle of, in Spain, April 14, 1707, in which the English were defeated by the French and Spaniards, owing to the flight of their Portuguese allies at the first onset. Almarante, a Swedish order of knighthood, instituted 1653. Almeida, battle of, between the British and Spanish armies under Wellington, and the Erench under Marshal'Massena, who was defeated, August 5, 1811, compelling the lat- ter to evacuate Portugal. Almora, in the East Indies, taken by assault by the English, April 25, 1815. Alney, combat of, between Ed- mund Ironside and Canute the Great, in sight of the hostile armies, in which Canute was wounded, 1016 In 1017, the following year, Edmund being murdered at Oxford, Canute became lord of the whole kingdom. Alnwick Castle, Northumber- land, founded 1147, the seat of the Percies. Alpaca Wool imported — 1850, 1,235,641 lbs. ; 1851, 1,331,339 lbs. Alphabet, the letters of which compose the words of a language. Atholes, the son of Menes, is said to have first used hieroglyphics, 2124 years before Christ. Josephus attributes them to Seth, fabulously. The Greeks attribute the bringing of letters into Greece to Cadmus, 1493, a.c, fifteen in number being the Phoenician alphabet. Palamedes of Argos added four more, 1224, a.c ; and Simonides four more, 489, a.c Who introduced the epsilon or E is unknown. Until 399 years before Christ, the Greek alphabet consisted of sixteen letters. The Ionic of twenty-four was then introduced. Alphonso X., king of Castile, so eminent as an astronomer and philo- sopher, expended 400,000 crowns upon the celebrated tables named from himself. He was born in 1203, and died 1234. Alphonso III., called the great king of Leon and Asturias, died at Zamora in 912, aged 64. Altars, in profane history, were reared first to Jupiter by Cecrops, who instituted marriage, 1556, a.c Altars in Christian churches were first used in imitation of the Jews and Heathens, by Pope Sextus I., and consecrated by Pope Sylvester. The first was reared in England, in 634. The altar was discontinued at the Reformation, and the communion or sacramental table restored as it was originally. Laud, among other devices to revive the papal worship, removed the table from the body of the church, and restored to it the name of altar, temp. Charles I. Altivia, Spain, battle of, June 25, 1838. Altorf University, founded, 1581. AMB 13 AME Alt-Radstadt, peace of, between Charles VII. of Sweden and the king of Poland. Signed Sept. 24, 1706. Alva, Ferdinand Alvarez Toledo, duke of, and general of the imperial armies, horn in 1503, died in Jan., 1582. In 1567, when sent to reduce the Low Countries, he showed him- self a monster of cruelty. Alvaradi, a Spaniard, sent out to circumnavigate the globe in 1537, but was not successful in completing the circuit. Altjm, discovered at Rocha, in Syria, 1300 ; found in Tuscany, 1460 ; perfected in England, 1608; dis- covered in Ireland, 1757 ; in Angle- sey, in 1790. One of the earliest alum-works was at Volterra, near Pisa, 1458. Amadeus, the Great, the defender of Khodes, died 1323. Amadeus IX., count of Savoy, called the Happy, died 1472, noted for his beneficent character. Amaryllis Formosissima, brought from South America, 1593. Amazons, river and country of, discovered by Orellana, 1580. Ambassadors, when first sent un- known; appointed by the czar of Russia to England, in 1556; from Turkey, 1606; one from Portugal imprisoned for debt, 1653; quarrel for precedency, Sept. 30, 1661 ; one from Russia, 1709; law passed to protect their persons, 8 Anne, 1709 ; the protection limited, 1773; two convicted of arresting the servant of an ambassador, imprisoned and fined, May 12, 1780 ; the first sent from. India to France and Europe, from Tippoo Saib, 1778 4 the first received in England from the United States of America, John Adams, presented to George III., June 2, 1785; the first from England to America, Mr. Hammond, 1791. Amberley Castle, Sussex, built, 1374. Ambersbury Nunnery, founded 976. Amboyna, seized by the Dutch, and massacre of the English, Feb. 17, 1623; by the English, Feb. 16, 1796; restored by the treaty ot Amiens, 1802; again taken by the English, Feb. 17, 1810; restored, 1814. Ambrosius, crowned king of the Britons, the supposed erector of Stonehenge, called also Aurelius and Aurelianus, crowned king of the Britons, 465; died, 508. Ameers of Sinde, India, sub- dued Feb. 17, 1848. Amelia, Princess, daughter of George III., died Nov. 2, 1810. Amelia Island, the American president justified the aggression of the American troops upon, Feb. 17, 1818. America, North and South, dis- covered by Columbus in 1492, on the 11th of Oct., coming in sight of St. Salvador; the south coast was made more fully known by Americus Vespucius in 1498, and named after him America. The coast of the present United States, or North America, by Sebastian Cabot, and his son, John Cabot, in 1497 ; Newfoundland, the first Eng- lish colony, was settled in 1498; Florida, discovered by John Cabot, ceded to Spain by England in 1783 ; Louisiana, discovered by the Span- iards, 1541, was settled by the French in 1718, but the eastern part, from the Mississippi, was ceded to Eng- land in 1763 ; Virginia was settled by Lord de la Warr, 1609; New England, by the PlymouthCompany, 1614; New York, by the Dutch, 1614 ; New Plymouth, by a body of dissenters who fled from the Church of England tyranny, 1620; Nova Scotia, by Sir W. Alexander and the Scotch, 1622; Delaware, by Swedes and Dutch, 1627; Massa- chusetts, by Sir H. Eoswell, 1627; Maryland, by Lord Baltimore ; Con- necticut, granted to Lord Warwick, 1630; the settling of, 1635; Ehode Island, by Soger Williams, 1635; New Jersey, by Lord Berkeley, 1644 ; the English seized New York, 1664 ; Carolina, by the English, 1669; Pennsylvania, by Wm. Penn, the AME 14 AMP quaker, 1682; Georgia, by General Oglethorpe, 1732; Kentucky, by Col. Boon, 1754 ; Canada, begun by the French as a settlement, 1534 ; Que- bec built, 1608; conquered by the English,, 1759; stamp act passed in England, March 22, 1765 ; obnoxious duties on tea, paper, painted glass, June, 1767 ; the tea cargoes thrown overboard at Boston, Nov., 1773; the Boston port bill passed, shutting up the port until satisfaction was made to the East India Company for the tea destroyed, March 25, 1774 ; the first general congress held at Philadelphia, Sept. 5, 1774; the revolution and war commenced at Lexington, April 19, 1775; the Colonies agreed to unite and con- federate, May 20, 1775 ; Washington appointed commander-in-chief of the Americans, June 16, 1775; thirteen colonies declare themselves independent, July 4, 1776 ; inde- pendence of the Colonies acknow- ledged in Erance, and ambassadors received there, March 21, 1778; American independence acknow- ledged in Holland, April 19, 1782 ; by England, provisionally, Nov, 30, 1782; definitive treaty signed at Paris, Sept. 3, 1783 ; by the English Parliament, Nov. 30, 1783; ratified by the American Congress, Jan. 4, 1784 ; John Adams received as am- bassador at St. James', June 2, 1785; the first English ambassador sent to United States, 1791. Spanish Colonies in North America, includ- ing Old and New Mexico, were connected by packet vessels with the old country in 1564. Peru was subdued by Francis Pizarro in 1530, and unheard of barbarities practised on the people and incas. The trade was opened between America and Old Spain by the Straits of Magel- lan, in place of Manilla, in 1774. Numerous viceroys appointed, 1776. Spanish America asserted its free- dom successfully in July, 1814; wars ensued, but the country was freed, Oct. 30, 1823, and received consuls from England and France, 1830. Amebica, United States paper currency, established in May 15, 1775 ; war declared against Eng- land, July 18, 1812; Peace with England, Dec. 24, 1814. America (United States), British exports to, 1849, £11,971,028; 1852, £14,292,976. Amebica, west coast, explored by Captain Cook, 1773, and by Captain Colnett, 1789. The Duke of Clarence, afterwards William IV., the only prince of the blood-royal that ever landed on that continent, 1781. American Railways, open 1852, 13,315 miles; 12,029 contracted for; total, 25,344 miles. Of these — 2501 were opened in 1852 ; at work, Jan. 1, 1852, 10,814 miles; in 1848, only 5565 miles were open, at a cost of £6000 per mile ; pro- fits, 1\ per cent. Amebican imports, 1801, value of, £23,200,731 ; 1848, £32,291,443. Amebican exports of home pro- duce, 1848, £27,688,358; foreign do., £4,402,565. Total exports, £32,090,923. Amebican Company, the Russian, established, 1785. Amebican Philosophical Society instituted, Jan. 2, 1762. Amebican Congress removed from Philadelphia to Washington, 1801. Amebican loyalists relieved, 1785. Amebicus Vespucius, or Amerigo Vespucci, discoverer of part of the American continent, born at Flo- rence, March 9, 1451 ; reached America, 1499; died at Seville, 1516. Amethysts discovered at Kerry, in Ireland, 1755. Amicable Society, Sergeants' Inn, chartered 1706 ; May 1, 1821. Amiens, the preliminary treaty of, between England, Holland, France, and Spain, signed, Oct. 1, 1801, and definitive treaty, March 27, 1802. Amphion frigate blown up at Ply- mouth, when two hundred and fifty persons perished, 1796. Amphitbite, a convict ship, wrecked on Boulogne sands, with 103 female convicts, 12 children, ANC 15 ANG and a crew of 16 persons, all ex- cept three drowned, Aug. 30, 1833. Ampli, battle of, between the Greeks and Turks, in which the former were victors, 1821. Amsterdam commenced being built, 1203 ; the exchange built, 1634; and stadthouse, 1648, costing 3,000,000 of guilders, and standing upon 13,659 piles. Surrendered to the king of Prussia, 1787 ; taken by the French, without resistance, June 18, 1795; restored to the ancient government, November, 1813. Amurath I., sultan of Turkey, in- stitutor of the Janisaries, 1362. Amurath IV. strangled his father and four brothers, 1624. Anabaptists, a sect so called, which appeared about 1525 at Munster, in Germany, named from the double baptism that followed their doctrines, rather than their anti-catholic tenets. They took up arms to vindicate what they called gospelliberty. Munsterwas stormed, and they were all put to the sword. The baptists of England have been so misnamed by the ignorant, as, from their confession of faith of 1689, they only differ from other protestants in practising adult bap- tism. Anagram, a transposition of letters in any word forming another, first practised by the French in the reign of Charles IV., 1560. Anastatius I., emperor of the east, proscribes the works of Origen, 398. Anastatius II., canonized 496. Anathema, the first brought into the church, 387. Anatomy, the first plates of, de- signed by Vesalius about 1538; Harvey's discoveries in, 1616 ; the anatomy of plants discovered, 1680. Anatomy, laws to. regulate, enacted, 1540 ; new statute respect- ing, 3 William IV., 1832. Anchors first forged in England, 578. Anchorets, order of, instituted 1255. Ancona made a free port, April, 1832. Andover Theological Seminary, Massachusetts, established 1808. Andre, Major, taken as a spy, Sept. 23, 1780 ; executed Oct. 2, in the same year. His remains re- moved to England, and interred in Westminster Abbey, Aug. 10, 1821. Andreanossy Isles, discovered 1760, between Asia and America. Andrew, St., crucified, Nov. 30, 69, at Patrae, in Achaia. The fes- tival was instituted, 359. Andrew, St., Scotch order of knighthood of, institutedby Achaius, 809; revived by king James V., 1540. Order revived in Russia, 1698. Andrew's, St., Scotch University of, founded by Bishop Wardlaw, 1411. Andronicus I., emperor of the east, assasinated in 1185. Anello, Thomas, otherwise Mas- saniello, the fisherman of Naples, who, by a revolution, obtained the supreme power, there born, 1623, and assasinated, 1666. Anemometer, invented to ascer- tain the force of the wind, in 1709, by Wolfius. Angelic Knights of St. George, instituted in Greece, 456. Angelici, order of, instituted by Angelus Comnenus, emperor of the East, 1191. Angelica, an order of nuns founded at Milan, by Louisa Torrelli, 1534. Angels, in commerce, an old gold coin of the value of 6s. 8d., temp. Henry VI., and at 10s., temp. Elizabeth, 1562, weighing 4 dwts. Angelot, or Half Angel, gold coin, struck at Paris by the English king, Henry VI., in 1431. Angelites, a religious sect, first noticed in 494. Angerstein Gallery purchased by the executors of Mr. Angerstein, in Jan., 1822, for £60,000; the ex- hibition of which was opened to the public in Pall-Mall, in May, 1824; they were afterwards removed to the place styled a national gallery, at Charing Cross. ANI 16 ANN Anglesey, Isle of, subdued by the Romans, 78; by the English, 1282 : Beaumaris castle built to overawe it, by Edward L, 1295. Anglia, kingdom of East, found- ed by Uffa in 575, and terminated 792. Anglo-Saxons first land in 449. Angola, in Africa, settled by the Portuguese in 1482. Angola and Gambia, exports to, 1844, £200,000. Angoumais, conquered from the English in 1372. Angba, the capital of Terceira, built 1533. Angbia, a pirate, on the coast of Malabar, in the East Indies, taken by Admiral "Watson, 13th Feb., 1756. Anguilla first colonized by Eng- land, 1650. Anhalt, or Anholt, island of, taken by the English in the last war ; they were attacked by 4000 Danes, who were repulsed by the garrison of 150 men, March 14, 1811. Anhalt, house of, in Germany, originated in the sixth century. In 1586, the principality was divided among the five sons of Joachim Ernest. Animalcule discovered by Leu- wenhoeck in the semen of animals, 1677. Animal Magnetism; it first ap- peared in Germany, and came to France in 1778, and to England, 1787, where it duped many persons. It was first called Mesmerism, from Anton Mesmer, who promulgated it, 1734. A note of £100 offered in Dublin, to any clairvoyante of mes- merism who would tell its number, date, whence issued, and signature, as lodged in a particular bank, Jan. 7, 1846 : it was never claimed. Animals, bill to prevent cruelty to, called Martin's bill, 3 George IV., 1822; also 7 & 8 George IV., June, 1827 ; 5 & 6 William IV., Sep. 1825; statute for Ireland, 1 Vict., July, 1837. Anjab, fortress of, in Cutch, East Indies, taken by the English, Feb. 14, 1816; and again trans- ferred to the Rajah of Cutch in 1819. Anjou, or Beauge, battle of, be- tween the French and English, in which the latter were defeated, with the loss of the Duke of Clarence and 1500 men, April 3, 1421. Anjou, university of, founded 1349. Ankerstbom, John James, assas- sinated the king of Sweden, 1792. Anna Ivanowna, empress of Russia, born 1693, died 1740. Anna Comnena, of Constantino- ple, daughter of the emperor Alex- ius, author of the Alexiad, 1148. Annates, or Fibst Fbuits, im- posed by Antonius, bishop of Ephe- sus, but condemned by the council, 400 ; pope Clement V. imposed them upon England, 1306. Annapolis, Nova Scotia, settled by the French, 1604. Anne of Bohemia, queen of Rich- ard II. of England, married 1382, died 1395. Anne, daughter of Richard, Earl of Warwick, and queen of Richard III., died, supposed to be poisoned, 1485. Anne Boleyn, daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, married to Henry VIII. of England, 1532 ; beheaded, 1536 ; the mother of Queen Eliza- beth. Anne of Cleves, married to Henry VIII. of England, Jan. 6, 1540; divorced, July 10, 1540 ; died, 1557. Anne, queen of James I. of Eng- land, daughter of Frederick II. of Denmark, married, Aug., 1582 ; died, 1619. Anne, wife of James II., second daughter of Hyde, Earl of Claren- don, married, Sept., 1660; died in 1671, before her husband ascended the throne of England. Anne, daughter of James II. and queen of England, married in 1683, George, prince of Denmark; as- cended the throne, March 8, 1702, and died Aug. 1, 1714. Anne of Austria, queen of Louis ANS 17 ANT XIII. of France, and regent during the minority of Louis XIV., mar- ried, 1615 ; died, 1666. Anno Bom, island of, discovered by the Portuguese, in the Bight of Biafra, 1473. Annual Register, by Dodsley, first published, June, 1759; the new Annual Register, 1781 ; the Edin- burgh, 1808; the Annual Asiatic, 1799; the Baptist Annual, 1797; the Historical and Political, 1770 ; and the Imperial and County, 1810. Annuities, or Pensions, first granted in 1512; twenty pounds being given to a lady for services done, and £6 13s. 4d., to a gen- tleman : double the last sum deem- ed sufficient to support a gentleman in studying the law, in 1554; four- teen per cent allowed the govern- ment, by act of parliament, temp. William and Mary, 1691-3, to bor- row a million sterling upon. Annunciade of St. Michael, order of, instituted at Mantua, 1618. Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, observed, 350. Annunciation, order of, instituted in Savoy, 1362. Anointing of kings first used in England at the coronation of Alfred the Great; in Scotland, on that of Edgar, 1098: the religious anoint- ing, called extreme unction in the Roman church, begun as supposed about 550. Anacletus, St., martyred, 78. Anselm, archbishop of Canter- bury, excommunicated the married clergy 1830. Ansgab, St., who introduced Christianity into Sweden and Den- mark, born, 800 ; died, 865. Anson, Lord, the circumnaviga- tor, presented the details of his voyage to the Royal Society, June 30, 1748; born, 1697; died, 1762. Anson, ship of war, wrecked on the Loebar, near the Lizard, in Mounts Bay, when the captain, Lydyard, and most of the crew perished, Jan. 7, 1808. Anspach ceded by the Margrave to the king of Prussia, 1791. Antarctic land discovered, Jan. 9, 1840, no less than 1700 miles in extent, from east to west. Antequara conquered from the Moors by the Spaniards, 1410. Antesus, Pope, martyred, 235. Anthems first composed by Hilary, bishop of Portier, and others, about 350; introduced into the church, 386; introduced into the reformed churches, temp. Eliza- beth, 1565. Anthology, the Greek, first printed at Florence, 1494, edited by Lascaris: by Bland and Meri- vale, 1806, 1813, and 1833. Anthony, St., the first institutor of monastic life, born in Upper Egypt, 251; died, 356. Order of, founded in France, 1095. Anthropophagist women of Milan, broken on the wheel, and burned, for killing children, salting, and eating them, 1519. Antigua, island of, discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; colonized by Eng- land, 1632 ; granted by Charles II. to Lord Willoughby, 1666 ; slavery abolished in 1832 ; export of sugar, from 1849, 188,986 cwts. ; mo- lasses, 90,003 cwts.; rum, 42,764 gallons. Antinomian Doctrine first ap- plied as a charge against John Agricola, in 1538, by Luther. Antioch, built by Seleucus 301 a.c. ; burned, and 100,000 citizens slain by the Jews, 145 a.c The era of, places the creation 5492 years before Christ; the city of, taken by the Crusaders, 1098; by Sultan Bibars, 1269; by Ibrahim Pacha, 1832. Antipodes first taught by Plato, 368 a.c ; the archbishop of Mentz denounced a bishop as a heretic for maintaining their existence, 741. Antiquaries' Society, first found- ed, 1572 ; dissolved by James I. ; failure to re-form, 1617; society constituted anew, 1707, and 1717; minutes kept, 1718 ; met in Gray's Inn, 1727; in 1728, met at the Mitre Tavern, Fleet street; in 1750, ANT 18 APO removed to a house in Chancery lane, and petitioned for a charter of incorporation ; a charter given, dated, 1751 ; two secretaries ap- pointed, 1754 ; in 1781, the society- removed to Somerset house, holding its first meeting there in that year. Antiquarian Society of Edin- burgh, instituted 18th Dec, 1780; at Newcastle, 1812. Antoign, battle of, between the French and allies, seeking to re- place the Bourbons, 1792: 4500 Austrians and Prussians were kill- ed, and 3500 taken prisoners, with all the artillery and baggage, and 600 emigrants shut up in Longwy ; the French lost 900, killed and wounded. Antoinette, Marie, of Austria, queen of Louis XVI. ; born at Vienna, 1755; beheaded, 1793, at Paris. Her remains disinterred out of the cimetiere of the Madelaine, and laid in the church of St. Denis, Jan. 18, 1815. Antonine Column, erected at Rome about the year 161, to Mar- cus Aurelius Antoninus. The co- lumn of Antoninus Pius, during 138, in their respective reigns. The former emperor died 180; the lat- ter, 161. Antonines, a religious sect that first appeared in 329. Antoninus' Wall, the third ram- part built to check the inroads of the northern barbarians into Eng- land, in 140, by Lollius Urbicus. Antonio, a claimant, unsuccess- fully, to the throne of Portugal, after the death of King Sebastian, with whom he was taken captive, 1578. He died in obscurity in France, 1595. Antwerp, first mentioned in his- tory, 517; walled in, 1201 and 1514; the citadel erected by the Duke of Alba, 1568; the fine exchange built, 1531 ; sacked, 1585 ; taken by the French, 1792, 1794; the Bourse erected, 1531 ; besieged by the Eng- lish, 1814 ; besieged by the French, taken, and restored to the Belgians, according to treaty, 1832. Aost, battle of, June 26, 1794. Apocalypse, supposed to be written by St. John, in the isle of Patmos, in 95. Some churches dis- owned it in the fourth century ; the sacred canon of the Laodicea coun- cil excluded it ; confirmed by that of Trent, 1545 ; rejected by Luther, Michaelis, and others ; its authority questioned from the time of Justin Martyr, who wrote, 137. Apocalyptic Knights, a secret society formed in favour of the Papal power, 1693. Apocrypha, received as canonical by the council of Trent, 1545. Apollo frigate, and forty sail of outward-bound Indiamen, lost on the coast of Portugal, with nume- rous lives, April 2, 1804. Apollo, temple of, at Daphnae, built 434 years before Christ ; burn- ed, 362. Apostasy, law enacted against, 9 William III., 1697. Apostles' creed, instituted by Papal authority in the 11th cen- tury; retained in England at the Reformation, 1534. Apostolici, a sect that arose in the third century; the second founded by Sagarelli, who was burned alive at Parma, in 300. Apothecaries first mentioned in history, 1345 ; London company of, established and incorporated, 1617 ; Dublin company incorporated, 1791. Apothecaries exempted from serv- ing civil offices, 1702; their prac- tice better regulated, 1815; the king's own appointed, 1344 ; garden at Chelsea left to the company by Sir Hans Sloane, 1753. Apothecaries, licensed in France, 1484 and 1514; their regulations renewed, 1611, 1624, 1638. First sanctioned in Germany, 1458, at Wirtemberg ; at Stutgardt, 1457 ; at Augsberg, 1445; at Baden, 1488; at Hanover, 1565 ; at Dresden, 1581 ; at Lubeck, 1547. Apothecaries' Company formed at Liverpool, 1837; hall erected, 1838. Apothecaries (Dublin), guild ofj incorporated 1745. AEB 19 AEC Apparitors first instituted, 1234. Appeal of murder, the last, Ash- ford v. Thornton, April 16, 1818 ; act to repeal the old law, in con- sequence, 59 George III., 1819. Appeals to the Pope, from Eng- land, made, 1138; forbidden, 1532. Appolinarians, the followers of a bishop of Laodicea, deposed for his opinions, 378. Appolonicon, a musical instru- ment of great power, exhibited in London, 1817. Appraisers of goods, early known in England; regulated by statute, 1282. Apprentices of London obliged to wear blue cloaks in summer, and blue gowns in winter, in 1558. Ap- prentice-tax enacted, 1802. Apricot trees, first planted in England, 1540, from Epirus. Aquatinta engraving discovered by Le Prince, 1723. Aqua Tofana, a poison discovered and used with deadly effect upon 600 persons, by an Italian woman, in 1659. Aqueduct of Ellesmere, erected 1805, Dec. 26. Aquileia stormed by Attila, in 452. Aquitaine, made a principality, 1362; annexed to the French crown, 1370; the title of Duke of Aquitaine taken by the English crown, on the conquest of the duchy by Henry V., 1418. Arabella Stuart loses her rea- son by her imprisonment in the Tower of London, and dies there, 1615, aged 38. Arabians appear, under the name of Saracens, in 622, following Ma- homet. Arabici, a sect of materialists that sprung up in Arabia, 622. Arable land restrained, and pas- ture enforced, 1534. Aram, Eugene, executed, for a murder committed fourteen years before, in Yorkshire, 1759. Aranjuez, Spain, railway opened at, Dec. 12, 1850. Arbitration statutes, passed 9 and 13 William III., and 3 and 4 William IV., 1833. Arbutus tree brought to Eng- land, from the Levant, 1724. Arc, Joan of, born 1410 ; cruellv burned 1431. Arcades, or arched walks ; such are the Burlington arcade, London, opened March, 1829 ; the Lowther, in the Strand, opened 1837; the Royal arcade, in Dublin, opened 1820, and burned 1837 ; and Exeter arcade. The best and finest in England is that of Covent Garden, vulgarly called a piazza or place (which is really the space outside the arcade), built by Inigo Jones, 1630. Arcadius, emperor of Constan- tinople, succeeding Theodosius the Great, 395. Arch, a mode of building first used in England for foundations, 1167. Arch, marble, at Cumberland Gate, modelled on that of Constan- tine, 1828, and set up first in St. James' Park ; removed in 1851. Archangel, the passage to, by sea, discovered by the English, 1553 ; the only seaport of Russia until St. Petersburgh was added, 1703; a dreadful fire at, by which 3000 houses were destroyed, June, 1793 ; exports of, in 1827, £233,500 per annum, and in 1829, £562,000, in 412 vessels. Archbishops, a dignity first known in the East in 320; one settled at Canterbury, by St. Austin, 596; St. Andrew's and Glasgow erected, 1470 and 1491. In Ireland, four constituted in 1151 ; of these, two have been reduced by statute 3 and 4 William IV., 1833. Archchamberlainship of the German empire conferred on the Elector of Brandenburgh, by a gold bull of Charles IV., 1356. Archdale, John, a Quaker, re- fusing to take the parliamentary oaths as M.P. for Chipping-Wy- combe, a new writ ordered to be issued, 1690. Archdeacons, sixty officers of the ARC 20 ARI church in England, and thirty-four in Ireland, 1075; an appeal from their court to the Consistorial per- mitted, 1532 ; the first appointed in England by Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 1075. Archery introduced into Eng- land before 440; revived in England by Kichard L, 1190; citizens or London formed corps of archers, and made a corporate body after- wards, 1538. Archers, 4000 surrounded the house of parliament, ready to de- stroy the king and members, 1397. Arcola, battle of, between Bona- parte and the Austrians under Gen. Alvinzy, Nov. 19, 1796; the van- quished Austrians lost 12 ; 000 men. Arcos, Spain, evacuated by the French, 28th August, 1812. Arcot, in India, taken 1751, by Colonel Clive, and retaken; sur- rendered to Colonel Coote, 1760; besieged by Hyder Ali, and the British defeated before it, Sept. 10, and Oct. 31, 1780. Arctic Expeditions : Sir Hugh Willoughby, May 20, 1553; Sir Martin Frobisher's attempt at find- ing a north-west passage to China, 1576; Captain Davis's expedition, 1585; Barantz's, 1594; Weymouth and Knight's, 1602; Hudson's last voyage, 1610 ; Sir Thomas Button's, 1612; Baffin's, 1616; Fox's expe- dition, 1631; Middleton's, 1742; Moore and Smith's, 1746 ; Hearne's land expedition, 1 769 ; Commodore Phipps', 1773; Captain Cook, 1776; Makenzie's, 1789; Capt. Duncan's, 1790; Vancouver, 1795; Lieuten- ant Kotzebue's, 1815; Capt. Buchan and Lieut. Franklin, 1818; Capt. Ross and Lieut. Parry, 1818 ; Lieuts. Parry and Liddon, 1819 ; return of, 1820; Captains Parry and Lyon, 1821 ; Captains Franklin and Lyon, by land, 1825; Captain Parry, in the Hecla, 1827, March 25, return Oct. 6; Captain Ross' return, after four years' absence, Oct. 18, 1833; Captain Back's arctic land expe- dition to the Polar Sea, return Sept. 8, 1835 ; Capt. Back sailed to Wager River, June 21, 1836 ; Sir John Franklin and Capt. Crozier sailed in the Erebus and Terror, May 24, 1845; not returning for 7 years, various expeditions sent in pursuit, but unsuccessfully ; the last sailed in 1852; — one was com- manded by Sir J. Ross, who return- ed Nov., 1849 ; the Enterprize and Investigator sailed Jan. 10, 1850, and returned unsuccessfully; in 1850, £20,000 was offered to any vessel that afforded them efficient assistance. Ardagh, a prelacy in Ireland, founded by St. Patrick, 454. Ardchattan priory, Scotland, founded 1230. Ardfert and Aghadoe, united Irish bishoprics, so made in the fifth century; united to Limerick in 1667. Argand lamps introduced in Lon- don, 1785. Argentaria, battle of, fought in Alsace, between the Allemanni and the Romans, 373; the former de- feated, with the loss of 35,000 men. Argenteus Codex, or the Silver book of the Gothic gospels, first printed, 1665 ; at Stockholm, 1671 ; at Oxford, 1750 ; and at Weissenfels, 1805. Argonauts of St. Nicholas, order of, instituted at Naples, 1382. Argos, Greece, taken from the Venetians, 1686 ; united to the pre- sent kingdom of Otho, Jan. 25, 1833. Argyle, Marquis of, beheaded, May 27, 1661 ; Duke of, executed at Edinburgh, June 17, 1685. Argyle, bishopric of, founded 1200; abolished 1688. Arians, the followers of Arius, who deny the divinity of Christ, arose, 315 ; condemned by the Coun- cil of Nice, 325 ; favoured by Con- stantine, 329; Servetus supported the doctrine, 1531. Arius died, 336; Servetus was burned, at Calvin's in- stigation, 1553. Arithmetic brought from Ara- bia to Europe, 991 ; the invention of decimals, by Regiomontanus, 1042. AEM 21 ARE Arklow, battle of, between the English and Irish, June 10, 1798; native gold discovered in the dis- trict of Arklow, Sept., 1795. Armada, called the Invincible, arrived in the Channel, July 19, 1588; combated in the Channel from July 21 to July 27 ; returned to Spain with the loss of 5000 men, and seventeen ships on the coast of Ireland, and fifteen in different en- gagements. Armada, Spanish (so called), de- feated by the Dutch off Dunkirk, 1630. Armagh, battle of, in Ireland, 1318, against Edward Bruce; the city destroyed by the Danes, on Easter day, 852; see of, founded, 444. Armed Neutrality, a confederacy of the northern powers against Eng- land, commenced by Russia, 1780 ; its objects defeated, 1781 ; renewed Dec. 16, 1800 ; dissolved after Nel- son's victory at Copenhagen, Dec. 16, 1801. Armenia conquered by the Turks, 1522. Armenian Era commenced, July 9, 552 ; the ecclesiastical year, Aug. 11. To reduce to present time, add 551 years and 221 days, and in leap year subtract one day from March 1 to Aug. 10. Arminian sect founded 1599, by James Arminius, of Holland, who died 1609 ; the doctrine condemned at the synod of Dort, 1609 ; taught, too, by Vorstius, the disciple of Arminius, 1611. Arminius Herman, the deliverer of Germany, a.c. 18; assassinated, 21 a.d. Armorial Bearings originated in the banners of the knights crusa- ders, to distinguish nobles in battle, 1100 ; became hereditary, 1192 ; vi- sits of heralds to families to sanction the legitimacy of their arms ceased, 1609 ; nobles only bore arms at first ; then citizens, 1371; arms given since 1609, of no moment in con- sidering ancestry or gentle blood; taxed, 1798 and 1808. Armourers' Company, London, incorporated, 1423. Arms of England and France claimed and quartered by Edward III., 1330; discontinued at the Irish union, Jan. 1, 1801: crowns of Eng- land and Hanover separated, in 1837 : the lions now in the arms were originally leopards, according to a record of 1252. Arms Bill for Ireland, Oct. 15, 1831 ; a second passed, Aug. 22, 1843, to register arms. Army, the first standing army maintained by France, under Charles VII., 1445 ; introduced into England by Charles I., 1638 ; opposed Richard Cromwell, 1659 ; disbanded, Nov. 24, 1660 ; declared illegal, 1679 ; in last year of war, 1815, amounted to 300,000 men, in England : the peace establishment of 1840, numbered 1109 horse guards, 4850 foot guards, 9524 cavalry, and 84,362 infantry. Arnheim, Guelderland, taken by the Prussian, Bulow, and the garri- son massacred, Nov. 30, 1813. Arnold, General, a traitor to his country, in the American war de- serted to the English, and died in London, 1801. Arnulf crowned emperor of Ger- many at Rome, 896. Arragon, kingdom of, separated from Navarre, 1035, under king Ra- meiro ; succeeded by Sancho, 1063 ; the last by Pedro, 1094; Alonzo, brother of Pedro, 1104; Rameiro II., 1134 ; Petronilla, daughter of Rameiro II., when Arragon and Ca- talonia were united. Alonzo II., 1162; Pedro II. 1196; Jaime, 1213; Pedro III., 1276; Alonzo III., 1276; Jaime II., 1291 ; Alonzo IV., 1327; Pedro IV. 1387 ; Juan, 1395 ; Mar- tin, brother of Juan, 1412 ; Fernando, 1416 ; Alonzo V., 1458 ; Juan II., 1479 ; Fernando II., married Isa- bel of Castile, and united Arragon and Castile under one sceptre, 1516. Arras, treaty of, between France and Burgundy, 1435; a second, when Burgundy and Artois were given to the Dauphin, 1482; taken by the ART 22 ASH French from the Spaniards, Aug., 1654. Array for raising the militia first commissioned, 1422. Arrest for debt, peers and mem- bers of parliament protected ; also, clergymen performing divine service, 1375 ; seamen privileged under £20, 1756 ; vexatious arrests prevented, May 17, 1733 ; for less than £10 forbidden, 1779 ; for less than £20, 1827 ; for less than £20 on mesne process forbidden in Ireland, 1829 ; abolished altogether on mesne pro- cess, except it be shown that defend- ant intends leaving the country, 2 Vict., Aug., 1838. Arsacid^, assassins, near Tyre, attacked by the Tartars, 1257, and cut off. (See Assassins.) Arson punished with death, con- tinued, 7 and 8 Geo. IV., 1827, July, 1837. Arthur, king of Britain, born in Cornwall; first mentioned in his- tory, 467; defeated the Saxons, 493 ; besieged York, 497 ; defeated the Saxons again, 504 ; again, near Bath, 511 ; assumed the purple, 528; wounded in battle, near Camelford, and died; buried at Glastonbury, 535. Artichoke, first seen at Venice, 1494 ; in England, temp. Hen. VIII. Articles of religion, six publish- ed, 1539 ; forty- two published with- out consent of parliament, 1552 ; reduced to thirty-nine, 1563 ; re- ceived the royal assent, and that of parliament, 1571 ; one hundred and four drawn up for Ireland by archbishop Usher, 1614 ; established, 1634 ; on the union with England in 1801, the English articles were adopted. Artificers prohibited from going abroad, Dec. 6, 1738. Artillery invented by Schwartz, a German monk, 1330 ; used at Al- gesiras, by the Moors, 1341 ; at the battle of Crecy, by Edward III., 1346 ; at the siege of Calais, 1347; first employed at sea by the Vene- tians, against the Genoese, 1377 ; cast in the county of Sussex, in Eng- land, 1543 ; made of brass, 1635 ; improved by Browne ; 1728. Artillery Company of London instituted, 1610, on the ground used for archery in 1498. Artists, society of Great Britain incorporated, Jan. 26, 1765 ; ex- hibited its paintings at Somerset House, 1783 ; removed to Trafalgar Square, 1838. Artists, society of British, insti- tuted, May 21, 1823 ; its first exhi- bition, April 19, 1824. Arts, society of, established, 1754; placed in the Adelphi, 1772. Arts and Sciences, New York, U. S., established, 1765. Arts, Royal Society of London, instituted, 1663. Aruba, a West India island, colo- nized by the Dutch, 1634. Arundel Castle, Sussex, built by the Saxons in 800 ; taken by Lord Hopton, 1644 ; retaken by Sir Wil- liam Waller. Arundelian marbles, containing the chronology of ancient history from a.c 1582, to 355, and said to have been engraved a.c, 264 : they consist of statues, busts, and inscrip- tions ; found in the Isle of Paros about 1610 ; purchased and given by Lord Arundel to the university of Oxford, 1627 ; the Greek charac- ters translated by Selden, 1628, by Prideaux, 1676. Asaph, St., a native of North Wales, lived about 590 ; built a church at, 560, rebuilt, 1402 ; cathe- dral, 1469, of Gothic order, 179 feet long, 68 broad ; choir rebuilt, 1780. Asbestos, cloth and paper made of it, a.d. 74; spun at Venice, 1500. Ascension-day first commemo- rated, 68 ; also called Holy Thurs- day. Ascension Island, exports to, and St. Helena— 1846, £28,309; 1848, £31,728; 1852, £30,555. Asclepiadorus, a British prince opposed to the Romans, crowned, 220 ; slain, 260, in battle with the duke of Colchester. Ash Wednesday, or the first in Lent, instituted and ceremonized by ASS 23 ASS Popes Felix III., 487, and by Gre- gory the Great. Ashantees of Africa, first reach the European forts on the coast, 1807 ; attack Cape Coast unsuccess- fully, 1816 ; make war on the Eng- lish, 1823, and Sir Charles Macarthy killed ; completely routed by the British, 1826. Ashby-de-la-Zouch Castle built, 1399 ; dismantled, 1648. Ashdown Church, built by Canute the Great, on the spot where he had fought Edmund Ironside, 1020. Ashmole library given to the university of Oxford, by Elias Ash- mole, 1683 : he died at Lambeth, 1692. Ashton, Thomas, of Hyde, Lan- cashire, improved the dwellings of the poor, 1837. Asia, British exports to — 1805, £2,904,584; 1825, £3,622,240; 1845, £10,973,721; and in 1849, £10,931,302. Asiatic Society formed in Paris, 1822; London, 1823; at Calcutta, 1784; incorporated in England, 1824. Askew, Anne, burned for heresy, 1546. Asparagus first produced in Eng- land, 1608. Asperne, battle of, between Na- poleon Bonaparte and the Archduke Charles, in which the former was temporarily repulsed, owing to the loss of a bridge, May 21, 1809: there were 20,000 men killed and wounded on both sides. Assam conquered by the East India Company, and annexed to their territory, 1825 : the tea plant discovered there, 1823 ; a superin- tendent of tea appointed in 1836 ; a company established in 1839 ; and a considerable quantity consumed in England, 1841. Assassins, an heretical tribe of Mahometans, settled in Persia, 1090 : they assassinated the Marquis of Montferret, 1192; Lewis of Bavaria, 1213 ; the Khan of Tartary, 1254 ; conquered, 1257 ; and extirpated by the Tartars in 1272. Assassination plot against Wil- liam III. of England, discovered by Pendergrass, Eeb. 14, 1696. Assay of gold and silver establish- ed in England, 1354 ; regulated, 1700 and 1705 ; assay masters ap- pointed at Sheffield and Birming- ham, 1773. Assaye, battle of, between the English under General Wellesley, and the Mahrattas, Sep. 23, 1803 : the latter were ten times the num- ber of the English. Asses, feast of, in France, held in honour of Balaam's ass, when the clergy walked in procession at Christmas, dressed to represent pro- phets ; it was suppressed before 1445. Assessed taxes date as early as 991, according to some ; others, to Henry VIII., 1522; William III., 1689 : by George III. they were much advanced, in 1797 and in 1801, and reduced in 1816, 1823, 1834. Assiento, a disgraceful contract between Spain and other powers, to furnish her dominions with negro slaves, begun in 1689 ; it was here vested in the South Sea Company, in 1713 : they were to furnish an- nually 4800 slaves to the Spanish colonies. The contract was given up to Spain in 1748. Assionats, a paper currency made to support the credit of the French republic, in April, 1790; a forgery of these in England, 1793, to send into France. Assize of bread and ale establish- ed in England, in 1202, by statute ; it was to be observed on pain of the pillory. This assize was abolished, and the sale of bread regulated, in 1815. It was regulated by statutes in Ireland, passed in May, 1832, and 1836. Bread was placed there on the same footing as in England, by 1 Vict., 1838. Assize courts regulated by Mag- na Charta, 1215 ; at present, by the statute of Westminster, 13 Edward I. 1284 ; no lord or other person to sit on the bench with justices of assizes, 20 Bichard II., 1396. Association ship of Avar, with the Eagle, of Romney, wrecked on the AST 24 ATH Stilly Islands, and Sir Cloudsley Shovel, with all their crews, lost, Oct. 22, 1707. Assumption of the Virgin, festival of her being taken up into heaven, Aug. 15, a.d. 45, in her 75th year, instituted, 813. Astley, Philip, founded the equestrian amphitheatres of London and Paris : he was born in 1742, and died 1814 : his amphitheatre was destroyed by fire, Aug. 17, 1799, and the new one erected in its place, Sept. 2, 1803. Astley, Lord, defeated at Stow- on-the-Wold, 1646. Assurance Office, London and Royal, charter granted to, 1716. Assurances of vessels 43, under Claudius Caesar; regulations re- specting, in the Lex Oleron, general- ly known in Europe, 1194; first statute to prevent frauds, in 1601, or 43 Elizabeth. Astorga, in Spain, taken by the French, April 12, 1810; evacu- ated, June 12, 1811 ; capitulated to the Spaniards, Aug. 18, 1812. Astracan, taken from the Tar- tars by the Russians, 1554 ; made a province ot Asiatic Russia, 1580. Astronomical observations made in Babylon, a.c. 1234; the science brought into Europe by the Moors of Barbary, 1201 ; great discoveries in, made from 1680 to 1850 ; the Chinese knew it 1100 years before Christ ; the places and distances of planets discovered, a. d. 130, by Ptolemy. Alphonsine Tables com- posed, 1284 ; clocks first used, 1500 ; Copernican system, 1530 ; Tycho Brahe advances it, 1582 ; planetary- motions discovered by Kepler, 1619; discoveries of Galileo, 1632; Hor- rox discovers the transit of Venus, 1639; aberration of the fixed stars discovered by Horrebrow, 1659; Helvelius mapped the moon's, 1670 ; the sun's motion on its axis proved by Halley, 1676; discoveries of Huygens, 1686; Newton's Princi- pia published, and the present system established, 1687; Flam- stead catalogues the stars, 1688; satellites of Saturn discovered by Cassini, 1701; celestial irregulari- ties explained by Lagrange ; Ura- nus and its satellites discovered by Herschel, 1781, March 13; Ceres, an asteroid, discovered by Piazzi, Jan. 1, 1801; La Place published his Mecanique Celeste, 1796; Pallas discovered by Dr. Olbers, March 28, 1802; Juno, by Mr. Harding, Sep. 1, 1804; Vesta, by Dr. Olbers, 1807. Astronomical Society of Lon- don founded, 1820. Astrology, Judicial, encouraged in France, by Catherine de Medicis, 1533 ; Bede in England addicted to it, 700; Roger Bacon, 1260; Lord Burleigh and one Dee were noted in the reign of Elizabeth as astrologers ; Lilly consulted by Charles I. about his escape from Carisbrook, 1647. Asylums for debtors generally abolished in London, 1696 ; but that of the mint not wholly until the reign of George II. Asylum near Westminster bridge established, 1758. Atahualpa, the last of the Incas, and king of Quito, burned by the Spaniards, 1533. Athanasian creed, written about 340; great controversies having arisen on the subject of the divinity of Christ, between 333 and 351 ; this creed asserted by some to be the work of an African bishop in the fifth century, and not of St. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, who died 373. Athanagelde, captain of the Spanish Goths, defeated near Se- ville, 554. Athelstan knighted by Alfred the Great, 900— the first English knight ever made. Athelstan attacked the Danes and subdued them, 926; destroyed the castle of York, 927 ; beat Howel, king of Wales, in battle, 934. Athelm, archbishop of Canter- bury, crowned King Athelstan, 925. Athenjeum Club, of London, formed, 1824; the club-house erect- ed, 1829; Liverpool Athenaeum ATT 25 AUG opened, Jan. 1, 1799 ; the Manches- ter Athenaeum, Oct. 3, 1844. Athens, founded by Cecrops, 1556, a.c. ; and taken hy Xerxes, 430 years hefore Christ; fell into the hands of the Venetians, a.d. 1204; was taken hy the Turks in 1687, and hecame the capital of a Turkish province ; it hecame the capital of renovated Greece, Jan. 1, 1833, under king Otho I. Athole, Duke of, proclaimed king of the Isle of Man, July, 1736. Atkinson, Christopher, expelled from the House of Commons for perjurv, and set in the pillory, Oct. 25, 1785. Atmosphere, weight of, discov- ered hy Galileo and Torricellius, 1630 ; density hy Boyle ; its rela- tion to light and sound, hy Hooke, Newton, and Durham ; the compo- sition, hy others ; and refraction, hy Bradley, 1737. Atmospheric railway tried first, June 30, 1840; one successfully completed in Ireland, between Dal- key and Killiney, Sep., 1843. Attaguia, in Syria, destroyed hy an earthquake, May 5, 1796, when 3000 persons perished. Attainder, acts of, passed 1644- 5 ; of Lord Bussell, July 21, 1683 (reversed, 1689) ; acts of, under James II., publicly burned, Oct. 2, 1695; that of Lord Edward Fitz- gerald, July 1, 1819, who was im- plicated in acts of rebellion in Ire- land, but never tried, in 1798. Attainder, bill of, against the Scotch rebels, passed May 15, 1746. Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Rochester, sent to the tower, Aug. 24, 1722; banished, May 17, 1723; born, 1662; died, 1731, and interred in Westminster Abbey. Attila of the Huns, called the scourge of God, ravaged Europe in 447, at the head of 500,000 Huns, penetrating the Roman empire ; he died on his nuptial night, oppressed with wine, about 453. Attorneys, the highest number permitted to be in Great Britain was 400 in the reign of Edward III.; taxed, 1785; number limited in Norfolk and Suffolk, and reduced from eighty to fourteen, 1 454, temp. Henry II. Attorney - General, the first, Wm. de Gisilham, 7 Edw. I., 1278. Attraction described by Coper- nicus, 1520 ; differently, by Kepler, 1605; by Newton, as the power which restores lost motion drawing bodies towards each other, 1705. Auburn village, Wilts, 72 houses burned at, Sept. 12, 1760. Auction, sales by, the first in England in 1700, by governor Elisha Yale, of Fort St. George, in the East Indies ; tax laid on them, 1779; duties thus laid repealed by 8 Vict., c. 15, May 8, 1845; and a £10 license imposed in their place. Auckland, Wobum, and Juan- asburg, three villages of the Cape colony, burned by the Caffres, and 70 of the inhabitants put to death, Dec. 25, 1850. Auction Mart, founded in 1813, in the city of London. Auerstadt, battle of, between the French and the Prussian armies, when Napoleon conquered, taking 200 pieces of cannon, 30 standards, and 28,000 prisoners, Oct. 14, 1806. Augmentation of the revenue, a court erected, 1534, to secure the plunder of the monasteries for the crown, by Henry VIII. ; new, of poor livings office, 1704. Aughrim, Ireland, battle of, which decided the fate of James H. in Ireland, July 12, 1691. Augsburg Confession of the Faith, drawn up by Melancthon, and by him and Luther presented to the emperor Charles V., 1530. Augsburgh, battle of, between the French, under Moreau, and the Austrians, Aug. 29, 1795, and won by the former, when the cities of Augsburgh and Munich opened their gates to them. Augsburgh, treaty of, between Holland and the other European powers, for causing the treaties of Munster and Nimiguen to be re- pealed, 1686. AUS 26 AUT Augsburgh Council, for confirm- ing the celibacy of the priesthood, held, 952. Augpstin, St., the father of the Latin church, born in Numidia, a.d. 354; died, Aug., 430; also the name of the first father of the Ro- man Catholic church who preached Christianity in England — sometimes called St. Austin, archbishop of Canterbury — landed in the Isle of Thanet, 596; died Aug. 23, 607. Augustine, St., abbey of, Can- terbury, built about 605. Augustus Caesar, emperor of Rome, born, a.c. 65; died, a.d. 14. Aulic Council, the sovereign court of Austria, established by Maximilian I., emperor of Ger- many, in 1506: it is divided into two courts, one of which is called the imperial chamber. Aurelian, the Roman emperor, assassinated, 275. Auriflamme, or Oriflamme, the holy banner mentioned so often in French history: it belonged to the abbey of St. Denis, being suspend- ed over the tomb of that saint in 1140. Louis le Gros took it with him to battle ; and it appeared for the last time on the field of Agin- court, 1415, though some assert it re-appeared under Louis, 1465. Auricular confession first made use of, 1215. Auricula, imported into Eng- land from the Alps, 1509. Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, first seen, March, 1716, when they extended from Ireland as far as Russia ; many were terrified by them in 1765 ; electricity of, dis- covered at Jena in 1789. Aurora frigate never heard of after leaving the shore of England in 1771 ; many persons of note were on board, and among them was Falconer, the seaman poet. Aurum Fulminans invented, 1413. Austerlitz, battle of, in Moravia, fought Dec. 2, 1805, between the emperors of Russia and Austria, and Napoleon of France ; the killed and wounded on the side of the allies was 30,000, besides the capture of 40 standards, 150 pieces of cannon, and thousands of prisoners: it led to the peace of Presburg. Australasia discovered by Van Dieman in 1521, and explored by subsequent navigators, colonized by England in 1789 ; and subsequently divided into west and south Aus- tralia, and Van Dieman's land, in 1829, 1834, and 1842, by acts of the British legislature. Australia, exports to, in 1852, £2,807,356 ; wool, to the extent of 22,969,711 lbs., imported from, in 1848 ; imports of the colony, 1848, £702,956 ; exports of, £581,475 in value. Austria, taken from Hungary and annexed to Germany, 1040; made a duchy, 1156; forming a part of the empire of Germany, which was governed by the house of Haps- burg for 500 years, but the title was changed to that of emperor of Austria in 1806, on the formation of the confederation of the Rhine. Austria, emperor of, declared at the head of the Germanic confedera- tion formed in 1815. Austria, toleration of religion granted, and torture abolished in, 1776. Austrian railways opened, 1850, 920 miles. Austrian Netherlands invaded by France in April 28, 1792. Austrian Italy, exports from England to, 1852, value £812,942. Austrian reigning family, began in Germany, 1273. Auto da Fe, the public punish- ment of heretics, Jews, and others, not professing the Catholic religion ; established in 1203, since which 100,000 persons have been sacrificed to its sentences. In 1787, twenty persons were burned at Goa in the East Indies, under the sentence of this infamous tribunal. Automaton figures, called also Androides. The first was a flying dove, reported to be made by Archytas, a.c 408. Friar Bacon made' a brazen head that could AVI 27 AZO speak, 1264. Vaucanson made an artificial duck, that eat, drank, and quacked, and also a flute-player, 1738. Auxonne, bridge of, constructed by Margaret of Bavaria, 1405. Auzout, Adrien, a French as- tronomer, who died in 1691 or 1693, and who, with Picard, first applied the telescope to the mural quadrant. Avalanche, fall of one on the village of Kuerns, 1749, when, of a hundred persons, sixty were dug alive out of the snow ; another fell in 1806 ; in 1820, sixty-four persons were killed by one at Fettars ; and in the same year, eighty-four per- sons and four hundred head of cattle, in Obergestelan. The village of Briel covered with one, 1827. Avellino, a city of Naples, de- stroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 29, 1732. Avenzoab, or Ebn Zoar, an Arabian physician, who died, 1169, aged 135 years. Average Wages in money of husbandry labour : — 1687 ... 6s., bread cost 3d. 1776... 8s. „ 6|d. 1785... 8s. „ 6d. 1792... 9s. „ 7d. 1803 ... 10s. „ lOd. 1811 ... 12s. „ 12d. 1812 ... 15s. „ 15d. 1843 ... 10s. „ 8d. Avignon, University of, founded 1388; taken from the pope by France, 1769; restored on the suppression of the Jesuits, 1773; claimed by the French national assembly, 1791 ; confirmed to France by the allied sovereigns, 1815. Avis, a Portuguese order of knight- hood, which was instituted 1147. Aversa, palace of, Naples, where Andreas of Hungary was strangled by conspirators, Sept. 8, 1345. Avienus, or Avianus, or Aniarsus Festus, about whom the learned have much disputation, whether he lived in 260 or 400, the author of the " Ora Maritima." Avranches, Cathedral of, having the stone where Henry II. did pen- ance for Becket's murder, 1172. Axminster, Sir R. Cholmondley killed at, in an action during the civil war, 1644. Ayachucho, battle of, in South America, Dec, 1824, in which the royalists were routed, with the loss of 1400 killed, 700 wounded, and their whole army prisoners. Ayamonte, Spain, conquered by the Moorish king of Grenada, 1406. Ayesha, the favourite wife of Mahomet, born, 610; died, 677. Aylesbury, taken by the Saxons, garrisoned for the parliament, 1644, 1645; old house of grey friars at, founded in 1387; dilapidated in the civil war of Charles I. Aylesford, Kent, battle of, be- tween the Saxons and Britons, 455. Aygarth Bridge, Yorkshire, built, 1539. Ayrshire, invaded by the Nor- wegians, who were driven to their vessels, 1263. Aylmouth Castle, Northumber- land, built, 559. Azof, in Russia, built by the Genoese, 1261 ; taken by Tamerlane, 1392 ; possessed by Turkey, 1471 ; the fortifications demolished, 1739; ceded to Russia, 1774. Azores Islands, discovered by the Portuguese, 1439; settled, 1448. An earthquake in these islands for twelve days in 1591 ; another, 1557. A volcano destroyed the town of Ursulina, May, 1808; in 1811, a volcano appeared in the sea near St. Michaels, where the water was 80 fathoms deep, and an island arose called Sabrina, which gradu- ally disappeared in Dec, 1812. BAC 28 BAG B Babb age's statement of difference of prices in 1812 and 1832 : thus— anvils costing 25s. in 1812, cost only 14s. in 1832 ; locks, 16s. at the former period, only 2s. 6d. at the latter, or 85 per cent, less ; trace chains of iron, 46s. 9|d. in 1812, were no more than 15s. in 1832; and so with other goods. Babbington, the noted pick- pocket, convicted and sentenced to transportation, Sept. 22, 1790. Babe, a dwarf kept by the King of Poland, only 33 inches high, aged 23; died 1764. Babeb, or Babottb, sultan of India, and founder of the Mogul dynasty, 1510; conquered Kana Sanka, 1527. Babeuf, Francis Noel, an active agent in the French revolution; en- tered into a conspiracy against the directory, and was executed, 1797. Babington, conspiracy of, formed on hehalf of Queen Mary against Elizabeth, and with thirteen others executed in 1686 ; he was a gentle- man of Derbyshire. Babylon, battle of, between Tho- mas Kouli Khan and the Turks ; he killed 20,000, obtaining a de- cisive victory, Nov. 28, 1734 ; again, May 29, 1835, when the Turks lost 60,000 men. Bachelobs' tax, 1695; increased, 1735, 3796; doubled on their ser- vants, 1785. Back, Captain, and his com- panions, reach Liverpool from their Arctic land expedition, Sept. 8, 1835 ; sailed from Chatham in the Terror to explore the "Wager river, June 21, 1836 ; received the King's annual premium for Polar dis- coveries, 1835. Backbabba (Cumberland), pow- der mill near, exploded, and killed and wounded several persons, Aug. 30, 1823. Backgammon, game of, invented 1224 years before Christ, said also to have been invented in Wales before the year 1000, a.d. Bacon, Eoger, the learned friar and reputed magician, born 1214; died 1292. Bacon, Francis, Lord Yerulam, high chancellor of England; born, 1561 ; committed to the Tower, 1622; died, April 9, 1626. Badajos, siege of, by the Duke of Wellington, invested, March 11, 1811; invested a second time, and stormed with enormous loss, April 6, 1812. Baden, German house of, de- scended from Berthold L, Duke of Zahringen, who died 1074; and from Christopher, who united the branches of Hochberg and Baden, 1527. Baden, treaty signed at, between the empire and France, Sept. 7, n.s., 1714. Baden, territory of, made a grand duchy, and member of the Bhenish confederation, 1806 ; guaranteed by the allies in 1815. Baden, Bohemia, &c, and throughout Germany, extensive in- surrectionary movements, 1848. Badon Hill, near Bath, battle of, gained by the renowned Cornish king, Arthur, 511. Baffin's Bat, discovered by Wm. Baffin, 1616. Baggs, the notorious Major, fought eleven duels ; won £17,000 by throwing the dice fourteen mains in succession; fought the notorious duellist Fitzgerald, and wounded him ; went to India overland to play ; ruined more than forty persons ; died, 1792, aged 70. Bagguelet, Drummen, and John- son, found guilty of sedition at Chester, April 17," 1819. Bags, containing charges against the Queen, opened by a secret com- mittee, June 24, 1820. BAI 29 BAL Bagdad, built by Almansor, 762; and made the seat of the Saracenic empire, 1258. Bagnal, Lieut., mortally wounded in a duel, Oct. 7, 1812. Bagnolet, near Paris, a fossil palm-tree was discovered deep in the earth, 1809. Bahama Isles, discovered by Columbus, Oct. 11, 1492. Became known to the English, 1667, and seized from pirates for the crown of England, 1718. Hurricane at, Oct., 1796, which did great damage. A storm and inundation at, July 22, 1801. Bahama Islands taken by the Spaniards, July 13, 1782. Bahia, Brazil, revolution at, April 30, 1821. Bail, allowable by the ancient law for all crimes, murder excepted, by statute 3 Edward I. ; in cases of treason and certain felonies, 1274; subsequently regulated, 23 Henry VI., 2 Philip and Mary; where a magistrate refuses, a judge may bail. Bailey (or Old Bailey) Court, the court for the trial of criminals in Middlesex and London, where the sessions are held eight times a-year ; the house was built in 1773, en- larged 1808; in May, 1750, the judges, lord mayor, and alderman, and many of the spectators, caught the jail fever and died; the disease broke out again in 1772, and proved fatal to many; in front of this building, at the execution of the murderers of Mr. Steele, Eeb. 22, 1807, twenty-eight persons were trampled to death, and many wounded ; the Old Bailey, the name of the street in which the court- house stands, is derived from the court-house itself, and on the north side is Newgate, begun in 1770, finished 1783. Baillie, Robert, of Jerviswood, Scotland, accused and tried in Edin- burgh, for being concerned in the plot of Lord Russell, and condemned and executed the same day, Dec. 24, 1685. Bailiffs or Sheriffs, called shire- reeves before the conquest, appoint- ed for counties generally, 1079 ; in Dublin, 1308 ; name changed to sheriff, 1548: in some places the bailiff is still the name of the chief officer. Baize, manufacture of, introduced into England, at Colchester, 1660. Balambangen, the English driven from, Feb. 24, 1775, by the natives of the island of Sooloo. Balbec built, 144 ; destroyed ut- terly by an earthquake, Dec. 5, 1759. Balchen, Admiral, born 1669, lost in the Victory man-of-war, Oct., 1744. Baldock, bishop of Exeter, slain by the Londoners, 1320. Baldwin, emperor of Germany, died 1206. Baldwin I. elected emperor of the East, 1204. Baldwin II., with John of Bri- enne, associate emperors, 1228. Baliol College, Oxford, founded 1268, by John Baliol, who died 1269. Baliol, king of Scotland, on being summoned, appeared and pleaded his own cause in Westminster HalL Oct., 1293. Balkan pass crossed by the Rus- sians, July 26, 1829 : they were commanded by General Diebitsch, and the passage was followed by the treaty of Adrianople, Sep. 14, 1829. Ball, Mr., received the gold me- dal of the Society of Arts, for cul- tivating rhubarb, 1790. Ballads generally ascribed to the Anglo-Saxons, about 695 ; the first to the authorship of Andhelme, who died 709. Ballast of the river Thames seized on by Charles I., 1636. Ballastebos retreated before the French troops, that had entered Spain to restore the despotism of Ferdinand VII., Aug. 30, 1823; Mina for some time contrived to baffle those forces, but was finally unsuccessful. Ballastebos, General, repulsed the French at Palma, in Spain, March 2, 1811. Ballets arose from the effeminate BAL 30 BAN taste of the Italians ; exhibited be- fore Henry VIII. and Francis L, at the field of the cloth of gold, 1520 ; they reached their perfection in Tuscany, and in the court of France, under Louis XIV., who himself took a part in them, 1664. Ballinahinch, battle of, Ireland, between the Irish and British troops, under Earl Moira, June 13, 1798 : the royal army suifered severely. Ballot, the secret, allowed by Louis Napoleon of France to be adopted on his election as head of the state, Dec. 1, 1851. Balloons, said to be first invented by a Jesuit, 1729, but effectively by the brothers Montgolfier, Aug. 27, 1783. Pilatre de Rozier and M. Romain perished in attempting to pass from Boulogne to England, their balloon taking fire, June 14, 1785. Introduced into England by Lu- nardi, who ascended from Moor- fields, Sep. 15, 1784. Messrs. Blan- chard and Jeffries crossed from Dover to Calais, Jan. 7, 1785; used to reconnoitre at the battle of Fleu- rus, June 17, 1794. M. Garnarin rose to 4000 feet, and descended by a parachute, Sep. 21, 1802, near St. Pancras church. M. Gay Lussac ascended to 23,000 feet, Sep. 6, 1804. A Mr. Arnold ascended from St. George's Fields, and fell into the Thames : Major Money, into the sea, having ascended from Norwich, and was saved by a revenue cutter. Sadler, after many ascents, fell into the sea, near Holyhead, and was saved by a vessel, Oct. 9, 1812. Mad. Blanchard, in Paris, fell in conse- quence of the balloon taking fire, and was killed, July 6, 1819. Mr. Sadler, jun., was killed by a fall from a balloon, in 1825 ; a Mr. Cocking was killed by the collapsing of his parachute, July 24, 1837. The ascents have been numerous, and the accidents few. The most remark- able, perhaps, was that of the great Nassau balloon, which, in 18 hours, took three passengers to Wielburg, in the duchy of Nassau, from Vaux- hall Gardens, Nov. 7, 1836. Lieut. Gale, an Englishman, was killed by the people letting go the ropes of the balloon prematurely, at Bor- deaux : he was dashed to pieces, Sep. 18, 1850. Balmerino, Lord, beheaded on Tower Hill, Aug. 18, 1746. Balow, in Russia, nearly destroy- ed by fire, 1803, 458 houses being burned. Balsham, Hugh, founded Peter's house, Cambridge, 1286. Baltic Sea, elevation of the bot- tom of, observed, 1834. Baltic expedition, under Admi- rals Parker and Nelson, April 2, 1801, when Nelson fought the battle of Copenhagen : a second, under Admiral Gambier and Lord Cath- cart, bombarded Copenhagen, and brought away the Danish fleet, July 26, 1807. Baltimore, battle of, between the English and Americans, when the former, under General Ross, were repulsed with great loss, and their commander killed, Sept. 12, 1814. Baltimore, United States, found- ed, in 1729, by an act of the propri- etary government of Maryland ; nearly destroyed by fire, Dec. 4, 1796. Baltimore House, Southampton Row, built, 1759. Bamborough Castle, Northum- berland, built 1558. Bambridge, the warden of the Fleet prison, punished for extor- tion, 1729. Bamfylde, Sir Charles, shot by one of his own servants, who com- mitted suicide immediately after- wards, April 23, 1823. Ban or banning, a denunciation against certain offenders in the reign of Henry III., in Westminster Hall, on May 3, 1253. Banning was used, too, by parish priests, as in case of theft, by cursing the stealer publicly. The dean cursed, in 1299, at St. Paul's Cross, all who searched for gold in the church of St. Martin-in- the-Fields. Banbury, battle of, between the west Saxons and Britons, 556 ; BAN 31 BAN castle erected at, 1125 ; a second battle, 1469, between Edward IV. and the Earl of Pembroke ; it sur- rendered, after the battle of Edgehill, to the king, 1642 ; twice besieged, 1644 and 1646 ; church and tower at, fell down, Dec. 16, 1790. Banana Islands added to the ter- ritory of Sierra Leone, Eeb. 8, 1822. Banca, an island of the Indian Ocean, ceded to the East India Com- pany, 1812 ; made over to the king of the Netherlands, Dec. 2, 1816. Banca Tin, in 1849, 35,826 cwts. were imported, and 8940 exported. Bancroft's Hospital, Mile End, built 1735. Band of gentlemen pensioners in- stituted by Henry VIII., 1509. Band, an order of knighthood in- stituted in Spain, 1232. Banda Islands first visited, 1504 ; visited by the Portuguese, 1511 ; taken possession of by them, 1521 ; they supersede the Portuguese, 1608 ; Rohun Island made over to the Eng- lish, 1616 ; the Dutch concede to the English one-third of the trade, 1619 ; captured by the English, 1796 ; restored to the Dutch, 1801 ; taken again by the English, 1811 ; restored, 1816. Bandes Noires, a body of German foot soldiers which carried black en- signs, 1526 : the Erench regiment of Piedmont took the same name after the death of its colonel, Brisac; 1569. Bandon Island founded by the Earl of Cork, 1610. Bandon, Ireland, numerous per- sons injured at the Catholic church, by an alarm that the gallery was falling, Dec. 25, 1815. Bands worn first by lawyers, 1615, under Judge Einck ; by the clergy, 1652. Bangalore, East Indies, taken by Lord Cornwallis, 1791. Bangor Cathedral founded by St. Deiniol; destroyed by the Saxons, 1071 ; rebuilt by monies from a synod at Westminster, 1102 ; the bishop taken prisoner by the king, while officiating, 1212 ; injured in the wars between the Welsh and Henry II., 1247 ; destroyed by fire, 1402 ; choir rebuilt between 1496 and 1 500, 214 feet long, 60 wide, in Gothic- work ; tower and nave erected by Bishop Skiffington, 1532 ; its pro- perty alienated by Bishop Bulkely, 1547, selling even the bells. Bangor or Benchor Abbey, Ire- land, founded by St. Comgall in the sixth century; Cormac, king of Leinster, died there, 567 ; restored by St. Malachy, 1120. Bangor College, United States of America, founded 1833. Bangorian controversy began, Mar. 31, 1717. Banham, near Launceston, Corn- wall, a sheriff's officer shot in at- tempting to enter a house, April 13, 1814. Banishment of Ovid to Tomos, 9. Banishment of mathematicians and astronomers from Rome, 16. Banjarmassin, Borneo, garrisoned by the English, 1811 ; settlement made there, 1817. Bank of England projected by one Patterson ; incorporated for twelve years, 1694, in consideration of £1,200,000 lent to the state at 8 per cent., and £4000 for manage- ment, that being its capital ; notes were under par down to 1745, having been at 20 per cent, discount at first ; bank bills paid in silver, July 2, 1751-1752 ; government borrowed £1,400,000, at 3 per cent., 1745; bank post bills first issued, 1759 ; notes of £10 and £15 issued, Mar. 31 ; cash payments discontinued, Feb. 25, 1797, and notes of £1 and £2 issued ; 5s. silver tokens issued, Jan., 1798, and value raised to 5s. 6d., 1811 ; these were Spanish dollars, with the head of George III. stamp- ed on the neck of Charles IV. of Spain ; cash payments partially re- sumed, Sep. 22, 1817 ; the restric- tions ceased, 1821 ; on May 1, 1823, the current gold coin of the realm was demanded and paid ; May 22, 1832 a committee of secresy was formed to inquire into the propriety of renewing the bank charter ; an BAN 32 BAN act passed for the renewal of the charter, Aug. 29, 1833 ; bank notes made a legal tender for sums above £5 after Aug. 1, 1834, and accounts of the state of the bullion and secu- rities were ordered to be published at stated periods. In 1694, the bank proprietors divided 8 per cent. ; in- creased to 9 the subsequent year ; from 1729, between 5£ and 9, for eighteen years; in 1747, interest fell to 5 per cent. ; in 1753, to 4J ; from 1767 to 1806, it increased to 7 per cent ; from 1807 to 1822, to 10 per cent.; in 1823, and subse- quent years, to 8 per cent. Besides this interest, 57J per cent, has been received upon the subscribed capital to 1852. The bank charter was extended five years, 1706, beyond the original period, in consideration of circulating exchequer bills to the government, to the extent of £1,500,000. The charter was re- newed thirteen times, viz. : — 1709 to 1732, 1713 to 1742, 1742 to 1764, 1764 to 1786, 1781 to 1812, 1800 to 1833, 1833 to 1854. The total debt due to the bank from the govern- ment is £14,686,800, bearing 3 per cent, interest. The 5 per cents, re- duced to 4, March, 1822. The capital stock of the company is £11,642,400, on which the annual dividend is paid to the proprietors. The aug- mentation of the capital of the bank has been permitted from time to time, as parliament has seen fit, upon the renewal of the charter. The firm is styled, the Governor and Company of the Bank of England. The average amount of the public money in the hands of the bank, is about 5| or 6 millions. The profit of the bank (at 3 per cent., the rate at which the government pays for the capital borrowed of it, nearly £15,000,000 in amount), remune- rates the bank in its capacity of banker to the public service. From the report of the secret committee of 1797, to investigate the affairs of the bank, it appeared that, on the 25th of Feb., there was a balance of £3,826,903, and on the 11th of Nov., a balance of £3,839,550 in favour of the company. These profits in- creased afterwards ; and, at Lady- day, 1807, they raised their divi- dend, as already seen, and their profits increased yet more. The buildings of the establishment, erect- ed in 1732, were enlarged, 1771, im- proved, 1796, and partly rebuilt, 1824. Bank of England accounts pub- lished on the 1st day of Jan. 1853, comprising the liabilities and assets of the bank : Liabilities, Banking Department. Capital deposits, bills, £41,311,599 Assets. Securities, notes, and ) « ., Q-. , _qq Liabilities. Notes issued £34,014,005 Government debt £11,015,100 Other securities 2,984,900 Bullion, gold coin, &c. ...19,994,851 silver 19,154 £34,014,005 Bank of Scotland incorporated by an act of the Scotch parliament, 1695 ; a second, the Eoyal Bank of Scotland, by a royal charter, 1727 ; and a third, the British Union Com- pany, 1746. The Bank of Scotland has a capital which has reached £1,000,000. It established branches in 1696, and issued £1 notes in 1704. It early received deposits, and in 1729 granted credits on cash ac- counts. This bank has a governor, deputy, and twenty-four directors. The Koyal Bank of Scotland has a capital of £2,000,000, and with the third, or Union Company's Bank, does business in the same way as the Bank of Scotland. Commercial Bank, 1810 ; National Bank, 1825. Bank of Ireland incorporated in 1783, at St. Mary's Abbey; the char- ter renewed in 1791 ; the business removed to the old houses of par- liament, 1808; branch banks formed since 1828, BAN 33 BAN Bank Stock, 3 per cents., created 1726 ; 3 per cent, consols, 1731 ; 3 per cent, reduced, 1746; 3 per cent, ann., payable at the South Sea house, 1751 ; 3| per cent, ann., 1758 ; long ann., 1761 ; 4 per cent, consols, 1762. Banks, Joint Stock, under a sta- tute, 47 George IV., 1826, multi- plied greatly ; their note circulation, Oct. 6, 1850, £2,577,234 in England, £3,139,114 in Scotland, £4,133,928 in Ireland ; the total, with English privatebanks, £13,202,781, and with the Bank of England, £31,127,483. The circulation of the Bank of Eng- land, decennially, was as follows in the undermentioned years : — 1778 £7,080,080 1790 10,127,000 1800 15,450,000 1810 23,904,000 1815 26,803,520 1820 27,174,000 1830 20,620,220 1840 17,231,000 1850 19,776,814 The returns of the bank made weekly, to Jan. 1, 1853, already given. Banks of Savings suggested by Bentham, 1797 ; first at Tottenham, by Mrs. P. Wakefield, 1803 ; the first in Edinburgh, 1814 ; several in Eng- land, 1816. See Savings' Banks. Bank of Venice, established 1157; of Genoa, 1345 ; Amsterdam, 1609 ; Hamburgh, 1619; Rotterdam, 1635; Geneva, 1345 ; Barcelona, 1401 ; Stockholm, 1688 ; Copenhagen, 1736; Berlin, 1765; Caisse d'Es- compte, France, 1776 ; Petersburgh, 1786 ; E. Indies 1787 ; America 1791 ; branch banks of England, 1828. Bank, (the term,) comes from banco or bench, on which monies were exchanged, in the market- places. Among many arrangements, before banking took place in Eng- land, the merchants deposited their cash at the mint, in the Tower of London, for security. In the year 1640, Charles I. carried off the mo- ney, and destroyed the security of the mint. Not wishing to be longer open to the royal plunderer, they placed their money, in 1645, with the Goldsmiths' Company, in Lom- bard Street, who were obliged to keep places of security for their own valuable goods. At home, those merchants and dealers were liable to be robbed by their apprentices, who found impunity and security with the army. The goldsmiths paid 4d. per cent, per day for the monies thus lodged, and lent it out at higher interest. Thus they became the first London bankers. Banks, institution of, these were begun in Italy, by the Lombard Jews, in 808, some of whom came to England, and settled in Lombard Street, where so many banks yet remain. The country banks in Eng- land, in 1815, were 696, with 2164 partners ; in the following year, 642, with 1979 partners. Bank and South Sea house agreed to a reduction of interest, Feb., 1749-50. Bank of England attacked by Lord George Gordon's rioters, 1780. Bank of St. Petersburgh, esta- blished by the Empress Catharine, August 18, 1786. Bank, a fire broke out at, Oct. 24, 1791. Bank Restriction Bill continued by law, 1803. Bank of Hanover, £400,000 in dollars removed to the Bank of England from, on the French inva- sion, May 29, 1806. Bank keys stolen from the Bank of England by an insane woman, tried at the Old Bailey and ac- quitted, Sept. 28, 1819. Bank, The, demands of govern- ment the ten millions it owed that body, May, 1819. Banks in Ireland, eleven stopped payment, June 21, 1820. Bank of England issued sove- reigns, May 8, 1821. Bank of England announced its intention of investing sums on mortgage and the security of funded stock, April, 1824. Bank Mill, Manchester, burned, £30,000 damage, Oct. 31, 1813. BAN 34 BAR Bank of England second report of committee upon the public ex- penditure, report made in 1831-2. Bankrupts in England, first laws regarding, 1543, 1560, 1602, 1706, 1780, 1812, 1831, 1849. Act of con- solidation for Ireland, May, 1636 ; the Scotch acts date 1686, and 34 George III. ; bankruptcy there is called sequestration; new court opened Jan. 11, 1832. It was enact- ed, that members of the House of Commons proving bankrupts, and not paying their debts in full, shall vacate their seats, 1812. The bank- rupts from 1700 to 1850, were as follows : — 1700 38 1800 736 1726 416 1810 2000 1746 159 1815 2029 1762 205 1820 1335 1763 233 1826 2489 1780 449 1830 1467 1791 604 1840 1308 1792 628 1845 1028 1793... 1304 1850 1298 In 1826, 59 banks with 144 part- ners, and 20 without, also 60 traders, per week, were in the Gazette. Bankruptcy Law amended, 1843. Banner, White, once borne in the English army ; that of the Danes, taken by Alfred, 879 ; that of St. Cuthbert made, 1346 ; entry of one, temp. Edward I., 1299 ; the cross of St. Patrick added to the English banner, 1800 ; St. Martin's cap and the orinamme, were the banners of France about 1100. Banneret, a dignity created in England, 1360 ; renewed by Henry VII., 1485 ; it was the last among the created, and the first of the second rank, being a knighthood conferred in the field or under the banner ; renewed by George III. in the person of Sir W. Erskine, 1764. Banns of Marriage, publication of, instituted, 1210; originally a feudal law, meaning a solemn proclamation of any thing ; first introduced into the Gallican church in relation to marriage rites. Bannockburn, battle of, between Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, and Edward II., of England, in which the latter was defeated, June 25, 1314; the English lost 154 lords and knights, 700 gentlemen, and 10,000 common men ; the Scotch, 4000. Banquet, a civic one given to George IV. at Edinburgh, in the hall of the Parliament House, Aug. 24, 1822. Banqueting House, "Whitehall, built, 1607. Bantam, a city of Java, first visited by the Portuguese, in 1511; expelled by the Dutch, 1595 ; in 1602, the English established a factory at Bantam, under Captain Lancaster, 1603, who, in 1619, divided the pep- per trade with the Dutch. Tbe Dutch then expelled the English. Bantam surrendered to the English, 1811, and was restored to the Dutch in 1816, according to the treaty of 1814. Bantry Bay, on the south-west coast of Ireland, where the Erench landed in 1796 ; an engagement there, in 1689, between the Erench fleet which brought over James II., and the English, under Admiral Herbert ; mutiny of the sqiiadron of Admiral Mitchell at, 1801-2, seventeen mutineers con- demned to death. Bantry Bay, Ireland, seven Erench ships anchor in, 1796. Barabis, T. P., a Prussian, who was a Hebrew lexicographer before he was ten years old, a master of mathematics at twelve, and died in 1740, at the age of nineteen. Barbadoes, the first British set- tlement in the West Indies, settled by a charter granted James Duke of Marlborough, 1605 ; a dreadful hurricane swept over the island, 1780, when 4000 inhabitants per- ished ; great inundation at, Nov., 1795 ; two great fires in May and Dec, 1796 ; dreadful devastation at, by a hurricane, Aug. 10, 1831, Barbadoes, thunder storm at, which killed several persons, Aug. 15, 1850. Barbadoes petitioned the Crown, in consequence of the declining BAR 35 BAR state of the colony, April, 1731 ; the demand they made, to be al- lowed to export their produce to any country of Europe directly, without landing it first in England. Babbadoes, a shift of land re- moved and destroyed an entire plantation, Oct. 16, 1784. Babbadoes, a bishop of, con- secrated, 1842. Babbabini, Pope Urban VIII., the first pope who gave the Cardinals the title of Eminence, 1644. Barbaeossa, Aroodje, born in Mytilene, 1474 ; entered the service of Tunis, 1504 ; the scourge of the Genoese and Spaniards in the Mediterranean ; he was one of the boldest and most successful adven- turers that ever lived ■, killed fighting against the Spaniards, in 1518. Barbaeossa, Hayraddin, brother of Aroodje, succeeded his brother at Algiers, whom he outdid in auda- city — outstripped in success. He was admiral of Tunis, 1532 ; scoured the coast of Italy, 1534 ; in 1542, he ravaged Naples, and, being join- ed by the Erench, attacked and took Nice, burned part of the town, and carried off 5000 of the inhabitants ; more than 12,000 captives filled his galleys, of all ranks of persons. He returned to Constantinople, 1544, and died in the Black Sea, 1546. Babbebs' Hale, London, Monk- Avell Street, built, 1530. Babbebs incorporated, 1461, by Edward IV. in London ; united with surgeons, 32 Henry VII. ; dissoci- ated, 1744 ; the trade practised at Rome in the third century. Babbeb, Fletcher, and Sanders, tried for the forgery of a will ; Bar- ber generally supposed innocent ; sentenced to transportation, 1844. Babbon, the name of a family of printei-s, long famous ; John resided at Lyons, 1539 ; Hugh, at Limoges, 1580; John Joseph, a descendant, at Paris, in 1704 ; Joseph, his bro- ther, 1723; Joseph Gerard, who took the oflfice of his uncle's widow, and produced the classics which bear his name, began 1748 — of these there is a complete set in the British Museum ; after his decease, his nephew took his business, and died in 1809. Babbuda, island of, first colonized by the English, 1628. Babcelona, yellow fever broke out at, and 300 persons died per dav, Oct. 19, 1821; the convent of St. Francis at, forcibly dissolved, Nov. 5, 1822. Babcelona, built by Hamilcar Barcos, a. c. 235 ; Adolphus the Goth entered it, a. d. 411 ; it fell into the hands of the Mahometans, 718 ; retaken by the Catalonians and Charlemagne ; in 827, taken by Abderhaman II. ; in 833, it fell into the hands of the Christians ; in 852, it was betrayed to the Maho- metans by the Jews, and nearly all burned; in 984, stormed by the Mahometan chief Almanzor, and most of the inhabitants butchered ; it was saved by Borello, and go- verned by its counts until 1131 ; in 1640, the inhabitants rose against Philip IV., and he besieged it un- successfully ; in 1706, taken by Lord Peterborough, for Austria; and afterwards by assault, by Marshal Berwick, in 1714. The mole was built in 1477; the Casa Real de Caridad, a charity, was established here 1802, for the destitute of both sexes. The French held the town in 1810. Babclay, Robert, founder of the quaker sect, born 1648, died 1690. Babclay, Captain, walked a thou- sand miles in a thousand successive hours, each mile within the hour : hundreds of thousands of pounds depended ; took place Jxily 10, 1809 ; forty-two days and nights, less eight hours. A lady was said to have ridden a thousand miles in a thou- sand hours, which she performed May 3, 1758. Babclay & Co.'s brewery destroy- ed by fire, in Southwark, May 22, 1832. Bauds, in ancient times, poets or prophets, regarded with great vene- ration, traced from the earliest re- BAR 36 BAR cords, in the northern as well as the southern nations, among the Druids and the Welsh, as well as the Jews and Greeks. The hard was a do- mestic officer in Wales, 940; the bards of Wales were regulated by the King of Wales, ap Conan, 1078. In Ireland, a harp is yet preserved that belonged to one of their wild race of king-bards, Brian Boiromhe, 1014. Bards of Wales, meeting of, or Eesteddfod, held at Brecon, Sept. 25, 1822. Barfleur town reduced to ashes, 888, by the pirate Hastings; Wil- liam, son of Henry I., embarked here, to meet his death by ship- wreck, 1120; taken by Edward III. of England, 1346. Barham, 74 guns, foundered off Corsica, July 20, 1811. Bari, Naples, plundered by the Saracens, 860 ; taken from them by the Emperor Louis, 870; taken by the Normans, 1070; retaken by Lotharus, 1137; and again by Roger of Sicily. The priory of St. Nicho- las at, built 1098 ; with a splendid monument to Bona Sforza, queen of Poland, 1557. Barilla, East Indies, insurrec- tion at, April 21, 1816. Barillon, the ambassador from France to Charles II.; arrived in England, Aug, 19, 1678, after the restoration. Baring, transport, wrecked off Berehaven, many lives lost, Oct. 10, 1814. Bark, Peruvian, brought to Europe 1649; yellow, first used in England 1790; in 1832 and 1833, the quantity of 356,998 lbs. and 253,767 lbs. was imported; intro- duced into practice in England by Sir Hans Sloane, 1700 ; in Erance, 1680. Barking Alley, London, a house fell with 1000 people in it, by the Ship alehouse, at the execution of Lord Lovat, April 9, 1746; by which ten persons were killed on the spot, and numbers injured so that they lost their lives. Barking Abbey, founded 677, burned by the Danes 870; peti- tioned in 1377 to be excused from contributing an aid to the king, on account of the expenses of repairing Dagenham breach; in 1410, the revenue of the convent so impaired from this cause, that the ladies had only fourteen shillings a-year each, for clothes and necessaries; the nuns were Benedictine; in 1200, the abbess' election vested in the convent; convent surrendered to Henry VIII. , 1539 ; the possessions valued at £1084, 6s. 2|d. ; manor of, sold by Charles I. to Sir E. Fan- shawe, for £2000, receiving a fee farm rent of £160; workhouse built, 1787. Barkway greatly injured by fire, 18th Aug., 1848. Barletta, a duel between 13 Italian and 13 Erench knights, 1503. Barley and Barley Meal import- ed into England, 1748, were toge- ther, 80,076 quarters. Barling Abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 1180. Barnard's statue, Sir John, erect- ed in the Royal Exchange, May 23, 1747. Barnard's Inn Society, Chancery Lane, constituted, 1445. Barnabas Chiaramonte elected pope, at Venice, as Pius VII., through the interest of Napoleon Bonaparte; signed the concordat terminating the schism with the Gallican church, July 15, 1801 ; crowned Napoleon in Paris, 1804, but refused to go there to crown Louis XVIII. Napoleon put an end to the temporal reign of the pope, May 17, 1809 ; Pius refused to resign, and was taken to Fon- tainbleau, until 1814, when the Allies restored him to the plenitude of temporal power : he was of the same poor intellectual character as his successors. While a prisoner at large at Fontainbleau, he exhibited great avarice: although all his wants were amply provided for, yet he reckoned very carefully a few BAR 37 BAR dozen pieces of gold which he kept in his escrutoire ; he took an exact account of the most trifling articles of his wardrobe, from his cymar to his stockings and small linen : he did not open a hook the whole day ; he employed himself in occupations which could scarcely he imagined or believed without the evidence of the senses — he would stitch and re- pair little rents in his dress, he even replaced with his own hands a but- ton on his breeches ; he washed the front of his cymar, upon which he was accustomed to drop snuff, which he used in great quantities : no small dose of illusion is necessary to create a belief in the infallibility of a sovereign pontifl" so nearly ap- proaching to the extreme of human imbecility : he had many means of rationally employing his time at Fontainbleau, had he been so dis- posed; there was a magnificent library which he never touched, and he would scarcely see any body but his cardinals. Barnardiston, Sir Samuel, fined £10,000, for stating that the plot of which Lord Russell and others were accused was a sham, Feb. 14, 1684. Barnet, or Chipping Barnet, church, built 1400, by John Moot ; the free school, 1573; Mr. Allen's school, 1725; mineral water dis- covered there, 1652 ; battle of, April 14, 1471 ; obelisk to commemorate, erected 1740. Barnett, George, fired at Miss Kelly on the stage, Feb. 27, 1816 ; tried April 8, and found insane. Barnwell Castle, destroyed by fire, 1132. Barnwell Abbey, founded 1298. Barnwell, near Cambridge, de- stroyed by fire, 30th Sep., 1751; again, 16th Dec, 1757. Barometer invented by Torri- celli, a Florentine, in 1643; wheel barometer contrived, 1668; pen- dant, 1678 ; marine, 1700. Baron of Renfrew, a timber ship of 9000 tons, lost between Calais and Dunkirk, 23rd October, 1825, from Quebec to London. Baron, the dignity of, originally Thanes, the first baron, 1265, under Henry III. ; John de Boauchamp, the first baron by patent, 1387; refused to attend king John, 1201 ; first summoned to parliament, 1205 ; heavily taxed, 1205; made war against the king, 1213 ; made the king sign Magna Charta, 1215 ; interdicted by the pope, 1215 ; did homage to the French dauphin, 1216; defeated, May 19, 1217; compelled the king to delegate his regal power, 1258; made war on the king, 1262 ; refuted the award of the king of France, and took the king prisoner, 1265; defeated the king, 1398 ; many executed, 1400 ; had a coronet, and first used it, temp. Charles II. Baronet, an order of knight- hood instituted, for money to pay his troops, by James I., 1611 ; and made hereditary. Instituted in Ireland, 1619 ; to be gentleman born, and have an estate of £1000 per annum. The first made was Sir Nicholas Bacon, May, 1611 ; Baronets of Nova Scotia, 1625 ; all made since 1801, are of the United Kingdom. Baronets of Nova Scotia appeared at court in the badges of their order, for the first time for a long period, Nov. 30, 1775. Baronies by writ, the following are all in existence at present: — De Roos, 1264; Le Despenser, 1264; Clinton, 1299; Ferrers, 1299; De Clifford, 1299; Multon of Gil- lesland (not claimed), 1307 ; Bote- tourt, 1308; Zouche, 1308; Audlev, 1313 ; Willoughby of Eresby, 1313 ; Dacre, 1321 ; Grey of Ruthyn, 1324 ; Molines, 1347 ; Beauchamp of Blet- sho, 1363 ; Botreaux, 1368 ; Scrope of Bolton (not claimed), 1371 ; Hun- gerford, 1426 ; Say and Sele, 1447 ; Hastings, 1461 ; Willoughbv de Broke, 1492; Conyers, 1509; Wind- sor, 1529 ; Mordaunt, 1532 ; Paget, 1550; Compton, 1572; Norris, 1572 ; Howard of Walden, 1579 ; Clifton, 1608 ; Strange, 1628. Barrier Treaty, ceding the Low BAS 38 BAS Countries to the Emperor Charles VI., signed November 15, 1715. Barristers first appointed by Edward I., 1291. Barrington, isle of, one of the Gallopagos, explored, June, 1793. Barrosa, battle of, between the French and English, under General Graham and Marshal Victor, March 6, 1811. Barrow, one opened near Stone- henge, November, 1808, containing Celtic ornaments in wood, amber, and gold. Barrow's Straits discovered by- Captain Parry, August 2, 1819. Barrtmore, the Earl of, confined for treason, Feb. 29, 1743-4. Bartholomew, St., martyred, 71 ; festival of, instituted 1130. Bartholomew, St., monastery of Austin Friars, founded by Rahere, 1102 ; the hospital enlarged, 1539 ; incorporated, 1546-7 ; rebuilt, 1729. Bartholomew Fair, charter for, granted by Henry II. ; Phillips' booth fell, killed two persons, wounded many, August 23, 1749 ; toll of, abolished, 1755. Bartholomew, St., massacre of, in France, committed by the Ca- tholics on the Huguenots, Aug. 24, 1572 ; when 70,000 were murdered by secret orders of the king, Charles IX. Bartholomew, St., island of, oc- cupied by England, April 4, 1801. Bartholomew's Hospital, ave- rage of deaths in, for sixty years, from 1790 to 1749, 7*59 per cent. Bartholomites, a religious order founded 1307, at Genoa ; suppress- ed by Pope Innocent X., 1659. Barton Stanley, Hants, had 27 houses destroyed by fire, May 8, 1792. Bartolini, Thomas, his account of a double man, published, 1654, named John Baptist and Lazarus Colleredo. Barton, Eliza, the holy maid of Kent, executed 1584. Basil, St., died 379. Basil, battle of, 1444. Bassein, India, treaty of, 1802. Bashaw of Scutari revolted against Turkey, and was defeated, 1786. Basilians, the order of St. Basil, of which there were ninety thousand monks, reformed 1569 ; also a sect who had all things, even their wives, in common, 1110. Basil, their founder, was burned alive in 1118. Basilius vanquished the Pauli- cian heretics, 873. Basilius II. and Constantine IV. reigned alone in the east, 1025 and 1028. Basin for steam-vessels exca- vated at Portsmouth, 1848. Basing-werke Abbey, Flintshire, built 1131. Basketmaking, an ancient trade in England, and by the early Bri- tons ; sometimes still used prover- bially, as turning to an old trade. Basket's Printing-office, Black- friars, the finest in the world, burned, Dec. 14, 1737. Basle, peace of, 1795. Basque Road, French vessels in, attacked by Lord Cochrane with fire-ships ; four sail of the line and numerous merchant vessels de- stroyed, April 12, 1809; Lord Gambier, commander-in-chief, was brought by Lord Cochrane to a court-martial on this occasion, but was acquitted. Bass's Straits discovered between New Holland and Van Dieman's Land, by Lieut. Flinders, 1799. Basset, or Bassette, game of, in- troduced into fashion in France, 1674. Bastard Children, concealing the death of, made criminal, 1624 ; acts relating to, in Scotland and Eng- land, 1836, 1845. Bastia, Corsica, surrendered to the English, June 10, 1794. Bastille, in Paris, built April 23, 1369, by Charles V., for the defence of Paris against the English, and finished 1383; used as a state prison, and the scene of many freaks of des- potism and of crime. Henry IV. besieged it in vain, 1588; it was attacked by the populace in 1789, BAT 39 BAT at the commencement of the revo- lution, and utterly destroyed, the governor being killed by the mob. It was on this occasion, July 14, 1789 ; that the Earl of Massa- rine, imprisoned there for many years, was set free by the Parisians. Batavian Republic received a new constitution, April 28, 1805. Bate, the Rev. Mr., sentenced to a year's imprisonment, for writing a libel on the Duke of Richmond, June 26, 1781. Bath, battle of, 520. Bath founded by the Romans, whose baths were discovered under the abbey house, 1755. King Ed- gar crowned here, 973 ; plundered and burned, 1137 ; abbey church completed, 1532 ; 235 feet long, 72 wide ; hospital built, 1738 ; fire on the south parade, 1756 ; assembly- rooms built, 1791 ; pump-rooms, 1797 ; theatre reopened, 1805 ; philosophical society of, founded 1817. Bath Hospital built July 6, 1738. Bath Stage-waggon took fire on Salisbury Plain, May 20, 1750, much valuable property destroyed. Bath, grand freemasons' meeting at, March 24, 1817. Bath Abbey Church restored, 1834. Bath and Wells, the church built and established at Wells, by Ina, king of the west Saxons, 704 ; made a bishopric by Edward the Elder, 905 ; removed to Bath by John de Villula, in 1088 ; the bishop styled of both places, 1136, Bath having the precedency. Bath, order of the, instituted at the coronation of Henry IV., who gave it to forty-six esquires, that had watched the night before, and bathed, 1399 ; after the coronation of Charles II., it was neglected until 1725, when George I. revived it, and fixed the number of the knights at 37; in 1815, the Prince Regent en- larged the order, forming 72 grand crosses, and 180 knights command- ers, with an unlimited number of companions. Baths and Washhouses for the poor established under act of par- liament, August 26, 1846. Bathurst, Mr., the Baglish en- voy at Vienna, murdered near Perleberg, 13 German miles from Berlin, 1810. Battel Abbey founded by Wil- liam the Conqueror, on the spot where the battle of Hastings was fought, October 14, 1066. Battel-roll, a list of the chiefs of the army of William the Con- queror in 1066 ; the number is 629, commonly called the roll of Battel Abbey ; the list is believed to have been much interpolated since. Battering Ram invented, a.c. 441. Battersea Church rebuilt, 1770. Battersea House pulled down, 1775; once the residence of Lord Bolingbroke. Battersea Bridge built, 1773. Battle, Wager of, abolished 1819. Battlebridge, Fort, constructed for the defence of the metropolis, against Charles I., 1643. Battlebridge, Southwark, fire at, destroying £50,000 of propertv, August 12, 1749. Battlefield, battle of, near Shrewsbury, between Henry IV. and Hotspur, Percy, 1402. Battles, Military : — Aberoche, France, 1394; Adda, combat on the shore of, May 22, 1799; Adria- nople taken by the Ottomans, 1360; by the Russians, August 30, 1829. Africa conquered by Belisarius, 533. Agra, the fortress of, termed the Key of Hindostan, surrendered to the English 17th October, 1803. Aire, taken by General Hill, March, 1814. Aix-la-Chapelle taken by the French troops in 1793 ; and again, 21st September, 1794. Ales- sandria, in Italy, seized by the French, 1798 ; surrendered to the Austrians and Russians, 24th July, 1799. Alexandria, Egypt, taken by the French, 1798 ; by 'the Eng- lish, 22nd August, 1801. Alexan- dria, North America, capitulated to the British, 29th August, 1814. Al- BAT 40 BAT giers reduced by Admiral Blake, 1655; bombarded by the French, 1761 ; bombarded under Lord Ex- mouth, Aug. 27, 1816, which was followed by a treaty, by which Christian slavery was abolished on the part of the Dey. Almeyda, in Portugal, taken by the Spaniards, Aug. 25, 1762; taken by the French, 27th August, 1810; blown up by the French, 10th May, 1811. Al- mora, East Indies, heights and town of, carried by assault by the Com - pany's forces, 25th April, 1815. Anholt, defeat of the Danes by the English, who attempted to recap- ture it from them, 1811. Am- boyna seized by the Dutch, 1624 ; by the English, 28th November, 1796 ; again by the English, 17th February, 1810. Amsterdam taken possession of by the French, 18th January, 1795. Ancona was taken possession of by the French, July 1796, and surrendered to the Imperialists, 13th November, 1799. Anglesea subdued by the Romans, 78 ; by the English, 1295. Anglo- Saxons first landed in Britain, 449. Angria and his family seized, 1750; forts destroyed, 1756. Anholt, is- land of, attacked by a Danish force of 4000 men, who were repulsed by a British force of 150, after a close engagement of four hours, 27th March, 1811. Anjar, fortress of, in the province of Cutch, captured by the troops of the East India com- pany, February 1816. Antigallican privateer's prize detained at Cadiz, 1757. Antwerp sacked and ruined, 1585 ; taken by the French, 1792 and 1794. Arcos, evacuated by the French, 28th August, 1812. Arcot, East Indies, taken by the English, 1759. Armed neutrality of the Northern powers, against England, by the Empress of Russia, com- menced, 1780 ; renewed, 1800 ; dis- solved by a British fleet, 1801. Ar- mada, the Spanish, arrived in the Channel, 19th July, 1588, but dis- persed by a storm : Armada of the Spaniards defeated off Dunkirk by the Dutch, 1639. Armenia was conquered by the Turks, 1522. Arn- heim, taken by General Bulow, and the garrison put to the sword, 30th November, 1813. Arzilla, Morocco, seized by the Portuguese, 1470; As- torga, taken by the French, 12th April, 1810 ; quitted by them, 12th June, 1811 ; capitulated to the Spaniards, 18th August, 1812. As- tracan, in Tartary, taken by the Russians, 1554. Athens taken by Xerxes, 480 b.c. Avignon taken from the Pope by the French, 1769 ; restored the brotherhood of the Je- suits, 1773 ; declared to belong to France by the National Assembly, 1790; continued to France by the congress of sovereigns, 1815. Aus- tria taken from Etungary and an- nexed to Germany, when it received its name, 1040. Austrian vessel stopped by the Dutch in passing the Scheldt, October, 1784. Austrian Netherlands entered by the French troops, 28th April, 1792. Badajos, surrendered to the French, 11th March, 1811 ; taken by storm by the British and Portuguese, 6th April, 1812. Bahama Islands taken by the Spaniards, 8th May, 1782 ; retaken by the English, 16th July, 1783. Bajazet defeated by Tamer- lane, 1402. Bamberg taken by the French, 4th August, 1796. Bahda Isles seized by the Dutch, 1621 ; taken by the English, Au- gust, 1810. Bangalore, East Indies, taken by Earl Cornwallis, 1791. Bantam seized by the Dutch, 1682. Barbary conquered from the Greek empire, 640 ; first conquest there by Spain was Melilla, 1497. Bar-sur- Aube, taken by General Wrede, 26th February, 1814 ; retaken by the French the same day ; and taken again by the Prince of Wurtem- berg, March, 1814. Bareilly, in Rohilcund, insurrection at, quelled after a severe conflict, 21st April, 1816. Batavia taken by the Eng- lish, 8th Aug., 1811. Bartholomew, St., West Indies, taken from the Danes by England, March 20, 1801. Shropshire, when Caractacus was taken prisoner, 51. Boadicea and the BAT 41 BAT Romans, 61. Jerusalem, 70. Silures defeated in Britain, 70. Anto- ninus and the Moors, 145. Issus Niger killed, 194. Claudius and the Goths, 269. Constantius and Alectus, 296. Constantine and Maxentius, 312. Aquileia, Con- stantine II. killed, 340. Argen- taria in Alsace, 378. Aquileia, Maximus slain, 388. Aquileia, Euge- nius slain, 394. Mountains of Fesu- lse, 405. Rome taken by Alaric, 410. Alemanni and the Goths, 417. Ravenna, 425. The Franks defeat- ed by iElius, 428. Genseric took Carthage, 439. Chalons-sur-Marne, 451. Ebro, Suevi and Goths, 456. Bath, 520. Banbury, 542. Bedford, 571. Stamford, Lincolnshire, the first between the Britons and Sax- ons, 449. Aylesford, 455. Cray- ford, Kent, when the Britons were defeated, 457. Kydwelly, between the Britons and the Amoricans, 458. Ipswich, between the Britons and Saxons, 466. The same, 477. Pevensay moor, 485, Camelford, 542 and 908. Hatfield, York- shire, between Cadwallon and Edwin, 633. Oswestry, between Penda the Mercian, and Oswald v f Northumberland, 641. Maler- field, Shropshire, 1st August, 642. Gelling, 651. Leeds, 665. Lindis- farne, 740. Benson, Oxfordshire, 771. Helston, Cornwall, and in the Isle of Sheppey, between Egbert and the Danes, 834. Romney, 840; in Somersetshire, 845 ; in Devon- shire, 915 ; at London and Canter- bury, 852, between Ethlewolf and the Danes. Isle of Thanet, where the English were defeated and the Danes settled, 854. Assendon, where the Danes were defeated by Alfred and Ethelred ; another de- feat at Merton, 871. Wilton, Ox- fordshire, where the English were defeated by the Danes, 872. Farn- ham, Hampshire, where the Danes were defeated, 894. Bury, Suffolk, between Edward the elder and his cousin Ethelward, 905. Edward and the Danes, 910, 913, and 914. Griffith of Wales and Leofric the Dane, 916. Maldon, Essex, be- tween Edward and the Danes, 918. Chester, 922. Stamford. Lincoln- shire, between Edward, the Danes, and Scots, 923. Benfield, 924. Wildendane, between Athelstan, the Irish, and Scots, 938. Brans- bury, Northumberland, 938. Sax- ons and Danes, with different suc- cess, fought several, from 938 to 1016. Ashdon, Essex, between Canute and Edmund, 1016. Cross- ford, with the Welsh, 1038. Clon- tarf, Ireland, 1039. Dunsinane, Scotland, between Siward and Mac- beth, 1054. Stamford-bridge, or Battle-bridge, between Harold II. and Halfager, Oct. 5,1066. Hastings, where King Harold was slain, 14th Oct., 1066. Llechryd, Wales, 1087. The Crusades began, 1096. Aln- wick, 1092. Tinchebray, Normandy, 1106. Rouen, Normandy, 1117. Brenneville, Normandy, 1119. Val- weves, Portugal, 1129. Cardigan, Wales, 1136. Northallerton, or the Standard, 22nd Aug., 1138. York Castle besieged, 1138. Leeds, 1139. Ourigue, Portugal, 1139. Lincoln, 1141. Renfrew, 1164. Farnham, 1173. Alnwick, 1174. Ascalon, 16th Sept., 1191. Gisors, 1128. Bo- vines, 25th July, 1214. Lincoln, 19th May, 1217. Lewes, 14th May, 1264. Evesham, 5th Aug., 1265. Llewellyn and the English, 1282. Chesterfield, 1296. Dunbar, 27th April, 1296. Falkirk, 22nd July, 1298. Courtray, Flanders, 1302. Biggar, 1303. Bannockburn, 25th June, 1314, when the English were defeated. Boroughbridge, York- shire, 1322. Brechin, siege of, 1333. Halidon-hill, near Berwick, where 20,200 Scots were slain, and only 15 English, 19th July, 1333. Sluys, Flanders, 13th June, 1390. Cressy, 26th Aug., 1346. David, king of Scotland, taken prisoner, 17th Oct., 1346, at Nevil's Cross, Durham. Poictiers, where the king of France and his son were taken prisoners, 19th Sept., 1356. Auray, Brittanv, 1363. Brignas, Provence, 13(53. Najara, 1369. Rochelle, 1371. Near BAT 42 BAT Berwick, 1378. Rosbach, Nov. 17, 1382. Sempach, July 9, 1386. Otterburn, between Hotspur and the Earl of Douglas, 31st of July, 1388. Myton upon Swale, York, 1391. Nicopolis, 1396. Kincardine, 1397 ; Nisbet, May 7, 1402. Holme- don, between English and Scots, when 10,000 of the latter were slain, 7th May, 1402. Shrewsbury, 21st July, 1403. Monmouth, when the Welsh were defeated, 11th May, 1405. Agincourt, 25th Oct., 1415. Nicopolis, 1420. Anjoxi or Beague, where the Duke of Clar- ence and 1500 English were killed, 3rd April, 1421. Crevant, June 11, 1423. Yerneuil, 16th Aug., 1424. Herrings, 12th Feb., 1429. Patay, under Joan of Arc, 10th June, 1429. Herberoy, France, 1434. Ba- sil, Switzerland, 1444. Brechin, 1452. Castilon, Guienne, 1452. St. Alban's, 22nd May, 1455. Bel- grade, 1456. Bloreheath, 23rd Sept., 1459. Northampton, 19th July, 1460. Wakefield, 31st Dec, 1460. Towton, 29th March, 1461. St. Alban's, Shrove Tuesday, 1461. Mortimer's Cross, 1461. Hexham, 15th May, 1464. Banbury, 26th July, 1469. Stamford, 13th March, 1470. Barnet, 14th April, 1471. Tewkesbury, 4th May, 1471. Mur- ten, 1476. Bosworth, 22nd Aug., 1485. Stoke, 6th June, 1487. St. Aubin, France, 1488. Knocktow, Ireland, 1491. Blackheath, 22nd June, 1497. Flodden, 9th Sept., 1513, when James IV., king of Scotland, was killed. Marignan, Italy, 13th Oct., 1515. Pavia, Italy, Feb. 24, 1524. Bicoca, Italy, 1522 and 1525. Mohatz, Aug. 19, 1526. Solway, 24th Nov., 1542. Cerisoles, Piedmont, 1544. Ancrum, Scotland, February 17, 1544. Musselburgh, Scotland, 10th Sept., 1547. Pinkey, Sept. 10. Ket and Warwick, 1549. St. Quintin, 10th Aug., 1557. Ca- lais taken, Jan. 7, 1558. Grave- lines, Flanders, 1558. Dreux, France, 1562. St. Denis, 1567. Langside, May 13, 1568. Moncon- tour, 1569. Jarnac, Poitou, 1569. Ardavat, Ireland, 1585. Coutras, 1587. Arques, Normandy, 21st Sept., 1589, Blackwater, Ireland, 1597. Nieuport, Flanders, 1600. Prague, 1600. Lutzen, 7th Sept., 1633, king of Sweden killed. Avein, Leige, May 1635. New- castle, Northumberland, 1637. Cal- loo, Flanders, 1638. Arras, June, 1640. Hopton-heath, Staffordshire, 19th March, 1642. Worcester, 23rd Sept., 1642. Edgehill, 23rd Oct., 1642. Brentford, 1642. Kilrush, Ireland, 1642. Liscarrol, Ireland, 1642. Ballintober, 1642. Liskard, Cornwall, 19th January, 1643. Drayton in Hales, 25th January, 1643. Barham-moor, 29th March, 1643. Ross, in Ireland, March, 1643. Rocroy, in France, 1643. Stratton, 16th May, 1643. Lans- down, 5th July, 1643. Round- away-down, 13th July, 1643. Don- nington, 1643. Newbury, 20th September, 1643. Alresford, 29th March, 1644. Cropedy Bridge, in Oxfordshire, 6th June, 1644. Freidburgh, Suabia, 1644. Mars- ton-moor, 2nd July, 1644. Old- castle, 1644. Newark, 1644. New- bury, 27th Oct., 1644. Aldern, 15th May, 1645. Naseby, June 14, 1645. Donnington, Gloucester, 1645. Alford, 2nd July, 1645. Nordlingen, Suabia, 3rd August, 1645. Benburb, Ireland, 1646. Kingstoo, Surrey, 1647. Dungan Hill, July 10, 1647. Knockness, Ireland, 1647. Rathmines, Ireland, 1649. Dunbar, 3rd Sept., 1650. Invercarron, 1650. Worcester, 3rd Sept., 1651. Bothwell-bridge, 22nd June, 1651. Arras, 1654. Estre- mos, 1663. Brod, Sclavonia, 1668. Sintzheim, Germany, 1674. Sen- effe, Flanders, 1674. Mulhausen, Alsace, 31st Dec, 1674. Fehrbel- lin, Brandenburgh, 18th June, 1675. Altenheim, 28th July, 1675. Saltsburgh, 1675. Bothwell-bridge, Scotland, 1679. Argosy 1683, Allies and Turks. Vienna, 18th July, 1683, Allies and Turks. Sedge- moor, Somersetshire, 6th August, 1685. Coron, European Turkey, BA T 43 BAT 1685, Allies and Turks. Mohatz, Hungary, 4th August, 1687, Allies and Turks. Hersan, Hungary, 1687. Allies and Turks. Torven, between the Germans and Turks, 1688. "Walcourt, Allies and French, 1689. Killicrankie, Scotland, 1689. Newton Butler, Ireland, 1689. Charleroi, 1690. Cavan, 1690. Boyne, Ireland, 1st July, 1690. Sa- lusses, Piedmont, 8th Aug., 1690. Fleurus, Flanders, 12th July, 1690. Staffarda, French and Piedmontese, 1690. Salankenien, Austrians and Turks, 1691. Leuse, Allies and French, 1691. Aughrim, 22nd July, 1691. Pfortsheim, Germans and French, 1692. Steinkirk, 1692, Allies and French. Landen, 19th July, 1693, Allies and French. Marsaglia, 8th Oct., 1693, Pied- montese and French. Neckar, Germans and French, 1693. In Transylvania, Allies and Turks, 1695. Olasch, Germans and Turks, 1696. Zeuta, Hungary, 1697, Ger- mans and Turks. Narva, by Charles XII. of Sweden, Dec, 1700. Chiara, 6th Aug., 1701, French and Allies. Riga, Rus- sians and Poles, 1701. Carpi, Modena, 1701, French and Allies. Glissa, Poland, 1702, Swedes and Saxons. Fridlingen, Suabia, 1702, French and Germans. Victoria, French and Allies, 1702. Luzara, Italy, 15th Aug., 1702. Pultusk, Poles and Swedes, 1703. Eckeren, Brabant, 30th June, 1703, French and Dutch. Donawert, 2nd July, 1704, French and Germans. Pu- nitz, Swedes and Saxons, 1704. Blenheim, 2nd Aug., 1704, Allies and French. Schellenburg, Aus- trians and Bavarians, 1704. Mit- tau, Swedes and Russians, July, 1705. Cassano, Italy, in 1705, French and Allies. Tirlemont, French and Allies, 1705. Fraun- stadt, Silesia, 1706, Swedes and Saxons. Calcinato, Italy, 1706, French and Allies. Ramillies, Whitsunday, 1706, French and Allies. Turin, 7th Sept., 1706, French and Germans. Offenburg, Germans and French, 1707. Ka- lish, Poland, April, 1707, Poles and Bavarians. Lerida, 1707. Al- manza, Spain, 1707, Allies and Spain. Holowzin, Russia, 1708, be- tween the Russians and Swedes. Czarnanapata, Muscovy, 22nd Sept., 1708. Lezno, Poland, 1708, Russians and Swedes. Lisle taken, 1708. Gemaurthorff, Poland, 1708, ditto. Winnendale, 28th Sept., 1708, French and Allies. Oudenard, Ju- ly 11th, 1708. Caya, 17th May, 1709, ditto. Pultawa, 8th June, 1709, Russians and Swedes. Mal- plaquet, 11th Sept., 1709, French and Allies. Rumersheim, French and Germans, 1709. Gudina, Al- lies and Spaniards, 1709. Almanza, 16th July, 1710, French and Allies. Elsinburg, Swedes and Danes, 1710. Saragossa, 20th Aug., 1710, French and Germans. Villa Viciosa, 12th Dec, 1710, ditto. Arleux, Allies and French, 1711. Bouchain, 1711. Gadesbush, Swedes and Danes, 1712. Demain, Netherlands, 1712, Allies and French. Friburg, French and Germans, 1713. Bitonio, 1713. Preston, 12th Nov., 1715, when the rebels were defeated in Scotland. Dunblane, 13th Nov., 1715, ditto. Peterwardein, Austrians and Turks, 5th Aug., 1717. Belgrade, 16th July, 1717, Austrians and Turks. Glenshiels, Scotland^ 10th June, 1719. Between the Turks and Persians, when Kouli Khan lost 10,000, and killed 20,000 men before Babylon, 28th Feb., 1733. Parma, 29th June, 1734. Guastalla, Aug., 1734. In Persia, where the Turks were defeated by Kouli Khan, and lost near 60,000, a general, and six bashaws, 22rid May, 1734. Bitonto, Austrians, and Spaniards, 1734. Parma, France, and Spain against Austria, 1734. Secchia, French and Austrians, 1734. Turks and Persians, 1735 ; 50,000 of the latter killed. Bagnialuk, European Tur- key, 27th July, 1737, Russians and Turks. Bog, Russians and Turks, 1738. Kroska, Austrians and Turks, 1739. Kernal, Turks and BAT 44 BAT Persians, 1739. Cochzim, Molda- via, 21st July, 1739. Molwitz, 10th April, 1741, Prussians and Austrians. Williamstadt, Sweden, Swedes and Russians, 23rd July, 1741. Hilkersburg, 8th April, 1742, Prussians and Austrians. Czaslau, 7th May, 1742, Teyn, Austrians and French, 1742. Branau, Aus- trians and Bavarians, 1743. Cam- po Santo, Spaniards and Allies, 1743. Dettingen, 15th June, 1743, Allies and French. Coni, Allies and French and Spaniards, 1744. Landshut, Prussians and Austrians, 1745. Friedberg, 4th June, 1745, Prussians and Austrians. Fonte- noy, 30th April, 1745. Preston- pans, 21st Sept., 1745. Erzeroum, Turks and Prussians, 1745. Fal- kirk, Scotland, 18th Jan., 1746. Roucoux, 12th April, 1746, French and Allies. Kesseldorf 1746. Cul- loden, Scotland, 16th April, 1746. St. Lazaro, 31st May, 1746, French and Allies. Placentia, 15th June, 1746, Spaniards and Allies. Ex- illes, Piedmont, 19th July, 1747, Allies and French. Val, Flanders, 20th June, 1747, ditto. Laffeldt, 20th July, 1747, ditto. Arania, India, 1751. Bahoor, India, 7th Aug., 1752. Fort du Quesne, North America, 9th July, 1755. Lake of St. George, 8th Sept., 1755. Pa- raguay, 1755. Calcutta, India, June, 1756 and 1759. Lowoschutz, 30th Sept., 1756, Prussians and Austrians. Norkitten, Russians and Prussians, 1757. Plassy, East Indies, 20th June, 1757. Schweid- nitz, Silesia, 1757. Prague, 22nd May, 1757, Prussians and Austri- ans. Plassy, India, June 20th, 1757. Reichenberg, Bohemia, 1757, ditto. Kolin, 12th June, 1757, ditto. Hastenbeck, 25th July, 1757, French and Allies. Jagersdorf, Prussia, 3rd Aug., 1757, ditto. Roshach, 5th Nov., 1757, French and Prussians. Breslau, 21st Nov., 1757, Prussians and Austrians. Lissa, 5th Dec, 1757, ditto. Hoy a, in Westphalia, 24th Feb., 1758, French and Allies. Crevelt, 23rd June, 1758, ditto. Sondershausen, 25th July, 1758, ditto. Meere, 5th Aug., 1758, ditto. Zorndorff, 25th Aug., 1758, Prussians and Russians. Olmutz, 1758, ditto. Hochkirchen, 10th Oct., 1758, ditto. Landweren- hagen, 1758, French and Allies. Bergen, 14th April, 1759, ditto, Minden, Aug., 1759, ditto. Zu- lichau, Silesia, 27th July, 1759, Prussians and Russians. Peters- walde, Prussians and Austrians, 1759. Pasberg, ditto, 1759. Nia- gara, N. America, 24th July, 1759. Warburg, 6th Aug., 1759, French and Allies. Montmorenci, 10th Aug., 1759, French and Eng- lish. Cunersdorf, 12th Aug., 1759, Prussians, Russians and Austrians. Plains of Abraham, Quebec, in Ame- rica, 15th Sept., 1759, French and English. Wandiwash, East Indies, 10th Jan., 1760. Strehla, Silesia, 1760, Prussians and Austrians. Warburg, 1760. Near Quebec, 28th April, 1760. Pfaffendorff, 12th Aug., 1760, Prussians and Aus- trians. Torgau, 3rd Nov., 1760, ditto. Fulda, 1760, ditto. Land- shut, Silesia, June, 1760. Sillery, English and French, 1760. Langen- saltza, Allies and French, 1761. Slangerode, ditto, 1761. Kirk- Den- kern, ditto, 1761. Fillinghausen, in the Palatinate, 16th July, 1761, Prussians and Austrians. Dippol- diswalda, ditto, 1762. Graebenstein, 4th June, 1762, French and Allies. Burkersdorf, 22nd July, 1762, ditto. Toplitz, 1762. Friedberg, Hesse, 29th Oct., 1762, Prussians and Austrians. Homburg, Allies and French, 1762. Minden, ditto, 1762. Johannisberg, Allies and French, 1762. Buckr-Muhl, ditto, 1762. Schweidnitz, Aug., 1762. Bushy Bun, America, 1763. Plains of Geriah, East Indies, 1763. Buxar, ditto, 1764. Calpy, ditto, 1765. Errore, ditto, 1767. Mulwaggle, 1768. Choczim, 30th April, 1769, Russians and Turks. Brailow, European Turkey, 1770. Silistria, ditto, 1773. Lexington, near Bos- ton, 19th April, 1775. Bunkers- BAT 45 BAT hill, 27th June, 1775. Long-Island, America, 27th Aug., 1776. White Plains, near New York, 30th Nov., 1776. Brandywine-creek, America, 13th Sept., 1777. Of the Lakes, 5th July, 1777. Skenesborough, North America, 7th July, 1777. Bennington, ditto, 16th Aug., 1777. Albany, ditto, 1777. Saratoga, 7th October, 1777. General Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans, Ger- mantown, 14th October, 1777. St. Lucie, ditto, 1778. Monmouth, ditto, 1778. Rhode Island, ditto, 1778. Briar's Creek, ditto, 1779. Stony Ferry, ditto, 1779. Camden, ditto, 16th August, 1780. Perin- bancum, East Indies, 1780. Waxau and Cataaba, North America, 1780. Broad River, ditto, 1781. Guild- ford, ditto, 16th March, 1781 . Cam- den, 25th April, 1781. Hobkirk's- hill, ditto, 1781. Eutaw Springs, ditto, 1781. York Town, when Earl Cornwallis surrendered, 29th October, 1781. Porto Novo, East Indies; 1781. Arnee, ditto, 1781. Russians and Turks, 1781. Bed- nore, India, 1783. Russians and Swedes, 1788. Austrians and Turks, 1788. Bessarabia and Ukraine, 1789. Finland, Russians and Swedes, 1789. Foczania, Austrians and Turks, 1789. Lasmere, 28th August, 1789. Ismail stormed by JSuwarrow, 1790. Martinestie, or Rimnick, Austrians, Russians, and Turks, 1789. Ukraine, Russians and Turks, 1790. Maczin, ditto, 1791. Seringapatam, East Indies, 1791 ; again in 1799, when Tippoo was reduced by Lord Cornwallis. At Longwy, when the Austrians were defeated, 14th August, 1792. Antoign, Aug. 13th, 1792. Hanau, 27th October, 1792. Grand-pre, when the French were defeated, 10th Sept., 1792. Valmy, between the French and Austrians, 20th Sept., 1792. Menehould, Prussians and French, 2nd October, 1792. Conde, Austrians and French, 2nd October, 1792. Bossu, ditto, 4th Nov., 1792. Jemappe, when Du- mourier entered Brabant, 6th Nov., 1792. Anderlecht, Austrians and French, 13th Nov., 1792. Tirle- mont, ditto, 17th Nov., It92. Va- roux, ditto, 27th Nov., 1792. Hock- heim, ditto, 7th Jan., 1793. Alden- hoven, ditto, 28th Feb., 1793. Aix- la-Chapelle, ditto, 15th Jan., 1793. Tongres, ditto, 4th March, 1793. Neerunden, near Tirlemont, ditto, 18th March, 1793. Tirlemont, ditto, 19th March, 1793. Louvaine, or the Iron Mountain, ditto, 22nd March, 1793. Coblentz, ditto, 1st April, 1793. Cassel, ditto, 7th April, 1793. Tournay, Austrians and English against the French, 8th May, 1793. St. Amand and Maulde, ditto, 10th May, 1793. Valenciennes, Allies and French, 23rd May, 1793. Manheim, ditto, 30th May, 1793. Furnes, Dutch and French, 21st June, 1793. Furnes, Austrians and French, 26th June, 1793. Villiers, ditto, 18th July, 1793. Cambray, or Ceesar's Camp, ditto, 9th August, 1793. Lincelles, ditto, 18th August, 1793. Furnes, ditto, 21st August, 1793. Rexmond, ditto, 29th August, 1793. Dunkirk, English and French, 7th September, 1793. Quesnoy, ditto, 11th Sept., 1793. Limbach, Austrians and French, 12th Sept., 1793. Menin, ditto, 15th Sept., 1793. Toulon, English and French, 1st Oct., 1793. Weissenburg, Austrians and French, 14th Oct„, 1793. Maubeuge, Allies and French, 16th October, 1793. Birlemont, ditto, ditto. Orchies, ditto, 20th Oct., 1793. Wanzenau, ditto, 20th Oct., 1793. Landau, ditto, 29th Nov., 1793. Toulon, when it surrendered to the French, 19th Nov., 1793. Lebach, ditto, 27th Nov., 1793. Roussillon, Span- iards and French, 11th Dec, 1793. Mons, Dec. 4, 1793. Perpignan, ditto, 20th Dec, 1793. Oppenheim, Allies and French, 8th Jan., 1794. Waterloo, ditto, 23rd Jan., 1794. Werwick, ditto, 1st March, 1794. Bayonne, Spaniards and French, 19th March, 1794. Perle, Allies and French, 22nd March, 1794. Cateau, Allies and French, 28th BAT 46 BAT March, 1794. Cracow, Kussians and Poles, 4th April, 1794. Durk- heim, Allies and French, 5th April, 1794. Piedmont, Sardinians and French, 6th April, 1784. Crom- hech, Allies and French, 14th April, 1794. Arlon, ditto, 17th April, 1794. Warsaw, Russians and Poles, 21st April, 1794. Landrecy, Allies and French, 24th April, 1794. Cambray, English and French, do. Cateau, ditto, 26th April, 1794. Courtray, Allies and French, 29th April, 1794. Ostend, ditto, 5th May, 1794. Montesquan, Spaniards and French, 1st May, 1794. Aost, Sardinians and French, 2nd May, 1794. Saorgia, Sardinians and French, 8th May, 1794. Tournay, English and French, 18th May, 1794. Courtray, Allies and French, 12th May, 1794. Mons, ditto, 16th May, 1794. Bouillon, Allies and French, 18th May, 1794. Tournay, ditto, 22nd May, 1794. Espierres, May 22, 1794. Lautern, Allies and French, 23rd May, 1794. Lithu- ania, Russians and Poles, 3rd June, 1794. Piliezke, ditto, ditto. Bar- celona, June 14, 1794. Charleroi, Fleurus, Allies and French, 17th June, 1794. Cracow, Prussians and Poles, ditto. Aost, Sardinians and French, 26th June, 1794. Puy- cerda, Spaniards and French, ditto. Blonie, Russians and Poles, 7th July, 1794. Manheim, Allies and French, 12th July, 1794. Dorbilos, Prussians and Poles, 19th July, 1794. Fontarabia, Spaniards and French, 2nd August, 1794. Zogre, Prussians and Poles, 22nd August, 1794. Bellegarde, Spaniards and French, 26th August, 1794. Val- ley of Leira, ditto, 8th Sept., 1794. Bois le Due, 14th Sept., 1794. Boxtel, 17th Sept., 1794. Maes- tricht, Allies and French, 18th Sept., 1794. Clermont, ditto, 20th Sept., 1794. Piedmont, ditto, 23rd Sept., 1794. Posnania, Prussians and Poles, 24th Sept., 1794. Ko- phir Bazsee, Russians and Poles, 25th Sept., 1794. Oneglia, Sar- dinians and French, 30th Sept., 1794. Emmerick, Allies and French, 2nd Oct., 1794. Warsaw, Poles de- feated by the Russians, &c, 10th Oct., 1794. Druten, English and French, 20th Oct., 1794. Pampe- luna, Spaniards and French, 28th Oct., 1794. Nimeguen, Allies and French, 4th Nor., 1794. Warsaw, 8th Nov., 1794. Sendomir, Poles and Prussians, &c, 16th Nov., 1794. Navarre, Spaniards and French, 25th Nov., 1794. Mentz, Allies and French, 1st Dec, 1794. On the Waal, 11th Jan., 1794. Nantes, between the Chouans and Repub- licans, 18th Jan., 1795. Catalonia, 5th March, 1795. Neve Munster, where the French were repulsed, 3rd March, 1795 ; again, 18th ditto. At Figueras, the Spaniards were defeated, 5th April, 1795. Pied- mont, the Piedmontese were de- feated, 12th April, 1795. Pontas, Catalonia, where the French were defeated, 14th June, 1795; again, 1st July. Pampeluna, when the French were defeated, 2nd July, 1795. Piedmont, when the French were defeated, 24th June, 1795; again, the 27th; and Bilboa, when the Spaniards were defeated, 17th July, 1795. Quiberon, the Emi- grants were defeated, 21st July. Urrtia, when the French were de- feated, 30th July. Vittoria, when the Spaniards were defeated, 14th August. Piedmont, the Austrians were defeated, 30th August. La Pietra, the French were defeated, 31st August. On the Lahn, when the French were defeated, 19th Sept. Manheim, the Austrians were defeated, 23rd Sept. Pied- mont, the French were defeated, 1st Oct. On the Mayne, when the French were totally defeated, 11th Oct. Mentz, the French were de- feated, 29th Oct. Worms, ditto, 8th Nov. Moselle, ditto, 22nd Nov. Deux Ponts, ditto, 28th Nov. Al- sentz, ditto, 8th Dec. 1795. Man- tua, January 31, 1796. Pied- mont, Sardinians were totally de- feated by the French, 14th April, 1796. Lodi, French and Austrians, BAT 47 BAT 11th May. Mantua, ditto, defeat- ed, 29th May. French defeated, near Wetzlaer, 4th June. Ditto, under Jourdan, by General Kray, near Kirpen, 20th June. Edengen, July 1, 1795. Castiglione, July 2, 1796. Austrians defeated by Jour- dan, July 6. The Archduke re- pulsed by the French, 8th July. Mantua's siege raised ; the French left behind 140 cannon, 100,000 shells, balls, &c. ; 31st July. The Austrians defeated by General Jourdan, 11th August. Moreau defeated by the Archduke, near Nureinburg, 18th August. The French- defeated by the Austrians, near Neuweid and Amberg, 24th August. Augsburgh, 24th Aug. Eoveredo, 4th Sept. Cavella, 7th Sept. Jourdan defeated, near Mu- nich, 11th Sept. ; again, on 19th Sept., at Isny, on the Argen. Ar- eola, 19th Nov., 1796. Between the Austrians and Bonaparte, in Italy, 19th and 27th January, 1797, when the Austrians were defeated. Bonaparte defeated the Archduke, 1st April, 1797. The Austrians were again defeated, on the Upper Bhine, 7th May, when the French took Frankfort, Kehl, &c, 1797. The Swiss troops were defeated by the French, and their independency abolished, 19th Sept., 1798. Be- tween the Irish rebels and the king's forces, at Kilcullen, 22nd May, 1798. Ditto, at Naas, 24th May ; the same day, at Stratford-upon- Slaney ; at Hackestown, 25th May ; at Dunlavan, 25th May ; at Taragh, 26th May; at Carlow, 27th May; at Monastereven, the same day ; at Oulart, the same day; at Kildare, 28th May ; at Ballicanoe, and at Newtownbarry, 1st June ; at New Boss, 5th June; at Antrim, the same day; at Arklow, 9th June; at Ballynahinch, 13th June ; at Ovidstown, 19th June ; at Ballyna- rush, 20th June ; at Vinegar Hill, June 21, 1798 ; at Hacketstown, June 25, 1798 ; at Clonard, July 11, 1798, where the insurgents were generally defeated; at Castlebar, August 28, 1798 ; at Caloony, Sep- tember 5, 1798; and at Ballina- muck, September 8; those three last battles with the French inva- ders, who surrendered 7th Septem- ber, 1798; Killala, September 23. Near Naples, between the French and Neapolitans, 18th January, 1799. The Archduke Charles to- tally defeated the French, and took 2000 prisoners, &c, 14th and 26th March, 1799, near Stockach. The French defeated near Verona, 5th, 25th, and 26th March ; and again 30th March and 5th April. The Austrians defeated the French in Italy, 9th and 30th April, near Cremona. The Russians defeated the French near Milan, 27th. The French defeated near Cassano, 27th April. Bonaparte repulsed at Acre by the Turks and Sir S. Smith, 16th April. The French and Aus- trians near the Adda, the former defeated, 26th and 31st March, and 5th May. Suwarrow's army de- feated the French under Moreau, near Alexandria, 17th May. The French defeated at Zurich, 4th June, where Suwarrow defeated the French under Macdonald, 19th. Tippoo Saib defeated near Seringa- patam, in the East Indies, by the English forces, 4th May, with con- siderable slaughter ; Tippoo killed. The Austrians defeated near Coire by General Massena, when Captain d'Ausenberg and 700 men were taken prisoners, 7th May. The Archduke defeated Jourdan, 2nd April. General Kray defeated Gen. Scherer, commanding the French in Italy, April 18. Suwarrow de- feated the French in forcing the passage of the Adda, 23rd May. Battle of Alexandria, May 17, 1799; Bonaparte retired from before Acre ; siege raised. The French defeated at Naples by Cardinal Buffo, 5th June. Suwarrow defeated Mac- donald near Parma, 12th July. Su- warrow defeated General Moreau, July 13. Joubert totally defeated by Suwarrow, and killed, Aug. 1 5, at Novi. Aboukir, French and BAT 48 BAT Turks, 26th July, 1799. The French defeated near Manheim, 13th Au- gust. Bergen, 2nd October, 1799 ; Alckmaer, 6th October, 1799 ; Ber- gen and Alckmaer, 19th September, 1799. The Imperialists defeated near Zurich, 24th September. The French defeated near Mondovi, 6th November. Near Philipsburgh, 3rd December, 1799. Near Coni, which place surrendered to the Austrians. Near Genoa, when the Austrians were defeated, and lost 3000 men, 12th December. Novi, 8th January 1800, Austrians and French. Sa- vona, Italy, 8th April, ditto. Vera- gigo, 10th April, French defeated. Stockach, 1st May, Austrians de- feated. Moeskirch, 3rd May, ditto. Biberach, 9th May ; Austrians lost 4000 men. Montebello, 9th June. Marengo, 6000 Austrians killed, 8000 prisoners, and 45 pieces of cannon taken, 14th June. Bronni, June 10, 1800. Ulm, June 21. Ho- henlinden, Austrians defeated, 3rd Nov. On the Mincio, 25th Decem- ber; Austrians defeated. Alex- andria, Egypt, French defeated by the English, ' 21st March, 1801. Assaye, East Indies, between Scin- diah and the English, former de- feated, 11th August, 1803. Fer- ruckabad, East Indies, English victorious, 17th November, 1804. Bhurtpore, East Indies, Jeswunt Rao Holkar defeated by the Eng- lish, 2nd April, 1805. Guntzburgh, French and Austrians, French vic- torious, 2nd October, 1805. Ulm, French and Austrians, latter taken prisoners, 19th Oct., 1805. Moelk, French and Austrians, latter beaten, 10th Nov., 1805. Austerlitz, French against Austrians and Russians, French victorious, 2nd Dec, 1805. 21st June, 1806, Buenos Ayres taken by the English. Maida, French and English, the former defeated, 6th July, 1806. Castel Nuova, French and Russians, latter defeated, 29th Sept., 1806. Auer- stadt and Jena, French and Prus- sians, latter beaten, 3rd Oct., 1806. Halle, 17th Oct., 1806. Pultusk, 26th Dec, 1806. Eylau, French and Russians, latter defeated, 7th February, 1807. Friedland, in which the Russians were defeated with dreadful slaughter, 14th June, 1807. Buenos Ayres, English de- feated, 6th July, 1807. Baylen, the French under Dupont defeated by General Reding, 20th July, 1808, Vimiera, General Junot defeated by Sir Arthur Wellesley, 21st Aug., 1808. Tudela, Spaniards beaten by the French, 23rd Nov., 1808. Corunna, French and English, the former defeated, 16th Jan., 1809. Braga, Portuguese defeated by the French, 19th March, 1809. Pfaffen- hoffen, Austrians defeated by the French, 19th April, 1809. Abens- berg, Austrians defeated by the French, 20th April, 1809. Land- shut, Austrians defeated by the French, 21st April, 1809. Eckmuhl, Austrians defeated, by the French, 22nd April, 1809. Ebersberg, Aus- trians defeated by the French, 3rd May, 1809. Oporto, French de- feated, 11th May, 1809. Aspern and Essling, French and Austrians, dreadful slaughter on both sides, 21st and 22nd May, 1809 ; French defeated. Raab, Austrians defeated by the French, 14th June, 1809. Wagram, Austrians defeated by the French, 5th July, 1809. Talavera de la Reyna, French defeated by the English and Spaniards, 27th July, 1809. Ocana, Spaniards defeated by the French, 19th Nov., 1809. Busaco, French repulsed by the allied army under Lord Wellington, 27th Sept., 1810. Lafesat, Turks defeated by the Russians, 11th Feb., 1811. Barrosa, the French under General Victor defeated by General Graham, 5th March, 1811. Palma, French surprised by General Bal- lasteros, and General Remon's de- tachment dispersed, 10th March, 1811. Badajos invested by Wel- lington, 11th March, 1811. Al- buera, French repulsed, with the loss of 9000 men, by Mar- shal Beresford, 16th May, 1811. Buenos Ayres and Monte Video BAT 4.9 BAT between the troops of, in which those of the latter were defeated, 18th May, 1811. Budshuck, Turks defeated by the Russians, 4th June, 1811 ; and again, 14th October. Almeida, 5th Aug., 1811. At Xim- ena, a division of Soult's army de- feated by General Ballasteros, 18th Sept., 1811. Ciudad Bodrigo, be- tween the French and the allied armies under Wellington, ending in the retreat of the latter, 25th Sept., 1811. Buche, near Saguntum, Gen. Blake defeated by the French under Marshal Suchet,* 25th Oct., 1811 ; Marshal Suchet was wounded; he took 14,000 men and 15 guns. Cavares and Merida, the French, under General Girard, surprised and routed by General Hill, 28th October, 1811. Blains of Bornos, Spaniards defeated by the French, 1st June, 1812. Castalla, army under General O'Donnell defeated by the French, 21st July, 1812. Salamanca, French defeated by Wellington, 22nd July, 1812. Mohilow, Bussians under Brince Bagration defeated by the French under General Davoust, 23rd July, 1812. Ostrovno, Bussians defeated by the French, 25th and 28th July, 1811. Bolotsk, French under Mar- shal Oudinot defeated by the Bus- sians under Count Witgenstein, 30th and 31st July, 1812 ; the same armies contended the next day, when the Bussians were defeated. Drissa, Bussians defeated by the French, August, 1812. Smolensko, Bussians defeated by the French, and abandoned the town, 16th August, 1812. Banks of the Duna, near Bolotsk, several severe ac- tions between the Bussians and the French, in which success was nearly balanced, 16th and 17th Aug., 1812. Heights of Valentina, between the French and Bussians, which terminated in the retreat of the latter, 19th Aug., 1812. Mosk- wa (or Borodino), between the French and Bussians, 7th Sept., 1812. Moscow burned, Sept. 4th, 1812. Queen's Town, Canada, army of the United States defeated by the British, 13th Oct., 1812. Bolotsk, French defeated by the Bussians, and the place taken by storm, 20th Oct., 1812. Malo-Ya- roslovitz, Bussians and French, victory claimed by each, 24th October, 1812. Viasma, French under Ney and Davoust defeated by the Bussians, 3rd November, 1812. Dorogobudsch, the French driven from, by the Bussians under Blatoff, with great slaiTghter, 7th November, 1812. Witepsk, the French under General Victor de- feated by the Bussians under Wit - genstein, with the loss of 3000 mea, 14th Nov., 1812. Ivrasnoi, French army under Davoust destroyed or dispersed by Kutusoff, 16th Nov., 1812. Ney's corps, defeated by the Bussian general Miloradovitch, 17th Nov., 1812. Borisso, Bussians un- der Count Lambert defeated Dom- browski's Bolish division, 21st Nov., 1812. Berezina, terminated in the" capture, by General Witgenstein, of a French division of 8,800 men, 28th Nov., 1812. Wilna, 11th Dec, 1812. Kowno, French defeated by the Bussians with the loss of 600*0 prisoners and 21 pieces of cannon, 14th Dec, 1812. Kalitch, Saxons, under the French general Begnier, defeated by the Bussian general Winzingerode, Feb., 1813. French Town, Canada, American general Winchester defeated, and made prisoner, by Colonel Broctor, 22nd Jan., 1813. Miami, America, Jan. 22nd, 1813. Bejar, in Spain, French defeated by General Hill and the allied Spaniards, 20th Feb., 1813. Lunenburg, French defeat- ed by the Bussians and Brussiaus. At Castella, in Spain, the French de- feated by General Murray and the allied Spaniards, 13th April, 1813. Lutzen, between the allied army of Bussians and Prussians, victory claimed by each, 2nd May, 1813. Mockern, Beauharnois defeated by the Bussians and Brussians, 5th April, 1813. Alberstadt, French division defeated by the Russian BAT 50 BAT general Czernicheff, 7th May, 1813. Konigswerden, French defeated by the allied army of Russians and Prussians, 19th May, 1813. Konigs- werden, second battle, which ended in the falling back of the Allies, 20th May, 1813. Wurtzschen, be- tween the allied army of Russians and Prussians and the French army under Napoleon, dreadful carnage on both sides, the Allies retreated, 21st May, 1813. Miami, Ameri- cans defeated by Colonel Proctor, May, 1813. Port George, on the Niagara, British defeated by the Americans, 27th May, 1813. Bur- lington Heights, Americans defeat- ed by the British, 6th June, 1813. Vittoria, French under Joseph Bonaparte defeated by Welling- ton and the Spaniards, 21st June, 1813. Valley of Bastan, General Hill and the allied Spaniards at- tacked by Soult, and obliged to retreat, 24th July, 1813. Soult de- feated by Lord Wellington, 28th July, 1813. San Marcial, Soult defeated 31st July, 1813 ; defeated again, 4th Aug., and driven from the Pyrenees. Bober, banks of, Prussians under Blucher defeated by Napoleon, 21st August,. 1813. Goldsberg, Prussians under Blucher defeated by the French, 22nd Aug., 1813. Jauer, French under Mac- donald defeated bv Blucher, 26th and 27th Aug., 1813. Before Dres- den, allied army of Austrians, Rus- sians, and Prussians, defeated by the French, 28th Aug., 1813. Top- litz, French defeated by the allied Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, 30th August, 1813. Dennewitz, French defeated by the Crown Prince of Sweden, with great loss, 8th Sept., 1813. Ordal, Pass of, Colonel Adams and the combined Spaniards and Portuguese defeated by Soult, 12th Sept., 1813. Domitz, French under Davoust defeated by Colonel Walmoden, 16th Sept., 1813. Elster, French under Ber- trand defeated by Blucher, 3rd Oct., 1813. Moravian Village, on the Thames, Canada, the British de- feated by the Americans, 5th Oc- tober, 1813. Mockern, between the French and the Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, defeat of the French, 14th October, 1813. Before Leipsic, a general engagement between the allied ar- mies and the French armies, in which no ground was gained by either 16th Oct., 1813. Before Leipsic, another general engagement, of which the result was a loss to the French of 40,000 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 65 pieces of artillery, and the desertion of 17 German battalions, 18th Oct., 1813. Hanau, French defeated by the combined Austrian and Bava- rian army under General Wrede, 29th Oct., 1813. Hanau, another severe engagement between the same armies, in which Wrede was wounded, and the allies driven from the place, 30th Oct., 1813. St. Jean cle Luz, between the allied armies under Lord Wellington, and the French under Soult, when the latter were driven farther into France, 10th Nov., 1813. Passage of the Nive, engagements between the al- lied army under Wellington and the French, during which two Ger- man regiments came over to the Allies, the French driven to their entrenchments, 10th and 13th Dec, 1813. Christler's Point, Upper Canada, Americans defeated by the British, 11th Nov., 1813. Black- rock, American general Hull de- feated by the British general Riall, 30th Dec, 1813. Province of Val- ladolid, three battles, in which the forces of Morelos, and other insur- gent chiefs, were defeated by the Royalists, with the loss of 1500 men and 30 pieces of cannon, Dec, 1813. Bozzolo, on the Mincio, Austrians defeated by the French under Beauharnois, 7th and 8th Jan., 1814. Marne, advanced guard of Schwartzenburg defeated by the French, 27th Jan., 1814. Brienne, allied army of Russians and Prus- sians defeated, and the place taken by the French, 29th Jan., 1814. BAT 51 BAT Bothiere, French under Napoleon defeated by the allied Bussians and Brussians, with the loss of 3000 prisoners and 36 pieces of cannon, 1st February, 1814. Champ-aubert, Bussian division under General Alsuiief defeated by the French under Napoleon, 10th Feb., 1814. Champ-aubert, division of Blucher's army, under Generals Sacken and D'Yorck, attack of, by the French under Napoleon, in whose favour it terminated, 12th Feb., 1814. Jan- villiers, Blucher's army attacked by the French, and driven back to Chalons, 14th Feb., 1814. Garris, French defeated by the allied Span- iards under General Morillo and General Stewart, 15th Feb., 1814. Nangis, advanced guard of Witgen- stein's corps, under Count Bahlen, the French under Napoleon, Feb. 17, 1814. Bridges of the Seine, at Montereau and Bray, the Brince of Wurtemberg defeated by Napoleon, Feb. 18, 1814. Orthes, French de- feated by the allied British and Spaniards under General Hill, Feb. 25, 1814. Beggio, French defeated by the king of Naples, March 5, 1814. Laon, French defeated by the Brussian general Blucher, March 9, 1814. Bassage of the Taro, French defeated by the king of Naples, March 12, 1814. Bheims, allied Bussians and Brussians de- feated by the French, March 13, 1814. Tarbes, Soult defeated by Wellington, March 20, 1814. Arcis- sur-Aube, French defeated by the Brince of Wirtemberg, March 21, 1814. Fere Champenoise, the corps of Generals Marmont, Mortier, and Arrighi, surprised and defeated by Gen. Schwartzenberg, Mar. 25, 1814. Heights of Fontenay, Bomanville, and Belleville, and French army out of Baris under Joseph Bonaparte, Marmont, and Mortier, defeated by the allied Austrians, Bussians, and Brussians, March 30, 1814. Tou- louse, French defeated by Welling- ton, April 10, 1814. Arazua, valley of, between the insurgents of the Carracas and the royalists, in which the latter obtained a complete victory, June 18, 1814. Chipawa, British under General Biall defeated by the Americans under General Brown, July 5, 1814. Chipawa, Americans defeated by the British under Generals Drummond and Biall; but the latter general was wounded and taken prisoner, July 25, 1814. Ferrara, Neapolitans under Murat defeated by the Aus- trians, April 12, 1815. Tolentino, between the Austrians under General Bianchi and the Neapolitans under Murat, ending, after two engage- ments, in the retreat of Murat, May 2 and 3, 1815. Bigny, Brussians under Brince Blucher, after a des- perate conflict, defeated by the French, with the loss of fifteen pieces of cannon, June 16, 1815. Quatre Bras, June 16, 1815. Wa- terloo, in which the French army, with Bonaparte at its head, was de- feated by the British and Brussians, June 18, 1815. Fort Erie, Aug 15, 1814. Bladensburg, Aug. 24, 1814. Baltimore, General Boss killed, in an unsuccessful attack on, by the British, Sept., 12, 1814. Bangor, North America, taken by the British, May 3, 1814. Bavaria joined the coalition against France, Oct., 1813. Bellair, North America, attacked unsuccessfully by the British, and Sir Beter Barker killed, Aug 30, 1814. Larissa, Greeks and Turks, July 8, 1822. Thermopylae, Greeks and Turks, July 13, 1822. Cadiz and the Trocadera, August 31, 1822. Brome, in Burmah, Dec. 2, 1825. Malloun, English and Burmese, Jan. 20, 1826. Ana- tolia, Greeks and Turks, May 23, 1828. Brohilow, Bussians and Turks, June 19, 1828. Akhalzie, Aug. 24, 1828. Czoroi, Sept. 26, 1828. Varna, Oct. 11, 1828. The Morea Castle, Oct. 30, 1828. Battle of Lepanto, May 9, 1829. Kulertscha, near Schumla, June 11, 1829. Balkan, passed by the Bussians, July 26, 1829. Adrianople, entered by the Bussians, Aug. 20, 1829. French invasion of Algiers, July 4, Ib'SO. BAT 52 BAT Civil war in Paris, July 27, 28, 29, 1830. Civil war in Brussels, Sept. 21, 1830. Battle of Growchow, Feb. 20, 1831. Wawz, between the Poles and Bussians. Seidlez, Poles and Russians, April 10, 1831. Ze- licho, April 10, 1831. Ostrolenka, May 26, 1831. Wilna, June 12, 1831. Warsaw, Sept. 8, 1831. Val- longa, in Portugal, won by Don Pedro, July 23, 1832. Leiria, Feb. 14, 1834. St. Sebastian, Spain, May 5, 1836. St. Sebastian, Oct. 1, 1836. Bilboa, Dec. 24, 1836. Her- nani, May 15, 1837. Iran, May 17, 1837. Valentia, July 15, 1837. Herrara and Don Carlos, Aug. 24, 1837. Constantina, French and Al- gerines, Oct. 18, 1837. St. Eustace, Canada, civil war, Dec. 14, 1837. Pennecerada, Spain, June 22, 1838. Altura, Spain, June 25, 1838. Prescott, Canada Oct. 17, 1838. Ghiznee, India, July 23, 1839. Af- ghanistan, India, Nov. 2, 1840. Kotriah, Scinde, India, Dec. 1, 1840. Cabul massacre, Nov. 2, 1841. The Cabul Pass, Jan. 8, 1842. Canda • har, English and Afghans, March 10, 1842. Jellalabad, India, April 5, 1842. Ghiznee, Sept. 6, 1842. Ameers of Scinde and English, Feb. 17, 1843. Maharapore and Sunniar, Dec. 29, 1843. Moodkee, Dec. 18, 1845. Ferozeshah, Dec. 21, 1845, Phullor, Sikhs and English, Jan. 21, 1846. Aliwal, Jan. 28, 1846. Sobraon, Feb. 10, 1846. Monterey, Mexico, Sept. 24, 1846. Bueno Vista, Mexicans and Americans. St. Ubes, Portugal, May 9, 1847. Mexico. Aug. 19, 1847. Sonder- bund, Nov. 13, 1847. Valaneze, Hungarians and Austrians, Sept. 29, 1848. Mooltan, India, Nov. 7, 1848. Chillianwallah, India, Jan. 13, 1849. Goojerat, India, Feb. 21, 1849. Vigevano, Italy, under Ra- detski, March 21, 1849. Novaro, the Piedmontese and Austrians, March 23, 1849. Kronstadt, Hun- garians and Austrians, June 21, 1849. Acs, Austrians and Hunga- rians, July 2, 1849. Waitzen, July 14, 1849. Schiissburg, between Bern and the Austrians, July 31, 1849. Temeswar, Aug. 9, 1849. Ilsteclt, Danes and Holsteiners, July 25, 1850. Rangoon, English and Burmese, 1853. Sieges. — Acre, taken by Richard I. with the Crusaders, July 12, 1191, after a siege of two years, and the loss of six archbishops, twelve bishops, forty earls, three hundred barons, and 300,000 men. Attacked Jan. 1798, by Bonaparte, and de- fended by the Turks and Sir Sydney Smith, who compelled him to raise the siege, March 6, 1799. Stormed by the English, June 2, 1840. Al- gesiras, 1341. Algiers, 1681 ; bom- barded by Lord Exmouth, 1816; taken by the French, 1830. Alk-^ maer, 1573. Amiens, 1597. Ancona," 1799. Angouleme, 1345. Antwerp, 1576, 1583, 1585, 1706, 1792, 1814, and the citadel, 1830. Arras, 1414. Ath, 1745. Avignon, 1226. Azof, 1736. Amoy, China, taken bv the English, Aug. 27, 1841. Bagdad, 1298. Barcelona, 1697, 1714. Bel- grade, 1429, 1455, 1521, 1688, 1717, 1739, 1789. Bangalore, 1791. Bellegarde, 1793, 1794. Belle Isle, taken by the English, Jun« 7, 1761. Bender, burned, 1773. Benevento, seized by the king of Naples from the pope, 1768 ; but restored on the expulsion of the Jesuits, 1773. Ber- gen-op-Zoom, 1588, 1622, 1747, 1814. Berlin, seized and laid under contribution by the Austrians, 1758 ; taken and pillaged, 1760 ; taken by the French, 1807; entered by the Russians under Witgenstein, March 3, 1813. Berne, in Switzerland, taken by the French, 1798. Beve- t land, south, taken by the English, August 3, 1809. Beyrout, taken by the English, Oct. 10, 1840. Berwick, 1293. Besancon, 1668, 1674. Bethune, 1710. Bergen, forced by the allied Russian and Prussian army under Count Langeron, Jan. 3, 1814. Bologna, Italy, seized by the French, June 28, 1798 ; retaken by the Austrians, June 12, 1799 ; evacuated by Murat, and entered by the Austrian army, April 16, BAT 53 BAT 1815. Bombay, yielded to the Eng- lish by Portugal, 1661. Bois-le-duc taken by the French, Oct., 1794. Bonifacio, 1553. Bonn, 1587, 1689, 1703. Boulogne, 1545 ; bombarded by Lord Nelson, Aug. 15, 1801. Bourbon, Isle of, surrendered to the British, July 10, 1810. Bourdeaux, 1451, 1653 ; entered by Wellington, March 12, 1814 ; submitted to the government of Louis XVIII. , July 22, 1815. Brannau, 1744, 1805. Brazil, seized by Portugal from Holland, 1654. Breda, 1590, 1625 ; taken by the French, Feb. 24, 1793 ; and again, 1794 and 1795. Breda taken possession of by General Ben- kendorf's Cossacks, Dec, 1813. Bre- men repulsed and defeated the French invasion, 1761. Bremen capitulated to the Russian General Tettenborne, Oct. 14, 1813. Brescia, 1512, 1796, 1799. Breslau taken by the Austrians, 1758 and 1761 ; en- tered by the French, June 1, 1813. Brest taken by the English, 1378 ; redelivered to the Duke of Bretagne, 1391. Brill, Ac. seized by the Hollanders, which began that re- public, 1570 ; seized by the French, Jan., 1795. Brisac, 1638, 1703. Bruce landed in Ireland with an army, May 25, 1315 ; soon after crowned at Dundalk ; slain, 1318. Bruges sacked by the Gantois, 1382; the basin, gates, and sluices of the canal destroyed by the English, May 19, 1798. Brussels, 1695, 1746 ; taken by the French, 1792 and 1794. Buda, 1526, 1541 ; taken from the Turks by the imperialists, in whose possession it had been 150 years, 1686. Buenos Ayres taken by the English, July 2, 1806; re- taken by the inhabitants, 1807. En- tered into a treaty with Monte Video to acknowledge no sovereign but Ferdinand VII., Oct., 21, 1811. Monte Video surrendered to, by capitulation, June 20, 1814. De- claration of independence by the " Representatives of the United Pro- vinces of South America in General Congress," published at, July 19, 1816. Buffalo, town, North America, taken by the British, and burnt, Dec. 30, 1813. Bonaparte seized Egypt, July 1, 1798 ; and quitted it, Aug. 23, 1799. Burgos, siege of, abandoned by the allied army under Wellington, Oct. 20, 1812; castle and works of, blown up by the French, June 13, 1813. Burlington, American camp at, surprised by Colonel Vincent, June 5, 1813. Byzantium taken by the Romans, 73 ; destroyed by Severus, 196 ; re- built by Constantine, 330; taken by the Turks, 1453. Cadiz, in Spain, taken by the English, 1596 ; bombarded, July 14, after it had been blocked up with the Spanish fleet by Earl St. Vincent, 1797 to 1798; siege of, by French, raised, Aug. 25, 1812. Cadiz, expedition from, for the reduction of the insurgents of South America, arrived at Porto Cabello, April, 1815. Caen, Normandy, plundered by the English, 1346, 1450. Caffa, in Crim Tartary, planted and re- built by Genoa, 1261 ; taken by the Turks, 1464. Cairo taken by the English and Turks from the French, June 21, 1801. Calais taken by the English, Aug. 4, 1347 ; retaken by the French, Jan. 10, 1558, 1596. Calcutta taken by the Nabob, 1758. Calvi, in Corsica, surrendered to the British forces, after a siege of 59 days, Aug. 10, 1794 ; abandoned by the British, 1796. Cambray, town of, taken by the English under General Sir Charles Colville, June 24, 1815 ; citadel of, surrendered the next day, and was occupied by Louis XVIII. and his court, from Ghent. Cambridge destroyed by the Danes, 1010. Canada taken by the English, 1628 ; restored t'o France, 1631 ; taken again, Sept. 13, 1759. Campo Mayor, 1811. Candia seized by the Saracens, 808, who changed its name from Crete; re- taken by the Greek empire, 961 ; taken by the Venetians, 1204 ; re- taken by the Turks, 1667. Candy, Island of Ceylon, in an expedition against, a whole British detach- ment massacred or imprisoned, 1803 ; BAT 54 BAT war renewed against, Oct., 1814 ; taken, and the king of, defeated and made prisoner, Feb. 18, 1815; de- . posed, and the sovereignty vested in Great Britain, March 2, 1815. Canterbury Cathedral burned by the Danes, 1011. Canton, China, forts of, taken by the English, Feb. 26, 1841. Canute, first Danish king of England, invaded this country, 1015; made a voyage to Denmark, attacked Norway, and took possession of the crown, 1028. Cape Breton taken by the English, 1745 ; again, 1758. Cape of Good Hope was taken by the English, June, 1795 ; again, Jan. 8, 1 808. Capua, 1501 ; surrendered to the allies, July 26, 1799. Caraccas, city of, capitulated to the Spanish royalists, July 28, 1812; taken again by the royalists, July 7, 1814. Car- actacus defeated by Ostorius Sca- pula, in 51. Caribbees war began, 1772 ; adjusted, 1773. Carthage destroyed, 146 b.c. ; again by the Saracens, 622 a.d. Carthagena, colony of, 1706 ; taken by Sir Fran- cis Drake, 1584 ; pillaged by the French of £1,200,000 in 1697; bom- barded by Admiral Vernon, 1740. Carthagena evacuated by the in- surgent garrison, Dec. 6, 1815. Cas- sel taken by the French, 1760 ; be- sieged without effect, 1761 ; sur- rendered, 1762. Cassel capitu- lated to the Russian general Czer- nicheff, Sept. 30, 1813. Castil- lon, 1452, 1586. Castine, fort of, in the Penobscot, taken by the British, Sept. 1, 1814. Castro de Urdiales, a port in Biscay, stormed and taken by the French, May 11, 1813 ; evacuated, and taken posses- sion of by the English, May 25, 1813. Cayenne colony, taken by the British and Portuguese, Jan. 15, 1809. Celerico, evacuated by the French, and entered by the Eng- lish, March 28, 1811. Ceuta, Bar- bary, seized bv Genoa, 1213; by Portugal, 1415'; by Spain, 1640, 1790. Ceylon Isle taken by the Portuguese, 1505 ; by the Hollanders, 1603; attempted by Denmark, 1620; by the Portuguese, 1621; by the Dutch, 1658 ; a great part by the East India Company's troops, 1782 ; restored to the Dutch, 1783 ; taken again by the English, Sept. 16, 1793; ceded to England, 1801 ; com- plete sovereignty assumed by Eng- land, 1815. Chagres fort, South America, taken by Admiral Vernon, 1740. Chalons capitulated to the allied Russians and Prussians, Feb 6, 1814. Chalons-sur- Soane taken by an Austrian force under the Prince of Hesse Homburg, Feb., 1814. Chamble fort, Canada, taken by the Provincials, Oct. 20, 1775 ; retaken by the English troops, Jan. 18, 1776. Charleroi, 1672, 1677, 1693, 1736 ; surrendered to the French, June 26, 1794. Charles- town, South Carolina, surrendered to the British forces, May 4, 1780. Chartres, 1568, 1591. Chatham, the English fleet destroyed there by the Dutch, 1667. Cherbourg, 1450 ; forts destroyed by the English, Aug. 8, 1758. Chili, inhabitants of, had nearly dispossessed the Spaniards, 1765 ; having revolted, returned to their allegiance, April 19, 1814 ; restored to freedom by the Buenos Ayres' army under General San Martin, Feb., 1817. Chin-hae, China, taken by the English, Oct., 10, 1841. China conquered by the Eastern Tartars, 1635. Chios, Isle of, conquered from Genoa bv the Turks, 1566. Christopher, St., Isle of, retaken from the French, 1620 ; taken by the French, 1782; restored to England, 1783. Chuen-pe, China, taken by the English, Jan. 7, 1811. Cimbri, the war with, 113 b.c. Ciudad Bcal taken by the French, March 27, 1809. Ciudad Bodrigo, 1706, surrendered to the French, June 10, 1810 ; stormed by the Eng- lish, and taken, Jan. 19, 1812. Civita Vecchia taken by the French, Feb., 1799 ; and evacuated in Sept. following. Cleves taken, 1760 ; bv the French, 1794. Coblcntz taken by the French, Oct. 15, 1794; occupied by the allied army under Blucher, Jan. 1, 1814. Coimbra BAT 55 BAT taken by the English, Oct. 7, 1810. Colberg, Prussia, 1760; besieged but not taken in 1807 ; besieged in vain, from 1758 to 1761 ; taken, 1762. Colchester, 1645. Columbo, in Ceylon, surrendered to the Eng- lish, June 12, 1798. Compeigne, 1430. Conde, 1676, 1792, 1794. Coni, 1691, 1744; taken by the Austrians, Dec. 3, 1799 ; Constance was seized by the French, Aug. 2, 1796 ; and again, Oct., 1799. Con- stantinople, taken by the Latins, Oroisade, 1204 ; recovered by the Greeks, 1261 ; taken by Mahomet II., which put an cud to the Eastern Empire, that had subsisted 1123 years, 1453. Copenhagen destroyed by the Lubeckers, 1319; again by the Hanseatic fleet, 1331 and 1369; 1700 ; bombarded by the English under Lord Nelson, April, 1801 ; the city, and the Danish fleet, sur- rendered to Admiral Gambier and Lord Cathcart, Sept. 7, 1807. Cor- dova taken by the Erench, Nov., 1809. Corfu, 1715 ; seized by the Erench in 1797 ; taken by the Russians, March 3, 1799. Corsica seized by the Genoese from the Moors, 1115 ; was offered to the English, 1759 ; surrendered to the French in 1766 ; put under the pa- tronage of the English, June, 1794; quitted, 1796. Corunna surrendered to the French, Jan. 19, 1809 ; evacu- ated by the French, June 22, 1809. Courtray, 1302, 1794. Cracow, in Poland, 1772 ; surrendered to the Prussians, June 15, 1794. Cremona, 1702. Croisades, or the holy wars, begun, 1065 ; again, 1101. Croix, St., a Swedish island in the West Indies, taken by the English, March 31, 1801. Crowland burnt by the Danes, 868. Crowpoint taken by the English, 1759 ; by the Provin- cials, May 14, 1775. Cuba, Isle of, taken by the Spaniards in 1511 ; by the English in 1762. Cumberland, Earl of, expedition against Spain, 1589. Cumberland, merchant ship, Captain Barrett, with 26 men, de- feated four Erench privateers, taking 170 men, who had boarded the Cum- berland, Jan. 13, 1811. Cumoona, in the East Indies, surrendered to the British forces, No\. 21, 1807. Curacoa seized by Holland, 1634 ; taken by the English, Sept. 14, 1800; and Jan. 1, 1807. Cyprus taken from the Venetians by the Turks, 1570. Dantzic by the Rus- sians, 1734 ; by the Prussians, 1773, 1793, 1807, 1813; evacuated by the French, by capitulation, Jan. 2, 1814. Dartmouth burnt by the French, 1337. Demerara, Issequebo, surrendered to the English, April 23, 1796; again, Sept. 23, 1803. Dendermond 1667 ; Detroit, fort of, capitulated to the British, Aug. 16, 1812. Dieppe laid in ashes by the English, July 14, 1694. Dole, 1668, 1674. Dominica taken by the English, 1761 ; by the French, Sept. 7, 1778; restored to the English, 1783. Dort taken possession of by the French, Jan. 10, 1795. Douay, 1710. Dover, 1216. Drake, Sir Francis, de- feated the Spanish Armada, 1758. Dresden taken by the Prussians, 1758 ; the Imperialists, 1759 ; the Prussians again, 1760; the Austri- ans, 1809. Dresden, 1745, allied army of Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, in a grand attack on, re- pulsed, Aug. 27, 1813 ; surrendered to the allied army, Nov. 12, 1813. Drogheda, 1649. Dublin taken by Raymond le Gros, 1171, again 1500. Dunkirk, 1646, taken by the Eng- lish, June 24, 1658, from Spain, and delivered to France, 1793. Dune- berg taken by storm, by the French, July 30, 1812. Dupont, General, surrendered with his army to the Spanish patriots, July 19, 1808. Dusseldorp surrendered to the French, Sept. 6, 1725. Edinburgh, 1093, taken by the English, 1296. Egypt conquered by the Saracens, 640; usurped by Assaredin, 1160; conquered by the Turks, 1516 ; in- vaded by the French, 1798 ; recon- quered from them by the English, 1831. Ehrcnbreitstem surrenderees to the French, Jan. 12, 1799. El! .a, isle of, near Leghorn, taken posses- BAT 56 BAT sion of by the English, July 6, 1796 ; relinquished, 1797 ; confer- red on Bonaparte, as his place of retreat, upon his relinquishing the throne of France, April 5, 1814. After having been quitted by Bona- parte, taken possession of by the Grand Duke of Florence, July 30, 1815. Elburg taken possession of by the French, April, 1812 ; by the Russians, Jan. 12, 1813. Elmo St., surrendered to the royal troops of Naples, July 12, 1799. Ely monas- tery burnt by the Danes, 873. Emb- den subdued by Hambui'g, 1438. Erie, Fort, taken by the American general Brown, July 3, 1814. At- tacked unsuccessfully by the British, with the loss of 962 men, Aug. 15, 1814. 'Sortie from, repulsed by the British, but with great loss, Sept. 17, 1814. Evacuated by the Amer- icans, Nov. 5. 1814. Esopus, on North River, in North America, totally destroyed, with great quan- tities of stores, Oct. 15, 1777. Eus- tatia, island of, taken by the French from Holland, 1689; by the Eng- lish, 1690 and 1781 ; retaken by the French the same year ; restored to Holland, 1783 ; again captured by the English in 1801 and 1810. Ex- eter taken by Sweyn, king of Den- mark, and destroyed 1003 ; city re- belled, 1067, and reduced by king William the Conqueror; again by Henry VII. Expedition, grand secret, Sept. 1757. Falkland is- lands seized by the Spaniards, 1771. Falmouth, in New England, de- stroyed by the British forces, Oct. 18, 1775. Ferrara taken from the French, 1799. Feroe and Iceland, islands of, taken under British protection, Feb. 12, 1810. Ferrol surrendered to the French, Jan. 26, 1809 ; evacuated by the French, June 21, 1809. Figueras, fortress of, surprised by the Spaniards, April 10, 1811 ; retaken by the French, Aug. 19, 1811. Flanders dismembered from France, 866 ; overrun by the French, 1792 and 1794, and declared part of that re- public : taken from them and made part of the kingdom of Netherlands, 1814. Florence city taken posses- sion of by the French in July, 1786, and March 20, 1799 ; and evacuated July 18, following ; evacuated by the Austrians, and entered by the Neapolitans, April 6, 1815. Florida taken by the English, 1759 ; by the Spaniards, 1781. Flushing surren- dered to the English, Aug. 15, 1809. Fontainebleau reduced by the Aus- trians and Cossacks, Feb. 16, 1814. Fontenoi, 1242. Formosa seized by the Dutch, 1635 ; the Dutch in- habitants expelled by the Chinese, 1662. Fort Balaguer taken by the French, Jan. 9, 1811. Fort George taken by the Americans, May 27, 1813. Fort St. George, in the East Indies, seized by the French, 1746 ; restored, 1748. Fort Michil- imachinack taken by the British Canadians and savages, June 17, 1812. Fort "William taken by the English, 1757. France conquered by the English, 1358 ; recovered by the French, 1447. Frankfort city seized by the French, July, 1796. Frankendal, town of, taken by the French, Oct. 17, 1794; retaken, Nov. 12, 1795. Fredericksfort, for- tress of, capitulated to the allied Russian and Prussian forces, Dec. 19, 1813. Frederickshall. 1718, and Frederickstadt,Nonvegianfortresses, surrendered to the Swedes, Aug. 3, 1814, French town taken by the Amei'ican general Winchester, Jan. 18, 1813 ; retaken by Colonel Proc- tor, 22nd of same month. Furnes, 1675, 1744, 1793. Gaeta, 1433, 1707, 1734, 1799, 1806, 1815. Ga- vilgar, in the East Indies, taken by the English, Dec. 15, 1803. Geneva entered by the allied army under General Bubna, by capitulation, which permitted the French gov- ernor to retire with his garrison, Dec. 30, 1813. Genoa taken by the Austrians, Dec. 8, 1746 ; seized by the French in 1798, who were repulsed, Aug. 17, 1799; taken by the English and Austrians in May, 1800 ; surrendered to the French the July following; surrendered to BAT 57 BAT the combined English and Sicilian army, April 18, 1814; transferred to the king of Sardinia, 1816. Georgia surrendered to the British forces, and relinquished obedience to the Congress of America, Dec. 29, 1778; abandoned by the Eng- lish forces, 1783. Gerona capitu- lated to the French, Dec. 10, 1809 ; regained by the Spaniards, Feb., 1814. Ghent, 1576, 1708. Gib- raltar taken from the Moors by the Castilians in 1463; taken by Sir George Booke, July 23, 1704 ; besieged by the Spaniards, Feb. 1727, May, 1731, and from 1780 to Sept. 13, 1782, when their floating batteries were burnt by red-hot balls from the garrison, commanded by General Elliot. Glatz, 1742, 1807. Gluckstadt capitulated to the allied Russians and Prussians, Jan. 6, 1814. Gorcum capitulated to the allied Russians and Prussi- ans, Feb. 4, 1814. Goree, isle of, taken by the English, 1758 ; again, 1779; restored to the French, 1783; taken by the French, Jan. 18, 1804; retaken by the English March 9 following. Goths slew 300,000 in- habitants of Milan, 539. Goza, an island dependent on Malta, surren- dered to the English, Oct. 1798. Grenada, 1481 ; recovered from the Moors, 1491 ; surrendered to the French, Jan. 28, 1810. Grand Cairo taken by the Turks from the Egyptian Sultans, and their empire subdued, 1516 ; seized by the French in 1799. Graves, 1602, . 1674, and 1794. Gravelines, 1644. Greek empire mastered by the Latins, 1204 ; reconquered, 1261 ; invaded by the Turks, 1350; its overthrow, 1453. Greenland seized by England from the Dutch, 1610. Granada Isle taken by the French, July 6, 1779; restored to the English, 1783; insurrec- tion in, 1795. Grenoble, insurrec- tion in the neighbourhood of, sup- pressed May 4, 1816. Grisons re- volt from Germany to the Swiss, 1741. Groningen, 1580, 1672, 1795. Gross-Gorschen taken by storm by the allied Russians and Prussians, May 3, 1813. Guadaloupe taken by the English, 1759 and ,1779; and again, 1794; surrendered to the British, Feb. 5, 1810. Gun-boats destroyed before Gibraltar, Sept. 13, 1782. Guastella, 1702. Guel- dres, 1637, 1640, 1703. Haerlem, 1572, 1573. Ham, 1411. Ham- burgh sacked by the Pagans, 1012, 1066 ; by the Danes, 1216 ; by the Norwegians, 1244; en- tered by the Russian advanced guard under general Tettenborn, March 18, 1813; retaken by the French, May 30, 1813 ; surrendered by the French, May 16, 1814. Han- over desolated by the French, 1758 ; taken by the French, June 14, 1803; the celebrated boring machine in the iron-foundery at, valued at 2,000,000 crowns, carried away by the French, Jan. 1804 ; entered by the crown prince of Sweden in fa- vour of England, Nov. 6, 1813. Harfleur taken by the English, Sept. 18, 1415, 1450. Havannah taken, Aug. 13, 1762. Havre de Grace successfully bombarded, 1759. Heidelberg, 1688. Helder Point, in Holland, surrendered to the Bri- tish forces, Aug. 27, 1799; relin- quished Oct. 19 following. Helena, St., the isle of, taken by the Dutch, 1672 ; by the English, 1673. Hel- voetsluys deserted by the French, Dec. 5, 1813. Herat, 1838. Hol- land taken by the French, Jan. 23, 1795; invaded by the English, Aug. 27, 1799, and abandoned by a convention, Oct. 19, 1799. Hoi stein, possession of, obtained by the allied Russians and Prussians, Dec. 1813. Hostalrich taken by the French, Jan. 1810. Howe, Lord Viscount, slain in battle, 1758. Hudson Bay Forts destroved by the French, 1686 and 1782." Hun- gary conquered by Charlemagne, 791. Huningen, French fortress of, surrendered to the AiTStrians, and its woi-ks destroyed, June 28, 1815. Hurripoor, fortress of, evacuated by the Ncpaulcsc, after a desperate sally, March 3, 1816. Jamaica pluu- BAT 58 BAT dered, 1595; by the English, 1635; taken by the English, May 7, 1655. Java, island of, capitulated to the British, Sept. 18, 1811; sultan of Djojocarta, in the island of Java, dethroned by the British, and the hereditary prince raised to the throne in his stead, Jan. 22, 1813. Jerusalem destroyed by Titus, Aug. 31, a.d. 70 ; taken by Robert, duke of Normandy, 1100. Jersey at- tempted by the French, May 1, 1779, and their shipping destroyed in Cancale Bay. Igualada taken by General Lacy, Oct. 4, 1811. Joppa retaken from Bonaparte by the allies under Sir Sidney Smith, June 22, 1799. Invasions. — Of England : by Ju- lius Caesar, 51 b.o. Inhabitants on the sea-coast, from their correspon- dence with Gaul, were clothed; those who lived in the inland coun- ties were entirely wild and naked. Though they had horses, and char- iots armed with scythes, their towns were only a parcel of huts on an eminence, fortified with trees laid crosswise, like the Indians in Amer- ica, only that they had plenty of corn and cattle. Their money was iron and brass plates, and rings of determined weight. Abandoned by the Romans, 430; ravaged by the Picts and Scots, 440 ; invited over the Saxons to expel the Picts and Scots, 446, who soon began to estab- lish themselves, by taking posses- sion of different parts of the king- dom on the South side of the Sev- ern; invaded by the Scots, who Avere defeated by Athelstan, 921; invaded by the Welsh, 984; in- vaded by the Normans, under William, their duke, who sub- dued the kingdom, 1066; invaded by the Irish, who were defeated, 1069 ; the Irish landed again, and were defeated, 1070; invaded by Malcolm of Scotland, who burnt several churches, &c, 1071 ; again in 1091 and 1093, when Malcolm and his son were killed at Alnwick; invaded by Robert, duke of Nor- mandy, 1101 ; invaded by David of Scotland, 1136; by the Welsh, the same year, with success ; invad- ed by the French, 1416; invaded by Henry, earl of Richmond, Aug. 7, 1485 ; by the Spaniards, 1588. The first Danish descent upon England, at Portland, 787 ; the second, in Northumberland, 794, when the Danes were repelled and perished by shipwreck ; landed on Sheppey Island, 832; again in Cornwall, and defeated by Egbert, 836 ; again at Charm outh, and de- feated by Ethelwolf, 840 ; landed at the mouth of the Thames, from 350 ships, and took Canterbury and London, 851 ; subdued by Ethel- wolf, at Okeley, in Surrey, 853 ; invaded Northumberland, and seized York, 867; defeated king Ethel- red and his brother Alfred, at Bas- ing and Merton, 871 ; surprised Wareham Castle, and took Exeter, 876 ; took Chippenham, 877 ; 1,205 of them killed by Odun, earl of Devonshire, 878; Alfred entered into treaty with them, 882; their fleet totally destroyed at Appledore by king Alfred, 894 ; invaded An- glesey 900; submitted to Edward the Elder, 921 ; invaded Dorset- shire, 982 ; landed again in Essex, 991, and were bribed to depart the kingdom ; their fleet defeated, 992 ; number of them massacred by order of Ethelred II., Nov. 12, 1003; in- vaded by Sweyn, king of Denmark, 1003 ; and again by Sweyn, 1013, and almost totally subdued by him ; under Canute, conquered England, 1017; continued their ravages, and defeated the English at Ipswich, 1010 ; took Canterbury, and put nine out of ten of the in- habitants to death, 1011 ; settled in Scotland, 1020; expelled England, 1041 ; landed again at Sandwich, 1047, and carried off much plunder to Flanders; joined the Northum- brians, burnt York, and slew 3,000 Normans, 1069 ; invaded England again, but were bribed by. William to depart, 1074. From the death of Edward the Confessor there have been the fol- BAT 59 BAT lowing results : — 1066, Sept. 29, successful, William of Normandy; 1069, unsuccessful, by the Irish; 1071, unsuccessful, by the Scots ; 1093, unsuccessful, by the Scots, when their king Malcolm was kill- ed ; 1101, unsuccessful, Robert of Normandy; 1136, unsuccessful, by the Scots ; 1139, unsuccessful, Maud; 1326, Sept. 23, successful, Isabel, queen of Edward II. ; 1399, July, successful, Duke of Lancaster; 1416, unsuccessful, by the Trench ; 1462, unsuccessful, queen of Henry VI. ; 1470, successful, Earl of War- wick; 1471, successful, Edward IV.; 1471, unsuccessful, queen of Henrv VI.; 1484, unsuccessful, Earl of Richmond ; 1485, Aug. 6, success- ful, Earl of Richmond; 1487, un- successful, Lambert Simnel ; 1495, unsuccessful, Perkin Warbeck ; 1497, unsuccessful, Perkin War- beck ; 1588, unsuccessful, Philip of Spain; 1650, unsuccessful, Charles II. ; 1685, May 25, unsuccessful, Duke of Monmouth; 1688, Oct. 19, successful, Prince of Orange ; 1689, March 22, unsuccessful, James II. ; 1708, March 17, unsuccessful, the Pretender; 1715, unsuccessful, the Pretender; 1745, July 14, un- successful, the Pretender ; 1797, Feb. 22, unsuccessful, by the French, in Wales. Ireland by King Edgar, 962 ; invaded by Fitz-Stephen, near Wexford, May, 1170, who settled there the first colony of British in- habitants ; surrendered to Henry II., 1172; totally subdued, 1210; invaded by the Spaniards, 1601 ; attempted to be invaded by the French in 1760, by Thurot; and in Jan. 1796, at Ban try Bay, by the French, where their forces were dispersed in a storm, May 19, 1797. The French landed in Killala bay, 1,500 men on Aug. 22, 1798, who became prisoners on Sept. 7. Ischia surrendered to the British, June 30, 1809. Italy ravaged by the French, 1796 and 1797. Ismael taken by the Russian butcher Su- warrow, and 30,000 men and 6000 women massacred in cold blood. Sieges. — Kalunga Fort, E. Indies, attacked unsuccessfully by the Com- pany's forces, and General Gillespie killed, Oct. 31, 1814; atta ;ked again unsuccessfully, Nov. 25 ; evacuated by the Nepaulese garrison, Nov. 30. Kehl surrendered to the Austrians after forty-nine days' siege, Jan., 1797. Koningsberg taken posses- sion of by the French, April, 1812. Kowno taken by the Russians, Dec. 14, 1812. Kragaro taken from the Norwegians by the Swedes, July 23, 1814. Landau, 1702, 1713, 1792-3. Landrecy, 1543, 1712, surrendered to the French, July 15, 1794. Lancl- shut taken by the French, April 21, 1809. Langres taken by the allied Russian and Prussian army -under General Giulay, Jan. 17, 1814. Leron, 991, 1594. Las Medas Is- land taken by the Spaniards, Sep. 12, 1811. Lefevre, General, defeated by the Arragonese, Aug., 1808. Leghorn was taken possession of, July 29, 1796 ; by the French under Bonaparte, April 15, 1799 ; aban- doned by them, July 19 ; attacked by the British and Italian forces without success, Dec. 14, 1814. Leip- sic, 1637, seized by the Prussians, Sep. 1, 1756 ; by the Austrians, 1809; taken from the French by the allied Austrians, Russians, and Prussians, Oct. 19, 1813. Limburg, 1704. Lerida, 1647, 1707, 1807; fortress of, taken by the French, May 14, 1810; capitulated to the Spaniards, Feb. 18, 1814. Leyden, 1574. Liege, 1468; taken by the English, 1702 ; by the French, in 1792 ; by the French, in 1795 ; by the Austrians, in 1798. Lille, 1667, 1708, 1792. Limerick, 1651, 1691. Llewellyn, the last prince of the Welsh, taken, and his head put on the Tower of London, 128G. Lombardy conquered by Charle- magne, 770. Londonderry besieged, April 20, 1689. Loretto pillaged by the French army, and the Ma- dona sent to Paris, Feb. 6, 1797. Louisbourg taken by the English, June 17, 1745; given up to the French, 1749; retaken, July 22, BAT 60 BAT 1758. Lubec entered by the Prus- sians,' Mar., 1801 ; taken by the French, June, 1803 ; taken by storm by the French, Nov. 6, 1806 ; capi- tulated to the allied Austrians, Rus- sians, and Prussians, Dec. 5, 1813. Lucia, St., taken by the English, Jan. 17, 1779, and 1794; asain, May 31, 1796; again, June 22, 1803. Luxembourg taken and pillaged by the French, in 1543 ; retaken by the Spaniards, 1544 ; taken by the French, June 4, 1684 ; restored to Spain, 1697; again taken by the French, 1701 ; belonged to the Em- peror, 1715; surrendered to the French, after a severe siege, June 7, 1795. Lyons, 1793 ; capitulated to the Austrians, Mar. 23, 1814, and July 12, 1815. Movements against the Bourbons suppressed, Jan., 1816. Madeira, island of, taken by the English, July 25, 1801 ; again, Dec. 24, 1807. Madrid, King Joseph Bonaparte made his entry into, July 20, 1808 ; evacuated by the French, July 27, 1808 ; retaken by them, Dec. 7 ; entered by the allied army under Wellington, Aug. 12, 1812 ; reoccupied by the French, Nov. 1, 1812. Maestricht, 1576; taken from the Spaniards by the Dutch, 1632; from the Dutch by France, 1673 ; restored, 1676, 1679, 1743 ; taken again by the French, Nov. 4, 1794. Magdebourg, 1631, 1806. Malacca seized by the Dutch, 1640 ; surrendered to the English, Aug. 17, 1795. Malaga, 1487 ; taken by the French, Feb. 5, 1810 ; evacu- ated by them, Mar. 17, 1810. Ma- lo's, St., reduced to ashes by the English, 1695. Malta, 1565 ; taken by the French, June 11, 1798 ; by the English, in 1800. Manheim taken by the French, in 1793, and retaken by the Austrians, Nov. 22, 1795, with 10,338 prisoners, 4 gene- rals, and 400 guns, besides stores ; taken by the French, 1796 ; retaken by the Austrians, Sep. 18, 1799. Manilla taken, July 27, 1762. Man- tua, 1565; surrendered to the French, Feb. 1, 1797 ; retaken, July 28, 1799, by the Russians and Austrians, after a short siege. Marc, St., West In- dies, taken by the English, Oct. 31, 1803. Marcou, St., isles on the coast of France, taken by Sir Sidney Smith, July, 1795, and ably defended by Lieutenant Price against the French troops, May 7, 1798. Margaret, queen to Henry VI., with her son, taken prisoners at the battle of Tewkesbury, May 4, 1471. Mar- seilles, 1544. Martinico taken from the French, Feb., 1762 ; again, Mar. 23, 1794, and Feb. 24, 1809 ; move- ments in, in favour of Bonaparte, suppressed by aid of British troops from St. Lucie, June, 1815. Mar- tin's, St., a Danish island in the West Indies, taken by the English, Mar. 24, 1801. Mauritius surren- dered to the British, Dec. 3, 1810. Medina taken by the French, Mai\ 28, 1809. Memel taken by the Rus- sians, Dec. 27, 1812. Mentz, 1552, 1689, 1792, 1797. Melun, 1420, 1559. Menin, 1706, 1744. Mes- sina, 1282, 1719. Mequinenza, for- tress of, taken by the French, June 8, 1810 ; capitulated to the Spaniards, Feb. 18, 1814. Merida taken by the French, June 8, 1810. Metz, 1552. Mexico seized by the Spa- niards, 1521; army of the insurgents of, defeated near Acalco, Nov. 7, 1810 ; defeated again after a severe conflict, at the bridge of Aldaron, near Zapotelnejo, Jan. 17, 1811. Mezieres, 1521. Middlebourg, 1572. Milan seized by the French, May 18, 1796 ; the castle, June 29 ; and taken from them by the Rus- sians and Austrians, April 28, 1799. Minorca conquered by General Stan- hope, Aug., 1708; surrendered to the French, June, 1756 ; restored to the English, 1763 ; besieged by the Spaniards, and taken, Feb. 5, 1782 ; surrendered to the English, Nov. 14, 1796. Mobile, West Florida taken, by the Americans, 1813; surrendered by capitulation to the British, Jan. 11, 1815. Modena surrendered to the Austrians, May, 1799, and re- taken by the French July 3 follow- ing. Moldavia and Wallachia in- vaded by the Russians, Nov. 23, 1806. BAT 61 BAT Moncey, General, defeated by the patriots of Valencia, July 1, 1808. Monmouth, duke of, invaded Eng- land, June 11, 1685 ; proclaimed king at Taunton, June 20 following ; defeated near Bridgewater, July 5 ; beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, aged 35. Mons, 1572, 1691, 1709, 1746, 1792, 1794. Montargis, 1427. Montauban, 1621. Monte Video taken by the British, Feb. 3, 1807 ; capitulated to Buenos Ay res, June 20, 1814. Montserrat, isle of, taken by the French, Feb. 18, 1782 ; re- stored to England, 1783. Montreal taken by the English, 1760 ; by the provincials, Nov. 12, 1775; and re- taken by the English, June 15, 1776. Moose Island, in Pessamaquoddy Bay, surrendered to the British, July 11, 1814. Moro Castle, at the Ha- vannah, taken by the English, 1762. Morocco conquered by the King of Fez, 1611. Moscow entered by the French, Sep. 14. 1812 ; set on fire in several places by thieves, and three- fourths of the city destroyed ; eva- cuated by the French ; re-entered by the Bussians, Oct. 22, 1812. Mos- kwa, Kussians driven from it by the French, Sep. 5, 1812. Munich taken by the French, Aug. 25, 1796; again, June 28, 1800. Murcia entered by the French, April 23, 1810. Mur- veidro capitulated to the French, Oct. 26, 1811. Namur, 1692, 1746; taken by the French, July 18, 1792. Naples, 1381, 1435, 1504, 1557 ; taken possession of by the French, June 21, 1799 ; re- taken by Cardinal Buffo, July 10 following; again entered by the French, April 8, 1801, and Feb. 15, 1806. Naples, ships of war in the Bay of, surrendered to the Bri- tish, May, 1815 ; city of, quitted by Murat, and entered by the Austrian troops, April 22, 1815 ; public en- trance of King Ferdinand into the city after an absence of nine years, June 17, 1815. Nepaul, East India Company's war with the state of, terminated, April 27, 1815 ; treaty of peace signed between the parties, Dec. 2, 1815 ; war renewed, Jan., 1816 ; after several contests unfa- vourable to the Nepaulese, the for- mer treaty ratified, March 15, 1816. Nevis Isle taken by the French, Feb. 14, 1782 ; restored to the Eng- lish, 1783. New Valentia reduced by General Miranda, Aug. 12, 1811. New York sui-rendered to the British troops, Sep. 15, 1776. Niagara taken by the English, 1759. Niagara, fort, taken by the British, Dec. 19, 1813. Nieuport, 1745, 1794. Nismes, se- veral houses burnt, and massacres perpetrated by the Catholics at, July, 1815; farther violences committed at, and the place quitted by the Protestants of distinction and pro- perty, May 4, 1816. Norfolk, Vir- ginia, destroyed by the British for- ces, Jan. 1, 1776. Norwich destroyed by Sweyne of Denmark, 1004. Nova Scotia taken by the English from the French, 1681; restored, 1731; taken again, 1745 and 1758; and confirm- ed to England, 1760. Nuremberg- seized by the French, July 9, 1796 ; and by the Austrians, in Aug. fol- lowing. Ocracoke, Carolina, taken by the British, July, 1813. Ogden- burg, river St. Lawrence, taken by the British, Feb. 21, 1813. Olivenza surrendered to the French, June 22, 1810; to the allied army under Wel- lington, April 15, 1811. Oliva, fort, taken by stratagem by the French, with 900 Spanish prisoners, June 29, 1811. Olmutz, 1758. Omoa, Bay of Honduras, taken by the British forces, Oct. 20, 1779 ; soon after re- taken by the Spaniards. Oporto taken by the French, March 29, 1809 ; evacuated by them, May 12 following. Oran, in Barbary, taken by the Spaniards from the Moors, 1507 ; ceded to the Algerines, in 1791. Orleans, the siege of, May 4, 1428, 1563. Orleans, New, British unsuccessful attack upon, lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 2000 men ; Generals Pakcnham and Gib! is killed, and General Keane wounded, Jan. 8, 1815. Ormus taken from Portugal by the assistance of the East India Company, 1622. Osua- burgh taken by the French, 1761. BAT 62 BAT Ostend, 1701, 1708,. 1735; its works and the floodgates of its canals de- stroyed by the English, May 19, 1798. Oswego taken by the Eng- lish, 1756; again, May 5, 1814. Oudenarde, 1708, 1745, by the allies. Padua, 1809, taken by the Arch- duke John, and retaken by the French, 1809. Palamos, Spain, taken by the French, 1694. Pampeluna capitulated to the Spanish Marshal Espaiia, Oct. 31, 1813. Paris, 1429, 1485, 1594, by the allied Austrian, Russian, and Prussian army, Mar. 31, 1814. Parma and Placenza, by the French, July 3, 1799. Passages, French garrison of, surrendered to the Spanish troops, June 30, 1813, and 6th July, 1815. Pavia, 1525, 1655, 1796. Pernambuco, insurrec- tion in the province of, Mar. 1817. Persan attacked unsuccessfully by the British and Sepoys, Jan. 1, 1815. Peschiera, Italy, taken from the French, with ninety pieces of can- non, May 6, 1799. Perpignan, 1542, 1642. Peterborough city nearly de • stroyed by the Danes, 887. Philips- burgh, 1644, 1675, 1688, taken by the French, 1734. Piedmont sur- rendered to the French, Dec. 6, 1798 ; recovered in 1799. Pillau surren- dered to the Russians, Feb. 8, 1813. Plantagenet, Geoffrey, Earl of An- jou, invaded Normandy, 1137. Plattsburgh, Lake Champlain, ex- pedition against, by Sir George Prevost, abandoned after a naval defeat, Sep. 11, 1814. Plymouth burned by the French, 1377. Pole- roon Isle, East Indies, seized by the Dutch, 1664. Pomerania, Swe- dish, entered by the French, Jan., 1812. Pondicherry taken by the Dutch from France, 1694, 1748; by the English, 1761, Oct.. 1778, and Aug., 1793. Ponza, island of, taken by a British detachment, Feb. 29, 1813. Portobello taken by Admiral Vernon, Nov. 22, 1739. Porto Ca- bello trken by surprise by the Span- ish royalists, 6th July, 1812. Ports- mouth, in Virginia, destroyed by the British forces, 1st. July, 1776. Portsmouth, island, North Carolina, taken by the British, July, 1813. Potosi evacuated by the royalists, and entered by the Buenos Ayres armv, under General Rondeau, April 5, 1815. Prague, 1741, 1743, 1744. Quebec besieged in vain by the English, 1711 ; taken from the French, Sep. 13, 1759 ; besieged in vain by the provincials, Dec. 6, 1775. Queen's Town, Canada, taken by the troops of the United States, Oct. 13, 1812 ; retaken by the British the same day. Quesnoy, 1774, surren- dered to Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, June 29, 1815. Raab capitulated to the French forces, June 24, 1809. Ragusa, besieged by the Russians and Montenegrins, July, 1806. Ratisbon taken by the French, April 23, 1809. Rennes, 1357. Rheims, 1359. Riga, 1700, 1710. Rochelle, 1573, 1627. Rhodes taken by the Saracens, and the Colossus, which had been thrown down by an earthquake, weighed 720,0001b., sold to a Jew, in 652 ; taken by the Turks, 1521 ; the knights quitted it and settled at Malta. Rhode Island taken from the Americans by the British forces, Dec. 6, 1776. Richard I., king of England, taken prisoner in Ger- many, and ransomed for 100,000 marks, 1193. Rome, 1527 ; seized by the French, Feb. 2, 1799 ; sur- rendered to the Neapolitans, July 18, 1799 ; the Austrians and Rus- sians entered and repulsed the French from the castle of St. An- gelo, Sep. 30, 1799. Rosas, 1645, 1795, 1808; capitulated to the French, Dec. 5, 1808. Rouen, 1449, 1562,1591. Roxburgh, 1400. Rye, Sussex, burnt by the French, 1377. Saint Domingo, French part, put itself under the English protection, Aug. 18, 1793 ; declared itself inde - pendent, Jan., 1797. Saint Jago di Compostella taken by the French, May 23, 1809. Santa Maura, island, taken by the British, July 23, 1810. San Philippe, on the Catalonian coast, surrendered to the British, July 6, 1813. San Sebastian taken by storm by General Graham, July BAT 63 BAT 31, 1813. Salamanca entered by Wellington, June 16, 1812. Salis- bury, 1341. Sandwich burnt by the Danes, 957. Santa Cruz surrender- ed to the English, Dec. 23, 1807. Saragossa, 1710 ; taken by the French, Feb. 21, 1809. Sardinia, isle of, taken by the English, 1708. Sardinia taken by the Genoese from the Moors, 1115. Saverne, 1675. Saxony conquered by Charlemagne, 774. Schomberg, duke of, landed in Ireland, near Carrickfergus, with an army, Aug. 13, 1689 ; killed at the battle of the Boyne, 1690. Schweidnitz taken by the Aus- trians, 1758, and retaken by the Prussians. Taken again, 1761, and again retaken 1762, 1807. Scio, Greece, 1822. Seringapa- tam taken, 1799. Seville, 1096, 1248; Smolensko, 1611; Soissons, 1414 ; Stralsund, 1675, 1713, 1807. Senegal taken by the English, May 1, 1758 ; again, 1779 ; again, July 13, 1809. Seringapatam, capital of the Mysore, taken by the Eng- lish under General Harris, May 6, 1799. Seville surrendered to the French, February 1, 1810 ; retaken by the allies, August 27, 1812. Sheerness blown up by the Dutch fleet, 1667. Sidon stormed by the seamen and marines of the British navy, September 27, 1840. Sierra Leone nearly destroyed by a large French frigate, in 1795. Silesia taken by the king of Prussia, 1740. Sluys, Holland, taken by the Spaniards in 1587 ; in 1604 the Dutch retook it; the French took it in 1747, but it was restored at the peace. Smolensko entered by the French, after a sanguinary battle, Aug. 18, 1812; evacuated by them, Nov. 18. Stoningtcn, in North America, taken by Sir Thomas Harding, Aug. 11, 1814. Stralsund taken possession of by the French, Jan. 26, 1812. Surat taken by the English, 1759. Su- rinam surrendered by the English to Holland, 1667 ; taken by the English, Aug. 20, 1799; again, May 5, 1804. Susa, Africa, bom- barded and nearly destroyed by the Venetians, Nov. 1784. Syria sur- rendered by the Ottomans in 1515. Tamatave, island of Madagascar, capitulated to the English, May 21, 1811. Tangiers taken by the Span- iards from the Moors, 1470; de- stroyed by the English, 1684. Tar- ragona surrendered to the French, June 28, 1811 ; abandoned by them, Sept. 4, 1813. Tariffa, siege of, raised by the French, 1812. Te- meswar taken by the Imperialists, 1716. Ternate, in the East Indies, captured by the English, June 21, 1801. Thetford burnt by the Danes, 1010. Thomas, St., a Dan- ish island, taken by the English, March 28, 1801; again, Dec. 21, 1807. Thorn, garrison of, capitu- lated to the Kussians, April 18, 1813. Ticonderago, America, taken by the English, 1759 ; by the Pro- vincials, May 13, 1775. Tobago taken by the English from the Dutch, 1672; retaken by them, 1674; taken by the French, June 2, 1781 ; and retaken by the Eng- lish, 1793; again, June 30, 1803. Tortona taken by the French, July 5, 1799 ; abandoned the 20th of the same month, and surrendered to the Imperialists, Aug. 11, 1799. Tortosa, garrison of, surrendered to the French, Jan. 1, 1811. Tou- lon taken from the French revolu- tionists by Admiral Hood, 1793 ; abandoned to their forces Dec. the same year ; signed an act of sub- mission to Louis XVIII., July 23, 1815. Toulouse entered by Lord Wellington, April 12, 1814. Trent taken by the French in 1796, who were repulsed by the Austri- ans the same year. Treves taken by the French in 1794. Trieste- seized by the French, but re- taken by the Austrians, April 14, 1797. Trincomalee, Ceylon, taken by the English, Jan. 11, 1782 and 1795. Trinidad taken by the Eng- lish with four ships of the line, 1797. Tripoli reduced by Admiral Blake, 1655. Taripa, Dec. 20, 1811. Tarragona, May, 1813. BAT 64 BAT Temeswar, 1716. Thunville, 1643, 1792. Thorn, 1703. Thouars, 1372, 1793. Tortosa, Jan. 2, 1811. Tou- lon, 707, 793. Toulouse, 1217. Tournay, 1340, 1352, 1581, 1667, 1709, 1745, 1794. Treves, 1675. Tunis, 1270, 1535. Turin, 1640, 1706, 1799. Troyes, French driven out of, by the allied armies, March, ' 4, 1814. Tunis taken by the em- peror Charles V., and restored to its king who had been banished, 1535. Tuscany was seized by the French in April, and abandoned in Aug., 1799; again seized, 1800; ceded to Bonaparte, 1807 ; restored 1814. Turin taken possession of by the French, Dec. 6, 1798, and surrendered to the Austrians and Russians in June following, and the citadel, May 27, 1799. Tyrol invaded by the French, 1796 — 1797. Valencia capitulated to the French, Jan. 9, 1812. Valencien- nes, 1677, besieged from May 23, to July 14, 1793, when the French garrison surrendered it to the com- bined army under the command of the Duke of York ; retaken by the French in 1794. Valladolid en- tered by Joseph Bonaparte, July 16, 1811 ; entered by the allied army under Lord Wellington, July 30, 1812. Venice was seized, and their republic abolished, by the French, in 1797; and soon after part of their territories was seized by the Austrians, and ceded to them by the French. Vannes, 1343. Venlo, 1702, 1794, surrendered to the French, Oct. 24, 1794. Verdun, 1792. Verona was taken by the French, when a great part of it was destroyed by a fire, April 28, 1797. Verea taken by assault by the Russians, Oct. 14, 1812. Ves- pasian conquered the Isle of Wight, 43. Viasma entered by the French, Aug. 29, 1812. Vicenza taken by the French, 1797. Vienna besieged by the Turks, 1529-32-43, and 1683; taken by the French, Nov. 14. 1805, and April 12, 1809. Vigo galleons taken by the English fleet, Oct. 12, 1702. Villena, castle of, with the Spanish garrison, surrren- dered to the French, April 13, 1813. Vincent's, St., isle of, taken by the French, June 17, 1779 ; re- stored, 1783 ; insurrection there, March, 1795; suppressed, 1796. Urbino, Italy, surrendered to the Austrians, July 10, 1799. Utrecht, surrendered to the French, Jan. 18, 1795. Walcheren, isle of, taken by the English, Aug. 1809 ; evacuated by them Dec. following. Wales had its prince defeated and murdered, and the principality annexed to England, 1286; invaded by the French, Feb. 22, 1797. Wakefield, 1460. Warsaw, 1795, Sept. 8, 1831. Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of, defeated at the battle of Barnet, April 14, 1441, and slain. War- wick Abbey destroyed by the Danes, 1016. Washington, North Ameri- ca, taken by the British, and the principal buildings destroyed by fire, Aug, 24, 1814. Wight, Isle of, taken by the French, July 15, 1377. Williamstadt evacuated by the French, Dec. 10, 1813. Wilna en- tered by the French, June 28, 1821 ; French driven from it by the Rus- sians, Dec. 10, 1812. Witepsk en- tered by the French, July 28, 1812 ; retaken by General Witgenstein, Nov. 1, 1812. Worms was taken by the French, Oct. 15, 1794. Wurtzburg surrendered to the French after five weeks' siege, Jan. 10, 1801. Xativa, 1707. Xeres, 1262. York city burnt by the Danes, 1069; again, 1179. York, Upper Canada, capitulated to the Americans, April 27, 1813. Ypres, 1648, 1744; surrendered to the French under Moreau, June 17, 1794, with 6000 men and 100 cannon, &c. Yu-Yaou, town of, in China, taken by the English, December 28, 1841. Zaragoza sur- rendered to the Spanish general Mina, July 30, 1813. Zante, and the rest of the Seven Islands, surrendered to the British, Oct., 1809. Zurich, 1544; abandoned by the French, June 20, 1799. Zutphen, 1572, 1586. BAT 65 BAT Wars with Scotland, 1068. Peace, 1091. War with France, 1116. Peace, 1118. War with Scotland, and peace concluded, 1139. War with France, 1161, and Peace, 1186 ; again, 1194, and Peace, 1195; again, 1201. Civil war, 1215; ended, 1216. War with France, 1224. Civil war, 1262 ; terminated, 1267. War with France, 1294; and Peace, 1299. War with Scot- land, 1286. Peace with Scotland, March 30, 1323. War again, 1327; and ended, 1328 ; again began, 1333. War with France, 1339; peace, 1360, May 1 ; again war, 1368. Civil war/1400. War with Scotland, 1400. Peace with France, May 31, 1420; war again, 1422. Civil wars of York and Lancaster, 1452. Peace with France, Oct., 1478. Civil war, 1486. War with France, Oct. 6, 1492; and peace, Nov. 3, same year. Peace with Scotland, 1502; and war, 1513. War with France, Feb. 4, 1512. Peace with France, Aug. 7, 1514. War with France, 1522. War with Scotland, 1522. Peace with France, 1527. Peace with Scotland, 1542. War with Scotland directly after. Peace with France and Scotland, June 7, 1546. War with Scotland, 1547. War with France, 1549. Peace with both, March 6, 1550. War, civil, 1553. War with Scot- land, June 7, 1557. War with France, 1557. Peace with France, April 2, 1559. Peace with Scot- land, 1560. War with France. 1562. Peace with France, 1564. War with Scotland, 1570. War with Spain, 1588. Peace with Spain, Aug. 1, 1604. War with Spain, 1624. War with France, 1627. Peace with Spain and France, April 14, 1629. War, civil, 1642. War with the Dutch, 1651. Peace with the Dutch, April 5, 1654. War with Spain, 1655. Peace with Spain, Sept. 10, 1660. War with France, Jan. 26, 1666. War with Denmark, Oct. 19, fol- lowing. Peace with the French, Danes, and Dutch, Aug. 24, 1067. Peace with Spain, Feb. 13, 1688. War with the Algerines, Sept. 6, 1669. Peace with the Algerines, Nov. 19, 1671. War with the Dutch, March, 1672. Peace with the Dutch, Feb. 28, 1674. War with France, May 7, 1679. Peace, general, Sept. 20, 1689. War with France, May 4, 1702. Peace of Utrecht, July 13, 1713. War with Spain, Dec. 8, 1718. Peace with Spain, 1721. War with Spain, Oct. 19, 1739. War with France, March 21, 1744. Peace with France, &c. Oct. 18, 1748. War with France, 1756. War with Spain, Jan. 4, 1762. Peace with France, and Spain, Feb. 10, 1763. Peace between Russia and the Turks, 1773. War, civil, in America, commenced June 14, 1774. War with France, Feb. 6, 1778. War with Spain, April 17, 1780. War with Holland, Dec. 21, 1780. Peace with France, Spain, Holland, and America, 1783. War with France, 1793, by the English, Prussians, Austrians, Sardinians, and Italian States. Peace between Prussia and France, 1795. Peace between France and Spain, 1795. Peace between France and Naples, 1796. Peace with the French and Sardinians, 1796. War between England and Spain, Nov. 11, 1796. War be- tween France, Naples and Sardinia, Nov., 1798. Peace between Austria and France, Feb. 9, 1801. War between Spain and Portugal, Feb. 28, 1801. Peace between Naples and France, March, 1801. Peace between Portugal and Spain, June 10, 1801. Peace between France and Portugal, Sept. 29, 1801. Peace between France and the Porte, Oct. 17, 1801. Peace between England France, Spain, and Holland, M irch 27, 1802. War between England and France, April 29, 1803. War between England and Spain, Dec. 14, 1804. War between France, Russia, and Austria, Sept., 1805. Peace between France and Austria, Dec. 27, 1805. War between Swe- den and France, Oct. 31, 1805. War BAT 66 BAT between England and Prussia, April, 1806. War between Prussia and France, Oct., 1806. Peace between France and the Elector of Saxony, Dec. 11, 1806. Peace between Eng- land and Prussia, Jan. 28, 1807. Peace between France and Kussia, July 19, 1807. War between Eng- land and Denmark, Nov. 4, 1807. War between Kussia and Sweden, Feb. 10, 1808. War between Den- mark and Sweden, Feb. 29, 1808. War between Prussia and Sweden, March 6, 1808. War between Spain and France, June 6, 1808. Peace between England and Spain, June 6, 1808. Peace between Sweden and Bussia, September 17, 1809. Peace between France and Austria, Oct. 15, 1809. Peace between France and Sweden, Jan. 6, 1810. Peace between England and Prus- sia, Aug. 1, 1812. Peace between England and Sweden, Aug. 4 — 17, 1812. War between England and America, June 18, 1812. War be- tween Sweden and Denmark, Sept. 13, 1813. Peace between Sweden and Denmark, Jan. 14, 1814. Peace between France and the Allies (England, Bussia, and Prussia), May 30, 1814. Peace between France and Spain, July 20, 1814. Peace between England and Ame- rica, Dec. 24, 1814. Peace between Saxony and Prussia, May 18, 1815. War against Napoleon, began and ended, 1815. Wars of Austria : — 1. The war of the Ottoman Porte, from 1592 to 1606, terminated by the peace at Sithvarock, in Hun- gary, Oct. 21, 1606. 2. The war, commonly called the Thirty Years' War, which lasted from 1618 until 1648, terminated by the peace of Westphalia, Oct. 14, 1648, at Mini- ster, in Westphalia. 3. The war respecting the Mantuan succession, which lasted from 1629 to 1631, terminated with France by a treaty of peace ;it Batisbon, Oct. 13, 1630; and with Spain, by arrangements made April 6, 1631, at Cherasco, in Piedmont. 4. The second war with the Ottoman Porte, which lasted from 1661 until 1664, terminated for twenty years by the truce of Temeswar, in Hungary, Sept. 17, 1664. 5. War with France, from 1672 to 1678, terminated by the peace of Nimeguen, in Holland, Feb. 5, 1679. 6. Third war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1683 to 1698, terminated by the peace of Carlowitz, in Sclavonia, Jan. 26, 1699. 7. Second Avar with France, from 1688 to 1697, terminated by the peace of Byswick, in Holland, Oct. 30, 1697. 8. War with France and Spain, from 1701 to 1713, ter- minated by the peace of Bastadt, in the empire, Mar. 6, 1714. 9. Fourth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1716 to 1718, terminated by the peace of Passarowitz, in Servia, July 21, 1718. 10. Second war with Spain, respecting the posses- sions in Italy, from 1717 to 1725, terminated by the peace of Vienna, in Austria, April 30, 1725. 11. War with France and Spain, from 1733 to 1739, terminated with France by the peace of Vienna, in Austria, Oct. 3, 1738 ; and with Spain, by the peace at Versailles, April 20, - 1739. 12. Fifth war with the Otto- man Porte, from 1737 to 1739, ter- minated by the peace of Belgrade, in Servia, Sept. 18, 1739. 13. War of Austrian succession at the death of the Emperor Charles VI., from 1740 to 1748 : it lasted with Prus- sia (for the first time) from 1740 until 1742, and was terminated by peace made at Breslau and Berlin, June 11 and July 28, 1742; it lasted with Bavaria from 1741 to 1745, and was terminated by peace made at Fuessen, in Suabia, April 22, 1745 ; it lasted with France and Spain together, from 1741 to 1748, and was terminated by peace made at Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 18, 1748 ; lastly, it was again carried on with Prussia (for the second time), from 1744 to 1745, and was terminated by peace concluded at Dresden, Dec. 25, 1745. 14. The Seven Years' War, or third war with Prussia, from 1756 to 1763, termi- BAT 67 BAT nated by the peace of Hubertsburg, in Saxony, Feb. 15, 1763. 15. Fourth war with Prussia, respecting the Bavarian succession, from 1778 to 1779, terminated by the peace of Teschen, in Upper Silesia, May 13, 1779. 16. Different wars with the States - General of Holland, from 1784 to 1785, respecting the opening of the Scheldt, ter- minated by the treaty of Fon- tainbleau, on November 8, 1785. 17. Sixth war with the Ottoman Porte, from 1788 until the armistice of 1790, stipulated by the Congress at Reichenbach, in Silesia, and ter- minated by peace made at Szistowa, Aug. 4, 1791. 18. War with France from 1792 to 1797, terminated by peace at Leoben, in Upper Styria, April 17, 1797. 19. War with France, March, 1799, terminated by the peace of Luneville, Feb. 9, 1801. 20. War with France, 1805 ; termi- nated the same year. 21. War with France, 1809 ; terminated the same year. 22. War with France, 1813; terminated May 30, 1814. The wars between England and France, with the terms of their duration, since that which commenced in 1116, and lasted twenty-five years, were — 1141, one year ; 1201, fifteen ; 1224, nineteen ; 1294, five ; 1339, twenty- one ; 1368, fifty-two ; 1422, forty- nine ; 1492, one month ; 1512, two years ; 1521, six ; 1549, one ; 1557, two ; 1562, two ; 1627, two; 1666, one ; 1689, ten; 1702, eleven; 1744, four; 1756, seven; 1778, five; 1793, which terminated Mar. 27, 1802; 1803, which terminated May, 1814-15 ; terminated the same year. In the wars to restore the old monarchy of France, which raised up Bonaparte, and after his disasters of Moscow and Waterloo, succeeded in placing the exiled family on the throne of France, by foreign arms, only to be hurled from it again, England ex- pended, before the peace of Amiens, to put down the revolution, 464 millions ; after the peace of Amiens was broken, against Napoleon, 1159 millions. The total sums expended by interfering in continental wars, sometimes to suit the predilection of the crown for interfering in. German quarrels, at other times to support a pretended balance of power, from the revolution of 1688 to 1815, was 2023 millions of pounds sterling. The waste of human fife w r as equally great. The battles of Wellington in the Peninsula, cost England 50,000 men, and the French four or five times as many at least. The entire of the sacrifice from 1790 to 1815, on all sides, must have been many millions of men. Previous to the close of 1815, for 127 years, Eng- land wasted her resources and over- whelmed her inhabitants with debt, to support 65 years of war to 62 of peace. We spent in the war of 1688, £36,000,000; in that of the Spanish succession, £62,000,000; in the Spanish war, £54,000,000 ; in the seven years' war, £112,000,000 ; in the American war, to lose our fine colonies, £136,000,000, in addition to £1,623,000,000 in the two last French wars. In 1691, our debt was £1,000,000. See also Wars. Battles, Naval: — The Emperor Claudius II. defeated the Goths, 269. With the Danes, when Alfred de- feated 120 ships off Dorsetshire, in 898. Between the French and Eng- lish, 1217. Between the English and Flemings, 1371. With the French, near Sluys, and 400 sail taken, with 30,000 men, 1340. Eighty French ships taken by the English, 1389. The English and Flemings, the latter defeated, 1371. Off Barfieur, where the Duke of Bedford took 500 French and 3 Ge- noese vessels, 1416. Near Milford Haven, when 31 French ships were taken or destroyed, 1405. Off Sand- wich, when the French fleet was taken by the Earl of Warwick, Nov., 1459. Sir Edward Howard defeated the French, commanded by Preje- ant, 1513. Between the Enulish and French, when the latter were defeated, 1545. Again, 1549, Avhen 1000 French were killed. Near the Gulf of Lepanto, between the Chris- BAT BAT tian powers and the Turks, which last lost 25,000 men killed, and 4000 taken prisoners ; and out of 260 vessels, saved only 25, Oct. 7, 1571. Between the English fleet and the Spanish Armada, 1588. Between the Spaniards and Dutch, 1639. In the Downs, With the Dutch, June 19, 1652. Again, Sep. 28, Oct. 28, Nov. 29, 1652. Near Portland, with the Dutch, who were beaten, Feb. 18, 1652-3. Off Portsmouth, when Admiral Blake took 11 Dutch men- of-war and 30 merchant ships, Feb. 10, 1652. Off the North Foreland, when the Dutch lost 20 men-of-war, June 2, 1653. On the coast of Hol- land, when they lost 30 men-of-war, and Admiral Tromp was killed, July 29, 1653. At Cadiz, when the gal- leons were destroyed by the English, Sep., 1656. At Santa Cruz, when Blake destroyed the galleons, April, 1657. One hundred and thirty of the Bordeaux fleet destroyed by the Duke of York, Dec. 4, 1664. Off Harwich, when 18 capital Dutch ships were taken, and 14 destroyed, June 3, 1665. The Earl of Sandwich took 12 men-of-war and 2 East India Ships, Sept. 4, 1665. Again, when the English lost 9 and the Dutch 15 ships, June 4, 1666. The Dutch totally defeated, with the loss of 24 men-of-war, 4 admirals, and 4000 officers and seamen, July 25 and 26, 1666. Near Martinique, when 16 English defeated 30 French ships, 1667. Five of the Dutch Smyrna fleet and 4 East India ships taken by the English, March 14, 1671-2. Twelve Algerine vessels destroyed by Sir Edward Sprague, 1671, off Tangier, where a fight lasted for ele- ven days between the English and Moors, 1679. At Southwold Bay, when the Earl of Sandwich was blown up, and the Dutch defeated by the Diike of York, May 28, 1672. Again, by Prince Rupert, May 28, June 4, and Aug. 11, when the Dutch were defeated, 1673. In the Bay of Tripoli, when the English burnt 4 men-of-war of that state, Mar. 4, 1674-5. Off Beachy- head, when the English and Dutch were defeated by the French, June 30, 1690. Off La Hague, when the French fleet was entirely defeated, and 21 large men-of-war destroyed, May 19, 1692. Off St. Vincent, when the English and Dutch were defeated by the French, June 16, 1693. The Vigo fleet taken bv the English and Dutch, Oct. 12, 1702. Benbow, admiral, engaged the French fleet off Carthagena, in Spain, 1702. Between the French and English, off Malaga, when the former entirely relinquished the do- minion of the sea to the latter, Aug. 24, 1704. At Gibraltar, when the French lost 5 men-of-war, Nov. 5, 1704. Off the Lizard, when the English were defeated, Oct. 9, 1707. Admiral Leake took 60 French ships laden with provisions, May 22, 1708. Near Carthagena, when Ad- miral Wager destroyed a fleet, May 28, 1708. Spanish fleet destroyed by Sir George Bjmg, July 31, 1718. Off Toulon, Feb. 9, 1744. The Acapulco Spanish ship taken in the South Sea by Anson, June 20, 1744. Off Cape Finisterre, when the French fleet was taken by Admiral Anson, May 3, 1747. Off Newfoundland, when Boscawen took two men-of- war June 10, 1755. Off Ushant, when Admiral Hawke took 6 men- of-war of the French, Oct. 14, 1747. Off Belleisle, when he took 14 sail of victuallers, July 14, 1756. Off Cape Francois, when seven ships were defeated by three English, Oct. 21, 1757. French beaten off Cape Lagos by Admiral Boscawen, Aug. 18, 1759. Off Quiberon Bay, when Hawke defeated the French, Nov. 20, 1759. Keppel took three French frigates and a fleet of merchant ships, Oct. 9, 1762. On Lake Cham- plain, where the Provincials were totally destroyed by the British forces, Oct. 11, 1776. Off Ushant, a drawn battle between Keppel and Dorvilliers, July 17, 1778. Off Pe- nobscot, New England, when the American fleet was totally destroy- ed, July 30, 1779. Near Cape St. BAT BAT Vincent, between Admiral Rodney and Admiral Don Langara, when the latter was defeated and taken prisoner, Jan. 8, 1780. At St. Jago, M. Suffrein defeated by Commodore Joinson, April 10, 1781. Dogger- bank, between Admiral Parker and the Dutch, Aug. 5, 1781. Off the Cape of Virginia, between Admiral Arbuthnot and the French, 1781. Between Martinique and Guada- loupe, when Admiral Rodney de- feated the French going to attack Jamaica, and took five ships of the line and Admiral Count de Grasse, April 12, 1782. The same day Admiral Hughes defeated the fleet of France under Admiral Suffrein in the East Indies. Lord Howe totally defeated the French fleet, took six ships of war, and sunk several, June 1, 1794. Sir Ed- ward Pellew took 15 sail, and burnt seven, out of a fleet of 35 sail of transports, March 8, 1795. The French fleet defeated, and two ships of war taken, by Admiral Hotham, March 14, 1795. Admiral Corn- wallis took eight transports under convoy of three French men-of-war, June 7, 1795. Eleven Dutch East Indiamen were taken by the Sceptre man-of-war and some armed India- men, June 19, 1795. The French fleet defeated by Lord Bridport, June 25, 1795, and three ships of war taken near L'Orient. The Dutch fleet under Admiral Lucas, in Saldanha Bay, Africa, consisting of five men-of-war and several frigates, surrendered to Sir George Keith Elphinstone on Aug. 19, 1796. The Spanish fleet defeated by Sir J. Jervis, and four line-of-battle ships taken, Feb. 14, 1797. The Dutch fleet defeated by Admiral Duncan on the coast of Holland, where their two admirals and 12 ships of war were taken or destroyed, Oct. 11, 1797. The French fleet of 17 ships of war, totally defeated, and 9 of them taken, by Sir Horatio Nelson, Aug. 1, 1798, near the Nile, Egypt. The French off the coast of Ireland, con- sisting of nine ships, by Sir J. B. Warren, Oct. 12, 1798, when he took five of them. The Dutch fleet in the Texel surrendered to Admiral Mitchell, on his taking the Helder, Aug. 29, 1799. Sound between Denmark and Sweden passed by the English fleet, when Copenhagen was bombarded, April 2, 1801. The Danish fleet, of 28 sail, taken or de- stroyed by Lord Nelson off Copen- hagen, April 2, 1801. Between the French and English in the Bay of Gibraltar ; Hannibal of 74 guns lost, July 5, 1801. French fleet defeated near Cadiz, July 16, 1801 ; two burnt, one taken, two Spanish first- rates, and a 74 taken, by Sir James Saumarez. French and Spanish fleets totally defeated off Cape Tra- falgar, Lord Nelson killed in the action, Oct. 21, 1805. French fleet taken by Sir R. Strachan, Nov. 4, 1805. French fleet defeated in the West Indies, by Sir T. Duck- worth, Feb. 6, 1806. French squad- ron taken by Sir J. B. Warren, March 13, 1806. French squadron in the harbour of Cadiz surrendered to the Spanish patriots, June 14, 1801. Russian fleet in the Tagus surrendered to the English, Sept. 3, 1808. French shipping and bat- teries destroyed in Basque roads by Lord Cochi-ane, under the command of Lord Gambier, April, 1809. Rus- sian flotilla, eastward of Nargen Island, and another under Percola Point, taken or destroyed by Sir James Saumarez, July, 1809. Three French ships, Robust of 84 guns, Leon of 74, and Boree of 74 guns, driven on shore by a British squad- ron under Lord Collingwood, Oct. 25, 1809, and the first two burnt by the French next day. Eleven ships and vessels destroyed or taken in the Bay of Rosas, by the boats of a British squadron under Captain Hal- lowell, November 1, 1809. French frigates, La Loire and La Seine, destroyed by the ships under Sir A. Cochrane, off Basseterre, Guada- loupe, Dec. 18, 1809. Gallant ac- tion of the British frigate Spartan with a French force in the Bay of BAT 70 BAT Naples, May 3, 1810. Severe action between the British ship Tribune, Captain Reynolds, and four Danish brigs, which escaped from the Tri- bune being damaged in her sails, May 12, 1810. Seventeen vessels captured or destroyed under the batteries of the Isle of Rhe, by the boats of the Armide, and Cadmus, under Lieutenant Roberts, May, 1810. Four French vessels captured off Portici by the boats of the Cer- berus and Active, Feb. 4, 1811. Twenty-two vessels from Otranto taken by the Cerberus and Active, Feb. 22, 1811. Amazon, French frigate, destroyed off Cape Barfleur, March 25, 1811. Number of French ships, with stores to Corfu, captured by the cruisers under Captain Ot- ■way, April 27, 1811. Three French frigates burnt in Lazone Bay, by three British ships under Captain Barrie, May 1, 1811. Rencontre between the British frigate Little Belt and the American frigate President, May 16, 1811. Off Ma- dagascar, between three British frigates and a sloop, and three large French frigates with troops, when two of the French frigates surren- dered, as did the settlement of Ta- matave, to Captain Schomberg, May 21, 1811. Six French privateers captured off Sibiona by the boats of the Sabine sloop, May 26, 18.11. Twenty-six sail of French ships taken off Palinuro by the British ships Thames and Cephalus, July 20, 1811, and afterwards ten other Neapolitan vessels by the Thames. Eighteen vessels brought out, and ten destroyed in a creek at Ragosinza without the loss of a man, July 27, 1811. Four Danish gun-boats taken by the British near Heligoland, Aug. 6, 1811. Five French vessels with stores captured in the Channel by the British ship Hawke, Aug. 17, 1811; and several others by the same ship two days after. The French gun-brig Teaser, and La Pluvier, with eight vessels, captured by the boats of the Diana and Semi- ramis, Aug. 25, 1811. A French brig sunk, two driven ashore, and a small village battered to the ground near Cherbourg, by the British ship Hotspur, Sept. 8, 1811. British frigate Naiad attacked by seven armed praams, in presence of Bona- parte, which were repulsed and driven under the batteries, Sept. 21, 1811. French frigate Pomona cap- tured by the British frigate, Active, Dec. 29, 1811. Rivoli, French ship of 84 guns, taken by the British ship Victorious of 74 guns, Feb. 21, 1812. French flotilla defeated before Dieppe, by Captains Harvey and Trollope, of the Rosario and Griffin sloops, March 27, 1812. Two French frigates and a brig destroyed at the entrance of L'Orient by the Northumberland man-of-war, May 22, 1812. Severe action between the British squadron Podargus, Ca- lypso, and Flamer gun-brig, and a Danish squadron off Mardoe, when two Spanish vessels were reduced to wrecks, July 6, 1812. British frigate Guerriere captured and de- stroyed by the American frigate Constitution, Aug. 19, 1812. British brig Frolic captured by the Ameri- can sloop Wasp, Oct. 18, 1812. British frigate Macedonian captured by the American ship United States, Oct. 25, 1812. British frigate Java captured by the American ship Con- stitution, Dec. 29, 1812. Between the British ship Amelia and a French frigate off the African coast, in which the Amelia had forty-six killed and ninety-five wounded, Feb. 7, 1812. Peacock, British sloop of war, captured by the American ship Hornet, and so disabled that she sank with a great part of her crew, Feb. 25, 1813. American frigate Chesapeake captured by the British ship Shannon, June 1, 1813. American armed vessels Growler and Eagle taken, after a smart ac- tion, by the British gun -boats, June 3, 1813. American sloop of war Argus taken by the British sloop Pelican, Aug. 14, 1813. French frigate La Trave, of 44 guns, taken by the British frigate Andromache, BAY 71 BE A of 3S guns, Oct. 23, 1813. French frigate Alcmene taken by the British ship Venerable, Jan. 16, 1814 ; and the French frigate Iphigenia a few days after. Ceres, French frigate taken by the British ship Tagus, Jan. 6, 1814. French frigate Terpsichore captured by the British ship Majestic; Feb. 3, 1814. French frigate, Clo- riade surrendered to the British frigates Dryad and Achates, after a severe engagement with the Eurotas, Feb. 25, 1814. French frigate L'Etoile captured by the Hebrus, March 27, 1814. American frigate Essex captured by the British ships Phcebe and Cherub, March 29, 1814. British squadron captured by an American, in Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, 1814. Avon sunk by the Ameri- can sloop Wasp, off Kinsale, Sept. 8, 1814. American ship President taken by the Endymion, Jan. 15, 1815. Bavaria, dukedom of, founded, 1179, and made a dukedom. Raised to an electorate, 1253. Maximilian Joseph the first king, 1805. Louis Charles abdicated, Oct. 13, 1825. Maximilian Joseph II. succeeded his father, Louis Charles, who also abdicated, March 10, 1848. Bavaria, Elector of, reinstated, Jan. 25, 1714; crowned King of Bohemia, Dec. 16, 1741; Prince Theodore, of, chosen Bishop of Liege, 1744. Bavaria received the Tyrol and the Voralberg from Austria, 1806. Bavaria joined the Allies against France, Oct. 17, 1813. Bavaria, State of, to prevent duelling, established a court of honour, April 14, 1819. Bautzen, battle of, between Bona- parte and the allies, the latter de- feated, May 20, 1813. Bayard, the celebrated chevalier, died, 1524. Baxeux tapestry woi'ked by Ma- tilda, queen of William I., 1066. Batlen, battle of, the French de- feated by General Reding, July 20, 1808. Bayonets, invented at Bayonne, in France, 1670; first used in battle by the French, 1693. Bayonne, chapel of the new castle blown up, and 100 persons killed, July 10, 1793. Bayonne, junta of the Cortes summoned by Napoleon attend there, and acknowledge Joseph, his brother, King of Spain, May 25, 1808. ' Bayreuth, the margravate, abdi- cated in favour of the king of Prussia, 1791. Bazaar, one opened in Soho Square by a person named Trotter, 1815. The Queen's, in Oxford Street, burned down, May 27, 1829. The St. James' Bazaar built by Crock- ford, 1832. Beachy Head, naval engagement off, between the English and French, the former suffered greatly from the enemy's superiority, June 30, 1690. The English lost two ships and 400 men ; the Dutch, their allies, 2 ad- mirals and 500 men, besides several ships sunk. Beads in general use among the Catholics, 1213 ; earlier used by the Dervishes and similar devotees in the east. Beague, battle of, commonly called that of Anjou, between the English and French ; the English were defeated, losing 1500 men, April 3, 1421. Beacon Newspaper, printer of, Edinburgh, tried for libel, and ,£500 damages given, Dec. 9, 1822. Bealy, William, died at Dungar- van, in Londonderry, Ireland, 1774, aged 130 ; an ensign at the battles of Boyne and Aughrim. Beatall, Edward, steward to the corporation of the Shrewsbury poor, with his clerk, transported for four- teen years, for embezzling nearly £3000 of the funds, 1824. Beatrix Eleonora d'Este, queen- dowager of James II., died at St. Germain's, April 26, 1718. Beauclerk, Charles, one of the illegitimate children of Charles II. by Nelly Gvvyn, created Duke of St. Albans, Jan. 10, 1633-4. BED 72 BEE Beam and Scales, a public beam set up in London, under a weigh- master, 3 Edward II., 1309. Bear, order of knighthood, begun in Switzerland, 1243. Beards, not fashionable in Eng- land until after the conquest, 1250. They were discontinued at the Stuart restoration. Beaton, cardinal, murdered, May, 28, 1546. Beauchief Abbey, Derbyshire, built, 1183. Beaulieu Abbey, Hants, founded by King John in 1204. Margaret of Anjou was sheltered here after the battle of Barnet, April 14, 1471. Beaumaris Castle, Anglesey, built; 1295. Beauvais, siege of, under Charles the Bold, when the women, under Jeanne de la Hachette, heroically distinguished themselves, July 10, 1472. Beaumont, M., and M. Manuel, fight a duel in Paris, and the latter killed, April 11, 1821. Beauharnois defeated the Aus- trians, near Leoben, May 26, 1809. Beccles, in Suffolk, partly burned down, Nov. 29, 1586. Becket, or Thomas-a-Becket, killed at the altar in Canterbury cathedral, Dec. 29, 1171. His bones were enshrined in gold by the Catho- lic devotees in 1220, but were taken up and burned in 1539. This haughty prelate was born 1119 ; be- came chancellor to Henry II., 1157 ; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1162 ; was impeached, 1164; retired to France, but returned, and was re- conciled to Henry, June 2, 1170. Beckford, alderman, died 1770, in which year a monument was placed to his memory in the Guild- hall, London, in remembrance of his undaunted conduct in defence of the rights of the subject, and parti- cularly for his memorable speech to George III, on presenting a petition from London. Bede, the venerable, so styled, died, 735. Bedford free grammar school founded, Aug. 15, 1552. Income, 1766, clear £3000 per annum ; 1818, above £6000. Bedford Castle, built, 929; razed, 1224. Bedford, duke of, made regent of France, 1422. Bedford, statue of Duke of, set up in Russell Square, Aug. 4, 1809. Bedford, sixty houses at, destroyed by fire, May 25, 1812. Bedford and Buckingham, Dukes of, fought a duel in Kensington Gar- dens, May 2, 1822. Bedloe's plot and accusation against Prance, as a murderer of Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, Dec. 23, 1678. Bedloe died at Bristol, Aug. 20, 1680, asserting the truth of his pre- vious revelations. Beere, Devonshire, partly burned, July, 1816. Beer, early introduced into Eng- land, being similar in type to ale. Porter was first made about 1730, to unite the flavour of ale, beer, and twopenny, which were used before that ; and it was called porter be- cause it was drunk by porters prin- cipally. The licensing system came in about 1736. Beer was known in Scotland and England as early as 1100 ; a rich brewer is mentioned in 1414 by Stowe, and his gold trap- pings, 1482 and 1492. A quart of the best beer or ale was sold by statute in the reign of James I. for Id., and two quarts of small beer for the same money. Before 1552, any body might sell ale or beer. There is no mode of knowing the amount of gallons or barrels of beer brewed in England. There were 60,000 retailers of beer in Eng- land in 1834, when the acts 1 Will. IV. and 4 Will. IV. were passed. There are about 1600 public brewers in England, 136 in Scotland, and 263 in Ireland : 28,000 victuallers brew their own ale. The quantity of malt brewed by the following seventeen porter and ale houses, in the financial years specified, ending Oct., 1852, was as follows : — BEE 73 BEE « 2 us K 00 © •f | CO cf 1 co" ~h US 1 -h © as en | co as us Cl CO" CO to as Cl to « 1 OO c3 US O CO to o o go" © cs IN us us to ©_ us l> oo IN CO c, © ©" CO © us to OS Cl © I « t^ © c^ | ©^ to" oo" © Cl ca CO ©" GO <* to 00 03 ©■ O O0 © s h US © us US to IN CO US C3 © IN © IN © © CO US CO ©" CO to 00 to" CO Cl ©" Cl us cs es © 00 cs to to ■"£ m . oo" to* 00 o3 © no © US GO tS Si to US © Q CIS oo US to © US Cl ua •* 1 to OS C<1 to CO E P ' c ^> k c < •7 « t C E- c c El J5 c c p: c C 4 c < t. ct B r s c c c I / E- -5 > c c !_ b- ■< c IE c <^ f- E < c c J5 !z ■< | c C 2 < < c c « c h a B < b ' c C i- < pj C < E- c C c i c o C c c < p e c a c ki c s Pf PI Lj H a B B o ~ IE BEE 74 BEE There are one hundred and thirty- six wholesale brewers in London. The duties being now only upon the malt, there is no excise account of the quantity of malt liquor brewed. In England, 1829, there were brewed 5,949,290 barrels of strong, and 1,330,467 of table-beer. In Scot- land, 110,952 of strong, and 39,387 of table-beer. The quantity brewed in London varies. In 1823, it was 1,829,940 barrels, of which 71,828 were exported. The malt liquor brewed in private houses is unknoAvn in respect to quantity, and can only be loosely estimated by the total malt consumed, which the revenue returns furnish. London engrosses nearly one-third of the whole brewing business of England. In the year 1760, the largest brewer returned 74,734 barrels ; and in 1815, the largest house returned 337,621 barrels; in 1840, 361,321 barrels. The excise on malt took place in 1667, 1697. The tax was increased 1760, and new modelled 1766. Malt spirits also pay a duty. Important acts for regu- lating these articles are numerous. The latter were passed 8 GeO. IV., 1827, and 11 Geo. IV., 1830. Act regulating malsters, 1 Vic, July, 12, 1837. Porter was raised 2d. per gallon, Jan. 10, 1762, and again, 1801. The different quantities of porter brewed will show the increase and decrease at the times stated, in the returns of twelve principal brewers in London, between July 5, 1807, and July 5, 1808. Barrels. Meux & Co 190,160 Barclay & Perkins 184,196 Brown & Parry 131,647 Hanbury&Co 117,574 Whitbread & Co 111,485 Coombe & Co 670.561 Goodwyn & Co 70,232 E.Calvert & Co 68,924 Elliot & Co 48,669 Biley& Co 38,030 P. Calvert & Co 38,002 Tavlor & Co 32,800 Porter, quantities of, brewed by the first twelve houses, from July 5, 1811, to July 5, 1812. Barrels. Barclay & Co 270,259 Meux, Reid, & Co 188,078 Hanbury & Co 160,164 Whitbread & Co 122,446 Calvert & Co 108,212 H. Meux & Co 102,493 Coombe & Co 100,824 Goodwyn & Co 81,022 Elliot & Co 58,035 Cocks & Campbell, (Gold- en Lane) 51,274 Taylor 51,220 Clowes & Co 34,010 Porter, quantities of, brewed by the twelve principal brewers, from July 5, 1815, to July 5, 1816. Barclay, & Perkins 330,200 Meux, Reid, & Co 189,020 Truman, Hanbury, & Co. 185,041 Whitbread & Co 168,855 Henry Meux & Co 114,277 Coombe, Delafield, & Co. 100,655 E. Calvert & Co 85,925 Goodwyn & Co 77,249 Taylor & Co 50,533- Elliot & Co 46,567 Cocks & Campbell 36,101 Hollingworth & Co 31,273 Porter, quantities of, brewed by the eleven principal brewers, from July 5, 1822, to July 5, 1823. Barclay & Perkins 351,474 Truman, Hanbury, & Co. 219,127 Whitbread & Co 213,841 Meux, Reid, & Co 190,078 Coombe, Delafield, & Co. 140,209 E. Calvert & Co 107,858 Henry Meux & Co 103,499 Goodwyn & Co 72,076 Elliot & Co 61,649 Taylor & Co 58,763 Cross & Co 19,501 In seven principal houses, 1840. Barclay, Perkins, & Co.. ..361,321 Truman, Hanbury, & Co. 263,235 Whitbread & Co 218,828 Reid & Co 196,442 Coombe, Delafield, & Co. 177,542 Eelix, Calvert, & Co 136.387 SirH. Meux & Co 116,547 BEG 75 BEL A porter cask, belonging to Whit- bread & Co., 65 feet in diameter, 25 feet high, with 56 hoops, weighing from one to three tons each, con- tains 20,000 barrels ; and cost four years making. At the brewery of Meux & Co. two large vats suddenly burst, Oct. 17, 1814, and between 8000 and 9000 barrels were lost. The brewing business is engrossed by a few firms of gigantic capital, that expend large sums in purchas- ing public -houses, and exercise the despotic influence of great capital too often to the disadvantage of the community at large. The hops used by the brewers of London are of home growth. Parliament was at first petitioned against their growth as a deleterious weed, 1428. First used in malt liquors, 1525 — as a bitter narcotic. The average quantity grown for twenty-two years, from 1785 to 1803, was 22,538,000 lbs. weight. Duty of those of Kent and Sussex in 1792, was £170,000 ; in 1793, £162,112, 9s. 5d. ; in 1795, £82,323, 19s. 4d. ; in 1799, £77,279, 5s. 4d. In 1831, the number of acres planted was 47,129. The produce in pounds weight that year, 36,496,681. In 1852, the total old duty was £244,824, 2s. 5d. Bees, St., priory of, in Cumber- land, founded, 1120. Bees, introduced into Boston, U. S., by the English, 1670 ; since then they have spread over the whole continent. Bees, St., Head Lighthouse, a mother and her five children found suffocated in, Jan. 19, 1822. Beetroot, sugar produced from the white sort by Margraff, 1747 ; sugar produced from it, by M. Achard, 1799; the French chemists, at the instance of Bonaparte, ex- tracted sugar from this plant to a large extent, for the supply of France. Beggars, first relieved by act of Parliament, 1496. Beguines nuns, established at Nivelle, 1207; the council of Vienna abolished a branch of the order in 1311, for some erroneous point of doctrine. Beheading of nobles, urst intro- duced into England by William I., as a less ignominious mode of pun- ishment, 1074. Behring's Straits, discovered and explored by a Dutch navigator, and found to be thirty-nine miles asunder, 1728. Belfast, first noted, 1315, when the castle was destroyed by Edward Bruce. The city granted by James I. to Sir A. Chichester, lord- deputy, 1612 ; erected into a corporation, 1613 ; the long bridge of 2000 feet commenced, 1682 ; William III. re- sided at several days, 1690; the first editions of the bible printed in Ireland published here 1704 ; the castle burned, April, 1708 ; the bank built, 1787; mechanics' institute es- tablished, 1825 ; the merchants here the only commercial men in Ireland who use their own vessels for their trade. Belgium, kingdom of, the southern part of the kingdom of the Nether- lands, the territory of the Belgse conquered by Caesar, 47 a.c. Under France in 1369, it was ceded to the Emperor of Germany, 1477 ; an- nexed to Spain by the emperor Charles V., 1556 ; revolt of, under the tyranny of Spain, 1579 ; fell again to Spain, 1648; seven pro- vinces ceded to Germany, 1714; three to France, 1748; Austrians expelled, but restored, 1789 ; the French conquered it, 1792 ; annexed to France, Sept. 30, 1795 ; placed under the sovereignty of the house of Orange, 1814 ; revolution in, Aug. 25, 1830 ; a provisional government declared its independence, Oct. 4, 1830; the Belgians took Antwerp and expelled the Dutch, driven into the citadel, thence they cannonaded the town, Oct. 27, 1830; Belgian independence acknowledged by the allied poAvers, Dec. 26, 1830; Duke de Nemours elected king, but his father refused his assent, Feb. 3, 1831 ; Leopold Prince of Coburg elected king, July 12, 1831 ; entered BEL 76 BEL Brussels, July 19, 1831 ; the King of the Netherlands recommenced hos- tilities, Aug. 3, 1831 ; France sent 50,000 men to the assistance of Belgium, but the articles of pacifi- cation of the great powers were ac- cepted, Nov. 15, 1831 ; Leopold married Louise, the eldest daughter of the king of the French, Aug. 9, 1832; riot at Brussels, April 6, 1834; treaty between Holland and Bel- gium, signed in London, April 19, 1839 ; the queen died, Oct. 10, 1850. Belgic States, confederacy so called, united for political purposes, 1790; entered by General Dumou- rier, 1792; united to the French republic, Sept. 30, 1795. Belgium, King and Queen of, visited England, 1837. Belgium, return of population given for, to the end of 1850, Dec. 31, 4,407,241. Belgrade, battle of, between the Germans and Turks, 1456; taken by Solyman, 1522 ; retaken, 1688 ; reverted to the- Turks, 1690 ; taken by Prince Eugene, 1717 ; ceded to the Turks, 1739; taken from them, 1789; restored, 1790; occupied by the Servian insurgents, 1806. Belhaven, Lord, cast away on proceeding to govern Barbadoes, Nov. 10, 1721. Bell, Book, and Candle, a catho- lic ceremony of papal excommuni- cation — the bell is rung, the book closed, and the candle extinguished, to deprive the censured of the sacra- ments and services of the church. Gregory VII. first excommunicated kings, in the case of Henry IV. of Germany, 1077; the royal body was five years above ground, nobody daring to bury it. King John was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III. in 1208, all England being under the impudent interdict for six years. Clement IV. excom- municated the citizens of Dublin in 1206. Pope Alexander, in 1170, put England also under an interdict ; and Henry VIII. was placed under one for shaking off the pope's supre- macy, 1535 ; Elizabeth also, in 1588. Bellair, battle of, in America, and Sir Peter Parker killed, Aug. 30, 1814. Belleisle, made a duchy, 1742 ; taken by Commodore Keppel and General Hodgson, June 7, 1641 ; restored, 1763. Belleisle, duke of, with his bro- ther, planned the war against the queen of Hungary, where his brother was killed ; made a marshal, 1741. Belleisle, Marshal, taken pri- soner, with his brother, Dec. 20, 1744; brought to England, Feb. 13, 1745; released, Aug., 1745. Bellingham, Northumberland, many houses at, destroyed by fire, Aug., 1730. Bellingham, John, shot Spen- cer Percival, the English minister, in the lobby of the house of com- mons, May 11, 1811. Bellman, appointed first in Lon- don, to proclaim the hour of the night, ringing three bells, and cry- ing, " Take care of your fire and candle, be charitable to the poor, and pray for the dead," 1530. Bells came from the east ; intro- duced by Paulinus, bishop of Nola, about 400 ; into France, 550 ; and in churches, by order of Pope John IX., by ringing them to avert thunder and lightning, 900 ; first cast in England by the Chancellor Turkey tel, under Edmund I.; the first time set up in Croyland abbey, 960. The largest bells are in Russia, that of the Kremlin weighs 443,772 lbs. ; St. Ivan's, at Moscow, 127,836 ; that at Erfurth, 28,224. St. Peter's, at Rome, 18 607 ; great Tom of Oxford, 17,000; great bell of St. Paul's, 11,474; Tom of Lincoln, 9,894; this last was broken, July 27, 1831. Bell-ringing is almost peculiar to England, where societies for bell- ringing have existed. Nell Gwynne left the ringers of St. Martin's-in-the- Fields, where there was a peal of twelve bells, money for a weekly entertainment. Bells, baptism and consecration of; once, too, they were anointed. At Little Dunmore priory, the bells BEN 77 BEN were baptised as St. Michael, St. John, the Virgin, Holy Trinity, &c. The bell of Notre Dame, in Paris, was baptized " The Duke of Angou- leme," in 1816. Belton, riot and fire at, which destroyed 27 houses, May 27, 1776. Belvoir Castle, a considerable part destroyed by fire, Oct. 28, 1816. Belzoni entered the second pyra- mid of Ghaza, May, 1817. Belzoni, the African traveller, news received of his death, from Gaeto, in Africa, Dec. 3, 1823 — eleven days after the death of Lord Byron at Missolonghi. Benakes, the holy city of the Hindoos, ceded by the Nabob of Oude to the East India Company, 1775 ; insurrection at, 1781 ; Cheyt Sing deposed at, 1783 ; several Eng- lish assassinated at, by Visier Aly, Jan. 14, 1799. Bencoolen, settled by the English, 1682; a fort erected at, 1690 ; dread- ful mortality at, 1693, from having built the town in a morass ; Marl- borough fort erected, 1714; the colony destroyed by Count d'Es- taign, 1760 ; reduced to a dependency of Bengal, 1801. Bencroft's Alms Houses, built at Mile End, 1785. Bender, city of, Charles XII. seeks shelter there after the defeat of Pultawa, 1709 ; peace concluded at, 1711 ; taken by the Russians, 1770, 1789, but kept at the peace of 1812. Benedictines, a monkish order, founded by St. Benedict, who died, 546 ; William I. built an abbey of the order, 1066, where the battle of Hastings was fought ; there was also a house of the order at Lewes built by the Earl Warren, 1070. There is at present a nunnery of this order at Hammersmith. Benefactions to the poor and to the various public hospitals in Erance, given or bequeathed and received by legacy, amounted, be- tween 1814 and 1823, to 27,503,256 francs. Benefices, those sinecures of the church began about the year 500, as church corruptions increased, in order to contribute to the luxury of ecclesiastics. They did not come into full use until the twelfth cen- tury, prior to which, the clergy were maintained by the contributions and oblations of the faithful. Then abuses soon crept in ; Pope Clement VII. gave to his nephew, in 1534, all the benefices that became vacant in six months. The number in England is, according to the return of 1852, 11,728 ; and the number of glebe houses, 8214 ; residents, 8077, non-residents, 2952; this is exclu- sive of bishoprics, deaneries, canon- ries, prebendaries, priest vicars, lay vicars, secondaries, and similar pre- ferments. The number of parishes is 11,077, and the churches and chapels between 12,000 and 13,000. The parishes in Ireland number 1456, but more than 900 glebe houses are at- tached. The net annual value of non-resident incumbents out of 2960, was only returned by 1297, from £10 to £2180 per annum. Benefit of clergy : an exemption of the clergy from the punishment of death for crimes, which was com- muted by burning in the hand. Oct. 24, 1513, this privilege was taken away from murderers and great criminals, and utterly abo- lished, 7 and 8 George IV., June, 1827. Benefit societies, act passed for, 1795. Benetsholm Monastery built in Norfolk, 1031. Benevento formed into a duchy, 571 ; the castle built, 1323 ; nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 1688, again, 1703 ; seized by the king of Naples, but restored to the pope on the suppression of the Jesuits, 1773. The late arch chancellor of France, Tallyrand, was made the prince of, by Napoleon. Bengal, Indian presidency of, subject to the princes of Delhi, in 1340; afterwards free until it fell to the Mogul. The first English trade BEE 78 BER there took place in 1534 ; the facto- ries withdrawn, 1656; made a sepa- rate agency, 1680 ; first factory at Calcutta, 1690 ; bought, and the works strengthened, 1700 ; the gar- rison, 129 soldiers, 66 only Euro- peans, 1706 ; the town taken by Surajah Dowla, and a number of persons suffocated in the Black Hole, 1756 ; recaptured by Clive ; grant vesting the revenue of in the com- pany, Aug. 12, 1765 ; made the chief presidency, June 16, 1773; supreme court formed, 1773 ; Pitt's India bill, Aug. 13, 1784 ; courts of law for civil causes established, Feb. 11, 1793; bishops of Calcutta made, July 21, 1813. Bengal Indiaman burned with twenty persons, Jan. 19, 1815. Bengeworth, near Evesham, nearly all consumed by fire, Aug. 25, 1750. Bennett, Sir John, a judge, fined £20,000 for bribery, 1616. Bennet Fink, church of, London, built, 1673. Bennet, St., Paul's Wharf, Lon- don, built 1683. Bennet, church of, St., Grace- church Street, London, built, 1685. Bentheim taken from the Elector of Saxony, July 19, 1804, by the French, and put in possession of Count Bentheim. Bentley, Dr., ejected from Cam- bridge, Oct. 17, 1718; appealed to the privy council, Oct. 30 ; restored by a mandate of the King's Bench, Feb. 7, 1723 ; deprived of the mas- tership by the Bishop of Ely, April 27, 1734 ; the sentence evaded by the vice-master's resignation, June 24, 1735. Berbice, colony of, surrendered to England, April, 1796 ; restored and again taken, Sep. 22, 1803 ; ceded to England, 1814. Bere-regis, forty-two dwellings at, consumed by fire, June 8, 1788. Berg, Murat made Duke of, bv his brother-in-law, Napoleon, 1806. Bergen, battle of, between the allies and France, the former de- feated, April 14, 1754; the allies defeated there again by the French with great loss, Sep. 19, 1799 ; Oct. 2, again, the Duke of York defeat- ed, losing 4000 men ; again, Oct. 6, before Alkmaer, losing 6000 men ; a convention concluded by which the Duke exchanged his army for 6000 French and Dutch prisoners in England. Bergen-op-Zoom, taken by the French, 1747 ; again, 1794 ; the British defeated in attempting to storm it, with dreadful loss, March 8, 1814. Bergen, Norway, 1660 families burned out at, 1756. Bergham Abbey, Sussex, built, 1160. Berkeley Castle, built by Henrv I., 1108; finished by Henry II."; Edward II. cruelly murdered there, Sep. 21, 1327 ; taken by Cromwell, Sep. 21, 1645. Berkley, Sir Robert, one of the judges of the King's Bench, taken off the bench at Westminster Hall, by the Black Rod, and committed, 1641. Berkshire freeholders met, Jan., 1821, to present an address to the King, regarding his treatment of the Queen. Berlin city founded by Albert le Bear, 1163 ; made the capital of Prussia ; taken by the three allies, in 1760, who were obliged to retire; taken by the French, Oct. 27, 1806, thirteen clays after the battle of Jena, whence Napoleon issued his celebrated decree against British commerce ; declared in a state of siege, Nov., 1848 ; pronounced ille- gal by the lower chamber, April 25, 1849 ; convention at, of Napo- leon with Prussia, Nov. 5, 1808. Berlin coach invented, 1509. Berlin observatory erected 1711. Berlin Decree revoked by France as regarded America, April, 1812. Berlin, mortality of, in 1755, one in 28 ; 1827, one in 34. Bermuda Islands, first called the Sommers Isles, discovered, 1527 ; inhabited, 1609, on Sir George BEE BHU Sommers being wrecked upon them ; settled by statute 9 James L, 1612; hurricane here, Oct. 31, 1780 ; an- other which destroyed a third of the houses, and drove all the shipping ashore, July 20, 1813. Bermuda College erected 1725 ; found unsuccessful 1728 ; negroes poisoned the whites there, Nov., 1830. Bernard, Mount St., passed by Napoleon before the battle of Ma- rengo, June 14, 1800; its loftiest peak is 11,006 feet high. Bernard Castle, Durham, built, 1270. Bernadotte beat the Prussians at Halle, Oct. 17, 1806. Bernadotte, crown prince of Sweden, crossed the Khine to act against his benefactor, Napoleon, Feb. 10, 1814. Bernard's, Sir John, statue voted for erection at the Eoyal Exchange, March, 1746. Berne, Switzerland, made an im- perial city, 1290 ; the French over- turned the old government, which was re-established, Dec. 24, 1813. Berri, Duke de, marriage of, with great pomp, in Paris, June, 1816. Berri, Duchess of, attempt upon her life, in Paris, May 12, 1820; arrested at Nantes, 1832. Berri, Duke of, assassinated at the door of the opera-house in Paris, by Louvel, Feb. 13, 1821. Berthier, General, made Prince of Neufchatel by the Emperor Na- poleon, Feb. 15, 1806. Bertran de Zara, an ambassador from Morocco, died in London, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, at the public charge, Aug. 17, 1715. Berton's, General, insurrection in France defeated, Feb. 26, 1822 ; executed at Poitiers, September 16, 1822. Beravick-upon-Tweed, on the Scotch side, burned, 1173, and again, 1216 ; taken from the Scotch and annexed to England, 1333; taken by the Scotch, 1354; the English, 1355 ; the Scotch, 1378 ; the Eng- lish, 1378; the Scotch, 1384; the English, 1385 ; finally ceded, 1502 ; surrendered to Cromwell, .1648 ; and subsequently to General Monk, Oct. 29, 1659. Berwick, Duke of, made gover- nor of Portsmouth, Jan. 22, 1687- 8 ; quitted England with his father, Dec. 23, 1688 ; reduced Fontarabia, June 16, 1718; killed before Phi- lipsburgh, June 12, 1734. Berzelius, the chemist, discover- ed the substance Calcium, 1818. Bessarabia occupied by three Russian armies, under Prince Po- temkin, 1789. Best, William Draper, tried for an assault on Mrs. Minifie ; and it being an attempt to extort money, pronounced not guilty, July 12, 1804. Bethlehem Hospital, originally an hospital of St. Mary of Bethle- hem, incorporated by Henry VIII., 1546 ; the old hospital in Moorfields erected, 1675; pulled down, in 1814; the institution removed to a build- ing in St. George's Fields, begun April, 1812. Bethlehem Hospital, additional buildings, 1839. Bethnal Green made a parish, April, 1743. Bethnal Green, St. Philip and St. James, new chambers at, open- ed, 1842. Betty, the young actor, a nine days' wonder of the multitude, born 1791 ; appeared on the stage in 1803, in the tragedy of Zara, Beyrout, Syria, destroyed by an earthquake, 566 ; remained subject to the Ottomans until 1832, and the revolt of Ibrahim Pacha; Ibrahim defeated by the British, Austrian, and Turkish forces, with the loss of 7000 men and twenty pieces of can- non, Oct. 10, 1840. Bhurtpoor, India, five times attacked by the British ; under Gen- eral Lake unsuccessfully, between Jan. 3 and March 21, 1805, losing a great number of men ; it was stormed by Lord Conibermere, Jan. 18, 1826. BIB 80 BIB Bible translated into Saxon, 939 ; Tindal's translation finished, Oct. 4, 1535 ; the revised version, 1537-8 ; permitted to be read by the laity, 1543 ; published in Tindal and Co- verdale's translation, 1550; the bishops' translation printed, 1588; published by authority, 1560; a new translation ordered, 1604; executed, 1607-11 ; Septuagint version, found 217 ; divided into chapters, 1253 ; permitted by the pope to be trans- lated into all the languages of the Catholic church, Feb. 28, 1759. The original translation made from the Hebrew into the Greek is called the Septuagint version, completed in the year 277 or 284 b.o. The old copies in the hands of the Christian community of both the old and new testament, are in the Vatican, writ- ten in the fourth or fifth century, and published in 1587. The next in date is supposed to be the Alex- andrian m.s. in the British museum, presented by the Greek patriots to Charles I., nearly of the same age. The most ancient copy of the old Testament existed at Toledo, in Spain, in 1000. The copy of Ben Asnur, of Jerusalem, was made about 1100. The Hebrew Bible of the Jews was divided into chapters by the Rabbi Nathan, about 1445. Archbishop Langton, 1228, divided the English Bible into chapters, and put a part into verses, and Robert Stephens completed it about 1534. The vulgate latin edition was made by St. Jerome, 405 ; is acknowledged by the Catholic church to be authen- tic ; first printed, 1462. The poly- glot Bible edited by Walton, bishop of Chester, in Hebrew, Syriac, Chal- dee, Samaritan, Arabic, Ethiopic, Persic, Greek, and Latin, 1657. Of the earlier editions in different lan- guages, though some may not be exactly the earliest, a few are as follows : — Spanish, . 1478 ; German, 1522; English, 1534; French, 1535; Swedish, 1541 ; Danish, 1550 ; Dutch, 1560 ; Russian, 1581 ; Hungarian, 1589, Polish, 1596; modern Greek, 1638; Turkish, 1626; Irish, 1685; Portuguese, 1748; Manks, 1771; Italian, 1776 ; Bengalee, 1801; Tar- tar, 1813; Persian, 1815; African, 1816 ; Chinese, 1820. Bible History, ceased 430 years before Christ. In the Old Testa- ment, books 39, chapters 929, verses 23,214, words 592,493, letters 2,728,100; in the New, books 27, chapters 260, verses 7,959, words 181,253, letters 838,380; total, books 66, chapters 1,189, verses 31,173, words 773,746, letters 3,566,480. The Apocrypha has 183 chapters, 6,081 verses, and 125,185 words. The middle chap- ter, and the least in the Bible, is the 117th psalm ; the middle verse is the 8th of 118th psalm; the mid- dle line is the 2nd book of the Chronicles, 4th chapter, and 16th vei'se; the word and occurs in the Old Testament 35,535 times ; the same word in the New Testament occurs 10,684 times ; the word Jehovah occurs 6,855 times. The middle book is Proverbs ; the mid- dle chapter is the 29th of Job ; the middle verse is the 2nd book of Chronicles, 20 th chapter, and the 18th verse ; the least verse is the 1st book of Chronicles, 1st chapter and 1st verse. New Testament : the middle is the Thessalonians, 2nd ; the middle chapter is between the 13th and 14th of the Romans ; the middle verse is the 17th of the 17th chapter of the Acts ; the least verse is the 35th verse of the 11th chap- ter of the Gospel by St. John. The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of Ezra has all the letters of the alpha- bet in it. The 19th chapter of the 2nd book of Kings, and the 37th chapter of Isaiah, are alike. The book of Esther has 10 chapters, but neither the words Lord nor God in it. Bible Societies, naval and mili- tary, 1780 ; Sunday School Society, 1785; French Bible Society, 1792; British and Foreign Bible Society, 1801; Hibernian, 1806; City of London Auxiliary, 1812 ; a bull from the Pope against, in 1817. BIL 81 BIL Other societies distributing the Bible not exclusively are numer- ous ; one the society for supporting Christian knowledge was establish- ed in 1698. Bible Society in Schleswig and Holstein ; the distribution of Bibles in 1834 was 3,647. First in France, by the Bishop of Rhodez, France, 1718; it was opposed, but second and third editions appeared in 1725, 1731, 1732, and 1735 ; it began to excite opposition, but all trace of it. was lost in 1750. Bible, ancient one discovered in Greece, a MS. made in 480, con- taining the evangelists. Bibles, the return of the number of, printed, from Jan. 1, 1848, to Dec. 31, 1850, by the king's printer, was 1,157,000 bibles, and 752,000 testaments. Bibles, sale of, in Great Britain ■ — Scotland, 61,000 annually, selling at 2s., Is., 10d., and 6s. 6d. ; printed in England, 240,000, exclusive of as many Testaments, &c, in 1834. Biddles, John, a noted miser, who died in 1833, and left a million sterling, having supported himself upon 6d. per day. Biddasoa river, passed by Wel- lington, Oct. 17, 1813. Biddenden maids, cakes so named, given away at Bidclenden, Kent, on Easter Sunday, impressed with the figure of two females who, tradition states, were joined in one at the hips and shoulders, in 1100, and died within six hours of each other ; some state the story to be fabulous. Bideford, disturbances at, and the exportation of potatoes pre- vented, May 20, 1816. Bigamy, statute against, passed 1276; declared to be felony, 1602; punished as larceny, 1794. Biggleswade, shock of an earth- quake felt at, March 1, 1791. Biggleswade waggon took fire on the road, and was burned, with valuable property, March 30, 1780. Bilbao, built bv de Haro, 1300; battle of, Dec. 25, 1836. Bill of Rights extorted from Charles I., 1628 ; a declaratory bill for the same purpose, passed Feb. 1689. Bill filed in the Court of Chan- cery by a highwayman named Everet, Oct. 3, 1725. Bill to prevent the infamous practice of stock jobbing, passed March 28, 1734. Bill for granting letters of marque against America, presented Jan. 28, 1777. Bill of Rights, French, published by the Convention, April 19, 1793. Bill brought in by Lord Castle- reagh, to continue the alien bill, June 1, 1820. Bill of Pains and Penalties in- troduced by Lord Liverpool, July 5, 1820. Bills of exceptions first admit- ted, 1284. Bills of Exchange invented by the Jews, 1160; used in England, 1307 ; legal mode of sending money from England, 1381 ; regulated, 1698 ; first stamped, 1782 ; duty ad- vanced, 1797, and June, 1801; made a capital offence to counterfeit, 1734 ; statutes regarding consolidat- ed, 1828; last act for regulating, July, 1839. Bills of Mortality first compiled, 1533, and Avere formally recognized after the great plague of 1593. In 1604, the burials in 97 parishes, 16 out-parishes, and in the outer parishes were 4,323 ; also 896 of plague; 5458 christened. In 1619, 7,999 were buried, and 8127 chris- tened. In 1627, 7,711 were buried, and 8,408 christened. In 1635, 10,651 buried, and 10,034 chris- tened. In 1643, 12,216 buried, and 9,410 christened. In 1651, 10,804 were buried, and 6,071 christened. In 1659, 14,720 were buried, and only 5,690 christened ; the plague that year being very fatal. In 1664, 15,448 were buried, and 11,722 christened. Great years of mortality in London were 1592, 1603, 1625, 1636. In 1603 and 1625, eight times more died in London than were bora, and a fifth BIL 82 BIL part of all. The plague of 1603 lasted eight years, and that of 1636 no less than twelve years. In 1665 the funerals in the parishes within the walls, were 15,207, of which number 9,837 died of the plague. Of the sixteen parishes without the walls 41,351 died, and of the plague 28,888. In the twelve parishes in the out parts, 28,554 died; of the plague, 21,420. In the five parish- es of the city and liberties of West- minster, 12,194 died ; of the plague, 8,403. The funerals in 1665 were 97,306, and out of this number, 68,596 died of plague, the last time it ever visited the metropolis. The late act of parliament for the regis- tration of deaths, births, and mar- riages, at last fixed the returns nearer a certainty, prior to which they were very carelessly recorded. In 1780 they were given as 16,634 births, and 20,507 burials ; in 1800, 19,176 births, to 23,068 burials ; in 1820, 26,158 births, to 19,348 burials ; in 1840, at 30,387 births, to 26,774 burials; and in 1850, at 39,973 births, to 36,947 burials. Includ- ing the suburbs of London within the registrar general's district, the number of births for the year end- ing Jan., 1850, was 72,662 ; and of deaths, 61,423. The population is about two millions and a quarter. The deaths per cent, are: males, 2.7; females, 2.24 per cent. The most fatal diseases are those of the respiratory organs. Of 100,000 born in London, 31,671 die under five years old ; from five to ten, 3,408 ; ten to fifteen, 1,381 ; fifteen to twenty, 1,856 ; twenty to thirty, 5,016; thirty to forty, 6,816; forty to fifty, 8,543; fifty to sixty, 11,470; sixty to seventy, 13,495; seventy to eighty, 11,842; eighty to ninety, 4,142; above ninety, 360; so that nearly one in ten lives to eighty. The mortality of some towns is much greater in proportion than that of the metropolis : of these, Liverpool shows the highest rate of mortality. The country is healthier than the towns ; and in the Southern counties, a greater number live to the commonly allot- ted age of man than in the northern, in the hilly than in the flat coun- ties. The pursuits of life too have a considerable effect in the increase or decrease of mortality in particu- lar districts. Bills of Indictment found against Sir Charles Wolsely and Joseph Harrison, at Chester, for speeches made at Stockport, July 15, 1819. Bills to mitigate the severity of the criminal law, brought into par- liament by Sir James Mackintosh, May 9, 1820. Billing, Little, Priory, North- ampton, built 1076. Billiards, invented in France, 1571. Slate tables introduced, 1827. Billingsgate, London, built and made a free market, 1499 ; but the same spot was used as a market for fish, 979 ; the customs began to be paid here for the crown in the reign of Ethelred II. It was made a free market, 1669 ; burned, 1718, 1755, 1809. Binary Arithmetic, invented by Leibnitz, 1694. Bindon Abbey, Dorset, built, 1172. Bingham Priory, Norfolk, built, 1206. Bingham Castle, in Ireland, burn- ed, Nov. 11, 1755, doing damage to the extent of £50,000. Birch tree, black, brought from America, 1736 ; another variety, the Betula Pumila, introduced 1762. Bird, Mr., and his servant, mur- dered at Greenwich, Feb. 12, 1816. Birkenhead Priory, Cheshire, erected, 1189. Birkenhead, riot at, among the Irish labourers, at a public meeting, Nov. 27, 1850. Birmingham Theatre enlarged and beautified, 1788. Birmingham and Coventry Canal completed, July 6, 1790. Birmingham, riots at, on the oc- casion of a dinner being given to celebrate the second anniversary of BIS 83 BIS the French revolution : the mob determined to destroy the houses of every liberal individual in the town, few or none of whom were at the festival; the house of Dr. Priestley, his library, and philosophical appa- ratus — the houses of Messrs. By- land, Bussell, Hutton, and others — with the chapels of the Dissenters, were demolished ; cries of " Church and king!" and of "No philoso- phers ! " rang through the streets ; several of the rioters were taken, and some were executed, July 14, 1791. Birmingham Theatre destroyed by fire, Aug. 17, 1792; rioters at, fired on by the troops, Oct. 25, 1793. f Birmingham Societv of Arts es- tablished, Feb. 7, 1821. Birmingham Coach robbed of £8000, Dec. 12, 1822. Birmingham Musical Festival re- turned £10,500, Oct. 23, 1823. Birmingham Town Hall com- pleted, 1833; new market at, opened, 1834. Birmingham and Liverpool rail- way opened, 1837. Birmingham, mortality of, in 1811, one in 30^ ; in 1824, one in 43. Biron, duke of, executed in Paris, 1602. Biron, duke of Courland, sent to Siberia, Nov. 12, 1740. Birth of Mahomet, 571. Births of children taxed in Eng- land, 1695 and 1783. The birth of a duke, £30 ; of a plebeian, 2s. Woman at Konigsburgh delivered of five children, Sept. 3, 1783. The wife of Neilson, a tailor, of Oxford market, London, delivered of five, in Oct., 1800. Biscay, in Spain, reduced by France, Oct., 1719. Biserta destroyed by the Vene- tians, Aug. 25, 1786. Bisham Abbey, Bucks, built 1338. Bishop and Williams executed for murdering an Italian boy, Dec. 5, 1831. Bishop of Osnabure:, the Duke of York, sent to Germany, to be edu- cated, Jan. 1, 1781. Bishops, first translation, insti- tuted, 239 ; originally appointed by the people, 400 ; first in England, 694 ; in Denmark, 939 ; made ba- rons here in 1072 ; precedency set- tled, 1075; banished England, 1208; consented to be tributary to Rome, 1245 ; empowered to imprison here- tics, 1382. The first executed by a sentence of the civil power, 1405 ; six new ones instituted, 1530 ; elect- ed by the royal conge oVelire, 1535, held their sees during pleasure, 1547 ; seven deprived from being married, 1554 ; several executed by Mary, 1555 — 8 ; excluded from vot- ing upon temporal questions in the house of peers, 1640 ; fifteen conse- crated at Lambeth, 1559; their lands taken into the hands of the crown, and impropriate tithes substituted for them, June 24, 1559 ; refused to take the oath of supremacy to Queen Elizabeth, and imprisoned, 1559; expelled Scotland, 1639; deprived of the right of voting in parliament and of temporal jurisdiction, Feb. 14, 1641; the whole order abolished, Oct. 9, 1646, after ten had protested against the proceedings of parlia- ment, and had been sent to the ToAver, 1641 — 2 ; eight new ones consecrated, and nine restored, Oct. 25, 1660 ; resigned their seats in the house of peers, Nov. 30, 1661 ; seven sent to the Tower for not reading the king's declaration for liberty of conscience, acquitted June 30, 1688 ; six suspended for not taking the oaths to king William, Feb., 1690; deprived, 1690; sees of Bristol and Gloucester united, and that of Ripon created, 1836 ; an order in council, Oct. 1838, ordered the sees of Bangor and St. Asaph to be united, and a new see to be created at Manchester ; this was rescinded 1846. Bishoprics of England and Wales, according to the antiquity of their institution.— London, an archbishopric and metropolitan of BIS 84 BIS England, founded by Lucius, the first Christian king of Britain, 185 ; Landaff, 185 ; Bangor, 516 ; St. David's, 519 (the archbishopric of Wales, from 500 to 1100, when the bishop submitted to the archbishop of Canterbury as his metropolitan) ; St. Asaph, 547; St. Augustin, or Austin, made Canterbury the me- tropolitan archbishopric, by order of Pope Gregory, 596; Wells, 604; Rochester, 604; Winchester, 650; Lichfield and Coventry, 656 ; Wor- cester, 679; Hereford, 680; Dur- ham, 690 ; Sodor and Man (with jurisdiction of the Hebrides in Scot- land), 838; Exeter, 1050; Sherborne (changed to Salisbury), 1056; York, archbishopric, 1067 ; Dorchester (changed to Lincoln), 1070 ; Chi- chester, 1071 ; Thetford, (changed to Norwich), 1088; Bath and Wells, ib.; Ely, 1109; Carlisle, 1133. The following six were founded upon the suppression of the Monasteries by Henry VIII.. — Chester, Peterbo- rough, Gloucester, Oxford, Bristol, Westminster, 1538. Westminster was united to London, 1550. Bishops in Ireland lay claim to an earlier appointment than those of England, which is doubtful. The bishopric of Ossory is said to have been founded, 402 ; that of Trim, 432 ; prelacies there were consti- tuted, 1151 ; several were deprived by Queen Mary, 1554; Atherton put to death ignominiously, 1640 ; Two bishops deprived for not taking the oath to King William, 1691 ; one of Clogher deprived, 1322 ; church temporalities act, reducing the Irish bishoprics, passed, Aug. 14, 1833; of five archbishoprics, two were abolished, and eight of the eighteen bishops were, as they fell vacant, to be united to other sees, so that the Irish church should con- sist, as at present, of two archbishops and ten bishops, which number, by the lapses named, became existent, 1850. Bishops, Scotch, said to have been constituted in the fourth century, or in 370. Episcopacy was abolished in Scotland, in 1688-9. There are six nominal bishops, called post revolution bishops, at present in Scotland. Bishops, Colonial, first constituted in 1 784, in the person of the bishop of Connecticut, consecrated by four Scotch nonjuring prelates. The •bishops of New York and Pensyl- vania consecrated in London, Eeb. 4, 1787; of Nova Scotia, Aug., 1787; the bishop of Virginia, 1790; the first Roman catholic bishop in the United States was Dr. Carroll, of Maryland, 1789 ; Canada, 1793 ; a bishop of Calcutta was appointed, July, 1813 ; and of Madras, and of Bombay, 1833 ; there are others in most of the colonies. Bishopkics, incomes of — Canter- bury, £20,000; York, £14,000; Durham, £24,000; Winchester, £18,000; Ely, £12,000; London, £10,000 ; Bath and Wells, £5000 ; Chichester, £4000; Lichfield and Coventry, £6000 ; Worcester £4000 ; Hereford, £4000 ; Bangor, £5000 ; St. Asaph, £6000 ; Oxford, £3000 ; Lincoln, £5000 ; Salisbury, £6000 ; Norwich, £4000; Carlisle, £3500; St. David's, £5000; Rochester, £1500; Exeter, £3000; Peter- borough, £1000; Bristol, £1000; Llandaff, £900; Gloucester, £1200; Chester, £1000; these have since been equalized or modified, as the sees fell in, and new bishoprics have been erected at Ripon and Man- chester. Irish Bishops, before the reduction, had revenues as follow, besides large tracts of, land, by the leases of which enormous sums were realised — Armagh, £8000; Dublin, £5000; Tuam, £4000; Cashel, £4000; Deny, £7000; Clonfert, £2400; Clogher, £4000; Kilmore, £2600; Elphin, £3700; Killala, £2900; Limerick, £3500; Cork, £2700; Cloyne, £2500; Down, £2300; Dromore, £2000; Leigh and Ferns, £2200 ; Kildare, £2600; Raphoe, £2600; Meath, £3200; Killaloe, £2300; Ossorv, £2000; Waterford, £2600. Bishoprics in Germanv founded BL A 85 BLA by Charlemagne, 800. Eemoved to great towns, from villages in England, 1076. Bishop of Rome martyred, 65; took title of Pope, 138. Bishopric of Manchester esta- blished, act for, 1847. BisHOP-Auckland, palace rebuilt, 1665. Bishops Gate taken down and sold, 1761. Bithynia, in the ancient king- dom of which arose the Ottoman » Turks, 1327. Black-Lead, or Plumbago, for pencils, first noticed at Zurich, 1565; mines of, in Cumberland, noticed by Merrett, 1667; an in- ferior kind imported from Mexico and Ceylon. Black-Death, the disease so call- ed, visited London, not a tenth part of the citizens left alive, 1348. Black Prince entered London with his prisoner John, king of France, 1356 ; entertained by the mayor of London, together with the kings of England, Scotland, Erance, and Cyprus, in 1363. Black Monday, or Easter Mon- day, 1351, when hailstones fell that killed both horses and men in the army of Edward III., from the ex- treme cold. The same name is given in Ireland to the day when a number of English were slaughtered at a village near Dublin, 1209. Black-book kept in the Ex- chequer, open for the inspection of visiters, 1535, in order, by blacken- ing the monastic institutions, to render their spoliations more popu- lar. A work of the same name, developing the sinecures, pensions, and abuses in the English State and Church, was published, 1822. Blackfriars, of the order of St. Dominic, instituted, 1215, by de Guzman, a priest of Spain; there were converts of the order in Lon- don and Oxford. Blackwall Hall, London, first appointed repository for woollen cloths, 1515. Previously purchased by the city of London, 1397. Black Eagle, order of, in Prussia, instituted, 1701. Black Act passed, 1723. Black cattle, mortality among, Blackfriars' Bridge, voted for in the city, 1755; bill for, passed May 17, 1756 ; the first stone laid, Oct. 3, 1760 ; finished, 1770 ; cost, £1 50, 840 ; toll-houses built, June, 1773 ; burnt by rioters, and re- erected, June 7, 1780 ; toll taken off, June 24, 1785; Sunday toll took place, June 24, 1786 ; bridge paved, 1792 ; repaired, 1831 ; level reduced, July, 1840 ; carriage-way sunk, 1850. Black hole, at Calcutta, suffoca- tion of 123 Englishmen in, June, 1756. Blackheath insurrection, under Wat Tyler, 1381. Jack Cade en- camped here with 20,000 men, 1451. Battle of Blackheath, in which the Cornish insurgents were defeated, June 22, 1497. The cavern on the ascent of the hill to Blackheath discovered, 1780. Black River Port, captured by the British, Oct. 10, 1782. Black Sea, the Emperor of Ger- many obtained the free navigation of, 1784. Blackfriars' Bridge, toll taken off, June 22, 1785; cost of, £152,840. Blackwall Dock begun to be excavated, and hedges with trees found beneath strata of clay and sand, March 20, 1790. Blackwall Docks, the West In- dia opened, Aug. 27, 1802; the East India opened, Aug. 4, 1806. The Blackwall railway opened, July 4, 1840. Blackwell, Dr., beheaded at Stockholm, July 29, 1747. Blackwood's Magazine cast in £100, for a libel upon Professor Leslie of Edinburgh, July 22, 1822. Blackburn church destroyed by fire, Jan. 6, 1831. Blackburn town made a borough, 1832. Blacow, the Rev., found guilty of preaching a libellous sermon BLI 86 BOA against the Queen, at the Lancas- ter Assizes, Aug. 15, 1821. Blaize, St., an order of knight- hood at Aeon, begun, 1252. Blake, the celebrated and noble- minded admiral, died, 1657; buried in Westminster Abbey, Sept. 4. His remains dug up three years afterwards, by order of Charles II., and buried under the Tyburn gibbet. Blakeney, General, defended Stirling Castle, 1745. Blanchard, Madame, killed in Paris, by falling from a balloon which had taken fire, July 6, 1819. Blanco Cape, Africa, discovered, 1441. Blankets, first made in England, 1340. Blandford : the judges of assize and others die of the jail-fever, 1730; town burned, June 4, 1731, 300 houses destroyed ; and again, 1775. Blandy, Miss, hanged at Oxford, April 6, 1752, for poisoning her father. Blanquet, the French admiral, his sword presented to the city of London, by Lord Nelson, Oct., 1798. Blantyre Priory, Scotland, built, 1296. Blantyre, Lord, killed by acci- dent in the Belgian insurrection, Sept., 1830. Blazonry of arms, introduced into families in England and France in 1192. Bleaching, art of, introduced into England, 1768 ; chemical process of Berthollet introduced, 1795. Bleaching by vapour, first used 1805. Blendenhall East Indiaman, news received of its loss, April 20, 1822. Blenheim, battle of, fought Aug. 2, 1704, between Marlborough and Marshal Tallard. The French and Bavarians lost 27,000 men killed, and 13,000 prisoners. Bliburgh Priory, Suffolk, built, 1110. Blind, school for, instituted, 1799. Bligh, Captain, governor of New South Wales, and the former com- mander of the Bounty, which muti- nied, arrested by the commander of the New South Wales corps, for his tyrannical conduct, Jan. 25, 1808. Blisworth, near Northampton, nearly destroyed by fire, May 28, 1799, fifty houses and offices being burned. Blonde frigate lost on the Seal Islands, Sept. 3, 1784. Blood, circulation of, through the lungs, made known by Servetus, a Spanish physician, 1553 ; other partial discoveries tending to lead to the same fact were made by Paul Sarpi and others, but the real discovery belongs to the illustrious Harvey, who proved it in 1628. Blood, transfusion of, attempted in France with no great success, when it was suppressed by the go- vernment. Again attempted in France, 1797, and tried in England, in a few instances Avith success since 1823. An English surgeon is said to have practised this way in 1691. Blood of Christ, an order begun in Mantua, 1608. Blood, Colonel, seized the Duke of Ormond, intending to hang him at Tyburn, but was prevented, Dec. 6, 1670 ; attempted to steal the crown jewels, May 9, 1671 : he died, 1680. Blowing Machines, the first large erected by Smeaton at the Carron iron works, 1760. Blucher, Marshal, defeated by Murat, Nov. 6, 1806. Blucher, Marshal, defeated at Ligny by the French, June 15, 1815. Blue, Prussian, discovered at Berlin, 1704. Blue-coat School, or Christ's Hospital, London, instituted by Edward VI., 1552; new infirmary at, built 1822 ; first stone of the new hall, laid April 28, 1825. Blunt, a South Sea director, re- fused to be examined by the House of Peers, Feb. 4, 1721. Blythe Dry Dock opened, Sept. 11, 1811. BOH 87 BOL Boadicea, queen of the Britons, I burned London, and killed 70,000 j of the inhabitants, to resent the treatment she had received from the Romans, 61. Boadicea transport run aground near Kinsale, Ireland, when 200 of the 82nd regiment perished, Jan. 31, 1816. Board of Control, for Indian affairs, established by Pitt, Aug. 17, 1784 ; amended, 1788 ; remo- delled, 1793. Board of Trade and Plantations ; the idea originated with Cromwell, 1655; a board or council established by Charles II., 1660; remodelled by Wm. III. ; abolished in 1782, and a new board, on the present plan, adopted, Sept. 2, 1786. Board of Agriculture offered va- rious premiums for the improve- ment of land, 1813. Boat of iron first made and launched, May 20, 1777, holding fifteen persons, at Foss, in Yorkshire. Boccaccio's Decameron, a rare copy (1471), sold to the Duke of Marlborough, at the Duke of Rox- burgh's sale, for £2260, June 17, 1812; sold again, in June, 1819, for 875 guineas. Bodleian Library, Oxford, re- built and finished by Sir T. Bodley, 1598. Bogs, Irish, calculated at three millions of acres ; one of them, near Poulenard, in Louth, Ireland, Dec. 20, 1793, moved from its original situation some miles, crossed a high road, and overturned all in its way. Drainage act for bogs passed 1830. Bohemia, kingdom of, founded .550, ruled by dukes; Christianity introduced into, 894 ; conquered by the Emperor Henry III., 1041 ; the regal title conferred upon Uratislas, the first king, 1061 ; Silesia made a province of Bohemia, 1342 ; King John of, slain at the battle of Crecy, 1346; the Elector-Palatine Frederick driven from Bohemia, 1618 ; crown secured to the Aus- trian family, 1648; Silesia and Glatz ceded to Prussia, 1742; the peasantry revolted, 1775 ; edict of toleration issued, in 1C81 ; the French entered Prague, 1806. Boiling, phenomena of, ascer- tained by Hook, and that nothing increases the heat of the boiling liquid, 16S3. Boiling to death, a punishment inflicted by a law of 23 Henry VIIL, 1532 ; poisoning was made treason, and the Bishop of Roches- ter's cook suffered that Avay, as well as a young woman named Davie, in 1541. Bois-le-Duc, a battle between the English and French, Sep. 14, 1794; the English commanded by the Duke of York. The town taken by the French, Oct. 6, 1794 ; by the Prussians, 1814. Boiler explosion at Stockport, March 17, 1851, by which twenty lives were sacrificed. Bolingbroke Castle, Lincoln- shire, the birthplace of Henry IV ; the remains fell down, May, 1815. Bolingbroke, Lord, impeached, June 10, 1715, after his dismissal from power, and withdrew to France. Discarded by the pretender for neg- lect, to whom he acted as secretarv, Feb. 25, 1715-16; pardoned by George I., April 26, 1723 ; returned home, May, 1724. Bolivia, one of the South Ameri- can freed states, so called, 1825, from its illustrious liberator, Simon Bolivar, president of Columbia, who died at San Pedro, Dec. 17, 1831, aged 47. Bolia^ar published an address to the Columbians, announcing their complete independence, June 8, 1822. Bologna Stone, the property of, discovered in the year 1550. Bologna observatory erected in 1714. Bologna, city of Italy, noted for a university, built by theodosius, 433 ; taken by Pope Julius IX., and entered with great pomp, Nov. 10, 1506 ; taken by the French, 1796 ; by the Austrians, 1 799 ; by the BON BON French again, after the battle of Marengo, in 1800 ; restored to the pope, 1815. Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1120; the castle, 1297. Bolton, the engineer, of Bir- mingham, first authorised to coin penny and twopenny pieces, June 10, 1797. Bolton, England, chartered as a borough, 1832. Bolton, extensive bleachworks at, belonging to Hardcastle & Co., destroyed by fire, Oct. 27, 1825. Bombay, given with Tangier in Africa and £300,000 in money to Charles II., as the marriage portion of Catherine of Portugal, 1661 ; granted to the East India Company at free and common soccage as of the manor of East Greenwich, at an annual rent of £10, 1668; confirmed by William III., 1689 ; now one of the three Indian presidencies ; nearly destroyed by fire, and many lives lost at, Feb. 27, 1803. Bombs, invented, some assert, by a native of Venloo, 1499 ; others say not till 1588. In 1634, they came into general use. Bomb vessels, invented in France, 1681. Bonapakte family, the great name of modern history ; this name, Italianised, is written Buonaparte, but in the register of the birth of Napoleon, the names are spelled in both modes. Charles Bonaparte, or Carlo Buonaparte, was born at Ajaccio, in Corsica, 1744, of one of the best families in the city; edu- cated in Tuscany, he returned home and married Letitia Ramolini, aged 17, being born at Ajaccio, 1750; she died Feb. 2, 1836 ; she had five sons and three daughters. Her husband took part with Pascal Paoli in 1768, reluctantly sub- mitting afterwards to live under French rule, though named royal counsellor and assessor under it ; chosen deputy to the French court, 1777 ; one of the council of twelve nobles, 1781 ; he went to Marseilles, 1785, about his health, and died there, Feb. 24, 1785. Joseph, the elder, (successively King of Naples, and of Spain, in 1808,) Napoleon, Lucien, Louis, and Jerome, were the five sons ; of the daughters, Pauline became Princess Borghese ; Caroline, wife of Murat, king of Naples ; and the other sister, Madame Bacciocci. Napoleon, born Aug. 15, 1769, distinguished himself at the military school of artillery, in 1784 ; was appointed to the artillery in the regiment of La Fere, 1785; distinguished himself greatly at the siege of Toulon, by superior skill in directing the bat- teries ; rose to be a general of brig- ade, 1794; commanded the troops, Oct. 5, that year, who were em- ployed to defend the convention, and defeated the Parisians; mar- ried, March, 1796, Madame Jose- phine Beauharnois, whose husband had been one of Robespierre's vic- tims ; three days after his marriage, he quitted his bride for Nice, to command the army there, found it in a state of destitution, but, not discouraged, he out-manoeuvred the Austrians, and in April won the battles of Montanotte, Millesimo, Dego, and Mondovi ; May 10, 1796, he gained the field of Lodi, and quickly became master of Piedmont and the Milanese ; fought the battle of Lonato, Aug. 3, 1796; that of Castiglione, Aug. 5 ; the battle of Roveredo, Sept. 4; of Bassano, Sept. 8 ; of San Giorgo, Sept. 13 ; of Areola, Nov. 15 ; in 1797, Jan. 13, gained the battle of Rivoli ; the 16th of La Favorite ; took Mantua, Feb. 2 ; gained the fight of the Tag- liamento, March 12; of Levis, Mar. 29; on the 23rd, Trieste surren-. dered to him ; April 16, he signed the preliminary treaty of Leoben, with Austria; May 16, took pos- session of Venice ; 17th, signed the treaty of Campo Formio ; set sail for Egypt, May 20, 1798; fought the battle of the Pyramids, July 21 ; the battle of El Arich, Feb. 15, 1799 ; of Nazareth, April 8 ; of Mount Thabor, April; besieged BON 89 BON Acre, May 21 (siege raised by Sir S. Smith) ; battle of Aboukir, with the Turks, July 25; sailed for Prance, August 23 ; landed at Fre- jus, Oct. 7; dissolved the conven- tion, Nov. 9 ; was declared first con- sul, Nov. 10 ; made peace with the Chouans, Feb. 15, 1800 ; crossed the Alps, and foughj the Austrians at Romano, May 26; at Montebello, June 9 ; and at Marengo, June 16 ; preliminaries of peace signed with Austria; the infernal machine ex- ploded, to destroy him, Dec. 24; treaty of Luneville, with the Aus- trians, Feb. 9, 1801 ; preliminaries with England, Oct. 8 ; the Cisalpine republic placed under Bonaparte ; definitive treaty with England sign- ed, March 27; he instituted the Legion of Honour, May 15; de- clared consul for life, Aug. 2, 1804 ; General Moreau arrested for plot- ting against him, Feb. 5; Due D'Enghien shot, March 20 ; made emperor, May 18 ; crowned by the Pope, Nov. 19; wrote a pacific let- ter to the King of England, in Feb., 1805; declared King of Italy, May 26 ; marched against Austria, Sept. 24 ; won the battle of Werthingen, Oct. 8 ; of Guntsburgh, Oct. 9 ; of Meiningen, Oct. 14; of Elchingen, Oct. 15 ; General Mack surrendered at Ulm, Oct. 20; Vienna taken, Nov. 13; battle of Diemestein, Nov. 21 ; of Austerlitz, Dec. 2 ; treaty of Presburgh signed, Dec. 26; Louis Bonaparte made King of Holland, June 5, 1806 ; convoked the Jews, July 26 ; published the Confedera- tion of the Rhine ; gained the battle of Saalfield, Oct. 10 ; of Weimar, Oct. 13; of Jena, Oct. 14; of Halle, Oct. 18 ; of Zebdernich, Oct. 26 ; pf Prentzlow, Oct. 26; of Jabel, Nov. 2 ; issued the Berlin decree, Nov. 19 ; gained the battle of Zar- novo, Dec. 23 ; of Pultusk, Dec. 25 ; of Mehringen, Jan. 26, 1807 ; of Bergfried, Jan. 27; of Evlau, Feb. 6 ; of Ostrolenska, Feb.' 19 ; of Weiskelmonde, Aug. 15 ; of Friedland, June 14; signed the treaty of Tilsit, July 7; Joseph Bonaparte declared King of Spain, July 7 ; battle of Valmaceda, Oct. 8 ; of Gamenal, Oct. 10 ; ,of Burgos, Oct. 16; conference at Erfurt, Sept. 20; Bonaparte arrived at Vitforia, Nov. 5; battle of St. Ander, Nov. 18 ; surrender of Madrid, Dec. 4 ; of Santa Cruz, Dec. 8; Bonaparte returned to Paris, Jan. 22, 1809 ; war declared against Austria, April 6 ; marched against Austria, April 13 ; battle of Landshut, April 21 ; of Eck- muhl, April 22 ; of Ratisbon, April 25 ; of Newmarkt, April 26 ; Bona- parte entered Vienna a second time, May 10 ; battle of Vienna, May 11 ; of Gapick, May 18; of Essling, May 22; of Raab, June 14; of Engersdorf, July 5 ; of Yfagram, July 6 ; treaty of Vienna, Oct. 14 ; his marriage with Josephine dis- solved, Dec. 16; he married Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis II. , March 11, 1810 ; Holland and the Hanse Towns annexed to France, July 9; Bernadotte elected crown prince of Sweden, Aug. 21 ; Ham- burgh annexed to the French em- pire, Jan. 1, 1811 ; the Empress of France delivered of a son, styled King of Rome, April 20 ; Napoleon led his army against Russia, May 2, 1812 ; reached Konigsberg, June 11 ; entered Wilna, June 28 ; bat- tle of Kosnoi, Aug. 14; of Smo- lensko, Aug. 17 ; Smolensko taken, Aug. 18; battle of Mojaisk, Sept. 5 ; of Moskwa, Sept. 7 ; Moscow entered, Sept. 14; evacuated, Oct. 22; battle of Malojawslavetz, Oct. 24 ; ' of Wop, Nov. 8 ; of Krasnoe, Nov. 16; of the Beresina, Nov. 27; he left the army for Paris, Dec. 5 ; reached Paris and raised new levies, Dec. 18 ; took the command of the army on the Elbe, in April. 1813 ; battle of Lutzen, May 1 ; of Baut- zen, May 20 ; of Wurchen, May 26 ; armistice agreed on, June 4 ; hos- tilities recommenced, Aug. 17 ; bat- tle of Dresden, Moreau killed, Aug. 28 ; Dresden evacuated, Sept. 28 ; battle of Leipsic, Oct. 18 ; the Allies published a declaration against him, BON BOO Dec. 1 ; his enemies cross the Rhine, Jan. 4 ; battle of St. Dizier, Jan. 27 ; of Brienne, Jan. 29; of Champ Aubert, Feb. 9 ; of Montmirail, Feb. 11 ; of Vauchamp, Feb. 14 ; of Nangis, Feb. 17; of Montereau, Feb. 25 ; of Croane, March 7 ; the Allies entered Paris, March 31 ; Napoleon abdicated the throne, April 11 ; sailed for Elba, May 8 ; sailed from Elba to France, March 1, 1815; arrived at Paris, and re- ascended the throne, March 20; declared an outlaw by the Allies, March 25 ; called a new house of peers and of representatives of the people, in April ; also a Champ de Mai; battle of Fleurus gained, June 14 ; defeated the Prussians at Ligny, June 16; defeated at Water- loo, June 18 ; abdicated the throne in favour of his son, June 21 ; sur- rendered himself to the English captain, Maitland, of the Bellero- phon, July 15 ; sailed to St. Helena, Aug. 1 1 ; expired there, of a cancer in the stomach, at ten minutes be- fore six p.m., on May 5, 1821, and was interred on May 9, in a spot chosen by himself; his will regis- tered in England. The French chambers decreed that, with the consent of England, his remains should be removed to France ; they arrived at Cherbourg, Nov. 30, 1840, and were interred at the In- valides, with great solemnitv, Dec. 15, 1840. Bonaparte took his seat as pre- sident of the French Institute, Jan. 27, 1801. Bonaparte, Joseph, crowned King of Naples, Dec, 1805. Bonaparte, Louis, crowned King of Holland, June 5, 1806. Bonaparte, Jerome, made King of Westphalia, Dec. 1, 1807. Bonaparte and the Emperor of Russia met at Erfurt, and offered peace to England, Sept. 27, 1808; rejected by England, Dec. 15. Bonaparte united Rome to the French empire, May, 1809. Bonaparte, Lucien, arrived in England, Dec. 18, 1810; created a Roman prince by the pope, Aug. 1814 ; refused passports for himself and family to North America by the allied sovereigns, March 18, 1817; born at Ajaccio, 1775; died, 1 840, leaving several literary works ; he was the patron of the French poet Beranger. Bonaparte, Lords, resigned the crown of Holland, 1810. Bonaparte and the Pope signed a second concordat, Jan. 25, 1813. Bonaparte established Lancas- terian schools in France, by a de- cree, April 27, 1815. Bonaparte, Napoleon Francis Alexander Joseph, Duke of Reich- s tacit, the only son of the French emperor Napoleon I., born, March 20, 1811 ; brought up at the court of Vienna, where he was a sort of pri- soner at large ; died at Schoenbrunn, July 22, 1832. Bonaparte, Louis, died at Leg- horn, 1846. Bonding of merchandise system extended, Jan. 1, 1815. Bondage, release of her villeins by Queen Elizabeth in several of her manors, 1574; this led to the overthrow of villenage throughout England, Bones, the art of softening dis- covered, 1688. Bones to the value of £200,000 are said to be annually imported here. Bonhommes, order of, appeared in France, 1257 ; came to England, 1283. Bonn, fall of stones at, July 13, 1816. Bonn, taken by the Prince of Orange, Oct. 1673 ; by the Duke of Brandenburg, Oct. 7, 1687; by Marlborough, 1703 ; and the French, 1794. The celebrated palace of the Prince of Cologne there burned down, June 15, 1777, at a loss of £200,000. Bonnet, bishop of London, en- tered at Oxford, 1512 ; made bishop, 1539 ; deprived, May, 1550 ; died in the Marshalsea, Sept. 5, 1567. Books, in their present form, in- vented by Attalus, king of Perga- BOO 91 BOO mus, 887 ; begun to be sold by catalogue, 1676 ; supposed to bave been written in a portable form as early as tbe days of Job. Tbe prices were anciently very bigh. Jerome ruined bimself by buying the works of Origen. A large estate was given by King Alfred for a book on cosmography, 872. They sold at prices varying from £10 to <£40, in 1400. Thirty thousand volumes burned by Leo, 761. The first printed, a vulgate edition of the Bible, 1460; the second, Cicero de Officiis, 1466 ; Cornelius Nepos was the first classical book printed in Russia, April 29, 1762. Books to the extent of 200,000 volumes burned at Constantinople. There were 4,194,412 volumes in the sup- pressed monasteries of France in 1790 ; 2,000,000 of these were upon theology; the MSS. were 26,000; in the city of Paris alone there were 808, 120 volumes. The first English book was the game and play of chess, by Caxton, 1474. The first in Dublin was the liturgy, 1550. Books of astronomy and geometiy were de- stroyed in England in the reign of Edward VI., 1552, being accused of a taint of magic. A Countess of Anjou, in the fifteenth century, paid for one book 200 sheep, five quarters of wheat, and the same quantity of rye and millet ; and in early times, the loan of a book was considered to be an affair of such importance, that in 1299, the Bishop of Winchester, on borrowing a Bible from a convent in that city, was obliged to give a bond for its restoration, drawn up in the most solemn manner ; and Louis XL, in 1471, was compelled to deposit a large quantity of plate, and to get some of his nobles to join with him in a bond, under a high penalty to restore it, before he could procure the loan of a book which he bor- rowed from the faculty of medi- cine at Paris. The earliest bound book is supposed to have been bound about 650, the book of St. Cuthbert. A latin psalter in oak boards was bound in the ninth century. The evangelists, on which the English kings from Henry I. to Edward VI. took the coronation oath, was bound in oak boards nearly an inch thick, 1100. In the fourteenth century velvet and silk were used. Vellum was introduced in the fifteenth century, and was stamped and or- namented in 1510. Leather came in about the same time. Cloth binding superseded plain boards about 1831. India rubber backs were introduced in 1841. Books, exclusive privilege of printing, first granted in 1490, by Henry, bishop of Bamberg; the oldest Venetian privilege dates from 1491 ; the oldest Papal, 1505 ; one was granted in 1495, by Duke Louis Sforza of Milan ; a Papal one in 1506, to Tosino, a bookseller of Rome ; in 1507, one to Verard, by Louis XII. ; the first imperial, 1510 ; and in 1527, one from the Duke of Saxony, to the edition of the Xew Testament by Emser ; in 1590, one was granted in England, by Queen Elizabeth, to one Weight, of Ox- ford, for a translation of Tacitus ; but the oldest was in 1510, for the history of King Boccus, and another in 1518 ; works " cum gratia et pri- vilegio" occur in 1520, 1521, 1525, 1528, 1530, &c. In 1483, no foreign merchants were allowed to import books and manuscripts to print them here ; they were afterwards per- mitted to do so, but Henry VIII. revoked the liberty in 1533. In 1538, the same king issued an order respecting the printing of bibles ; and in 1542, gave an exclusive pri- vilege for the purpose, to last four years. Exclusive privileges after- wards became numerous. During the Commonwealth the privilege was abolished, but in the 27th Charles II. restored; the same in Queen Anne's reign, in that of George I. and George III. Tbe existing patent was conferred in 1830 (Jan. 21), and terminates in 1860; the patentees have not, re- cently, thought proper to enf'uree BOO 92 BOS their rights. In Scotland, before 1700, various licenses were granted ; to one Basket, July 6, 1716 ; Alex- ander Kincaird, 1749 ; to Blair and Bruce, 1798 : the patent ceased in 1833. In Ireland, George III. granted a patent to one Grierson, for forty years ; it was renewed by his son, 1811. Book Censors first appointed by Berthold, archbishop of Mentz, 1486 ; this was followed by a man- date of Pope Alexander VI., in 1501, with the same object; in 1515, the Council of the Lateran at Rome appointed ecclesiastical cen- sors; usurped in France by the faculty of theology in 1650. Book of Sports, published, 1617; burned by the hangman, May 5, 1643. Book Trade in Germany, the first Easter catalogue of, 1600. Books, published in Germany from 1814 to 1826 inclusive, 50,303, being new works. Books, published in France from 1814 to 1826:— In 1814—979; 1815 —1712; 1816—1851; 1817—2126; 1818—2431; 1819—2441; 1820— 2465; 1821—2617; 1822 — 3114; 1823—2687; 1824—3436; 1825— 3569; 1826—4347, showing the great advance after the peace of 1815 in the book trade in that country; total, 33,774 works in thirteen years. Number published 1852 reached 8261 ; of these 4321 were published in Paris, 3926 in the departments, and 15 in Algiers. Of all 6635 were new publications 7682 were in French , 90 German 44 English; 110 Spanish; 66 Greek 4 Arabic ; 28 Italian ; 6 Hebrew 208 Latin ; 15 Portuguese ; 4 Polish 3 Oriental ; and 6 Polyglott. Book-Keeping, in the Italian mode, originated in the fifteenth century, and was first made known here by Peele in 1569. Boone, Colonel, founded the pro- vince or state of Kentucky, in America, being the first settler, in 1771. Booty of military, largest plun- der by military hordes, that of Thomas Kouli Khan, in the year 1734, being £266,250,000 sterling. Borax, brought to Europe from India, 1713 ; it has since been found in Europe. Bordeaux, magistrates of, fined 1,000,000 francs, for counter-revo- lutionary principles, Mar. 10, 1793. Bordeaux entered by the English army, Feb. 13, 1814; deputies from, arrive in London, to invite Louis XVIII. to return to France, March 25, 1814. Borgia, the noted Csesar, slain at Vienna, 1507. Borgo St. Sepolcro, Tuscany, had its cathedral and 150 houses de- stroyed by an earthquake, Sept. 30, 1789. Borneo, Labuan, colonized by England, Dec. 2, 1846, under Sir James Brooke, styled Rajah of Sa- rawak. Borodino, sanguinary battle of, between Napoleon and the Russians, Sept. 7, 1812. The loss on both sides was enormous, 240,000 men being engaged. The victory was with the French emperor, who after- wards marched into Moscow, Sept. 14. Boroughs, towns which send members to parliament, so named since Burgesses were returned in the reign of Henry III., 1265 ; first ad- mitted into the Scotch parliament by Robert Bruce, 1326; into the Irish, 1365. Borough-English, a mode of tenure which existed as early as 834. It was abolished in Scotland in 1062. Boroughbridge, battle of, be- tween Edward II. and the Earls of Hartford and Lancaster, the latter were defeated and beheaded with the greatest insults near Pontefract, 1322. Boscobel Oak, Staffordshire, in which Charles II. concealed himself after the battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651. Boston, United States, built 1630 ; fires at, 1747, 1760, 1761, 1763 ; re- BOU 93 BOU sisted British taxation, 1773 ; pro- scribed, and the ports shut, March 25, 1774 ; besieged by the English, and 400 houses- destroyed, Mar. 25, 1775. Boston Church, England, built 1309; damaged by fire, May 23, 1803. Bosen, called also Penguin Island, at the Cape of Good Hope, sunk by an earthquake, Jan. 2, 1809. Bosworth Field, battle of, Aug. 22, 1485, ending the wars between the red and white roses, or the houses of York and Lancaster. Boswell, Sir Alexander, killed in a duel by Mr. James Stuart, for a libel which he had written in a scandalous paper called " The Beacon," March 26, 1822. Botany founded by Aristotle, 320, B.C. ; studied till the end of the fif- teenth century ; study advanced by Fuchsius, Bock, Banlieu, Cassalpi- nus, and others, before 1600 ; Lin- naeus system, 1750 ; Jussieu, 1758 ; there were 11,800 plants described at the death of Linnaeus, 1778 ; the additions recorded to 1850 are 100,000. Botany Bay discovered by Cook, 1770; first settlement of, expedition, sailed in May, 1787 ; arrived in Jan. 1788. Bothel Castle, Northumberland, built, 1330. Bothwell married the Queen of Scots, 1566 ; died in Denmark, 1596. Botolph's, St. Priory, Colchester, built, 1109. Botolph Church, Aldgate, built 1749; Bishopsgate, 1727; Alders- gate partly rebuilt, 1820. Botolph, Aldgate, London, meet- ing of the inhabitants, to adopt measures for resisting the claim of 2s. 9d. in the pound, on the rents of the parish, by the lay impropriators, Sept. 2, 1824. Bottles, of glass, made first in England, 1558 ; one to hold two hogsheads blown at Leith, Scot- land, Jan., 1748. Boulogne, France, taken by the English, 1542 ; restored, 1550 ; ves- sels at, attacked by Nelson success- fully, Aug. 3, 1801 ; a second at- tempt unsuccessful, Aug. 15, 1801 ; again attacked by Catamarans, Oct. 3, 1804 ; town set on fire by con- greve rockets, Oct. 8, 1806. The present Emperor of France, Napo- leon III., made a descent at, and was taken prisoner, Aug. 6, 1840. Boulogne Flotilla fitted out to invade England, 1804, consisting of 1300 vessels, 17,000 seamen, 160,000 soldiers, 10,000 horse and propor- tionate artillery ; frustrated by Nel- son's destruction of the combined fleets of France and Spain, which Napoleon had designed to double upon Cornwallis, off Brest, and a portion to sweep the channel at the same time, 1805. Boulter, Dr. Hugh, archbishop of Armagh, in Ireland, distributed in 1727 and 1728 large quantities of corn to the poor during the dearth, and had all the poor received and fed at his own expense in Dublin. In 1739 and 1740, he supported the poor without regard to religious dis- tinction in the poor-house of Dublin, and his charities in Ireland alone were £40,000. He died 1742, and be- sides a provision for his widow, he left £30,000 more in charities. Boughton, near Canterbury, riot at, Thorn the lunatic killed, 1838. Bounties for the exportation of goods first given, in 1688 ; given in America for raising naval stores, 1703 ; subsequently for other arti- cles. The principle is now exploded. Bounty, mutiny of the armed ship, owing to the tyranny of the com- mander, Bligh, April 28, 1789 ; the captain and nineteen men reached Timor at last, south of the Moluccas, in June, a distance of 4000 miles. Six of the mutineers tried and three executed, Sept. 15, 1792 ; others of the mutineers, ten in number, reach- ed and colonised Pitcairn Island, where their descendants were dis- covered, 1814. Bourbon created into a- duchy, 1336 : Anthony, head of the family BOU 94 BOY of that name ; Henry of Navarre, his son, came to the throne of France, 1589 ; the crown of Spain settled on a younger branch of the family, 1713; duke of, disgraced by Louis XV., 1726; family compact of, 1761 ; expelled France, 1791 ; restored by the armies of the allied powers, 1814; again expelled, and restored by the allies, 1815 ; again expelled, July, 1830, by the French people ; the Orleans branch then ascended the throne in the person of Louis Phi- lippe, Aug. 9, 1830 ; deposed, Feb. 24, 1848, and his family expelled. Bourbon, island of, discovered by the Portuguese, 1545 ; the French settled it, 1672 ; surrendered to the English, July 2, 1810; awful hurricane at, Feb., 1829. Bourbon les Baines, Bassigni, France, the vault under the church gave way during mass, Sep. 14, 1778 ; when 600 persons were killed. Bourdeaux, or Bordeaux, united to the dominions of Henry II. of England ; King John of France brought there captive, 1356 ; Ri- chard II. born at, 1362 ; entered by Wellington after the battle of Or- .thes, Feb; 25, 1814. Bourdenaye, the commander -in- chief of the French East India ships, seized at Plymouth, Jan. 7, 1747. Bourgainville, a celebrated French navigator who escaped from the massacres in Paris, 1792, and died, 1811. Bourignonists, a sect founded by Antoinette Bourignon, 1658 ; her supporters increased to thousands, 1670 ; died, 1680. Bouskt, George, and two other assassins tried at the Old Bailey for the murder of Mr. Thynne in Pall Mall, together with Count Konings- mark, who had hired them to com- mit the crime, Feb. 28, 1682. Bousky and his two companions executed in Pall Mall, March 10 ; but Count Koningsmark was favoured by the court and escaped; he Avas after- wards assassinated himself, by order of George I., when Elector of Han- Boussole and Astrolabe French discovery ships first missing Oct. 27, 1788. Bow Bridge first built, 1087. Bow Church, Cheapside, built, 1673 ; tower finished, 1680. Bow and Arrow Castle, isle of Portland, built in a remote time, taken from King Stephen, 1142. Bow new bridge opened, 1839. Bowes, A. A., excommunicated, for not having paid £553 expenses in the Ecclesiastical Court, for costs in a suit of his wife's, March 6, 1790. Bowler, John, convicted of shooting Mr. Burrows near Harrow, and wounding him, July 3, 1812, a farmer of good property, exe- cuted Aug. 21. Bowles, the widow, died, West Hannay, Berks, April 4, 1719, aged 124. Bowman, a coachman to a Turkey merchant, opened the first coffee- house at Cornhill, 1652. Bows and Arrows introduced into England a second time, by William the Conqueror, 1066 ; they were known previously, before 420. Boxtel, battle of, Sept. 17, 1794, between the English under the Duke of York, and the French ; the latter were the victors, taking 2000 pri- soners, and eight pieces of cannon. Boyd, Captain, and Major Camp- bell, fought a duel in Ireland; the latter found guilty of murder, and executed Aug. 12, 1808. Boyer, Gen., condemned to death by the Bourbons, for suffering Mar- tinique to be given up to Napoleon, after his return from Elba ; com- muted to twenty years' imprison- ment, 1816. Boyle lectures instituted, 1691, by Robert Boyle, son of the great Earl of Cork. Boyne, battle of the, fought July 1 , 1690, between William III. and James II., in Ireland ; the latter defeated, losing 1500 men. Boyne man-of-war burned at Portsmouth, May 4, 1795, when numbers of persons perished by the BRA 95 BEE explosion of the magazine ; wreck of the sunk hull cleared, 1840. Brabant made a duchy, 620 ; devolved on the Count of Louvain, 1005; the Austrian division taken by the French, 1746 ; again, 1794 ■ it now forms part of the kingdom of Belgium. Brabant, Council of, remonstrated against the Emperor Joseph and the useful reforms he proposed, 1787. Bracciara, Italy, 200 houses de- stroyed by an earthquake at, 1782. Bradenstoke priory built, 1076. Bradford, Wilts, letters at, from Bath and Bristol, delivered three days in the week after June 24, 1741, only a few miles distant. Bradford, Wilts, much injured by fire, April 30, 1740. Bradford, Yorkshire, made a borough, 1832. Bradshaw, John, president of the high court of justice, who died in October, 1659, taken out of his grave and hanged at Tyburn, by Charles II., on his restoration, Dec. 3, 1660. Bradsole abbey, Kent, built 1191. Bradstow Pier destroyed by a storm, Jan. 2, 1767. Braganza, house of, razed, 1640. Bramber Castle, Sussex, built be - fore the Conquest. Brancepeth Castle, Durham, built, 1140. Brandenburg family recognized in Henry I., 923 ; title" of margrave of, 927 ; Frederick IV. made elector, in 1417 ; a dukedom, 1526. Brandenburgh House, Hammer- smith, the residence of Queen Caro- line of England, 1820 ; expired at, Aug. 7, 1821 ; demolished, 1823. Brandy first extracted from the dried fruit of the caroba tree, 1805. Brandtwine, battle of, in Ameri- ca, in which the colonists were de- feated, and Philadelphia taken, Sept. 11, 1777. Braschi, Cardinal Angelo, elect- ed pope Feb. 14, 1775; expelled from Borne by the French ; died, a prisoner of the Directory, Aug. 29, 1799, at Valence. Brass Crosby, lord mayor of London, committed to the Tower, 1771, by the House of Commons, for holding a messenger to bail. Brass money called in, 1560. Bray, vicar of, a notorious turn- coat, the Rev. Symon Symonds ; twice a papist and twice a protest - ant in two successive reigns, Henry VIII. to Elizabeth inclusive, be- tween 1533 and 1588; he boasted that his principle was to live and die vicar of Bray, whence the well- known song. Brazenose College, Oxford, founded, 1513. Brazil discovered, 1486 ; settled by Spain; 1575; by the Dutch, 1624; taken by the Portuguese, 1654 ; government fixed at Rio, 1753; diamond mines discovered, 1730; independent of Portugal, Dec. 14, 1815 ; obtained popular repre- sentation, 1822 ; Don Pedro Em- peror, 1825 ; abdicated in favour of his infant son, 1831 ; returned to Portugal, where a civil war broke out. Brazil Slave Trade abolished, 1832. Bread, during the siege of Paris by Henry IV., made from the bones of the charnel houses, 1594 ; assize of bread in England, 1202 ; London bakers' company incorporated, 1307 ; bread not allowed to be sold in bakers' shops until 1302; bread made with yeast by the English bakers, 1634; sale of bread as at present authorized, 1815 ; sale of, in Ireland, regulated by statute, 1832 ; bread act, 1836 ; in Ireland, 1838 ; in 1754, the quartern loaf was 4d. ; in 1757, lOd. ; in March, 1800, 17d., and new bread forbidden under the penalty of 5s. the loaf; if sold under twenty-four hours, old ; in January, 1801, the quartern loaf was Is. lid. ; in July, 1810, 2s. 5d. ; in July, 1823, it was lOd. ; and in 1833, 8|d. Bread-fruit tree brought to the West Indies by Captain Bligh, Jan., 1793; 1151 were brought from Ota- haite ; introduced at St. Helena, BEE BRI 1793 ; 352 left at Jamaica ; 5 re- served for Kew Gardens ; cultivated successfully in Guinea, 1802. Bread, the assize upon, abolished Aug. 19, 1815. Breakfast in 1480 ; a tavern bill of this date ran as follows : Break- fast provisions "Syr Goefry Wal- ton, the gude Ladie Walton, and their fair daughter Gabrielle — 3 pounds of saved salmon, 2 pounds of boiled mutton and onions, 3 slices of porke, 6 red herrings, 6 pounds of leavened bread, 1 chop- pin of mead, 5 choppins of strong beer." Breakwater at Plymouth begun Aug. 10, 1812 ; finished, 1841 ;J it is 5280 feet long, 360 broad at the bottom, and 30 at the top ; it took 3,666,000 tons of marble blocks, of from one to five tons each, and cost £1,500,000. Breastplate armour invented, 397 b.c. Brechin, Scotland, besieged, 1333, by Edward III.; battle of, 1452; see founded, 1150 ; bishopric discontin- ued, 1688; a post-revolution bishop- ric established, 1731. Brecknock Castle, Wales, built, 1039 ; priory, 1100. Brecknock Canal opened June 28, 1802. Breba taken by Prince Maurice of Nassau, 1590 ; by the Spaniards, 1625 ; by the Dutch, 1637 ; treaty there between Charles II. and the Scotch, 1649; Charles II. resided at, 1660 ; taken by the French, 1793; retaken the same year; the French garrison excluded by the inhabitants, 1813. Breeches worn in Pome in the time of the emperor Augustus ; breeches makers expelled from Pome in 394 ; introduced into Eng- land, 1554. Bremen fortified, 1010 ; sold to the elector of Hanover, George I., 1716 ; damaged by an explosion of powder, 1,000 houses injured, and forty persons killed, Sept. 10, 1739; taken by the Erench, 1757; the Erench expelled by the Hanover- ians, 1758 ; seized by the French, 1806 ; annexed by Napoleon to the French empire, 1810; restored to independence, 1813. Brescia, Italy, nearly destroyed by an explosion of gunpowder, July 8, 1779. Brescia, crops in the whole vicinity of, destroyed by an inun- dation, Aug. 15, 1850. Breslau, battle of, between the Austrians and Prussians, the latter defeated, Nov. 22, 1757; city of, surrendered to the king of Prussia, Dec. 8, 1740 ; to the French, Jan. 5, 1807 ; again, 1813. Brest, France, possessed by the English, 1378 ; given up to the Duke of Britany, 1391 ; Lord Berke- ley and the British forces repulsed here with great loss, June 8, 1694 ; the magazine, 400 yards long, de- stroyed by fire, and 7,000 crowns in stores destroyed, Jan. 19, 1744 ; marine hospital, and fifty galley slaves burned, Dec. 1, 1766 ; maga- zine of, destroyed by fire, July 10, 1784. Bretiony, peace of, with France, by which England regained Gas- cony and Guienne, and acquired Saintonge, Agenois, Perigord, Lim- ousin, Bigorre, Angoumais, and Rovergue ; England renouncing Maine, Anjou, Touraine, and Nor- mandy, and receiving 3,000,000 crowns to release king John, long a prisoner in London, May 8, 1360. Breviaries first adopted by the Church of Rome, 1080. Brewers' licences taxed, 1781. See Beer. Brewhouse of Meux & Co. vats burst at, Oct. 17, 1814. Briar's Creek, battle of, between the Americans and British, March 16, 1779, the Americans being beaten ; the same result from a second action at the same place, May 3. Bribery, in cases of public jus- tice, first indictable, 1288, Thomas de Weyland, a judge, being banish- ed for that offence ; William de Thorpe, chief justice of the court BRI 97 BRI of king's bench, hanged for bribery, 1351; another judge fined £20,000 for the like offence, 1616 ; Mr. Wal- pole sent to the Tower for bribery, 1712; Lord Strangford suspended from voting in the Irish house of lords for soliciting a bribe, Jan., 1784. First practised in England at elections, 1554; forbidden by law at elections, 1696, 1729, 1735. Sykes and Rumbold imprisoned for bribery at an election, March 14, 1776 ; a Durham elector convicted, 1803 ; Davidson, Parsons, and Hop- ping convicted of bribery at Ilches- ter, April 28, 1804 ; seven fined and imprisoned for bribery at Pen- ryn ; Sir M. M. Lopez fined £10,000, and condemned to a year's im- prisonment, for bribery at Gram- pound, Oct. 1819. Members for Liverpool and Dublin unseated for bribery, 1831 ; the supporters of Mr. Knight of Cambridge convict- ed of bribery, Feb. 20, 1835 ; the elections for Cambridge and Lud- low made void, 1840. The St. Alban's bribery committee and pro- ceedings, 1850 ; the Derby pro- ceedings on a charge of corruption of electors against a member of Earl Derby's government, 1852. Brichian, order of knighthood, in Sweden, instituted, 1366. Bricks early used in England by the Romans, 44; made under Al- fred the Great, 886; size regulated by Charles I., 1625 ; taxed, 1784, 1804, with tiles ; paid duty in England in 1820, 949,000,000; in 1830, 1,100,000,000; in 1840, 1,400,000,000; 1850, 1,700,000,000. Bricks and Tiles — duty laid on bricks, 2s. 6d. per thousand; plain tiles, 3s. ; pan tiles, 3s. ; paving tiles, Is. 6d. per hundred; large do., 3s. per hundred ; all others, 3s. per thousand, 1784. Duties repeal- ed, 1846. Bridewell, London, a palace of king John, by Fleet Ditch ; rebuilt by Henry VIIL, 1522; given to the city by Edward VI., 1553 ; con- verted into an hospital, 1558; sub- sequently used as a house of cor- rection, by the mayor and corpora- tion of London ; the number of prisoners is in general about 1,300; other places of restraint' from this adopted the name of Bridewell : as in Westminster, the act for which was passed in 1826, the new Bride- well, 1829; that in Tothill-fields rebuilt, 1831. The first bridewell was so called from being near St. Bride's Well. Bridge, London, fire on, by which 3000 persons were burned and drowned, 1212. Bridge, new, over the Esk com- pleted, Aug. 12, 1777. Bridge-street Association, a true bill for extortion and oppres- sion found against it, July 21, 1821. Bridges, Trajan's, over the Dan- ube, 4,770 feet long, 103 broad ; the first of stone, in England, at Bow, near Stratford, 1087 ; London, 1176; rebuilt, 1831; Westminster erected, 1750; Blackfriars opened, 1769; Waterloo, 1817; Vauxhall, 1816; Southwark, 1819; Hunger- ford, 1845; there passed over the old bridge of London in the day, 89,640 foot passengers; 769 wag- gons ; 2,924 carts and drays ; coaches, 1,240 ; gigs and taxed carts, 485 ; horses, 764. Since that time the population is nearly dou- bled. Bridge at the Menai Strait erected, 1825 ; tubular bridge over the Menai, 1850 ; Aberconway tu- bular bridge, 1848. Bridge of the Puerto de Santa Maria, near the town of Cadiz, fell as soon as com- pleted, and killed several hundred persons, Feb. 22, 1779. Bridgman, Sir Orlando, refused to sign the indulgences, Nov. 17, 1672. Bridgnorth Castle, built 800. Bridgtown, Barbadoes, destroy- ed by fire, 1668 ; 160 houses de- stroyed by a second fire, Feb. 8, 1756 ; again, Feb. 14, 1758 ; again, May 14, 1766, and Dec. 27, 1707 ; half ruined by hurricanes in 1780 and 1831. Bridgwater Castle and Bridge built, 1204. BEI 98 BEI Bridgwater Canal begun by Brindley the engineer, at the ex- pense of the Duke of Bridgwater, 1758. Bridgwater House erected, in the Green Park, 1848. Bridle, the keeper of Ilchester jail, convicted of cruelty to his pri- soners, and fined ,£50. Bridport, Lord, captured three French sail of the line, July 27, 1795. Bridport, riot at, on account of the high price of bread, May 4, 1816. Brienne, battle of, between the French and the allies, Feb. 1 and 2, 1814; the allies were defeated with great loss. Brighton, or Brighthelmstone, Sussex, a small place inhabited by fishermen, and burned by the Erench, 1474; Charles II. embark- ed there for France, after the battle of Worcester, 1651 ; the Prince of Wales built a marine residence there, 1784 ; sold after his decease as George IV. ; block house swept away by the sea, March 26, 1786 ; part of the cliff fell with great damage, Nov. 16. 1807 ; chain- pier erected at, 1,134 feet long ; completed, 1823 ; injured, Oct. 15, 1833 ; population of, 51,000 ; made a borough, 1832. Brightwill, Berks, greatly da- maged by fire, May 13, 1740. Bright, Mr., of Maldon, Essex, died, Nov. 10, 1755, aged 29, weigh- ing 44 stone. Brill and Flushing delivered to the English, 1584 ; given back, 1616. Bristol, city of, built before the Christian era ; cathedral built, 1311, Gothic style, 175 feet long, 73 wide ; obtained a charter, and was made a separate county by Edward III. ; taken by the Earl of Gloucester, on behalf of his sister Maud, 1138 ; St. Mary's church built, 1292 ; ob- tained a new charter, 1581 ; taken by Charles L, July 26, 1643 ; at- tacked by Cromwell, Sept., 1645 ; act for a new Exchange passed, 1723; built, 1741; bridge built, 1760 ; attempt to set the shipping on fire, Jan. 22, 1777 ; riot at, on account of a toll, Oct. 25, 1773, the people fired upon ; docks form- ed at, 1807 ; riot on the entrance of Sir Charles Wetherell, warehouses plundered, prison forced, nearly a hundred houses burned; inactivity of the mayor and magistrates, and many lives lost, Oct. 29, 1831 ; rioters tried, Jan. 2, 1832, four exe- cuted, and twenty- four transported ; suicide of Colonel Brereton, Jan. 9, 1832 ; see of, erected by Henry VIII. ; the cathedral, once the ca- tholic church of the abbey of St. Austin, founded by Bobert Fitz Harding, 1148; Paul Bushe, the first bishop, 1542 ; see of Bristol united with Gloucester, 1836 ; Bris- tol cross built, 1373 ; removed to Stourhead, 1760. Bristol, plaD to seize, discovered, and seven persons, adherents of the Pretender, apprehended and brought to London, Oct. 18, 1715. Bristol, Earl of, and Bishop of Deny, taken up as a spy in Italv, March 21, 1798. Bristol merchants petition the parliament against the intolerable oppression of extents in aid, May 8, 1817. Bristow, Captain, discovered a group of islands in south latitude 50° 46', long. E. 166° 35'; named them Lord Auckland's Islands, 1809. Britain, island of Great, the earliest mention of which is in the account of the voyage of Hamilcar, or Hamilcon, preserved by Festus Avienus, to the islands of JEstry- minion, or Cassiterides, in search of tin ; to which the Carthaginians, being the marine carriers for the Phoenicians, used to sail for that purpose, by way of Gades or Cadiz. The description given of the locality whence the tin was obtained, is also found in the early Eoman writers. Julius Csesar first visited Britain 55 years before the Christian era. The expedition of Claudius into Britain took place in the year 40 of BEI 99 BEI the existing era ; first discovered to be an island, 40 ; London founded by the Eomans, 49; Caractacus taken and carried to Rome, 51 ; the Romans defeated by Boadicea, 61 ; Suetonius defeated a large army of the Britons, 61 ; the conquest com- pleted by Agricola, 85 ; reign of Lucius, the first Christian king, 179; Severus occupied York with his court, 207 ; died there, 211 ; Ca- rausius ruled Britain, 286; was killed by Alectus, who still usurped the supreme power, 293 ; Constan- tius, the emperor, recovered Britain, defeating Alectus, 296; he died at York, 306; the Romans finally withdrew from England, 426; the Anglo-Saxons called in to aid the natives in their defence against the Picts, 449; the new allies of the Britons drove them into Wales and the west, 455 ; many crossed over from the west and settled in Britany or Armorica, 457 ; South Britain divided into seven kingdoms, called the Heptarchy, which lasted till 827 ; Egbert then crowned king of all England, the heptarchy having become united under him, 820. — The kings or leaders who governed before and under the heptarchy are very imperfectly handed down : those since the Christian era, whose names (and names alone, in many cases,) remain, are as follow: Avir- agus, 45 ; Marius, 73 ; Coilus I., 125 ; Lucius, 179 ; Severus, the Roman emperor, 207; Carausius, 284 ; Alectus, 293 ; St. Helena and Constantius, the latter emperor of Rome, 296; Constantine, the first Christian emperor of Rome, 337; Constans, brother of Constantine, 340; Magnensius, 350; Constan- tius, his vicars in Britain, Gra- tianus, Funarius, and Martinus, 353 ; Julian, 361 ; Jovian, 363 ; Valentinian, 364 ; Gratian, 375 ; Maximus, 381 ; Valentinian, 388 ; Honorius, 395; Vortigern, 446; Vortimer, 464 ; Vortigern again, 471 ; Aurelius Ambrosius, of Roman extraction, 481 ; Uthcr Pen- dragon, 500; Arthur, 506; Con- stantine, cousin of Arthur, 546: Aurelius Conan, 576; Vortipor, Cuneglas, 576; Malgo Coranus, 586 ; Careticus, 613 ; Cad wan VI., Prince of North Wales, 615 ; Cad- wallan, 678; Cadwallader. [Here the Saxons conquered all the coun- try east of the Severn, and divided it, and the British rulers were only styled " Princes of Wales."] The kingdoms of the heptarchy were Kent; Sussex and Surrey, called the North Saxons; Bucks, Hants, Wilts, Somerset, Dorset, and Devon, called the West Saxons ; the East Saxons, comprising Essex, Middle- sex, and a part of Herts ; Northum- bria, comprising Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Dur- ham, and Northumberland; the East Angles, including Norfolk, Suffolk, and the Isle of Ely ; Mer- cia, including Gloucester, Hereford, Chester, Stafford, Worcester, Ox- ford, Salop, Warwick, Derby, Lei- cester, Bucks, Northampton, Notts, Lincoln, Bedford, Rutland, Hunt- ingdon, and part of Herts. Of these seven kingdoms, Kent began with Hengist, 455, and numbered seven- teen kings to Egbert, the last being Baldred, 805, conquered by Egbert, 823. The South Saxon began with Ella, 490, and terminated with Authun and Berthun, 688; the names of most of the princes are un- known ; conquered 725 by Ina. The kingdom of the West Saxons began with Cerdicus, 519, of which Bertric was the last, 781, numbering eighteen kings before the throne fell to Egbert. The East Saxon princes numbered fcmrteen kings, beginning with Erchenwin, 527, until seized by Egbert. The king- dom of Northumbria, at first two governments, became united under Ida in 547 ; in all twenty-eight kings before Egbert, 808. The kingdom of the East Angles com- menced under Uffa, 575, and ter- minated under Ethclbert, 790, num- bering sixteen monarchs. The powerful kingdom of Mercia began with Crida, or Cridda, 586, in all LtfC BKI 100 BRO twenty-one kings, the last being Burhred or Burdred, 852, when it terminated, like the others, in the sovereignty of Egbert. These seven kingdoms had all been nominally united under one chief, who made an eighth; hence there was an octarch over all before the time of Egbert, who became absolute by vanquishing the subordinate seven, he being the octarch, or acknow- ledged head, at that moment. The first of the octarchs was Hengist, first king of Kent, 457 ; Ella, 490 ; Cerdic, 519 ; Kenrick, 534 ; Ceal- win, 560 ; St. Ethelbert, 593 ; Eed- wald, 616; Edwin, 630; Oswald, 635; Oswen, 644; Wulfhae, 670; Etheldred, King of Mercia, 675; Conrad, 704 ; Celred, 709 ; Ethel- bald, 716 ; Offa, 758 ; Egforth, 796 ; Kenulf, 796 ; Egbert, 820. Brittany, ^France, founded 383 ; made a duchy, 874; annexed to France, 1150 ; silver mine dis- covered there, Nov., 1730. Britannia Bridge, last tube of, raised to its place, Sept. 13, 1850. British East Indies, value of American exports to, 1845, 431,398 dolls. British West Indies, 4,124,220 dolls. To Brazil, 2,837,950 dolls. British ships seized in Spain, March, 1726 ; in France, 1743. British Linen Company formed 1746. British Lying-in Hospital esta- blished in Bro wnlow Street, 1749. British Herring Fishery incor- porated, 1750. British Museum founded on a grant of parliament of £20,000 to the daughters of Sir Hans Sloane, April 5, 1753 ; the collections of books, MSS., and articles of vertu, cost him ,£50,000; the library con- sisted of 50,000 volumes, and the different articles were 69,352 in number : annual grants for import- ant additions to the buildings have been since made. British India, Pitt brought in a bill for the better government of, and the appointment of a board of control, 1784. British Society incorporated for the extension of the fisheries, 1786. British manufactures prohibited in France, Oct. 9, 1793. British Mineralogical Society commenced 1799. British troops at Columbo, Cey- lon, murdered by the Adigar of Candy, June 6, 1803. British Museum, robbery of prints and drawings, July 3, 1803. British and Foreign Bible So- ciety instituted 1804. British Institution founded Jan. 4, 1805 ; opened Jan. 18, 1806 ; for the encouragement of art. British Queen, from Ostend to Margate, wrecked on the Goodwin Sands, and all on board perished, Dec. 16, 1814. British Nautical Society founded 1815. British and Foreign School So- ciety instituted 1815. British and Foreign School So- ciety, numbered in 1834 no less than 166,600 scholars, in 3,445 schools. British Archaeological Associa- tion, for researches into the arts and monuments of the middle ages, 1843 ; Institute, 1843. British Artists, society of, esta- blished in 1849. Broad - b ottom Administration, so called because it was formed out of a coalition of parties, Nov., 1744 ; dissolved by the death of Mr. Pel- ham, March 6, 1754. Broad Seal of England first used, 1050. Broadswords forbidden to be worn in Edinburgh, July 26, 1724. Brocade brought from the East and first established at Lyons, 1757. Brocas, Sir Peckfael, did penance for adultery, at Paul's Cross, Oct., 1612. Brocoli, an Italian plant, brought into England 1603; much culti- vated here 1680. Brodie Castle, Scotland, built 1113. Brody, in Galicia, 1500 houses burned at, May 5, 1801. BRO 101 BEU Brogataro, Italy, destroyed by an earthquake, 1782. Broglio, Marshal, surprised by the enemy's forces, and escaped in his shirt, Sept. 15, 1734. Brogue, Duke de, made minister of France, 1835. Broke, Captain, captured the American frigate Chesapeake, June 1, 1813. Brokers regulated by law, 1695- 1696 ; dealings of stock-brokers re- gulated, 1719 and 1736. Brooke, Fulke Greville, Lord, stabbed by his servant, Sept. 30, 1628. Brooke, John Charles, Somerset herald, crushed to death at the Haymarket Theatre, Feb. 3, 1794. Broomshole Priory, Norfolk, built 1113. Broomsgrove, nearly destroyed by an inundation from a waterspout, April 15, 1792. Broomflower, order of knight- hood in France, 1234. Brothels, allowed in Loudon, 1162. Penalties against infected or married women, 1162, under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Win- chester. Suppressed, 1545; tolerated in France, 1280; one licensed at Borne by Pope Sixtus IV., and the women paid him a weekly tax, which in 1471 amounted to ±471 ducats per annum. Brothers, a pretended religious prophet, who, as with all similar characters, declared he had parti- cular revelations from heaven ; was really imprisoned under the fear of creating political disaffection, March 6, 1794. Brotherly Love, order of knight- hood, begun 1708. Brougham, Lord, demanded an open trial for Queen Caroline, who arrived in London, June 6, 1820; he protested against a secret tri- bunal, June 7. Brougham and Denman, counsel for Queen Caroline, heard at the bar of the lords, June 22, 1820. Brougham Castle, Westmoreland, built, 1070. Broughton, Lancashire, bridge broke down while some soldiers were marching over, and six fell and had limbs broken, April 11, 1831. Browne, Major Archibald, sen- tenced to pay a fine of £100, to be imprisoned six months, and to find security to keep the peace for five years, for sending a challenge to a person named Archer, February 7, 1785. Brownistes, a religious sect, founded in Southwell by Robert Brown, 1615. Brownrig, Gen., took prisoner the King of Candy, Sept. 26, 1814. Bruanberg, battle of, 938. Bruce, advanced to the throne of Scotland, 1306. Bruce, the traveller, left England to find the source of the Nile, June, 1768 ; reached Gondar, February, 1770; returned to England, 1773." Bruges, founded 700 ; fortified, 890 ; taken by the French, July 5, 1708 ; again 1794. Brunel's plan for a tunnel under the Thames, considered at a public meeting, July 14, 1824. Brunswick, city of, built, 261. Brunswick, house of, originated with Azo of Este, who died 1055, and left a son who was Guelph IV., great-grandfather of Henry the Lion, who married Maud, daughter of Henry II., king of England. Henry the Lion is regarded as the founder of the family. He was proscribed in the diet of Wurtzburg, 1179. The house of Brunswick became divided into several branches. The royal family of England sprung from the Duke ofBrunswick-Zell. Duke Augustus left three sons, two of whom succeeded him, Rodolphus Augustus, 1666, and Anthony Ul- rick, 1704 ; Augustus William, son of Ulrick, 1714, was succeeded in 1731 by Ludovick Rudolf, who died without male issue, 1735, and was succeeded by Ferdinand Al- brecht, who, dying the same year, was succeeded by his son Charles, who transferred the ducal residence to Brunswick, and in 1780 was sue- BUB 102 BUB ceeded by his son Charles "William Ferdinand, killed at Jena, Oct. 14, 1806. He was succeeded by his fourth son, his eldest son being blind, who abdicated in his favour, Charles William; this last fell at Quatre Bras, commanding the ad- vanced guard, June 15, 1815. He was succeeded by his eldest son Charles Frederick William, who was deposed by his j^oimger brother, William, Sept. 7, 1830, in conse- quence of a revolution at Brunswick, in 1830, and the elder brother sought, when the ducal palace was burned, a refuge in England. Brunswick Wolfenbuttle, the princess of, married the prince of Prussia, June 9, 1733 ; this prin- cess, an unsuccessful attempt was made to poison, Dec. 24, 1736 ; the prince of, elected Duke of Courland, July 12, 1741. Brunswick, Duke of, invaded France, publishing an insolent manifesto ; repelled with merited disgrace, by General Dumourier, 1792. Brussels, founded in 670 ; bom- barded by Marshal Villeroy, 1695, upwards of 4000 houses and 14 churches destroyed; ducal palace and records destroyed by fire, 1730; taken by the French, 1746 ; again by Dumourier, 1792 ; revolution at, 1830; riot in, April 5, 1834, in conse- quence of certain displays of attach- ment to the house of Orange. The furniture of sixteen fine houses was demolished. Brtanites, a new sect, like the Southcotians and Mormons, recently appeared, to teach mankind that they alone are favoured by Heaven ; they pretend to cast out devils, to heal the sick, and to know the lot of man in a future state ; they ap- peared first at Millbrook, Oct., 1824. Bubble Companies, formed in London and Paris in 1719 and 1721, when the South Sea scheme here involved capital to the amount of three hundred millions. Similar speculations were formed in Eng- land in 1825, only a few of which were more than moonshine, and re- mained after the storm had strewed its wreck upon the waters. Of the better companies some idea may be formed from the following partial enumeration, and their estimated costs: — Railways — Bath and Bris- tol ; Birmingham and Liverpool, £600,000 ; Bristol and Birmingham, £800,000 ; Bristol Northern & West- ern ; East London and United Dock ; Grand Western, £3,000,000 ; Grand Junction, £2,000,000; Hibernian General, £1,000,000; Kentish; Lim- erick and Waterford, £300,000 ; Lon- don and Birmingham; Do. and Bris- tol ; London Northern, £2,500,000 ; London, Portsmouth, and South- ampton, £1,000,000 ; Manchester and Leeds, £500,000; Manchester and Liverpool, £300,000 ; Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, £1,000,000; Boyal Hibernian General ; Surrey, Sussex, and Hants, £750,000; Taun- ton, £200,000. Banking, Loan, In- vestment, and Assurance Companies -Alliance Fire and Life, £5,000,000 ; Alliance Marine, £2,000,000 ; Brit- ish Annuity, £3,000,000; British Paving, Building, and Investment, £2.000,000 ; British Shipping Loan Company, £1,000,000 ; Crown Life Assurance, £1,500,000; Equitable Investment Society, £2,000,000; Equitable Loan Bank, £2,000,000 ; Hibernian Joint Stock Company; Irish Investment Bank, £500,000 ; Investment Bank, £200,000; Irish Investment and Equitable Loan Bank, £500,000 ; London and Man- chester Equitable Loan Bank, £500,000; Metropolitan Banking Company, £500,000 ; Metropolitan Investment Society, £2,000,000 ; Medical, Clerical, and General Life Insurance, £1,000,000; Metropo- litan Loan and Investment Com- pany, £1,000,000 ; Palladium Fire and Life Assurance,£2,000,000; Pro- tector Fire Assurance, £5,000,000; Promoter Benefit Company, £60,000 ; Provincial Bank of Ireland, £2,000,000; United British and Foreign Loan Company. £2.500,000. Gas Companies — British : Binning- BUB 103 BUB ham and Staffordshire, £100,000; Continental, £2,000,000; Gas En- gine Carriage Company, £200,000 ; Hibernian, £1,000,000 ; London Portable Gas Company ; New Im- perial ditto, £250,000 ; Provincial ditto, £1,000,000; Phoenix ditto, £450,000 ; South American and Colonial Gas ditto, £1,000.000; United General Gas, £2,000,000. British and Irish Mines — British Mining Association, £400,000 ; Equitable Mining, £200,000 ; Eng- lish Mining, £250,000; Hibernian Mining Company, £500,000 ; Irish Mining ; Mr. Rothschild's "Welch Mining Company ; South "Wales ditto, £2,000,000 ; Welsh Iron and Coal do., £250,000. Foreign Mines, &c— Anglo-Mexican, £1,000,000 ; Anglo-Chilian, £1,000,000 ; Arigna Iron and Coal, £300,000 ; Bolanos ; Brazilian, £1,000,000 ; Chilian, £1,000,000; Colombian, £1,000,000; General Mining Association ; Gold Coast Mining; General South American, £2,000,000 _; New Bra- zilian ; Pasco Peruvian Mines, £2,000,000; Pearl Fishery, £725,000; Real del Monte, £200,000 ; Rio de la Plata, £1,000,000 ; Tlalpaxahua, £400,000 ; United Mexican Mining Company, £240,000. Shipping and Dock Companies — Bristol and Eng- lish Channel Ship Canal, £750,000 ; Bermondsev Collier Dock, £750,000; Bermondsey Dock, £800,000 ; Fa- versham Navigation ; General Steam Navigation, £2,000,000; London and Portsmouth Ship Canal, £5,000,000; London, Brighton, and Devonshire Fishing Company, £500,000; St. Ives New Pier, £30,000; South Lon- don Dock, £750,000. Miscellane- ous Companies — Australian Agri- cultural Company, £1,000,000 ; Al- derney Dairy, £75,000; Bognor New Town, £300,000 ; British Distiller}^ £200,000 ; British Iron, £2,000,000 British Fishing Co., £1,000,000 British Patent Brick, £300,000 Canada Company ; East London Dairy, £125,000; General Coal Company; General Journal Com- pany, £250,000; Great Westminster Dairy, £200,000; General United Coal, £2,000,000; Kent and Essex Flour Companv, £210,000 ; London Brick Company, £500,000 ; Metro- politan Marine Bath, £500,000; Metropolitan Milk ; Metropolitan Fish Company, £500,000; Metro- politan "Water-works Companv, £500,000; Metropolitan Alderney Dairy, £150,000 ; New Corn Ex- change ; Royal National Bath, £250,000; Sea and Inland Coal; South London Milk, £100,000; Thames Quay Company, £611,000 ; Thames Tunnel, £200,000 ; West- minster Fish, £100,000. The fore- going schemes apply only to Eng- land. In Ireland and Scotland there were among others the follow- ing: — Edinburgh and Leith Dock Company ; Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railroad Company ; Edinburgh and Glasgow Railroad Company ; Ber- wick and Kelso Railroad Company ; East Lothian Railroad Company ; Scottish Union Insurance Company ; Commercial Marine Insurance Com- pany; Scottish Union Banking Com- pany ; National Bank of Scotland ; Scottish Union Commercial Bank- ing Company ; Scottish Wool-stap- ling Company; Shotts Iron Joint Stock Company; Caledonian Iron and Foundry Company ; Edinburgh and Leith Glass Company ; Albion Glass Company; Scottish Porter Brewing Company ; Caledonian Porter-Brewing Company; British Distillery Company; Joint Stock Whale Fishing Company; Edin- burgh Cotton and Flax Spinning Company ; Edinburgh Dairy Com- pany, for the supply of milk, the feeding of veal, the making of cheese, &c. &c. ; Equitable Loan, or Pawnbroker Company ; Albyn Com- pany, for the purpose of investing money on heritable properties in Edinburgh, &c. &c; Equitable Building Company, for the purpose of building houses in the vicinity of Edinburgh for Workmen, &c. &c. ; Joint Stock Company for the Manu- facturing of Paper; Joint Stock Company for the Printing of Law- BUC 104 BUI papers. In the years 1844 and 1845, a railway mania broke out very similar to the foregoing specu- lations, and was carried to a fear - ful extent, and the ruin of thou- sands. Bucaniers of America, a set of daring pirates of all countries, that committed depredations upon the Spanish colonies on the American continent and the West Indies. Murder and plunder to an extent frightful to record took place. Mans- field, the leader, died in 1668, and was succeeded by Morgan. Porto Cabello was rifled, Maracaibo plun- dered, and the booty taken to Ja- maica in 1669. In 1671, they ravaged other towns, and murdered the inhabitants. Morgan actually became the Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica, and received the honour of knighthood, 1675, 1678, and 1680. Buchanites, a religious sect, fol- lowers of one Margaret Buchan, in Scotland, who promised her disciples to lead them to the New Jerusalem, 1772. She died in 1791, and her doctrines were soon after forgotten. Bucharest, treaty of, signed May 28, 1812, the Pruth was to be deemed thereby the limit of the Bussian and Turkish empires. Buckingham free school, founded temp. Edward VI. Buckfastleigh Abbey, Devon, built, 918. Buckingham, Duke of, stabbed byPelton, Aug. 23, 1628; George Villiers, Duke of, died, 1640 ; Duke of, betrayed by his servant, 1483. Buckingham, Duke of, drove six horses in his carriage, the first in England, 1619; in ridicule, the Duke of Northumberland harnessed eight. Buckingham, tower at, fell down and destroyed the church, March 26, 1776 ; castle of, built, 918. Buckingham House, built, 1703 ; made the queen's palace by George III., 1762, in lieu of Somerset palace. Taken down and rebuilt at £700,000 expense, 1826. Buckland Priory, built, 1278. Bucklek, invented about 1670. Buckwheat brought into Europe from Greece and Asia, about 1530 ; well known and cultivated in Eng- land, 1597. Buda, taken by Solyman III. at the battle of Mohatz, 1526 ; a second time taken, sacked, and annexed to Turkey, 1540 ; taken by the im- perialists, and the Mahometans mas- sacred, 1686. Buenos Ayres founded by Men- doza, 1535 ; taken by the English, June 21, 1806; retaken Aug. 12, from General Whitelock, who was disgraced July 6, 1807; declared independent, July 19, 1816 ; treaty with, signed Eeb., 1822. Buenos Ayres, treasure taken at, brought into London, Sept. 20, 1806, escorted by seamen. Buenos Ayres forbade the im- portation of slaves, 1812 ; pro- claimed all in their territories born free, after Jan. 30, 1813. Buffoons in courts, afterwards called Jesters, abolished by Trajan, the Boman emperor, 98; jesters continued by English kings, for their indecent railleries, and em- ployed under the Tudors and Stuarts; James I. is said to have changed them into poets-laureate, but these, according to Selden, were separate dependants, and ex- isted as early as 1251, though their annual butt of sack seemed more the salary of the jester. Bugden Palace, Huntingdon, built 1480. Building, with wood and clay or wattle, the mode of the ancient Britons ; Benedict, the monk, began the use of stone in dwellings about 670 ; brick was used here by the Bomans, as well as stone, in public buildings; introduced here gene- rally about 886 ; dwelling-houses were generally constructed of wood until about 1600. The first recorded building of stone, in Ireland was a castle at Tuam, built by the King of Connaught, and called, on that account, "The Wonderful." The increase of buildings was prohibited BUL 105 BUR by Queen Elizabeth, who ordered that only one family should dwell in one house, 1580. The buildings in High Holborn, north and south, and Great Queen Street, were erected between 1607 and 1631, nearly on the spot where the Elms once stood. The number of dwell- ings in London, in 1772, was 100,930; in 1841, the houses were computed at 217,520 ; in the county of Middlesex alone, and in that of Surrey, at 100,000 ; the islands in the British Seas in that year con- tained 3,464,007 inhabited, 198,061 uninhabited, and 30,631 building ; the houses in the metropolis were in that year, on the Middlesex side, 147,210; on the Surrey side, 58,774 ; total, 255,984. More than 4000 houses are annually added to the metropolis. Buildings, new, in the Tower of London, 1850. Building Acts were passed in the 5th, 23rd, and 35th of Elizabeth ; 19th and 22nd Charles II. ; 6th and 7th Anne; 33rd George II., and 6th George III. ; and the acts of 1764, 1766, 1770, 1772, and 1783 ; and subsequent acts, numerous and imperative. Buildwas Abbey, Shropshire, built 1153. Bulgarians defeated the Emperor Justinian, 687 ; subdued by Basilius, 1019 ; this tyrant put out the eyes of 15,000 prisoners, leaving one eye to each hundredth man that he might conduct his countrymen home ; go- verned by Boman dukes till 1186 ; subdued by Bajazet, 1396. Bulgaria, insurrection in, 1850. Bulklet Hill, Cheshire, with all its trees, sunk down into a pit of water, July 8, 1657. Bull, from bulla, any popish edict; made a fundamental law of the German empire at the diet of Nuremberg, 1356 ; issued against Queen Elizabeth, and sent with the Spanish armada, 1588. Bull issued by the Pope against bible societies, March 20, 1817. Bull-baiting first exhibited at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, 1209 ; at Tutbury, Staffordshire, intro- duced, 1374 ; bill to abolif h, thrown out, in 1802, by Mr. Windham's in- fluence. Bull, John, Newspaper, proprie- tors of, brought before the House of Commons, for a breach of privilege, May 10, 1821 ; sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, and a fine of £1100. Bull-fights in Spain first prac- tised, 1560 ; a bull fight at Lisbon attended by 10,000 persons, Sunday, June 14, 1840. Bullen, Anna, appeared at court first, 1522 ; married the tyrant, Henry VIII., 1532; delivered of Queen Elizabeth, Sept. 7, 1533 ; be- headed, that her husband might marry another, May 19, 1536. Bullets made of stone, 1514; those of iron are first mentioned in the Eoedera, 1550. Bullion, gold and silver ; first mode of assaying, 1354. Bunhill Fields Burying-ground, formed near the city during the time of the plague, 1665. Bunker's Hill, battle of, in which the Americans, after a bold stand, were defeated, fought June 17, 1775. Buonarotti, Michel Angelo, the greatest of all artists known, as an architect, painter, and sculptor, died 1563 ; born at Florence, 1474. Burdett, Sir Francis, and Mr. Paul, fought a duel in Combe Wood, Sir Francis wounded, May 5, 1807. Burdett, Sir Francis, liberated from the Tower, June 21, 1810. Burdett, Sir Francis, lost his causes against the speaker and ser- jeant-at-arms of the House of Com- mons, April 22, 1812. Burdett, Sir Francis, presented a petition to parliament, from Man- chester, Salford, and Leeds, praying for reform, the last signed by 7000 persons, Feb., 1817 ; motion of, for reform in parliament, rejected by 265 to 77, May 20, 1817. Burdett, Sir Francis, sentenced to three months' imprisonment, and £2000 fine, for reprehending the BUR 106 BUR disgraceful massacre at Manchester by undisciplined yeomanry, Feb. 8, 1821. Burgesses called to parliament, 1265, in Scotland; in Ireland, 1365; must be residents of the places they represent in parliament, 1 Henry V., 1413. Burges's meeting-house pulled down by the mob of Dr. Sacheverel, March 1, 1709. Burgher seceders dissent from the church of Scotland about the burgess oath, 1739. Burgh Castle, Staffordshire, built by the Romans about 380. Burglary punished with death, and he who obtained a conviction was exempted from parish offices, 1699; rewards on convictions, 1706 and 1720 ; laws amended respect- ing, between the years 1823 and 1829. Burgoyne's army surrendered to the Americans at Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777. Burgos, Spain, Wellington re- pulsed in an attack upon, Oct. 1812; castle and works blown up by the French, June, 1813. Burgundy, a kingdom of Alsace, 888 ; united to Aries, 928 ; dismem- bered, and the kingdom of Burgundy formed of part of Switzerland, Pro- vence, Dauphiny, Bergez, La Bresse, Lionnois and Franche Compte, Velas, &c, 1034 ; dismembered and united to the Germans, 1035 ; re- volts, 1074; dukes extinct, 1361; be- comes united to France ; the duke of, murdered by the dauphin, 1419 ; be- comes a circle of the German empire, 1521 ; then of Spain, 1555 ; con- quered by France, 1676. Burgundian Cross, order of knighthood began, 1535. Burial-places first permitted in English cities consecrated, 750 ; in church-yards, 758; vaults in church- es, 742 ; the first at Canterbury, 1075 ; woollen shrouds used, 1666 ; union scarfs at funerals in Ireland, 1729; burials taxed, 1695, 1783; forbidden within towns in Poland, 1792. Burials and Births in the metro- polis in proportion to mortality, 1841. — Unhealthiest district, 1 death to 1.21 birth ; less unhealthy district, 1 to 1.18; average district, 1 to 1.35; healthier districts, 1 to 1.27; healthi- est, 1 to 1.33. The mortality in 1841, was 6-6 per cent. ; higher in the unhealthy than the healthy districts or sub-districts of London ; and the proportion of births, 5T per cent, higher. The deaths in 1839 for Eng- land were 331,007; births, 480,540. In the same year the burials were for England and Wales, out of every 1000 registered, the folknving num- bers, males, females, and mean, with their respective ages : — Males. Fe- males. Mean. Under 1 Year. 239.3 197.8 218.5 1 and under 3 123.9 126.7 125.3 3 „ 5 50.5 52.7 51.6 5 „ 10 47.4 47.8 47.6 10 „ 15 25.9 28.7 27.3 15 „ 20 32.1 38.8 35.5 20 „ 25 39.5 43.9 41.7 25 „ 30 35.8 40.3 38.0 30 „ 35 32.1 36.5 34.3 35 „ 40 32.1 35.0 33.6 40 „ 45 31.1 32.2 31.6 45 „ 50 32.5 30.0 31.3 50 „ 55 31.8 30.4 31.1 55 „ 60 32.9 30.8 31.8 60 „ 65 40.5 38.9 39.7 65 „ 70 41.0 40.7 40.9 70 „ 75 41.2 44.4 42.8 75 „ 80 39.6 42.3 40.9 80 „ 85 28.8 32.6 30.7 85 „ 90 16.2 20.1 18.2 90 and upwards 5.8 9.4 7.6 Burials. — See bills of mortality. Burials, parochial registry of, in- stituted, 1536. Burial-place, the first Christian one in England, 596. Burke, Edmund, impeached Warren Hastings for malgovern- ment in India, April 11, 1786. Burke, Edmund, recovered £100 damages against the printer of the BUR 107 BUR " Public Advertiser," laid at £5000, July 14, 1784. Burking, a term derived from one Burke, a resurrection man, exe- cuted in Edinburgh in Feb., 1829, who murdered individuals by pres- sure, that he might sell their bodies for dissection. Two other persons, named Williams and Bishop, were executed in Dec, 1831, having mur- dered an Italian boy, for the same purpose. The statute which was so impolitic as to tempt to this crime, by rendering bodies difficult to be obtained for scientific pur- poses, is now repealed. Burlington House, Piccadilly, erected, 1730. Burlington Heights, battle of, between the English and the Ame- ricans, June 6, 1813 ; the Ame- ricans were defeated. Burlington Arcade opened, Mar. 20, 1819. Burmese Empire, Asia, founded 1750; a dispute with England, 1795, amicably settled; war with, 1824, when Rangoon was taken by the English; Synam fort taken, 1825 ; peace, and Arracan ceded to England, Jan. 3, 1826 ; war again, 1852, and Rangoon captured. Burnham Priory, Bucks, built 1266. Burning Glasses improved by Setalla and by Tchirnhausen, 1680, and by Buffon, 1747; the burning mirror of Parker fused ten grains of pumice in twenty-four seconds. Burning alive in England was a punishment among the Britons ; the first burned for religion here, was William Santre, parish priest of St. Osith, London, Feb. 9, 1401 ; many also suffered in the reign of Queen Mary, among whom were Latimer, Ridley, and Cranmer, burned at Oxford, in 1555 and 1556. Women were burned for murdering their husbands, in the last century: in 1722, Eleanor Elsam was burned at Lincoln for that offence; and in April, 1747, Mary Johnson was burned at the same place, for poi- soning her husband, at the same time that William Lynn was hanged for poisoning his wife., March 18, 1789, in living memory, the last woman was burned at the stake, for coining, at the corner of New- gate Street; nine men were first turned off at the drop, and then the woman was fixed to the top of the stake by the neck, and the chair on which she stood being taken from under her feet, fire was set to the pile. Burns's Commemoration, at Free- masons' Hall, May 25, 1816; lines to his memory written by the poet Campbell, and recited by Conway the actor. Burnt cork found to be effica- cious in cholera morbus, 1819. Burntisland secured for the Pre- tender, Oct. 4, 1715. Burr, Colonel, vice-president of the United States' assembly, killed Gen. Hamilton in a duel, 1804. Burwell Fire, a number of per- sons assembled at this place at a puppet-show in a barn, Sept. 8, 1727, when a heap of straw taking fire, seventy-six perished on the spot, or subsequently expired of the injuries they received ; several were young ladies of fortune, and many children ; the bodies were buried promiscuously in two pits in the churchyard. Bury, Lancashire, the theatre, containing about 300 persons, fell during the performance, July 1, 1787, when five persons were killed, and numbers wounded. Bury Castle, Suffolk, built, 1020. Bury St. Edmund's, named from St. Edmund, murdered by the Danes, 870 ; a noble abbey erected where he was buried ; the barons leagued here against king John, 1215 ; Henry II. summoned a par- liament here, 1446 ; nearly consum- ed by fire, 1608 ; desolated with the plague, 1636. Bury, riot at, to destroy a spin- ning jenny, May 22, 1816. Burying in woollen enacted by statute, 167S. BYE BYZ Burying alive, a punishment of the vestal virgins convicted of in- continence, as in the cases of Mi- nutia, buried, 337 a.c. ; and Sex- tilia, 274 a.c. ; and Cornelia, a.d., 92. The individuals who assassi- nated Count Capo DTstria, in Greece, were built up in brick walls, Oct., 1831, and supplied with food till they expired. Busaco, battle of, between Wel- lington and Massena, when the latter was repulsed with great loss, as the British fell back to their lines of Torres Vedras, Sept. 27, 1810. Bushel to be eight gallons of wheat, 1520; the legal Winchester bushel regulated, 1697; the impe- rial corn bushel of 2218.192 cubic inches, to the Winchester of 2150.42, as 32 to 31, regulated by 5 George IV., 1824, and came into operation, Jan. 1, 1826. Bushes of evergreens hung out where wine was sold in Italy in the fifteenth century, whence the pro- verb: "Good wine needs no bush," 1460. Bute administration in England, after incurring popular odium, ter- minated, April, 1763. Butler, author of "Hudibras," monument erected to the memory of, in St. Paul's, Covent Garden, Dec, 1786. Butter, reported shower of a substance resembling, 1675. Buttery Priory built, 1771. Buttons manufactured in Eng- land at an early period ; those covered with cloth prohibited 8 George I., 1721. Byland Abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1134. Bye Laws of Corporations re- strained, 1534. Byng, Admiral, accused of mis- behaviour off Minorca, May 20, 1756 ; brought a prisoner to Green- wich, Aug. 9, 1756 ; tried at Ports- mouth and condemned to be shot, Jan. 28, 1757; executed at Ports- mouth, the victim of cabinet ani- mosity, March 14, 1757 ; commem- orated by an inscription on his tomb, at South Hill, Bedfordshire : " To the perpetual disgrace of pub- lic justice, the Hon. John Byng fell a martyr to political persecution, March 14, 1757, when bravery and loyalty were insufficient securities for the life and honour of a naval officer." Byron, Lord, tried for murder by his peers, and acquitted, April 17, 1765. Byron, Commodore, left Eng- land on his voyage round the globe, June 21, 1764; returned. May 9, 1766 ; discovered the island in the Pacific which bears his name, Aug. 16, 1765. Byron, Lord Noel, the poet, em- barked for Greece to support the cause of the people there against the Turks, and died at Missolonghi during the siege of that place, April 16, 1824, in his 37th year. Byron's " Cain " refused literary protection in the Court of Chan- cery, Eeb. 12, 1822. Byzantium, the ancient name of Constantinople, called Stamboul by the Turks, founded, 715 a.c. ; taken by the Romans, 73 ; devastated by Severus, 196 ; rebuilt by Constan- tine, 338, from whence it took the name of Constantinopolis, or Con- stantinople. CAD 109 CAL C Cabal, a noted council in the time of Charles II., from the initial letters of these names forming that word: Sir T. Clifford, Lord Ashley, the Duke of Buckingham, Lord Arlington, and the Duke of Lauder- dale, 1670. Cabbages first brought over from Holland, 1510; introduced into Scotland by the soldiers of the par- liamentary army in the civil war of Charles I. Cabinet councils, as now under- stood, were instituted April 25, 1670 ; they commonly consisted of twelve members of the government ; in 1851 they were extended to fif- teen. Cables, a machine for making them invented, by which twenty men can do the work of 200, set in motion by two horses ; making cables of the largest size,- 1792; chain cables have been generally adopted in the naval and also in the merchant service, since the inven- tion in 1812. Cabriolets first introduced for hire into the streets of London, 1823 and 1824, fifty only being first started. Caddee, or league of God's house, a league of Swiss independence, formed among the Grisons, to re- sist despotism, between 1400 and 1419 ; a second league called the Grise or Gray league, was institut- ed, 1424 ; a third, the league of ten jurisdictions, was formed in 1436. Cade's, or Jack Cade's, insurrec- tion ; he placed himself at the head of 20,000 Kentish men, to procure a redress of grievances ; he and his followers beheaded Lord Saye, the Lord Treasurer, and others ; a general pardon being proclaimed, Cade fled, and refusing to surren- der, was killed by Alexander Iden, a sheriff of Kent, 1451. Cadiz, once Gades, a colony of the Carthaginians, founded, 530 a.c. ; an armament of 100 vessels was destroyed here by Sir Francis Drake, 1587 ; taken and plundered by the English under the Earl of Essex, Sept. 15, 1596 ; attacked in vain by Sir George Rooke, in 1702 ; bombarded by the English, in 1797 ; and blockaded for two years, to 1799, by Earl St. Vincent ; a second time bombarded by the English, in Oct. 1800 ; besieged by the French, but the siege raised in 1812 ; Cadiz declared a free port, 1829. Caerlaverock. Castle, Scotland, built, 1038. CiESAREA, built after twelve years' labour, by Augustus Caesar, 7 a.c. Cesarean operation, performed in London, Jan. 1847, but unsuc- cessfully. Cesaes, era of the, or Spanish era, reckoned from the 1st of Jan., 38 a.c, being the year following the conquest of Spain by Augustus ; its use abolished in 1180, in all the churches dependent upon Barcelo- na ; Pedro IV. of Arragon abolish- ed its use in his dominions in 1350; John of Castile, in 1383; it was used in Portugal until 1455. Cairo in Egypt, or Grand Cairo, founded by the Saracens, 969 ; nearly destroyed by an earthquake, and 40,000 inhabitants lost, in 1754, June 2 ; burned, to resist the Crusaders, 1220 ; taken by the Turks from the Sultans, and the empire of the latter subdued, 1517 ; set on fire by a lady of the beglerbeg, Dec. 1755; taken by the French under Napoleon, July 23, 1798 ; by the British and Turks from the French, June 27, 1801. Caissar in Turkey destroyed by an earthquake, and 6,000 persons killed, April, 1794. Calais taken by Edward III., Aug. 4, 1347 ; held 210 years, and retaken by surprise, Jan. 7, 1558 ; CAL 110 CAL bombarded by the English, 1694; Louis XVIII. landed at, after his exile, April 24, 1814. Calatrava, Spanish order of, founded in 1158. Calcutta, settled in, by the Eng- lish, 1689; purchased as a Zemin- dary, and Fort William built, 1698 ; attacked and taken, by 70,000 foot and horse, and 400 elephants, June, 1756 ; retaken the following year ; supreme court of judicature estab- lished, 1773 ; college founded, 1801. Calcutta, black hole, or prison, 125 persons suffocated in, June 20, 1756. C alder Priory built, 1134. Caledonian East Indiaman burn- ed, 29th May, 1804. Caledonia, New, discovered by Captain Cook, 1774. Caledonia, the Latin name of Scotland, found in Tacitus, 99 ; in- vaded by a tribe from Ireland, 258. The Celts, who were the early in- habitants, supposed to have come from the continent ; Christianity in- troduced there about 201 ; no reli- ance to be placed upon its history, until 1057, under the reign of Mal- colm III. Caledonian Canal, commenced, 1803 ; completed and opened, 1822. Calendar, the Roman, intro- duced by Romulus, 738 a.c. ; cor- rected by Numa Pompilius, 713 a.c; the solar system settled by Julius Cagsar, 45 a.c, which prevailed until pope Gregory XIII. This pope observing the difference of time, caused by the difference between 365 days five hours and forty-nine minutes, and 365 days six hours, finding it had amounted to ten days, ordained that in 1582 the year should consist of only 365 days ; and then to prevent further irregulaiity, it was determined that a year beginning a century should not be bissextile, with the excep- tion of that beginning each fourth century ; thus 1700 and 1800 were not bissextile, nor will 1900 be, but 2000 will be a leap year. In this manner, three days are retrenched in 400 years, and the calendar is made, as nearly as possible, to cor- respond with the solar year. Calico, so named from Calicot, a town in India, discovered by the Portuguese, 1498 ; first brought to England by the East India Com- pany, 1631 ; calico printing by the Dutch first used in 1676 ; calicoes prohibited to be printed or worn in 1700, and again in 1721 ; first made a branch of manufacture in Lanca- shire, 1771. California, discovered by Cortes, 1535 ; taken possession of by Sir Francis Drake, whose right was confirmed by the king of the coun- try, 1578 ; the Jesuits settled there, 1690 ; expelled by the Span- iards ; was a part of Mexico until 1846 ; the discovery of gold tempted adventurers to its shores by thou- sands on its cession to the Ame- ricans ; the gold discovered, 1847. Caligula, the Roman emperor, assassinated, a.d. 41. Caliper compasses invented by an artificer at Nuremberg, 1540. Calippic period invented by Ca- lippus ; a series of 76 years, at the expiration of which he imagined the new and full moon returned to the same day of the solar year — an erroneous notion ; the period began about the end of June, in the third year of the 112th Olympiad, in the year of Rome, 424 and 329 a.c Calixtins, a branch of the Hus- site sect in the middle of the fifteenth century ; Calixtus the founder died in 1566. Calyug era, or the Chinese, be- ginning 3101 a.c, with the entrance of the sun into the sign Aswin, the 11th April, N.S. In the year 1600, the year begun on the 7th April, N.S. ; subtracting 3102 from any given year of this era will give the Christian year answerable. Callao, South America, destroy- ed by an earthquake, 1687 ; again, 1746, the sea rushing in and de- stroying all the inhabitants. Calmar, Sweden, treaty of, 1397, called the union ; 150 houses burn- CAM 111 CAM ed and many lives lost there, Aug,, 1800. Calomel, the first preparation of, on record, announced, 1608. Calshot castle, Hants, built, 1540. Calvent, Bernard, of Andover, went from Southwark to Calais and back again in one day, thought an extraordinary feat, July 17, 1618. Calves'-head Festival instituted, Jan. 30, 1734. Calvi surrendered to the Eng- lish, June 12, 1784 ; to the French, 1796. Calvinists, sect of, founded by John Calvin, at Geneva, who died there, May 27, 1564, aged 55, a Frenchman, born in Picardy. Like Luther, a great reformer at first ; he differed from him subsequently, after the conference of Poissy, 1561. He was intolerant, and caused Michael Servetus to be burned in 1553, while he attacked the Roman church for its persecuting spirit. Cambbay taken by the Spaniards, 1595, and several times subsequent- ly ; attacked by the Austrians, Aug. 8, 1793; taken by Sir Charles Colville and the British, June 24, 1815 ; the citadel surrendering the next day, was occupied by the Bourbon court, under the protection of the enemies of France : it was occupied by the allies until 1818; league of Cambray, Dec. 10, 1508 : also, 1529 ; and treaty of, between Charles VI. and Philip of Spain, 1724. Cambbic, made at Cambray early in the sixteenth century ; much valued in the time of Eliza- beth, 1580 ; in 1671 it was pro- hibited, with all French goods, be- cause it was thought the balance of trade with France was against Eng- land. In 1685 the commodities of France were again admitted ; in 1688-9 prohibitions ensued again, and remained until 1713 ; prohibited again, 1745 ; readmitted, 1786 ; heavy duties were still laid upon the articles, until the wiser system of the present day prevailed. Cambbidge, sometimes called Granta, in the old English histori- ans ; university founded by Sigebert about 631 ; restored by Edward the Elder, 915; burned by the Danes, 1010; began to revive, 1110; Hen- ry I. and VII. bestowed privileges on the town; the castle built, 1067; the records of the university burned during Wat Tyler's rebellion in 1381 ; the streets paved, 1410 and 1544; chancellor's court establish- ed by Queen Elizabeth ; refused a degree to a Roman Catholic recom- mended by the king, 1687 ; senate house built, 1722 ; installation of the Duke of Newcastle, July 5, 1749 ; statue of the Duke of Somer- set erected in the senate house, Julv 14, 1756 ; paved and lighted, 1789. Colleges : Church college founded, 1442; Corpus ChristiorBennet,1351; Downing college, 1717; Emanuel college, 1584; Gonville and Caius, 1348, enlarged, 1557 ; Jesus college, 1496 ; King's college, 1441 ; Mag- dalen, 1519 ; Peterhouse, 1257 ; Queen's, 1448 ; St. John's, 1511 ; Sidney Sussex, 1593 ; Trinity, 1546. Halls : Catherine, 1475 : Clare, 1326 and 1344 ; Pembroke, 1343 ; Trinity, 1351. Cambbidge Free Grammar School founded by Dr. Perse, 1615. Camden, battle of, in the Ameri- can war, between Cornwallis and Gates, the latter defeated, Aug. 16, 1780; a second, but the same re- sult, between Lord Rawdon and General Green, April 25, 1781 ; Camden town evacuated and burned by the English, May 13, 1781. Camlet, a stuff made of silk, hair, and wool; the Oriental it imi- tates brought from India, 1660. Campanile of St. Marco, Venice, built, 1134. Camebon, Maiy, died at Inver- ness, May 17, 1783, aged 130. Campeachy Bay discovered, 1520: taken by the English, 1659; burned by the Bucaniers, 1678 ; by St. Domingo freebooters, 1685; Eng- lish logwood - cutters settled here, 1662. CAN 112 CAN Camperdown, naval battle of, Oct. 11, 1797. Campo Fobmio, treaty of, between Trance and Austria, Oct. 17, 1797. Canada, discovered by the Cabots, 1499; settled by the French, 1608 ; taken by the English, 1628 ; restored 1631 ; taken again by the English, 1759 ; and confirmed to them by the peace of 1763 ; divided into the up- per and lower provinces, 1791 ; made a bishopric in 1793 ; invaded by the Americans with 30,000 men at dif- ferent points, but in all discomfited in any permanent occupation of a post ; insurrection in Dec. 6, 1837 ; engagement at St. Eustace, Dec. 14, 1837 ; repulsed at Toronto ; Jan. 5, 1838 ; two of the leaders executed as traitors, April 12, 1838; Lord Durham resigned the government, Oct. 9, 1838 ; revolt at Beauharnois, Nov. 3, 1838 ; routed, Nov. 6 ; sup- pressed, Nov. 17, 1838 ; act for the provisional government of Lower Canadapassed, Feb. 1838; amended, Aug. 1839; Upper and Lower, form a territory of 360,000 square miles ; 2,500,000 acres cultivated in Upper Canada. Population, 1850 — Upper Canada, about 723,000; Lower Canada, 678,000. Canals, the more celebrated in Europe, that of Languedoc, joining the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, begun, 1686 ; that of Orleans, from the Loire to the Seine, 1675 ; from the Caspian to St. Petersburgh, by the Vishnei Volasnock canal and rivers, 1709; of Lake Ladoga, 1719; from Stockholm to Gottenburg, 1751 ; that of Kiel, between the Baltic and North Sea, 1785 ; be- tween the Seine and Oise, 1790 ; of Aragon in Spain, 1785 ; Brussels to Antwerp, 1560; the great Ameri- can Erie, 330 miles long, 1817 ; the most wonderful of all is in China, 2000 miles long, touching upon 41 cities, begun, 1000; the oldest in England was made by Henry I., joining the Trent and Witham, 1134. There are at present in Eng- land 2800 miles of canal, and 2500 miles of navigable rivers — 5300 in all. In Ireland there are 300 miles of canal, 150 of navigable rivers, and 60 in the Shannon navigable below Limerick, in all 510. The principal of these canals date as follows : — New River, 1614; Kennet, navigable to Oxford, 1624; the Reading, 1715 ; Lagon Navigation, 1755; Carmarthenshire Canal, 1756; Droitwich to the Severn, 1756 ; Duke of Bridgwater's first great canal, 1758 ; Northampton Navigation, 1761 ; Dublin to the Shannon, 1765; Stafford and Worcester, 1765; Forth to the Clyde, 1768 ; Birmingham to Bilston, 1768 ; Oxford to Coventry, 1769 ; Lea made navigable from Hertford to Ware, 1739 ; to London, 1770; Leeds to Liverpool, 1770; Monkland, Scotland, commenced, 1770 ; Ellesmere and Chester, 1772 ; Basingstoke Canal, 1772 ; Liverpool to Wigan, 1774; Stroud to the Severn, 1775 ; Staffordshire Canal, 1776 ; the Stourbridge, 1776 ; Run- corn to Manchester, 1776 ; Trent and Mersey opened, 1777 ; Chester- field to the Trent, 1777; Belfast to Lough Neagh, 1783 ; Thames to Leachlade, 1783 ; Sallins to Monas- teveren, 1786 ; Dublin to the Shan- non, the Royal, 1788 ; Severn to the Thames, 1789; Bradford, 1790; Grand Junction Canal, 1790; Bir- mingham and Coventry, 1790 ; Mo- nasteveren to Athy, 1791 ; Worces- ter and Birmingham, 1791 ; Man- chester, Bolton, and Bury, 1791 ; Warwick and Birmingham, 1793 ; Barnsley Cut, 1794 ; Rochdale act passed, 1794; Huddersfield act passed, 1794; Hereford and Glouce- ster, 1796; Pacldington, 1798; Ken- net and Avon opened, 1799 ; Peak Forest, 1800; Thames and Fenny Stratford, 1800; Bushey Canal, 1801 ; act for Grand Surrey passed, 1801; Brecknock, 1802; Caledonian commenced, 1803 ; Ellesmere aque- duct, 1805 ; Ashby-de-la-Zouch, 1805 ; Aberdeen, 1807; Glasgow and Ardrossan, 1811 ; Leeds and Liver- pool, 1816 ; Wey and Avon, 1826 ; Edinburgh and Glasgow Union, 1818; Sheffield, 1819; Regent's CAN 113 CAN Canal, 1820;Birmingham andLiver- pool, 1826 ; Gloucester and Berkley- Ship completed, 1827 ; Norwich and Lowestoft Navigation opened, 1831. Some of these were completed at the foregoing dates, others under execution, but all of them are now finished. Canals in France, executed and completing, extent, 3000 miles ; in the United States, 3900 miles. Canary Islands, discovered, 1402, by Bethencourt, a Norman ; settled by the Spaniards, who planted vines there, 1420. Candia, seized by the Saracens, 808 ; taken by the Greeks, 961 ; sold to Venice, 1194; taken by the Turks, 1669. Candiac, John James, a pheno- menon of mind or memory ; knew his letters at thirteen months old, and at seven was master of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew ; he died in 1725, aged seven ! Candles, came into use made of tallow, 1290. Splinters of wood or rushes dipped in tallow were used about 1300, and are still used in poor farm-houses in remote places. Candles or lights of wax first used in churches, 274 ; wax-chandlers' company established, 1484 ; duty upon, amounted to £500,000; re- pealed, 1831. Candleberry Myrtle, imported from North America, 1699, a Chinese plant, supplying a species of veget- able wax. Candlemas Day, a festival of the Roman Catholic and Reformed churches on the purification of the Virgin. Lighting up the churches on this day forbidden by order of council, 1548. " Candy, the capital of Ceylon ; a British detachment massacred at, Feb. 20, 1803; war renewed against the natives, 1814 ; the king conquered and made prisoner, Feb. 19, 1815; deposed, and the whole sovereignty vested in his conquerors, March 2, 1815. Canning Administration, termi- nated by the death of that states- man ; formed, April, 1827 ; closed, Aug. 8, the same year. Canning, George, statue, of, erected in palace yard, Westminster, May 2, 1832. Cannon, said to have been in- vented, 1330; disputed whether used at Crecy, 1346; but used at the siege of Calais, 1347 ; the largest cast in India, 1685 ; a large one of eighteen inches bore, and eighteen feet long, at Ehrenbreitstein, made, 1529 ; remarkable one in Dover castle, 24 feet long, called Queen Elizabeth's pocket pistol ; a piece taken from the Turks by the French, and retaken by the English, placed in St. James' park, March, 1803. Canon, the first promulgated, 380 ; the dignity of this law not extant before Charlemagne, 768 ; first introduced into Europe by Gratian the author in 1151 ; into England, 19 Stephen, 1154. Canonical hours for prayer, in- stituted, 391. Canonization of Romish martyrs and saints, introduced by papal authority, 933, but instituted by Leo III., 800; St. Udalricus was first canonized, 993 ; before that time all bishops could make canonizations of whom they pleased. Canova, Antonio, the celebrated sculptor who visited England just before his decease, died, Oct. 22, 1822, aged 65. Canterbury, castle built, 1075; the city of the capital of Ethelbert, king of Kent, 560 ; paved, 1477 ; cathedral built, 1184 and 1411, Saxon Gothic, 514 feet long, 71 wide, 130 high; west gate built, 1387 ; palace robbed, Oct, 11, 1778 ; revenues of the see of, seized by the king, 1096. Canterbury, see of, settled by St. Austin, 596; Becket murdered at the altar of, Dec, 1171 ; the see fur- nished the Roman Catholic church with eighteen saints, and nine car- dinals, and the state of England with twelve lord-chancellors and four treasurers. The see made su- perior to York, 1073. i CAP 114 CAE Canton, China, merchants first traded to, 1511 ; a fire destroyed the factory at, and 15,000 houses ; an inundation swept away 10,000 houses, and above 1000 persons, Oct., 1833. Canute the Dane, king of Eng- land, 1017. Cap first worn, 1449, being made of cloth or velvet ; a law enacted that every person above seven years of age should wear on Sundays and holidays a cap of wool, knit made, thickened and dressed in England by some of the trade of cappers, under the forfeiture of three far- things for every day's neglect, ex- cepting maids, ladies, and gentle- women, and every lord, knight, and gentleman, of 20 marks of land, and their heirs, and such as have borne office of worship in any city, town, or place, and the wardens of the London company, 1571. Cape Breton discovered by the English, 1584; taken by the French, 1632 ; restored, 1648 ; taken again, 1745 ; retaken, 1748 ; taken, 1758 ; ceded to England by treaty, 1763. Cape Coast Castle settled by the Portuguese, 1610 ; taken by the Dutch, and demolished by Admiral Holmes, 1661 ; the British settle- ments here destroyed by De Ruyter, the Dutch admiral, 1665 ; confirmed to England by the treaty of Breda, 1667. Cape of Good Hope, discovered by Diaz, 1486 ; the Cape doubled by Yasco de Gama, Nov. 20, 1497 j settled by the Dutch, 1651 ; taken by the English, Sept. 16, 1795 ; re- stored at the peace, 1802 ; taken again, Jan. 8, 1806 ; ceded to Eng- land, 1820 ; war with the Caffres, October, 1834, again, 1847-8; se- vere action with them, Aug. 29, 1848 ; the inhabitants resist the Cape being made a penal colony, May 19, 1849 ; a constitution sent out for self-government, 1851 ; war continued with the natives,. 1852, terminated, 1853. Cape Horn, first navigation round 1616. Steaits of Magellan discovered, 1643. Cape Capri, Cefalonia Island, ceded to England at the peace of 1814, with the Ionian Islands. Cape Blanco, Africa, discovered 1441. Cape de Verd Islands discovered by Noli, a Genoese seaman, 1446. Cape St. Vincent, battle of, be- tween the French, under de Tour- ville, and Admiral Rooke, with twen- ty English and Dutch men-of-war, and the Anglo-Turkish fleet of mer- chantmen under convoy ; the French took or destroyed twelve English and Dutch ships, and eighty mer- chantmen, June 16, 1693 ; again, Feb. 14, 1797, when Sir John Jervis, with fifteen sail, engaged the com bined French and Spanish with twenty-seven, and captured four line-of-battle ships. Capet, French royal house of, and the third race of French mo- narchs ; the first line expired with Charles IV., 1328, when the branch of Valois ascended the throne. Capitol at Rome destroyed by fire, 70. Capitoline games instituted by Domitian, 86. Cappadocia, kingdom of, founded before Christ, 744 years ; Archelaus, the last king, died, bequeathing his empire to the Romans, 17. Capper, synonymous with hatter ; the cap first worn on the entry of Charles VII. into Rouen, 1489. See Cap. Capouchins, or Capuchins, an order of friars, Franciscans, who wore a capouchin or cowl attached to their habit, founded by Baschi, 1525. Cappottch, the bishop of Carlisle, of the pretender's nomination, taken prisoner there, and committed to Chester Castle, Feb. 10, 1745. Cakacalla elected Emperor of Rome after Severus, 208; died, 217. Caraccas, South America, dis- covered by Columbus, 1498 ; given to the Welsers by Charles II. ; dis- possessed, 1550, for tyranny, be- C AE 115 C AE coming a colony of Spain ; as- serted its independence of Spain, May 9, 1810; a dreadful earthquake there swallowed up several towns, 1812. Caractacus, king of the Britons, defeated, 46 ; led a captive to Eome, 50. Caravan, one consisting of 2000 persons on the return from Mecca, all destroyed, save twenty, by the Karamsin wind from the desert of Arabia, Aug. 12, 1812. Carbonari, a secret society in Italy formed, if possible, to free that country from the yoke of foreigners; and particularly from the despotism of Austria, 1819, 1820. Cardigan Castle built, 1160; Cardinals, the ecclesiastical princes of the Catholic church so declared, 1243, and the council of the pope, but only principal priests in Eome till 1100 ; obtained the power of electing the pope, 1160 ; wore the red hat first, 1243 ; the scarlet dress, 1464; and had the title of eminence, 1623 or 1630. Cards invented in France, 1390 ; some say the game is a Spanish in- vention ; first highly taxed in Eng- land, 1755; no less than 428,000 packs were stamped in 1775, and 986,000 in 1800; in 1825, the duty being 2s. 6d. per pack, only 150,000 were stamped; in 1827, at a Is. duty, 310,854 packs paid duty, 1830 ; on 239,200 packs in 1840, and about 300,000 in 1850 j they were doubly taxed in England, April 8, 1755, and additionally, 1789. Carenton, in Germany j 100 houses burned in July, 1800. Carew Castle, Pembroke, built, 1100. Caribbee islands discovered 1595. Caricatures, of Italian origin, labels being put into the mouths of the figures delineated, 1330. Carisbrook Castle, said to have been built long before 600, for it was captured by Cerdic, 530 ; repaired, 1610 ; Charles I. was imprisoned here, and his daughter, Elizabeth, died here, 1650. Carlisle, city walls of, built, 690 ; castle, 680; repaired, 1092 and 1434; taken by the Scotch, 11C6 ; the cas- tle was the prison of Mary, queen of Scots, 1568 ; taken by the parlia- ment army, 1645 ; by the Pretender, 1745. Carlisle, see of, erected by Henry I., 1133 : the cathedral founded be- fore, bj r the deputy of William Eufus ; completed between 1133 and 1350, SaxOn pillars, pointed arches, 180 feet long and 71 broad. Carlisle, Eiehard, convicted of publishing Paine's Age of Eeason, Oct. 15, 1819 ; sentenced to pay a fine of ,£1500; and to be imprisoned three years in Dorchester jail, Nov. 16, i819i Carlo w Castle erected by King John ; surrendered to Oge O'Moore, 1577 ; to the parliamentary army, 1650 ; a battle here; May 27, 1798, between the rebels and royal troops, in Avhich the former were defeated. Carlsbad, congress of, at which resolutions were passed by the al- lied sovereigns inimical to consti- tutional monarchs and human free- dom, Aug. 1, 1819. Carlscrona^ Sweden, nearly all burned down, 1067 houses; two churches, and all the merchants' dwellings and magazines except two; June 17, 1790. Carlos, Don, Prince of Spain, poisoned by order of his own father, through jealousy; 1568. Carlton House, fete given at, June 20, 1811 ; another to the Duke of Wellington, 2500 persons being- present, July 21; 1814. Carmelite Order, or White Eriars, originated 1141 ; settled in Erance, 1252 ; moderated their pre- vious austerities, 1540. Carnatic, or South Hindostan, contested for with Hyder Ali and 80,000 men, who were defeated, July 1 and Aug. 27, 1781, and utterly ruined June 2, 1782; over- run by Tippoo Saib, 1799; under British authority since 1801. Carnation fio\ver, first introduced into England about 1697. CAR 116 C AE Carnworth, Lord, taken prisoner at Preston, Nov. 13, 1715 ; released July 24, 1717. Carolina, America, discovered 1497 ; settled, 1629 ; damaged fear- fully by a storm, 1722, and in Aug., 1728 ; made a royal government, May, 1728; contained ten negroes to one white man, Nov., 1730 ; silk imported from, Oct. 30, 1730; in- surrection of the negroes in, 1739 ; declared independent of Great Bri- tain by the treaty of Nov. 30, 1782. Caroline, Queen, gave Queen's College, Oxford, £1000 to repair it, 1733; Princess, daughter of the Prince of Wales, died Sept. 4, 1759. Caroline Islands discovered by the Spaniards, 1686. Caroline, Queen of George IV., proceedings against in the House of Lords Aug. 19, 1820, lasting to Nov. 10; her arrival in England, June 6, 1820, demanding an open trial; went to St. Paul's, Nov. 29, 1820 ; protested against her exclu- sion from the coronation, July 18, 1821; taken ill, July 30, 1821; died at Brandenburgh House, after an illness of eight days, Aug. 7, 1821 ; her remains removed thence for interment in Brunswick, Aug. 14 ; interred there, Aug. 25, 1821. Carp first brought to England about 1525. Carpet, order of the, made in England, 1553. Carpets, articles of luxury, came from the East, 1300; introduced into France from Persia, between 1589 and 1610; manufacture of, came to England, 1750. Carriages, under the name of Cars, 1294 ; used in Erance, 1550 ; but introduced into Vienna, 1474 or 1509; into England, 1555 or 1580 ; in the reign of Elizabeth called " whirlicotes ; " in 1619, driven in ostentation with six horses; first let for hire in Paris, 1650, at the Hotel Eiacre, by one Sauvage ; only used by women of rank in the beginning of the six- teenth century ; in 1681, there were fifty gilt, with six horses each, at the court of Hanover; used in Spain, 1546 ; post-chaises invented in France, 1664; coaches for hire let out first in London, 1625; in 1637, there were fifty in London ; in 1652, above 200 ; in 1654, about 300, employing 600 horses ; in 1694, amounted to 700 ; in 1715, to 800 ; to 1000, in 1771 ; to 1200, in 1799 ; hackney chariots, 200 licensed in 1814; the coaches and cabriolets increased 2650 in 1846. Hackney coaches introduced into Edinburgh 1673, but only twenty in number, which fell in 1752 to 14, and in 1778 to 9 ; introduced into Warsaw, 1778; in Copenhagen there are 100 ; in Amsterdam, in 1663, they were forbidden, lest the wheels should injure the pavements, and are now in winter as those of St. Petersburg are, placed upon sledges. Cabriolets introduced into London from France, 1823; the omnibus originated in Paris, 1827 ; intro- duced into London 1831, of which there are 900 ; made in England in 1736, 40,000,— half exported. Car- riages taxed 1747, 1776, 1782, 1785, 1808; in 1778, by the duty, £117,000, 23,000 were kept; in 1785 the duty was £154,988 in England, in Scotland only £9000. Carrickfergus Castle built by Hugh de Lacy, 1178. Carrickfergus, town of, surren- dered to the Duke of Schomberg, Aug. 28, 1689; Wm. III. landed at, June 14, 1690; surrendered, with the castle, to the French admiral Thurot, 1760. Carron Iron Works, Stirling- shire, established 1760, employing 1600 persons; all the ponderous ordnance used in war, including shot and shell, are here manufactured. Carronades, short pieces of iron artillery, with large bores in pro- portion to their length, first made at the Carron Foundry, 1776. Carrots first introduced into England from the Low Countries, 1540. Carr, the notorious favourite of James I. of England, 1611 ; created CAS 117 CAS Earl of Somerset, 1613; fell into disgrace, 1615. Carthage, founded 869 years be- fore Christ, by the Tyrians ; taken by Scipio and burned, 146 a.c. ; re- built as a Eoman colony, and be- came the capital of the Eoman province in Africa ; then it was seized by the Vandal princes, who made it their court; but reunited to the empire by Justinian, 530; taken by the Saracens in the reign of Heraclius. Carthagena, Spain, taken by the Allies, June 13, 1706 ; retaken by the Duke of Brunswick ; built by Asdrubal, 227 a.c. "Carthagena, in Columbia, Ame- rica, taken by Sir Francis Drake, and plundered, 1585 ; plundered by the French, 1697 ; bombarded by Admiral Vernon, 1741. Cartmel Monastery built 1188. Carving in marble, or sculpture, invented 722 a.c. ; practised in the highest perfection in Greece, 440 a.c. ; in modern Italy, about 1500. Carthusians, the austere order of the, founded by St. Bruno, at the Chartreuse, 1084 ; in England, had a house where the Charterhouse now stands ; brutally treated by Henry VIII. when he seized their property, 1530. Cartoons of Raphael, executed between 1510 and 1515 ; seven pur- chased in Elanders for Charles I., 1629. Cas, St., attacked by the English, who were repulsed, Sept. 11, 1758. Cash payments stopped at the Bank of England, Feb. 27, 1797 ; partial return to, Sept. 22, 1817; resumed, 1821. Cashed, see of, founded about 901 ; Donat O'Lanagan, bishop, 1152; ceased to be archiepiscopal, and the see of Waterford and Lis- more united with it, 1833. Casan nearly destroyed by fire, Oct., 1752. Cashmere shawls first brought to England, 1666; imitated at the looms of Bradford and Hudders- field, 1820; some of the genuine drawn through a ring, and valued at 1000 rupees each ; the common cost 150 rupees, 1650. , Cashman, John, executed for stealing arms from the shop of Beckwith, Snow Hill, during what were called the Spa Fields riots, March 12, 1817. Casimir, King of Poland, visited England, 1577. Castel-Nuovo, battle of, the French defeating the Russians, Sept. 29, 1806. Castel-Nuovo nearly destroyed by an earthquake, 1783 ; 4000 per- sons perished. Castiglione, battle of, one of Bonaparte's most brilliant victories over the Austrians, under General Wurmser, lasting five days, from the 2nd to the 6th of July, 1796 ; all the cannon, and 13,000 prison- ers, were the rewards of the victo- rious force. Castile, governed by the Goths, 800; Ferdinand assumed the title of King of, 1020; he married Isa- bella of Castile, and thus united all the Christian possessions in Spain, 1035. Castillon, battle of, between the English and French, July 17, 1453; the former were defeated, and lost all their dominions in France ex- cept Calais. Castlebar, Ireland, battle of, in which a body of French troops de- feated the English army, which was much more numerous, and forced it to retreat, Aug. 2, 1798. Castle Pollard, affray of, in Ire • land, May 23, 1831. Castles, Baronial, in England, those built before 1154 nearly all demolished by Henry II., who de- prived the barons of them in his own defence, 1154; 1100 were de- stroyed. Cassel abandoned by the Hano- verians, July 31, 1760 ; occupied by the French; retaken, Nov. 1, 1762. Castle and Sword, order of, established in Portugal, 1807. Castleacre Priorv, Norfolk, built 1090. CAT 118 CAT Cathedral Churches of England. Date. St. Asaph..) 1469 Choir, ditto) rebuilt 1780 Bangor 1496 Bath } Wesffront Bristol 1311 Canterbury £ -..,, Carlisle ....J \m Chester 1120 Chichester. I 1199 St. David's.... 1180 twt,^ \ from 1093 Durham.... > , 110£J { to 1126 Ely 1087 ) 1138 Exeter V to 1369 r 12^0 Gloucester. > , ,.:L k to 1460 Hereford 1079 Landaff I 1120 Li " C0ln j toTsL Lichfield 1238 Norwich ... I 1096 Oxford I P a ^1004 ) part 1119 St. Paul's, London.. 1675 to 1710 Peterboro'.. I -^jj Rochester 1130 Salisbury... J 1220 Wells 1239 Winchester I *^79 Worcester . I ^ York 1327 ! Style. ( Gothic ( Gothic ... Gothic | Gothic ... Gothic ( Saxon I Gothic C Saxon pil- ■< lars, point ( ed arches ...Part Saxon 5 Saxon and I Gothic ...Part Saxon C Saxon, < pointed ( Avindows ... Saxon C Saxon, -< Gothic ( windows C Saxon pil- ■< lars, Gothic ( windows . . . Saxon C Pointed -< arches, in ( ruins < Gothic ... Gothic ( Saxon and ( Gothic i Saxon C Saxon ) ( Gothic ) Saxon J Gothic I ... Gothic j Part Saxon ) (Part Gothic ) Gothic Gothic Length. ft- 179 214 235 175 530 ext. 514 int. 180 372 410 . 290 411 . 517 390 423 ext. 406 int. . 352 270 524 . 400 411 154 500 E. to W., 248 N. to S. 471 . 335 473 . 371 554 394 524 . Breadth. . ft- . .. 60 | 72 .. 73 i» i» .. 74 | 90 .. 76 74 .. 73 74 5 84 .. 74 70 Height. ft- . 66 71 54 107 156 74 130 Spire 300 127 Tower 214 140 Tower ( a buil M225 1460 ( ZZD . Tower 144 Cent, tower 300, West. do. 281 . Spire 258 Steeple 313 144 356 156 Spire 399 Nave 81 Tower 160 78 200 213 CAT 119 CAY Castleacre Monastery, York- shire, built 1085. Castle-Cornet, Guernsey, built 1100. Castle-Rising Castle, Norfolk, built 1204. Castle-Rushen Castle, Isle of Man, built 960. Castletown Castle, Isle of Man, built 960. Castor Church destroyed by lightning, June 5, 1795. Caswell, Sir George, expelled the House of Commons for his con- duct in the South Sea affair, March 20, 1720. Catalogues of English printed books first published, 1595 ; of those in Ireland, 1632. Catalonia surrendered to Charles III. of Spain, 1705. Catania, Sicily, nearly Over- thrown by an eruption of Mount Etna, 1669 ; by an earthquake, 1693, and 18,000 inhabitants buried in the ruins ; again, Feb. 22, 1817, a number of persons perished. Cateait, peace of, between France and Spain ; to the last were ceded Savoy, 'Corsica, and nearly 200 places in Italy and the Low Coun- tries, 1559. Cateau, battle of, in which the Allies under Prince Coburg defeat- ed the French, March 28, 1794. Catechism first published in English, 1552, a short one by the Bishop of Winchester ; ordered by James I. to be enlarged, 1612, by adding the doctrinal points of the Church of England. Catherine order of knighthood established in Palestine, 1063; order of nuns of St. Catherine, 1373 ; order of ladies of the highest rank in Russia, founded by the empress of Peter the Great, 1714. Catherine-Cree Church, Lon- don, consecrated 1630. Catherine Hall, Cambridge, founded 1475. Catherine-hill Chapel, Surrey, built 1230. Catherine of Spain, queen of Henry VIII., divorced, 1529. Catherine Howard, queen of Henry VIII., divorced and be- headed, Feb. 13, 1542. , Catherine Parr, married to Hen. VIIL, July 12, 1543; again, to Admiral Seymour, 1548; died in childbed, 1548. Catholic, a name given to the Roman church, 38 ; " Catholic Ma- jesty," a title given first by Pope Gregory III. to Alphonso I. of Spain, 739 ; bestowed on Ferdinand V., 1474, on account of his zeal for the Papal faith. Cato-street Conspirators arrest- ed, Feb. 23, 1820 ; executed May 1. Cats' Isle, one of the Bahamas discovered by Columbus, 1492. Catsiull Mountains, United States, woods in, between Ulster and Sullivan counties consumed, 1816. Cattle, importation of, from Ireland or Scotland into England forbidden, 1 663 ; admitted into England by statute, July 9, 1842, at a moderate dut}>- from any coun- try ; imports from Ireland, 1846, black cattle, 81,592; sheep, 100,366; swine, 381,744. Catworth, Huntingdon, greatly damaged by fire, Aug. 3, 1753. Cauliflowers first introduced and cultivated in England, 1603 ; brought from Cyprus, but not natu- ralized to be plentiful until 1670 ; once sent as presents from England to Portugal. Cautionary towns of the Dutch pledged to Queen Elizabeth, 1585 ; restored, 1616. Cavaliers, the adherents to the Stuarts in the war between Charles I. and his people, thus named in opposition to the Roundheads or adherents of parliament, from 1642 to 1649. Cavendish set out on his voyage to circumnavigate the globe, 1586. Caverlev, Sir Hugh, the first person who used guns in the ser- vice of England, 1347. Cayenne first settled by the French, 1625; abandoned, 1654, when it fell into the hands of the Dutch, who were expelled by the CEN 120 CE Y French, 1677; taken by the Bri- tish, Jan. 12, 1809 ; restored, 1814. Cedar of Lebanon brought to England from the East prior to 1683 ; the red from North America before 1664; the Bermuda, about 1683. Celery said to have been intro- duced into England by Count Tallard, when a prisoner in Eng- land after the battle of Blenheim, 1704. Celibacy and the monastic life early preached in the Christian church by St. Anthony, 305 ; the doctrine rejected by the council of Nice, 325 ; only enjoined upon bish- ops, 692 ; the clergy not compelled by the vow until 1073 ; finally established, 1095. Cemeteries, or public burying places, in early times always at a distance from towns ; established in London, at Kensal Green, 1832 ; at Harrow, 1837 ; Highgate and Kentishtown, 1839; at Abney Park, 1840; at Earl's Court, 1840; and at Nunhead, 1840. Census of Population, the, first regularly taken, 1801, and decenni- ally since, in 1811, 1821, 1831, J 841, 1851. The returns give, including army and navy, for the British Isles : — . 1801: England,.... 8,331,434) Wales 541,546 I Total Scotland.... 1,599,063 f 10,942,646 Army, &c... 470,598 J 1811: England 9,538,827) Wales 61 1 ,788 I , „ _ Q „ Rft „ Scotland.... 1,805,638 f 12 > 596 > 803 - Army, &c... 640,500 J 1821: England.. ..11,260,555) Wales 717,108 I 1A ^ Q ArT Scotland... 2,092,014 ( L % 6 W>- Army, &c... 310,000 J 1831 : England.... 13, 089, 336) Wales 805,236 [ ir rq7 QQ „ Scotland... 2,365,807 f 10 ><^M yb - Army, &c... 277,017 j 1841: England....l4,995,508) 18,535,786. Wales 911,321 V Including the Scotland... 2,628,957) smaller Isles. 1851: S?^and } 20,919,531. Wales V Including Scotland ) Channel Islands. The population of Ireland in ] 731 was supposed to be 2,010,221 ; in 1831, it amounted to 7,784,934 ; in 1841, to 8,175,124; in 1851, by famine and emigration, it had been reduced 20 per cent., or To 6,515,794 ^tfanf!?"} 20,919,531 Total, 1851, 27,435,325 London, which numbered 864,845 in 1801, returned, in 1851, 2,363,141 inhabitants. The same rapid in- crease took place in the other towns of the empire, ending with the cen- sus of 1851. It is conjectured that a census of the whole empire would not return much short of 171,000,000, in 1853. Central Criminal Court estab ■ lished for the trial of oifenders, 1834, including Middlesex, and parts of Essex, Kent, and Surrey. Century, a computation of time observed in ecclesiastical history, from the year of Christ 1. First adopted in chronological history in France. Ceremonies, master of the, an office instituted to regulate court receptions, and govern the frivoli- ties of fashion, first noted in 1603, in the time of James I. Beau Nash held the office at Bath, and led the way to the introduction of such a personage at fashionable assem- blages out of the court ; he died in 1761. Ceuta, in Barbary, 200 houses bloAvn down there, Feb. 15, 1751. Ceylon discovered, 1506 ; the capital taken by the Dutch, 1608 ; by the Portuguese, 1621 ; by the Dutch again, 1656; a portion taken CHA 121 CHA by England, 1782, but restored ; taken Aug. 26, 1795; ceded to England, 1802 ; massacre of Bri- tish at, June 26, 1803; entirely assumed by England, 1815. Chain bridges used in China ; the largest in England erected at the Menai Strait, in Wales, by Telford, 1818. Chain-pier, the first erected at Brighton, by Captain Brown, 1822. Chain-shot, invented bv the Dutch admiral De Witt, 1666. Chain-cables first used in the royal navy in 1812. Chain-pumps first used on board ship, 1787. Chains, hanging in, a punish- ment which came down among the irrational customs which dis- graced the Saxon ancestry of Eng- land ; it was abolished by William IV., 1834. Chairs, Sedan, patent granted for, to one Duncombe, for selling in London, 1634; there were 241 private Sedan chairs kept in Dub- lin in March, 1787. Chairs acts passed for the regu- lation of, and of the chairmen, 1772, 85, 86, and 87. Chamberlain, an appendage of courts in Erance, England, and Germany ; the chamberlains of the exchequer discontinued, 1834 ; of the household, known in the time of Henry VII., 1485. Chamber of deputies in Erance, number of representatives reduced, 1816. Chamberry, in Sardinia, eighteen persons killed, and numerous build- ings blown up by an accidental ex- plosion of gunpowder, 1773. Championship of England, insti- tuted by Richard EL, 1377, and made hereditary. Chancellor, Lord, of England, the first lay office of the State after the blood royal ; Maurice, bishop of London, chancellor, 1067 ; Sir Thomas More, the first who de- cided causes upon his own judg- ment, 1530 ; Sir Christopher Hat- ton, 1587, so ignorant, the first re- ference was to a master, 1588 ; vice- chancellor permanently appointed, 1813. The following were chancel- lors of England for the century ending 1852: Sir Kobert Hurley, 1757 ; Lord Hinlev, 1761 ; Lord Camden, July, 1766 ; Lord Hard- wicke, Jan., 1770, and commission; Earl Bathurst, 1771; Lord Thur- low, June 2, 1778 ; in commission. June 15, 1792; Lord Lough- borough, Jan. 27, 1793 ; Lord Eldon, April 15, 1801; Lord Erskine, Eeb. 7, 1806; Lord El- don again, March 25, 1807; Lord Lyndhurst, April 30, 1827; Lord Brougham and Vaux,]S T ov. 16, 1832 ; Lord Lyndhurst again, Nov. 28, 1834 ; in commission, 1835 ; Sir C. C. Pepys, afterwards Lord Cotten- ham, Jan. 16, 1836 ; Lord Lynd- hurst, a third time, Sept. 3, 1841 ; Lord Cottenham again, July 6, 1846 ; in commission, 1850 ; Lord Truro, July 15, 1850; Lord St. Leonards, March, 1852 ; LordCran- worth, Dec, 1852. Chancellors, Lord, of Ireland, the first, Eichard I., 1186. Geoffrey Turville, archdeacon of Dublin, 1238; Lord Jocelyn, 1739; Lord Bowes of Clonlyon, March 22, 1797 ; Viscount Lifford, Nov. 24, 1767; Baron Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare, Jan. 28, 1789, died, 1802; Baron Redesdale, Feb., 1802; Right Hon. George Ponsonby, Eeb. 14, 1806; Lord Manners, April 23, 1807 ; Sir Anthony Hart, Nov. 5, 1827 ; Baron Phmket, Dec. 23, 1830; Sir G. B. Sugden, Jan. 13, 1835 ; Eight Hon. Baron Plunket, a second time, April 30, 1835; to June, 1841; John Baron Campbell to Sept., 1841 ; Sir E. B. Sugden, a second time, to July 1846; Right Hon. M. Brady, July 16, 1846; Eight Hon. J. Blackburne, March, 1852; Eight Hon. M. Brady, a second time, Dec, 1852. Chancellorship, Lord, of Scot- land, abolished, 1708. Chancellors of the Exchequer, See Exchequer. Chancellors of Oxford and Cam- CH A 122 CH A bridge since the revolution. Of Oxford — James Duke of Ormond, 1688; Earl of Arran, 1715 ; Earl of Westmoreland, 1759 ; Earl of Lich- field, 1762; Lord North, Earl of Guildford, 1772 ; Duke of Portland, 1792 ; Lord Grenville, 1809 ; Duke of Wellington, 1834 ; Earl of Derby, 1852. Of Cambridge — Duke of Somerset, chancellor, 1688 ; Duke of Newcastle, 1748 ; Duke of Grafton, 1768 ; Duke of Gloucester, 1811 ; Prince Albert, 1847. Chancery, Court of, instituted, 605; reformed by William L, 1067 ; partially reformed, 1852. In 1850, there were 3251 accounts not dealt with, standing fifty years, and .£247,495, 5s. lOd. in amount, and stock; 762 not dealt with for fifty years, £314,543 in amount. Chanting psalms in churches, adopted, in imitation of the pagan ceremonies of Eome, about 350. Introduced into the Catholic service by Gregory the Great, in 602. Chapel, knights of the, once the poor knights of Windsor, instituted by Henry VIII., 1546. Chapel at Roscommon, Ireland, in which one of the galleries gave way and fell, when fourteen persons were killed, and many injured, April 17, 1804 Chaplet, a string of beads first used by the Catholics in reciting their prayers, 1094. It came into general use about 1213, long after beads. Chapter of a collegiate church or cathedral, as at Westminster, built, 1250. The commons of Eng- land held their sittings there, 1377, until 1547. Charing Cross, London, in the village of Charing, one of the crosses Edward I. erected where the body of Queen Eleanor rested on its way to interment, 1291. It was destroyed in the civil wars. Charing, a small village, 1353 ; first joined by streets to London about 1678 ; new buildings where it stood commenced, 1829. Charing Cross Hospital, built, Sept. 15, 1831. Charitable Corporation, the, in- stituted, 1708 ; abolished, 1734 ; be- quests to aid to enforce fulfilment of, formed by statute, 1764 ; the present under an act of 1800 ; board of commissioners in Ireland for 1825 ; the Roman Catholic board for, act passed, 1844. Charities of England, endowed and known to exist, amounted to £1,500,000 per annum, in 1840. Charity Schools in London, pub- lic, first founded in 1608 ; 6000 child- ren assembled at St. Paul's, May 2, 1782 ; 160 schools established with- in the bills of mortality between 1688 and 1767. Charlemagne, emperor of the west, died, 813. Charleroi, battle of, 1690 and 1794; the town besieged by the Prince of Orange, 1672, and again, 1677 ; near that place, at Ligny, Bonaparte drove back the Prussians upon Havre, just before the battle of Waterloo, June 16, 1815. Charles I. setting up his standard at Nottingham, Aug. 28, 1642, it was blown down the same night. Charles X. of France made his public entry into Paris to ascend the throne, June, 1825 ; and driven from it, July, 1830. Charles XII. of Sweden, killed at Frederickshall, Norway, Nov. 30, 1718, aged 36. Charles L, of England, beheaded before the banqueting - house at Whitehall, Jan. 30, 1649, aged 49. Charleston, Massachusetts, Unit- ed States, injured by a storm, 1761; burned by the British, Jan. 17, 1775 ; British fleet repulsed with loss at, June 28, 1776 ; taken by the British, May 7, 1779. Charleston, South Carolina, United States, injured by an ex- plosion, Aug. 11, 1762 ; destroyed by a hurricane, Sept. 15, 1753 ; a fire, which burned 250 houses, Jan. 15, 1778; taken by the British troops in March, 1780; evacuated, April 14, 1783; a fire which con- sumed 400 houses at, May, 1796. Charlotte's, Queen, island, dis- CHA 123 CHE covered by Captain Wallis, 1767 ; a cluster with the same name dis- covered by Captain Cartaret, 1767. Charlotte, the royal, a man-of- war of 100 guns, burned by accident at Leghorn, and only 150 of the crew saved, March 16, 1800. . Charta, Magna, the great charter, extorted by the barons from King John, at a spot called Runnymede, 5 m. E. of Windsor, June 15, 1215. Charters, the first granted by English kings to their subjects were those called " of rights," by Edward the Confessor and Henry I., 1100. The rights and privileges of Magna Charta renewed by Henry IV., and many times confirmed. Charters to corporations were given by William I., 1067. Charter House, or Chartreuse, built, 1371 ; converted into an hos- pital, May, 1611. Charter party, first used in Eng- land, 1243. Chartists, a great number of the laborious classes often assembled between 1830 and 1840, and de- manded certain concessions, such as they thought would perfect the go- vernment of the country. In some cases of their meetings riots ensued, and at Newport they came armed and engaged the military, when twenty persons were killed and wounded. Frost, their ringleader, brought to trial, Dec. 31, 1849 ; was found guilty of high treason, and the usual sentence commuted into transportation for life. Meetings of the same persons were held in Lon- don and different places, 1848. Charts, said to have been first brought into England by Bartholo- mew Columbus, 1489 ; Mercator's chart on a plane was drawn 1556. Chatham Dockyard, begun by Queen Elizabeth, about 1580. Chest of, 1552, for wounded and decayed seamen. The Dutch fleet attack the place, and burn several vessels, June 10, 1667. A number of houses destroyed by fire at, May 11, 1774. Chatham, Earl of, terminated his second administration, Dec, 1767. Statue to, in the city of London guildhall, erected, 1782. . Chatham, one of the Gallipagos islands, visited, 1793. Chatillon, congress of, held by the four great powers allied against France, Feb. 5, 1814 ; negotiations broken off, March 19. Chaumont, treaty of, signed, March 1, 1814. Cheats, law enacted against, 1542 ; at play, 9 Anne, 1711, to be punished as in cases of perjury. Cheapside Cross, taken down and demolished, May 2, 1643. Cheese, of ancient date ; Cheshire makes 31,000 tons ; 10,000 tons im- ported, 1840; 27,000 tons, 1850. Chelm, in Poland, 375 houses and warehouses burned, May 4, 1788. Chelmsford Church, Essex, fell down, Jan. 17, 1800; bridge of, built, 1100 ; prison erected at, 1777. Chelsea Water-works, incorpo- rated, 1722. Chelsea Hospital or College, be- gun, 1609, by James I., designed for theological disputation; con- verted to its present purpose by Charles II. ; and completed by William III., 1690 ; cost, £150,000. Chelsea Garden of Physic, given by Sir Hans Sloane to the Apothe- caries' company, 1721. Chelsea Military Asylum, begun, June 19, 1801. Cheltenham, town of, injured by a storm, June, 1731 ; the mineral springs discovered, 1718 ; the king's well, 1778 ; visited by George III., July 12, 1788 ; new theatre erected, 1804; new wells sunk by Thompson, 1806 ; magnesian salt discovered at, in 1811 ; made a borough under the reform bill, 1832. Chemistry and Distillation, intro- duced into Europe by the Moors, 1150, who obtained the art from Egypt. Hydraulic chemistry in- vented, 1746. Chepstow, boat near, upset, and five ladies and gentlemen drowned, Sept. 22, 1812 ; Howick farm near, burned, Oct., 1815. CHE 124 CHI Cherbourg, naval engagement between the English and French, May 19, 1692 ; off Cape la Hogue, the latter defeated, losing twenty- one vessels ; forts and arsenal of, de- stroyed, Aug., 1758 ; works at re- sumed by Louis XVI. ; breakwater at, begun, 1783 ; resumed by Bona- parte, 1803 ; completed, 1813 ; works of, proof against any arma- ment whatever, 1850. Cherokee Indians, seven chiefs visit England, 1730 ; three in 1762, 1766, and 1791. Cherries from Pontus to Rome, 70 a.c. ; first planted in England, 100 ; peculiar kind brought from Flanders into Kent, 1540, from the Canary islands to Affron in Ireland, by Sir Walter Raleigh. Chertsey Abbey founded, 664. Chesapeake, battle of, between the British and French, when the former were forced to retire, 1781 ; bay of, blockaded, by the English, 1812 ; American frigate so called, struck to the Shannon, June 2, 1813. Chess, game of, invented, 680 a.c. ; though some say not until 500 a.i). ; traced early to India. Chess player, the celebrated Phi- lidor, who played two games at once blindfolded ; he died in Lon- don, 1795 ; Automaton chess player exhibited in London, 1822. Chester, city of, founded by the Romans, the station of the 20th legion ; city wall built by Edelfieda, 908 ; Saxon castle rebuilt by Wil- liam I., 1084; cathedral, once the abbey church of St. Wei^burgh, created, 660 ; St. John's church, 689; water tower, 1322; nearly de- stroyed by fire, 1471 ; fatal gun- powder explosion at, Nov. 5, 1772, by which many persons were killed. Chester bishopric ; a bishop of Lichfield once removed to Chester, 1075, and occasioned his successors to be called bishops of Chester ; not made a distinct bishopric till the dissolution of the monasteries, 1541 ; cathedral erected, 1120, part Saxon 372 feet long, 74 broad. Chichester built by Cissa, 540 ; cathedral erected, 1115 ; burned with the city, 1186 ; rebuilt by Seffric, 1199 ; Saxon and Gothic, 410 feet long, 90 broad, spire 300 high; made a bishopric after Selsey, 681, was removed by Sti- gaud, the twenty - third bishop, 1071. Childham Castle, Kent, built, 812. Children, English, forbidden to be sold by their parents for slaves ; prohibited by Canute, 1017. Chili, discovered by Almagro, 1535 ; subdued partly, 1546 ; re- volted, 1810 ; achieved its inde- pendence of Spain, 1817, Feb. 12. Chillianwallah, battle of, in India, Jan. 13, 1849; the Sikhs were beaten, but not without pro- digious loss on the part of the Bri- tish army, from an attack made too precipitately ; 26 officers were kill- ed, 66 wounded, and 731 men killed, and 1,446 wounded; the Sikh loss was far more considerable. Chimes on bells, invented at Alost, 1487. Chimneys first introduced into England in 1200, and confined to kitchen and hall, there often being but one, and that generally in the middle of the building, in 1300, after which they became more com- mon. Chimney-sweepers, act to regu- late the trade, 1789 ; the statute repealed, and regulations passed re- specting, 1834 ; no apprentices to be taken by masters under sixteen years of age, 1840; after July, 1842, no ascent of a chimney by a person under twenty-one took place. China, first visited by the Por- tuguese, 1517 ; fifteen times as large as England and Ireland, with as many inhabitants as all Europe ; said to have been an empire 2500 years before Christ ; the history be- comes distinct 700 years a.c, or about 651 ; Confucius flourished there, 551 a.c. ; great wall com- pleted, 211 a.c. ; the art of printing CHI 125 CHI known, 202 a.c. ; creed of Tao-tsi general, 15 a.c. ; religion of Lo in- troduced, 60 a.d. ; Nankin the capi- tal, 420; Nestorian Christians ad- mitted, 635; extirpated, 845; seat of government transferred to Pekin, 1260 ; the great Yu Ho canal com- menced, 1400 ; Europeans arrived at Canton, 1517 ; Macao granted as a settlement to the Portuguese, 1536 ; Jesuit missionaries sent there by the pope, 1575; conquered by the Eastern Tartars, 1644; earth- quake at Pekin destroys 300,000 persons, 1662 ; the Jesuits preach Christianity, 1662 ; are expelled, 1724; a second earthquake destroy- ed 100,000 persons at Pekin, and 80,000 in a suburb ; by a salute, a shot from one of the India ships was accidentally fired and a native killed, the gunner was demanded, given up, and strangled, 1785; Macartney's embassy to, Sept. 14, 1793 ; ordered away, Oct. 3, 1793 ; reached England, Sept. 6, 1794; edict against Christians, 1812; Lord Amherst's embassy, 1816 ; refused the court ceremony of the Kou-tou, and returned; exclusive rights of East India Company to cease, April 22, 1834 ; free trade ships first sail for England with tea, April 25, 1834 ; Lord Napier arrived as a resi- dent superintendent, July 15, 1834; died Oct. 11 ; affray between two English vessels and natives, several Chinese killed, Sept. 5, 1834 ; opium trade interdicted by the Chinese, Nov. 7, 1834; Argyle ship and crew seized by the Chinese, Jan. 31, 1835 ; opium burned at Canton by the Chinese, Feb. 23, 1835; Sir E. Maitland arrived at Macao, July 12, 1838 ; an edict issued to seize opi- um, by Lin, March 18, 1839 ; Bri- tish residents forbidden to leave Canton, 1839, March 19 ; factories outraged, March 24, 1839 ; the resi- dent, Captain Elliot, required Bri- tish subjects to deliver to him all their opium, promising full value for it from the government, March 27, 1839; half is given up as con- traband to the Chinese, April 20, 1839, and the rest, 20,283 chests afterwards surrendered, May 21; the resident and merchants left Canton, May 24, 1839; 'a native killed in an affray between the natives and the British and Ameri- can seamen, July 7, 1839 ; a Bri- tish boat attacked by the natives, and the crew murdered, Aug. 24, 1839 ; British merchants left Ma- cao, Aug. 26, 1839 ; Junks, 28 in all, attacked two British frigates, and several bloAvn up, November 3, 1839 ; British trade stopped by an imperial edict, Dec. 6, 1839, and for ever, Jan. 5, 1840 ; Hellas ship of war attacked, May 22, 1840; fire-rafts sent against the British vessels, June 9, 1840 ; Canton blockaded by the British, June 28, 1840 ; Zing-hai, in the isle of Chusan, surrendered to the English, July 5, 1840 ; Mr. Stanton seized and carried to Canton, Aug. 6, 1840 ; Captain Elliot, in a steamer, entered the Pei-ho river, near Pekin, Aug. 11, 1840; crew of the Kite shipwrecked, with captain's wife on board, and confined in cages, Sep. 15, 1840 ; the mandarin Lin degraded ; negotiations commenced, Nov. 6, 1840; broken off, Jan. 6, 1841.; Chu-en-pe and Tae-coc-tow taken with 173 guns ; Hong-kong ceded to the English, and 6,000,000 of dollars agreed to be paid to Eng- land within ten days, Jan. 20, 1841 ; formal possession of Hong-kong, taken; Jan, 26, 1841 ; the treaty re- jected at Pekin, Eeb. 11, 1841 ; hostilities resumed, Eeb. 23, 1841 ; Bogue Eorts taken, with 459 guns, and Admiral Kwan killed; the British sail up to Canton, March 1, 1841 ; the commissioner Keshin de- graded, March 12, 1841 ; a Chinese boat flotilla destroyed ; Canton threatened; the foreign factories seized, and 461 guns taken, March, 18, 1841 ; new commissioners ar- rived from Pekin at Canton, April 14, 1811 ; Canton taken, and ransomed for 6,000,000 dollars, 5,000,000 paid down, and the Bri- tish forces withdrawn, June 1, CHI 126 CHI 1841 ; trade re-opened, July 16, 1841 ; Sir Henry Pottinger arrived; Captain Elliot superseded, Aug. 10, 1841 ; Amoy taken, and 296 guns destroyed, Aug. 27, 1841 ; Bogue Forts destroyed, Sept. 14, 1841 ■ city of Zing-hae taken, and Chusan occupied, Oct. 1, 1841 ; Chin- hae taken, Oct. 10, and Ning-po, Oct. 13, 1841 ; three other towns cap- tured, Dec. 28 ; a Chinese army of 12,000 men attacked Ning-po, and were routed, March 10, 1842; again 8,000 near Tszc-kee, March 15, 1842 ; Cha-pou defences destroyed, May 18, 1842; the British ships enter the river Kiang, June 13, 1842; Woosung taken, June 16, 1842, and Shang-hae, June 19; the squadron anchored near the Gol- den Island, July 20, 1842 ; the city of Chin-keong taken, where the Tartar general and many of his garrison committed suicide, July 21, 1842 ; the advanced ships reach the city of Nankin, Aug. 4, 1842, and the disembarkation of troops com- menced, Aug. 9, 1842 ; Keying ar- rived to treat for peace, Aug. 12, 1842 ; treaty of peace signed before Nankin, on board the Cornwallis, by Sir H. Pottinger for England, Key-ing, El-e-poo, and Neu-kian for China, Aug. 29, 1842; China to pay 21,000,000 of dollars, part down, and the rest within three years, and the island of Hong-kong ceded in perpetuity ; five ports of China to be open to England, &c, and ratified by the emperor, Sept. 8, 1842 ; by Queen Victoria ex- changed with the emperor, July 22, 1843 ; the commercial treaty or tariff adjusted, July 27, 1843; Bogue Forts taken by the British to obtain redress for insults, April 5, 1847; a dreadful typhoon visited Hong - Kong ; 1000 boat dwellers drowned in the Canton river, Oct., 1848 ; the steam-ship Medea de- stroyed thirteen pirate junks in the Chinese seas, March 4, 1850. China, late emperors of, Chwang- lei, 1627; Shun-che, 1644; Kang- he, 1669 ; Yung-ching, 1693 ; Kien- lung, 1736 ; Kea-ding, 1796 ; Taon- kwang, 1821 ; and Sze-hing, empe- ror 1850. China, trade of, when the war ensued : — . IMP. EXP. England ... 2,600,000 ... 6,000,000 America ... 827,000 ... 2,427,000 Dutch 933,000 ... 1,173,000 Spanish ... — ... 1,433,000 French — ... 136,000 Danes — ... 100,000 Number of ships which arrived at China during the year the war commenced : — British flag 233 American 43 Spanish 28 Portuguese 11 French 7 Danish 2 Other European nations, flags unknown 22 The bulk of the cargoes exported was tea and silk. — Tea is grown in all the southern provinces of China, in like manner ; good tea is grown only in a few places ; the black tea exported by Europeans is grown in the pro-vinces of Fuh-keen and Quan-tung, and the green teas in Tche-Kiang and Nagan-Hoe ; there are thirty-six kinds of tea, but of these thirteen varieties alone are exported by Europeans, viz. : — BLACK TEAS. Pekoe 1st picking. Orange Pekoe „ Caper „ Ankoi Souchong . . .2nd picking. Souchong ,, Campoi „ Congou „ Bohea 3rd picking. GREEN TEAS. Gunpowder 1st picking. Hyson „ Young Hyson 2nd picking. Hyson Skin 3rd picking. Twankay ,. The leaves are plucked from the shrubs and trees three times a-year — in April, July, and September; the finest tea is the first picking, and these buds are sometimes mixed CHI 127 CHO with the blossoms of the sweet olive, which impart to them a de- lightful fragrance, and the tea is then called Flowery Pekoe; the later gatherings are of a coarser and darker leaf; the average amount exported for British con- sumption is 40, 000, 000t>., and the total consumption of England and her dependencies is 58,000,0001*. ; the annual income derived from tea is £3,300,000; during the last twenty years, £80,000,000 has been paid into the British exchequer as duties upon tea. The following table shows the amount of tea exported from China, for the use of the world : — 5> Great Britain, &c 50,000,000 Tartary and the States of Central Asia (chieflv black tea) ,\ 21,000,000 U. States of America ... 10,000,000 Kussia 5,000,000 East India Islands 3,000,000 Holland and Belgium ... 2, 700, 000 Erance 500,000 Denmark 130,000 Naples 3,500 Germany 2,000 Austria 1,500 Italy 1.000 China, porcelain of, first men- tioned, 1591 ; made at Dresden, 1706; in England — at Chelsea, 1752 ; at Bow, 1758 ; at Worcester and in Staffordshire, by Wedge- wood, about 1765. China Bose, or Bosa Indica, first planted successfully in England in 1786, being brought from Asia. China Apple brought to England 1780. Chinese Statistics, 1840: — Tales. Ann. produce of taxes... 33,327,000 Civil service and army... 24,507,000 Surplus 8,820,009 Repairs of Yellow River 2,000,000 Cost of the gardens 1,000,000 Income of ministers and clerks, expenses of the palace 5,819,123 Population of the land, 143,000,000 Ditto on the water 2,000,000 Civil officers 9,611 Military ditto 7, 552 Infantry of the army... 822,000 Cavalry of ditto 410,000 Marine 31,000 146,289,163 A " tale " is one ounce of silver. China, rebellion in, headed by Tien-teh, 1853. Chippewa, battle of, the British troops under General Riall defeated by the Americans under General Browne, July 5, 1814 ; the Ameri • cans defeated by the British, July 25, following. Chishall, or Great Chishall, Essex, upwards of 100 houses damaged at, Eeb. 22, 1798. Chivalry, and courts of, begun in Europe about 912. Chocolate introduced into Eu- rope, from Mexico, 1520; sold in the London coffee-houses, 1650. Cholera-Mokbus, or " Indian Cholera," to distinguish it from the English disease called Cholera, is said to have appeared first at Jes- sore, in Bengal, 1817 ; from thence it travelled south west to the Mau- ritius, 1819; south-east to Timor, which it reached in 1823, by Ran- goon, Sumatra, and Java ; Manilla, 1820 ; Pekin, 1821, byway of Tonkin, Canton, and Nankin ; visiting most of the large towns of Hindostan, it reached Lahore by Delhi, 1827; and thence through Cabul to Oranburg, which it visited in 1823, 1827, 1829, and 1830, but does not appear to have passed westward from thence. From Bombay, 1818 and 1830, it was traced up the Persian Gulf to Ispahan and Yezd in one direction, and so northwards to Teflis, 1830, and to Astracan 1823 and 1830; whence it travelled to Odessa, 1830 ; to Moscow, 1830; to Dantzic and Warsaw, 1831 ; and from Dantzic to Hamburgh. A second branch of its Bombay career passed to Bas- sora, 1821, Bagdad, Aleppo, and CHO 128 CHO Damascus. In England it appeared first at Sunderland, as supposed via Hamburgh, Oct. 26, 1831; vessels from Sunderland arriving at the Nore were ridiculously ordered to perform quarantine, Dec. 4, 1831, while the roads on shore were open for passengers as usual ; the disease appeared in Edinburgh first on Eeb. 6, 1832 ; it was first observed at Eotherhithe and Limehouse, in London, Feb. 13, and in Dublin, March 3, 1832 : the mortality was considerable, but not at all equal to that on the Continent. It reached Paris between March and August, 1832, and 18,000 were destroyed by it. It raged in Rome, the Two Sicilies, Genoa, Berlin, and other European localities, July and Aug. 1787. In 1848-9, the cholera again visited England; the number of deaths in London for the week ending Sept. 15, 1849, was 3183, the average being only 1008; the number of deaths by cholera alone, from June 17 to Oct. 2, in the same year, was in London 13,161 ; then the mortality sank and finally ter- minated about October 13, 1849. — The mortality of this formidable disease may be partly judged by the following table of cases in 1831 and 1832:— GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Dublin Glasgow, to Aug. 15 Liverpool, „ 31 London, to April 28 Cork - Limerick Drogheda, to July 28 Edinburgh, „ 25 Paisley „ 25 Belfast Greenock, to July 25 Hull Leeds York Plymouth Leith Warrington Carlisle 26 26 25 26 25 26 25 Cases. Deaths 9252 2775 4164 1993 4646 1397 2532 1334 3305 843 2497 843 1202 488 796 467 638 368 2559 303 534 275 726 250 544 212 384 152 354 147 194 112 248 109 214 109 CONTINENT OF EUROPE. Cases. Deaths. St. Petersburg - 9247 4757 Moscow - 8576 4690 Limberg - 4922 2589 Vienna _ 3984 1893 Warsaw - 3912 1460 Berlin _ 2220 1401 Prague - 3234 1333 Konigsberg - - 2188 1314 Nisnei Novgorod 1897 982 Kazan _ 1487 857 Breslau - 1276 671 Brunn - 1540 604 Hamburg _ 874 455 Magdeburg - 576 346 Elbing - 434 283 Stettin - 366 250 Halle - 303 152 AMERICA. Quebec, to Sept. 1 2218 Montreal ,, 2 4385 1843 New York „ 8 5842 3107 Do. Oct. 12 3471 Philadelphia, Sept. 1 2240 740 Baltimore „ 29 710 Albany „ 8 1146 418 Norfolk ,, 11 400 Rochester „ 3 389 107 In Sicily, 1837, the 7th of June to 6th of August, the number of deaths amounted to 23,546 ; till the 1st of July an account was kept of the number of cases, but after that the disorder raged with such fury that it was scarcely possible to register even the deaths. At the first ap- pearance of the pestilence, Palermo contained 200,000 inhabitants, in- cluding strangers ; about 40,000 fled, so that if the deaths are con- sidered with respect to the 160,000 souls that remained, it appears that in two months more than a seventh part of the whole population died. Of the higher classes and church dignitaries, 120 fell victims ; among these were Marchese Artale, Pre- sident of the Supreme Court of Appeal, and the celebrated Abbate Scina; of the parochial clergymen of Palermo only one survived, and of the nuns of the convent of Mar- torana not one remained alive. — In CHE 129 CHR Berlin, among 1000 persons attack- ed, there were of the class of Public function- aries, &c, .and others in easy- circumstances, 71 - 52 - 73 "2 Inferior clerks and employes, 28 - 14 - 50 Artisans, such as weavers ... 315 - 205 - 65*08 Watermen on the river 51 - 45 - 88-2 Handicraftsmen, 167 - 119 - 71*25 Nurses, bearers, grave-diggers, &c 25 - 8-32 Choral Service first used in Eng- land, at Canterbury, 677 ; but pre- viously at Rome, 602. Chrism, the consecrated oil used in the ceremonials of the Greek and Papal churches; certain perfumes were infused in the liquid, 1541 ; it was ordered at one time that oil and balsam alone should be used, the one to represent Christ's human nature, the other his divine, 1596. Christ's College, Oxford, begun 1515, and completed 1523. Christ-Church College, Oxford, damaged by fire to the extent of £12,000, March 3, 1809. Christ's College, Cambridge, founded 1505. Christ's Hospital, London, found- ed, 1552; a mathematical ward, temp. Charles II.; new infirmary added, 1822 ; new hall at, 1825, April 28. Christ Church, Birmingham, be- gun July 22, 1805. Christ's Priory, Hants, built 1060. Chrtst, order of knighthood of, in Portugal, 319 ; Livonia, 1203. Christ's Thorn, a shrub brought from the south of Europe before 1596 ; by the superstitious believed to be of the same kind as the Sa- viour was crowned with. Christian, the name first given to the followers of the disciples of Christ, at Antioch, 40. Christian Era, dating from Ja- nuary 1, in the middle of the 4th year of the 194th Olympiad; in the 753rd from ' the building of Rome ; and of the 4714th of the Julian pe- riod. It was introduced in the sixth century, but was not generally used at first. For modern chronology it began to be used in 516. Christian, and Most Christian King, the title given by pope Paul II. to Louis XL of France, 1469. Christianity, founded by the apostles of Christ, who suffered under Pilate, as supposed, in his 33rd year. The persecution of, commenced in 64. It is said to have been propagated in Britain in 156; but this is doubt- ful, as well as the reign of king Lu- cius as a Christian king, in 179. The true era of Christianity in Eng- land commenced under St. Austin, 596. Its introduction into Ireland and Scotland is of uncertain date. Constantine the Great embraced Christianity, 312 ; Clovis, in France, 496; SAvitzerland, 643; Denmark, under Harold, 827; Bohemia, 894; Russia, 940 ; Poland, 992 ; Hunga- ry, 994 ; Norway and Iceland, 1000 ; Prussia, 1227; Lithuania, 1386; Pomerania and Norway, 1200; re- instated in Greece in the 16th cen- tury. Christian Charity, order of, be- gun in France, 1690. Christian Knowledge, Society for promoting, established, 1798. Christiania, Norway, one quar- ter of the city destroyed by fire, 9th April, 1787. Christenings first taxed, 1783. Christina, queen of Sweden, born 1626, resigned the crown, June 6, 1654, died at Rome, 1689. Christmas-day, a festival insti- tuted hj the Roman Catholic church, 98 ; ordered to be held as a solemn feast, on Dec. 25, by Pope Teles- phorus, about 137; holly and mistle- toe introduced into it in this coun- try, from the usages of the Druids. The real Christmas-day is un- known, or at least conjectural; some authorities state that it is probable Christ was born in April or May of the Julian year 4709 : St. Chrysostom says, that in primi- CHE 130 CHU tive times Christmas and Epiphany were celebrated at one and the same feast; and that it was but a little time before, that Christmas had been celebrated at Antioch on the 25th of December, as a distinct feast, and that the usage came from the west: as late as the twelfth century, the Armenians made but one feast of both days. Christmas Boxes originated in the Roman Paganalia, instituted by Servius Tullius, and celebrated in the beginning of the year, when an altar was erected in every village, where persons gave money ; two of these Paganalian boxes, found under Mount Caelius at Rome, are de- scribed by Count Caylus ; they were used by the Roman appren- tices, like those of our times, to collect their yearly gifts, and were made of pottery ; in one of them some denarii were found. The Heathen plan was commuted about 760, to collect alms for masses, in order to absolve the debauch- eries of the season, which servants were unable to pay. Christmas Island, in the Pacific Ocean, so named by Captain Cook, from having landed upon it on Christmas-day, 1777. Christophe, crowned Emperor of Hayti at Cape Francois, June 2, 1811. Shot himself during a re- volt of his subjects, Oct. 6, 1820; he founded an archbishopric and bishoprics, April 5, 1811. Christopher, St., island of, dis- covered, 1595 ; settled by the Eng- lish, 1626. Chronology, or events in the order of their time, in some form of record, common to most nations. The Chinese affect the remotest an- tiquity. The Jewish is probably that which is most to be depended upon, as far back as the reigns of Rehoboam and Solomon, but not further, with any c&sroborative aids. The Jewish chronology commences with the creation of the world, 4004 ; the deluge, 2348 ; death of Abraham, 1821 ; drowning of Pharaoh, 1491 ; death of Joshua, 1443; deaih of David, 1015. The kingdom divided into ten tribes and two, 975 ; dis- persion of the ten tribes, 721 ; cap- tivity of the two, 606 ; return of the two from Babylon, 536 ; death of Judas Maccabeus, 161; united to the Roman empire, 63. Chrysostom, St., made bishop of Constantinople, 398 ; banished, 404 ; died, 407. Chudleigh, Devon, nearly all de- stroyed by a fire, May 22, 1807. Chumleigh, Devon, almost all consumed by a fire, Aug. 19, 1803. Chunar, treaty of, between the Nabob of Oude, in India, and War- ren Hastings, by which the Nabob was relieved of his debts to the East India Company, on condition of seizing his mother's and grand- mother's property, and giving it to the English. The Nabob was also enabled to take possession of the lands of Fyzoola Khan, a Rohilla chief, who had escaped a recent massacre, and settled in Rompoor, under English protection. Mr. Hast- ings got a douceur from the Nabob of £100,000 on this occasion, Sept. 19, 1781. Church, the term for an assembly of good men, not of ecclesiastics ex- clusively, applied subsequently to the place of meeting, 214. Most of the earlier churches were of wood. The first of stone at Babingly, Nor- folk, 658 ; 50 new ordered, 1711 ; the first built in London of stone, 1087, and the first in Ireland, at Bangor, Down county, 1134. The towers were once parochial fortresses. The church of England began with the reformation, 1534. The staff con- sists of two archbishops, twenty-five bishops, exclusive of Sodor and Man. The other dignitaries are chancel- lors, deans, archdeacons, prebend- aries, canons, minor canons, and priest vicars ; these, and the in- cumbents of rectories, vicarages, and chapelries, make the number of pre- ferments about 12,397. The churches for worship in 1818 were 11,742, to which several hundreds have been CIN 131 CIT added, 1845 ; act for building new churches, passed, 1828 ; church building amendment act, Aug., 1838. In Ireland there are 1659 places of worship of the church of England, but some few are in parishes with- out Protestant hearers. Chukch of Scotland : this is pres- byterian, originating in the creed of John Knox, 1560 ; ratified, 1567 ; settled by the Scotch parliament, 1696; secured at the union, 1707. This church is regulated by four courts — the general assembly, the synod, the presbytery, and kirk- session. Church Music, introduced by Gregory the Great, 602 ; choir music introduced, 677 ; church organs used in 1000 ; changed from St. Paul's to that of Sarum, 1418 ; service first performed in English, 1559. Churchwardens and Overseers first appointed, 1127. Churchyards first consecrated, 317 ; first admitted into cities, 742. Church Benefices, forbidden to be held by foreigners, 1430. Churching of Women, imitated from the Jewish rite of purification, 214. Cider or Cyder, made in Eng- land, and called wine, 1284; sub- jected to excise regulations, 1763 ; repealed, 1766. Cincinnatus, order of, began in America, 1783. Cinnamon, a species of laurel, a native of Ceylon, in which the Dutch first traded, 1506 ; well known to the ancients ; found by Ulloa in the American forests, 1736; the tree transplanted to Jamaica and Dominica, 1788. Cinque Ports, originally five, their jurisdiction being vested in barons, for the defence of the coast. Two more were added, all by William I., 1078. The Duke of Wellington was the last warden, 1850. They were stripped of part of their obso- lete privileges, 1832. Cintra, Convention of, a disgrace- ful treaty for the evacuation of Por- tugal, made by Sir Hugh Dalrymple with Marshal Junot, the day after the battle of Vimeira, Aug. 22, 1808. Circuit, Judiciary, so denominat- ed, established 1176 in England ; in Scotland, 1712 ; English into Wales, extended, 1828. Circulating Library, the first in England opened by the Rev. Samuel Eancourt, a dissenting minister at Salisbury, ] 740. Circulation of the Blood, con- firmed experimentallv by William Harvey, 1619, 1628. Circumnavigation of the Globe ; Magellan, 1519 ; Sir Francis Drake, 1577 ; Cavendish, 1586 ; Le Maire, 1615 ; Quiros, 1625 ; Tasman, 1642; Cowley, 1683; Dampier, 1689; Cooke, 1708; Clapperton, 1719; Rag- gewein, 1721 ; Anson, 1740; Bvron, 1764 ; Wallis, 1766 ; Carteret, 1766 ; Cook, 1768, 1779; Bougainville, 1776 ; Portlock, 1788. Became the common voyage of merchantmen, 1850. Magellan first entered the Pacific Ocean, 1520. Cisalpine Republic, founded by the French, June, 1797, by the trea- ty of Campo Formio ; received a new constitution, Sept. 1798; merged into the kingdom of Italy, March, 1805. Cisbury Fort, Wiltshire, built by Cassar, 547. Cistertian Order, founded by one Robert, a benedictine monk of Cis- teaux, in France, 1092. Cities of Hindostan under Eng- lish rule, 1846, with more than 100,000 inhabitants, the conquests in the Punjaub not inclusive : — Benares 850,000 Calcutta 900,000 Surat 550,000 Madras 300,000 Lucknow 295,000 Hydrabad 200,000 Dacca 150,000 Bombay 220,000 Delhi 150,000 Moorshedabad ... 145,000 Nagpoor 100,000 Baroda 100,000 Ahmcnadab 100,000 CL A 132 CLE Cities, first incorporated, 1079 ; first with boroughs represented in parliament, 1265. Citizen, an individual free to car- ry on trade in a city ; dress of, regu- lated by 1st Eliz., 1558; the only title allowed in France at the revo- lution of 1792. Ciudad Eodrigo taken by the French, July 10, 1810 ; stormed bv Wellington, Jan. 19, 1812. Civil Law revived in Italy and Germany, 1127 ; Gregorian law compiled, 290 ; Theodosian, 435 ; Justinian, 530; introduced into Eng- land by Theobald, a Norman abbot, 1138. Civil List, the royal revenues of England, £600,000 in Elizabeth's reign; £800,000 in the time of Charles I. ; settled, after 1688, on the new king and queen at £700,000, parliament supporting the navy and army ; increased under Geoi'ge II. to £800,000 ; under George III. to £1,030,000. Debts of, paid, 1777. In 1831, under William IV., fixed at £510,000; by 1st Vict., Dec. 1837, fixed at £385,000— Prince Albert having an exclusive £30, 000. Civita Vecchia nearly destroyed by an explosion of powder, 1779. Claims of Privilege at coronations established, March 30, 16S5. Clanships in Scotland, relics of the barbarous feudal times of 1008, abolished, 1746. Clandestine Marriages forbidden by act of parliament, 1753. Clapham Church erected, 1777. Clare Hall, Cambridge, founded, 1326. Clare, in Suffolk, monastery founded at, by Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, 1248. Clare, Ireland, the first place that sent a Roman Catholic to parlia- ment in Ireland for 160 years, re- turning O'Connell, July 5, 1828, before the Relief Bill Avas passed. Clare, Nuns of St., a sisterhood founded in Italy, 1212: settled in England, in the Minories, 1293 ; suppressed by Henry VIIL, 1539. Clarence, the Duke of, drowned in the tower, in a butt of Malmsey, 1478. Clarence, Duke of, afterwards William IV. of England ; bom Aug. 21, 1765; married a princess of the house of Saxe-Meinengen, July 11, 1818; succeeded to the throne of his brother, George IV., June 26, 1830; died at Windsor, June 20, 1837. Claremont, Surrey, occupied by the princess Charlotte of Wales un- til her death, Nov. 6, 1817 ; assigned by Leopold of Coburg, her consort, to Prince Albert, 1840 ; the exiled family of France resided there, Mar. 4, 1848; Louis Philippe, king of the French, died there, Aug. 29, 1850. Clarendon, statutes of, passed by a parliament, held at Clarendon, 1164 ; they were 16 in number, and were the ground of the notorious Becket's quarrel with Henry II., because they tended to prevent ec- clesiastical abuses. Clarendon printing-press, Ox- ford, founded 1781. Clarendon, Hyde, earl of, ba- nished the realm, Dec. 12, 1667; born, 1612 ; died Dec. 7, 1674. Clarendon estate sold for £70,000, Dec. 11, 1750. Clarion, a species of trumpet, introduced by the Moors into Spain, 800. Clarke, murder of, by Housman and Eugene Aram, discovered 13 years afterwards, Aug. 17, 1758. Clehanger House, Herefordshire, destroyed by fire, Jan. 3, 1794. Clement's Inn, established, so- ciety of, 1471. Clementine's writings attributed to Clemens Romanus, a father of the church, wholly apocryphal, 102 ; decretals of pope Clement V., so called, 1312. Clementines and Urbanists, ad- herents and disputants of Clement VII. and Urban VI., 1378. Cleobury Castle, Shropshire, built, 1160. Clergy in England, increased in the 7th century, and controlled every thing ; drunkenness forbidden them, CLE 133 CLO 747 ; abridged of their power, 1164 Becket excommunicated them, 1169: refused obedience to the pope, 1191 : encroached upon the royal power, 1200 ; their lands and goods seized by king John, 1208; taxed £100,000 in 1210 ; refused the pope's legate-- money, 1247 ; their power reduced, 1275 ; refused to contribute to the war, but forced, 1296 ; armed for the war with France, 1369; fined £100,000 for refusing the divorce of Henry VIII., 1531 ; first fruits of, assigned to the king, 1534; ex- cluded from parliament, 1536; 12,000 deprived of their livings, and catholics substituted, 1554 ; confe- rence between the protestant and protestant dissenting, 1604 ; redeem 175 slaves, 1662 ; 2000 resign their benefices rather than subscribe to the act of uniformity, 1661-2; no longer to tax themselves, 1664 ; Irish protestants restored to their benefices, 1689 ; the clergy incapa- citation act passed, 1801. — Dress of, 1580 ; Hollinshed says, " they went either in diverse colours, like plaiers, or in garments of light hew, as yellow, red, green, &c, with their shoes piked, their haire crisped, their girdles armed with silver ; their shoes, spurres, bridles, &c, buckled with like metall; their apparell for the most part of silke, and richlie furr'd ; their cappes lac'd and butn'd with gold ; so that to meet a priest in those days was to behold a peacocke, which spreadeth his taile when he danseth before the henne." Clergy of France, power abridged, Aug. 1749 ; renounced their privi- leges, May 18, 1789. Clergymen's Sons' society, esta- blished in Scotland, Oct. 1794. Clergymen's Widows' and Or- phans' corporation, established in England, July 1, 1670 ; incorporated 1678. Clerk, the appellation of a cler- gyman, originated in Normandy, used in France, 992. Clerkenwell, Monastery of, founded, 1098; burned by a mob, 1381 ; house of correction built at, 1616; rebuilt, 1820; new church at, built 1788. Clermont, Council of, determines the first crusade in the reign of pope Urban II., 1095. Cleve Abbey, Somerset, founded 1198. Cleves, Anne of, married to Hen- ry VIII. ; divorced without con- summation, 1540; died, 1557. Cleves, town of, surrendered to the allies, Oct. 3, 1760. Clifden House burned, May 14, 1795. Clifford's Inn society, establish- ed, 1315. Clifton Suspension Bridge begun June 20, 1831 ; first stone laid by Lady Elton. Clipped Money called in, 1696. ClitheicO Castle, Lancashire, built 1171. Clitherow, Mrs., in Crown court, Moorfields, with eleven persons, blown up while making fireworks by candle-light, Nov. 3, 1791. Clive, Colonel, defeated the na- bob, and established Ally Cawn in his dignity, June 26, 1757; made a peer, as Lord Clive, 1762 ; commit- ted suicide, Nov. 1774, aged 49. Clocks. Water-clocks introduced at Home, 158 a. c. ; the first sup- posed to be then in the world sent by pope Paul I. to Pepin, king of France, 756; first placed in churches, 913 ; made to strike by the Ara- bians, 801 ; by the Italians, 1300 ; the first complete one in Canter- bury, 1292 ; in Westminster, 1368 ; great one of Paris, 1370 ; first por- table one, 1530 ; none in England went well till that dated 1540, now at Hampton court ; Harris and young Galileo made the pendulum, 1641 ; pendulums improved by a Dutchman named Fromantil, 1656. Watches were known in the 16th century ; mentioned in Harrington's Orlando, 1591. Clocks, watches, and alarms forbidden to be imported by Charles I., 1631. Clockmakers incorporated, 1631 ; act passed, 1698, to oblige makers to put their names ou CLO 134 COA watches ; watches common in France, 1544 ; Hoole's spiral spring, 1658 ; and Hiiygens' pendulum, 1658; an- chor escapement invented in Lon- don, by Clement, 1680 ; horizontal escapement invented 1724, by Gra- ham ; Harrison's gridiron pendulum, 1734; his longitude watch, 1736, received £20,000 reward ; Arnold's, 1764; jewelling introduced by Frod- sham, 1771; Arnold's cylindrical spring and compensation balance, 1776. Two of Frodsham's chrono- meter watches, after twelve months' trial at Greenwich, varied, one the 86-100 of a second, and the other 57-100 pai'ts only, 1839 ; thus per- fectly answering for the longitude. Electric fluid made a motive power for clocks, 1841. Clocks and Watches taxed, 1797 ; tax repealed, 1798. Clockmakers from Delft, three settled in England, 1568. Clogher, bishopric of, founded in Ireland, 506, by St. Macartin ; cathedral rebuilt, 1041 ; merged into the see of Armagh, 1834. Clondalkin, Ireland, powder- mills at, blown up, but only two lives lost, April 15, 1787. Clonfert, see of, founded, 558 ; merged into Killaloe, 1839. Clontarf, battle of, fought be- tween the Irish and the Danes, on Good Friday, 1039, in which the in- vaders Avere defeated. Closterseven, disgraceful con- vention of, between the duke of Cumberland and the duke of Riche- lieu, by which the former, with 38,000 men, laid down their arms, Sept. 10, 1757. Cloth, coarse woollen, introduced into England, 1191 ; seventy cloth- workers' families settled here, in- vited by Edward III., 1331 ; wool- len, first made at Kendal, in 1390 ; medleys manufactured, 1614 ; fine English broad cloths sent to Hol- land to be dyed, 1654 ; in England, dyed and dressed, 1667 ; the manu- facture discouraged in Ireland, and that of linen countenanced by par- liament, 1698. Clowes Wood, Ireland, of thirty acres in extent, burned, Jan. 1, 1805. Clovis, king of France, the foun- der of the monarchy, 481 ; made Paris the capital of the kingdom, 494. Cloyne, Ireland, see of, founded in the 6th century ; united to Cork, 1431 ; to Cork and Ross, 1831. Clune, Mrs., near Lichfield, died Jan. 23, 1772, aged 138, having lived 103 years in one house. Clun Castle, Shropshire, built, 1140. Cluny, Abbey of, founded by the benedictines, one of the most cele- brated foundations ever existing, 910. Clyde Canal, made by Smeaton, and opened July 28, 1790, connect- ing the east and Avest seas across Scotland. Clynnoga^awr Abbey, South Wales, in Carmarthenshire, built, 1616. Coaches. See Carriages. Coach tax, commenced, Mar. 25, 1747, and subsequent years ; licence to makers of, 1785. Coach from Hinckley to Leices- ter, racing with a rival, dashed to pieces against the Burbage turnpike gate, the coachman and four pas- sengers killed, and several others maimed, July 14, 1815. Coaes first discovered at New- castle, dug by charter of Henry III., 1239; first in use 1307, but prohi- bited in London, as being injurious to health, 1398; smiths obliged to burn wood, 1273; first became an article of trade from Newcastle to London, 1357, 1381 ; generally used in London, 1400; discovered in Scot- land, 1761 ; became common in Eng- land, 1625 ; duty laid on by Charles I., 1627; by Charles II., in favour of his illegitimate son the Duke of Richmond, and converted into an annuity by George III., June, 1800. Coals, importation of, into Lon- don— 1700, 317,000 chaldrons ; 1750, 510,000 ; in 1773, 600,000 chaldrons ; in 1788, 766,880; in 1792, 841,380, and of cinders, 6270, and of Scotch CO A 135 COA coal 2449 tons; in 1793, 800,510* chaldrons; in 1794, 788, 744^ ; in 1795, 887,759, besides cinders, &c. ; in 1796 to 1797, 829,684 chaldrons, and 931 tons; in 1797 to 1798, 897,037 chaldrons, and 814 tons ; in 1798 to 1799, 769,047 chaldrons, and 393 tons; in 1799 to 1800, 865,804 chaldrons, and 493 tons; in 1810, 980,372 chaldrons; in 1820, 1,171,178 chaldrons; in 1830, 1,588,360 chal- drons; in 1840, 2,638,256 tons; in 1850, 3,479,189 tons. There are supposed to be 25,000,000 of tons consumed annually, 1850, in all England. Coal-fields, extent of, 1850, Durham and Northumberland, 723 square miles; South Wales, a con- sumption for 1000 years for all Eng- land, 1850. Coal in Ireland: the first ship sailed with Irish coal from Newry to Dublin, 1742. Coal in France, consumption of, 1780, 400,000 tons; in 1845, 6,000,000 tons. Coal trade, first noticed in the charters of Henry III. to Newcastle- upon-Tyne, 1239 and 1272. Coal-pit accidents, at Renfrew, where the pit took fire, and six men were lost, 1804; near Wakefield, by a rush of water, when nine men and a boy perished, June 30, 1809; at Felling, near Gateshead, in which the pit took fire, June 25, 1812, by which ninety-three persons perished ; at Swiny-row, Durham, by fire, by which seven persons were hurt, Oct. 6, 1812; at Harrington Mill, Dur- ham, by which four men and nine- teen boys were killed, Oct. 10, 1812 ; at Collingwood Main, by which eight men were burned, and two greatly injured, July 17, 1813; at Bradley, by which eight persons were buried and seven dug out alive, after being seven days without food, August 10, 1813; at Felling, by a second fire, which destroyed nine men, thirteen boys, and twelve horses, Dec. 1813; at Hepburn, by which eleven persons were burned, Aug. 27, 1814; at Painshow, in Cumberland, when three men were killed by the gas, while descending to examine the state of the air, March 15, 1815; near ' Newbald, Durham, by fire — here seventy per- sons were killed, June 2, 1815, and fifty-seven wounded or killed by the bursting of the steam-engine, July 31, following; at Heaton Main, near Newcastle, by a sudden gush of water, when thirty-three men, forty - two boys, and thirty- seven horses perished, May 3, 1815 — horrible to relate, it appeared they all perished of starvation, being enclosed in a cavity which the water did not reach; at Cherck, Denbighshire, a whole work destroyed by an inunda- tion from the river Ceriog, Dec. 28, 1816 — so extensive were the works, that it was considered a public cala- mity; near Chester- le-Street, Dur- ham, by fire, forty persons losing their lives, Jul}-, 1817. Coal Dues paid to the city of London before 1832, under acts passed 1803, 1804, 1807, £133,000; £6684 to 1831, and £8911 after- wards. The corporation collected from this unjust tax — 1832 £8,911 1833 8,371 1834 8,661 1835 9,578 1836 9,993 1837 10,945 1838 10,754 1839 10,938 1840 10,695 1841 12,121 1842 11,346 1843 10,952 1844 10,378 1845 14,180 Total received by the City, £359,1 73 Coal Dues, London, expended to 1851 :— Spent for the City, £1,117,345 13 6 Without the City ... 807,500 Of a general charac- ter 1,813,221 18 £3,738,067 11 6 COB 136 COD Coal Dues, heads of expenditure in London, return of 1852 : — Blackfnars Bridge < 2 n 000 Newgate 50,000 Tolls reduced on London Bridge 30,000 Newgate rebuilding, &c... 40,000 Streets from Moorfields . . . 16,500 New Street, Spitalfields ... 9,000 Picket Street and Snow Hill improvements 246, 000 Whitecross Street Prison.. 95,000 Post-office site 80,000 Approaches to London Bridge, &c. &c .....1,016,421 The dues of 8d. and Id. mortgaged until 1862 ; the duty of 4d. liable for the repayment of £540,000. Coal duty repealed, £1,500,000, 1834. Coalitions of the European powers to replace the Bourbons over the Prench people — the first, June 26, 1792, by a manifesto of the King of Prussia, and the army under the Duke of Brunswick, routed dis- gracefully by Dumourier, and other Prench generals ; secondly, between England, Germany, Russia, Naples, Portugal, and Turkey, signed June 22, 1799, defeated by Bonaparte at Marengo, 1800 ; thirdly, by England, Russia, Austria, and Naples, Aug. 5, 1805, defeated by Napoleon at Austerlitz; fourthly, by England, Russia, Prussia, and Saxony, 1806, defeated, and Prussia conquered at Auerstadt and Jena, Oct. 1806; fifthly, by England and Austria, 1809, defeated by Napoleon ; sixthly, by Russia and Prussia, after Napo- leon had lost his army in the snows of Moscow, March 17, 1813, suc- cessful. Coalition Ministry, the name given to the union between Lord North and Pox, April 5, 1783— dissolved the same year. Cocceians, a religious sect found- ed by John Coccius of Bremen, 1665. Cobalt, a mineral which furnishes the rich blue colour on porcelain, when melted with a species of blue glass called smalt; known about 1540 or 1560 in Saxony, found also in Bohemia, and recognised in Corn- wall in the present century, whence our supply, formerly had from Saxony. Cobbett, William, prosecuted for a libel against Lords Hardwicke and Plunkett, May 26, 1804. Cobukg Theatre opened in Surrey, 1816; altered to Victoria, 1833. Cochrane, Lord, joining the South American patriots, returned home August, 1825. Cochineal, the insect known to the Spaniards after the conquest of Mexico, 1518; known in Italv, 1548; 260,0001. imported into Eng- land, 1830; 1,081,776 ft in 1845; 2,360,000ft in 1850. Cockermouth Castle, Cumber- land, built, 1069. Cockeksend Abbey, Lancashire, built, 1200. Cocrfighting practised by many barbarous nations of antiquity ; the sport of English boys on Shrove Tuesday, in the time of Henry II. ; prohibited by Edward III. 1365; by Henry VIII. 1540 ; resumed by the Stuarts under James I., and pro- hibited by Cromwell, 1653. A cock- pit erected by Charles II. at White- hall, after the restoration, called the cockpit-royal, on the property of Christ's Hospital, which would not renew the lease. The most noted of the later fashionable cockfighters was named Ardesoif, who died at Tottenham, April 4, 1789, of rage for the loss of a battle by a favourite cock, which he thrust into the fire for losing. Cocklepark Tower, Northum- berland, built before 1100. Cock-lane Ghost, imposition of, by one William Parsons, and his 1 daughter, at 33, Cock-lane, who was a ventriloquist; detected Mar. 1762; punished as impostors, July 10, 1762. Cocoa first introduced about 1500. Codrington, Admiral Sir Edward, gained the battle of Navarino, Oct. 20, 1827. Code, the Gregorian, published, 290, and the Hermogenian ; the COI 137 COI Theodosian, 435 ; that of Justinian, 529; digest of, 533; that of Alfred the Great, the foundation of English common law, 887. Coeur-de-Lion, or lion-hearted, the title given to Richard I. of Eng- land about 1192; it was also confer- red on Louis VIII. of Erance in 1223, for his conduct in his wars in Pales- tine and against England. Coffee brought to England by one Nathaniel Canopius, a Cretan, who used it at Baliol College, Ox- ford, 1641; passed by Egypt and Syria to Constantinople, 1511; coffee-houses opened there, 1554; brought to Erance by Thevenot, the traveller, 1644. Coffee-plant conveyed from Mocha to Holland, 1616; carried to the West Indies, 1726 ; cultivated at Surinam by the Dutch, 1718; en- couraged in the British plantations, 1732. Coffee-house, the first kept in England by a Jew named Jacobs, in Oxford-street, at the sign of the Angel, 1650; one Edwardson, an English Turkey merchant, brought with him to England a Greek ser- vant named Pasquet, who first open- ed a coffee-house in the city, in George Yard, Lombard Street, 1662; coffee-houses were suppressed by proclamation of Charles II., 1675, but the proclamation was afterwards suspended. Coffins, the first mention of wooden coffins in England is that of King Arthur, buried in the trunk of an oak, 542; stone coffins were the more ancient ; English patent, of iron, 1796. Coif, worn by lawyers, originally an iron skull-cap worn by knights, introduced before 1259, to hide the tonsure of renegades, who chose to remain as advocates in the secular courts, in despite of canonical pro- hibitions; some say it was intro- duced in 1200. Coin in England, supposed first made at Colchester; made of differ- ent shapes until the middle ages; groats the largest before 1531; made sterling in 1216; generally made round, 1101; silver pence coined in the reign of John; gold first coined, 1087; but the first cer tain record is 1257; gold florins, Edward III., 1337, 1345 ; sovereigns minted, 1494; shillings, 1503; crowns and half-crowns struck, 1553; shilling of Elizabeth milled, 1562; a copper coinage, 1620; mo- dern milling introduced, 1631 ; half- pence and farthings coined, 1665; 23rd Charles II. do., 1672; guineas first coined, 25th Charles II., 1673 ; Drake guineas, 1673; five guineas, 1673; half- guineas, 1673; a million sterling coined out of French louis- d'or, 1710; quarter- guineas, 1716; proportioned by Sir Isaac Newton, Dec. 22, 1717; seven shilling pieces, 1797; sovereigns and halves, 1816; florins, 1850; English and Irish coins assimilated, Jan. 1, 1826; the broad gold pieces called in by the government, and coined into guineas, 1732; twopenny pieces in copper coined, 1797; half-farthings coined, 1843; copper money only used in Scotland and Ireland, 139*9; copper money introduced to displace private leaden tokens, in London especially, 1609; there was an extensive silver coinage, 1696; six shilling gold pieces in the reign of Edward III., and nobles at six and eightpence, with halves and quarters; sovereigns and half-sovereigns of twenty shil- lings value, was coined by Henry VIII. ; angels, which bore the effigy of Michael and the dragon, were coined by Henry IV.; in 1347, a pound of silver was coined into 22 shillings, and in 1352, a pound was coined into 25 shillings; in 1414, they were increased to 30 shillings ; and in 1500, a pound of silver was coined into 40 shillings; in 1530, extended to 66 — 62 are delivered, 4 being retained for loss, &c. The money in Scotland, till then the same as in England, began to be debased, 1354; halfpence were issued for the Isle of Man, 1786; dollars by the Bank of Eng- land, at 4s. 9d., issued March, 1797. COI 138 COI The whole money coined in Eng- land since the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, includ- ing the debased silver of the three preceding reigns, up to the year 1793, was as follows : — £ By Queen Elizabeth ... 5,832,932 King James I 2,500,000 Charles 1 10,499,544 Cromwell 1,000,000 Charles II 7,524, 105 James II 3,737,637 Before the Revolution ... 31,094.218 By King Win. IIL, in- cluding re-coinage ... 10,511,963 Queen Anne 2,691,626 King George 1 8,725,921 King George II 11,966,576 Before Geo. Ill's reign 33,896,086 Total during reign of George IIL, till 25th March, 1793, includ- ing re-coinage 51,073,362 Ditto and Regency 23,428,224 Total coined from the year 1558 to 1793, being 235 years 116,083,666 £139,496,880 Of the above £116,063,666 ster- ling, there were £32,000,000 in sil- ver, long before the revolution. The whole gold coinage did not exceed £6,000,000, payments till then being nearly all made in silver ; and so much is the nature of our coin- age changed, that, during the reign of George IIL, the whole silver coinage only amounted to £63,101 to the regency. Coined George II £41,782,815 „ William IV 10,827,603 „ Victoria to 1 848, „ Gold... 29,886.457 „ „ Silver.. 2,440,614 „ „ Copper 43,743 The Gold coin was estimated by Da- versant, in 1711, to be £12,000,000; by Anderson, in 1782, to be £16,000,000 ; by Chalmers, in 1786, to be £20,000,000 ; by Philips, in 1800, to be £37,000,000; by Duke of Wellington, in parliament, 1830, the gold £28,000,000. The rest of the metallic currency £13,000,000; but paper largely supplies the place of coin. In 1840, the currency was reckoned at £45,000,000; and in 1850 in gold and silver £55,000,000. The standard weight of coin in the reign of William I., 1066, was 11,18,18 fine gold, and alloy 1,6 ; and it continued the same to 1509- 1532. In the same year it was also changed to 11, and 1 alloy. In the 1st and 2nd of Edward VI., 1549, it was 10, and 2 alloy ; in the same reign, and in 1550, it was 11. 1551 and 1553, it was 11,18,18, and 1,6 alloy ; in 1553, again 11 and 1. In 1553, Mary and Elizabeth, 1560 it was 11,18,18, and 1,6. In the 2nd and 35th of Elizabeth, or 1560, 1594, it was 11, and 1 alloy. In 1578, 1585, and 1601, it was 11,18,18, and 1,6 alloy. In 1601-3-4, it was 11, and 1 alloy. James I., 1605, it became 11,18,18, and 1,6. In the 10th of James I., or 1613, 11 andl. In temp. Charles II., 1627, — 1661, it was 11,18,18, and 1,6 alloy. From 12th Charles II. to George IIL, it was 11 and 1. A pound troy of gold was coined into £9 money in the reign of William Rufus, 1087. Edward IIL, 1345, it was £15, and £13:3:4:— 1347 £14 1373, 1395, 1402 ..., 15 1402, 1422 16 13 4 1422, 1461 22 10 1426 16 13 4 1465 20 16 8 1482, 1483, 1494 22 10 1509,1532 27 1509,1532 25 2 6 1543 28 16 1545 30 1549 30 1550 34 1551 28 16 1553 36 1553 33 1553,1580 38 COI 139 COI 1560,1594 £33 1578,1585 33 1601 36 10 1601 33 10 1603 37 10 1604 37 4 1605 40 10 1613 44 1613 40 18 4 1627, 1661 44 10 1627 41 10 1671,1685 44 10 1685 47 15 9 1717, 1762 46 14 6 (To the reign of Geo. III.) The silver ounce 'troy was coined into 15s. in the reign of William Eufus, 1087. Into £1 : 5 : 1| in 1345. 1345 also £1 2 0| 1347 1 3 5h 1373, 1395, 1402 1 5 1| 1422 1 7 11£ 1422, 1461 1 17 8| 1426 1 7 Hi 1465 1 14 lOf 1482, 1483, 1494 1 17 8f 1509,1732 2 5 2f 1509,1532 2 5 8£ 1543 2 10 1 1545 2 14 6h 1546,1549 3 0" 1550 3 1 91 1551 2 8 3* 1553 3 3 1553 3 1553 3 3| 1553 3 1553,1560 3 3§ 1560,1594 3 1578,1585 3 3^ 1601 3 1 If 1601 3 10f 1603 3 8 2h 1604 3 7 78 1605 3 7 10| 1613 3 13 8^ 1613 3 14 4| 1627, 1661 3 14 6| 1627 3 14 6i 1671, 1685 4 10^ 1688 4 6 llf 1717, 1762 (George III.) 4 4 1H Twenty shillings of the time of George III. was worth, in the reign of William II., just £5 : 12 : 8£. In 1402 to 1422, it was worth £3:0: 10|d. In 1405, £2 : 8 : 3| ; in 1482 and 1494, £2:5: Of. In 1545 it had fallen to £1 :' 11:1; to £1 : 2 : 10 in 1613 ; to £1, Is. in 1671. In the reign of William III. to 19s. 6|d., and in 1717 to 1762, reign of George III., it rose to £1. Twenty shillings of the reign of William II., answered to sixty-two of the reign of George III. The gold coin of the reign of George III., as now, consists of 22 carats fine gold, and two of some other metal, as silver or copper. The guinea was so called, being coined of African gold, about 1690. The clippers so reduced the coins in 1695, that a guinea went for 30s. of clipped sil- ver. Eine silver is to standard silver as 1 to -9250, and sterling to fine as 1 to 1-081081081. Fine gold to standard gold is in value as 1 to •91667, or as 24 to 22. Standard gold is to fine gold as 1 to 1 -090909090. Temp. George III. Coinage, this is now performed by machinery at the royal mint, erected on Tower Hill, 1811; the charge for coinage in all, was £421,000 for £250,000 in copper, £12,000,000 silver, and £55,000,000 gold, between 1816 and 1836. The operation was once performed with a hammer, the coin being placed be- tween two steel dies. In 1553 a mill was invented abroad, and in- troduced into England by one Bruchier, 1562; a second engine was invented by Balanchier, 1617; Boulton and Watt's engine, for the. purpose, was introduced 1788; the present mint machinery, 1811; the standard, pursuant to mint inden- ture, is after the rate of QQ shillings to the pound Troy of 11 ounces, 2 pennyweights fine silver, and 18 pennyweights alloy, 1821; there are sixpences, twopences, three- pences, and fourpences, coined an- nually for the Queen's Maundy, from 20 ft* to 24ft of silver each coinage. Coin reclaimed by proclamation, in 1773, 1774, and 1776, amounted to £15,563.393 : 10 : 8. The loss on COI 140 COL collecting, smelting, and recoining, was £754,019 : 19 : 6. Coining with a die introduced into England, 1620. Coin, the penny, taken from the Eoman denarius, by the Saxon kings of Kent, 750 ; sometimes hav- ing the effigies of saints; traced to the Norman conquest, 1088, through the Saxon and Danish dynasties; some bore buildings on their faces ; William I. copied his predecessor, his pennies are rare ; William's, his son, 1087, are scarce; of Henry I., 1100, the pennies are scarce, so is Stephen's rare, 1135; Henry IL, 1154, common; Richard I., 1189, none, and John, 1199, only an Irish penny; Henry III., 1216, very rude, his English common, his Irish scarce; Edward I., 1272, and Ed- ward II. , 1307, are rude and rare; Edward III., 1326, struck his coins of a penny value both in England and France, as did the Black Prince in Aquitaine, they are not rare; Richard II. , 1377, coined both in London and York, his coins are scarce; Henry IV., 1399, Henry V., 1413, and Henry VI., 1425, coined pennies both in England and France; Edward IV., 1460, are more scarce than those of the three Henries who preceded him ; there is no coinage of Edward V., 1483; those of Rich- ard III. are much injured by clip- ping, date 1483, and are very rare ; Henry VII., 1485, are common; Henry VIII., 1509, are of good silver and common ; of Edward VI., 1547, are very rare; of Mary, 1553, a base coin, very rare; Elizabeth coined both with the hammer and mill, 1558, the former are common, the latter not; James I., 1603, com- mon of one type, of another scarce ; Charles I., 1625, of several types, some very common, — one coined at Oxford very rare; the Common- wealth, 1649, are not scarce; Charles II. , 1660, the coinage ham- mered, some good, others bad; the mint marks on the coins are no longer found on the head crowned after this reign ; the pennies of James II., 1685, are seen less frequently than those of Charles II. ; William and Mary, 1689, are not common, nor those of William alone; Queen Anne's pennies, 1702, are rare, and her farthings still more so ; the coins of the subsequent sovereigns, 1714, 1727, 1760, 1820, and 1830, are common. The coins of Scotland are considered dubious until 1165, under William the Lion, of inferior execution and not uncommon; Alex- ander II., 1214, rare, those of Alex- ander II., 1249, not so ; John Baliol, 1292, are rare ; Robert Bruce, 1306, not common ; David IL, 1329, and Robert IL, 1371, and Robert III., 1390, some not rare; of James I., 1405, there are none ; of James IL, 1437, very rare, also of James III., 1460; James IV., 1488, billon penny rare ; James V., 1513, billon or alloyed penny common ; Mary, 1542, rare. Here the Scotch coinage ends. Coinage, French, very extensive ; copper money first coined there, temp. Henry III., 1580; gold first coined at Venice, 1476. The mint of the United States of America, established 1793, issued gold and silver coin ; the copper had been delivered before. The gold coins are eagles, half-eagles, and quarter- eagles. The first is exactly five and forty shillings, English money, or ten dollars American coin. The dollars are coined in the same divi- sions of half, and quarter, which makes the course of exchange simple, and suits the reckoning to every ca- pacity; ten quarter dollars make the quarter eagle, ten half dollars the half eagle, and ten dollars the eagle. There is, beside, one more silver coin, which is called a dime, and is the tenth part of a dollar. The copper coin is called a cent, and is the tenth part of a dime. Colchester, town of, obtained its first charter, 1198; besieged in the civil war, 1648 ; large manufac- tures established at, 1660. Coldingham, near Berwick, the nuns at the Abbey of which are said to have cut off their noses and COL 141 COL lips to escape violation on the Da- nish invasion, to avenge which the invaders burned the whole sister- hood, 886. Coldstream Guards raised by General Monk in the northern town of that name, 1660. Collar, an ornament worn with certain orders of knighthood, as that of S. S. belonging to the garter, originating 1349-50 ; one worn in honour of St. Simplicius, 1407, given to a Lord Mayor of Dublin by Charles II., 1660. Collations, so called from the light repasts given in Lent before 1513. Collects, prayers transferred from the Roman mass into the Eng- lish liturgy, the first appointed by pope Gelasius, 493 ; king of Eng- land appointed one in Normandy, for the relief of the Holy Land, 1166 ; those in the book of common prayer introduced in 1548. College of the Eour Nations, at Paris, built 1670. College, Stephen, executed for treason, at Oxford, Aug. 13, 1681. Colleges, places of education and living : degrees first conferred at, by the university of Paris, 1140 ; some authorities say not until 1215. The terms Hall and College are synonymous at Cambridge, each being a body corporate ; St. Peter's founded 1257 ; Clare, 1326 ; Pem- broke, 1343; Caius, 1347; Trinity, 1350 ; Corpus Christi, 1351 ; King's, 1441 ; Queen's, 1446 ; Catherine, 1475; Jesus, 1496; Christ's, 1456; St. John's, 1511 ; Magdalen, 1519 ; Trinity, 1546; Emanuel, 1584; Sidney Sussex, 1598 ; Downing, 1717, 1800. At Oxford there are nineteen Colleges, or incorporated bodies, and five Halls not incorpo- rated. The Colleges are, University, founded 1249 ; Baliol, 1260 ; Mar- tin, 1274 ; Exeter, 1314 ; Oriel, 1336; Queen's, 1340; New, 1386; Lincoln, 1247; All Souls, 1437; Magdalen, 1456; Brazenose, 1509; Corpus Christi, 1516 ; Christ Church, 1525; Trinity, 1554; St. John's, 1557 ; Jesus, 1571 ; Wadham, 1613 ; Pembroke, 1624 ; Worcester, 1714, with the Halls of St. Albans, St. Edmunds, St. Mary, New Inn, and Magdalen. Other places of education, Cheshunt, 1792 ; Doc- tors' Commons, civil law, 1670 ; Trinity College, Dublin, 1591 ; Edinburgh University, 1580 ; Eton, 1441 ; Glasgow University, 1451 ; Gresham, 1551; Avlesbury, 1800; Highbury, 1826; Highgate, 1564; King's, Aberdeen, 1494 ; King's, London, 1829; Mareschal, Aber- deen, 1593; Maynooth, 1795; Oscot, 1837; Military, 1799; Naval, Ports- mouth, 1722 ; Physicians', London, 1518 ; Physicians', Dublin, 1667 ; Physicians', Edinburgh, 1681; St. Andrews, 1410 ; Sion, 1329, and re- founded, 1630 ; Surgeons', London, 1745, re-incorporated, 1800; Sur- geons', Dublin, 1786 ; Surgeons', Edinburgh, new, 1803; University College, London, 1826 ; Winchester, 1387. In Ireland, the Queen's or Government College, wholly irre- spective of religious distinctions, by act of 8 and 9 Victoria, July 31, 1845. Eixed at Belfast, Cork, and Galway ; opened Oct. 30, 1849. Colnett, James, first explored the western coast of Japan, 1791. Cologne, an imperial city, 959, and archiepiscopal ; a member of the Hanseatic league, 1260. Jews expelled from, 1485; taken by the Erench, Oct. 6, 1794 ; the bridge of, with 100 persons, carried away by a flood, 1st Dec, 1747 ; the tomb of St. Ursula and 11,000 virgins shewn here, in the church of the saint. Colombia, new republic of, freed from Spain, proclaimed 1811 ; dis- covered by Columbus, 1497; Carac- cas formed into a viceroy alty, 1547; confederation of Venezuela, 1810; defeat of Miranda, 1812; Bolivar defeated by the Spaniards under Boves, 1816; Bolivar defeated Mo- rillo at Sombrero, Feb. 1818; union of Grenada and Venezuela, Dec. 17, 1819; the battle of Carabobo, the Spaniards defeated, June 24, 1831 ; Bolivar named dictator, Feb. COL 142 COL 10, 1824; Colombia and Mexico allied, June 30, 1824; with Guate- mala, March 1825 ; congress at Lima named Bolivar president, Aug. 1826 ; Bolivar assumed the dictatorship, Nov. 23, 1826; conspiracy of Sant- andre against Bolivar, Sept. 25, 1828; Bolivar resigned his office of president, April 11, 1829 ; his death, Dec. 17, 1830. Colombo, Ceylon, built by the Portuguese, 1638; taken by the Dutch 1666; surrendered to the British, Feb. 1796; British troops murdered at, by the Adigar of Candy, June 6, 1803. Colonies of Great Britain, and territory beyond the British Isles, where slavery was for ever abolished Aug. 1, 1834, when 770,280 slaves were made freemen. The following is an approximation to the super- ficies and population of those vast territories : — NORTH AMERICA. Supposed Sq. Miles. Hudson's Bay territory 525,000" Arctic territory, as far as the 78th ) -. .„* ™~ degree of latitude ) ' ' Indian territory, from the Frozen ) , gQ~ q™ Ocean to the Pacific ) ' ' Lower Canada 205,000 Upper Canada 95,125 Population. New Brunswick , Nova Scotia Cape Breton Prince Edward's Island Newfoundland , Honduras Bermudas Unknown. 678,590 486,055 156,142 178,237 47,000 75,000 10,000 9,930 Total Square Miles ... 4,127,087 pop. 1,640,954 26,704 14,031 ) 3,125 ) 2,159 35,923 20,000 20 Bahama Isles , Jamaica WEST INDIA ISLANDS :■ — 5,424 6,250 'Trinidad Tobago — Grenada Grenadillas.. St. Vincent. Barbadoes .. St. Lucia.... Dominica . Antigua .... Barbadoes . Anguilla...., Virgin Isles Tortola .... St. Kitts...., Montserrat . Nevis , CARIBBEAN ISLANDS: 2,000 86 105 100 200 300 350 101 100 150 30 50 51 20 Total. 15,317 25,244 377,433 60,319 13,208 29,650 27,248 122,198 20,001 18,291 36,405 2,934 ■ 8,500 21,578 7,119 7,470 777,598 Date of Possession. 1759 1760 1622 1622 1745 1510 1670 1609 1629 1665 1797 1763 1763 1763 1605 1803 1763 1632 1605 1632 1666 1623 1632 1628 COL 143 COL Supposed Pn __ kHftn Date of Sq. Miles. Population. Possession . t> -i.- i, (Deinerara ^ ntlsh lEssequibo Guiana J ^^ SOUTH America: — 76,000 115,000 ... 1803 Total in America, Square Miles 4,218,404 pop. 2,533,552 ASIA. HTNDOSTAN : British Paramount Possessions : — Presidency of Bengal and Agra 306,000 . . . 69,710,100 Presidency of Madras 130,000 ...14,895,000 Presidency of Bombav 68,100 ... 6,940,000 Province of Scinde... . 24,000 ... 1,000,000 PROVINCES CONQUERED FROM THE BURMESE EMPIRE : — . Assam 18,200 ... 602,500 Jynteah } in . rn 5 270,000 Cachar \ iU ' 5oU "* \ 170,000 Arracan 16,250 ... 230,000 STRAITS SETTLEMENTS : Penang and Province Wellesley ~) Malacca " > 1,570 ... 154,00 Singapore ) TENASSERIM COAST, &C. : Martaban, Tavoy, and Temegui isles . . . 32,500 . . . 85,000 Island of Ceylon 24,500 ... 1,421,000 Scinde 42,400 ... 3,677,627 Total paramount Square Miles 631,470 pop. 95,477,600 TRIBUTARY STATES : Travancore and Cochin 9,400 ... 1,407,789 Nizam's dominions 101,800 ... 9,136,929 Rajpoot States 165,000 ... 5,548,431 Mysore 29,750 ... 2,314,602 Berar 64,270 ... 5,574,554 Holkar 17,600 ... 1,526,562 Guicowar 36,900 ... 3,200,575 Coorg 3,230 ... 189,995 Kurnoo 3,500 ... 272,763 Sikkim 4,400 ... 166,038 Bhopaul 7,360 ... 638,380 Sattarah, &c 21,600 ... 2,376,000 Cutcb 6,100 ... 205,121 Bundelcund 19,000 ... 638,900 Total tributary 489,910 32,196,639 Total of Asia, subject and) t nPO ^n ioooki oaa tributary.... \ 1.163./80 132,351,866 1765 1640 1661 1826 (1786 \ 1795 (1820 1826 1796 1748 1802 COM 144 COM Supposed Sq. Miles. IN AFRICA : Cape of Good Hope 130,000 Sierra Leone ■ — Gambia 6 Gold Coast Isle of Mauritius 800 of St. Helena 45 Of Ascension 45 Total of Africa, Square Miles. AUSTRALIA : Continent of Australia 3,000,000 New Soutli Wales ■ Western Australia Soutli Australia Van Dieman's Land 12,209 New Zealand 86,000 Total Australia 3,098,209 In Europe 1,202 In America 4,218,404 In Africa 130,896 In Australia 3,098,209 In Asia 1,363,780 Total Square Miles 8,612,491 Population. Date of Possession. . 159,451 42,000 ... 1806 ... 1787 4,495 ... 1631 . 174,699 4,834 ... 1810 ... 1600 ... 1810 op. 385,479 . 215,000 . 197,168 '.'.'. 1787 . 100,000 70,130 . 170,000 ... 1803 ... 1833 652,298 COLONIES AMOUNT TO. . 345,246 . 2,533,552 . 385,479 . 652,298 132,351,861 136,268,436 To the foregoing should be added the Punjaub and Pegu, of which as yet we possess no returns, any more than of Hong-Kong, ceded by China. Colossus of Rhodes, a brass sta- tue, seventy feet high, erected across the harbour 290 a.c, thrown down by an earthquake 224 a.c. ; it lay in ruins 900 years, when the Sara- cens destroyed it, and sold the metal, weighing 720,900 lbs., to a Jew, who loaded 900 camels with its wrecks, 672 a.d. Colston, Edward, institutor of money charities in Bristol, died ■ 1721. Columeus discovered America, 1492, died 1566, born 1442. Combermere Abbey, Cheshire, built 1134. Combe Abbey, built in Warwick- shire, 1150. Combination of Workmen for- bidden by law, 1799. Combat in England, or trial of right by duel, originated with the Lombards, 659 ; introduced into England 1096, by William Euros. The first between Geoffrey Baynard and the Earl of Eu ; the latter being conquered, was deemed convicted. In 1818 the Court of King's Bench permitted the trial, by battle ; the same thing was allowed to prove the guilt or innocence of any party, it was declined, in re Thornton. The statute was repealed by 59 George III., 1819. The same mode of trial prevailed in Ireland, the last combat being between two O'Connors, when one had his head COM 145 COM cut off and presented to the lords justices in 1553. Comedy, the first regular, enacted in England about 1551. Comet steam-boat, run foul of by the Ayr, near Greenock, and, sinking, 50 out of 60 passengers were drowned, Oct. 21, 1825. Comets, first noted by Nicepho- rus ; two whose splendour eclipsed the noon-day sujt, and occupied a fourth of the heavens, 135 a. c. Remarkable one seen in England in the reign of Edward III., 1337; Tycho Brahe explained their return, 1577 ; one visible from Nov. 3, 1679 to March 9, 1680; orbits proved by Newton to be parabolical, 1704 ; a brilliant one, 1769 ; one more brilliant still, Sept., Oct., and Nov., 1811 ; another appeared, Feb. 28, 1823. Bielas' comet, so called from its discoverer, an Austrian officer, Eeb. 28, 1826 ; one of three, whose reappearance had been pre- dicted, it having a revolution of six years and thirty-eight weeks; its second appearance was in 1832, when the date of its perihelion was Nov. 27; its third appearance was in 1839, and its fourth in 1845. En eke' s comet, discovered Nov. 26, 1818, by Mr. Pons, named after Professor Encke for his ascertaining its orbit. It has appeared according to the law predicted, its revolution being three years and fifteen weeks. Halley's comet is also called the great comet ; he proved that this comet of 1682 was the same which had appeared in 1456, 1531, and 1607. He then was the first to fix the identity of comets. Halley's comet has a revolution of 76 years. It appeared in 1759, and was at its perihelion March 13. It appeared again, 1835. Commander-in-Chief, sometimes called captain-general, and general commanding-in-chicf. Thus, the Duke of Albemarle was captain- general, 1660; the great Duke of Marlborough, 1702, and the Duke of York, 1790. The Duke of Mon- mouth was commander-in-chief. 1674; the Duke of Marlborough, 1690 ; the Earl of Stair, 1744 ; Sir David Dundas, 1809 ; the Duke of York, 1811 ; the Duke of Welling- ton, 1827. Lord Hill was addressed as general commanding-in-chief, in 1828, while the Duke of Welling- ton was minister; the Duke of Wellington again became com- mander-in-chief up to the time of his decease, 1852. Commercial Treaties do not seem to have been known to the ancients ; the first English on record was in 1272, with the Flemings ; the second, with Portugal and Spain, 1308, temp. Edward II. Commandments, Creed, and Lord's Prayer, first translated into the Sax- on tongue, 781. The Common Prayer published by the authority of parliament, 1548. Commerce of England, see Reve- nue. Commissioners of Sewers first appointed, 1425. Commissioners of Public Ac- counts, 1780. Commitments, in 1851, 27,966; 1852, 27,510 ; the criminal offences did not exceed in number those of 1840, for the above years. Common Council of London first formed, 1208; enlarged, 1347 and subsequently. Committee of Safety appointed in England, Oct. 14, 1659; expired Dec. 24, 1659. Committees of Council, four es- tablished, Jan. 21, 1667. Common Prayer Book, first esta- blished in English, 1552. Common Prayer attempted to be enforced in Edinburgh, causing riots, 1637 ; voted useless, lo'44 ; proclamation against it. 1647. Common Pleas Court, ftxed by king John at Westminster, 1215 ; court of, built in Westminster hall, 1741 ; no barrister under the degree of sergeant-at-law could plead in this court until Aug. 18, 1846, when the restrictions were removed. There is also a court in Ireland of t'ae same name and character. COM 146 COM Commons, House of, the great re- presentative assembly of the people. It was begun by Simon de Mont- fort, who ordered two knights from every shire, and deputies from boroughs, to meet the barons and clergy, in order to strengthen his own power against Henry III. The first commons summoned to meet the king in parliament was in 42 and 43 Henry III., 1258 ; some make the date 1265, because the writs for this last year are the ear- liest in existence ; the first regular parliament was summoned 22nd Edward I., 1294 ; and the first speaker was Peter de Montfort, 1260, killed at the battle of Evesham, 1265 ; London sent representatives to parliament, temp. Henry III. ; West- minster in the reign of Henry VIII. ; the number of the members of the House of Commons, since the pass- ing of the reform bill in 1832, is, for England — ■ County members 144 Universities 4 Cities and boroughs 323 Welsh members for counties .. . 15 Cities and boroughs 14 500 Scotch counties 30 Cities and boroughs 23 Ireland — counties 64 University 2 Cities and boroughs 39 658 Commons, House of, burned, Oct. 16, 1834. Commonwealth of England, the period between the death of Charles I. and the return of Charles II., or between Jan. 30, 1649, and the Stuart restoration, May 29, 1660. Oliver Cromwell being protector, Dec. 13, 1653, the power of Eng- land, at home and abroad, furnished a singular contrast in elevation to that under any of the monarchs of ,the Stuart race, prior or subsequent to his domination. Commonwealth of Holland be- gun, 1572. Communion, a rite of Christianity early practised among Christians ; bread alone was taken in the west, under pope Urban II., 1096 ; ordered by the fourth Lateran council to be taken at least at Easter, 1215 ; the cup denied to the laity by the coun- cil of Constance, 1453; the com- munion was takegi by the authority of the council, 2nd Edward VI., 1548, and afterwards assimilated to the popish plan by Laud, who made the sacramental table again an altar, temp. Charles I. Commutation Tax commenced, 1784. Companies, the junction of indi- viduals for handicraft objects, in an unlimited number. They had their origin, some say, in 1198, others in the steelyard society, esta- blished, 1232. The merchants of Thomas a Becket were incorporated, 1248; and the merchant adventu- rers, 1564. A t first they were trades, such as the city companies of Lon- don, ninety-one in number, the first twelve of which are styled honoura- ble. These London companies were, and are as follows : — mercers, incor- porated 1393 ; grocers, 1345 ; dra- pers, 1439; fishmongers, 1384; gold- smiths, 1327 ; skinners, 1327 ; mer- chant tailors, 1466; haberdashers, 1447; salters, 1558; ironmongers, 1464 ; vintners, 1437 ; clothworkers, 1482 ; dyers, 1469 ; brewers, 1438 ; leather sellers, 1442 ; pewterers, 1474; barber surgeons, 1308; cut- lers, 1417; bakers, 1307; wax- chandlers, 1484; tallow-chandlers, 1463; armourers and braziers, 1463 : girdlers, 1448 ; butchers, 1604 ; sad- dlers, 1280; carpenters, 1344; cord- wainers, 1410 ; paper-stainers, 1580 ; curriers, 1605 ; masons, 1677 ; plumbers, 1611; ironholders, 1515; founders, 1614; poulterers, 1503; cooks, 1481 ; coopers, 1501 ; tilers and bricklayers, 1568; bowyers, 1620; fletchers, 1536; blacksmiths, 1577 ; joiners, 1564 ; weavers, 1164 ; I woolmen, , ; scriveners, 1616 ; COM 147 C OM fruiterers, 1604; plasterers, 1500; stationers, 1556; embroiderers, 1591; upholders, 1627; musicians, 1004; turners, 1604 ; basket-makers, ■ ; glaziers, 1637; homers, 1638; far- riers, 1673; paviers, ; lorimers, 1488 ; apothecaries, 1617 ; ship- Avrights, 1610 ; spectacle-makers, 1630; clock-makers, 1632; glovers, 1556 ; comb-makers, 1556 ; felt- makers, 1604 ; frame-work knitters, 1664; silk-throwsters, 1629; silk- men, ; pin -makers, 1633 ; needle-makers, 1656 ; gardeners, 1616; soap-makers, 1638; tin-plate workers, 1670; wheelwrights, 1670; distillers, ■ ; hatband-makers, 1638; pattern-makers, 1670; glass- sellers, 1664 ; tobacco-pipe makers, 1663 ; coach and harness makers, 1677 ; gun-makers, 1638 ; gold and silver wire-drawers, 1623 ; bow- string-makers, . ; card-makers, 1629; fan-makers, 1709; wood- mongers, •; starch -makers, 1632 ; fishermen, 1687 ; parish clerks,1232 ; carmen, ; porters, ; water- men, 1550. Companv, the Artillery, revived 1600. Companies for various purposes, viz. :— African, 1618, 1672. In 1746, Government owed the Company £11,686,800, and its divided capi- tal amounted to £10,780,000, both of which continued till 1776. Afri- can Institution, 1806. Agricultural Society first established in England, 1787. American Philosophical Society instituted 2nd Jan., 1672. Amicable Society incorp., 1706. An- tiquarian Society incorp., 2nd Nov., 1751. Antiquarian Society at Edin- burgh, instituted 18th Dec, 1780. Antiquarian Society at Newcastle, 1812. Artists, Society of, London, incorp. 26th Feb., 1765. Arts and Sciences, Society of, London, insti- tuted 1753. Arts and sciences, Society of, New York, 1765. Arts, Royal, at London, instituted 1768. Company of Bankers, London, in- corp. 1307. Bank of Amsterdam, founded 1609 ; of Venice, 1157 ; of Rotterdam, 1635. Bank of Eng- land, established 1693. Bank-notes at 13 and 14 per cent. dis. and 15 and 20 ; also paid three pej>- cent on their bank notes once in three months, 1697. The dividend on their stock raised from five to seven per cent,, March 19, 1781. Lent Government, in 1693, the sum of £1,300,000 at eight per cent. In 1696, their stock amounted to £2,201,171 10s. In 1709, they aug- mented it to £4,402,343, when they advanced Government £400,000 ; and in 1714, another loan of £1,500,000. In 1742, Government was indebted to them £3,200,000. See Bank. Bank of Scotland estab- lished 1695. Bank of Copenhagen, 1736. Bank of Berlin, 1765. Bank Casse d'Escompte, in France, 1776. Bank of Petersburgh, 1786. Bar- nard's-inn, in Chancery-lane, com- menced 1445. Bible Society, Naval and Military, instituted 1780. Blind, School for the instruction of the, 1799. Book Society, Dissenters, for Tracts, instituted 1750. British Herring Fishery, incorporated 1750. British institution formed, 4th June, 1805; building opened, 18th Jan., 1806. British and Foreign Bible Society, 1804. British and Foreign School Society, instituted 1815. British Linen, erected, 1746. Bi'itisk I Mineralogical, commenced 1799. British Society incorporated for ex- | tending the fisheries, 1786. British i Lying-in Hospital, instituted 1749. j Charitable Corporation instituted, 1708 ; abolished, 1731. Chelsea Water-works incorporated, 1722. I Christian Knowledge, for promot- ing, instituted 1698. Clement's-inn, | established 1471. Clergymen's j Widows' and Orphans' Corporation | established in England, July, 1670. Clergymen's sons', established in Scotland, Oct. 1794. Clifford's-inn Society, began 1345. Condition of the Poor, for bettering, instituted 1796. Deaf and Dumb Asylum instituted, 1792. Dublin Society incorp., 1750. East India, at Embden, established 1750. East India, in England, established COM 148 CON 1600 ; their stock then consisting of £72,000, when they fitted out four ships, and, meeting with success, they continued for many years ; In- dia stock sold from 360 to 500 per cent. 1683 ; a new company estab- lished, 1698; the old one re-estab- lished, and the two united, 1700 ; agreed to give government £400,000 per annum for four years, on condition that they might con- tinue unmolested, 1769; in great confusion, and applied to parlia- ment for assistance, 1773 ; judges sent from England by government faithfully to administer the laws there, to the company's servants, 2nd April, 1744 ; Board of Controul instituted, 1784 ; Charter renewed, 1813 ; their commercial character relinquished in 1834. East India, of Sweden, erected March, 1731. East India, of Erance, established 1627 ; abolished by the National Assembly, and the trade laid open, 26th Jan., 1791. East India, of Holland, incorp. 1604. East-land incorp., 1579. Emanuel Hospital, Westminster, instituted 1534. Eng- lish Copper Office, incorp. 1691. Eurnival's Inn Society, 1563. Gray's Inn Law Society began, 1357 ; inn built, 1687. Greenock, for the encouragement of the arts, formed, 1812. Herring Eishery, established Sept. 2, 1750. Of the Hand-in-Hand Eire Office, 1696. Hamburgh or the Hamburgh Com- pany, 1296. Highland Society, for the encouragement of agriculture, Eeb., 1785. Humane Society, 1774. Hudson's Bay, 1670. Lead Office, 1692. Lincoln's Inn Society, 1310. London Assurance Office, Charter granted to it, 1716. Lyon's, Mrs., Society, established 1420. Mine and Battery incorp., 1568. Mines, Boyal, established, 1565. Of the New Iron Society, 1485. Ostend formed, 1722, 1723; abolished, March 1731-2. Preston Guild established, 1172. Society for Reformation of Manners, 1696. Royal Exchange Insurance, charter granted, 1716. Royal Miners, incorp. 1564. Russia Mer- chants incorp., 1555. Scotch Cor- poration began, 1665. Companies, see Bubble ; the most remarkable, Law's, 1720-1 ; the South Sea, 1721 ; those of 1824 and 1825, and many railway and mining speculations between 1824 and 1852. Compass, the Mariner's, the in- ventor not certainly known; the Chinese acquainted with it, 1115 a. c. ; according to some, it was dis- covered by Marcus Paulus, 1260 ; others, by Gioja of Naples, 1302; the variation discovered by Colum- bus, 1492; dip discovered, 1576; improved by Barlowe, 1608 ; erro- neous variations of, corrected by Mr. Barlow of Woolwich, 1824. Compound Waters and Spirits re- strained by high duties, May 29, 1729. Compter of London, built near Newgate, 1789 to 1791, cost £20,473. Conant, Sir N., and other magis- trates, convicted of having conspired to deprive a publican of his license, Eeb. 28, 1822. Conception, Eeast of the Immacu- late, of the Virgin Mary, appointed on the 8th of Dec, 1389 ; Paul V. forbade any one to doubt the doc- trine, 1488. Conceptionists, an order of nuns, in Italy, 1488, confirmed by popes Gregory XV. and Alexander VII. Concert, the first given in Eng- land, by subscription, was at Ox- ford, in 1665 ; the first in London, 1678. Conciliatory Act, proposed for treating with the American colonies, Feb. 7, 1778; rejected, April 13, 1778. Conchology, reduced to a system, 1675 ; Lister's system published, 1685; that ofLaigius, 1722. Conclave, for electing a pope, said to have been first ordei'ed, 1274. Concordance to the Bible, first made in 1247; that of Cruden, in 1737, appeared first in London. Concord, order of knighthood, instituted in Brandenburgh, 1660. Concordat, a treaty between a temporal prince and the pope, CON 149 CON usually so called; one signed be- tween Bonaparte and Pius VII., July 15, 1801 ; a second between the same princes, at Fontainebleau, June 25, 1813. Concubines allowed to the clergy, 1132 ; denied Christian burial, 1225. Conde, taken from the Spaniards by the French, 1675. Confederation of the People at Paris, after the taking of the Bas- tile, to maintain the new constitu- tion, July 14, 1790. Confectioner's Shop, the first in England at Tottenham, Middlesex, kept by Zancher, a Spaniard, 1596. Confederation of the Rhine, a league of the lesser states of Ger- many, in alliance, formed by Bona- parte, having a diet at Frankfort, July 12, 1808. Conference, that called the great, held at Hampton- court, between the prelates of the church and the dis- senting ministers, 1604; a second conference was held, 1661. Confession, Aimcular, instituted in the church, 1204, and enjoined, 1215. Confirmation, a rite enjoined by the Romish church, and retained by the English ; instituted about 300. Confiscation Court, erected in England, 346. Conflans, the treaty of, between Louis XI. of France and the dukes of Bourbon, Brittany, and Burgundy, 1465. Congo, kingdom of, discovered by the Portuguese, and settled 1482. Congress of America formally abolished all English authority there, May 5, 1776 ; the first federal held there, under Washington, 1789. Congress of Potentates; the latest, those of Soissons, 1728 ; Antwerp, 1793; Radstadt, 1797; Chatillon, 1814; Vienna, 1814; Carlsbad, 1819; Troppau, 1820; Laybach, 1821; Vienna, 1822 ; of the confederated States of Germany, at Frankfort, May 10, 1850. Congreve Rockets, the Asiatic rocket improved into a formidable instrument of war, by Sir William Congreve,. 1803 ; employed in set- ting fire to Boulogne, Oct 1806. Conic Sections, invented 240 years a.c Coningsburgh Castle, Yorkshire, existed, 489. Coningsby committed to the Tower by the House of Peers, for reflecting on the lord chancellor, Feb. 1720. Conjuration made felony in Eng- land, by James I., 1603 ; the law repealed, 1736. Conjunction of the sun, moon, and planets witnessed, 1186 ; of Saturn and Jupiter, 1394. Connor, bishopric of, in Ireland, united to Down, 1442 ; Connor and Down united with Dromore, Aug. 14, 1833. Conquest of England by William the bastard, at Hastings, Oct. 15, 1066. Consecration of churches, 200 ; of churchyards, 317 ; of bishops, in England, 1549 ; of burying grounds, charges for, 1828, particulars of — £ s. d. Drawing and engrossing petition to the Arch- bishop to consecrate ... 1 5 Drawing the sentence of consecration 2 2 Drawing the Act 13 6 Registering the above in- struments and the deed at length, and parch- ment 2 2 The chancellor's fee 5 The principal registrar's fee 5 The secretary's fee 5 The deputy registrar's at- tendance and expenses.. 3 15 6 The apparitor's fee 110 Fee on obtaining the seal 110 Conservators of Public Liberty, chosen from the barons, to limit the king's power, 1244; of the peace, 1344. Conspiracies and Insurrections, remarkable. An insurrection in Spain, which cost the lives of 30,000 Spaniards, and double that number of Moors, 1560 ; at Malta, to destroy the whole order, for which 125 CON 150 CON slaves suffered death, June 26, 1749; at Lisbon, by several of the nobility, who shot at the king, 1758 ; at Al- giers, on account of tribute, 1761 ; at Madrid, when they obliged the king to banish the marquis Squil- lace, 1769 ; at the Brazils, 1772 ; at Palermo, Oct. 26, 1773 ; at Stock- holm, in 1792, when Gustavus III. was assassinated by Ankerstrcem ; at St. Domingo, and the other French West India islands, where near 16,000 negroes were slain, and 400 whites, and 550 plantations de- stroyed, 1794 ; in Dublin, 1803 ; of the prince of Asturias against his father, 1807 ; of the inhabitants of Madrid against the French, in which many persons were killed, 1808 ; at Algiers, 1808. Conspiracies and Insurrections in England. A conspiracy of the Nor- man barons against William I., 1074 ; against William II., 1088 and 1093 ; against Henry II., by his queen and children, 1173 ; insurrec- tion of Foulk de Brent against Hen- ry III., 1224 ; a conspiracy against the same king for cancelling Magna Charta, 1227; of the barons against Henry III., 1258 ; of the duke of Exeter and others against the life of Henry IV., discovered by dropping a paper accidentally, 1400 ; against Henry V., by the earl of Cambridge and others, 1415; ofKichard, duke of Gloucester, against his nephews, Edward V. and his brother, whom he caused to be murdered, 1483 ; of Lambert Simnel, 1486 ; of Perkin Warbeck, 1492 ; of the earl of Suf- folk and others against Henry VII., 1506 ; insurrection of the London apprentices, 7th Henry VIII., 1517 ; against queen Elizabeth by Dr. Story, 1571 ; by Anthony Babing- ton and others, 1586 ; by Lopez, a Jew, and others, 1593 ; by Patrick York, an Irish fencing-master, em- ployed by the Spaniards to kill the queen, 1594 ; of Walpole, a Jesuit, who engaged one Squire to poison the queen's saddle, 1598 ; against James I., by the Marchioness de Verneuil, his mistress, and others, 1604 ; of Sindercomb and others, to assassinate Oliver Cromwell, disco- vered by his associates, 1656 ; of the puritans, 1657; of the fifth monarchy men, against Charles II., 1660 ; of Blood and his associates, who seized and wounded the Duke of Ormond, 1670 ; of the French, Spanish, and English Jesuits, countenanced by the pope, to assassinate Charles II., discovered by Dr. Young and Titus Oates, 1668 ; another to assassinate him at the Rye-house farm, near Hoddesden, Hertfordshire, in his way from Newmarket, called the Bye-house plot, 1683 ; of Lord Pres- ton, the Bishop of Ely, and others, to restore King James, 1691 ; of Granvil, a French chevalier, and his associates, to assassinate King Wil- liam in Flanders, 1692; a conspi- racy by the Earl of Aylesbury and others to kill the king near Rich- mond, as he came from hunting, discovered by Pendergrass, called the Assassination Plot, 1696; of Simon Frazer, Lord Lovat, in favour of the Pretender, against Queen Anne, 1703 ; of the Marquis Guis- card, 1710; to assassinate George I. by James Shephard, an enthusiastic youth, who had been educated to consider the king as an usurper, 1718 ; of counsellor Layer and others to bring in the Pretender, 1722; of Col. Despard and his associates to assassinate George III., and to overturn the existing govern- ment, 1803; of Thistlewood and others, 1820. Constables of Hundreds and Franchises, instituted in the reign of Edward I., 1285. Constance, a council of priests, which condemned John Huss and Jerome of Prague to the flames, in 1415 and 1416, in violation of all considerations of policy and good faith. Constantine the Emperor, born at York, 270 ; succeeded to the em- pire, 306; embraced Christianity, 306 ; divided England into four governments, 310 ; died at Constan- tinople, 337. CON 151 CON Constantinople, so called, in place of Byzantium, 330; cadies intro- duced to decide disputes between Greeks and Turks, 1390 ; taken by the French and the Venetians, 1204; by Mahomet II., 1453 ; fire destroyed 12,000 houses, and 7000 persons, on Sept, 27, 1729; damaged by fire, May 31, 1745; in June, 1750, 10,000 houses destroyed ; in 1751, a fire consumed 4000 houses, and the plague took off 70,000 souls; Sept. 2, 1754, nearly destroyed by an earth- quake, and 3000 persons killed ; July 5, 1756, visited with the plague; 13,000 houses burned, and above 1000 persons; the plague again vi- sited, and the heir to the Ottoman empire died of it, 1757 ; dreadful fires in 1761, 5, 7, and 9; 2000 houses burned, Sept. 4, 1778 ; 600 Feb. 19, 1782; 7000, June 10, fol- lowing ; and the next August. 10,000 houses, 50 mosques, 100 corn-mills •were destroyed ; in Aug. 1784, 10,000 houses were destroyed, and 32,000 between March and July, 1791 ; no less than 7000 were de- stroyed in 1795 ; the suburb of Pera had 1300 houses and fine buildings burned on March 13, 1799. In 1812 and 1813, 300,000 of the inhabitants were struck down by the plague ; in Aug. 1816, 1200 houses and 2000 shops were burned; and in 1825, 12,000 houses, 30 mosques, 400 boats and as many people were consumed. Constantius, the Roman emperor, routed the Scotch, 294; married Helena, a British lady; died at York, 306. Constitution, American ship of war, took the British frigate Guer- riere, which lost 100 men killed and wounded, the Americans losing but 14 killed and wounded, Aug. 20, 1812. Constitutional Enquirer, a pro- clamation issued by the government of Great Britain, to discover the author, Feb. 5, 1750. Constitutional Association, a clique of persons so calling them- selves, prosecuted the publisher of Lord Byron's parody on Southey's ridiculous " Vision of Judgment," and got him fined £100, 1824. Consuls as rulers, Napoleon Bo- naparte, Cambaceres, and Lebrun, Nov. 9, 1799 ; the former consul for life, May 6, 1802. Consuls, commercial agents of different nations, first distinguished in Italy, 1485 ; one of the first Eng- lish appointed to Portugal, 1633. The consul-generalships, consuls, and vice-consuls of England, who received salaries, were as follow in 1850, besides 245 unpaid vice-con- sulships : — Per An. Per An. 1 of £2000 8 of 350 2 of 1800 30 of 300 6 of 1600 1 of 270 2 of 1500 4 of 250 3 of 1400 25 of 200 6 of 1200 7 of 150 6 of 1000 1 of 130 10 of 800 1 of 162 6 of 750 13 of 100 5 of 700 2 of 80 1 of 650 1 of 75 2 of 600 2 of 70 3 of 550 1 of 60 23 of 500 5 of 50 3 of 450 1 of 40 25 of 400 1 of 25 Consumption of Meat ; the num- ber of cattle and sheep annually sold at Smithfield, London, has doubled within the last century, whilst the weight of the carcase has also more than doubled in that in- terval; in 1710, according to an estimate made by Doctor Davenant, the nej weight of cattle sold at Smithfield averaged not more than 370 lb, whilst calves averaged about I 50 ft, and sheep 28ft; in 1800, the net weight of the cattle was esti- mated at 800 ft, of calves 146 ft, and of sheep at 80 ft. Contraband Trade to Spain from Gibraltar, 1849, included from six to eight million pounds of tobacco annually. Contributions demanded from all persons who received £4 per annum wages, by act of parliament, 1695 ; for the widows and orphans CON 152 COP of all those who fell at the battle of the Nile, £35,260, 8s. 6d., 1799 Contributions, Voluntary, to- ward the expenses to carry on the war for replacing the Bourbons in France, 1798, in amount £2,500,000, and £200,000 sent from India. Contractors for Government not permitted to sit in parliament, 1782.- Conventicles, terms of reproach used by the followers of Laud and such similar priests, towards all places of worship not of the church ; first applied to Wickliffe, and pub- lished by Charles II., 1661. Convention Parliaments ; one voted the restoration of the Stuarts, 1660, the other declared for their abdication, and for William and Mary, 1688. Convention between different powers or interests; Closterseven, 1757 ; armed neutrality, 1780 ; Pil- nitz, 1791 ; Paris, the national, 1792; Cintra, 1808; Berlin, 1808 ; Peterswelden, 1813; Paris (allies), 1814 ; Vienna, 1814 ; Holland and England, 1814 ; Zurich, 1815 ; Ca- pua, 1815; St. Cloud, 1815; Aix la Chapelle, 1818 ; Paris and Allies, 1813; Austria with England, in which the latter agreed to com- pound for £2,500,000 a just debt of £30,000,000 sterling, 1824 ; Eussia and England, 1825; England and United States of America, 1826; Prance and Brazil, 1828; Holland and Belgium, in London, 1839. Convents first founded, 270 ; the first in England at Folkestone, 630 ; in Scotland, 670; suppressed and plundered by Henry VIII. ; 187 abolished by the emperor of Eussia, July 31, 1832; 300 put down by Don Pedro, in Portugal, 1834. Convents in the Two Sicilies sup- pressed by Murat, 1809 ; abolished in Spain, 1811, but restored 1814, and in the two Sicilies 1815. Convicts first sent out to Botany Bay, 1788 ; Jan. 20, Governor Phil- lip took possession of Botany Bay with 800 convicts, when, finding Port Jackson, on which the town of Sidney now stands, more conve- nient, they settled there. The num- ber transported between 1825 and 1841 was— English, males 27,081, females 3821 ; Irish, males 14,127, females 3683; total 48,712. The number living in Van Dieman's Land in 1840, was 19,439. Convocation of the Clergy, first summoned to meet in the 23rd Edward I., 1295 ; their power limit- ed by a statute of Henry VIII. ; the clergy relinquished the power of taxing themselves, 1665; censured and dissolved, May 10, 1717, by a special order from the court, and not permitted to meet since, except pro forma. Convolvulus flower imported from the Canaries 1690 ; the many- flowered, 1779. Cook, the great circumnavigator, made his first voyage, 1768, sailing in the Endeavour, July 30; he reached home, July 13, 1771 ; sailed again, July 1772, and returned July 1775; sailed on his third and last voyage from Plymouth, July 1776, and was killed at Owyhee, Feb. 14, 1779. His ships, the Eesolution and Discovery, reaching home, Sept. 22, 1780. Cook, Thomas, hung at Leicester for the murder of Mr. Paas of Lon- don, whose remains he burned, Aug. 10, 1832. Copenhagen built, 1169; made a- city, 1319 ; and capital of Denmark, 1443; seventy-seven streets burned, 1728 ; palace destroyed by fire, Feb. 26, 1794, where twenty millions of rixdollars, or £4,500,000 sterling of damage was done, and above a hundred persons lost their lives. The arsenal, admiralty, and fifty streets destroyed by fire, with 1363 houses, June 5, 1795; bombarded by the English, April 2, 1801, by Lord Nelson, and eighteen of the defending vessels out of twenty- three taken or destroyed; surren- dered to an English expedition to appropriate the Danish fleet, Sept. 7, 1807. Copernicus of Thorn, in Prussia, COP 153 COP disclosed the true solar system, 1530; born, Jan. 10, 1472 ; died, May 23, 1553. Copes, first used in the papal church, 256. Copper, one of the six primitive metals, very early discovered in many parts of the world ; first found in Sweden, 1396; in England, 1561 ; regulated and revived working, 1689; produce of Cornwall, 11,185 tons ; Devonshire, 307 ; Anglesea, 575 ; Cumberland and other places in Stafford and Lancashire, 120 tons ; other places in Wales, Ireland, &c, 1158; total, 1833, 13,345 tons; value of that found in Cornwall for 1833, £1,031,722; the export from the united kingdom, 1834, was 7811 tons ; discovered in the Anglesea Paris mine, 1768; produced 3000 tons in 1785 ; in 1817, only 350 ; in 1826, 758 tons ; in 1832, 575 ; first imported from Virginia, Oct. 1730 ; found in New York, 1722 ; found in large quantities on the shore of Lake Superior, in the United States, 1835. Copper money coined in Scot- land, 1466; in Ireland, 1339; in France, 1580 ; in England the first legal coinage, 1609, 1665, and 1672 ; private traders coined tokens, 1672 ; Wood's copper coinage in Ireland, issued 1723 ; forbidden to be coun- terfeited, 1771 ; penny and two- penny pieces coined, July 26, 1797, and halfpence, 1800. Copper sheets and bolts issued for the use of the navy, from April 29, 1799, to March 17, 1800, were, sheets, 615 tons, 15 cwt. 13ft>; cop- per bolts and rings, 123 tons, 9 cwt. 3 qrs. 25ft) ; copper nails, 15 tons, 17 cwt. 2 qrs. 23ft>., with mixed metal nails, 158 tons, 19 cwt. 12E> ; value for the year, £128,325, 14s. 7d. ; old returned in part payment, £37,596, 2s. lid. Copperplate Printing invented in Germany, 1450; rolling presses for working, about 1545; a mode of engraving on soft steel, invented by Perkins, which he afterwards hard- ened, 1819. Copperas, or sulphate of iron, or green vitriol, first introduced into England as a manufacture, 1587, by one Cornelius de Vos. Copyright Act in relation to designs, passed Aug. 22, 1843 ; act to amend acts relative to the same, Aug. 14, 1850. Copyright Colonies act, July 22, 1847. Copyright, a decree of the star chamber against it, 1551 ; every book ordered to be licensed, 1585 ; an order that no book should be printed without the owner's consent, 1649 ; a right of common law of the author to his property admitted, and further secured by a statute of Anne, 1709 ; for fourteen years a protection to prints and engravings granted in 1777 ; an extension of copyright and further protection, 1814; dramatic authors protected, 1833; lectures without the author's consent to publication protected, 1835 ; acts extended to Ireland, 1836 ; interna- tional copyright passed July 31, 1838. By the 5th and 6th, cap. 35, the right of an author in his works is to endure for his life, and seven years after; but if the term of life expire earlier than forty-two years, the right is still to endure for that term; for which, also, the work of an author published after his death is also to endure, 1842-3. It is essential that all books, literary works and books of prints, be entered at Stationers' Hall on their publica- tion, as evidence to bring them under the protection of the statute. The following is a list of the works so entered in the years of their entries from March 1st, 1710, in the reign of Queen Anne, to the death of George III., 1820, inclusive : — Entries. Entries. 1710 ... ... 163 '1718 .. ... 43 1711 ... ... 258 1719 .. ... 35 1712 ... ... 142 1720 .. ... 36 1713 ... ... 102 1721 ... ... 33 1714 ... ... 94 1722 ... ... 45 1715 ... ... 82 1723 ... ... 41 1716 ... ... 52 1724 ... ... 31 1717 ... ... 34 1725 ... ... 36 COR 154 COR Entries. 1726 60 1727 49 1728 65 1729 71 1730 93 1731 41 1732 17 1733 30 1734 17 1735 36 1736 29 1737 33 1738 57 1739 25 1740 37 1741 47 1742 39 1743 56 1744 53 1745 66 1746 80 1747 109 1748 59 1749 56 1750 69 1751 61 1752 47 1753 46 1754 42 1755 32 1756 26 1757 35 1758 51 1759 25 1760 29 1761 36 1762 47 1763 25 1764 33 1765 27 1766 38 1767 49 1768 66 1769 69 1770 66 1771 67 1772 53- 1773 76 Entries. 1774 95 1775 122 1776 122 1777 123 1778 105 1779 144 1780 174 1781 120 1782 109 1783 172 1784 194 1785 206 1786 291 1787 375 1788 419 1789 430 1790 399 1791 432 1792 438 1793 529 1794 573 1795 670 1796 660 1797 751 1798 538 1799 499 1800 366 1801 292 1802 322 1803 372 1804 368 1805 309 1806 285 1807 283 1808 301 1809 299 1810 333 1811 303 1812 271 1813 350 1814 541 1815 1244 1816 1178 1817 1240 1818 1191 1819 1318 1820 1208 Coram, Thomas, the benevolent founder of the Hospital for Found- lings, a philanthropical seaman, who died March 29, 1751, aged 84. Cordeliers, Order of, founded in the time of St. Louis of France, 1227. Corfu, one of the Ionian Islands, placed under British administration by the treaty of Paris, 1815, with the other six islands ; a dreadful explo- sion took place here, March 11, 1789, when 72,000 ft of powder and 60 bombshells exploded, and destroyed 180 persons. Corinth, kingdom of, established 1355 a.c. ; destroyed 146 a.c. ; re- built by Julius Caesar; one of the first cities that embraced Christianity; visited by the Apostle Paul about the year 60; surrendered by the Turks to the Greeks, Feb., 1822. Cork, Ireland, founded in the sixth century, enclosed 1170; a chapter granted to it 1242 by Henry III. ; its great charter by Charles II. ; a dreadful fire at, 1621 ; taken by the Earl of Marlborough from King James 1690, and the Duke of Graf- ton, son of Charles II., by one of his mistresses, was slain ; the Cathe- dral built by a coal duty between 1725 and 1735 ; explosion of gun- powder at, Nov. 10, 1810 ; Queen's College inaugurated Nov. 7, 1840 ; See of, founded in the seventh cen- tury ; united with Cloyne 1431, and again separated 1678 ; See of Ross added to it 1582 ; Sees of Cork and Cloyne again united 1833. Cork -Tree brought to England before 1690. Corn, wheat, said to have been introduced into England in the sixth century ; the produce of corn of all kinds in 1850, 40,000,000 quarters; the first account of any importation 1347 ; of export,1437 ; bounties upon its importation, 1686; value of export- ed corn, 1745, £681,000 ; the first act for regulating the duties was 13 Geo. III. c. 43, in 1773. Before that time the price of corn was ruled by cir- cumstances, a larger quantity being grown than was consumed ; the ex- portation was prohibited when scar- city prevailed ; in 1604-5, the intro- duction of corn when the price was below 32s. the quarter was prohi- bited by the landowners ; after 1660, COR 155 COR the duty laid on foreign wheat was 16s. ; when the price was 53s. or under, the price in favour of the landholder advanced 21s. in half a century, and the duty was to be 8s. when between 53s. and below 63s. ; in 1773, the duty was 24s. 3d. when wheat was under 50s. and when at or above 50s. it was only to be 6cl. ; after the commencement of the French revolutionary war, 1793, when wheat was below 63s., the duty on foreign wheat was to be 30s. 3d., falling to 7g when the price reached 65s. ; in 1815 the landowners did not consider this enough, an act was passed to prohibit all importation until the price in the home-market had been three consecutive months above 80s., and riots and tumults ensued in Westminster ; in 1822, the importation of foreign wheat was prohibited when prices were under 70s., admitting it between 70s. and 80s. at a duty of 12s. ; when between 80s. and 85s. a duty of 5s., and Avhen above 85s. at a duty of Is. ; this law never operated, for early in 1823, Canning proposed a sliding-scale, which was to a certain extent adopt- ed by the Cabinet of the Duke of Wellington, July 15, 1828, which remained operative until Sir Robert Peel's bill of 29th April, 1842, which last bill disappeared in the annihila- tion of the corn laws in 1846 ; it was a sliding-scale which made the duty 20s. with wheat at 51s. — Wheat, im- portation of, the shortness of the home supply introduced foreign wheat to the extent and prices stat- ed during the last 25 years of the last half-century. qrs. qrs. s. d. 1826 ... 247,572 ... * ... 24 1827 ... 164,838 ... 115,125 ... 23 6 1828 ... 344,074 ... 242,728 ... 38 6 1829 ... 311,713 ... 218,400 ... 38 1830 ... 405,016 ... 334,288 ... 40 1831 ... 133,800 ... 125,330 ... 42 1832 ... 165,820 ... 93,170 ... 35 1833 ... 104,272 ... 64,552 ... 32 1834 ... 710,52 ... 29,503 ... 27 1835 ... 45,140 ... 13,545 ... 26 1836 ... 129,045 ... 102,448 ... 30 QRS. QRS. S. (I. 1837 ... 314,606 ... * ... 29 1838 ... 458,440 ... 399, 4f0 ... 45 1839 ... 419,055 ... 390,558 ... 46 1840 ... 496,776 ... 419,118 ... 48 1841 ... 423,265 ... 364,930 ... 48 1842 ... 433,587 ... 367,867 ... 43 1843 ... 501,270 ... 420,430 ... 39 6 1844 ... 483,609 ... 316,344 ... 31 1845 ... 345,786 ... 253,113 ... 46 1846 ... 260,064 ... 145,866 ... 55 1847 ... 392,994 ... 295,227 ... 55 1848 ... 291,816 ... 249,375 ... 40 1849 ... 242,004 ... 236,985 ... 38 1850 ... 385,182 ... 340,679 ... 39 The following return for 1849 and 1850, shows the quantities of wheat and wheat flour imported in those years with the countries from whence they came : — ■ 1849. 1850. QRS. QRS. Russia 594,217... 638,614 Sweden and Nor- way 6,479... 356 Denmark 241,751... 162,207 Prussia 61 6, 612... 105,650 Germany, viz., Han- seatic Towns, Oldenburgh, Ha- nover, and Mec- klenburgh 496,817... 383,944 Holland 306, 411... 293, 466 Belgium 362,809... 201, 922 France 738,834.1,145,405 Spain 498... 2,184 Italy 279, 680... 11 7, 324 Malta 8,931... 10,596 Greece 58,895... 6,292 TurkishDominions including Syria and Egypt 291,660.. .312,793 Cape of Good Hope 1 British Possessions in the East In- dies 1,857... 6S9 Australian Settle- ments 15,463... 14,584 British North Ame- rican Colonies... 141,265... 80,394 United States of America 613,601. ..537,0.31 All other parts 26,964... 19,812 Total from all parts 4,802,475 4,830,203 COR 156 Corn prices, foreign ; the average prices in France, Belgium, and Prussia, from the year 1828 or 1829 down to 1850. From this it appears that from 1829 to 1850, the average price of wheat in France has been 45s. 7d. per quarter. The highest quotation was in 1847, when it was 67s. 4d. and the lowest was in 1850, when it was 33s. 2d. In Belgium, from 1828 to 1 850, the average has been 46s., the highest being 72s. 2d. in 1847, and the lowest 32s. and 2d. in 1834 ; last year it was 37s. 5d. In Prussia, from 1828 to 1850, the average has been 34s. 3d. The high- est price in that country, as well as in France and Belgium, was in 1847, when it was 58s., and the lowest was 23s. 4d. in 1836. In 1850, it was 31s. 6d. Corn importation bill, free of duty : this bill passed June 26, 1846, by which the duty was reduced to 4s. until Feb. 1, 1847, after which it was ~to be only Is. per quarter on all kinds of grain imported, intothe unit- ed kingdom at any prices. Corn, foreign, allowed to be ware- housed and taken out for home con- sumption, 1813. During the scarcity of 1800-1, there were 2,611,667 qrs. imported, and of oatmeal 9,039,071 cwt. Corn, wheat prices, 1700, 40s. ; 1706, 26s.; 1709, 78s. 6d. ; 1712, 26s. 4d. ; 1718, 38s. lOd. ; 1725, 43s. 6d. ; 1730, 36s. 6d. ; 1832, 26s. 8d. ; 1736, 40s. 4d. ; 1742, 34s. ; 1744, 24s. lOd. ; from 1743 to 1762 inclusive, the average was £1 : 11 : 10 for the twenty years ; after this, prices rose to 41s. and 48s. during the American war; in 1784, they fluctuated be- tween 48s. 2d. and 41s. lOd. : in 1785, between 37s. 6d. and 34s. 6d. ; in 1786, between 36s. 2d. and 33s. ; in 1787, from 44s. to 36s. Id. ; in 1788, from 45s. Id. to 42s. 9d. ; in 1789, the prices varied from 54s. lid. to 47s. ; the fluctuations in the intervening years, down to the repeal of the corn laws, were very various, the extremes (not the aver- age) being in the market as high as 175s. in 1801, and in 1835 as low as 34s. Corn Exchange, London, complet- ed and opened, Jane, 1828, at the cost of £90,000. Corn Law League, a combination of individuals desirous of the repeal of the corn laws, and resolved by all peaceable means to agitate for the same ; meetings in differ- ent places for the purpose, held April, 1841, and at Manchester, May 18, 1841 ; a bazaar was held at Manchester, by which £10,000 was realized, Feb. 2, 1842; above 600 deputie s assembled and held nume- rous meetings from Feb. to Aug. 1842 ; the sum of £50,000 raised to depute lecturers and to print pam- phlets, Oct. 20, 1842; meetings at Drury-Lane Theatre, March 15, 1843 ; the same at Covent-garden, Sept. 28 ; great free-trade meeting at Manchester, Nov. 14 ; again, Jan. 22, 1845 ; bazaar at Covent-garden opened May 5, 1845; great Man- chester meeting, at which the League proposed to raise a mil- lion, Dec. 23 ; the corn importation bill having passed, the League dis- solved, July 2, 1846. Cornish, Alderman, of London, hanged and quartered, Oct. 19, 1685, for high treason. Cornwall, the retreat of the ancient Britons beyond the Ex, where they defended themselves from the Saxons until 924, when Athelstan drove them from the Ex to the Tamar, finally subjugating the county; governed by its own princes or by dukes until Edward III., in 1336, annexed it to the eldest son of the reigning monarch, who is heir to the crown, born Duke of Cornwall, but Prince of Wales by creation. Coronation Banquets first given by Edward I., in 1273; that of George IV. rivalled the older in extravagances. Coronation Oath first adminis- tered in England by Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, to King Ethelred, 979 ; the oath of 1377, COR 157 COR very nearly resembled that now in use ; it was altered in 1689. Coronation Chair, Westminster Abbey, brought from Scone in Scotland by Edward L, 1296; said to have been originally at Cashel, Ireland, and being borrowed by one Fergus, a Scotch prince, was not returned, but removed from Dun- staffnage to Scone by Kenneth II., whence Edward I. took it. Coronation sermon first preach- ed, 1041. Coronation of the king's son, 1170. Coronation of James II., April, 23, 1685. Coronation of William and Mary, April 11, 1689. Coronation of Queen Anne, April 23, 1702. Coronation of George I., Oct. 20, 1714. Coronation of George II., Oct. 11, 1725. Coronation of George III., Sept. 22, 1761. Coronation of George IV., July 19, 1821. Coronation of William, Sept. 8, 1831. Coronation of Queen Victoria, June 28, 1838. Coronations, prices of admission to — Edward I., half a farthing; Edward II., a farthing ; Edward III., a halfpenny ; Richard II., a penny ; Henry IV., a penny ; Henry V., twopence ; Henry VI., ditto ; Edward IV, ditto; Richard III., ditto ; Henry VII., ditto ; Henry VIII., fourpence; Edward VI., ditto ; Mary, ditto ; Elizabeth, six- pence ; James I., a shilling ; Chas. I., ditto ; Charles II., half-a-crown ; James II., ditto ; William and Mary, ditto ; Anne, ditto ; George I., five shillings ; George II., half- a-guinea; George III., in abbey, ten guineas ; George III., in street, one to ten guineas ; George IV., in street, one to twenty guineas. Coroners, officers of the realm, in 925; for every county in England, first appointed by statute of West- minster, 1296, by Edward I.; in- stituted in Scotland, 1004, in the reign of Malcolm II. . Coroners may appoint deputies in case of illness, Aug. 22, 1843. Coronets, allowed by the crown to the nobility, temp. Henry III. Some statements give the coronet later to Earls in 1604, the first being then worn. Corporations of boroughs in England, or municipal; given by charter as early as Edward the Confessor. Granted by Henry I., 1100. Corporation and Test Act Re peal Bill, passed by George IV., 1828 ; bill for reform of corpora- tions, Sept. 9, 1835; Irish muni- cipal bill, Aug. 10, 1840. Corpulence, Bright of Essex, died in his 27th year, Nov. 1750, and weighed 42 stone 12 pound. Daniel Lambert died at Stamford, in his 40th year, June 21, 1809, weighing 10 lb. more than Bright. Corpus Christi day, May 25 ; ap- pointed a festival, 1265 ; exhibitions of the cat on, suppressed, 1757. Corpus Christi College founded at Oxford, 1516; Corpus Christi College, called also Benedict's Col- lege, founded in Cambridge, 1350. Corunna, battle of, between Sir John Moore, who was killed, and Marshal Soult, Jan. 16, 1809; the French were repulsed, and the Eng- lish embarked. Arsenal of, de- stroyed by fire, March 11, 1794. Corsica subjected to the Romans, 231, a.c. ; a dependent of Genoa, 1730 ; sold to France, 1733 ; made a kingdom under Theodore, 1746 ; Pascal Paoli chosen general of the islanders, 1753 ; defeated and came to England, 1769 ; George III. ac- knowledged by the inhabitants as king, June 17, 1794 ; a parliament opened there, 1795 ; a revolt took place, 1796 ; the English gave up the island, Oct. 22, 1796, when it be- came subject to France. Cortes of Spain assembled after a long interval, Sept. 24, 1810; settled a new constitution, March COS 158 COT 16, 1812; set aside by Ferdinand VII., May, 1814; opened again, 1820. Cosmetics and Perfumes, licence for the sale of, demanded by statute 25 George III., 1786. Cossacks, a semi-civilized race of irregular horsemen in the service of Kussia, on the confines of which they inhabit ; first embodied by Baltori, 1576. Cost of Domestic Articles to the peasantry, difference in prices : — In 1S10. In 1851. s. d. s. d. Hat 20 ... 7 Gown 21 ... 6 Shirt 10 6 ... 3 Calico print, f- yd. 2 9 ... 6 Brown holland lin- ing of gown 1 8 ... 4 Packing cloth, then used for aprons... 1 6 ... 6 Articles of food — A gallon of flour... 3 3 ... 10 A bushel of flour... 20 ... 5 'Salt, f bushel 18 ... 1 Bacon, y f pound ... 1 6 ... 8 Tea (not good) 8 ... 4 Brown sugar, f^ ft.. 10 ... 4 Butter, f pound.... 1 ... 8 Soap, f pound 2 6 ... 6 Starch, f pound... 2 6 ... 8 Cost of the Irish Churches, esti- mate of the, per annum : — Tithe income of 1250 bene- £ ficed clergymen, from 2436 parishes 880,000 Glebe lands, exceeding 120,000 English acres ... 120,000 Glebe houses, assuming them to be 1600, in 2436 parishes, and only worth £30 a-year 48,000 Income of 22 bishops, in fines and rents from one million English acres ... 222,000 Church rates from 2000 out of 2436 parishes 575,000 Profits of the "Parson's Freehold," arising from graves, tombs, &c 100,000 Carried forward £1,945,000 £ Brought forward... 1,945,000, Profits of ditto, arising from herbage, &c 2,000 Marriage licences, church fees 12,000 Ministers' money in Dublin 10,000 Consistory courts 30,000 Jail chaplaincies and in- spectorships 5,000 Chaplaincies of other public institutions 2,500 Military chaplaincies 2,100 Vicars choral 25,000 Masterships of the royal foundations 13,000 Profits arising from other schools 10,000 Fellowships, parsonages, and sources of wealth connected with Trinity College 30,000 First-fruits expenditure, ac- cording to the average since 1816 53,986 Grants to biblical institu- tions 99,000 Total £2,239,586 Cottages, formerly applied to a person's house destitute of land, 1275 ; must attach four acres of land to all new ones, 31 Elizabeth, 1589 ; but repealed, 1774. In 1786, the number was 284,459; in 1800, 428,214; and in 1840, 770,000. Cotton, the product of a plant imported early in the last century, to spin by hand; spun by Har- greave's spindles, 1767 ; by Ark- wright's machinery, 1769 ; a second engine for, invented, 1775 ; Cromp- ton's mule, 1779 ; utensils of manu- facturers of, prohibited from expor- tation, 1774 ; duty levied on cotton, 1785 ; in 1791, the quantity manu- factured, 32,148,906ft. The increase was as follows :— 1781. 5,101,920ft, value £2, 000,000; 1784, 11,280,236ft, valued at £3,950,000; in 1787, 22,600,000, valued at £7,500,000. From 1793 to 1824, the cotton manu- factures of Great Britain exported, amounted in value to £365,500,000 COT 159 COU in value, the raw material of which cost£128,000,000. The total amount of the raw cotton imported from 1814 to 1823, or nine of the forego- ing years, was 1,235,000,000ft. This leaving a stock on hand of 24,000,0001bs., in 1814, to be added, the whole was disposed of as follows in the years intervening, viz. : 1,062,000,000ft, spun ; 105,000,000ft re-exported raw or in yarn, and 92,000,000ft in hand, 1823. The separate amounts of raw cotton in the years respectively, were as follows : — lbs. Spun Goods, lbs. 1814 . . 59,745,373 . . 1815 . . 96,720,370 . . 90,537,350 1816 . . 94,140,330 . . 90,350,230 1817 . . 125,132,230 . . 110,532,210 1818 . . 177,257,375 . . 112,235,750 1819 . . 150,735,728 . . 110,235,570 1820 . . 143,637,325 . . 128,735,235 1821 . . 128,573,275 . . 128,527,725 1822 . . 139,797,735 . . 140,795,375 1823 . . 180,233,795 . . 150,325,795 Yarn. Value of Manu- Bpal Value factures. Keal Value, Real Value 1814 . . 2,791,248 . . 17,393,796 1815 . . 1,674,021 . . 19,124,061 1816 . . 2,628,448 . . 13,072,758 1817 . . 2,014,181 . . 14,178,021 1818 . . 2,385,305 . . 16,643,579 1819 . . 2,516,783 . . 12,388,833 1820 . . 2,826,643 . . 13,843,569 1821 . . 2,307,830 . . 13,786,958 1822 . . 2,700,437 . . 14,534,253 1823 . . 2,625,947 . . 13,751,415 In 1831, the raw material imported reached 280,249,600ft ; in 1840, 592,000,000ft ; in 1843, 669,000,000ft; in 1850-1, it reached to 755,000,000ft. In 50 years, from 58,000,000 of pounds of cotton to 755,000,000ft have been annually imported, and of these the United States sent 600,000,000ft; the rest came from other countries. In 1851, the pro- duct of cotton in America, was 3,000,000ft, or 600,000 tons. In 1841, Brazil and Portugal sent 16,000,000ft ; East Indies and Cev- lon, 97,000,000ft ; Egypt, 8,000,000ft, thus supplying a part of the rest. The application of the material, ex- cept to spun goods, cannot be accu- rately ascertained ; but of the power- looms in England in 1835, out of 113,428, 108,632 were employed in cotton; and in 1850, out of 288,336, no less than 249,627 were worked with cotton. The exports of cotton goods in 1850, reached 1,358,238,837 yards, value £20,528,150. The cot- ton varn exported, 1850, was 131,233,168 ft, value £6,380,948. Total value of all kinds exported, £28,252,878. Cotton Factories, acts of parlia- ment relating to, and employment in, 1825, 1831, 1833, 1844. The value of the goods manufactured is more than £35,000,000. Cotton Manufactory at Dur- ham, a large one, consumed by tire, Jan. 7, 1804. Cotton's Wharf, London, burned and damaged, in amount £49,000, Aug. 12, 1751. Cottonian Library, the formation of Robert Cotton, 1600; secured by statute, 1707 ; part of the books in- jured by fire, Oct. 23, 1731 ; re- moved to the British Museum, 1753. Couchman, Lieutenant, of the Chesterfield man-of-war, and Mr. Morgan, lieutenant of marines, shot on board, at Portsmouth, pursuant to the sentence of a court-martial, July 14, 1749. Councils of the Church. That at Jerusalem, when the first contro- versy was discussed, 48 ; at Antioch, 269; at Aries, 314, at which three English bishops were present. The first Mcene or (Ecumenical, when 328 fathers attended, against Arius, 325, where Constantine the Great presided ; at Tyre, regarding Atha- nasius, 355 ; the first at Constanti- nople, when Pope Damasus pre- sided, 150 fathers attended ; at Rome, concerning Athanasius, 342 ; that at Sardis, when 376 fathers at- tended; at Rimini, 359; the se- cond Constantinople, 381 ; the first at Ephesus, when Pope Celestine presided, and 200 fathers attended, 431 ; that at Chalcedon, when Pope Leo presided, and 600 fathers at- cou 160 COU tended, 451 ; the fifth at Constan- tinople, when Pope Vigilius presid- ed, and 165 fathers attended, 552; one called the Milevetan council, 568 ; at Constantinople in 600 ; at Rome in 649 ; the sixth at Constan- tinople, when Pope Agatho presid- ed, and 289 fathers attended, 680; the second at Nice, when Pope Adrian presided, and 350 fathers attended, 787 ; the eighth general, at Constantinople, when the emperor Basil presided, and 101 fathers at- tended, 869 ; that at Vercelli, when Pope Leo IX. presided, 1053; the Lateran one, when Pope Calixtus II. presided, and 300 fathers at- tended, 1122; the second Lateran one, when Pope Innocent II. pre- sided, and 1000 fathers attended, 1139 ; the third Lateran or eleventh general, when Pope Alexander III. presided, and 300 fathers attended, 1179 ; the fourth Lateran, twelfth general, when Pope Innocent III. presided, and 1185 fathers attended, 1215; at Lyons, 1245 and 1274; at Vienne, when Pope Clement V. presided, and 300 fathers attended, 1311, and the Knights Templars was suppressed; at Pisa, the sixteenth general, Alexander elect- ed, 1409; one at Constance, when Pope John XXII., and Martin V. presided, 1414; of Basil, the eigh- teenth general, 1431 ; the fifth La- teran or nineteenth general, 1512; continued, 1517; of Trent, 1545; the sixth Lateran one, when Pope Julius III. and Pius IV. presided against Luther, 1546. There have been other provincial councils, as that of Avignon, and at Bituria in Tuscany, 1431 ; at Tours in France, 1448; at Florence in Italy, 1449; at Toledo in Spain, 1473 ; at Augs- burgh in Germany, 1548 ; at Co- logne in Germany, 1548 ; at Treves in Germany, 1548 ; at Cologne in Germany, 1549; at Mentz in Ger- many, 1549; and at Numantia in Spain, 1550 Council of the Ancients, 250 members in revolutionary France at Paris, Nov. 1, 1795. Council of Five Hundred at St. Cloud, France ; dispersed by Bona- parte, Nov. 9, 1799. Counsel or Barristers, referred to the time of Edward I., 1284 ; allow- ed to persons charged with treason for defence, in 1696 ; allowed in cases of felony, Aug., 1836. Counties, first division of Eng- land into, by Alfred, 900 ; first sent members to parliament, 1285. Ire- land divided into, 1562. County Courts established by king Alfred, 896. County Debt Courts, for debts under £20, established, 1847; ex- tended to £50, 1850. County Electors in England, in 1852— Living in boroughs . . 76,827 Wales— in do. . '. 4,948 81,775 In England 396,987 In Wales 31,856 Total voters . . . 428,823 County Jails, cost erecting in later years : — Gloucester £18,000, with 170 cells ; Monmouth, £4000, with 26 cells; Ipswich, £13,000, with 86 cells ; Oxford city, £4500, with 30 cells; Oxford county, £10,000, with 80 cells ; Manchester, £15,000, with 150 cells; Preston, £9000, with 70 cells; Stafford, £18,000, with 140 cells ; Liverpool, £25,000, with 300 cells; Dorchester, £12,000, with 100 cells; Devon, £20,000, with 160 cells; Tothill Fields, £145,750, with 288 cells; Millbank penitentiary, £550,000, with 1100 cells ; Pentonville model prison, £85,000, with 1000 cells, 1846. Couriers were employed before Christ, in the reign of Augustus Caesar ; instituted, as in modern times, by Charlemagne ; couriers and posts for letters were estab- lished by Louis XI. of France in 1463. CO V 161 CO V Courland made a duchy, 1561. Court Party, a term used to de- signate that party in the govern- ment opposed to the Tory Country Party, Avhen the latter arose in 1620. Under the first two Georges the Court Party was generally Whig; the leader of the Country Party most distinguished, Sir Thomas Hanmer, died 1746. Courts of Judicature, citizens of London allowed to plead their own causes, except in pleas of the Crown, 1257. Courts of England and Ireland separated by law, in April, 1783. Court of Honour, once belong- ing to the Court of Chivalry in England, was so called ; one estab- lished in Bavaria to prevent duel- ling, April, 1819. Courts of Requests, or Con- science, began under Henry VII., 1493; remodelled, 1517; they ex- tended to the recovery of 40s. only in the country, and 100s. in London. They have been superseded by the County Debt Courts, which extend to £50. Courts of Conscience were established for 40s. in Bristol, Glou- cester, and Newcastle, Nov. 30, 1680; made to extend to £5, 1800. Courvoisier, Erancois Benjamin, executed at Newgate, July 6, 1840, for the murder of his master, Lord William Russell, May 5. Covell islands, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered. 1832, fourteen in number, 4 deg. 30 m. N. lat. ; 168 deg. 40 m. E. long. Covenant between England and Scotland formed, 1643 ; declared to, be illegal, 1662. Covenanters, those persons so called, who engaged to resist the aggressions of Charles I., 1638 ; after the book of common prayer had been forcibly read in their churches, refusing to conform to the liturgy, 1637. Laud persecuted all those who would not conform, 1638 ; Mar- quis of Hamilton sent to Scotland ; his propositions rejected, Aug. 8, 1638 ; unable to pacify the people, the Marquis of Hamilton returned, Dec. 31, 1638 ; the Scotch resolved on war, Feb. 20, 1639; the king led an army against Scotland, March 27, 1639. Covent Garden, the Piazza or Place, built in 1633, by Inigo Jones ; the arcade (vulgarly the Piazza or Place) designed by the same archi- tect. The stalls and market rebuilt in 1829-30, by the Duke of Bedford. Covent Garden Church, built by Inigo Jones, 1633 ; repaired, 1789 ; burned down, Sept. 17, 1795; rebuilt on the former model, 1798. Covent Garden Theatre, grant to build, 1662; built 1733, by Rich; enlarged, 1792 ; burned down, Sept. 20, 1808; rebuilt, 1809; opened Sept. 18, the year when the O. P. riot commenced, and lasted until Dec. 10; opened as an Italian Opera, April 6, 1847. Covent Garden Theatrical Euncl, instituted 1765. Coventry, city of, founded before 1040 ; a parliament held there temp. Hen. IV., from which lawyers were excluded; the walls, three miles round, with 26 towers, demolished by order of Charles II., 1662. Coventry Act passed, 1669 ; re- gulated the same year. Coventry, Abbey of, built, 1043. Coventry, Sir John, maimed and defaced, Dec. 25, 1670, whence the Coventry Act was passed. Coventry, Peeping Tom of, a tradition that Lady Godiva, wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, who taxed the citizens so heavily that she in- terposed in their behalf, when lie consented to her prayer if she would ride naked through the streets, not supposing it possible. She con- sented, the inhabitants all keeping themselves secluded ; but one wa s struck dead for peeping, 1057. Hence the mayor and corporation accompany a female, dressed in a tight linen dress, annually through the town on horseback, at the great fair. Coventry, Bishopric of, founded, 656, by Oswy, King of Mercia; it has the double name of Coventry CKA 162 CEE and Lichfield, reversed by the pre- sent bishops. The see removed to Chester, 1075 ; in 1102 to Coventry, and afterwards to Lichfield. See Chester. Coventry, six men and a woman burned at, by order of Henry VIII., to show his zeal against Luther, Sept., 1519; they were charged with teaching their children the Lord's Prayer, the Ten Command- ments, and the Apostle's Creed, in their mother tongue. Coverham Abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1280. Cow-pox, inoculation for, disco- vered to be a security against the small-pox, by Dr. Jenner, in 1799 ; it was first noticed by him in 1796 ; rewarded by a grant of ,£10,000, June 2, 1802. Cowdley House, Kent, with its valuable paintings, destroyed by fire, Sept. 25, 1793. Cowes Castle, Isle of Wight, built, 1540. Cows, value of, imported in 1829, £1721; in 1830, £2348; 1831, £1726. In 1795, 8500 were kept near London, yielding 28,713,000 quarts of milk, which sold to re- tailers at lfd. per quart, yielded £209,365 : 12 : 6, or £24 : 13 : 0| per annum per cow, at about 9 quarts per day. The consumers paid 3d. per quart, or £358,912, 10s., giving a profit of £149,547 : 17 : 6. The horned cattle in England esti- mated at 10,000,000 in 1819. In America, 1851, at 18,355,287; horses, mules, and asses, 4,000,000; sheep, 21,600,000. Cracow, Poland, founded by Cra- cus, 700; taken by Charles XII., 1702 ; the sovereigns crowned there till 1764 ; Kosciusko expelled the Russians from, Mar. 24, 1794; sur- rendered to Prussia, June 15, 1794 ; formed into a republic, 1815 ; occu- pied by 10,000 Prussians, Sept. 1831 ; seized ard incorporated by the Em- peror of Austria, Nov. 16, 1846 ; a dreadful fire at, July 18, 1850. Cranbourne Priory, Dorset, built, Craniology propagated as a doc- trine by Dr. Gall, a German, 1803. Cranmer, Archbishop of Canter- bury, introduced to Henry VIII., 1529; burned at Oxford, Mar. 21, 1556. Crape, a species of stuff made of raw silk, said to have been manu- factured by St. Badour, Queen of France, 680, and to have been made first at Boulogne. Crayons, known in France be- fore 1422 ; improved, 1748, when the art of fixing them was disco- vered. Creake Priory, Norfolk, built, 1206. Creation by patent to titles, first used in England, 1344. Creation, era of, the differences of the date assigned for this event amount to 140 in all. Usher, Blair, and Dufresnoy make it — Years before Christ. 4004 Josephus 4658 Samaritan Pentateuch . . 4700 Septuagint 5872 Authors of the Talmud . . 5344 120 Chronologists vary from the Septuagint date to . 3268 Dr. Hales 5411 (4000 Catholic Church . . . , < and (4004 The Chinese give the w r orld as some hundreds of thousands of years old; and the Chaldean records carried back the age of the world to nearly half a million of years. A period much older than that assigned to it has been proved to be correct by geology. The era of the crea- tion being a fixed reckoning, must count from some of the fixed dates above. That of 4004 is of the most general adoption. Crediton, Devonshire, 460 houses destroyed by fire, Aug. 14, 1743 ; the larger portion of the same town burned, May 2, 1769; 49 houses burned, May 1, 1772. Creed, the apostles', written long CRI 163 CRI after their time; translated into Saxon, 746. Creed, the JSdcene, so called from the council that composed it, 325 ; the Athanasian supposed to have been written about 340. Crementz, in Hungary, totally de- stroyed by fire, 1777. Crescent, order of knighthood began at Naples, 1448. Cressy, or Crecv, battle of, Aug. 26, 1346, obtained by Edward III. and his son, the Black Prince, when three sovereign princes, a number of the French nobility, and 30,000 private men, were slain on the French side. Crests in heraldry, worn on coronets, caps, or helmets, 1189 ; Richard II. wore a lion, 1377 ; James I. of Scotland a lion, 1424. Crete, island of, now called Can- dia, conquered by the Saracens, 808 ; by the Greeks, 961 ; the Vene- tians, 1194 ; and from them by the Turks, 1669. Crime in England increased with the population, but not in any excess over that increment, after 1840. Committals, as to educa- tion : the number able to read and write, of persons committed, was — IN IRELAND. 1841 20,796 7,155 1842 21,186 7,005 1843 20,126 6,096 1844 19,448 5,885 1845 16,696 5,297 1846 18,492 6,243 1847 31,209 13,598 1848 38,522 16,725 1849 41,989 18,034 1850 31,326 ...... 14,273 1851 24,684 12,018 The centesimal proportion of those unable to read and write, was to the whole, in 1841, 34-41 ; in 1851, 48 '68 ; so that education has not advanced in Ireland in the last ten years. Something must be allowed in the statements of the last four or five years, for the sufferings from famine, and the emigration. IN ENGLAND AND WALES. 1841 27,760 9,220 1842 31,309 10,128 1843 29,591 9,173 1844 26,842 7,901 1845 34,303 7,438 1846 25,107 7,698 1847 28,883 9,050 1848 30,349 9,691 The returns for England did not express later than 1848 the state of education among the prisoners ; the committals in 1849 were, 27,816; 1850, 26,183; 1851, 27,960; 1852, 27,510. Criminals in England numbered one in 1226, in 1826 ; in Spain, one in 885 ; in France, one in 1172. From 1814 to 1820, the charges for criminal offences were as follow, in England and Wales :— 1815, 7818 ; 1816, 9091; 1817, 13,932; 1818, 13,567 ; 1819, 14,254; 1820, 13 ; 710; 1821, 13,115; of these committals there were convicted, 1815, 4883; 1816, 5797 ; 1817, 9056 ; 1818, 8958 ; 1819, 9510 ; 1820, 9318 ; 1821, 8788 ; the rest were acquitted, or no bill found. In the foregoing period there was much distress, and the navy and army had been greatly re- duced. In these years the condem- nations to death gave our laws the truly Draconic character they had long unenviably obtained. There were condemned to die — 1815 553, executed ... 1816 890, ... „ 1817 1302, ... „ 1818 1254, ... „ 1819 1314, ... „ 1820 1236, ... „ 1821 1134, ... „ 37 95 115 97 108 107 114 To die 7683 Executed 673 In London, from 1814 to 1820 in- clusive, 16,692 committals took place, and 167 executions. The fol- lowing executions took place in London and Middlesex from 1750 to 1820, inclusive : — CRI 164 CRI 1750 56 1751 63 1752 47 1753 41 1754 34 1755 21 1756 13 1757 26 1758 20 1759 6 1760 10 1761 17 1762 15 1763 32 1764 31 1765 ...... 26 1766 20 1767 22 1768 27 1769 24 1770 49 1771 34 1772 37 1773 32 1774 32 1775 46 1776 38 1777 32 1778 33 1779 23 1780 50 1781 40 1782 45 1783 53 1784 56 1785 97 1786 50 1787 92 1788 25 1789 26 1790 33 1791 34 1792 24 1793 16 1794 7 1795 22 1796 22 1797 19 1798 19 1799 24 1800 19 1801 14 1802 10 1803 9 1804 8 1805 10 1806 13 1807 14 1808 5 1809 8 1810 13 1811 17 1812 19 1813 17 1814 ...... 21 1815 11 1816 29 1817 16 1818 21 1819 23 1820 46 From 1820 to 1824, no less than 362, or 90 persons per annum, were executed in England. From 1824 to 1828, the public feeling becom- ing directed to a deprecation of such extensive capital punishments, the executions fell to 229, or 50 per annum ; they continued to fall, until, between 1832 and 1836, it was 155, only half, or 38 per annum. In London and Middlesex, in 1830, 1831, and 1832, only 16 were exe- cuted ; in 1833, but 2 ; 1834, none ; in 1835, none ; since which period none, except for some peculiarly heinous offence, or murder, or at- tempted murder, have been executed. By recent statutes all barbarous punishments have been swept away ; such as burning for petty trea- son, or coining the king's image, or the murder of a husband. The last woman thus executed \Vas burn- ed at the Old Bailey, opposite New- gate ; one or two were living in 1852 who saw it ; her name was Murphy or Bowman. She was drawn on a hurdle from the door of Newgate to the stake, made to stand on a chair, her neck fastened to a ring at the top, and being sur- rounded with fagots the chair was taken away and the fagots set fire to, while she was strangling, March 18, 1789. In 1722, Eleanor Elson was burned at the stake in Lincoln, for murdering her husband, and in 1747, at Lincoln, in April, Mary Johnson was burned alive for poisoning her husband, and one Lynn for poisoning his wife was hung at the same time. The pro- portions of offences in England, Ire- land, and Scotland, for the year ending 1849, were ; — for England and Wales 30,349 committals — of these no less than 23,910 were crimes without violence — 7423 were acquitted, and all thus disposed of; — 60 condemned to death; 3251 transported; 19,589 inprisoned or some light punishment ; 26 insane ; 7423 acquitted. Of the 60 con- demned to die, only 12 were exe- cuted. Irish committals, 38,522 ; of these 19,547 were without violence ; 20,286 were acquitted; 60 con- demned to die — 28 of whom were executed ; 30 were insane ; 2698 were transported ; and 15,448 con- demned to imprisonment, or light penalties. The Scotch commit- tals were 4909 ; of which 4 were for murder — 2 of whom were exe- cuted ; offences without violence, 2294 ; 349 were transported ; 3336 were outlawed ; 24 Avere insane ; and 1196 were acquitted. In Scot- land, the offences against the person in 3,000,000 of population were, in 1849, more than half as many as in England, or 1169 against 2234, the CRI 165 CEO latter in a population nearly six times as numerous, or 18,000,000. In Ireland, on the other hand, these offences were nearly three times as numerous as in England, with one third of the population. Criminals ordered for transpor- tation, in the place of execution, 1590; to Australia, 1787. Exe- cuted in the reign of Henry VIII. 72,000. Criminal law, acts to improve, George IV., 1827, 1828 ; hanging in chains abolished, 1834. Crimpino-houses in London de- stroyed by the mob, Sept. 16, 1794. Cripplegate, London, built 1010 ; new, built 1244; pulled down and sold for £91, July, 1760. Crispin, a Romish saint who travelled as a shoemaker to propa- gate the Romish faith, 303 ; hence he became the tutelary saint of that trade. Crockery-ware made before the Christian era, by the Egyptians and Etruscans. The art revived of fine pottery, at Faenza, Italy, 1310. Croisades began, 1096, intended to drive the Mahometans from Je- rusalem ; incited by a fanatic named Peter the Hermit, who urged on Urban II., and he convened a coun- cil of 310 bishops at Clermont, at which envoys from the Christian princes attended and kindled those frightful wars, 1094; an army of 300,000 men was raised under Godfrey de Bouillon, 1095; the second was excited by St. Bernard, 1147 ; the third, in which Richard Coeur de Lion joined, 1191. These wars cost 2,000,000 lives. Criticism, legality of, established in a court of law, Eeb. 1794. Critics, and Reviews by ; the first of these works was the Journal des Sgavans, by Denis de Salis, in Paris, May 30, 1665 j Daniel de Foe pub- lished his in England, Feb. 1703. The Waies of Literature was the next work begun, 1714; and dis- continued 1722. The Monthly Re- view appeared in 1749 ; the Critical in 1756 ; the Edinburgh Review in 1802; and the Quarterly 1809. Numerous similar works followed these. Cromwell, Oliver, the great sol- dier and protector of England, bom April 25, 1599 ; was in parliament 1628 ; reinforced Gainsborough, July 30, 1643 ; raised a regiment of horse, Aug. 10, 1643 ; defeated Charles I. at Marston Moor, July 3, 1644 ; new modelled the army as Lieutenant-general, 1645 ; defeated Charles I. at Naseby, June 14, 1645 ; defeated the king's horse at Islip Bridge, April 24, 1645; Bristol surrendered to him, Sept. 9; Berk- ley Castle, Sept. 21, 1646 ; defeated the Welsh, 1648 ; and Sir M. Lang- don, Aug. 17, and next routed the Scotch at Preston ; marched to Edinburgh, Berwick, and Carlisle, Oct. 1648 ; dispersed the Levellers on Hounslow Heath, and besieged Pontefract, 1648 ; made Lord-lieu- tenant of Ireland, and reached Dublin, Aug. 13, 1649 ; took Drog- heda by storm, and put the garri- son to the sword, Aug. 14, 1649 ; permitted the Irish to serve foreign princes, May, 1650; received with state on his return, and made Cap- tain-general, June 26 ; invaded Scotland, routing the Scotch at Dunbar, killing 3000 and taking 9000 prisoners; took Edinburgh castle, before untaken, Dec. 24; took Fife and defeated the Scotch, killing 2000 and making 1200 pri- soners, June, 1651 ; attacked Charles II. at Worcester, killed 3000 and took 7000 prisoners, with the king's standard and 158 colours, Sept. 3, 1651 ; came to London in triumph, Sept. 12; chosen Protector of Eng- land, Dec. 16 ; magnificently enter- tained at Grocers' Hall, in the city, Feb. 8, 1654 ; united Scotland and Ireland into a commonwealth with England, April 12, with one par- liament, which met Sept. 3 ; voted Protector for life, Oct. 19, 1654; buried his mother in Westminster Abbey, Nov. 17, 1654; summoned sixty persons to constitute a House of Lords, Dec. 11, 1657 ; died Sept. CEO 166 CEO 3, 1658, in his sixtieth year ; his body exhumed, and hung on a gibbet at Tyburn, by Charles II., Dec. 2, 1660. Cromwell, Eichard, made Pro- tector, Sept. 4, 1658 ; laid down his authority, Jan. 1659, by order of the army ; died 1712. Cromwell, Lord, made Vicar- general, Oct. 1535 ; beheaded July 28, 1540, aged 50 years. Cromwell, Mrs. E., daughter of Eichard the Protector, died at her house in Bedford Eow, Aug. 8, 1731, aged 82 years ; and Mrs, Cromwell, the great great grand-daughter of the Protector, Oliver, the last of the name, died at Cheshunt, Peb. 26, 1834, aged 90 years. Cropedy bridge, battle of, be- tween Charles I. and the parliamen- tary forces, June 6, 1644. Cronstadt, a seaport and fortress of Eussia, near Petersburgh, found- ed by Peter the Great, 1704 ; injured by fire, 1741. Crook, Japhet, his ears cut off in the pillory, 1731. Crosier, the staff with a cross borne before a Eoman archbishop ; sometimes put for the episcopal crook of a bishop ; a popish append- age introduced about 500. Cross, St., Hospital of, at Win- chester, built 1132. Cross, sign of the, first used by the Christians in 110. Cross, the real, pretended to be found by St. Helena, at Jerusalem, 328 ; carried off by Chosroes, king of Persia, but recovered by Hera- clitus, who defeated him, Sept. 14, 615; one two miles long, seen by Constantine the emperor, who adopted it as his standard, under which he vanquished Maxentius, Oct. 27, 312. Cross, Exaltation of the, a popish feast, held on the 14th Sept., on the restoration of the true cross to Mount Calvary, 642. Cross, Maids of the, a female com- munity that vowed poverty, chasti- ty, and obedience, 1265. Cross, Order of the, instituted by the empress Eleanora de Gonzaga, the consort of Leopold I., 1668. Crosses painted in churches and houses, introduced 481 ; on steeples, 568 ; set up by Laud, the archbi- shop, 1630, in English churches; demolished, 1641 ; many again intro- duced into English churches be- tween 1830 and 1850. Crosses, once erected in all parts of the kingdom ; Cheapside boasted a splendid one, it had several stories, and was much admired; in the stories were Scriptural images, and the whole structure was surmounted by a cross, supporting a dove ; the height of it was parallel with the houses forming Goldsmith's -row, opposite to Wood- street, which street was built by Thomas Wood, goldsmith and sheriff, in 1491 ; on May 2, 1643, Parliament ordered the cross to be demolished. On Peb. 19, 1547, King Edward VI. rode in grand procession from the Tower of London, to be crowned at Westminster, past this cross, and proclaimed a general pardon for all offenders, except six; the names and titles of those excepted were — Duke of Norfolk, Cardinal Pole, Edward Courtenay (heir to the Marquis of Exeter), Master For- tescue, Master Throgmorton, and Dr. Pate, bishop of Worcester. Crown, the first worn in Eng- land by Alfred the Great, 872 ; the first papal cap by Damasins II., 1053 ; a crown put round it by Julius XIX., 1276 ; a second added by Boniface VIII., 1295 ; a third, forming the triple crown, by Bene- dict XII., 1334. Crown of England : that of Alfred had two small balls attached ; that of Athelstan was like an Earl's coronet in the present day, 929; William I. wore a cap with points, 1066; Eichard III. introduced the crosses, 1483; Henry VII. intro- duced the crosses, 1485 ; the crown of Charles II. is the oldest remain- ing, made 1660. Croavn and Eegalia of England pledged to the city of London by CEO 167 CEO Richard IL, for £2000, 1336 ; stolen from the tOAver by Col. Blood, hut recovered 1673. Crown of England Succession : — Egbert was sole monarch of Eng- land, 827. From Egbert the crown descended regularly, with little deviation. In the three succeeding reigns it was suspended by force, till the Saxon line was restored in Edward the Confessor, who was not the next heir, because Edmund IL, had a son living, Edward, an outlaw in Hungary. On Edward the Con- fessor's decease, Harold II. usurped the throne, though the right re- mained in Edgar Atheling, son of Edward the outlaw, and grandson of Edmund II. At this time, Wil- liam I., duke of Normandy, claimed a right from a grant of Edward the Confessor, and by conquest trans- ferred the crown to a new family. Erom him it descended to his second and third son, William II. and Henry I., his eldest son Eobert being kept out of possession by his bro- thers. Henry I. was succeeded by Stephen, grandson of William I., by his daughter Adelicia, his elder brother Theobald waiving his claim, and Maud, the daughter of Henry I., and grand-daughter of Edward the outlaw, to whom the succession belonged, being excluded by force. Her son, Henry IL, as heir to Wil- liam L, succeeded Stephen ; though the proper heirs in the Saxon line were the sons of Malcolm, king of Scotland, by Margaret, the daughter of Edward the outlaw. Henry I. having married the daughter of Edgar Atheling, by whom he had Maud, and her son Henry II. coming to the crown, in some measure re- stored the Saxon line. From Henry II., the crown descended to his old- est son then living, Richard I., on whose death it was seized by his brother John, Henry II.'s youngest son, in exclusion of his nephew Arthur. On the death of Arthur and his sister Eleanor, without issue, the crown properly descended to Henry III., son of John ; and from Henry HI., in an hereditary line of six generations, to Richard IL, and this right of succession was declared in parliament by the 25th of Edward III. Richard II. resigned the crown, and the right resulted to the issue of his grandfather Edward III., and should have fallen on the posterity of Lionel, duke of Clarence, the first son of Edward III. ; but Henry, duke of Lancaster, descended from the third son of Edward III., usurped it, under the title of Henry IV. Par- liament (7th Henry IV.,) settled it on him and his heirs. Henry IV. was regularly succeeded by his son and grandson, Henry V. and VI. Under Henry VI., the house of York, descended from Lionel, duke of Clarence, by the mother's side, began to claim their dormant right, and established it in Edward IV, by parliament. This king was succeeded by his eldest son Edward V., who was deposed and succeeded by his uncle, Richard III., his father's brother, on a pretence of bastardy. During this reign, Henry VII., earl of Richmond, a descen- dant of the house of Lancaster, usurped the throne, and got his possession established by parlia- ment, 1485. He marrying Elizabeth of York, Edward IV.'s daughter, the undoubted heiress of William the Conqueror, the families of York and Lancaster were united in Henry VEIL, her eldest son, who trans- mitted the crown in succession to his three children, confirmed by parliament 25th Henry VIII., c. 12. This statute was repealed bv 28 Henry VIIL, c. 7, by which, after the king's divorce from Ann Boleyn, Mary and Elizabeth were bastardized. They were again legitimated, and the succession re- stored by 35 Henry VIIL, c. 1. Parliament now asserted its right of directing the succession by 13 Eliza- beth, c. 1. On the death of Elizabeth, succeeded James VI. of Scotland, in England James I., (the lineal descendant of Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., and his wife Eliza- CEO 168 CUL beth of York, the wife of James IV. of Scotland,) and in him were united, not only the different com- petitors since the conquest, hut likewise the right of the Saxon monarchs, he being the direct lineal descendant of Malcolm, who married Margaret, the daughter of Edmund II. From James I., the crown descended to his second son Charles I., his eldest son Arthur being dead. After him the succession was inter- rupted by the usurpation of Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard, but restored in 1660, in Charles II., eldest son of Charles I. He dying without legitimate issue, it passed to his brother James II., whom parliament excluded, and called in William of Orange and his wife Mary, the eldest daughter of James II., 1668, to the exclusion of her father and her brother. On the death of this William III., Anne, second daughter of James II., reigned ; and she leaving no issue, the crown was settled by parliament, 12 and 13 William III., on the princess Sophia of Hanover, the youngest daughter of Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, who was the daughter of James L, and her heirs, being Protestants. She dying before queen Anne, her son George I. succeeded, in which family the crown has regularly descended to the present queen. Crowns and Half-crowns coined in England in the last year of Edward VI., 1558. Crown lands of England were resumed by law, 1449 ; valued at £120,626 : 14 : 1 per annum. Those ordered by parliament to be sold, the leases of which were between three and thirty-one years unex- pired, 1786. Crown, royal, order of knight- hood instituted in France, 802. Crows, an act passed to destroy them, 1532. Croxton Abbey, Staffordshire, built 1180. Croyland Abbey, Lincolnshire, built 718 ; destroyed by the Danes, 867; rebuilt, 945; destroyed by fire, 1091; rebuilt 1112; again burned, about 1142 ; finally rebuilt, 1170. Cruelty to Animals, statute to prevent, passed, called Martin's act, 1822, 1827, 1835 ; extended to Ire- land, July 15, 1837; society for prevention of, formed 1824. Cryofhorus, an instrument in- vented by Dr. Wollaston, to show the connection between evaporation at a low temperature and the pro- diiction of cold, 1778. Cuba, island of, discovered by Columbus, 1492 ; conquered by Velasquez, 1511 ; settled soon after- wards ; the Havannah taken by Morgan, the bucanier, in 1669 ; taken by Admiral Pococke and Lord Albermarle, 1762 ; restored 1763 ; earthquake at, June 21, 1791, when 3000 persons perished, and 11,700 head of cattle, and 3700 horses ; a piratical expedition fitted out in the United States under a man of colour, named Lopez, attacked the island in order to revolutionize it, and wrest it from Spain, defeated, 1850, and Lopez executed. Cucumbers brought to England from the Netherlands, 1538. Cudb-alore, India, reduced by the English, 1681 ; by the French, 1758, and 1781 ; besieged by the English, 1783, but not taken before peace was proclaimed. Culbees, Scotch monks of St. Andrews, who also preached in Ire- land, and had an abbey in Tipperary, 1185. Cullen's Wood Massacre,Ireland, the slaughter of a great number of the English by the Irish, at Easter, thence called Black Monday, 1209. They were a colony from Bristol, inhabiting Dublin, who went to amuse themselves with women and children in Cullen's Wood, when the O'Bryans and O'Tooles from the mountains fell upon them without provocation, desti'oying, besides women and children, above 500 men. Cullerne, Wilts, burned, and CUN 169 CUL thirty-two families reduced to des- titution, April 1, 1774. Culloden, battle of, April 16, 1746, between the Duke of Cumber- land and the Pretender. The Scots were beaten, and left 2500 men on the field or precincts, while the Eng- lish loss was not 200 ; the Duke of Cumberland's troops behaved with great inhumanity, putting even the wounded to death. The pretender fled to the isle of Uist, and finally escaped with £40,000 offered for his person dead or alive. Cumberland merchant vessel, Captain Barret, with only 26 hands, beat off five privateers, and made those who boarded prisoners, Jan. 16, 1811. Cumberland, Duke of, defeated at Hastenbeck, July 25, 1757; signed the ignominious convention of Closter-seven, 1757 ; attempt to assassinate, by Sellis his valet, May 31, 1810; married the Dowager Princess Salms, Aug. 1814 : became king of Hanover on the 30th of June, 1837, and abrogated immedi- ately the constitutional government given to the Hanoverians by the former king of England and Han- over ; died 1851. Cunnersdorf, battle of, Aug. 12, 1759, when the king of Prussia with 50,000 men attacked the Russians with 90,000 in their camp, and routing them for the moment, pursued them too far, when they rallied and retrieved their fortune, taking 200 pieces of cannon and killing and wounding 20,000 Prus- sians. Cup, the sacramental, restored to the laity, 1547. Curacoa, island of, settled by the Dutch, 1634; surrendered to the British, 1800; restored in 1802; retaken, 1807 ; restored, 1814, at the general peace. Curates, known in the Romish church in the seventh century as coadjutors ; acts passed for their relief and protection, 12 Anne, 1713 ; 36 and 58 George III. ; 53 George III., for their better main- tenance, 1813 ; and 2 William IV., Oct., 1831. There are 5230 curates in England and Wales, to 10,535 benefices, who divide among them the larger part of the labour, and only £424,695 as stipends; the greatest number of curates is in Lincoln diocese, which has 629, and the smallest St. Asaph, which has 43. Curfew Bell, established by William I., 1068 ; when it rung at 8 p.m., all fires and candles were to be extinguished, under a severe penalty. The curfew was abolished by Henry I., 1100. Currants first planted in Eng- land, originally from the Levant, 1533 ; the hawthorn currant came from Canada, 1705. Cultivation of England and Ire- land; of 76, 775, 000 acres, 52,000,000 cultivated, or 5 out of 8, in Ireland, 1 out of 4 in Scotland, and 5 out of 6 in England — or 5 out of 8 in all : Arable. Pasturage. Total culture. Uncultivated. Total Acres. England . . 10,253,000 . 15,380,000 . 25,633,000 . 6,709,000 . 32,342,000 Wales . . . 891,000 . 2,227,000 . 3,118,000 . 1,634,000 . 4,752,000 Scotland . . 2,494,000. 2,272,000 4,766,000 . 14,473,000 19,239,000 Ireland . . 5,390,000 7,730,000 13,120,000 . 7,322,000 . 20,442,000 Add for increase 1850 46,637,000 6,000,000 76,775,000 Total 52,637,000 Acres. cus 170 CUS The produce of Great Britain in grain is supposed to be — . WHEAT. England . . 16,000,000) 19 Scotl'd, under 1,500,000 [ millions Ireland, above 1,500,000 ) of Qrs. OATS. England . . 12,000,000) 34 Scotland . . 6,500,000 V millions Ireland . . . 15,500,000) of Qrs. BARLEY. England . . 6,300,000) 9h, Scotland . . 1,800,000 [■ millions Ireland . . . 1,400,000 ) of Qrs. PEAS AND BEANS. 2 millions of Quarters. Qrs. Value. Total, 64,500,000 == £138,000,000. In addition, the United Kingdom imports on an average two million quarters of wheat, which, not being subject to deduction for seed, equals 2,400,000 quarters; giving thus, as the total consumption of the United Kingdom, 21,400,000 quarters for the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Cushee piece of ordnance, in- vented by Richard Leake, governor of the Royal Prince, who nobly dis- tinguished himself against the Dutch admiral, Van Tromp, 1673. Custom, the unwritten law of lawyers and civilians, opposed to the written law; it has been con- sidered as good from 1189 down- wards ; sixty years' custom binds in civil, and forty in ecclesiastical cases. Custom - house, London, one erected 1304; one larger, 1559; burned down, 1666; another, built under Charles II., burned down in 1718; rebuilt, and burned Feb. 12, 1814, with records and much pro- perty; a new building opened, May 12, 1817— the Long Room, superior to the present, gave way in 1825 (Jan. 26), and was recon- structed at an expense of £180,000, in addition to the original expen- diture of £255,000, owing to the gross neglect of the architect in securing the foundation. Custom - House, Dublin, com- menced 1781, and opened 1791 ; the eastern wing of the warehouses de- stroyed by lire, Aug. 9, 1832, with property to the amount of £400,000. Customs' Duties first collected 979, under King Ethelred II. ; the claim of the Crown to them first granted by parliament, 1274, by 3rd Edward I. ; their amount in 1580 was £14,000 ; farmed for £20,000 till 1590; in 1592, produced £50,000, and £148,075 in 1614 ; £168,222, in 1622 ; £300,000, in 1642; farmed for £390,000 in 1666; fell off in 1675, but reached £557,752 in 1688 j from 1700 to 1714, on an average returned £1,352,764; in 1820, £1,555,600; in 1721, £1,593,000; in 1744, £1,904,000; in 1748, £2,000,000; in 1786, £4,609,300; in 1787, £4,867,000 ; £6,890,000 in 1790; £4,044,923 : 15 : 6 in 1794; £3,412,255 : 6 : 8 in 1795 ; 1828, £16,516,271; 1830, £17,894,405; 1835, £18,612,906 ; £19,915,296 in 1840; £20,196,856 in 1845; 1850, January 5, £20,995,132; 1851, £22,019,783, 19s. 7d. Customs, Ireland, were — 3d. on every sack of wool, in 1224; on every last of hides, 6d. ; and 2d. on every barrel of wine. The business of the Irish Customs was transferred to the London board, Jan. 6, 1830. Customs' Seizures reached, in 1742, £26,000 in value ; the officers of, cannot vote for members of par- liament, 1782 ; memorial of the merchants of London presented to parliament against the customs, for their oppressive conduct, and mode of doing the clock business, 1851. Customs and Excise, expenses of, 1842 and 1843 :— £344,136 : 13 : 11 for wages and salaries of persons employed for the prevention of smuggling, in 1842 ; and in 1843, £347,809 : 1 : 4. Expense of the equipment of the persons so em- ployed, and repairs, in 1842, £168,608 : 4 : 10; and in 1843, £164,358 : 14 : 1. The amount of the produce of goods seized and CYC 171 CZA sold by the Customs, in 1842, was £2201 : 19 : 7; by the Excise, £785 : 1 : 6 ; and in 1843 the pro- duce was, Customs, £7636 : 11 : 1 ; Excise, £520 : 12 : 3. The rewards paid to persons employed for the prevention of smuggling, in 1842, £6817 : 3 : 10; in the following year, £11,281 : 15 : 9. Tobacco frequently will not fetch the duty, and is destroyed. In 1842, 11,048 gallons of spirits, and 19,667 ft> of tobacco, were seized ; in 1843, 10,676 galls, of spirits, and 62,888 B> of tobacco — the proceeds not suffi- cient to pay the rewards. The ex- penses of prosecutions by the Excise in 1842, were £5687 : 14 : 3 ; and in 1843, £8760 : 9 : 2. The produce of fines and seizures was in 1842, £27,003 : 6 : 11; and in 1843, £36,839, 19s. The share paid to excise-officers in 1842, was £11,256, 10s. 10d.; and in 1843, £15,034, 7s. 4d; the amount remaining to the Crown, in 1842, £11,031:4:4; and in 1843, £15,157 : 10 : 6. The other expenses of establishments belonging to the Excise amounted, in 1842, to £5760:12:3; and in 1843, to £8757 : 16 : 8. The revenue police of the Excise cost, in 184-2, in wages and victualling, £33,216, 18s. Id. ; for salaries and allow- ances, £1640 ; in vessels, £989, 7s. 7d. ; and in horses and barracks, £1029 : 18 : 2 ; in 1843, the police in the various departments mentioned, cost £35,422, £1640, £1760, 19s., and £1233 : : 10. Cutting for the Stone, or Litho- tomy, first practised in modern times in Paris, on a criminal, 1474. Cyder made in England, 1234 ; the more ancient potations were mead and ale. Cycle of the sun or moon, or of Jupiter, the time when the days, planets, or festivals return again to the same day of the month; that called the Paschal, or time of keep- ing Easter, calculated first by Vic- torius, for a period of 532 years, in 463. Cyclopedia, a word meaning a circle of knowledge; there w r ere some written in the fifteenth cen- tury ; the most comprehensive was that of Alstadius, 1620 ; the earliest in England was that of Chambers, in two volumes, folio, 1728. Cymbal, the oldest musical in- strument, used at Mount Ida, 1546 a.c, and in military bands, 1852. Cymmer Abbey, Merionethshire, built 1200. Cyphers, the figures or signs used in arithmetic, invented by the Arabians, 813. Cypress, brought to England, originally from the Levant, about 1441; the deciduous species from North America, 1640. Cyprus, island of, conquered by the Saracens in 648 ; recovered by the Romans, 957 ; reduced by Richard Coeur de Lion, 1191 ; taken by the Turks from the Venetians, 1570. Czar, a title assumed by Russian sovereigns, derived from Caesar; first adopted towards those sove- reigns in 1722. Czar of Muscovy visited Eng- land, 1698. Czar Peter the Great visited Holland, 1716; had his secretary seized, at the request of England, 1717; visited Erance, May 20, 1717; condemned his eldest son to death, June 26, 1717; took the title of Emperor of all the Russias, Oct. 22, 1721; diedEeb. 8, 1724-5. Czar John deposed, and Eliza- beth appointed, Nov. 24, 1741. DAN 172 DAN D Dahlia, the flower introduced from Mexico, discovered there by Humboldt, 1789 ; in England, 1804 ; made a florist's flower, 1815. Dahomt, King of, defeated at Abbeokuta, with the loss of 1209 of his warriors, March, 1851. Daedalus, British frigate, wrecked on a shoal, July 16, 1813. Damas, Barbary, destroyed by an earthquake, with 6000 inhabitants, Dec. 5, 1759. Dalkeith, Scotland, great Are at, Sep. 30, 1812. Damascus, one of the oldest of cities, dating from the time of Abra- ham; first Assyrian, then Persian, afterwards Greek, then Roman, 70 a. c. ; possessed by the Saracens, 633 ; by the Turks, 1006 ; destroyed by Tamerlane, 1400; then subject to Turkey; a number of Jews tor- tured there, Feb. 1, 1840. Damask cloth, or silk, first made at Damascus, and brought to Eng- land by the Dutch and Flemings, who fled from the savage Duke of Alva, 1571-1573. Damask Rose, brought to Eng- land from the South of Europe, by Dr. Linacre, physician to Henry VIII., 1540. Damekham, near Fordingbridge, Wiltshire, nearly destroyed, by Are, July 14, 1755. Damien attempted the life of Louis XV., by stabbing him Avith a knife in the right side, Jan. 5, 1757. He underwent the most cruel tor- tures, and was then torn to pieces by four horses, Mar. 28, 1757. Damm, Thomas, of Leighton, Cheshire, died, 1608, aged 154. Danb y, Earl of, impeached, 1670 ; absconded, Mar. 20, 1679; pardon- ed, 1679 ; pleaded his pardon, 1679. Dancing by cinque pairs, intro- duced into England from Italy, 1541 ; the country-dance came from France — properly, contre-danse. Danegelt first paid, 999; estab- lished, 1042; re-established, 1068; revived, 1107 ; wholly abolished, 1136. Every hide of land under this tax paid, a shilling, equivalent to three now. Danes, invasion of, attacked France under Rollo, 895, ravaging to the walls of Paris ; again ra- vaged France, 896 ; attacked Italy, 903 ; obtained Neustria from France, 912, whence Normandy; appeared first on the English coast, 783 ; landed near Purbeck, Dorset, 787 ; made a descent on Northumberland, and driven back and perished by shipwreck, 794; invaded Scotland and Ireland, 798; took the Isle of Sheppey, 832 ; defeated in Corn- wall, at Hengistdown, by Egbert, 836; defeated Ethelwolf at Char- mouth, 836 ; land in Kent, and take Canterbury and London, 851 ; de- feated by Ethelwolf, 852; they took York, 867; defeated the Saxons at Merton, 271 ; took Wareham and Exeter, 876 ; took Chippenham, but 120 of their vessels were wrecked, 877 ; defeated by the Earl of Devon, 878 ; Alfred the Great treated with them, 882 ; their fleet destroyed by Alfred at Appledore, 894 ; they ra- vaged Anglesey, 900 ; submitted to the Saxons, 921 ; defeated the Irish in Leinster, and killed their king, 956 ; invaded Dorset anew, 982 ; attacked Essex, 991 ; their fleet de- feated, after a breach of treaty, 902 ; landed in Essex and the west, and were paid £16,000 to depart from England, 995 ; general massacre of, 1002 ; they made new demands, and were paid £36,000, which they de- manded as tribute, 1003; ravaged Suffolk, and defeated the Saxons, 1010 ; sacked Canterbury, and put the inhabitants to death, 1011 ; the conquest of England completed, 1017; settled in Scotland, 1020; defeated at Clontarf, Ireland, 1039 ; DAE 173 DAY driven out of England, 1041 ; landed at Sandwich, and carried off their plunder to Flanders, 1047 ; burned York, and put 3000 Normans to the sword; invaded England, but were bribed to depart by William, 1074. Dangerous Association Bill, Ire- land, passed, Mar. 5, 1829 ; the So- man Catholic Relief Bill passed at the same time. Dantzick, a commercial town, 997 ; some say not until 1169 ; first walled, 1390 ; admitted to vote at the election of the Polish kings, 1632 ; placed itself under Russian protection, 1703 ; compelled to ac- knowledge Stanislaus king of Po- land, 1707; besieged by the Rus- sians, Eeb., 1733; surrendered, June 29, 1734 ; seized by the king of Prussia, 1789; taken by the French, May 5, 1807 ; recovered by the allies, 1814, reverting to the king of Prussia ; an explosion of gunpowder at, 300 persons killed and wounded, and 600 houses da- maged, 1815 ; dykes of the Vistula broke at, 1829, and 10,000 head of cattle, 4000 houses, and many lives lost, April 9, 1829. Darby, Justin, keeper of the Mar- shalsea, and William Acton, clerk, prosecuted for high crimes, cruelty, and extortion, in regard to the pri- soners under his care, 1729. DArcon, the Chevalier, engineer of the floating batteries before Gi- braltar, that attacked it in 1782, died 1800. Dardanelles, passage of, from the Mediterranean into the Sea of Mar- mora, defended by two castles, built by Mahomet IV., 1659 ; the passage forced by the English fleet, Feb. 19, 1807 ; repassed, Mar. 2, when some damage was sustained, between forty and fifty killed, and more than 200 wounded. Darlington worsted mills burned down, Feb. 19, 1817, and damage sustained to the extent of £35,000. Darlington Temple, built, 1123. Darnley, Earl, married to Mary Queen of Scots, 1561 ; murdered, Feb. 10, 1567. Dartford Priory, built, 1372. Dartford Cotton-mills, damaged by fire, Dec. 21, 1795. Dartford, Kent, the town noted for the first commencement of the insurrection of Wat Tyler, 1381 ; convent of nuns endowed at, by Edward III., 1355 ; converted by Henry VIII. into a palace ; first paper-mill in England erected at, 1590, by Spellman, a German ; a noted place for the manufactory of gunpowder, where the mills blew up four times between 1730 and 1738 ; a great explosion in 1790, Oct. 12, Jan. 1, 1795, and two subsequently. Dartmouth, Devon, burned by the French in the reigns of Richard I. and Henry IV. ; defeated in a third attempt, 1404, when M. Castel, three lords, and thirty-two knights were taken by the townspeople; taken by the king's party after a siege of four weeks, 1643; stormed by General Fairfax, 1646. Dates, these first affixed to grants of land as assignments, 1290, temp. Edward I. Dauphin of France, the old title of the king's eldest son, so called from Dauphine, the province ceded to Phillip of Valois, on condition that the heirs to the throne of France should bear the name and arms of the province, 1343 ; this has been contradicted. The Dauphin of France, 1419, murdered the Duke of Burgundy, and was disinherited of the crown. Dauphiny, province of, ceded to France, 1343. David, St., cathedral of, built, 1180, partly Saxon, 290 feet long; 76 wide, 127 high; the bishopric founded, 520 ; the palace of, built, 1335. Davis' Straits, discovered by John Davis, on a voyage to find the North-west passage, 1585; he was killed by Japanese pirates on the coast of Malacca, Dec. 27, 1605. Day, John, a printer, who first introduced into England the Greek and Saxon characters ; he died, 1584. DEA 174 DE A Day, the term anciently for the time of the sun's light only, among the Greeks and Jews ; the Koman began at midnight; the Italian, from sunset to sunset ; the Chinese, twelve parts of two hours each; the English civil day, like the Roman, begins at midnight; the astronomical, at noon. In chrono- logy the day is of the utmost im- portance as to the duration of time signified. Deaf and Dumb, attempts to in- struct, first made by Pedro de Ponce, a benedictine monk of Spain, 1570; Bonet, a monk of Madrid, published a system for their instruction, 1620 ; a work of the kind was published in England by Wallis, 1650; the first regular attempt in Great Britain made in Edinburgh, 1773 ; the Abbe de l'Epee and M. Sicard, in Erance, were eminent in their labour in this philanthropic work. An asylum was opened in London for this pur- pose in 1792 ; and one at Claremont, Dublin, 1816. Deaf and Dumb persons dis- persed over the leading countries m Europe, 1830; the proportion is every where nearly uniform : — ^ Number of " Inhabitants. Portugal 3,000,000 Spain 14,000,000 Erance 32,000,000 Italy 20,000,000 Switzerland .... 2,000,000 Hungary 9,444,000 Germany 44,223,000 Netherlands .... 6,000,000 Denmark 1,800,900 Sweden and Norway . 3,800,000 Russia in Europe . . 44,118,000 Poland 5,700,000 Great Britain .... 21,000,000 Deaf and Dumb. Proportion. One in 1,950 , . 1539 7,150 . . 1539 20,800 . . 1539 13,000 . . 1539 4,003 . . 500 6,139 . . 1539 31,657 . . 1397 3,900 . . 1539 1,260 . . 1420 2,470 . . 1539 28,667 . . 1539 3,705 . . 1539 13,650 . . 1539 Dean and Chapter land sold by Cromwell, April 3, 1649. Dearth or Eamine, in Scotland, where thousands were starved, 306 ; in England and Wales, where 40,000 were starved, 319 ; all over Britain, 325; at Constantinople, 446; in Italy, where parents ate their children, 450; in Scotland, 576 ; all over England, Wales, and Scotland, 739 ; another in Wales, 747 ; in Wales and Scotland, 792 ; again in Scotland, 803 ; again in Scotland, when thousands were starved, 823 ; a severe one in Wales, 836 ; in Scotland, which lasted four years, 954; famines in England, 864, 974, 976, 1005 ; Scotland, which lasted two years, 1047 ; in England, 1050. In 1069, fourth year of William I., from the Norman waste in England, the dearth was so great, especially in Northumberland and the neighbouring counties, that men ate horses, cats, and dogs in all the land between Durham and York, which lay waste nine years ; 1086, there was a dearth of cattle, a pesti- lence and famine, twenty-first year of William I. In 1093, reign of William Rufus, sixth year, the living were scarce able to bury the dead owing to famine and pestilence. In 1112, the 13 Henry I., a dearth of men, cattle, and fowl, from the mortality. In 24th of the same king, 1124, numbers perished of famine. In 1177, the 23 Henry H., the royal household victuals re- duced, that a measure of wheat made bread for 100 men, 12d. ; a fat ox, 12d. ; a fat sheep, 4d. ; and provender for twenty horses, 4 therine, 1775, - ; The Pitt, sold to France, 1717, estimated in 1791 as worth 12,000,000 frs. ; the finest, though not largest, in the world, The diamond of the Ra-} jah of Mattan, found in V Borneo, ) The Koh-i-noor, found in } Golconda, 1550 ; brought V to England, 1850, ) The Austrian or Maxi- milian, The diamond of the Great Mogul, of a rose colour, found at Colore, Bengal, Carats. 179 136$ 367 186±> 139^ 297 and 9-16th. 34 Carats. A star borne in the crown ) 67 and of France, - - ) 2-16th. The Sanci diamond, taken ^ at Morat in 1475 ; pledged { to M. de Sanci in 1589 ; | now belonging to France, ) Nassac diamond, - 89| The Pigott diamond, soldi by lottery in London, > 47h May 13, 1802, - ) One in Holland, - 36 Hope diamond, - 44 One sold to Napoleon, ) from London, - ) There are not more than nineteen diamonds known of the weight of 36 carats and above. The diamond is only pure carbon, declared by Davy, 1800. First used for writing on glass about 1550. Diamonds, first cut and polished at Bruges, 1489. Diana, Temple of, at Ephesus, as rebuilt ;' burned by the Goths, 256. Dice, invented before the Christian era ; played with in England by the kings of Scotland, France, and Cyprus, when on a visit to Edward III., about 1347 ; stamped in Eng- land, 1775 ; act to regulate the licence of makers and sale, 1828. Dictionary, the oldest, that of the Chinese, perfected 1100 years before Christ, by Pa Out She, con- tains 40,000 characters ; Calepini wrote one in Latin, another in eight languages, 1500 ; Castell's Lexicon was published, 1659 ; Bayle's dic- tionary, 1695 ; Chambers' in 1728 ; Johnson's, 1755 ; the number since is considerable on all subjects. Dictum de Kenilworth, enacted 1266. Diet of Germany, composed of the three colleges of electors, of princes, and of the imperial towns, commenced with an edict of Charles IV., 1356. The Diet of Wurtzburg held, 1179; that of Worms, 1521 ; of Spiers, against the reformers, 1529 ; of Augsburg, 1530 ; of the Confederation of the Rhine, July 12, 1806; the subse- quent diets not numerous. DIR 1S1 DIS Dietjdonne, the name given to Louis XIV. of France, because his mother had been childless twenty- three years before, 1638. Dieu et mon Droit, the parole of Richard I. at the battle of Gisors, in which he defeated the French army, 1198. It has ever since been retained in the royal arms. Digby, Sir Edward, hanged and embowelled with the others con- cerned in the popish plot of Jan. 30, 1606. Digits, single figures, so called from the numbers expressed origin- ally on counting the fingers, origi- nating with the Moors, 900, in- troduced into Spain, 1050, and England, 1253. Dilkes, Admiral, destroyed forty sail of ships on the coast of Nor- mandy, 1703. Dioceses, the Roman empire divided into, by Constantine, as some assert, 323. In England, the circuits of the bishops' jurisdiction, of which there are twenty-four, of which twenty-one are suffragan to Canterbury, and three to York. Dionysius Priory, Hants, built, 1124. Diocletian Era, or era of the martyrs, used by Christians before the introduction of the Christian era in the sixth century; still em- ployed by the Copts and Abyssinians, dating from the clay when Diocletian was proclaimed emperor at Chalce- don, Aug. 29, 284. Diorama, a pictorial illusion so perfect, that by means of the accurate perspective and management of the light, it is difficult to distinguish the painting from the reality, first opened in London, Sept. 29, 1823. Dipping Needle, invented by Robert Norman, a compass-maker of Radcliffe, 1580. Directory of the Church, estab- lished by an ordinance of Parlia- ment, 1644. Directory, a body so called in France, that was installed at the Little Luxemburg at Paris under a new constitution of the govern- ment, Nov. 1, 1795, and held the executive power four years. It was deposed by Bonaparte, Nov., 1799. Discipline, Book of, drawn up by the ministers of the church of Scot- land, setting aside prelacy, 1650. Discovery ships from Deptford, to explore the arctic seas of America, April 28, 1821 ; Lieut. Parry re- turned from his northern voyage, Nov. 6, 1820. Dispensations, first granted by the pope Innocent III., 1 200 ; among other breaches of the law and former church discipline, this aided in forcing on the reformation in 1517 in Germany, and elsewhere.* Dissentees first separated from the church of England, 1571 ; their first place of worship established at Wentworth, Nov. 20, 1572 ; meeting- houses of, pulled down by the mob, March 1, 1709-10 ; in Birmingham, July 14, 1791, by a "church and king " mob, when a number of private houses were also ravaged. Test and Corporation acts affecting, repealed, May 9, 1828. Dissolution of the monasteries, and plunder of, by Henry VIII. ; he executed some of the great abbots, and turned 10,000 friars and nuns on the world without subsistence ; seized Becket's shrine and its wealth for his ow^n use, 1538 ; also all the money and property found in the monastic dwellings, July 29, 1539 ; the seizure of 645 abbeys, 28 mitred, was declared legal ; 152 colleges and 129 hospitals, whether estab- lished by public or private means, were suppressed ; the plate, jewels, and church ornaments were turned into money for the king's coffers, and lands and property to the amount of £161,000 per annum ap- propriated to the royal purposes. Camden gives the number at 643 monasteries, 80 colleges, 2374 chant- ries and free chapels, and 110 hos- pitals. 1540, the knights of St. John of Jerusalem were suppressed, and their effects confiscated to the king's use. DOC 182 DOG Distaff, spinning with, intro- duced into England, and first taught to the women of England by an Italian named Bonavisa, 1505. Distemper among horses and cattle broke out, 1750. Distillation, originally brought to Spain by the Moors, 1150 ; intro- duced into England in the sixteenth century, and was known in Ireland in 1590. In 1786, it yielded in duties £421,193 : 1 : 3h ; in 1794, £680,573 : 16 : 8 ; in 1733, England and Wales consumed 10,500,000 galls, imp. ; 1734, 13,500,000 do. ; 1740, 15,250,000 do.;1742, 19,000,000 do.; 1850, 22,962,012 do., of the home-made spirits, and of the pro- duce of the still, foreign and do- mestic, 28,246,987 galls, imp. Diving-bell, an invention of the same nature was first tried at Cadiz before the emperor Charles V„ 1509 ; reported to have been used to search for some of the wreck of the Spanish armada on the coast of Scotland, 1669. Dr. Halley greatly improved the diving-bell. Mr. Spalding and his assistants drowned in a diving- bell in Ireland, June 1, 1783; the Royal George at Portsmouth suiv veyed by a diving-bell, May, 1817 ; emploved in submarine works, gene- ral in 1840. Divorces from marriage, at- tempted to be made more easy of attainment, 1539 ; a bill to prevent women marrying their seducers brought into parliament, 1801. Dixmuid surrendered to the Erench, July 28, 1695. Dizier, St., Battle of, between Napoleon and the allied armies, Jan. 27, 1814. Siege of the city of, by Charles V., 1544. Docks of London, these recep- tacles of vessels for commercial pur- poses are the West India, the act for which was passed July, 1799, opened, Aug. 27, 1802 ; the London docks begun, June 26, 1802, opened, July 31, 1805 ; the East India docks, under an act passed July 27, 1803, opened, Aug. 4, 1806 ; St. Catherine's docks begun, May 23, 1827, opened, Oct. 25, 1828, 2500 men being constantly employed upon them. The Surrey docks, Eotherhithe ; the East County docks, Rotherhithe ; the Commercial docks, Rotherhithe, formed, 1725, and able to accom- modate 350 sail of vessels; nine dry docks and a floating dock were all in full employment, 1751. Docks of Liverpool, the Canning dock was built 1728 ; the Salthouse dock, 1738; George's dock, 1762; King's dock, 1785 ; Queen's dock, 1785; Brunswick dock, April 13, 1832 ; Prince's dock, 1815 ; Water- loo dock, Aug. 18, 1834; Victoria dock; Trafalgar dock; Clarence dock; and the Graving docks, have an area of ninety acres, and seven miles of quay and upwards. Dock dues, 1724, £810:11:8; in 1835, £217,825 ; in 1730, only 300 vessels entered the port, and in 1835, 13,941. Dockyards, for the navy, seven in number ; Woolwich, 1509 ; Chat- ham, 1550 ; Portsmouth established by Henry VIII. ; Plymouth by William III. ; Sheerness, George IV., 1823 ; and Pembroke or Mill- ford Haven by George III. Dept- ford is now devoted to the victual- ling service. Doctor, Title of, conferred by John, 1207. Bede is said to have been the first who obtained a de- gree at Cambridge, 725. Dodd, Dr., exectxted at Newgate for forgery, June 27, 1777. Dog, statute against stealing, 1770 ; tax imposed, 1796 and 1808 ; employment of making them draw carts abolished, Jan. 1, 1840. Dog, order of knighthood, began, 1070. Doge of Venice, the title of the chief of the state, the first of whom was Anafesto Paululio, 697 ; revolt of the Genoese, and choice of a doge among their own nobility, 1030 ; the ceremony of the doge marrying the sea instituted, 1173, and annually observed until 1797. Dogget and Badge, an annual rowing match on the Thames, for a DOM 183 DOR legacy left by a person named Dogget, to row from the Old Swan, London Bridge, to the White Swan, at Chelsea, when the tide is most set against them, Aug. 1, 1715. Doelart-zee, between Groningen and East Friezland, formed by an inundation, 1277. Dolwyddelean Castle, Caernar- vonshire, built, 500. Domingo, St., Island of, dis- covered by Columbus in his second voyage, 1493; the city founded, 1494. Port au Prince and the city nearly destroyed by the revolted negroes in Oct., Nov., and Dec, 1791 ; given up by Rochambeau to the black troops, 1803, after Tous- saint l'Ouverture had governed the island till 1802, when he was made a prisoner by Bonaparte, and died in prison. Dessalines afterwards massacred the whites, March 29, 1804 ; proclaimed himself emperor in Oct., 1804; died, 1805. Chris- tophe became president of the island, 1807 ; and was crowned emperor, March, 1811 ; and Petion president at Port au Prince ; Petion died, and Boyer was elected in his place, May, 1818 ; Christophe died by his own hand, Oct., 1820 ; independence was proclaimed in Dec, 1821 ; a de- cree of the king of France acknow- ledged it, April, 1825; under the name of Hayti proclaimed an em- pire by the president Solouque, who took the title of Faustus I., Aug. 26, 1849. Domingo, St., fleet of France taken by the English, June 27, 1747. Dominica, island of, discovered by Columbus, Nov. 3, 1493 ; taken by the English, 1761 ; by the French, 1773 ; restored, 1783 ; hurricane at, 1806 ; again, July 23, 1813 ; again, Sept. 15, 1816. Dominicans, a religious order of universal influence, called in Eng- land the Blackfriars, founded by St. Dominick, and sanctioned by Innocent III. in 1215; the order confirmed by Honorius III., 1216 ; in 1276, the people of London gave them two entire streets by the Thames, where they erected a mon- astery. Domitian, the emperor, assassi- nated, 96, aged 45. His palace at Rome built, 80. Domus Dei House built at Dover, 1240. Don River, overflowed its banks and caused much injury, Aug. 10, 1750. Don, a title adopted in Spain by the king, 750 ; it is from the Latin dominus. Donna Maria, frigate, blown up at Macao, with 200 men, Oct. 29, 1850; only sixteen escaped. Donnington Castle, Berks, built, 1260. Donnington, Battle of, between the royalists and parliamentarians, 1643 ; of Donnington, Gloucester- shire, 1645. Doomsday Book,- or survey of England, made by order of William I., 1080 ; ir was a register to de- termine the tenure of estates. It is still preserved in the exchequer in two volumes, very legible, with all the counties of England, except Northumberland and Durham. It was finished, 1086. The taxes were levied according to this survey un- til 13 Henry VIIL, 1522, when another survey was made. Dorchester Cathedral, built, 636 ; destroyed by fire, Aug. 7, 1613 ; bishopric of, founded, 625 ; it was a see for 460 years. It merged into Lincoln, 1074, and Remigius was its last prelate. Dorchester School founded by Edward Hardy, Aug. 3, 1579. Dorset, the young duke of, killed by falling from his horse in Ireland, at Killiney, Feb., 1815. Dorsington, Warwickshire, great- ly injured by fire, Aug. 3, 1759. Dort, Holland, the sea broke clown the dykes at ; in the territory of Dordrecht, 10,000 persons per- ished, and more than 100,000 round Dollart in Zealand and Friesland. In the two last provinces, 300 village towers and steeples were seen Avith DRA 184 DRU their tops above water. The pro- testant synod was held here in 1618. Botjav, France, university at, built by Philip II. of Spain, 1569 ; taken from the Spaniards by Louis XIV., 1667 ; by the Puke of Marl- borough from the French, 1710 ; re- taken by the French the following year. The town gives its name to a translation of the Bible authorized alone by the Catholic church. Douglas Castle, near Edinburgh, destroyed by fire, Dec. 11, 1758. - Douglas, governor of the Leeward islands, prosecuted for tyranny, Nov. 19, 1716. Dove of Castile, order of knight- hood, established, 1379. Dover Castle, near which Julius Caesar is supposed to have first landed ; some untenably assert it to be built by him ; the town built, 47 ; the castle rebuilt and strengthened by Henry II.,; the town fortified 1525 ; the priory before, in 1130 ; here King John meanly resigned his kingdom to the pope's legate, May 13, 1213; the pier projected, 1533 ; built, 1549 ; the fort barracks burned, July 30, 1800 ; a large part of the cliff fell, Nov. 27, 1810. Mrs. Poole, five of her children, and niece, killed by a fall of part of the cliff, Dec. 14, 1810. Do web, a Saxon usage, the widow entitled to a moiety of the husband's property for life, 941 ; the widows of traitors debarred dower, 1550. Dowlais Steam-Engine, Glamor- ganshire, exploded, and the boiler, five tons in weight, was blown into the air seventy feet, crushing the building in its fall; eight were killed, and four wounded, 1850. Down, Bishopric of, established, 499 ; the cathedral built, about 1183; united to Connor in 1441, and both to Dromore, 1834. Down, Cathedral of, destroyed by Lord Grey, lord- deputy of Ire- land, for which and his other offen- ces he was beheaded, 1541. Dbagon, order of knighthood in Hungary, begun, 1413. Dragoons, first regiment raised in England, 1681 ; sent to Oxford to keep the university in awe, 1715. Dbake, Sir Francis, circumnavi- gated the globe, 1577 ; died Jan., 1596, aged 51. Dbama of England, began with mysteries, 1270 ; the first regular in Europe, at Borne before Leo. X., 1515. In England at Bankside, 1574 ; grant of, to Shakspeare, 1603 ; suspended after the death of Charles I. till the restoration, 1660; licensed by Charles II., 1662 ; the first fe- male on the stage appeared, 1656 ; theatre opened in Lincoln's-Inn- Fields, 1695 ; act for revising and licensing plays, 1737 ; dramatic copy protection right act, June, 1833. Dresden, founded 808 ; china in- troduced and made at, 1702; peace of, Dec. 25, 1745 ; siege of, by the king of Prussia, 1759; 25,000 French troops surrendered here to the allies, Nov. 6, 1813 ; dreadful explosion of gunpowder at, and many lives lost, June 27, 1814 ; the king of Saxony resigned the royal authority, Sept. 9, 1830, and his nephew succeeded him. Dresden, Battle of, Aug. 27 and 28, 1813 ; the Allies, 200,000 men, attacked Napoleon, and were routed with dreadful slaughter, when General Moreau was killed. Dress restrained by law in Eng- land, 1465 and 1574, and 1580. Drinking spirituous liquors at- tempted to be suppressed, June 24, 1751. Drogheda, Ireland, taken by storm by Oliver Cromwell, having been before besieged in 1641 ; the garrison and many of the towns- people were put to the sword, Aug. 14, 1649. Droit dAubaine abolished in France, Aug. 5, 1790. Dromore, Bishopric of, founded 556 ; united with Down, 1834. Drontheim, Norway, 62 houses and 12 magazines destroyed by fire at, Dec, 1788. Druids destroyed by Suetonius Paulinus in England and Wales, 59. D UB 185 DUE Drum, an invention of the Moors ; brought into Spain, 713. Drunkenness of the clergy res- trained by canon law, 747 ; punished with death by Constantine, king of Scotland, 870 ; restrained in the laity by law, 975. Drury - Lane Theatre, from a cockpit converted into a theatre, called the Phoenix, April 25, 1662 ; burned down, 1671 ; rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, 1674 ; the in- terior by Adams, Sept. 23, 1775 ; in 1791 rebuilt, and opened, 1794; destroyed by fire, Feb. 24, 1809; rebuilt and opened, Oct. 16, 1812. Receipts of, on opening : — The first year, ,£79,925, 14s. ; the second year, £68,389, 3s. ; the third year, £61,585 : 8 : 5 ; the fourth year, £49,586, 17s. DRURY-Lane and St. Giles first paved with stone, according to act of Parliament, 1605. Drury - Lane Theatrical Fund originated by David Garrick, 1777. Dublin City Walls, built about 838; its first charter, 1173; foun- dation of the castle, 1205, and finished, 1213; first mayor, 1409; university founded, 1591; charter granted by King James, 1609 ; be- sieged by the Marquis of Ormond, 1649 ; Cromwell relieved Dublin with 9000 foot and 400 horse, Aug., 1649; the chief magistrate addressed as lord while in office, 1665 ; James II. arrived at, 1688; parliament house begun, 1729; Royal Dublin Society incorporated, 1749; the streets paved generally, 1773; Royal Exchange opened ; new custom- house opened, 1791 ; fire at the par- liament house, 1792 ; converted into the national bank, 1792; re- bellion, Lord E. Fitzgerald arrested in Nov., 1798 ; Dublin institution founded, 1811 ; visit of George IV., Aug. 12, 1821 ; custom - house burned, Aug. 9, 1833 ; British As- sociation met there, 1835 ; royal arcade burned, April 25, 1837 ; the Queen visited Dublin, Aug. 3, 1849. Dublin, Archbishopric of, united to the see of Gladdagh, 1214; Kil- dare annexed to this see, under the provisions of the church temporali- ties act, 1833. Dublin University offered £6000 for the apprehension of the Preten- der, Mar. 7, 1743 ; chose the Prince of Wales for chancellor, 1715-6. Ducat, first coined in Sicily, 1240; of silver value 4s. 6d., of gold 9s. 6d. ; the ducatoon of Italy, 4s. 8d. Dudley, Edmund, beheaded, Aug., 1510, aged 48. Dudley, Duke of Northumber- land, whose son married Lady Jane Grey; beheaded on Tower Hill, Aug. 22, 1553. Dudley Castle, Staffordshire, built, 700; the priory of Dudley built, 1160. Duelling, the first of these bar- barian combats took place, 1096 ; in civil quarrels forbidden in France, 1305; the later custom imitated from the challenge of Francis I. of France to the Emperor Charles V.; duel with small swords intro- duced into England, 1587 ; procla- mation of no pardon to any one who killed another in a duel, 1679; checked in the army, 1792 ; discou- raged in the army and society in 1838 ; remarkable one between the Duke of Hamilton and Lord Mo- hun, 1712, both killed; between Mr. Martin and Mr. Wilkes, M.P., 1763 ; C. J. Fox and Mr. Adam, 1779; Duke of York and Colonel Lennox, 1789; William Pitt and George Tierney, 1798; Colonel Montgo- mery and Captain M'Namara, the Colonel killed, 1803 ; Lord Camel- ford and Captain Best, the former killed, 1804; Sir R. Burdett and Mr. Paul, the former wounded. May 5, 1807; Alcock and Colclough, June 8, 1807, the latter killed, and the former lost his reason ; M. le Gunfrere and M. le Pique, in bal- loons in Paris, the latter killed, 1808 ; Major Campbell and Captain Boyd, the latter killed, 1808 ; Lord Paget and Captain Cadogan, May 30, 1809; Lord Castlereagh and Mr. Canning, the latter wounded, Sept. DUN 186 DUP 22, 1809; Captain Stackpool and Lieutenant Cecil, the former killed, April, 1814 ; Mr. O'Connell and Mr. D'Esterre, the latter killed, Feb. 1, 1815 ; Mr. Scott and Mr. Christie, the former killed, Feb. 15, 1821 ; Sir A. Boswell and Mr. J. Stuart, the former killed, Mar. 26, 1822; General Pepe and General Caras- cosa, the latter wounded, Feb. 28, 1823 ; the Duke of Wellington and the Earl of Winchelsea, Mar. 21, 1829; Sir J. A. JetFcot and Dr. Hennis, the latter mortally wounded, May 10, 1833 ; Mr. Roebuck, M.P., and Mr. Black of the Morning Chronicle, Nov. 19, 1835 ; the Earl of Cardigan and Captain Tucket, the latter wounded, Sept. 12, 1840 ; Col. Fawcett and Captain Munro, the former killed, July 1, 1843; Lieut. Seton and Lieut. Hawkey, the former killed. Of 172 duels, 63 of the combatants were killed and 96 wounded ; in 3 both combatants fell, and in 18 the survivors were hanged. Duke, first title of, after the con- quest, given by Edward III. to his son, the Black Prince, as Duke of Cornwall, Mar. 17, 1337 ; Robert de Vere made Duke of Ireland, 1385 ; the first in Scotland given to the king's eldest son, as Duke of Roth- say, 1398. Duke, Grand ; Cosmo de Medicis, the first who bore the title of Grand Duke, received it from Pope Pius V., 1569. Dulwich College, founded by Edward Alleyne, a comedian, called God's Gift College, 1617 ; he was the first master, and died there, 1626; the pictures of Sir Francis Bourgois bequeathed to it, 1813. Dumourier, General, seized by the French commissioners, and quitted the army, April 1, 1793. Dunbar, Battle of, between the English and Scotch, in which John Baliol was defeated, and Scotland subdued, April 27, 1296 ; a second battle, when Cromwell defeated the Scotch, Sept. 3, 1650, with great loss ; town of, built 1167. Dunblane, Battle of, called also the battle of Sheriffmuir, in which the Scotch rebels were defeated, Nov. 12, 1715. Duncan, king of Scotland, mur- dered by Macbeth, 1039. Dundalk, Edward Bruce behead- ed at, 1318 ; and 6200 Scotch, who had invaded Ireland, lost their lives; walls of, destroyed, 1641 ; the first manufacture of Irish cambric estab- lished here, 1728. Dungan Hill, Battle of, between the English and Irish armies, the latter defeated, losing 6000 men, July 10, 1647. Dunkirk, founded, 965 ; in pos- session of the English, June 24, 1658 ; basely sold by Charless IL to France for £200,000, 1662 ; the works demolished, and basin filled up, under the treaty of Utrecht, 1713 ; the works resumed, but again demolished at the peace of 1763 ; resumed again, 1783; Duke of York defeated here by General Hoche, Sept. 7, 1793. Dunmow Priory, built in Essex, 1110 ; the town is noted for the flitch of bacon ceremony, instituted by Robert de Fitzwalter, temp. Henry III, 1244; there is a record of the flitch being claimed in 1445; and June 20, 1751, by John Shakeshanks and his wife. Dunoon Castle, Scotland, built about 1334. Dunsinane, Battle of, in Scotland, 1057. Dunstable Priory, founded 1132. Dunstan, abbot of Canterbury, 948. Dunstaffnage Castle, Scotland, built 1307. Dunstanburgh Priory, Northum- berland, built 1280. Dunstan in the West, Church of, repaired, 1701 ; rebuilt 1833. Duomo II, the Cathedral of Pisa, so called, built 1061. Duomo II, the Cathedral at Flo- rence, begun, 1296, completed, 1444. Dupre's Villa, near Beaconfield, once the residence of Edmund Burke, burned down April 21, 1813. EAG 187 EAR Durand, M., a French Protestant clergyman, hanged in France for as- sembling a congregation of hearers, 1732. Durham Castle, built 1069. Durham Cathedral, built between 1093 and 1126; partly Saxon, 411 feet long, 74 wide; tower, 214 feet high; twenty-five dwelling houses burned near, 1691. Durham, Bishopric of, fixed at Holy Island, 635 ; next at Chester- le-Street, for 200 years ; the pala- tinate jurisdiction of, separated June 21, 1836. Durham, Battle of, between the English and Scotch at Nevil's Cross ; 15,000 of the Scotch were slain, and David Bruce, with many thou- sands of private men, nobles, and knights, made prisoners, Oct. 17, 1346. Duxburgh, near Chorley, 26 per- sons drowned at, bv the bridge break- ing down, Dec. 13, 1812. Dutch excluded from fishing on the English coast, 1508 ; implored England to assist them against Spain, 1585 ; had declared their in- dependence, 1565; acknowledged in- dependent by Spain, 1607; gave Charles II. a refuge, and escorted him to Scotland, 1650; destroyed several English men-of-war at Chatham, June 11, 1667 ; assisted England with thirty men-of-war, June 6, 1685 ; received a fee of £600,000 for their assistance at the revolution, Aug. 20, 1687; Anglo- Dutch Guards disbanded, 1699; East India ship sunk by an English privateer, for refusing to show her colours, July 2, 1746. Dwarfs, John de Estrix of Mechlin, at 35 years old, 1592, only 3 feet high ; Jeffery Hudson, 1626, when a youth only 18 inches high ; he shot a Mr. Crofts dead in a duel ; Count Borowlaski, an accom- plished Pole, born Nov. 1739, at 30 years of age was but 39 inches high ; died in England, aged 98, 1837. Dyeing, art of dyeing woollen •cloth, brought from the Low Coun- tries, 1608 ; before which it was sent over white to be dyed there; two dyers at Exeter flogged for teaching this art in the North of England, 1628 : an act against abuses in dyeing passed, 1783. E Eagle shot on the Cheviot Hills that had seized upon a dog, July 10, 1751 ; an ancient coin of Ireland, base metal so called, current 1272 ; an American modern gold coinage of eagles, half-eagles, and quarter- eagles, Dec. 6, 1792 ; the eagle is 10 dollars, 4*84 of which go to the £1 sterling ; the representation of the standard of the old Romans ; the double-headed that of Charle- magne 802 ; the standard of Napo- leon in France, and of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Eagle, White, order of knight- hood of, instituted 1325, by Ulad- islaus, king of Poland ; Black Eagle, order of, instituted 1701, by Frederick I., Elector of Branden- burgh, on being crowned king of Prussia. Ear of Corn, order of, begun in Britany 1050. Earl, the first of that rank titular, 867, Alfred the great being invested with the dignity by Ethelred I., the grandson of Egbert ; William Fitzosborn, the first created eail in England, 1066 ; Sir John de Courcy created earl of Ulster, in Ireland, by Henry II., 1181. Earl Mareschal of Scotland the commander of the cavalry, attach- ed to the family of Keith, forfeited I at the rebellion of 1715. Earl Marshal of England, the 1 first 1383, to the Mowbray family as Lord Marshal; to the Earl of E AE 188 E AE Nottingham as Earl Marshal 1397 ; and in 1672 to the Howards. Earth asserted to be spherical by the Greeks ; the first ship that sailed round the world was Magellan's, in 1519, who did not himself live to return ; Sir Francis Drake was the first commander who circum- navigated the globe and returned with his ship ; Newton demonstra- ted that it was an oblate spheroid ; Dr. Bradley discovered the varia- tion of its axis 1737; the pope declared it was a plane, and gave all the west of it to Spain, being God's vicegerent, and imprisoned Galileo for asserting that the earth moved round the sun. Earthenware vessels, made in remote antiquity by the Etruscans, 715 a.c. ; first revivedin Italy, 1310; Wedgwood's patent for his ware, 1762. Earthquake in Asia, it over- turned 12 cities, 17 ; Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed by one, accompanied by an eruption of Vesuvius, 79 ; nine cities in Asia, Greece, and Galatia overturned, 107 ; Antioch destroyed 114 ; Nicomedia, Cesarea, and Nicea, de- stroyed, 126 ; in Macedonia destroy- ing or damaging 150 cities and towns, 357 ; at Jerusalem and Con- stantinople, 363 ; Nice destroyed, 370 ; in Syria, Palestine, and Asia, more than 500 towns and cities destroyed or injured, 742 ; in Pales- tine and Syria, where thousands lost their lives, 746; at Mecca, where 1500 houses and ninety tow- ers were thrown down, 867; Con- stantinople overthrown, and Greece shaken, 986 ; one at Batavia, 1021 ; at Worcester and Derby, 1043 ; one on April 8, 1076, in England ; and again in 1081 and 1088, throughout England, followed by a scarcity, corn not ripe till Nov., 1090 ; one in Shropsh., 1110; one overwhelm- ed Liege and Eottenburgh, in Swe- den, 1112; one in December at Antiochia, destroyed several cities and towns, and overturned the castle of Trialeth, and the cities of Mariseum and Mamistria, 1114 ; in Lombardy for forty days, 1117 ; one in December, 1118; one, 1120; in August, in many parts of the king- dom, 1133 ; in 'August, 1134 ; one that swallowed up Catania and 15,000 souls, 1137; at Lincoln, 1142; Antioch, Tripoli, and Damascus de- stroyed, 1150; at Oxenhall, near Darlington, in Durham, 1178 ; in Hungary and England, 1179; one overthrew the church of Lincoln, and others, 1185 ; at Calabria, in Sicily, a city with its inhabitants, lost in the Adriatic Sea, 1186; Verona greatly damaged, 1187 ; in Somersetshire, 1199 ; at Brisa, in Lombardy, where 2000 lives were lost, 1222'; one in England, Feb. 14, 1248 ; one in Somersetshire, 1249 ; one at St. Alban's, 1250 ; general one that threw down St. Michael's on the hill, without Glastonbury, 1247; the greatest ever known in England, Nov. 14, 1318 ; a dread- ful one in Germany, 1346; several churches thrown down, May 21, 1382 ; a very dreadful one, accom- panied with thunder and lightning, Sept. 28, 1426 ; one at Naples when 40,000 persons perished, 1456; in Italy, 1510 ; In the Isle of Cuba, 1530 ; at Eeigate, Croydon, and Dorking in Surrey, May 1551 ; in China, 1556 ; in Herefordshire, which overthrew Kingston Chapel, &c, Eeb. 17, 1571 ; in Yorkshire, Wor- cestershire, Gloucestershire, Here- fordshire, &c, Eeb. 26, 1574; in London and Westminster, when part of St. Paul's and the Temple churches fell ; it was felt at Sand- wich and Dover in Kent, April 6, 1580 ; in Peru, 1581-2 ; in Dorset- shire, where it removed a consider- able piece of ground, Jan. 13, 1583 ; in Bohemia, Moravia, and Hungary, 1590 ; in Japan, where several cities were swallowed up, 1596 ; in Kent, where the hills became valleys full of water, 1596 ; at Peru, at Quito, and Arequipa, 1600; at Banda, in the East Indies, 1621 ; at Manilla, 1637; in Calabria, in Italy, March 27, 1638 ; at Mechlin, EAR 189 EAR ia Germany, 1640; in Norway, May 24, 1657; in France, June, 1660 ; at Ragusa, in Illyrium, near 6000 inhabitants were lost, and several towns in Dahnatia and Al- bania, April 6, 1667 ; in China, 1668; in Staffordshire and Derby- shire, 1677-8; in Oxfordshire and Staffordshire, 1679 ; at Oxford, 1683 ; at Naples, when a third part of that city and much shipping were de- stroyed, June 6 and 7, 1688; Smyrna destroyed, July 10, 1688; Lyme in Dorsetshire, nearly destroy- ed, 1689 ; Port-Royal, in Jamaica, destroyed, and 3000 people lost, Sept. 1692 ; Messina, iu Sicily, over- turned in a moment, 18,000 persons perished, and in the island 60,000, Jan., 1692 ; a dreadful one in the Isle of Teneriffe, Dec. 24, 1704; one at China, June 19, 1718 ; Palermo, in Sicily, nearly swallowed up, Sept. 1726 ; at Boston, in New England, Oct. 29, 1727 ; the whole kingdom of Chili, with St. Jago, swallowed up, July 30, 1730; at Aynho, in Northamptonshire, Oct. 10, 1731 ; one at Naples, 1731 ; another in the city of Avelino, which it destroy- ed, and Oriana, in great part, Nov. 29, 1732 ; in Calabria, where the terri- tory of Nova Casa sunk 29 feet without destroying a building, April 18, 1783; at Arundel and Shore- ham, Oct. 25, 1735 ; in Ireland, which destroyed five churches and above 100 houses, Aug. 1734; in Hungary, which turned round a mountain, Oct. 23, 1736 ; at Smyr- na, April, 1739 ; at Palermo, which swallowed up a convent, but the monks escaped, Feb. 4, 1739-40 ; at Leghorn, Jan. 5, and 6, 1742; in Somersetshire, June 15, 1745 ; a terrible one at Lima, which destroy- ed that city, and 5000 persons lost their lives ; there were 74 churches. 14 monasteries, and 15 hospitals thrown down, and the loss in effects reckoned immense, from Oct. 27, to Nov. 20, 1746; it extended itself to Callao, Avhich was destroyed, with about 5000 of its inhabitants; in Lou- don, Feb. 8, and March 8, 1750 ; at Li- verpool, Chester, and Manchester, April 2, 1750 ; at Fiume, in the Gulf of Venice, Feb. 5, 1751 ; the greatest part of the city of Adrian- ople destroyed, Aug. 22, 1752; Grand Cairo had two-thirds of the houses and 40,000 inhabitants swal- lowed up, Sept. 2, 1754 ; the city of Quito in Peru, destroyed, April 24, 1755 ; the island of Mitylene, in the Archipelago, when 2000 houses were overthrown, May, 1755, which did considerable damage at Oporto in Portugal, and Seville in Spain, but more particularly at Lisbon, where in about eight minutes most of the houses and 30,000 inhabitants were destroyed, and whole streets swal- lowed up ; the cities of Coimbra and Braga suffered, and St. Ubes was swallowed up; at Faro 3000 inhabitants were buried, great part of Malaga was destroyed ; one-half of Fez, in Morocco, and 12,000 Arabs, were swallowed up, and above half of the island of Madeira destroyed ; it extended 5000 miles ; at the Azores isles, where 10,000 were buried in the ruins, and the island divided in two, July 9, 1757; at Bordeaux, in France, Aug. 11, 1758; at Tripoli, in Syria, which extended near 10,000 miles, when Damascus lost 6000 inhabitants, and several other cities, with the remains of Balbec, were destroyed, between Oct. and Dec, 1759 ; Truxillo, in Peru, was swallowed up in Nov. 1759; in Syria, Oct. 30, 1760; in the Molucca Islands, 1763 ; one at Constantinople, that buried 880 persons, May 22, 1766; at Mar- tinico, Aug. 1767, where 1600 lost their lives ; and at St. Pierre, 1767; at Comora and Buda, June 28, 1768 ; one in the Brazils, 1772 ; in the Archipelago, 700 houses and 100 inhabitants were lost, in Dec, 1770 ; one at Fez, in Morocco, May 6, 1763 ; in Kerry in Ireland, June, 1773 ; Guatimala, in New Spain, entirely swallowed up, and many thousand inhabitants perish- ed, Dec 15, 1773 ; at Ridicofani, near Florence, in Italy, great dam- E AE 190 EAR age was done, Oct. 5, 1777; at Smyrna, June 25, 1778 ; which de- stroyed a great part of that city ; at Tauris, in Persia, where 15,000 houses were thrown down, and great part of the inhabitants perished, March 3, 1780 ; at Calabria, and in the isle of Sicily, 1783 ; again 1784, which totally destroyed Messina, &c; at Archindschan, when it destroyed the town and 12,000 inhabitants, July 18, 1784; Arequipo destroy- ed, 1785 ; in the North of England, Aug. 11, 1786 ; at Iceland, and some parts of Germany, Nov., 1784; at Barbadoes, Oct., 1784 ; in Calabria, in Italy, April 10, 1785; in Scot- land, and different parts of the north of England, Aug. 11, 1786 ; in Mexico, and other parts of New Spain, April 18, 1787; Borgo-di- San- Sepulchre-, in Tuscany, had its cathedral, bishop's palace, &c, de- stroyed, Sep. 30, 1789, with the adjacent town of Castello, &c., and Borgo itself had 150 houses destroy- ed, and 30 houses, &c, swallowed up by an opening of the earth ; in Westmoreland, at Arnside, March Q i 1790; and in Scotland, in Oct.^ 1791 ; in Sicily and Calabria, Oct., 1791, particularly at Mile to and Monte Leone; at Lisbon, on Nov* 27, 1791, when many chimneys were thrown down, and much dam- age done ; at Zante, in the Adri- atic Sea, many buildings thrown down, above 60 persons perished, Dec. 2, 1791 ; in the counties of Bedford, Leicester, Lincoln, Not- tingham, &c, March 2, 1792; at Domingo, where 32 houses were overthrown at the Cape, April, 1793 ; at Shaftesbury and Salisbury, on Sept. 29, 1793, but no very material damage done ; in Turkey, where three towns, containing 10,000 inhabitants, wef e lost, July 3, 1 794 ; near Naples, where the city of Torre del Greco was nearly destin- ed, June 13, 1794 ; in different parts of the north of England, Nov. 18, 1795 ; at Sumatra, in the East In- dies, great damage was done, and above 300 persons perished, Eeb. 20, 1797; the whole of the coun- try between Sta. Ee and Panama destroyed, including the cities of Cuzco and Quito, with 40,000 in- habitants, in Feb. 1797; there were several violent shocks in the W. India islands in the same month ; at Sien- na, in Italy, when 50 persons lost their lives by the fall of buildings, May 25, 1758 ; at Constantinople, Oct. 26, 1800, which destroyed the royal palace and an immensity of buildings ; it extended into Romania and Wallachia, to Bucharest and Adrianople ; June 12, 1802, an earthquake nearly destroyed Cre- ma in Upper Italy; Minguin was entirely swallowed up in a lake ; Brescia had three churches and twelve houses destroyed ; so violent a shock in Holland, as to cause the chandeliers in Maaslin church to vibrate two or three feet, in Jan., 1804; at Dunoon, in Scotland, Jan. 18, 1808; the church of La Tour, and most of the houses in Lucerne, partly destroyed, April, 1808; in March, 1812, the city of Caraccas and upwards of thirty other towns, scattered over a space of 300 square miles, were destroy- ed, 80,000 persons killed, and thou- sands more wounded ; three shocks were felt at Swansea, in South Wales, in Dec. 1832 ; in Southern Syria, Jan 22, 1837 ; when hun- dreds of houses were thrown down, and thousands of persons perished ; at Martinique island, where nearly half of Port- Royal was destroyed, and 700 persons perished, Jan. 11, 1839 ; at Ternate, with great loss of life, Eeb. 14, 1840; at or near Mount Ararat, in Armenia, 3147 houses destroyed, and several hun- dreds of persons perished ; at Zante, October, 30, 1840, where several lives were lost ; at Cape Haytien, St. Domingo, which nearly destroy- ed the town and between 4000 and 5000 persons, May 7, 1842; at Point a Petre Guadaloupe, which was wholly destroyed, Nov. 8, 1843; in Yorkshire, North Wales, and the east coast of Ireland, Nov. 6, 1852. EAS 191 EAS Easly Abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1152. East Angles, kingdom of, com- menced by Uffa, 575, and ended 792 ; the bishoprics of Elmham and Dunwich were united in 955, and removed to Norwich 1088. East Grinstead, Tower at, fell down, Nov. 12, 1785; borough of, disfranchised, 1832. East India Bill passed, June 16, 1773 ; bill for Board of Control, Aug. 13, 1784. East India Company established, 1600 ; charter renewed, 1608 ; dis- solved, and fresh one granted, 1694; act for the new and old passed, 1718; trade united, 1700; prohi- bited by proclamation to any but the East India Company, Feb. 22, 1716 ; lent government £3,000,000 at 3 per cent., for renewing this charter, Feb., 1743-4 ; towns of, in- corporated, Aug. 20, 1726; house, Leadenhall-street, built, 1726; en- larged, 1799 ; alms-houses founded, 1656; violent hurricane in the Ganges, Oct. 11, 1737; college at Haytesbury established, 1809. East India Stock sold from 360 to 500 per cent., 1683 ; company in great confusion, 1773; they apply for assistance to parliament ; judges sent out from England to adminis- ter the law, April 2, 1774 ; charter renewed, 1813 ; commercial part of the charter revoked, 1833 ; esti- mated revenues, 1830, £22,054,416; charges, £22,862,985. East India Company at Embden, established, 1750 ; of Sweden, May, 1731. East India Company of France, established, 1627 ; abolished by the National Assembly, and the trade laid open, Jan. 26, 1791. East India Company, Dutch, in- corporated, 1604. East Land Company incorpo- rated, 1579. Eastboukn House, Essex, built, 1572. Eastbury Priory, Sussex, 1270. East Angles, kingdom of, began, 571, ended, 746. East Saxons, kingdom of, began, 527, ended, 746. Easter established, 68 ; the con- troversy about, decided, 667. Easter Island, discovered by Davis, 1686 ; visited by Boggewein, 1722 ; by Cooke, 1774. Eastern Empire, commenced under Valens, 364; Persians besiege Constantinople, 626; besieged by the Saracens, 673 ; by the Arabs a second time, 716 ; Isaac Comnenus is chosen emperor by the military, 1057 ; Constantinople taken by the Latins, 1203 ; taken by the French and Venetians, 1204 ; recovered by the Greek emperors, 1261 ; Andro- nicus abdicated, 1320; the Turks first enter Europe, 1352 ; the empire falls, and the sovereigns of the race of the Comneni and Paleologi ceased to reign, 1453. The last known of the line died near, and was interred in the church of Landulph, Corn- wall, Jan. 21, 1636; his name, Theodore, the son of Prosper, the son of John, the son of Thomas, se- cond brother of Constantine Paleo- logus, the eighth of the name that reigned in Constantinople. The emperor Valens, before named, was succeeded by Theodosius the Great, 379; and by nine other sovereigns, to the well-known Justinian, 527; and by other emperors, to Leo III., 718 ; the great Iconoclastic contro- versy, and the prohibition and res - toration of images, disturbed several subsequent reigns; Leo. V. killed in the temple at Constantinople on Christmas-day, 820, by the instru- mentality of his successor; Alexins Comnenus I. reigned in 1081 ; suc- ceeded by his son, who died of a poisoned arrow, 1143; Manual Comnenus succeeded, and Alexius, 1180; Andronicus seized the throne, and had Alexius strangled, 1183 ; Angelos, as Isaac II., was impri- soned, and his eyes put out, by his brother Alexius III., 1185 ; who was in his turn deposed, and his put out, 1195 ; and Isaac II. re- stored, and associated with his son Alexius IV. The Latin emperors EC C 192 ECC succeeded Baldwin the Earl of Flan- ders, 1204 ; Henry L, 1206 ; Peter de Courtenay, 1217; Robert de Courtenay, 1221 ; Baldwin II., and John de Brienne, 1228 ; the empire was now recovered from the Latins, and Theodore Lascaris became em- peror, 1204; John Ducas Yataces, 1222 ; Theodore Lascaris II., his son, 1259 ; Michael VIII., Paleolo- gus, who put out John's eyes, 1261 ; Andronicus II., 1282 ; Androni- cus III., 1332; John Paleologus, 1341 ; John Catacuzenus, 1347 ; John Paleologus restored, 1355 ; Manuel Paleologus, his son, 1391 ; John Paleologus II., 1425; Con- stantine VIII. ; Constantinople taken by the Turks, May 29, 1453 ; and Constantine slain, who was the last Greek emperor. Ecclesiastical Courts, there was no difference between the lay and ecclesiastical courts until after the Norman conquest, 1066. Ecclesiastical States, or tem- poral domains of the church began, 762 ; taken' by the French, and made the Roman republic, 1798; Pope Pius VI. forced to remove into Tuscany, and then into France, 1799 ; in 1800 Pius VII. resumed the government of the Roman States until 1809, when Bonaparte deprived him of his temporal power ; restored by the Allies, 1814. In 1849, Nov. 24, Pius IX. fled in disguise to Gaeta, and a provisional govern- ment was appointed. They declared the Pope divested of all temporal power, Feb. 9, 1850 ; restored by foreign arms, 1851, and Rome garrisoned since by French troops. Eckmuhl, Battle of, between France and Austria, April 22, 1809 ; the Austrians were com- pletely routed. Ecclesiastical Statistics in 1840, London : — district. Population. Churches, &c, of Establishment. Nonconformist Chapels. No. Sittings. No. Sittings. City of London City of Westminster .. 122,700 202,460 240,294 224,839 355,836 134,117 154,613 75 37 34 36 38 14 21 47,624 39,668 43,703 39,382 43,299 17,675 28,715 47 38 42 57 106 40 42 31,814 21,119 25,542 35,945 55,050 20,590 23,493 Tower Hamlets Total 1,434,859 255 260,066 372 213,553 Lancashire, 68 par. of. 816,000 168,000 272,000 81,121 71,720 55,680 146,986 320 29 29 9 10 5 17 195,000 45,000 33,000 13,325 13,770 5,800 23,600 530 46 71 29 30 23 64 50'boo 43,700 29,496 34,465 12,000 31,100 Manchester and Salfd. Leeds (1839.) Sheffield being, in 1838, accommodation for rive-tenths of the population. In 246 poor-law unions, with between 5,000,000 and 6,000,000 of inhabi- tants, there were, in 1839, churches and chapels of the establishment, 4200, accommodating 1,720,000 per- sons, and 4900 dissenting places where divine worship is performed, accommodating 1,530,000 indivi- ECC 193 ED I duals. In England and Wales in 1839 there were : — Catholic chapels 500 Independents, Baptists, and Presbyterians 3582 Three denominations of Methodists 8072 12,154 with 453 home missionary } stations and rooms in >• addition. ) The Established Church 12,327 Places of worship — total 24,481 There have been a great number built since 1838. Ecclesiastical Censorship, or- dered in Spain by the bishop of Valencia, under Ferdinand VII., 1828 : — " 1. No person shall print any book, pamphlet, or any paper, without special license from his Ex- cellency, who will himself consult the ' God-fearing Censors.' — 2. The Censors will read all MSS. submit- ted to them, word by word, taking special care that there be no occult meaning, as the human mind be- comes daily more and more cunning, and there is often in modern writ- ing a diabolical meaning concealed in seemingly innocent words. — 3. No person shall read any book printed out of Spain, nor any work printed in Spain during the years 1820, 1821, 1822, or 1823, without a special license. As it has been observed, that in this wicked age people care but little for excommu- nication and ecclesiastical censure, we enjoin and direct all in autho- rity to fine, and enforce payment, one thousand rials ( £60 ), all who may read, or even possess any book, &c, forbidden in the 3d arti- cle; — all who print, or assist in printing, any book or paper without licence ; — all who possess handker- chiefs with crosses, or lines making crosses (cross-barred or chequered), and use them to wipe their noses, or for any other dirty purpose." — The fine is to be rigidly enforced for a first offence ; and for those obdurate and wicked men who shall sin a second time, " his Excellency well knows how to deal w : th them!" Eclipses known to the Chinese 120 years before Christ — the first of the moon recorded, 721 years a.c at Babylon ; March 19, at 8.40 p.m., at Syracuse ; 413 a.c, at Rome ; 168 a.c, predicted by Q. S. Gallus ; one which terrified the troops, and pre- vented their revolt, 14 a.c ; the first eclipse was observed at Sardis by Thales, 535 a.c; at Athens, 424 a.c ; one at Rome at noon-day, 291 a.c; at Constantinople, 968. In France, Jan. 29, 1033, dark at noon-day ; in England, March 21, 1140, when it was totally dark at noon-day ; 1191, June 2, in the reign of Richard I., the stars became vi- sible at ten in the morning; an- other total eclipse, 1331, the dark- ness was so great that the stars faintly appeared, and the birds went to roost in the morning ; one 14th of July, 1648 ; ten digits eclipsed and Venus seen, April 22, 1715 ; annular, in the middle of Europe, Sept. 7, 1820; the revolution of eclipses was first calculated by Calippus the Athenian, 336 a.c ; the Egyptians had observed 373 eclipses of the sun, and 832 of the moon, up to the time of Alexander, 323 a.c Eddistoxe Lighthouse, off Rame Head and the coast of Cornwall, first erected 1696, and finished 1699; this destroyed by the terrible storm of Nov. 27, 1703, and the builder with it ; a second, built by act of parliament, 4th Anne, 1706 ; this was burned down, 1755 ; and a third was then erected by Smeaton, the engineer, Oct. 9, 1759, of granite ex- ternally, solid of stone a good part of the way from the foundation. Edgehill, Battle of, between Charles I. and the parliament. The king lost 3000 men, but the battle was indecisive, the loss being great on both sides. Oct. 23, 1642. Edict of Nantes, issued in France, giving toleration to the Protestants, 1598 ; revoked by Louis XIV., Oct. EDI 194 ELE 24, 1685, when 800,000 Protestants quitted France, carrying their trades and manufactures into other coun- tries. Edinburgh, the chief city of Scot- land, built 950 ; fortified and castle erected, 1074; abbey founded, by David L, 1128 ; castle surrendered to Henry II., of England, 1174; taken by the English, 1296 ; James II. crowned there, 1437 ; charter of James III., 1482 ; made the metro- polis of Scotland by James III. ; charter of James IV., who built Holyrood House, 1565; university, founded, 1582, by James VI., who left Edinburgh, as king of England, April 5, 1603; parliament house fin- ished, 1640; castle surrendered to Cromwell, 1650; bank of Scotland founded at, 1695 ; Captain Porteous hanged at, by the mob, 1736 ; the pretender occupied the city, 1745 ; takes possession of Holyrood House ; royal exchange completed, 1761 ; theatre-royal erected, 1769 ; south bridge commenced, 1785; first stone of the present university laid, Nov. 10, 1789; bridewell, Calton Hill, erected, 1796; Louis XVIII. and Charles X. of France resided at Ho- lyrood, from 1795 to 1799; new bank commenced, June 3, 1801 ; Edinburgh Review published, 1802; alarming riots, Dec. 11, 1811; Union Canal completed, 1822; George IV. visited the city, Aug. 14, 1822; royal institution erected, 1823; Scot- tish academy founded, 1826 ; Edin- burgh and Dalkeith railway opened, July 1831 ; statue of George IV. erected, 1832; Edinburgh, Leith, and Granton railway begun, 1836 ; Society of Arts founded, 1821 ; rail- way between Edinburgh and Glas- gow opened, Eeb. 1842; Queen Vic- toria visited, Aug 31, 1842; held a court at Dalkeith house, Sept. 8, 1842 ; monument to the political martyrs of 1793, the first stone laid by Mr. Hume, 1844; visited by Queen Victoria again, Aug. 30, 1S50 ; the foundation stone of the Scotch National Gallery laid by I rince Albert, Sept. 1, 1850 ; bishop- ric of, founded by Charles I., 1633 ; the sixth and last bishop ejected at the revolution of 1688 ; became a post-revolution bishopric, about 1705. Ebmonbpbuky, St., Monastery of, Suffolk, built, 663 ; enlarged, 1031 ; arches near the East Gate, built, 1148. Eel, an extraordinary one taken out of the Medway, August 1810, 35 inches in circumference, and 341bs. weight. Eggs, number imported from Erance— 1848, 88,012,585; 1851, 115,526,238- Duty, 1851, £25,600. Egkemont Castle, Cumberland, built, 1070. Egypt, reduced to a province 31 years after Christ; Saladin estab- lished the Mamelukes in, 1171; Selim I., emperor of Turkey, took it, 1557 ; governed by the beys until 1799, when it was conquered by Bonaparte ; taken by the English, 1801 ; revolted from Turkey, and be- came, under Mehemet Ali, an inde- pendent government, 1832. Egyptian Era, identical with that, of Nabonassar, beginning Eeb. 26, 747 a.c, the year consisting of 365 days only. To reduce it to the Christian era 746 years 125 days must be subtracted. Elba, Island of, taken by the English, July 6, 1796, afterwards abandoned ; made the place of Na- poleon's retreat, April 5, 1814 ; he embarked from the island with 1200 men for France, Feb. 25, 1815, land- ing in Provence, and marching tri- umphantly to Paris. The grand duke of Tuscany took possession of the island, July, 1815. Election Statistics, 1835, on the data of 1832 :— Electors. Mem. England, 40 counties 344,564 ... 144 185 cities, boro'; and towns.... 274,649 ... 327 Total for England.. 619,213 ... 471 ELE 195 ELE Electors. Mem. Wales, 12 counties. 25,815 ... 15 14 districts of bo- ) -. -■ qaq -i a roughs ) ' 37,124 ... 29 33,115 ... 30 31,332 ... 23 boroughs, &c. Total for Scotland. 64,447 ... 53 Total for Wales ... Scotland, 30 conn.. And 76 cities, Ireland, 32 counties 60,607 ... 64 34 cities and towns. 31,545 ... 41 Total, Ireland... 92,152 ... 105 Giving in England and Wales, 656,337, and in the United King- dom 812,936 registered electors, in 1832 ; and taking the total number of representatives at 658, the pro- portion will be, on the average of Great Britain, 1303, and in the United Kingdom 1235 electors to one representative. Taking the gross population of the 40 counties in England (exclusive of the popu^ lation of the cities, boroughs, towns, and universities which are repre- sented) at 8,336,263, and the nmn- ber of electors 344,564, there will be one elector in every 24 of the popu- lation ; whilst the gross population in the 185 cities, boroughs, and t)wns, being 4,754,742, and the number of electors, 274,649, there will be one elector in every 17 of the population. In Wales, the county population is 609,871, and the elec- tors are 25,815, so that there is one elector in every 23 persons ; whilst in the 14 districts of boroughs, the population being 196,311, and the electors 11,309, the proportion is one in 17. In Scotland, the county population is 1,500,107, and the number of electors 33,115, which will give one elector in every 45 persons; whilst in the burghs, the population being 865,007, and the electors 41,332, the proportion is one in every 27 persons. In Ire- land, the population of the 32 coun- ties is 7,027,509, the number cf electors 60,607, and the proportion is one elector in every 115 of the population ; whilst 34 cities and boroughs, with 31,545 electors, and a population of 739,892, give a pro- portion of one elector in eveiy 22 persons. The total population of the 114 counties in the United Kingdom being 17,473,750, and the number of electors 464,101, the pro- portion of electors will be one in every 37 persons ; whilst the popu- lation of the 309 cities and boroughs of the United Kingdom being 6,655,952, and the number of elec- tors 341,835, the proportion will be one in every 18 persons. The popu- lation of Gi"eat Britain being 16,262,301, and the electors 720,784, the proportion will be one elector in every 86 persons. The popula- tion of Ireland being 7,767,401, and the electors 92,152, the proportion will be one elector in every 86 per- sons. In the United Kingdom, the proportion of electors to the gross population, is one elector in every 29 persons. The 114 counties in the United Kingdom send 253 mem- bers, and the 309 cities and boroughs send 405 members to Parliament. In Great Britain there are 1303 electors, on the average, for every representative ; whilst in Ireland there are only 877 electors for every representatives In England there is one representative in every 2?, 794, and in Wales one in every 27,799 of the gross population ; whilst in Scotland there is one re- presentative in every 44,624, and in Ireland one in every 73,975 of the gross populations If the whole po- pulation of the United Kingdom were equally divided into 658 dis- tricts, there would be 36,519 souls for every representative. Elections, Bribery at, made void by statute, 1696 ; Sykes and Rum- bold committed for, 1776; Mr. Swan fined and imprisoned for ; Sir M. M. Lopez fined £10,000, and im- prisoned for, at Grampound, Oct. 1819; members for Liverpool and ELE 196 EMA Dublin unseated for, 1831 ; those for Cambridge and Ludlow, 1840. Electobs, Qualifications of Coun- ties, 40s. a year in land, 39th Henry VI., 1460, equal to £4 : 17 : 5 of modern money, or 87s. 5d. ; act de- priving contractors, excise and cus- tom-house officers, of votes, 1782; act to regulate polling, 9th George IV., 1828; reform in parliament bill, 2nd and 3rd William IV., 1832. Electors of Germany, began 1298 ; seven princes usurped the power of electing the emperor, and an eighth was added, 1648, a ninth in 1692 ; in 1777 the number was reduced to eight ; increased to ten at the peace of Luneville, 1801 ; the electorship ceased when the crown of Austria was made hereditary, 1804-6. Electricity discovered imper- fectly, 1467 ; found in various sub- stances, by Dr. Gilbert of Colches- ter, 1600 ; the electric shock disco- vered at Leyden, 1745 ; found to contain caloric, and that it could in- flame spirits, 1756; identified with lightning, and proved by Dr. Frank- lin and the electrical kite, 1769; galvanic electricity discovered by Galvani, 1789, but fixed by Volta, in the voltaic pile ; Volta died in 1826, aged 81. The electric tele- graph brought out in England by professor Wheatly, based upon the discovery of Oerstadt, that a magne- tic needle deviated to the right or left, according to the direction of the current, 1837, and applied to the Blackwall railway ; the submarine telegraph, between Erance and Eng- land, attempted first, Aug. 28, 1850 ; electro-magnetism discovered by Oerstadt of Copenhagen, 1807; sub- sequently established in other coun- tries, 1819. Electrical Dispensary founded in London, 1793. Elephant, order of knighthood, began in Denmark, 1478. Eletjsinian Mysteries, abolished by Theodosius the Great, 389 ; ori- ginally introduced from Eleusis into Rome ; they had lasted 1800 years. Elevation of the Host introduced by the popes, 1222. Elgin Marbles brought to Eng- land from the Acropolis of Athens, the work of Phidias, 500 years be- fore Christ, 1802 ; purchased by the British government for £36,000, and placed in the British Museum, 1816. Elizabeth Castle, Jersey, built, 1586. Elizabeth, East India ship, wrecked off Dunkirk, and only 22 persons saved, Dec. 30, 1810. Ell, a measure fixed by Henry I., 1101 ; a yard and quarter ; the yard was fixed from the length of his arm. Ellis, Mr. "W., died at Liverpool, Aug. 1780, aged 130 years 6 months. Ellis, Ellen, of Beaumaris, An- glesey, aged 72, brought to bed of her tenth child, May, 1776. She had been 46 years married, and her eldest child was 46 years old ; she had not borne a child for 25 years previously. Elmes, Miss, murdered at Chel- sea, May 5, 1833. Elopement of a wife from her husband deprived her of dower, un- less her husband became reconciled to her, 13th Edward I., 1284. Elphin, Bishopric of, founded in the fifth century, United with Kil- more, Aug. 1833. Elsinore, Denmark, built 2 a.c. Elstree, Cambridgeshire, almost destroyed by a fire, April 3, 1774. Eltham Palace built, 1269. Ely, Bishopric of, founded by Henry I., 1109 ; cathedral of, 1087, Saxon, 517 feet long, 73 wide. Ely, Monastery of, founded 506 ; destroyed by the Danes, 870; re- built, 1109 ; the 12th abbot the first bishop of Ely. Ely House, Holborn, built, 1290 ; pulled down, and converted into a site for dwelling-houses, 1780. Emancipation Bill of the Roman Catholics in England, passed the Commons, April 10, 1829. Bill for setting colonial slaves free, Aug. 1, 1834. EMI 197 EMP Emanuel College, Cambridge, founded, 1584; damaged by fire, Oct., 1811. Emanuel Hospital, Westminster, founded, 1534. Embargo, one laid in England to prevent corn going out, 1766 ; for the detention of all Russian, Swedish, and Danish ships, Jan. 14, 1801. Ember Weeks, established by the Roman Catholic Church in the 3d century. Emerald, a jewel of a green co- lour, found in the East, and some other parts of the world ; known in Europe in 1513. Eminence, Title of, first borne by cardinals, 1644, by a decree of Pope Urban VIII., Jan. 10, 1630. Emigration from the United Kingdom. Those for 10 years, ending 1830, to English colonies, averaged 154,695. In the next 10 years, 277,695 ; in the next 10 years the emigration was enor- mous. In 1850 there sailed from Liverpool only, 174,187 — in 1851, 206,015— in 1852, 229,099. Of these there sailed in 1852 to the — United States 187,962 South America 347 Canada 3,873 New BrunsAvick 32S Nova Scotia 60 Newfoundland 52 Prince Edward's Island ... 51 West Indies 73 Africa 91 Sidnev 4,013 Port Philip 29,378 Van Diemen's Land 608 South Australia 2,264 Emigration to New York, — 1849 220,603 1850 211,796 1851 189,601 1852 299,504 Of the emigrants in 1852 there were : — Irish 115,537 German 118,126 English 31,275 Scotch 7,640 Welsh 2,531 French 8,778 The remainder were natives of 22 countries, 4 being from Turkey. The greatest number came in June, 49,225. A large portion of the emigrants that reach Canada pass directly into the United States. The average number that reached the States direct from Britain, for 12 years prior to 1841, was nearly 27,000 a year ; since that period the number greatly increased. Canada. United States. 1829 15,945 11,501 1830 28,000 21,433 1831 50,254 22,607 1832 51,746 28,283 1833 21,752 16,100 1834 30,935 26,540 1835 12,527 16,749 1836 27,722 59,075 1837 21,901 34,000 1838 3,266 13,059 1839 7,439 24,376 1840 22,234 41,500 1841 28,086 32,509 Total.. .321,807 Aver.... 24,754 347,732 26,748 Emir, this Eastern title of dignity awarded by Eatima, the daughter of Mahomet, to the descendants of the Prophet, 650; the Emir wears a green turban. Emly, Bishopric of, an extinct Irish see, 448 ; afterwards absorbed in Cashel. Emma, the mother of Edward the Confessor, accused of incontinence, 1042; stripped of her possessions, 1043, and sent to Wharwell nun- nery, 1051. Empalement, a punishment of very ancient date : a stake being passed longitudinally through the body, which is then placed upright. The assassin of General Kleber in Egypt, was staked or impaled in 1800. Emperor, from the Latin imper- ator, at first a military title ; Au- gustus Caesar Avas the first Roman emperor, 27 a.c ; Valens, the first emperor of the East, 364 ; the title ENG 198 ENG has been often adopted in modern times, the last being Napoleon III., Emperor of the Erench, 1851. Empson, beheaded on Tower Hill, Aug. 28, 1510. Enamelling, art of, known in England in the time of Alfred the Great, 837. Encaustic Painting, art restored, 1749, by Count Caylus and others. Encyclopaedia. See Cyclopaedia. Enghein, Battle of, between Wil- liam III. of England and Marshal Luxemburg, fought, Aug. 3, 1692, the English being defeated. The Duke d'Enghein shot after his con- demnation by a military court at Vincennes, Mar. 20, 1804. Engineers, civil and military, the latter were once called trench mas- ters, 1622; the chief engineer, camp master-general, 1634 ; the corps of engineers of the army was once a civil corps, but made a military one, and directed to act with the artil- lery, April 25, 1787. Engineers, an association called civil, established, 1828. Engines for extinguishing fires, invented, 1663 ; improved, 1752. Engines, building and machinery used in collieries, to destroy, made a capital offence, 1815. England, said to haA^ebeen so named by king Egbert, 829, in an of- ficial form ; generally supposed to be derived from the Saxon Angles, and lond or land for country. Origi- nally inhabited by a branch of the Gauls or Celts ; the extreme west, or Cornwall, seems to have been known to the Phoenicians and Car- thaginians, who traded there from Gades, or Cadiz, for tin, a thousand years before Christ. The western part, in the time of Julius Caesar, inhabited by the Belgae, the north- ern by the Brigantes, South Wales by the Silures, and Norfolk and Suffolk by the Iceni. Invaded by Julius Csesar, 55 b.c. ; subdued by Claudius, 46 a.d. ; completely so by Agricola, in 85 ; the Romans kept possession till 427 ; ravaged by the Picts, 448 ; conquered by the Saxons, 455, invited over by the ancient inhabitants ; they divided it into seven kingdoms, called the heptarchy ; erected into a kingdom by the union of all the kingdoms of the heptarchy, near 400 years after the arrival of the Saxons, 827 ; it was called England by order of Egbert, the first king of England, in a general council held at Win- chester, a.d., 829 ; the name of Eng- land and of Englishman, had been used as far back as 688, but had never been ratified by any assembly of the nation ; conquered by the Danes, 867 ; recovered by Alfred, 878 ; divided into counties and hun- dreds, 886 ; a general survey made, and the rolls deposited at Winches- ter, 896 ; an inglorious peace made with the Danes, and tribute agreed to be paid annually, besides £10,000 in money, provided they l-etired, and discontinued their invasions, 993 ; in 1002 the Danes broke the agreement, committed horrid cruel- ties and devastations, and the timid Ethelred II. paid them no less than £36,000 for peace, which sum was levied by a tax on all the lands in England for Danegelt, by which ig- nominious name this first land-tax was known and collected in Eng- land, till it was suppressed by Ed- ward the Confessor, in 1042, when it was £40,000 annually ; William I. revived it as a crown revenue ; in 1013, Swein totally conquered Eng- land, was proclaimed king, and obliged Ethelred to retire to the Isle of Wight, who sent his wife and sons to Normandy ; it remained in the hands of the Danish kings till 1042 ; William, Duke of Normandy, claimed the crown, invaded Eng- land, defeated the reigning king, Harold II., and the English were next governed by the Norman line, 1066 ; a new survey made of Eng- land, and the register called Dooms- day-book, being, however, only an alteration and improvement of Alfred's, 1080 ; the taxes were levied according to this survey till 13 Henry VIII., 1522, when a more EN0 199 ENG accurate survey was taken, and was called by the people the new Dooms- day-book ; put under an interdict by the Pope, for John's opposing his nomination to the see of Canter- bury, 1201 ; interdict taken off on John's submission, 1214,; all in arms, 1215; Magna Charta was confirmed in this year; underweut a reformation in government, 1258; put under an interdict on Henry VIII.'s shaking off the Pope's su- premacy, 1535 ; the crowns of Eng- land and Scotland united in the person of James VI. of Scotland, who succeeded to the throne of England by the title of James I., 1603 ; the two kingdoms united by the consent of both nations, and thenceforth named Great Britain, 1707 ; Ireland united to England and Scotland, and the whole de- nominated the British empire, Jan. 1, 1801 ; Prince of Wales sworn in regent of the United Kingdom, during the indisposition of George III., Feb. 5, 1811. England, the first geographical map of it, 1520. The island of Great Britain is about 520 miles in length, and the circuit of its coast makes about 1800 miles. The part constituting England and Wales is in length, from Newhaven, in Sus- sex, to Berwick-upon-Tweed, 355 miles, and in breadth, from the South Foreland in Kent to the Land's End in Cornwall, 325 miles. The area of England and Wales, computed in acres, has been very differently stated by different au- thors; for as it has never been ascertained by an actual survey, various modes of computation have been adopted, which have disagreed materially in the result. The fol- lowing are the principal estimates on this point: — By Sir William Petty, 28,000,000 acres ; Dr. Grew, 48,000,000 acres; Dr. Halley, 39,938,500 acres ; Templeman, 31,648,000 acres; Arthur Young, 48,916,000 acres; Rev. H. Becke, 33,498,572 acres. In the returns relative to the poor, laid before the House of Commons in 1804, it was stated that by the best computation England and Wales contained 58,335 square statute miles, and 37,334,400 statute acres. Scotland, with its islands, contains about 21,000,000 acres. The soil of South Britain is annually cropped in the following proportions: — Wheat, 3,080,000 acres; barley and rye, 850,000 acres ; oats and beans, 2,800,000 acres; clover, rye-grass, &c, 1,120,000 acres ; turnips, car- rots, cabbages, &c, 1,120,000 acres; fallow, 2,100,000 acres ; hop grounds, 35,000 acres; nursery grounds, 8,500 acres ; fruit and kitchen gar- dens, 45,000 acres ; pleasure grounds, 16,000 acres; land, depastured by cattle, 17,000,000 acres; hedge- rows, copses, and woods, 1,600,000 acres ; ways, water, &c, 1,282,100 acres. Cultivated land, 31,056,600 acres ; commons and wastes, 6,277,800 acres. Total, 37,334,400 acres. The number of horses for which duty was paid 1,780,000. Their annual consumption of food, reckoned by the produce of acres, is — 200,000 pleasure horses, 5 acres each, 10,000,000 acres; 30,000 ca- valry, 5 acres each, 150,000 acres; 1,200,000 husbandry, 4 acres each, 4,800,000 acres ; 350,000 colts, mares, &c, 3 acres each, 1,050,000 acres. Total, 7,000,000 acres. The total population of Great Britain, as it appeared by the returns made in 1801, including the army, navy, and merchant seamen, was 10,942,646 ; to which if the islands of Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, and the Scilly islands, are added, it might then be taken at 11,000,000. It is evident that the welfare of a nation, and its political strength, do not depend so much on its numerical population, as on the manner in which that po- pulation is employed ; and the pro- portion of productive to unproduc- tive labourers of which it consists. No accurate account of this kind has been taken ; but the following estimate of the different classes of persons who compose the present EIG 200 ENG population of Great Britain, was not at the above period far from the truth, and a proportionate addition under each head will give the enor- mous increase. — See Census. No- bility and gentry, 5000 ; clergy of the churches of England and Scot- land, 18,000 ; ditto, dissenters of every description, 14,000 ; army and militia, including half- pay, &c, 240,000; navy and marines, 130,000 ; seamen in the merchant's service, 155,000; lighter- men, watermen, &c, 3500 ; persons employed in collecting the public revenue, 6000; judges, counsel, at- torneys, &c, 14,000 ; merchants, brokers, factors, &c, 25,000 ; clerks to ditto, and to commercial com- panies, 40,000; employed in the different manufactures, 1,680,000 ; mechanics not immediately belong- ing to ditto, 50,000 ; shopkeepers, 160,000; schoolmasters and mis- tresses, 20,000 ; artists, 5000 ; play- ers, musicians, &c, 4000 ; employed in agriculture, 2,000,000 ; male and female servants, 800,000 ; gamblers, swindlers, thieves, and prostitutes, &c, 150,000 ; convicts and pri- soners, 10,000; aged and infirm, 293,000 ; wives and daughters of most of the above, 2,427,500 ; chil- dren under ten yrs. of age, 2,750,000. Total, 11,000,000. The present po- pulation, after the census of 1851, is 20,919,531 for Great Britain.— See Census. The productions of the country have no doubt increased in nearly the same proportion.. — See Bevenue. The total income of all classes of the community, both as arising from capital and labour, appears to be nearly as follows : — Erom rent of lands, £29,000,000; from rent of. houses, £8,500,000 ; profits of farming, or occupation of land, £6,120,000; income of labour- ers in agriculture, £15,000,000; profits of mines, canals, collieries, &c, £2,000,000; profits of merchant shipping, &c, £1,000,000; income of stockholders, £20,500,000 ; from mortgages and other moneys lent, £3,000,000 ; profits of foreign trade, £11,250,000; profits of manufac- tures, £14,100,000; pay of army, navy, and merchant seamen, £5,000,000 ; income of the clergv of all descriptions, £2,200,000; judges, and all subordinate officers of the law, £1,800,000; profes- sors, schoolmasters, tutors, &c, £600,000 ; retail trades not imme- diately connected with foreign trade or manufactures, £8,000,000 ; vari- ous other professions and employ- ments, £2,000,000 ; male and fe- male servants, £2,400,000. Total, £132,470,000. If this statement, the total of which is corroborated by the produce of the late income or property tax, is not far from the truth, it will not be difficult to form a similar estimate of the total na- tional capital, viz., Value of the land, at 28 years' purchase, £812,000,000 ; value of houses, at 20 years' pur- chase, £170,000,000; manufacto- ries, machinery, steam-engines, &c, £20,000,000; household furniture, £42,500,000 ; apparel, provisions, fuel, wine, plate, watches and jewels, books, carriages, &c, £40,000,000 ; cattle of all kinds, £90,000,000 ; grain of all kinds, £10,600,000 ; hay, straw, &c, £6,600,000 ; implements of husbandry, £2,000,000; mer- chant shipping, £12,800,000; the navy, £6,000,000; coin and bullion, £24,000,000 ; goods in the hands of merchants, &c, £16,300,000; goods in the hands of manufacturers and retail traders, £20,000,000. Total national capital, £1,272,800,000. By the calculations of a commit- tee, it is computed that the cultiva- tion of the Avaste lands would yield to the nation an income of above £20,000,000 a-year, and the agri- cultural population find additional employment. This class of the population has not increased with the manufacturing ratio. The fol- lowing was delivered by the com- mittee of agriculture, being a gene- ral view of the extent of the island of Great Britain, and the propor- tion between the waste and unen- closed, and the cultivated part : — • ENG 201 ENG ACRES UNCULTIVATED. England and Wales 7,888,777 Scotland 14,213,224 22,102,001 ACRES CULTIVATED. England and Wales 39,027,156 Scotland 12,151,471 51,178,627 TOTAL EXTENT. England and Wales 46,915,933 Scotland 26,369,695 73,285,628 The above estimate will give some general idea of the magnitude of this great source of national wealth. Of the value of these wastes, were they improved in the manner of which they are capable, it is difficult to form any adequate idea. At the same time it may be of service to submit some data, as the basis of future calculation. On the suppo- sition, therefore, that there are 22,000,000 of acres of waste and un- enclosed lands in the kingdom, the whole may be divided, according to the various qualities of the soil and surface, in the following manner : — ACRES. Incapable of all improve- ment 1,000,000 Eit to be planted 3,000,000 Eit for upland pasture.... 14,000,000 Eit for tillage 3,000,000 Capable of being con- verted into meadow, or water-meadow 1,000,000 Total 22,000,000 The 1,000,000 of acres, as being in- capable of cultivation, must be esti- mated as of no annual value. The 3,000,000, supposed to be fit for plantation, according to the inge- nious calculation of the late bishop of Llandaff, may be worth 8s. an acre, or in all, £1,200,000 per an- il- um. This, however, is the value of the annual produce, and not rent. The 14,000,000 of acres of upland pasture, when improved, ' cannot be calculated at less than 5s. per acre of rent, or £3,500,000 per annum. The 3,000,000 of acres supposed to be convertible into arable land, would certainly, when enclosed, be worth at an average 10s. per acre, or £1,500,000 per annum. The 1,000,000 of acres supposed to be converted into meadow, or water- meadow, cannot be calculated at less than 30s. per acre, or £1,500,000 in all. The account may then be thus stated : — £ Kent of the upland pas- ture 3,500,000 Rent of the arable land. . . 1,500,000 Rent of the meadows 1,500,000 This must be multiplied by 3, in order to give the annual produce 6,500,000 Add the annual produce of 3,000,000 of acres, supposed to be planted, 19,500,000 amounting to 1,200,000 Total £20,700,000 English Kings. — Before the Ro- mans appeared, the Britons, who then possessed the country, were di- vided into several nations, each of them governed by their own kings. Julius Cassar landed in England, Aug. 26, 55 a.c., but he did not long remain. Even in 14 a.d., in the reign of Tiberius, the Romans had little footing in England ; Claudius first subdued the island in 43, and Britain became a member of the Roman empire ; many of the tribes had still their proper kings, who were suffered to govern by their own laws, provided they were tributary- ; such were Cogidunus and Prastita- gus, mentioned by Tacitus. Lucius, who is said to be the first Christian kino- died in 181, and left the Ro- ENG 202 ENG man empire heir to his kingdom ; and Coilus, the father of Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. Two emperors of Rome died in Eng- land, at York, Alexander Severus and Constantius. After the Ro- mans had quitted Britain, upon the irruption of the Goths into Italy during the reign of Honorius, that is, in 410, they sent a legion to protect them, in 423, during the reign of Valentinian. In 427, they left Britain, after endeavouring to arouse the inhabitants to warlike habits in their own defence, in vain. The government returned to the Britons, who chose for their king, Constantine, brother of Aldroinus, king of Brittany, in France, a prince of the British blood, to whom suc- ceeded Constantine, his son ; then Vortigern, who usurped the crown ; but being harassed by the Scots and Picts, in 448, to maintain his usur- pation, first called in the Saxons, at that time hovering along the coast of Britain, in 449. These having got sure footing in the island, never left the Britons quiet till they were possessed of the whole ; and though they were overthrown in many bat- tles by king Vortimer, the son and colleague of Vortigern, and after- wards by king Arthur, yet the Bri- tons were soon after his death so broken and weakened, that they were forced at last to retreat, and exchange the plain and fertile part of Britain for the mountains of Wales and Cornwall; a portion had before gone from Cornwall into Brittany and founded that province. Cadwallader, the last king of the Britons, began to reign 683, killed in battle Lothaire, king of Kent, and Ethelwold, king of the West Saxons ; turned monk, and died at Rome. Thus the Britons left the stage and the Saxons entered. By these the country was divided into seven king- doms, called the Heptarchy ; Kent, the first kingdom, was in Julius Csssar's time the sovereignty of four petty princes, and never ealled a kingdom till Hengist erected it into one. The Heptarchy — The king- dom of Kent contained only the county of Kent ; its kings were — 1 Hengist began . . . 455 2 Eske 488 3 Octa 512 4 Ymrick 534 5 Ethelbert .... 568 6 Eabald 617 7 Ercombert .... 640 8 Egbert ... . . . 664 9 Lothaire 673 10 Edrick 685 11 Withdred .... 686 12 issr d }- • » 13 Edelbert alone . . . 743 14 Alkric 760 15 Edelbert Pren . . 794 16 Cuthred 798 17 Baldred 805 This kingdom began 455, ended 823. Its first Christian king was Ethelbert. The kingdom of the South Saxons contained the counties of Sussex and Surrey; its kings were — 1 Ella began .... 491 2 Cissa 514 3 Chevelin 590 4 Ceolwic 592 5 Ceoluph 597 6 IqSU • • «» 7 Ethelwolf .... 634 8 Canowalch .... 643 9 Adelwach .... 649 This kingdom began 491, ended 754. Its first Christian king was Ethelwolf. The kingdom of the West Saxons contained the counties of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Hants, and Berks : its kings were — 1 Cerdic began . . . 519 2 Kenric 534 3 Ceaulin 560 4 Ceolric 592 5 Ceoluph 598 6 Cinigisil 611 7 Cuichelme .... 614 8 Kenwald 643 9 Adelwald .... 648 10 Lexburga .... 672 11 Censua, Eskwin . . 674 12 Kentwin 676 ENG 203 ENG 13 Ceadwald .... 686 14 Ina 688 15 Ethlard 727 16 Cuthred 740 17 f Sigebert and) 754 ( Kenwolfe J 18 Brithrick .... 784 19 Egbert 800 This kingdom began 519, ended 828. Its first Christian king was Cinigisil. The kingdom of the East Saxons contained the counties of Essex and Middlesex : its kings were — 1 Erchenwin began . . 527 2 Sledda 587 3 Sebert 604 ( Sexred ) 4 1 Seward [• ... 616 ( Sigebert ) 5 Sigebert the Little . 623 6 Sigebert the Good . 653 7 Swithelme . . . 655 8 Sighere and Sebba . 665 9 Sebba 683 K» IS"! • • ™ 11 Offa 705 12 Seolfred 707 13 Swithred 746 This kingdom began 527, ended 746. Its first Christian king was Sebert. The kingdom of Northum- berland contained Yorkshire, Dur- ham, Lancaster, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Northumberland : its kings were — 1 Ella, or Ida, began . 547 2 Adda 559 3 Glappa 566 4 Theodwald .... 572 5 Frethulfe .... 573 6 Theodrick .... 579 7 Ethelrick .... 586 8 Ethelfrid 593 9 Edwin 624 10 Osric 633 11 Oswald ..... 634 12 Oswy 643 13 Ethelward .... 653 14 Egfrid 670 15 Alfred 685 16 Osred 1 705 17 Kenred 716 18 Oswick 718 19 Ceolulphe . . . 730 20 Egbert 737 21 Oswulph 758 22 Edilwald 759 23 Ailred 765 24 Ethelred 774 25 Alfwald 1 779 26 Osred II 789 27 Ethelred restored . . 790 28 Osbald 796 29 Ardulph 797 30 Alfwald II 807 31 Andred .... ^ 810 This kingdom began 547, ended 810. Its first Christian king Avas Edwin. The kingdom of the East Angles contained the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, and the Isle of Ely : its kings were- 1 Uffa began 2 Titullus . 3 Redwald . 4 Erpenwald 5 Sigebert . 6 ( Egrick | Annas 7 Ethelric 8 Ethwald 9 Adwolfe 10 Alfwald -. -j ,000 slain, among whom was the king of Bohemia, 1346 ; the queen took the king of Scotland prisoner, and 20,000 Scots slain, same year ; Calais besieged and taken, Aug. 4, 1347, and St. Stephen's chapel, afterwards the House of Commons, built, 1348; the order of the Garter instituted, 1349 ; the Erench de- feated at Poictiers, their king and prince taken, and the king of Na- varre imprisoned, 1356 ; the king of Scotland ransomed for 100,000 marks, 1358; the king of France ransomed for £300,000, 1359 ; four kings entertained at the Lord May- or's feast, viz.: England, France, Scotland, and Cyprus, 1364; Phi- lippa, his queen, died at Windsor, Aug. 16, 1369, and was buried at Westminster ; Edward died at Rich- mond, June 21, 1377, and was suc- ceeded by his grandson, Richard II., son to Edward the Black Prince, who was born June 15, 1330; created duke of Cornwall in full parliament, Mar. 7, 1337, the first in England that bore the title of Duke ; created Prince of Wales, 1344 ; brought the king of France prisoner to England, from the battle of Poictiers, Sept. 19, 1356; went to Castile, 1367; died of a consumption, June 8, 1376, and was buried at Canter- bury. — John of Gaunt, duke of Lan- caster, fourth son of Edward III., born, 1340, married Blanch, daugh- ter of the duke of Lancaster, 1359, by whom he became possessed of that dukedom and title ; she died, 1396, and in 1372 he married the daughter of the king of Castile and Leon, and took that title ; in 1369, he married a third wife, Catherine Swinford, from whom descended Henry VII.— He died, 1399, and was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral, London. — Richard II, born at Bor- deaux, Jan. 6, 1367 ; had two royal godfathers, the kings of Navarre and Majorca ; made guardian of the kingdom, Aug. 30, 1372, created Prince of Wales, 1376 ; succeeded his grandfather, Edward III., June 21, 1377, when not eleven years old, and t crowned at Westminster, 16th July following ; the rebellion of Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, 1381 ; married Anne, sister to the emperor of Germany, I and king of Bohemia, Jan. 1382, ENG 211 ENG who died without issue at Sliene, and was buried at Westminster Abbey, 3rd Aug., 1395 ; married Isabella, daughter to the king of France, 31st Oct., 1396. — He was taken prisoner by Henry duke of Lancaster, his cousin, and sent to the Tower, 1st Sept., 1399 ; re- signed his crown 29th Sept. follow- ing, and was succeeded by Henry IV. — Richard was murdered in Pomfret Castle, 13th Feb., 1400, and buried atLangley, but removed to Westminster 14 years afterwards. ■ — Thomas, duke of Gloucester, uncle to Richard II., was smothered, 28th Feb., 1367.— Thomas Beaufort, duke of Exeter, half-brother to Richard II., died without issue, 24th Dec, 1424, and was buried at St. Ed- mondsbury, where his body was discovered uncorrupted in 1772, after being buried 348 years. — Henry IV., duke of Lancaster, grandson of Edward III., born 1367, married Mary, the daughter of the earl of Hereford, who died 1394, before he obtained the crown ; fought with the duke of Norfolk, 1397, and ban- ished ; returned to England in arms against Richard II., who resigned him his crown, and Henry was crowned, 13th Oct., 1399, when he created 47 knights of the Bath, in- cluding his three sons ; conspired against, Jan., 1400 ; marched against the Welsh, 1402 ; married a second queen, Joan of Navarre, widow of the duke of Bretagne, 1402 ; she was crowned with great magnificence, 27th Eeb. following, and died in 1417 ; in 1403 began the rebellion of the Percies, sup- pressed July following. — He died of an apoplexy, in Westminster, 20th March, 1413 ; was buried at Can- terbury, and succeeded by his son, Henry V., who was born in 1388, and, when prince of Wales, was committed to prison for insulting one of the judges, 1412 ; crowned at Westminster, 9th April, 1413 ; claimed the ci*own of France, 1414 ; gained the battle of Agincourt, 25th Oct., 1415 ; pledged his regalia for £60,000, to push his conquests, 1416. — The emperor I Sigismund paid a visit to Henry, and was in- stalled Knight of the Garter, 1416 ; invaded Normandy with an army of 26,000 men, 1417 ; declared regent, and married Catharine of France, 2nd June, 1420 ; she was crowned at Westminster, 22nd Feb. follow- ing ; outlived Henry, and was mar- ried afterwards to Owen Tudor, grandfather of Henry VII. — Henry died of a pleurisy at Rouen, 31st Aug., 1422, aged 34 ; Was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by Henry VI., born at Windsor, Dec. 6th, 1421 ; succeeded to the throne, Aug. 31, 1422 ; proclaimed king of France the same year; crowned at Westminster, Nov. 6, 1429 ; crowned at Paris, Dec. 17, 1430; married to Margaret, daughter of the duke of Anjou, at South- wick, Hampshire, April 22, 1445, and was crowned at Westmin- ster, 30th May following ; Jack Cade's insurrection, 1450 ; Henry taken prisoner at St. Alb an 's, 1455 ; but regained his liberty, 1461 ; and deposed 2nd March following, by his fourth cousin, Edward IV. ; fled into Scotland, and taken pri- soner in Lancashire, 1463 ; restored to his throne, 6th Nov., 1470 ; taken prisoner again by Edward, 11th April, 1471 ; Queen Margaret and her son taken prisoners at Tewkes- bury by Edward, June, 1471 ; the prince killed in cold blood, 21st May, and Henry murdered in the Tower, 20th June following, and buried at Chertsey, aged 49 ; after- wards removed to Windsor. — Hwrphtey, duke of Gloucester, fourtn son of Henry IV., was strangled by the order of his nephew, Henry VI., and buried at St. Alban's, 1447.— Edward IV., born at Rouen, April 29, 1443 ; descended from the third son of Ed- ward III ; elected king, March 3, 1461 ; and before his coronation obliged to take the field, and fight the battle of Towton, when 36,776 fell, and not one prisoner taken but ENG 212 ENG the earl of Devonshire, March 29 ; crowned at Westminster, June 28, 1461 ; sat publicly with the judges in Westminster-hall, 1462 ; mar- ried Lady Elizabeth Grey, widow of Sir John Grey of Groby, March 1, 1465; crowned the 26th follow- ing.. — Henry was taken prisoner by the earl of Warwick in Yorkshire, whence he was brought to London, with his legs tied under his horse's belly, 1464 ; released and restored, 1470. Edwai-d caused his brother, the duke of Clarence, who had joined the earl of Warwick, to be drowned in a butt of malmsey wine, March 11, 1478 ; died of a surfeit at Westminster, April 9, 1483 ; and was buried at Windsor, where his corpse was discovered undecayed, March 11, 1789, and his dress nearly perfect, as were the linea- ments of his face. He was suc- ceeded by his infant son, Edward V., born Nov. 4, 1470 ; proclaimed king at London, April 9, 1483 ; de- posed June 20, following ; and, with the duke of York, his brother, smothered soon after by their uncle, who succeeded him. — Richard III., duke of Gloucester, brother to Ed- ward IV., born 1453 ; took prince Edward, son of Henry VI., prisoner at Tewkesbury, and helped to mur- der him in cold blood ; afterwards married his widow ; made protector of England, May 27, 1483 ; elected king, June 20, and crowned July 6, following ; ditto at York, Aug. 18 ; lost his queen, March 16, 1484 ; slain in battle, at Bosworth, Aug. 22, 1485, aged 32; was buried at Leicester, and succeeded by Henry VII, born 1455; who landed at Milford Haven, Aug. 7, 1485 ; de- feated Richard III. in Bosworth- field ; was elected king, 1485 ; crowned Oct. 30, the same year; married Elizabeth, daughter of Ed- ward IV., Jan. 18, 1486, who was crowned Nov. 25, 1487, following ; defeated Lambert Simnel, the im- postor, June 16, 1487; received of the French king, as a compromise for his claim on that crown. £186,250, besides 25,000 crowns yearly, 1492 ; married his eldest son, Arthur, to princess Catherine of Spain, Nov. 14, 1501 ; prince Arthur died, April 2, 1502 ; queen Elizabeth died in child-bed, Feb. 11, following, and was buried at Westminster. — Mary, his third daughter, married Louis XII. of France, Oct. 9, 1514, by whom she was left without issue, and she mar- ried, May 2, 1515, Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, by whom she had issue, and died 1533, and was buried at St. Edmonclsbury, where her corpse was discovered, Sept. 6, 1784, in a perfect state. She was grand- mother of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey. — Henry married his daughter Margaret to James IV. of Scotland, 1501 ; died of a consump- tion at Richmond, April 22, 1509, aged 54; was buried at Westminster, and succeeded by his son, Henri/ VIII, born June 28, 1491 ; married Catherine, Infanta of Spain, widow of his brother Arthur, June 3, 1509; crowned June 24, following ; had a personal interview with Francis I. king of France, at Guisnes in Flan- ders, June, 1520, and again at Boulogne, Oct. 11, 1532 ; received the title of Defender of the Faith, 1521 ; in Nov. 1534, he was de- clared Head of the Church by par- liament ; divorced queen Catherine, and married Anne Bulleyn, Nov. 14, 1532; Anne crowned, June 1, 1533 ; assumed the title of Head of the Church of England, in the presence of his whole court, and re- ceived the first-fruits and tenths ; was excommunicated by Pope Paul, Aug. 30, 1535 ; Catherine, his first queen, died at Kimbolton, Jan. 8, 1536, aged 50; he put Anne, his second queen, to death, May 19, and married Jane Seymour, May 20, 1536, who died in childbed, Oct. 12, 1537; he dissolved and plundered the religious foundations in England, 1539 ; married Anne of Cleves, Jan. 6, 1540 ; divorced her, July 10, 1540 ; married Catherine Howard, his fifth wife, Aua:. 8, following;, and ENG 213 ENG beheaded her on Tower-hill, with Lady Rochford, Feb. 13, 1542 ; his title of king of Ireland was con- firmed by act of parliament, Jan. 24, 1544, to this king and his succes- sors ; married Catherine Parr, his sixth wife, July 12, 1543. He died of a fever and an ulcerated leg, at Westminster, Jan. 28, 1547, in the 56th year of his age ; was buried at Windsor, and succeeded by his only son, Edward VI., born Oct. 12, 1537; crowned, Sunday, Feb. 20, 1547 ; died of consumption, at Greenwich, July 6, 1553 ; was buried at Westminster, and succeeded, agreeably to his will, by his cousin, Jane Grey, born 1537 ; proclaimed queen, July 9, 1553 ; deposed soon after, and sent to the Tower, where she, with Lord Dudley, her husband, and her father, were beheaded, Apr. 12, 1554, aged 17, by the order of Mary, born Feb. 11, 1516 ; pro- claimed July 9, 1553 ; and crowned Oct. 1, following ; married Philip of Spain, July 25, 1554 ; died of drop- sy, Nov. 17, 1558 ; buried at West- minster, and succeeded by her half- sister, Elizabeth, born Sept. 7, 1533 sent prisoner to the Tower, 1554 began to reign, Nov. 17, 1558 crowned at Westminster, Jan. 15, 1559 ; Mary, queen of Scots, fled to England, May 17, 1568, and was imprisoned at Tutbury castle, Dec. 3, 1569 ; Elizabeth relieved the pro- testants in France with 100,000 crowns, besides artillery, 1568 ; a marriage proposed between the queen and the duke of Anjou, 1571 ; but finally rejected, 1581 ; beheaded Mary, queen of Scots, at Fotherin- gay castle, in Northamptonshire, Feb. 8, 1587, aged 44 ; the Spanish armada destroyed, 1588 ; Tyrone's rebellion in Ireland, 1598 ; Essex, the queen's favourite, beheaded, Feb. 25, 1601 ; the queen died at Rich- mond, March 24, 1603 ; buried at Westminster, succeeded by the son of Mary, queen of Scots, then James VI. of Scotland. James I, born at Edinburgh, June 19, 1566 ; crowned king of Scotland, July 29, 1567, at 13 months 8 days old; married Anne, princess of Denmark, Aug. 20, 1589 ; succeeded to the crown of England, March 24, 1603 ; first styled king of Great Britain, 1604 ; arrived at London, May 7, follow- ing ; lost his eldest son, Henry, prince of Wales, Nov. 5, 1612, aged 18 (his funeral expenses amounted to £16,016); married his daughter Elizabeth to the prince Palatine of the Rhine, 1612 ; went to Scotland, March 14, 1617 ; returned Sept. 15, 1618 ; lost his queen, March, 1619 ; died of an ague, March 27, 1625 ; was buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by Charles I„ born Nov. 19, 1600 ; visited Madrid to fetch a wife, March 7, 1623 ; succeeded to the crown, March 27, 1625 ; married Henrietta, daughter of the king of France, the same year; crowned Feb. 2, 1626; crowned at Edin- burgh, 1633; went to Scotland, Aug. 1641 ; returned Nov. 25, following ; went to the House of Commons, and demanded the five members, Jan. 1641-2; retired to York, March, 1642; raised his standard at Not- tingham, Aug. 22, following; tra- velled in the disguise of a servant, and put himself into the hands of the Scots, at Newark, May 5, 1646 ; sold by the Scots for £400,000, Aug 8, following ; seized by cornet Joyce, at Holmby, June 4, 1646 ; escaped from Hampton-court, and retreated to the Isle of Wight, July 29, 1648; closely confined in Carisbrook cas- tle, Dec. 1, following ; removed to Windsor castle, Dec. 23, to St. James's, Jan. 15, 1649 ; brought to trial, Jan. 20, condemned, 27, be- headed at Whitehall, 30, aged 49, and buried in St. George's chapel, Windsor. His queen, Henrietta, died in France, Aug. 10, 1669. Oliver Cromwell, born at Hunting- don, April 25, 1599, chosen member of parliament for Huntingdon, 1628; made a lieutenant-general, 1643 ; went over to Ireland with his army, Aug. 13, 1649; returned May, 1650; made protector for life, Dec. 12, 1653 ; was near being killed by fall- ENG 214 ENG ing from a coach-box, Oct. 1654 ; re-admitted the Jews into England, in 1656, after their expulsion of 365 years; refused the title of king, May 8, 1657 ; died at Whitehall, Sept. 3, 1658 ; and was succeeded by his son, Richard Cromwell, proclaimed pro- tector, Sept. 4, 1658 ; resigned April 22, 1659 ; died at Cheshunt, in Hertfordshire, July 12, 1712, aged 90. Charles II, born May 29, 1630; escaped from St. James's, April 23, 1648 ; landed in Scotland, 1650 ; crowned at Scone, Jan. 1, 1651 ; defeated at the battle of Wor- cester, 1651 ; landed at Dover, May 25, 1660, and the throne restored; crowned April 23, 1661 ; married Catherine, infanta of Portugal, May 21, 1662 ; accepted the city freedom, Dec. 18, 1674 ; died Eeb. 6, 1685, aged 54, of an apoplexy ; was buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by his brother James. Catherine, his queen, died, Dec. 30, 1705. James II, born Oct. 15, 1633 ; mar- ried Anne Hyde, Sept. 1660, who died, 1671 ; married the princess of Modena, Nov. 21, 1678 ; succeeded to the throne, Ye^. 6, 1685 ; Mon- mouth, natural son of Charles II., landed in England, June 11, 1685 ; proclaimed king at Taunton, in So- mersetshire, June 20, following ; defeated near Bridgewater, July 6 ; beheaded on Tower-hill, July 15, following, aged 35 ; James's queen had a son, born, June 10, 1688 ; the king fled from his palace, Dec. 10, 1688; was seized soon after at Ee- versham, and carried back to White- hall ; left England, Dec. 3, follow- ing ; landed at Kinsale, in Ireland, March 12, 1689; returned toErance, July, 1690; died at St. Germain's, Sept. 6, 1701. William III, prince of Orange, born Nov. 4, 1650 ; created Stadtholder, July 3, 1672 ; married the princess Mary of Eng- land, Nov. 4, 1677 ; landed at Tor- bay, in England, with an army, Nov. 4, 1688 ; declared king of England, Eeb. 13, 1689; crowned with his queen, April 11, 1689 ; landed at Carrickfergus, June 14, 1690 ; and defeated James II. at the battle of the Boyne, July 1, following ; a plot laid for assassinating him, Eeb. 1690; fell from his horse, and broke his collar-bone, Eeb. 26, 1702; died, March 8, aged 52 ; was buried Apr. 12, following, and left his sister-in- law, Anne, his successor to the croAvn. Mary, William's queen, born April, 30, 1662 ; proclaimed (with her husband) queen regent of England, Eeb. 13, 1689 ; died of the small-pox, Dec. 28, 1694. aged 32, and was buried at Westminster. Anne, born Feb. 6, 1665; married to Prince George of Denmark, July 28, 1683, by whom she had eighteen children, all of whom died young ; she came to the crown, March 8, 1702 ; crowned April 23, following ; lost her son George, duke of Glou- cester, by a fever, July 29, 1700, aged 11 ; lost her husband, who died of an asthma and dropsy, Oct. 28, 1708, aged 35 ; the queen died of an apoplexy, Aug. 1, 1714, aged 49 ; was buried at Westminster, and was succeeded by George I, elector of Hanover, duke of Brunswick- Lunenburg, born May 28, 1660; created duke of Cambridge, &c, Oct. 5, 1706. Princess Sophia, his queen, mother of George II., died June 8, 1714, aged 83. He was proclaimed August 1, 1714 ; landed Sept. 18, following; died on his journey to Hanover, Sunday, June 11, 1727, of a paralytic disorder. — ■ George II, bora Oct. 30, 1683; created Prince of Wales, Oct. 4, 1714; married the princess Wilhel- mina Carolina Dorothea, of Brand- enburgh-Anspach, 1705; ascended the throne, June 11, 1727 ; sup- pressed a rebellion, 1745 ; died Oct. 25, 1760, aged 77, and was succeeded by his grandson, George III. — Frederick Leivis, prince of Wales, son of George II., born Jan. 20, 1707; arrived in England, Dec. 1728; married Augusta, princess of Saxe-Gotha, April 27, 1736 ; for- bidden the court the year following ; died March 20, 1751, aged 44; having had issue, Augusta, bom ENG 215 ENG Aug. 11, 1737, afterwards duchess of Brunswick; George Augustus, afterwards king of England; Ed- ward Augustus, born March 25, 1759, died duke of York, Sept. 17, 1769; Eliza Caroline, born Jan. 10, 1740, died Sept. 1759; William Henry, born Nov. 23, 1743, duke of Gloucester, died Aug. 25, 1805; Henry Frederick born Nov. 7, 1745, duke of Cumberland, married Oct. 1771, Anne Horton, daughter of Lord Irnham, and died without issue, Sept. 18, 1780 ; Louisa Anne, born May 29, 1748, died May 21, 1768 ; Frederick William, born May 24, 1750, died May 10, 1765 ; Caro- line Matilda, born July 22, 1759, died queen of Denmark, 1775. His princess died of a consumption, Feb. 8, 1772, aged 52.— George III., eldest son of Frederick, late prince of Wales, was born June 4, 1738 ; created prince of Wales, 1751 ; suc- ceeded his grandfather, Oct. 25, 1760; proclaimed the next day. His issue were : 1. George prince of Wales (afterwards George IV.), born Aug. 12, 1762; married Apr. 8, 1795, Caroline Amelia Augusta, the second daughter of the duke of Brunswick (by Augusta, the eldest sister of George III.), born May 17, 1768, by whom he had issue, Char- lotte Caroline Augusta, born Jan. 7, 1796, who died Nov. 6, 1817. 2. Frederick, duke of York, bishop of Osnaburg, born Aug. 16, 1763; married at Berlin Oct. 1, and again by the archbishop of Canterbury, Nov. 21, to Frederica Charlotta Ulrica Catherina, princess-royal of Prussia, who was born May 7, 1767; died Jan. 5, 1827. 3. William Henry, born Aug. 21, 1765, duke of Clarence ; passed through all the ranks of the navy, but received no command (afterwards William IV.) 4. Charlotte Augusta Matilda, born Sept. 29, 1766 ; married, May 17, 1797, to Frederick William, duke (afterwards king) of Wurtemburg, who died 1816. 5. Edward, duke of Kent, born Nov. 2, 1767; died Jan. 23, 1820. 6. Augusta Sophia, born Nov. 8, 1768. 7. Elizabeth, born May 22, 1770. 8. Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumberland, born June 5, 1771 ; married to the dowager princess of Salms, Aug. 29, 1814. 9. Augustus Frederick, duke of Sussex, born Jan. 27, 1773. 10. Adolphus Frederick, duke of Cam- bridge, Feb. 24, 1774 ; died, Julv 8, 1850. 11. Mary, born April 25, 1776 ; married to William Frederick, duke of Gloucester, July 22, 1816. 12. Sophia, born Nov. 3, 1777. 13. Octavius, born Feb. 23, 1779 ; died May 3, 1783. 14. Alfred, born Sept. 22, 1780; died Aug. 20, 1782. 15. Amelia, born Aug. 8, 1783; died Nov. 2, 1810. George IV, eldest son of George III., born Aug. 12, 1762 ; married the princess Caroline of Brunswick, April 8, 1795; as- sumed the office of regent, 1810; succeeded to the throne, Jan. 29, 1820; died June 26, 1830. Queen Caroline died Aug. 27, 1821. Prin- cess Charlotte of Wales born, his only issue, Jan. 7, 1796 ; married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, afterwards king of Belgium, May 2, 1816; died in child-bed, Nov. 6, 1817.— William IV. born Aug. 21, 1765; married July 13, 1818, Adelaide, sister of the duke of Saxe- Meiningen, born July 13, 1792 ; was appointed Lord High Admiral in 1827 ; succeeded his brother, George IV., June 26, 1830 ; died June 20, 1837; succeeded by Victoria, only daughter of the duke of Kent, born May 24, 1819; married Feb. 10, 1840, her cousin the Prince of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha, and has had issue, Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, born Nov. 21, 1840 ; Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, Nov. 9, 1841 ; Alice Maud Mary, April 2.5, 1843; Alfred Ernest, Aug. 6, 1844; Helena Augusta Victoria, May 25, 1846; Louisa Carolina Alberta, March 18, 1848; Arthur Patrick Albert, May 1, 1850 ; and Leopold George Duncan Albert, April 7, 1853. ENG 216 ENG England, duration of Reigns of Sovereigns of, corresponding WITH THE TEAR OF THE CHRISTIAN Era, from 1066 to 1852. * It is sometimes the custom to omit twelve years, during the Commonwealth, and to give the date from the death of Charles I. to Charles II. KB.— Every king's reign begins at the death of his predecessor : for example, George IV. began, Jan. 29, the first year of his reign is complete, Jan. 28, 1821. ENG 217 ENG England, occurrences in history of: — the Danes first appeared on the English coast, 783 ; destroy Can- terbury and London in two inva- sions, 867, 871 ; Alfred fights 56 battles with them during his reign, 871 and 899 ; frames his laws, 890.; his survey, 896; divided England into counties, 899; died, 900; the Danes massacred, 1002; Ethelred II. fled to Normandy for protection from the Danes under Swein, 1003 ; returned, 1014; the Danes ravage all England, 1017 ; the Saxon line restored, 1042 ; the Norman line be- gan, under William L, 1066; the government settled, 1067; western insurrection subdued, 1068 ; English turned out of their estates, and monasteries plundered by William and his minions, 1070 ; feudal law established, 1070 ; doomsday book compiled, 1081 ; New Forest formed, lands unjustly seized for the purpose, 1082; war with France, 1087; William II. invaded Normandv, 1090; war with Scotland, 1093; Robert of Normandy sold his empire to William II. for 10,000 marks, 1097 ; Henry I. seized the English crown, 1100 ; Duke Robert, the rightful heir, invaded England, 1101 ; treaty by which Robert resigned England for a pension, signed, 1102 ; Normandy conquered by Henry L, 1106 : stealing first made capital, as well as coining ; a charter granted to London by Henry; died, 1135; Matilda the rightful heir, 1135; Stephen usurped the throne, setting Matilda aside ; battle of the stand- ard, the Scotch defeated, 1138 ; she landed in England, 1139; crowned at Winchester, 1141 ; and was be- sieged there, 1141 ; retired into Nor- mandy, 1146, after defeating Ste- phen; compromise between Prince Henry and Stephen, 1153; Henry II. succeeded, 1155 ; Becket mur- dered, 1171 ; the constitutions of Clarendon, 1164; Ireland conquered, 1172 ; England divided into circuits for judicial administration, 1176; war with Scotland, 1173 ; William, king of Scotland, defeated and taken prisoner, 1174; the Scotch king and his nobles made to do homage for all his possessions, 1175; Berwick, Roxburgh, and EdinbtTrgh, put into the hands of the English, 1175 ; English laws digested by Glanville, 1181 ; war with France, 1189 ; Richard I. sets out for the crusade, 1189 ; Richard I. made prisoner in Germany, is ransomed for 150,000 marks, 1194 ; war with France, 1199 ; coats of arms first introduced ; Normandy taken from King John, 1204 ; the pope interdicts England, and excommunicates John, 1208 ; insurrection of the barons, and sig- nature of Magna Charta, 1215 ; usurpations of the barons, 1259, 1260 ; civil wars of the barons, 1263 ; plunder and massacre of 500 Jews by the Londoners, 1263; battle of Lewes, May 14, 1264 ; the first free parliament summoned at Maser- bridge, 1265 ; battle of Evesham, Aug. 4, 1266 ; assize of bread fixed, 35 Henry III. ; Wales conquered, 1276 ; annexed to the crown, 1286 ; homage from Scotland, 1291 ; war with France, 1295 ; burgesses sum- moned to parliament, 1279 ; battle of Falkirk, July 22, 1298 ; Scotland subdued, 1299 ; war with Scotland, 1311 ; battle of Bannockburn, 1314 ; Edward II. dethroned and murdered, 1327 ; war with Scotland, battle of Halidon Hill, July 19, 1333 ; battle of Crecy, Aug. 26, 1346 ; battle of Nevil's Cross, and king of Scotland taken prisoner, Oct. 17, 1346 ; Calais taken, 1347 ; battle of Poictiers, and capture of the king of France, 1356 ; peace of Brittany, May 8, 1360; law-pleading in English, 1362 ; war anew with France, 1368; in- surrection of Tyler and Straw, June 12, 1381 ; death of Wickliffe, 1385 ; murder of Richard II. at Pomfret castle, 1399 ; insurrection in Eng- land, 1400 ; in Wales, 1401 ; the battle of Shrewsbury, July 21, 1403; Lollards persecuted, 1414; invasion of France, 1415 ; battle of Agincourt, Oct. 25, 1415; revenue of the crown, temp. Henry V., £55,714: 10: 10; Henry VI. crowned ENG 218 ENG at Paris, Dec. 1, 1430; decline of the English power in France, 1440 ; Henry deposed by Edward of the line of York, 1461 ; Queen Mar- garet and her son taken at Tewkes- bury, May 4, 1471 ; the prince mur- dered, May 21, 1471 ; Henry mur- dered, June 20, 1471 ; battle of Bosworth Field, 1485; yeomen of the guard appointed by Henry VIL, the first standing troops in England, 1488 ; Henry VIL sells his claim to the sovereignty of France to Louis, 1492 ; death of Prince Arthur, 1502 ; Henry VIII. marries his brother's widow, 1509 ; interview in the Field of the Cloth of Gold, May 31, 1520 ; Henry VIII. styled Defender of the Faith by the pope, 1521 ; head of the church by the protestants, hav- ing seized upon the church property, 1532 ; divorces his first wife Ca- therine, May 23, 1532 ; Sir T. More beheaded, 1535 ; Henry VIII. mar- ried Anna Boleyn, Nov. 14, 1532 ; beheaded her, May 19, 1536, and the next day married Jane Sey- mour, who died Oct. 12, 1537 ; married Anne of Cleves, Jan. 6, 1540; divorced her, Sept., 1540; married Catherine Howard, Aug. 8, 1540 ; beheaded her, Feb. 13, 1442 ; married Catherine Parr, July 12, 1543; died, Jan. 28, 1547; Crom- well Lord Essex beheaded, 1540; title of king of Ireland confirmed by act of parliament, 1543 ; Edward VI. promoted the reformation, 1547; Book of Common Prayer and the church service established, 1552; Queen Mary restored Catholicism, 1555 ; execution of Lady Jane Grey, and her husband, father, and rela- tions, 1554; Queen Mary married Philip of Spain ; Ridley, Latimer, and Cranmer executed, 1555, 1556; Calais retaken by the French, 1558 ; protestantism established by Eliza- beth, 1558; Mary Queen of Scots executed, 1587 ; the Spanish armada threatens England, 1588; Earl of Essex beheaded, 1601 ; England and Scotland united under James I., 1604; gunpowder plot, 1605; the Bible first translated, 1611 : death of Shakespeare, 1616; Raleigh be- headed, 1618; Charles I. married Queen Henrietta of France ; Lord Bacon died, 1626 ; assassination of Buckingham, 1628; Hampden's trial, 1637; Lord Strafford beheaded, 1641 ; the war between the parlia- ment and the king commenced, 1642 ; Laud beheaded, 1644; Charles I. executed, Jan. 30, 1649; Oliver Cromwell protector, 1653 ; death of, 1658 ; Richard Cromwell protector, 1658; resigned, April 22, 1659; Charles II. returned to the throne, 1660 ; the plague ravaged England, and destroyed 68,000 persons in London, 1665; great fire of London, 1666 ; death of Milton, 1674 ; the habeas corpus act passed, 1678 ; Lord Russell and Algernon Sydney put to death, 1683 ; Duke of Mon- mouth's rebellion, 1685 ; abdication of James II. ; William III. pro- claimed, 1688 ; union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, 1707, as Great Britain; accession of the house of Hanover, 1714; Scotch rebellion, 1715; death of Marl- borough, 1722 ; of Newton, 1726 ; second Scotch rebellion, 1745 ; the Scotch rebel peers, Kilmarnock, Lovat, and Balmerino, beheaded, 1746 ; new style introduced, Sept. 3, 1752; Gen. Wolfe slain, 1759 ; coro- nation of George III. and his Queen, (see English Sovereigns), Sept. 22, 1761 ; Isle of Man annexed in so- vereignty to Great Britain ; Ameri- can war commenced, 1775 ; death of Chatham, 1778 ; independence of the United States acknowledged, Nov. 30, 1782 ; death of the young pretender at Rome, 1788; George III. first becomes insane, Oct. 12, 1788 ; recovers, 1789 ; first coalition to restore the Bourbons in France, June 26, 1792 ; habeas corpus sus- pended, 1794 ; cash payments sus- pended by the bank, 1797 ; second suspension of the habeas corpus, Aug. 28, 1798 ; Hatfield attempted to shoot George III., May 11, 1800 ; found to be insane ; habeas corpus again suspended, April 19, 1801 ; the union with Ireland, 1801 ; treaty ENG 219 ENG of Amiens, March 27, 1801 ; war renewed against France, April 29, 1803 ; battle of Trafalgar, in which Nelson falls, Oct. 21, 1805; death of William Pitt, Jan. 23, 1806; Lord Melville impeached, but ac- quitted, 1806 ; death of Fox, Sept. 13, 1806 ; Duke of York impeached by Colonel Wardle, Jan. 26, 1807 ; Sir Francis Burdett arrested, and riots subsequently, April 6, 1810; George III. again insane, Nov. 2, 1810 ; Prince of Wales declared regent, Feb. 5, 1811 ; Percival, prime minister, assassinated, May 11, 1812 ; war with America, June 18, 1812 ; peace with France, April 14, 1814 ; Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia visit England, June 7, 1814 ; peace with America, Dec. 24, 1814 ; battle of Waterloo, June 18, 1815 ; Spa field meeting, Dec. 2, 1816; green bag enquiries, Feb. 2, 1817 ; habeas corpus suspended, Feb. 21, 1817; cash payments at the bank partly resumed, Sept. 22, 1817 ; Princess Charlotte of Wales died in childbirth, Nov. 6, 1817; Queen Charlotte died at Kew, Nov. 17, 1818 ; Manchester reform meet- ing, and unprovoked attack by yeomanry on the people, Aug. 16, 1819; death of George III., Jan. 29, 1820 ; trial of Queen Caroline, 1820 ; coronation of George IV., July 17, 1821; death of Queen Caro- line, Aug. 7, 1821 ; death of Byron in Greece, April 19, 1824; of the Duke of York, Jan. 22, 1827; of Canning, Ang. 8, 1827; catholic emancipation bill passed, April 13, 1829 ; death of George IV., June 26, 1830 ; cholera morbus appeared first in England, Oct. 26, 1831; parliamentary reform bill passed, June 7, 1832 ; slavery abolished, Aug. 1, 1834 ; municipal reform act passed, Sept. 9, 1835; death of William IV., June 20, 1837. (The crown of Hanover separated from that of England finally.) Corona- tion of Queen Victoria, June 28, 1838 ; marriage of Queen Victoria with Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg, Feb. 10, 1840; Prince of Wales born, Nov. 9, 1841 ; King of Prussia visited England, Jan. 24, 1842 ; Queen visits the chateau d'Eu and tlii Orleans family, Sept. 2, 1843; the King of Saxony visited England, May 28, 1844 ; the Emperor of Russia, June 1, 1844; King Louis Philippe, Oct. 7, 1844 ; the Queen visited Germany, Aug 9, 1845 ; the royal family of France take up their residence at Claremont, March 4, 1848 ; chartist meeting in London, April 10, 1848 ; the cholera reappears in England, 1848, 1849; death of the Queen Dowager, Dec. 2, 1849 ; the Great Exhibition of manufactures and in- dustry of all nations projected and announced, April 23, 1850; death of Sir Robert Peel, July 2, 1850 ; the Queen visited Belgium, Aug. 21, 1850; opening of the Great Exhibition of manufactures and in- dustry by the Queen, May 1 ; closed, Oct. 14, '1851 ; Lord John Russell's administration resigned, Feb. 23, 1852; death of the Duke of Welling- ton, Sept. 14; public funeral of, Nov. 18, 1852 ; resignation of Earl Derby's administration, Dec. 25, and formation of a ministry bv the Earl of Aberdeen, Dec. 28, 1852. England, New, United States of North America, settled early in the 17th century by individuals who were victims of the religious intoler- ance of the Stuarts, 1607; Plymouth company settled there, 1620. English College, at Rome, found- ed 854. English Language ordered to be used in law pleadings by Edward III., in place of the French, 1344. English Language and Dress or- dered to be used in Ireland, 1536 ; English ordered to be used in all lawsuits in place of Latin, 1731. English parents and guardians forbidden to sell their children out of England, 1000. Engraving on Copperplate in- vented 1423; and was produced first in Germany about 1450 ; in Italy, 1460; the earliest known date of a copperplate, 1461 ; etch- ing invented, 1582 ; mezzotinto, in- EQU 220 EPO vented by Siegen, and improved by- prince Rupert, 1648, and by Le Prince; crayon engraving invented in France by Bonnet, 1769 ; on steel-plates softened and then hardened, by Perkins, 1810 ; on wood revived by Albert Durer, 1511, and in England by Bewick and others ; on glass by M. Boudier of Paris, 1709. Engravings, statutes to protect copyright, 16 and 18 George III., 1775, and 1777. Engraving by Lithography, in- vented by Senefelder, 1798 and'l808 ; introduced into England, 1817. Engravings and Lithographs, in France, 4519 published in 1852. Enniskillen town defended itself against Elizabeth, 1595 ; against James II., 1689 ; 1500 of the rebels defeated General M'Carty, with 6000 men, July 20, 1689. Entomology made a science by Linneeus, 1739 ; the Entomological Society of London instituted, 1806. Entailing Estates introduced by a statute, 1279. Entertainment, Places of, to be licensed by law, 1752. Epigram, a short inscription, either moral, satirical, or mortuary, invented by the Greeks : of the Romans, Martial, 90, and Ausonius, 390, have left the best specimens. Epiphany, feast of, instituted 813. Episcopy, the rule over the clergy by bishops, begun early in the catholic church which names the Apostle Peter as the first. The bishop of Rome afterwards became Pope. Bishops came into England with St. Augustine about 596 ; into Ireland somewhat earlier ; Episcopy abolished in Scotland at the revolu- tion of 1688 : but the followers of the English church, who are secta- rians there, as in America, have bishops, who preside over the in- ferior degrees of the clergy. Epsom, Mineral Spring discover- ed at, 1630. Equestrian Statue of Louis II., of France, founded at one casting, 1699 ; till then never done. Epoch or Epocha, the periods of certain important events, which serve to regulate the dates of other events of inferior moment which may follow or have preceded them. The creation, 4004; the deluge, 2348 ; the Argonautic Expedition, 1225; the destruction of Troy, 1184 ; the first Olympiad, 776 ; the foundation of Rome, 753 ; of Na- bonasar, 747; the Selucidse, 312; the battle of Actium, 38, all before Christ, are noted Epochs. The Christian, or year 1 of Christ; the epoch of Diocletian, 284. The space from epoch to epoch is the era, thus the Christian era began in the year 1, and has extended to 1853 ; the terms are frequently used as syno- nymous. The Christian epoch or era was introduced into Italy in 525 ; into England, 816 ; the era of Na- bonasar is remarkable because of its connection with the astronomical observations made at Babylon, it began Feb. 747 ; that of the death of Alexander 320 a.c, the Christian or the year 1, was 3962 of the world according to the Jewish reckoning. The Mahometans began their hegira from the flight of their prophet from Mecca, in 622; the Greek Olym- piads began in the year of the world 3187. When Constantinople was taken, the reckoning by Olympiads ceased, and the Greeks reckoned by indictions each of 15 years, begin- ning 313 a.b. The Romans reckoned from the building of their city, 3113 from the creation, and afterwards from the 16th of Augus- tus, 3936 of the world; this was also used in Spain until the reign of Ferdinand the catholic. The Jews had many epochs, nor can much reliance be placed on their dates before the time of Solomon. They reckoned from the creation, the beginning of time : from the deluge, which they give in 2656 before Christ; from the confusion of tongues, 2786; from Abraham's journey out of Chaldea, 2021 ; from the Egyptian exode, 2451 ; from the year of Jubilee, 2499 ; from Solo- ETN 221 EVE mon's temple perfected, . 2932 ; from the captivity of Babylon, 3357. Ebmine, order of knighthood in France, 1450 ; in Naples, 1463. Escubial, Spain, bnilt 1562 ; cost 6,000,000 ducats. Esheb Place, Surrey, built 1414. Ebfubth built, 476 ; university of, 1390 ; ceded to Prussia, 1802 ; taken by the French, 1806 ; Napo- leon and Alexander of Russia met here and offered peace to England, Sept. 27, 1808. Espiebbes, battle of, the French attacked the English and Austrians, but were repulsed, May 22, 1794. Esquibe, a title first given to persons of fortune, not attendants upon knights, 1345. Essex, Devereux, Earl of, be- headed Feb. 25, 1601. Essex, Cromwell. Earl of, be- headed July 26, 1540. Essling, battle of, between the French and the Austrians, May 21, and 22, 1809, when the bridge over the Danube being destroyed, the French were compelled to retreat, but regained their superiority at Wagram soon afterwards. Etching on copper with aqua fortis invented, 1512. Ethelbebt's Tower, Canterbury, built 1047. Etheb, Nitric, discovered by Kunkel, 1681 ; muriatic, 1759 ; acetic, by Count Lauraguais; the same year, hydriodic by Gay Lus- sac, and phosphoric by M. Boullay. Etheb and Chloroform used to deaden pain in surgical and obstetri- cal opei'ations ; the discovery as to the aesthetic qualities of ether, made by Mr. Morton of Boston, in 1846 ; as to chloroform, by Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh, in 1848. Etna Mount, eruptions of, 1693 years before Christ, and 734, 777, and 425, 125, 121, and 43. After Christ, 40, 253, 420, 1012, 1159, 1329, 1408, 1444, 1536, 1537, 1564, 1669, 1766, 1787, 1809, 1811 ; seven new craters opened in 1830 ; the town of Bronte destroyed, Nov. 18, 1832. Etojt College founded by Henry VI., 1441; rebuilt 1569; John Stanberry the first provost, 1447. Eugene, Prince, born 1663 ; united in the career of victory with Marl- borough; defeated the Grand Vizier of Turkey at Peterwarden, Aug. 5, 1716 ; died 1736, aged 73. Euclid, his Elements first printed at Basil, 1533. Eustatia, Island of, settled by the Dutch, 1632 ; taken by the French, 1689; by the English, 1690; again, Feb. 3, 1781; retaken same year; taken by the English in 1801, and 1810; restored 1814. Evangelists, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, are so denominated ; the first wrote in the Hebrew, the other three in the Greek tongue. There were 200 variations in the readings of the evangelists found at the council of Nice, 325. Events, General: The city of Alexandria, in Egypt, and the library of the Ptolemies, containing 400,000 valuable books in manu- script, burnt by Julius Caesar, 47 b.c. The second library, con- sisting of 700,000 volumes, was totally destroyed by the Saracens, who heated the water for their baths for six months, by burning books instead of wood, at the com- mand of the caliph Omar, a.d.. 636. The amphitheatre at Fidonia, now Castel Giubelio, fell in, and 50,000 people were killed, a.d. 26; 170 Roman ladies suffered death for poisoning their husbands, 331; a column of fire appeared in the air at Rome for 30 days,390; the country of Palestine infested with swarms of locusts, that darkened the air, de- vouring the fruits of the earth ; they died, and, causing a stench, thus occasioned a pestilential fever, 406 ; a similar circumstance occurred in France, 873; a prodigious quantity of snakes formed themselves into two bands, on a plain near Tour- nay, in Flanders, and fought with such fury that one band was almost destroyed, and the peasants killed the other by sticks and fire, 1059 ; EVE 222 EVE Prince William, eldest son of Henry I., with his newly-married bride, daughter to the Earl of Anjou, Richard and Mary, two other of the king's children, and 180 of the nobi- lity, shipwrecked and lost in coming from Normandy, 1120; at Oxen- hall, near Darlington, the earth suddenly rose to an eminence like a mountain; remained so several hours, then sunk in as suddenly with a horrible noise, leaving a deep chasm, which continues to this day, 1179 ; the river Gulen, in Nor- way, buried itself under ground, 1334, but burst out soon after, and destroyed 250 persons, with several churches, houses, &c. ; the monas- tery of St. John, near Smithfield, burnt by Wat Tyler's rabble, 1381 ; Alice Hackney, who had been buried 175 years, was accidentally dug up in the church of St. Mary -at-Hill, London ; her skin was whole, and the joints of the arms pliable, 1494; on Saturday, Eeb. 17, 1571, Mar- cley Hill, near Hereford, moved from its situation, continued in mo- tion till the Monday following, car- rying along with it the trees, hedges, and cattle on its surface, overthrew a chapel in its way, formed a large hill twelve fathoms high, and leav- ing a chasm forty feet deep, and thirty-two long, where it stood be- fore ; a similar prodigy happened at Blackmoor, in Dorsetshire, 1533 ; sixty houses blown up, including a tavern full of company, opposite Barking Church, Tower Street, by the accidental firing of some gun- powder at a ship-chandler's Jan. 4, 1649 ; a child in a cradle was found xinhurt on the leads of the church ; 3000 people killed at Gravelines, by an explosion from a magazine, 1654 ; a hill at Buckley, near Chester, which had trees on it of a consider- able height, sunk down, on July 8, 1657, into a pit of water so deep, that the tops of the trees were not to be seen ; an unaccountable dark- ness (no eclipse) at noonday in England, so that no person could see to read, Jan. 12, 1679 ; on April 6, 1679, a village called Boisa, near Turin, suddenly sunk, together with above 200 of the inhabitants, and was never after seen. A remark- able comet appeared in England for a week, 1680 ; above 100 men were killed in Dublin by the blowing up of a magazine of 218 barrels of gun- powder, 1693; the family seat of Borge, near Erederickstadt, in^Nor- way, sunk into an abyss 100 fathoms deep, which instantly became a lake, 14 persons and 200 head of cattle were drowned, 1702 ; a body of light appeared in the north-east, which formed several columns or pillars of light, and threw the peo- ple into great consternation : it lasted from the evening of Mar. 6, till three o'clock the next morning, 1715 ; a fire happened in a barn at Burwell, Cambridgeshire, at a pup- pet-show, when 120 persons lost their lives, 1727 ; the heart of a man was found at Waverley, in Surre} r , preserved 700 years in spirits, 1731 ; 100 yards of the north end of the island of Portland sunk into the sea, which did £4000 damage to the pier, Dec. 20, 1735 ; the pier, with part of the land (nearly half a mile square,) washed into the sea, Eeb., 1792 ; the roof of the church at Eearn, in Scotland, fell in during the service, and killed 60 persons, Oct. 10, 1742 ; the Victory man-of- war, of 100 guns, lost, with Adm. Balchen, 1100 men, and about 50 gentlemen volunteers, Oct. 1744 ; a scaffold, built for spectators to see Lord Lovat beheaded, fell down ; several persons were killed, and a great number maimed, 1747; the Bath stage waggon burnt on Salis- bury plain, with its valuable lading, by the wheels taking fire, May 10, 1758 ; the floor of the session-hall, at Poole, in Monmouthshire, fell when the court was sitting, and oc- casioned the death of several per- sons, Aug. 11, 1758 ; the Prince George man-of-war burnt ofFLisbon, when 435 ofherCTew perished, 1758 ; the York Indiaman lost in going into Limerick, in Ireland, Nov f 14, EVE 223 EVE 1758 ; an Algerine xebec, of 22 guns, was lost in Mount's Bay ^Cornwall, Sept. 1760; the roof of the opera- house at Rome fell in, Jan. 18, 1762; Lady Molesworth and her three children burnt by accident, 1764; a flash of lightning pene- trated the theatre at Venice, during the representation : 600 people were in the house, several of whom were killed; it put out the candles, melted a lady's gold watch-case, the iewels in the ears of others, and split several diamonds, Aug. 1769; at the fire-works exhibited at Paris, in honour of the dauphin's marriage (afterwards Louis XVI.,) the pas- sages were so stopped up, that the people, seized with a panic, trampled upon one another till they lay in heaps ; a scaffold erected over the river also broke down, and hun- dreds were drowned ; nearly 1000 persons lost their lives, Mar. 31, 1770 ; the Aurora frigate lost, and never heard of after, 1771 ; at Ches- ter, an explosion of gunpowder de- stroyed many of the spectators of a puppet-show, and greatly damaged several houses, Nov. 5, 1772; the river Pever, in Gloucestershire, sud- denly altered its course, and 10 acres of land, with every thing upon its surface, were removed with the cur- rent, 1773; at Chambery, in Sar- dinia, 18 persons, and several houses, were destroyed by an explosion of gunpowder, 1773 ; at Abbeville, in Erance, an explosion of gunpowder destroyed 150 of the inhabitants, and 100 houses ; the loss sustained was estimated at 472,917 livres, Nov. 1773 ; 66 Jews were killed by a floor giving way at the celebration of a wedding at Mantua, June, 1776 ; the London East Indiaman run down by the Russell man-of-war, and 110 persons perished, Dec. 28, 1778 ; 400 of the inhabitants of Sara- gossa, in Spain, perished by a fire that burnt down the playhouse, Dec, 1778. The vault under the church at Bourbon-les-bains, in Bas- signi, Erance, gave way during the celebration of mass, which occa- sioned the death of six hundred persons, 1778; the Boyne man-of- war, of 98 guns, was destroyed by fire, at Portsmouth, and great mis- chief was done by the explosion of the magazine, April 30, 1795 ; the bridge of Puerta de St. Maria, near Cadiz, fell down while receiving the benediction, and killed several hun- dred persons that were upon and under it, Eeb. 22, 1779 ; the Eoyal George, of 100 guns, overset at Portsmouth; Admiral Kempenfelt and the crew lost; there were nearly 100 women and 200 Jews on board ; news arrived at the Ad- miralty, Aug. 30, 1782. The Swan | sloop of war lost off Waterford, 130 persons, perished, Aug., 1782 ; in St. Joseph's parish, Barbadoes, a large plantation, with all the build- ings, was destroyed, by the land removing from its original site to another, and covering every thing in its way, Oct. 16, 1784; at Win- ster, in Derbyshire, nearly sixty people were met at a puppet-show, when the upper floor of the house was blown up with gunpowder, and no hurt done to the people below, Jan. 25, 1785 ; an unaccountable but total darkness at Quebec, &c, in North America, on Sunday, Sept. 8, 1785 ; the tower of the church of East Grinstead, in Sus- | sex, fell down, Nov. 14, 1785 ; the ! floor of the session-honse at New 1 Malton, Yorkshire, gave way, when | 300 persons fell 12 feet, but no lives I were lost, Dec. 9, 1785 ; at Mont- j pelier, in Erance, a booth, wherein | a play was performing, fell, and j killed 500 persons, July 31, 1786 ; ! the playhouse at Bury, in Lanca- I shire, containing upwards of 300 persons, fell down during the per- formance, and buried the audience under its ruins ; five were killed, and many had their limbs broken, July 5, 1787 ; the ground at Brix- ton, in Norfolk, for a very consider- able extent, sunk nearly 30 feet, June, 1788 ; at Corfu, a magazine was destroyed by a fire, when 72,000& of powder, and 600 bomb- EVE 224 EVE shells blew up, and killed 180 men, Mar. 11, 1789 ; the Guardian frigate miraculously preserved from ship- wreck on an island of ice, Dec. 1789 ; on the last day of the year 1790, there was so thick a fog at Amster- dam, that the people could not see their way along the streets, hut ran against each other, even though they had lights in their hands; about 250 perished by falling into the canals : in Crown-court, near Moorfields, Mrs. Clitherow, with her family and lodgers, consisting of 11 persons, were blown up while making fireworks by candle-light, Nov. 3, 1791 ; at a theatrical enter- tainment at Clermont Ferrand, in France, the floor of the apartment gave way, when 36 persons were killed, and 57 were much wounded, Dec, 1791 ; the Union Packet of Dover was lost off Calais, Jan. 28, 1792; a similar accident had not happened for 105 years before; at Lublin, in Poland, two synagogues and a great number of houses were totally destroyed, all the windows in the town broken, and above 90 killed or dangerously wounded, by an explosion, occasioned by the axle-trees of ten carriages taking fire, that were conveying gunpow- der to the army, June 28, 1792; the lake of Harantoreen, in the county of Kerry, Ireland, a mile in circuit, sunk into the ground, Mar. 25, 1792: a proclamation was is- sued against " seditious meetings and publications," the commence- ment of the struggle between the House of Commons and the people, May 21, 1792 ; a proclamation call- ing out the militia, and announcing " danger to the constitution," from evil -disposed persons acting in con- cert with persons in foreign parts, Dec. 1, 1792; a piece of land in Finland, 4000 square ells in extent, sunk 15 fathoms, but most of the inhabitants saved themselves, Feb., 1793. On 4th April, 1793, a spot of ground at Caplow wood, in the parish of Fawnhope, near Hereford, removed for the extent of four acres, filling up the adjoining joad 12 feet high ; and a yew-tree was removed 40 yards without receiving any injury, though several large apertures were made near it. At Bayonne, in France, the chapel of the new castle was blown up by gunpowder, and 100 persons lost their lives, July 10, 1793 ; trials of Muir, Pal- mer, and Gerald, 1793 ; the barracks of Youghal, in Ireland, blown up by accident, in Sept. 1793 ; the bog of Castleguard or Poulenard, in the county of Louth, in Ireland, moved in a body from its original situation to the distance of some miles, cross- ing the high-road towards Doon, covering every thing in its way, at least 20 feet in many parts, and throwing down several bridges, houses, &c, Dec. 20, 1793 ; at the Little Theatre, Haymarket, Lon- don, 15 persons were trod to death, by endeavouring to get admission to see the performance, Feb. 3, 1794, several others were greatly bruised, of whom some died ; the theatre at Capo dTstria, in Italy, fell, and crushed the performers and the audience to death, Feb. 6, 1794; green-bag charges against societies suspected of sedition ; habeas cor- pus suspended ; at Grenelle, near Paris, by an explosion occasioned by the blowing up of powder-mills, nearly 3000 persons lost their lives, and all the adjacent buildings were nearly destroyed, Sept. 3, 1794 ; the arsenal at Bandau blown up, Dec. 20, 1794; the arsenal at Co- runna, in Spain, destroyed by fire, 60 persons killed and 50 wound- ed, March 11, 1794 ; habeas cor- pus again suspended, January ; bill against seditious meetings ; Woggis, near Lucerne, swallowed up by an internal current, Aug. 4, 1795 ; the floor of a Methodist meeting- house, at Leeds, gave way, when 16 women, a man, and a child, were killed, and nearly 80 pei-sons dread- fully wounded, May 29, 1766 ; the | theatre at Mentz was desti-oyed by i fire during the performance, on the EVE 225 EVE falling in of which many were crushed to death, and above 70 were burnt, Aug. 1796 ; the Amphion frigate blown up, at Plymouth, Sept. 22, 1796, and three-fourths of the crew perished ; insurrection act, and other strong measures, adopted in Ireland against " United Irish- men," also a bill for the prevention of seditious meetings, 1797; Ireland put under martial law, — the rebel- lion, which continued two years, and occasioned the destruction of 100,000 lives, 1798 ; suspension of habeas corpus act renewed in England, Jan. 1799 ; the Royal Charlotte, of 100 guns, burnt by accident near Leg- horn, March 16, 1800 ; only 150 per- sons saved; suspension of habeas corpus act renewed, bill against seditious meetings revived, bill in- demnifying individuals who had detained or imprisoned disaffected persons contrary to law, 1801 ; mar- tial law renewed in Ireland, and ha- beas corpus suspended there, 1803 ; habeas corpus again suspended in Ireland, 1805 ; insurrection act re- newed for Ireland, 1807 ; Sir Fran- cis Burdett committed to the Tower for calling the House of Commons corrupt, and its proceedings illegal, Mar. 1810; proclamation in Ireland for arresting all persons concerned in electing Catholic committees, 1811 ; bill for establishing watch and ward, and preventing disturbances, first occasioned by frame-breaking riots at Nottingham, but extended to the whole kingdom, 1812 ; bill autho- rising search for, and seizure of, arms, and the entrance of houses by force on suspicion, in Britain, June, 1812; bill for repressing disorders in ; Ireland, 1814; petitions for re- form, numerously and zealously signed by the labouring classes in all parts of the country, for the first time in the history of Britain, Nov. 1816; powder-mills at Dartford blew up, when three persons perish- ed, and the effects were felt at 30 miles' distance, 1827 ; Rev. Robert Taylor convicted of blasphemy, and sentenced to one year's impri- sonment, Oct. 24, 1827; the tide rose three times within two hours upon the Kentish coast,' Oct. 31, 1827; bank-notes, amount £20,000, stolen from the Warwick mail, op- posite Furnival's Inn, Holborn, Nov. 21, 1827; first stone of New London Bridge, on the city side, laid by R. L. Jones, chairman of the Bridge Committee, Dec. 28, 1827; cliff at Ringstead, opposite to Weymouth, commenced burning, 1827; E. G. Wakefield convicted of unlawfully carrying off Miss Turner, March 23, 1827; Thames Tunnel gave way, when six men were drowned, Jan. 12, 1828; Brunswick Theatre fell down during rehearsal, many lives lost, Feb. 28, 1828; Mr. O'Connell, a Roman Catholic, returned to par- liament for the county Clare, July 5, 1828 ; queen of Portugal visited London, Oct. 6, 1828; St. Kathe- rine's Dock opened, Oct. 25, 1828; Burke, the Irish murderer, who killed his victims by suffocation, executed at Edinburgh, June 28, 1829; Farringdon Market opened, Nov. 20, 1829; Manchester Rail- way opened, Sept. 15, 1830; suspen- sion bridge at Broughton, Manches- ter, fell in while the 60th rifle bri- gade were passing over, April 1, 1831; Frolic steamer lost off the coast of South Wales, April, 1831 ; Exeter Hall, Strand, opened March 29, 1831 ; Colonel Brereton, who commanded the troops at Bris- tol during the riots, shot himself, rather than go through the court- martial to which he was amenable, Jan. 13, 1832; Dr. Bell, who pro- mulgated the Madras system of edu- cation in England, died, Jan. 28, 1832, leaving £100,000 for the pro- motion of education; the Experi- ment vessel, bound to Canada, wrecked off Calais, and 25 emi- grants perished, April 15, 1832; royal assent given to the reform bill, June 7, 1832; William IV. assaulted at Ascot races, by one Collins, a seaman, June 19, 1832; nineteen boats lost with their crews, off the Shetland Islands, in a stomi, July EVE 226 EYE 17, 1832; Pinney, mayor of Bristol, tried for neglect of duty during the Bristol riots, Oct. 26, 1832; the cita- del of Antwerp besieged and taken hy the French, Oct. 24; St. Dun- stan's church rebuilt : statue to Can- ning erected in Palace yard ; Surrey Zoological Gardens opened; Cold- Bath-Fields political meeting, 1833; shock of an earthquake in Notting- hamshire and at Chichester, 1833; Captain Eoss returned from his Arctic expedition, after four years' absence, 1833; session of parliament closed, Aug. 29, 1833; dramatic copyright bill passed, 1833; Hun- gerford Market built, and St. George's Hospital rebuilt, 1833 ; earl Grey retired from public life, 1834; ministiy dismissed, and Sir Eobert Peel and the duke of Wel- lington came into office for four months only, 1834; parliament dis- solved, Dec. 30, 1834; houses of parliament destroyed by fire, Sept. 16, 1834; the Workmen of London, 30,000 in number, petition the king in their behalf, 1834; incendiary fires; and the duke of Wellington elected chancellor of Oxford; par- liament sat from Feb. 4, to Aug. 15, 1834; approaches made to Lon- don Bridge, 1834; Duke of York's column, Waterloo Place, erected, 1834; general election, Jan. 1835; new minister, Lord Melbourne, took office, and Peel went out, April, 1835; Marquis Camden elected chancellor of Cambridge; parlia- mentary session lasted from Feb. 9, to Sept. 10, 1835; copyright in lectures bill passed, 1835; for regu- lating newspapers; postage to fo- reign parts ; and prison regulations, 1835; Surgeons' Hall restored, Fish- mongers' Hall rebuilt, and Gold- smiths' Hall, 1835; new silver coin- age of groats, 1836; in February, March, and April, the sees of Dub- lin, Ely, Lichfield, Coventry, Kil- laloe, and Clonfert, all became va- cant, 1836; parliament sat from Feb. 4, to Aug. 20, 1836; slave treaty with Spain and slave compensation bill passed, also a law of cessio bo- norum, and of postage on newspa- pers, with a reduction of stamp duty, 1836; an equestrian statue of Geo. III. erected at Charing Cross ; Cros- by Hall, Bishopsgate, restored, 1836; Peel elected lord rector of Glasgow university, 1837; king William IV. died, June 20, 1837; the duke of Cumberland departed to be king of Hanover, 1837; king and queen of Belgium visited England, 1837; the queen dined in the city, on Lord Mayor's day; Birmingham political union met at Newhall Hill, 100,000 persons present, 1837; parliament sat from Jan. 31, to July 17, 1837 postage duties bill passed, 1837 municipal corporation reform, 1837 a marble arch erected in St. James's Park, since removed to Cumberland Gate, 1837 ; Liverpool and Birming- ham railway opened, 1837; . the Eoyal Exchange burned, 1838 ; the Great Western steamer crossed the Atlantic in 15 days, 1838; Queen Victoria crowned, and a grand en- tertainment given by the city of London to the foreign princes and ambassadors present at the corona- tion, 1838; agitation by the Char- tists, 1838; parliament opened, Nov. 15, 1837, in November adjourned, and then continued open to Aug. 16, 1838 ; slavery abolition act amended; international copyright bill passed; and Irish tithe com- mutation act passed, 1838; Poly- technic Institute established; Jews' synagogue, Great St. Helen's, built, 1838; violent hurricane, Jan. 1839 ; grand duke of Eussia vi- sited England, 1839; Lord Mel- bourne resigned office in May, and Sir Eobert Peel was com- manded to form an administration, but was unsuccessful, and Lord Melbourne resumed office, 1839; the queen announced her intention of marrying, and the 4d. rate of postage came in, preparatory to the penny rate, 1839 ; there were Char- tist riots at Birmingham and New- port, and lives lost, 1839 ; the session of parliament, from Nov. 5, to Aug. 27, 1839; the copyrights EVE 227 EVE design, penny postage, and metro- polis police courts bills, passed, 1839 ; and the bill for establishing county and district constables ; the Reform Club House, Pali-Mall, was com- pleted, and Bow bridge opened, 1839; penny postage came into operation, 1840 ; the Queen married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg, at St. James's ; a lunatic, named Oxford, fired a pistol at the Queen ; the Princess-Royal born, 1840 ; new stamps and envelopes for letters first used ; the duke of Northumberland elected chancellor of Cambridge, 1840 ; parliamentary session from Jan. 16, to Aug. 11 ; prince Albert had £30,000 settled upon him ; act passed for regulating railways, and for the population returns, 1840; Wesleyan Centenary Hall opened in Bishopsgate street, 1840 ; the new Exchange begun, 1841 ; Wyn- yard House burned down, and meet- ings for a revision of the commercial code, and repeal of the corn laws; held, 1841 ; dean of York deprived for simony ; Astley's theatre burned down ; a general election* 1840 ; the Melbourne ministry resigned, and Sir R. Peel took office ; the prince of Wales born, Nov. 9; 1841 ; session of parliament from Jan. 6, to June 2 ; the new parliament met, Aug. 19 ; prorogued, Oct. 7, 1841 ; bill for taking away the punishment of death in certain cases; passed; St. George's, and the Assize court edifices, Liverpool, opened ; Surrey pauper lunatic asylum erected ; the Great Western railway opened to Paddington, from Bristol* 1841 ; the Court visited Portsmouth and Scot- land, 1842 ; Chartist riots in the potteries ; parliament opened, Feb. 3; adjourned^ Aug: 12, 1842; laws amended for the importation of corn ; law for consolidating the Queen's Bench* Marshalsea; and Fleet prisons ; to amend the law of copyright, 1842 ; for the relief of insolvent debtors, and to amend the statutes of bankruptcy, 1842 ; the Temple church restored, and tidal dock at Southampton opened, 1842 ; duke of Sussex died in April, 1843 ; princess Alice born, April 25, 1843 ; schisms in the church of Scotland produced a disruption of a large part of its ministers, 1843 ; Feargus O'Connor and 56 Chartists tried, 1843 ; parliamentary session from Feb. 2, to Aug. 24 ; registration of voters' act passed ; a law regulating theatres ; one in relation to defama- tion and libel, and for apprehending offender s in France, by treaty* 1843 ; the Thames Tunnel completed, cost £446,000; and Orphans' Asylum, Wanstead, opened by the King of the Belgians, 1843 ; prince Alfred Ernest Albert born, Aug. 6, 1844 ; the princess Sophia Matilda died ; the Kings of France, and Sax- ony, the Emperor of Russia, and Prince of Prussia, visit England ; state trial of O'Connell and others, 1844; the poet Campbell died at Boulogne, June 15, 1844 ; the par- liamentary session opened Feb; 1, and closed Sept. 5; 1844; inter- national copyright act passed, and bank charter ; savings' banks bill, and joint-stock banks, 1844; new Exchange opened by the Queen* and Dover railway, that year ; Sir Walter Scott's monument opened at Edinburgh, 1844 ; the Queen visited Germany, 1845 ; Sir Robert Peel resigned, but Lord John Russell failing to form a ministry, Sir Robert resumed office, 1845 ; the repeal of the corn laws agitated ; failure of the potatoe crop, 1845 ; parliamentary session commenced Feb. 4, terminated Aug; 9, 1845 ; the sugar duties ; regulation of calico work-people's bill ; new col- leges bill in Ireland ; and a bill to amend the law of real property, and for securing the payment of small debts, passed, 1845 ; the princess Helena born, May 25, 1846; Sir Robert Peel resigned office, and Lord John Russell became premier, 1846 ; distress and dreadful famine in Ireland, with riots at Tipperary and Clonmel ; the Great Britain steamer wrecked in Dundrum Bay, Ireland, 1846 ; Ibrahim Pacha EVE 228 EVE visited England, 1846 ; the session of parliament opened, Jan. 22 ; closed Aug. 28, 1846 ; the duties on books and engravings act; that for baths and washhouses ; for steam navigation ; corn importation ; and compensation for death by accident passed, 1846 ; the new Treasury- buildings were completed, and the foundation stone of the north wing of the London University Hospital laid; new parks opened at Man- chester, 1846 ; Prince Albert made Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, 1847 ; new bishops ap- pointed ; commercial distress ; fa- mine, pestilence, murder, and out- rages in Ireland, 1847 ; parliament sat from Jan. 19, to July 23, 1847 ; bills passed for the relief of the Irish poor ; for the improvement of towns, and for limiting service in the army, 1847 ; the new House of Lords was opened, and the front of the British Museum, a new Corn Exchange at Birmingham, 1847 ; the state of England peaceful, except an attempt by the Chartists to break the peace on April 10, of very little moment ; the continent convulsed, 1848 ; Smith O'Brien and Meagher tried, and found guilty of treason; the King and Queen of the French be- came refugees in England, 1848; the parliamentary session from JSTov. 1847, to Sept. 1848 ; acts passed for the prevention of crime in Ireland ; for promoting the health of towns ; for the removal of nuisances, and the prevention of disease ; the Ver- non collection of pictures in the National Gallery opened, 1848 ; the formation of financial associations ; continued distress in Ireland, and fatal affray at Dolly Brae, 1849 ; second visit of the cholera ; the Olympic theatre burned down, 1849 , the session of parliament opened, Feb. 2, and closed, Aug. 1, 1849 ; an act passed for the encouragement of British shipping and navigation ; for a new silver coinage ; granting sites for schools ; and to regulate the law of bankruptcy in Ireland ; the new Coal Exchange opened, and the Exchange at Manchester ; foun- dation of the Portland breakwater laid ; the Menai tubular bridge ele- vated to its place, 1849 ; the number of vessels of the navy afloat, 199, 1850 ; a commission appointed to promote a general exhibition of works of industry, Jan. 3, 1850 ; the Ganges Indiaman took fire at Blackwall, Jan. 1850 ; Lieutenant Waghorn, K.JST., who opened the overland route to India, died, Jan. 8 ; the workhouse at Killarney, Ire- land, burned, and 29 females ; Sir Peter Parker blockaded the Piraeus, at Athens, Jan., 1850 ; treaty be- tween England and the Argentine republic ratified ; the Palmyra, from Canton, wrecked off Boulogne ; the lowest tide ever remembered in the Thames, Jan. 28, 1850 ; on an alarm of fire in Limerick workhouse, 27 women are killed, and 29 hurt, some mortally ; the parliament opened, Jan. 31, 1850, and closed, Aug. 15 ; treaty between England and Liberia presented to parliament, Feb. 6, 1850 ; the army reduced 3680 men ; the French apply to have the block- ade of the Greek ports removed, 1850 ; the treaty of peace and com- merce between England and Costa Kica, exchanged in London, Feb. 21, 1850 ; the judicial committee of the privy council deliver their judg- ment in " Gorham v. the Bishop of Exeter," enforcing his institution, Mar. 8, 1850 ; parish church of St. Anne, Limehouse, destroyed by fire ; the first steamer connecting the Clyde with New York, jailed from Glasgow, April 16, 1850 •" birth of prince Arthur, May 1, 1850 ; steam communication opened with the Brazils, May 3, 1850 ; candidates for commissions in the army to be examined as to their acquirements, by order of the duke of Wellington ; a Nepaulese ambassador arrived in England, May 25, 1850 ; the Orion packet wrecked off Port Patrick, and 50 persons perished, June 18 ; Sir Kobert Peel expired, July 2, 1850, of injuries through a fall from his horse ; the duke of Cambridge EVI 229 EXC died, July 8, aged 76 ; the Queen and her consort visit Ostend, to meet the King of Belgium, Aug. 21, 1850 ; submarine telegraph between Dover and Calais effected, Aug., 1850 ; disgraceful attack of the draymen on General Haynau, at Barclay's brewhouse, who had come as a stranger to view the establishment, Sept. 4, 1850 ; letter of Lord John Russell to the Bishop of Durham, on Catholic aggression, Nov., 1850 ; Catholic aggression bill passed, 1851. Evesham surrendered its charter, June 24, 1682. Evil, Touching for the. George I. had the good sense not to pretend to this marvellous power; but the Erench kings kept up the farce till 1775. Lewis XV. touched no less than 2000 persons, and his prede- cessor 2500 ; William III. touched 8577 persons. It appears that Edward the Confessor first under- took this miraculous work, and all the sovereigns of England followed the example, till the accession of the House of Hanover A form of prayer used for the occasion, and surreptitiously withdrawn, will be found in old prayer-books. The royal touch — such is the force of imagination — was often effective, whether of a Richard III. or a Henry VIII., equally with our more exemplary monarchs. Evil, Licences to Subjects to cure the, issued by the church ; the following is a genuine copy of one of these episcopal commissions to heal, in 1743 : — Robert Nash, Doc- tor of Laws, Vicar-General in Spi- rituals of the Right Reverend Eather in God, Thomas, by the Divine permission Lord Bishop of Norwich, lawfully constituted. To our well-beloved in Christ, Mrs. Anne Smythies, the wife of the Rev. Mr. Thomas Smythies of Laven- ham, in the county of Suffolk and diocese of Norwich, health in our Lord. Whereas we have received sufficient and credible testimony of your skill and knowledge in the art of cureing blotches, breakings out, and such like diseases (called the King's Evil. And whereas we have received your consent and subscrip- tion to the articles of religion agreed upon by the Archbishops, Bishops, and Clergy of both provinces, at the Convocation holden in London in the year of our Lord Christ 1562, and confirmed by regall authority ; and also your oath of allegiance to his Majesty King George II., ac- cording to a late Act of Parliament in that case made and provided ; have thought fit to license, and by these presents do license, you pub- lickly to use and practice the said art of cureing blotches, breakings out, and such like diseases, called the King's Evil, within the diocese of Norwich, and do will this our licence to endure during our plea- sure and your good demeanour, and no longer nor otherwise. Dated the 26th of March, in the year of our Lord 1743. — John Nakkler, Notary Publick, Dep. Reg. (The episcopal seal affixed.) Evil May-day, a disgraceful riot of the apprentices and populace of London, who were guilty of fright- ful outrages against all foreigners, because they were permitted to trade in England, May 1, 1517 ; fifteen of them were hanged, and 400, with ropes about their necks, were par- doned by Henry VIII. Ewelme palace, Oxfordshire, built 1244 ; fifteen houses burned at the village of, 1424. Exactions on the subject by the crown, 1396, 1399. Exaltation of the Cross first in- stituted, 629. Exchange of Amsterdam fine, the first that of London, founded by Sir Thomas Gresham, June 7, 1566 ; opened by Queen Elizabeth, and from her styled " Royal," in 1571 ; destroyed in the great fire of 1666 ; rebuilt by Hawkesmoor, 1668 ; burn- ed, Jan. 10, 1838 ; the new opened, 1844. Exchange, bills of, see Bills of Exchange and Revenue. EXC 230 EXC Exchequer, a court of great an- tiquity, financial and judicial, but subsequently separated, instituted 1079, by William I. ; once included the Common Pleas, separated 1215 ; tbe chancellor of the exchequer is the chief officer, and once sat in court above the barons ; one of the earlier was a bishop, temp. Henry III., 1221 ; the public payments were always made out of it; the exchequer stopped payment in the time of Charles II., from Jan. 2, 1672, until May, 1673, £13,000 or £14,000 of banker's property being lodged there ; the king applied to parliament to repay the money he had thus seized, 1673-4; exchequer bills first invented, 1695 ; first cir- culated by the bank, 1706 ; English and Irish exchequers consolidated, 1816. Exchequer Chamber, court of, erected by Edward III., 1359 ; re- modelled by Elizabeth, 1584, when it comprised the judges of all the courts ; remodelled again, 1830 ; the exchequer was so named from the chequered cloth which covered the table where the chief officials sat. The judges of the court of ex- chequer have been, since 1800, Sir Vicary Gibbs, 1813 ; Sir A Thomp- son, 1814 ; Sir R. Richards, 1817 ; Sir William Alexander, 1824; Lord Lyndhurst, 1831 ; Sir James Scar- let, 1834; Sir Frederick Pollock, 1844. In Ireland, Standish O'Grady, 1805 ; Henry Joy, 1831 ; Stephen Woulfe, 1838; Maziere Brady, 1840; David R. Pigot, 1846. Exchequer Office robbed, 1303 ; papers of, sold as waste, attracted parliamentary attention, 1838. Excise Duties. These were levied by the parliament to support the contest against Charles I. ; they were continued by Charles II., but do not appear to have been so much the subject of general reprobation as when they were increased and ri- veted on the realm by Sir Robert Walpole about 1733 ; they were in- creased in order to take off taxes from the land, the owners of which desired to throw the burthen upon the people at large ; Gresham col- lege was pulled down in 1774, and the excise office erected on its site ; officers of the excise were not al- lowed to vote in parliament, 1782 ; in 1851, the duties on foreign wines and spirits, on tea, coffee, and to- bacco, and numerous articles, being taken off and added to the customs branch of the revenue, the excise was joined to the stamp office in Somerset Place, under the general name of the Inland Revenue Office, and though now reduced to the su- pervision of a few articles only, the total revenue has increased as the public burthen has been lighten- ed. In 1786, the excise produced £5,540,114; in 1820, £26,364,702; in 1830, £18,644,385; in 1840, £12,607,766 ; in 1850, £13,985,363; in 1852, £13,356,981, despite con- tinued reductions of some millions. The excise on beer and ale was first imposed in 1643, but fixed, 1690 ; the tax on beer only paid on malt since 1830. Excise bill passed 1690. Excise duty on hops was first levied in 1711, in which year it pro- duced 43,457 bags, and a revenue of £45,608, 17s. ; in 1719, 90,317 bags, and £94,832, 17s. duty; in 1739, 70,742 bags, and £74,279, 2s. duty; hi 1759, 42,115 bags, and £44,220,' 15s. duty; in 1831-2-3, the average returns in pounds weight was 27,991,502fb ; in 1834, Jan. 5, the duty paid was on 32,747,310fts. The average on malt in 1831-2-3, was 36,525,056 bushels ; on tea in the above year, 31,829,075Ibs; on spirits for the three years' average, 21,978,809 gallons, and in 1834, 21,840,719 gallons; in 1850, the consumption of all kinds was 28,246,987 gallons imperial for the united kingdom, of which 22,962,012 gallons were home distilled from corn. The duty and excisable articles in 1851 were : — EXE 231 EXE Game certificates (Ireland) 9,670 Hackney carriages 79,208 Hops 307,077 Licences (Victual- lers, &c.) 1,130,175 Malt 5,391,321 Paper 852,996, Post - horse dut y and licences ... 150,010 Railways 251,214 Stage coaches, &c. 195,579 Soap 1,065,571 Spirits (h. made). .5,909, 381 Fines, seizures, &c. 12,993 Law costs recov'd 1,045 Scotch incorpora- tion fund 1,853 10 3 2 2k 6 7 17 2h 13 104 14 0| 16 Q* 16 8 10 4i 12 m 3 Ok 6 0i 13 3\ £15,358,100 5 31 Less, duty rescind- ed on bricks, &c. £97,460 14 4 Exclusion Bill of the Duke of York, passed, May 15, 1679. Excommunication, an interdict from all Christian communion, in- flicted oftener from secular than religious motives, forbidden in Eng- land, 1391; by bell, book, and candle in the Catholic church, in- troduced by Gregory VII., who excommunicated Henry IV. of Ger- many ; King John and all England excommunicated for six years, in 1208 ; Queen Elizabeth excommu- nicated, 1588, by a bull of the pope. Executions, see also crime. Some only of the more remarkable charac- ters who suffered since 1700, Jack Sheppard, robber, Tyburn, Nov. 16, 1724 ; Lord Balmerino and others, rebellion, Tower Hill, Aug. 18, 1746, March 30, 1747; Eugene Aram, murder, York, Aug. 6, 1757; Theodore Gardeke, murder, Hay- market, April 4, 1760; Earl Fer- rers, murder, Tyburn, May 5, 1760; John Perrot, fraudulent bankrupt, Smithfield, Nov. 11, 1761 ; Elizabeth Brownrigg, murder, Tyburn, Sep. 14, 1767 ; Daniel and Robert Per- reau, forgery, Tyburn, Jan. 17, 1776; Rev. Dr. Dodd, forgery, Tyburn, June 27, 1777; Hackman, for the murder of Miss Reay, Tyburn, April 18, 1779 ; Galloping Dick, highway- man, Aylesbury, April 4,| 1800 ; Go- vernor Wall, for the murder of Sergeant Armstrong twenty years before, Old Bailey, June, 1802; James Hatfield, who married the beauty of Buttermere, for forgerv, at Carlisle, Sep. 3, 1803; Robert Emmet, treason, Dublin, Sep. 20, 1803; Colonel Despard, for high treason, Horsemonger-lane, 1803 ; John Patch, murder, Horsemonger- lane, April 8, 1806 ; John Holloway, OwenHaggarty, murder, Old Bailey, Feb. 22, 1807 ;'— between thirty and forty of the spectators were trodden to death at this execution, and num- bers injured; Major Campbell, for the murder of Captain Boyd in a duel, Armagh, Oct. 2, 1808 ; John Bellingham, for the murder of Spen- cer Perceval, Old Bailey, May, 18, 1812 ; Philip Nicholson, for the mur- der of Mr. and Mrs. Bonar, Penen- den Heath, Oct. 23, 1813 ; Captain Grant, a famous Irish robber, Mary- borough, Aug. 16, 1816; John Cash- man, Spa Fields rioter, Skinner-st., March 12, 1817; Eliza Fenning, poisoning, Old Bailey, July 26, 1817 ; three Ashcrofts, father and sons, for murder, Lancaster, Sept. 8, 1817 ; Brandreth and others, for high treason, Derby, Nov. 6, 1817 ; Charles Hussey, murder of Bird and his housekeeper, Penenden-heath, Aug. 3, 1818 ; Arthur Thistlewood and others, for murder and treason, Old Bailey, May 1, 1820; David Haggart, a robber, Edinbi.irgh, June 11, 1821 ; Joseph Cadman, forgery, Old Bailey, Nov. 21, 1821 ; John ThurtelL for the murder of one Weare, Hertford, Jan. 9, 1824; Henry Fauntleroy, banker, forgerv, Old Bailey, Nov. 30, 1824; Probert, associate of Thurtell, horsestealing, Old Bailey, June 20, 1825 ; Edward Lowe, coining, the last drawn on a sledge to the scaffold, Old Bailev, Nov. 22, 1827 ; William Corder, the murderer of Maria Marten, Burv St. Edmonds, Aug. 8, 1828; Joseph Hunter, for forgery, a quaker ; EXE 232 EXE Burke, the resurrection-man, at Edinburgh (for obtaining anatomi- cal subjects by murder, whence Burking), Feb. 16, 1829; Comyn, for burning his own house, Ennis, March 18, 1830 ; John Bishop and Thomas Williams for burking an Italian boy, Old Bailey, Dec. 5, 1831 ; Eliza Cook, for burking Cath. Walsh, Old Bailey, Jan. 9, 1832; John Smith, J. Pratt, unnatural crime, Old Bailey, April 8, 1835 ; Mary Ann Burdock, Bristol, poison- ing, April 15, 1835 ; James Green- acre, murder of Hannah Brown, Old Bailey, May 2, 1837 ; Francois B. Courvoisier, murder of Lord W. Rus- sell, Old Bailey, July 6, 1840 ; John Tawell, murder of Sarah Hart, Aylesbury, March 28, 1845 ; Thomas Hemy Hocker, murder of De La Rue, Old Bailey, April 28, 1845; Cather- ine Foster, for the murder of her husband, Bury St. Edmonds, April 17, 1847 ; James Bloomfield Rush, murder of Messrs. Jermy, sen. and jun., Norwich, April 21, 1849; Fred. Manning and his wife, for the mur- der of one O'Connor, Horsemonger- lane, Nov. 13, 1849 ; Henry Haler, for the murder of his wife, Old Bailey, Jan. 10, 1853. Executions for treason, Jan. 27, 1715 ; charges for executing thirty- four persons : — Erecting galleries, paid for materials, hurdle, fire, cart, &c, on ex- ecuting Shuttleworth, and four more at Pres- ton, and setting up a head £12 4 [Exclusive of pay- ments to under-sheriff and jailers.] Feb. 9, 1715. Disburse- ments on executing old Mr. Chorley and others, setting up a head 5 10 6 [Besides under-sheriff. &c] Carried forward ... £17 10 10 Brought forward... £17 10 10 Feb. 10. At Wigan, ex- ecuting Blundel 7 12 [Besides under-sheriff, &c] Feb. 11. At Manches- ter, executing Syddal, &c 8 10 [Besides under-sheriff, &c] Feb. 16 & 18. At Gar- stang and Lancaster, executing four at each place 22 8 [Besides under-sheriff, &c. Feb. 25. Executing Ben- net and three more at Liverpool 10 3 Paid the two execution- ers 60 Paid for horses to carry the executioners, and their travelling char- ges 7 10 Executing thirty-four, and setting up heads... 132 15 8 Exeter, Princess Henrietta Maria born there, June 16, 1644. Exeter, city of, before the reign of Athelstan, the capital of the Cor- nish Britons, whom that king drove beyond the Tamar ; held by the Saxons and Danes ; surrendered to Alfred the Great, 894; taken by Sweyn, 1003, and the inhabitants massacred ; besieged by William I., 1067; the castle surrendered to King Stephen, 1136 ; Edward I. held a parliament here, 1286 ; besieged by Sir W. Courtenay, 1469 ; assaulted by Perkin Warbeck, 1497 ; Welsh, the vicar of St. Thomas, hanged on his own church tower, for being a leader in the Cornish rebellion, July 2, 1549. Exeter Castle built, 680 ; cathe- dral erected between 1138 and 1369, Gothic, 390 feet long, 74 broad, 140 high ; first ruled by a mayor, 1200 ; see removed to 1040 ; once two sees, one at Crediton-Devon, the other at EXH 233 EXP St. Germains, Cornwall, united 1032; Leofric, the first bishop of Exeter, 1049 ; the nunnery founded, 1236 ; the old bridge built, 1250; the Black Prince visited the city, 1371 ; conduit made, 1466 ; annual festi- val established, 1549 ; the guildhall built, 1593; taken for Charles I., Sept. 4, 1643; surrendered to the parliament, April, 1646; mint es- tablished by James I., 1694 ; sur- rendered its charter, and had an- other, March 20, 1677-8 ; new bridge built, 1778; the theatre erected, 1783; lunatic asylum founded, 1795; county jail built, 1796; library founded, 1807; new city prison built, 1818; remnant of the ancient walls taken away, 1818 ; public baths erected, 1821 ; new cemetery begun, 1837 ; twenty houses burnt, Aug. 22, 1844. Excess in dress restrained by statute, 1465, 1574 ; in drinking, 975. Exeter Change, London, built by Stapleton, bishop of Exeter, 1316 ; demolished 1829. Exeter Change, an arcade or passage so called, at some distance from where Exeter Change stood, connecting Wellington and Cathe- rine streets, opened 1845. Exeter College, Oxford, foimded by Stapleton, bishop of Exeter, 1314. Exeter Hall, Strand, London, a large room, built for public meet- ings, opened 1830. Exeter, Marquis of, Lord Mon- tague, and Sir Nicolas Carew, be- headed, Dec. 31, 1558. Exhibition, Great Industrial, of 1851 ; date of proclamation, June 3, 1850 ; meeting at the Mansion-house in support of the scheme, Jan. 25, 1850 ; building decided to be of glass and iron, designed by Mr. Paxton, 1848 feet long, 408 wide, 72 high, with a transept 105 feet high, cover- ing an area of 989,784 feet, or about 18 acres ; commenced on Sept. 26, and nearly all completed on Jan. 1, 1851 ; opened by the queen, May 1, when 10,678 packages hud been re- ceived, earned up to 11,186, the number of exhibitors being 15,000; visits to, May, 1851 734,782 June 1,113,116 July 1,314,176 August 1,023,435 Sept .....1,155,240 Oct. 11 days 846,107 Total visits 6,201,856 There were 70,000 foreigners, and 3000 or 4000 Americans. The cost of the building was £170,743 Receipts at the doors £356,071 : 12 : 6 Subscriptions 64,344: 0:0 Subscription tickets. 40,000: 0:0 Total £460:415:12:6 Expeditions of the English du- ring the war of 1793—1815; Qui- beron Bay, Erench emigrants, 1796 (unfortunate) ; Ostend, all landed made prisoners, May, 1798 ; Helder Point and Zuyder Zee, to secure the Dutch fleet at the Texel, Sept. 1, 1799 (successful) ; Ferrol, Aug. 1800 (unsuccessful) ; Egypt, under Aber- crombie (successful), March, 1801 ; Copenhagen, Sept. 1807 (successful); Walcheren, July, 1809 (unsuccess- ful) ; Bergen-op-Zoom, March 8, 1814 (unsuccessful). Expenses of English Wars. Wil- liam DL, £30,446,382; Queen Anne, £43,360,000; George I., £6,048,267; George II., 1739, £46,418,689; war of 1756, George II. and III., £111,271,996; the American war, £139,171,876 , Spanish and Russian proportions, £2,800,000 ; debt con- tracted from the commencement of the war to replace the Bourbons to the conclusion of the war in 1815, £374,789,425, besides the taxes and the interest of the debt ex- pended on the same object. — In 1814, the sums expended for the army, navy, and ordnance, amounted to £71,686,707, and if to this sum is added the interest of the debt, all of which had been incurred in the prosecution of wars, it will be seen that these branches of expen- EXP 234 EXP diture amounted in that one year to £101,738,072, a large part of which was expended in foreign countries, and abstracted from the capital of the nation. The drain which had been thus in operation for a con- tinuous series of years, affords a sufficient explanation of the ex- haustion in which the country was placed during the first few years that followed the restoration of peace. The ceasing of a war de- mand for various articles consumed by the army, or exported to provide payment of loans and subsidies to foreign countries, occasioned loss to the comparatively small number of individuals who had supplied the government, or had conducted cer- tain branches of the export trade ; but these persons must have been insignificant compared with the great mass of commercial dealers, who were benefited by the change. The lavish expenditure of the war placed the country in a state un- favourable for taking advantage of the alteration in the years that fol- lowed the final overthrow of Napo- leon, or they must have been years 14 Years, 1S01 to 1814. £ Navy 237,441,798 ... Army 337,993,912 ... Ordnance 58,198,904 ... of the highest prosperity. The prices of articles of which we were buyers, fell; the goods which we had to offer in exchange, rose in value. During the ten years be- tween 1805 and 1814, the go- vernment expenditure exceeded £800,000,000; and, although some considerable part of this amount doubtless came back to individuals, and prevented that expenditure from being altogether a loss of capi- tal to the country, the part which found its way to foreign lands with- out producing any immediate return was greater than England could bear without suffering, and was in all probability the cause of the diffi- culties which bore so hard upon the merchants in the few following years, and before the benign in- fluence of peace had adequately remedied the evils. According to the official returns, the wars cost the country, during the present century, upwards of 1000 millions of money, 63 per cent, of which was expended in the 14 years of war, and the re- maining 37 per cent, only in 22 years of peace, viz. : — 22 Years, 1815 Total, 36 Years. to 1836. 1801 1o 1836. jg j£ .. 137,719,606 375,161,404 .. 204,406,907 542,400,816 .. 34,176,949 92,375,853 633,634,614 376,303,462 1,009,938,076 The average annual expenditure under these three heads was, in the 14 years ending with 1814, £45,259,615 ; in the 22 years end- ing with 1836, it fell to £17,104,702. If we confine the comparison of the expenditure to the six years ending with 1836, it will be found that the average amount in this latter period was £12,714,289, or less by 72 per cent, than it was previous to 1814. In the 16 years between 1815 and 1830 the average annual expendi- ture for naval and military purposes was £18,751,108, compared with which the cost in the six years end- ing with 1836 exhibits a saving of 32 per cent. In the six years from 1809 to 1814 the expenditure for army, navy, and ordnance services was £348,557,438, being an annual average of £58,092,906. One source of public expenditure bore very hard, consisting of subsidies paid to foreign countries. The fol- lowing statement shows the expen- diture of each year under this head, from 1793 to 1814. The aggregate sum thus abstracted from the na- tional resources in those 22 years amounted to £46,289,495, of which about two-thirds, £30,582,259, were expended in the ten years that pre- ceded 1814 :— EXP 235 EXP £ 1793— Hanover 492,650 Hesse Cassel 190,623 Sardinia 150,000 1794— Prussia 1,226,495 Sardinia 200,000 Hesse Cassel 437,105 Hesse Darmstadt 101,073 Baden 25,196 Hanover .. 559,376 1795— Germany Imperial Loan (35 Geo. III., c. 93) 4,600,000 Baden 1,794 Brunswick 97,722 Hesse Cassel ,,..., 317,492 Hesse Darmstadt 79,605 Hanover 478,348 Sardinia 150,000 1796— Hesse Darmstadt ...,...,.. 20,076 Brunswick 12,794 1797 — Hesse Darmstadt ......,..,.., ,.., 57,015 Brunswick 1,571 Germany Imperial Loan (35 Geo. III., c. 59) 1,620,000 1798—Brunswick 1,000 Portugal , ....... 120,013 1799— Prince of Orange ,.. 80,000 Hesse Darmstadt 4,812 Kussia 825,000 1800— Germany 1,066,666 German Princes 500,000 Bavaria .,. 501,017 Kussia 545,494 1801— Portugal 200,114 Sardinia 40,000 Hesse Cassel 100,000 Germany 150,000 German Princes 200,000 1802— Hesse Cassel 33,451 Sardinia 52.000 Russia 200,000 1803— Hanover 117,628 Prussia 63,000 Portugal 31,647 833,273 2,550,245 5,724,961 32,870 1,684,586 127,013 849,812 2,613,177 690,114 285,451 212,275 Carried forward 15,603,777 EXP 236 EXP £ Brought forward 15,603,777 1804— Sweden £20,119 Hesse Cassel 83,304 , 103,423 1805— Hanover 35,341 1806— Hanover 76,865 Hesse Cassel 18,982 Germany 500,000 595 §47 1807— Hanover , 19,899 Eussia 614,183 Hesse Cassel 45,000 Prussia 180,000 . ■ 859,082 1808— Spain 1,497,873 Sweden 1,100,000 Sicily 300,000 . ■ 2,897,873 1809— Spain 529,039 Portugal 600,000 Sweden 300,000 Sicily 300,000 Austria 850,000 2 579 039 1810— Hesse Cassel 45,150 Spain 402,875 Portugal 1,237,518 Sicily 425,000 2,110,543 1811— Spain 220,690 Portugal 1,832,168 Sicily 275,000 Portuguese sufferers 39,555 , 2 367 413 1812— Spain 1,000,000 Portugal 2,167,832 Portuguese sufferers 60,445 Sicily 400,000 Sweden 278,292 Morocco 1,952 - 3,908,521 1813— Spain 1,000,000 Portugal 2,644,063 Sicily 600,000 Sweden 1,320,000 Eussia 657,500 Eussian sufferers 200,000 Prussia 650,040 Prince of Orange 200,000 Austria 500,000 Morocco 14,419 6,786,022 Carried forward 37,846,881 . EXP 237 EYL £ Brought forward 37,846,881 1814— Spain £450,000 I Portugal 1,500,000 Sicilv 316,667 Sweden... 800,000 Russia 2,169,982 , Prussia 1,319,129 Austria 1,064,882 7,620,660 France (advanced to Louis XVIII., to enable him to return to France) 200,000 Hanover 500,000 Denmark 121,198 . ~ 821,918 46,289,459 The direct payments under the form of loans and subsidies did not form the whole of the contributions made by this country to its allies. The value of the arms, clothing, and other stores that were fur- nished to our allies in the year 1814 alone, were all in addition to the subsidies in the foregoing statement : — AUSTRIA. £ Arms and clothing . . . 410,751 FRANCE. Arms sent to the south of France 31,932 HANOVER. Arms and clothing . . . 239,879 HOLLAND. Arms and clothing . . . 267,759 OLDENBURG. Clothing 10,008 PRUSSIA, Arms 11,042 RUSSIA, Provisions and stores . . 385,491 SPAIN. Stores 136,338 Miscellaneous arms and clothing supplied to va- rious foreign corps . . 88,845 £1,582,045 Large sums in addition must be placed here in assistance to French emigrant expeditions, and supplies of stores to Spain and Portugal, from 1808 to 1813. Explanation, Irish Act of, 1665. Exports, England to France : — 1848 1,025,121 1849 1,951,269 1850 2,401,956 1851 2,028,463 Exports, France to England: — 1848 7,130,394 1849 8,177,075 1850 8,454,193 1851 8,083,112 Duties levied on French imports, 1851, £2,110,968. Exports, Value of— £68,531,601 in 1851 ; £71,429,548 in 1852 ; the principal were, 1852 — £ Cotton 23,301,278 Linen manufactures ... 4,212,350 Metals 9,928,405 Silk manufactures 1,156,645 Hardware, &c 2,692,439 Woollens 8,725,645 Exports, 1850, in value — from London, £14,060,000; from HulL £10,366,610; Glasgow, £3,768,646. Exportation of Corn permitted by law, 1663 ; a bounty paid for, 1689. Eye, Infirmary for Diseases of the, founded 1804. Etlau, Battle of, between the French and Russians, in which Na- FAI 238 FAL poleon was victorious, Feb. 8, 1807; the French lost 12,000 men, the Russians 20,000, in killed alone. Eynsham Abbey, Oxfordshire, built 1005. Eyre, Justices in, the office insti- tuted 1184, by Henry II., an itine- rant court of justice. They once went their circuit every three years to punish abuses in the king's fo- rests. The last was held in the time of Charles II., 1671. Ezerghan, on the borders of Ar- menia, destroyed by an earthquake, when 6300 of the inhabitants per- ished, July 28, 1784. F Factories in England; In 1835 * ..i..i. .......;.. 1,262 In 1838 1,815 The number of hands employed in cotton factories in 1835 was... 220, 000 1838 259,000 Making an increase of 39,000 hands: The woollen factories in 1835 were 1;313 1838 :...;; ;... 1,378 The hands employed in woollen factories in 1835 were 71,000 1838. ..;;... 86,000 Showing an increase of 15,000 hands. The number of flax mills in 1835 Was ; ....;.... i 347 1838.; .... ...;. 392 The number of hands employed in flax mills in 1835 was 33,000 1838 ti 43,000 Showing an increase of 10,000 hands. Of silk factories there were in 1835.. ; 238 1838 ; ..;,. 268 Of hands employed in silk factories there were in 1835 30,000 1838 34,000 Showing an increase of 4000 hands. The total increase in the number of hands, in all, was.*... ..a. ..a.. 68,000 Fabricitjs, Charles, the portrait painter of Delft, killed by the blow- ing up of a magazine, 1654. Faenza, earthenware first manu- factured at, 1289. Fahrenheit, G. D., the inventor of the thermometer commonly used in England, bom 1686, died 1736. Fairfax defeated at Barham Moor, March 29, 1643, and at Al- derton Moor, June 29, 1643 ; routed the royalists, at Nantwich, Jan. 1643-4 ; with Cromwell new mo- delled the army, Dec. 31, 1644; commanded at Naseby, June 9, 1644. died, 1671. Fairbrother, Mr., died at Wi- gan, in Lancashire, aged 138, May, 1770. Fairs and Markets first instituted in England, by Alfred, 886; in France, by Charlemagne, 800 ; pro- moted by William the Conqueror, 1071. The first fairs originated in wakes, when the number of people assembled brought together a va- riety of traders annually on these days. From these holidays they were called Ferise or Fairs. Gre- gory "VII. patronised them as monks' festivals, to which the people re- sorted with wares to sell. Beau- cair6j Falaise, and Leipsic, are noted on the continent. Fakenham, Norfolk, fire at, and much injured, Aug. 4, 1738. Falezi, peace of, between Russia and Turkey, 1797. FAM 239 FEA Falkland Islands discovered, 1592. Falkland, Lord Lucius, killed at the battle of Newbury, Sept. 1643, aged 33. Falkirk, Battle of, between Ed- ward I. and the Scotch, under Wal- lace, in which 40,000 of the Scotch were slain, July 22, 1298 ; also, a skirmish between some of the Eng- lish forces and the Scotch rebels, in which the former were worsted with the loss of 300 men, June 18, 1746. Falmouth, 22 houses and the theatre destroyed at, by fire, Aug. 21, 1792. Family of Love, a religious sect, called also Philadelphians, who as- sembled at Nottingham, under Da- vid George of Holland ; he had be- fore propagated his harmless tenets in Switzerland, 1556; his books were answered, by digging up his body and burning both. Families, Agricultural, in Great Britain : while the total number of families in Great Britain increased, between 1811 and 1831$ from 2,544,215 to 3,414,175, or at the rate of 34 per cent., the number of families employed in agriculture increased only from 895,998 to 961,134, or at the rate of 7g per cent. From a table designed to show the progress of agriculture in England during each of the 75 years between 1760 and 1835, it appeared that in the ten years from 1760 to 1769, when the average number of inhabitants of England and Wales was 6,850,000 souls, the quantity of wheat produced was more than sufficient for the home use by 1,384,561 qrs. The committee of the House of Commons, which sat in 1813, stated in their report, that through the improvements in cul- tivation, the produce had been in- creased one-fourth during the then preceding ten years. Famine, the "Faithful Annalist of 1660 " states as follows :— " 1070. Such a dearth in England, that men did eat horses, cats, dogs, and man's flesh; King William bereaved all the monasteries and abbeys of England of their gold and silver, sparing neither chalice nor shrine." Fancourt, Samuel, a dissenting clergyman, who first set on foot cir- culating libraries, b. 1678, d. 1768. Fans, first used to hide the ladies' faces in church, came to England and France, from Italy, 1572. Fazley Castle, Somerset, built, 1342. Farms in Suffolk, several destroy- ed by fire, the work of incendiaries, May, 1816. Farthings, in silver, coined by king John, in Ireland, 1210 ; in sil- ver, by Henry VIII. , in England, 1522 ; in copper, by Charles II., 1665, and 1672 ; half farthings first coined in the reign of Victoria, 1843. Fasts and Fasting began in the second century, in the church of Borne, 138 ; a woman is reported to have lived without food an incredi- ble time, 1777. Fauntleroy, a London banker, executed for forgery, Nov. 30, 1824. Faust, or Faustus, who claimed the invention of printing, and on that account has been often coupled with the devil in stories and legends ; he died, 1466. Faux, Guy, executed in Parlia- ment-yard, Jan. 31, 1606, for being a conspirator in the gunpowder plot. Fayette, Marquis De La, re- warded by the Americans with 200,000 dollars, and a complete township of land, in remembrance of his services in the cause of Ame- rican independence, 1825. Fealty to the Pope refused by William I., 1073. Fearns, Scotland, roof of the church of, fell, and killed 60 persons, Oct. 19, 1742. Feasts and Festivals. These are numerous in the Catholic church ; they assert that Christmas, Easter, Ascension, and Whitsuntide, were ordered to be observed in the church as early as 68 ; Bogation days were appointed, 469 ; Jubilee, by Boniface VIII., 1300, at first observed eveiy 100 years, then every 50 years. FEO 240 FE V Fees, funeral of Thomas Easton, at St. Laurence, Thanet, extor- tionate ones, Oct. 16, 1824 : — £ s. d. Minister, for opening a vault for a non- parish- ioner 8 8 Prayers for funeral in the church 2 2 Burial service . . . .050 Clerk's fees, prayers, bu- rial services, &c. . . . 1 13 Sexton, opening the vault, 1 10 Knell, fifth bell . . . . 10 Prayers, tolling the bell, and bier 7 Cleaning the church ..050 Work in the vault ... 4 Churchwarden's fee ..110 Bricklayer's bill .... 1 4 Sexton's bill — Minister's fee, 5s. Od. Knell . . .4s. Od. Tolling . . 2s. 6d. [ 11 £18 Female Servants taxed, 1785, dis- continued, 1792. Fencing Schools prohibited in London, as introducing to duelling, 13th Edward I., 1284. Fenwick, Sir John, beheaded on Tower Hill, Jan. 29, 1697. Feodal or feudal laws, the tenure of land by suit and service to the lord or owner of it, introduced into England by the Saxons about 600. The slavery of this tenure increased under William I., 1068. This was dividing the kingdom into baronies, giving them to certain persons, and requiring those persons to furnish the king with money, and a stated number of soldiers. It was dis- countenanced in France by Louis XI., about 1470 ; restrained and limited, Hen. VII., 1495 ; abolished by statute, 12th Charles II., 1663 ; finally abolished in Scotland, 20th George II., 1746. Fere Champenoise, Battle of, between marshal Marmont and the Austrians under prince Schwartzen- berg, who were defeated, March 25, 1814. Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, born, 1784, died, Sept. 29, 1833. Ferdinando, Mau. de Paleotti, brother to the duchess of Shrews- bury, hanged for murder, at Tyburn, Feb. 28, 1717-18. Ferdinand III. made emperor of Germany, 1637. Fernbush, the Sweet, introduced frOm North America, 1714. Ferns, Bishopric of, Ireland, existed in 598; united with Leigh- lin, 1600 ; to the bishopric of Osso- ry, Aug. 1833. Ferozeshah, Battle of, between the Sikhs and the British, in India, Dec. 21, 22, 1845; the former re- pulsed and artillery captured. Ferrars, George, a member of parliament, taken in execution for debt, demanded by the speaker, and the demand resisted ; then taken by force, and the magistrates, creditor, and officers committed, 1542. Ferrers, Earl, committed to the Tower for the murder of his steward, Feb. 13, 1759-60; tried, condemned, and hanged, at Tyburn, May 5, 1769. Ferrol, abortive British expe- dition to, under Sir James Pulte- ney, when 10,000 men landed and reimbarked, Aug. 1800. Ferryboat crossing the Menai Straits overset, and 50 persons drowned, between Caernarvon and Anglesea, Dec. 4, 1785. Fete de Dieu, established at An- gers, 1619, to atone on the part of the archbishop for his non-belief of transubstantiation when first pro- pagated by the pope. Fete de Vertu, established, 1789, by Lady Harcourt, at Newnham, Gloucestershire. Fete, a grand one given in Paris to the Commissioners of the Great Exhibition of 1851, Aug. 2. Feuilxans, order of, founded in Paris, 1587. A society of that name formed there to oppose the Jacobins, Dec, 1791. Feversham Abbey, Kent, built, 1147. FIR 241 FIR Fez, kingdom of, founded by Edrus, 793. Fief, known in France, 511; in Spain, before 710 ; a Saxon tenure. Fiery Ordeal in use, 1042. Field of the Clotb of Gold, em- barkation of Henry VIII. for, May 3, 1520. Fieschi's attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe of France by an in- fernal machine of twenty-five mus- ket barrels well loaded. Marshal Mortier was killed, a number of officers wounded, and upwards of forty persons besides killed or hurt, July 28, 1835. Fifth Monarchy Men, conspiracy of, dispersed by Cromwell, a re- ligious sect that expected the mil- lennium, and a universal monarchy under Christ, 1653. Fig Tree, introduced into Eng- land in 1 600. Th e Australian species brought in, 1789. Figures, the arithmetical in the present form introduced by the Arabs into Europe, in 1253, super- seding the Roman, except for pe- culiar purposes. Finance, new system of, intro- duced by Pitt, 1797 ; turned out a delusion, and ended in a 10 per cent, income-tax, 1798; increased pressure on the public by these measures ; in 1790, the labourer in husbandry could purchase with his wages 82 pints of wheat, in 1800, only 53 ; the artisan, in 1790, could buy 169 pints, in 1800, only 83. Fire- Arms invented by Schwartz, 1378; introduced into England, 1388'; matchlocks first used in battle atRhejan, 1525; cannon first used by the English at Cressy in 1346 ; and soon after at the siege of Calais. Fire-Engines, invented by Van- der Heyden, about 1667 ; improved in 1752 and subsequently. Firemen, or Fire-watch, estab- lished in London, Nov., 1791 ; re- organised, 1833. Fireships, used at the siege of Antwerp, 1585; also against the Spanish armada by Sir F. Drake, 1588. Fireworks, invented in China and the East ; displayed at Florence in the fourteenth century ; June 21, 1770, more than 1000 persons trampled to death in Paris at an exhibition of, on the marriage of Louis XVI. Display in England at the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle of great excellence, and again, Aug. 1, 1814, at the general peace. Fires in London : — A great part of the city destroyed by fire, 982 ; again in 1077, 1087, 1092, 1132. London bridge burned, 1136. On London bridge, which burned 300 J persons, July 10, 1212. At Leaden- hall, 1484. Westminster palace burned, 1540. The great fire of Sept. 2, 1666, covered 436 acres with its ruins, extending from the Tower to the Temple church ; and from the North East Gate to Hol- born-b ridge ; it broke out at a baker's shop in Pudding-lane, behind Monu- ment-yard, and destroyed in four days eighty-nine churches, with the noble cathedral of St. Paul's, the city gates, the Exchange, the Custom House, the Guildhall, Sion College, and numerous other public build- ings, with 13,200 houses and 400 streets. It was at last only ex- tinguished by the blowing up of the houses before the flames could reach them. Drury-lane theatre burned, with 60 houses, January, 1671-2. In Southwark, which destroyed 60 houses, 1676. In the Temple, Jan. 26, 1679. In Gray's-inn, Feb., 1680. Whitehall palace burned in part, April, 1690 ; totally consumed, Jan. 5, 1698. Thames-street, 120 houses burnt, and above fifty persons perished, Jan. 13, 1715; 150 houses were burnt down in Nightingale- lane, Wapping, Dec. 4, 1716. Cus- tom-house burnt, 1718. Billings- gate, 1718. Shadwell had 50 houses burnt, Sept. 10, 1733. Battle- bridge, Aug. 12, 1749. Cornhill, March 25, 1748, 200 houses, the most terrible after the great fire of 1666; Nov. 10, 1759; and Nov. 7, 1765. Inner temple, Jan. 4, 1738-7. Cotton-wharf burnt, and £40,O0J FIR 242 FIR damage, Aug. 12, 1751. Lincoln's- inn- square, June 27, 1752. Billings- gate, Jan. 13, 1754. The Hermit- age brewhouse, £20,000 damage, May 1, 1755. Staple-inn, where four persons were burnt, Nov. 27, 1756. London temporary bridge, April 11, 1759. In Duke-street, Lincoln's- inn, which burnt the Sar- dinian ambassador's chapel, Nov. 30, 1759. In King- street, Covent- garden, 50 houses burnt, £70,000 damage, Dec. 23, 1759. Fish- monger Hall, and several houses in Thames-street, Feb. 10, 1761. East Smithfield had 28 houses burnt, April 11, 1761. 14 houses in Swal- low-street, April 24, 1761. 30 houses burnt at Shadwell, besides barges, May 2, 1761. Vault under St. James's church, Piccadilly, burnt, Jan. 15, 1763. At Rotherhithe, June 1, 1765. London-house, in Aldersgate-street, 1768. Throg- morton-street, May 9, 1774. Chan- dos-street, Covent-garden, May 10, 1772. Cornhill, June 6, 1773. In the Tower, Jan. 31, 1774. In King- street, Covent-garden, May 4, 1774. 20 houses were burnt at the dock, Wapping, Sept. 28, 1775. At Sidney House, in the Old Bailey, Aug. 1, 1775. In Russel-street, Covent-gar- den, Sept. 29, 1775. At the Savoy, Mar. 2, 1776. Greenwich Hospital, Jan. 2, 1779. At Hermitage-stairs, which destroyed 31 houses, besides other buildings, March 16, 1779. At Horsleydown, April 30, 1780, near 30 houses, besides warehouses and shipping. London-bridge wa- ter- works, fpct. 31, 1779. In the .Strand, near the New Church, 1781. Gun Dock, Wapping, where 14 houses were burnt, Sept, 23, 1783. At Mr. Seddon's, in Aldersgate- street and Bartholomew- close, which destroyed £100,000 worth of goods and 40 houses, Nov. 5, 1783. Opposite Exeter Change, in July, 1784. In Abchurch-lane, July 27, 1784. Spring-garden gate, April 2, 1785. Compton-street, 16 houses, June 12, 1785. Dockhead, which de- stroyed several warehouses, the loss very considerable, May 2, 1785. In Holborn, June 13, 1785. James - street, Haymarket, 1786. Vine- street, Piccadilly, Oct. 2, 1786. The corner of Bow-street, Covent- garden, Jan. 10, 1788. The Opera- house in the Haymarket, June 17, 1789. In Hanway-yard, Oxford- street, March 12, 1790. At the foot of Westminster-bridge, 20 per- sons killed or maimed, Feb. 18, 1790. In Aldersgate-street, May 16, 1790. Fleet-street, Oct. 4, 1790. Rother- hithe, when 20 houses were de- stroyed, Oct. 12, 1790. Near the Hermitage, with £30,000 damage, April 1, 1790. The Albion-mills destroyed, March 2, 1791. From Cherry garden-stairs to West-lane, Rotherhithe, destroyed, and several vessels, with 60 houses, Sept. 14, 1791. At a sugar-house, Wellclose- square, &c, where £30,000 damage was done, Dec. 12, 1791. The Duke of Richmond's house, &c, in Privy-gardens, burnt, Dec. 21, 1791. The Pantheon, in Oxford-street, burnt, Jan. 14, 1792. Near Fins- bury- square, Moorfields, at a timber- yard, with a loss of £10,000, July 28, 1792. At Hawley's- wharf, Her- mitage-wharf, which did £10,000 damage, by destruction of sugar, Dec. 2, 1793. In Duck-lane, near Wardour-sti-eet, 13 houses were burnt down, Dec. 13, 1793. At Limehouse-hole, where many houses were burnt, June 18, 1794. At Wapping, where upwards of 630 houses were destroyed, together with an East India warehouse, in which 35,000 bags of saltpetre were destroyed, July 22 and 23, 1794 ; the whole loss was estimated at above £1,000,000 sterling; there was £40,000 worth of sugar in one sugar-house ; the whole is said to be the most dreadful accident of the kind since the fire of London, in 1666. At Astley's theatre, near Westminster-bridge, which destroy- ed to the value of near £30,000, to- gether with 19 other houses, Aug. 17, 1794. The elegant church of St. Paul's, Covent-garden, was burnt FIR 243 FIR down by the carelessness of work- men employed in its repair, Sept. 19, 1735. At Shadwell, 20 houses were burnt, Nov. 1, 1796. In the Minories, 30 houses destroyed, March 23, 1797. The water-works at Shadwell, which conveyed water from the Tower to Limehouse, and raised 903 gallons in a minute, were burnt down in one hour and a half, on Dec. 12, 1797. The King's Bench prison had 50 apartments destroyed by an accidental fire, July 14, 1799. Near the Custom- house, three large warehouses of West India goods, valued at £30,000, destroyed, Feb. 11, 1800. At Wap- ping, where 30 houses, besides ware- houses, value £80,000, were burnt, and many lives lost, Oct. 6, 1800 ; it extended from Mew-stairs to Exe- cution-dock. In Store-street, ToU tenham- court road, £40,000 value destroyed by a fire at a brewery, Sept. 27, 1802, At the printing- office of Mr. S. Hamilton, in Falcon- court, Fleet -street, where property to the amount of £80,000 was burnt, Feb. 2, 1803. The great tower over the choir of Westminster Abbey de- stroyed, July 9, 1803. An inn in Chelmsford,inwhichl20Hanoverian troops had been lodged a few hours before, twelve of whom were burnt, Oct. 22, 1804. Eight persons burnt in Adam-street, Edgeware-road, Jan. 27, 1805. Covent-Garden theatre to- tally destroyed by fire, Sept. 20, 1808. Part of St. James's palace burnt down, Jan. 21, 1809. Drury-lane theatre, Feb. 24, 1809. Mr. Smee- ton's printing-office, St, Martin's- lane, himself and wife destroyed in the flames, May 27, 1809. In Con- duit-street, at which Mr. Windham, in exerting himself to save Mr. North's library and manuscripts, received a blow on the thigh which proved the cause of his death, July 8, 1809. At the wharf of Messrs. Pococke and Buckley, Whitefriars- dock, by which timber to the amount of £30,000, and nine valuable horses were destroyed, Jan. 1, 1810. At Reeve's floor-cloth manufactory, Little Tichfield-street, by which seven houses and Mr. Huntingdon's chapel were destroyed, July 13, 1810. At the house of Mr. Paris, printer, in Tooke's-court, by which three houses were destroyed, and one woman burnt to death, July 20, 1810. At Gillet's printing- office in Salisbury-square, July 29, 1810, after a former calamity of the same kind in 1805. At the Mexi- can coffee-house, Lisle-street, Mr. Simeon, the proprietor, and his wife, destroyed in the flames, Dec. 8, 1810. Goullee's pork-shop, corner of Half-moon-street, Bishopsgate- street, in which Mr. Gotillee, his wife, three children, nurse, maid- servant, and shop-boy perished, April 22, 181L In Bury-street, St. Mary Axe, by which nearly half the street was destroyed, June 18, 1811. At Mr. Holland's, tallow- chandler, South Audley-street, by which that and several other houses were destroyed, Aug. 25, 1812. At Mr. Merle's, picture-frame maker, Leadenhall-street, by which every house to Billiter-lane was consumed and three others, Oct. 17, 1812. At the commercial hall, Skinner- street, which was entirely Consumed, April 4, 1813. At a fishmonger's near Vauxhall turnpike, by which the Oak tavern and Vauxhall cha- pel were destroyed, Aug. 12, 1813. At the premises of Messrs. Jones and Co., timber merchants, King- street, Southwark, by which fifteen other houses were destroyed, Dec. 1813. In Denmark-street, by which five houses were destroyed and one woman lost her life, Jan. 18, 1814. At the Custom-house, Thames- street, by which the whole range of buildings and many other houses were destroyed, Feb. 12, 1814. At the mustard mills of Messrs. Lingard and Jones, Southwark, by which great devastation Avas made, several adjoining warehouses being destroyed, and a great extent of stabling belonging to Tbeel and Steel, Aug. 28, 1814. In High- street, Shadwell, by which twenty FIR 244 FIR dwelling-houses were consumed, Oct. 10, 1814. In Narrow-street, Limehouse, by which sixteen dwell- ing-houses and several warehouses were burnt down, Nov. 11, 1814. At Mr. Bigg's, St. Paul's church- yard, by which the house and two of his children were consumed, Jan. 19, 1815. Works belonging to the gas company in Dorset-street, de- stroyed, May 24, 1815. In Leaden- hall-street, opposite to the India House, by which two houses were burnt down, June 4, 1815. In the range of buildings between the Crescent and America-square, by which nearly twenty houses were destroyed, July 14, 1815. At the Mint, by which the eastern and southern wing of the building were unroofed, and the interior, contain- ing the machinery, destroyed, Oct. 21, 1815. In Wardour-street, at the house of Mr. Seymour, three of whose daughters, the eldest only eight years of age, perished in the flames, Oct. 31, 1815. At Grove- place, Kentish Town, by which the house of Mr. Slack was destroyed, and himself fell a victim to the flames, Nov. 23, 1815. In Red Lion-street, Holborn, by which the house of a goldbeater was destroy- ed, and a child perished in the flames, Nov. 24, 1815. At an umbrella maker's, High Holborn, between Featherstone-buildings and Brownlow-st. by which six houses were entirely burnt to the ground, Nov. 28, 1815. In Crown-street, Finsbury-square,by which the house and warehouse of Mr. Mitchel were destroyed, Dec. 31, 1815. At Berkeley-square, at the house of Mr. Charles Boon, which, with its furniture and library, were destroy- ed, Feb. 11, 1816. At the Stock Exchange Coffee-house, which was entirely destroyed, as were several adjoining counting-houses, April 23, 1816. At the Plough Inn, Clapham, which was entirely de- stroyed, May 29, 1816. Extensive premises of Mr. Irvine, Nos. 49, 50, St. Mary -le- bonne-street, entirely destroyed, with many new and un- finished carriages, June 1, 1816. At the house of Mr. Dunkin, tallow chandler, Aldersgate-street, which was destroyed, with the upper part of the adjoining house of Cocker- ton and Son, oilmen, June 26, 1816; these houses had just been rebuilt in consequence of a similar confla- gration in the preceding year. At Mr. Norris's carpet warehouse, which was under repair in conse- quence of having been burnt down ten months before, Sept. 20, 1816. At the shop of Mr. Falconer, car- penter, Turk's-head yard, Oxford- market, by which that and five others were greatly damaged, Oct. 2, 1816. At the warehouse of Mr. Henderson, by which several houses were burnt down, others damaged, and property to the amount of £40,000 destroyed, Oct. 23, 1816. Near Wapping Docks, by which the warehouses of Messrs. Viner and Co., and several adjoining ones were burnt down, Dec. 16, 1816. At Poplar, at the house of Mrs. Cock, by which that and nine other houses were destroyed ; Mrs. Cock, at the age of eighty years, perished in the flames, Dec. 20, 1816. The house of Mr. Driskall, Mount-place, Homerton-road, burnt to the ground, the damage estimated at £5000, April 6, 1817. The house of Mr. Bainbridge, carver and gilder, High Holborn, totally destroyed by fire, April 7, 1817. The extensive pre- mises in Fleet-street, belonging to a Mr. Mist, destroyed by fire, May 23, 1817. House of Mr. Black, oilman, facing Bermondsey church, destroyed by fire, and Mr. Black, his wife, and eldest child, found suffocated in the adjoining house, June 28, 1817. At Mr. Wheater's, grocer, No. 460, Strand, by which ten houses were destroyed, and three persons perished in the flames, March 1, 1818. At Mr. Clarke's, oilman, Somers' Town ; and at Mr. Higgs', hat manufacturer, Webber- row, Blackfriars'-road, in the latter of which two children were burned, FIR 245 FIR April 14, 1818. At Messrs. Spencer's, Newton-street, High Holborn, which burned five houses, and damaged several others, July 1818. In Ratcliff Highway, which consum- ed fifteen houses, Aug. 1818. In Nel- son-street, Whitechapel, at the sugar-house of Messrs. Craven and Shultz, which did damage to the amount of £15,000, Aug. 1819. At the house of Mr. Worms, White- chapel, in which three children were destroyed, Nov. 1819. The sugar- refinery of Messrs. Severn, King, and Co., was burned down ; the loss was estimated at £80,000, Nov. 1819. At the house of Mr. Kerr, boot-maker, corner of Norfolk- street, Strand, which destroyed two houses and damaged several others, Jan. 17, 1820. In Thames-street, at the premises of Messrs. Thomas and Co., porter merchants ; damage done to the amount of £20,000, Feb. 1820. At Mr. Westlake's ship -builder, Rotherhithe, which consumed seven houses, a brig, several warehouses, and property worth £50,000, March, 1820. In Drury-lane, which destroyed a tim- ber-yard and ten houses, threat- ening the destruction of the neigh- bourhood, Nov. 9, 1820. At Messrs. Smith & Co., sugar-bakers, Mile End, to the loss of £200,000, Jan. 11, 1821. In Gutter-lane, Cheap- side, which destroyed three houses and damaged six, Feb. 27, 1821. On the premises of Messrs. Southall and Fossick, Gracechurch Street, which destroyed four houses and a meeting-house, and occasioned the death of four persons, Sept. 9, 1821. Four houses destroyed, and three persons burnt, in Prince's-street, Soho, Sept. 10, 1821. Three houses destroyed in Waterloo-row, Surrev- road, Oct. 19, 1821. At Mr. George Hoppe's, Old Gravel-lane, Wapping, by which several houses were destroyed or injured, Nov. 3, 1821. A West Indiaman, of 300 tons burthen, destroyed in the river Thames, Dec. 16, 1821. The ex- tensive premises of Mr. Bagster, a bookseller in Paternoster-row, consumed, March 2, 182?. At Mr. Briggs', tallow-chandler, Old Gra- vel-lane, which destroyed the house and several workships, June 4, 1822. Two houses destroyed in St. John's street, Clerkenwell, June 20, 1822. The premises of Mr. White, boat- builder, at Rotherhithe, and an- other house, June 28, 1822. Two houses in Adam-street, Adelphi, consumed, June 29, 1822. The house of Mr. Wardell, provision merchant, Old Gravel-lane, June 30, 1822. The premises of Messrs. Astor and Co., musical instrument makers, Tottenham-street, were destroyed, July 20, 1822. A fire broke out in the plate- glass manu- factory of Messrs. Reed and Co., Upper Smithfield, which reduced the premises to a heap of ruins; the loss was £100,000, Aug. 11, 1822. The patent rope manufac- tory and all the machinery of Mr. Dunn, at Stepney, consumed, Aug., 14, 1822. A fire destroyed the house of Mr. Stokes, calico-printer, Gros- venor Market, Aug. 24, 1822. Two houses in Upper East Smithfield burned down, Aug. 26, 1822. Three houses burned in Old Round Court, Sept. 2, 1822. The extensive pre- mises of Messrs. Luntley and Mil- ner, wholesale druggists, Bread- street Hill, nearly destroyed, Sept. 3, 1822. A dreadful fire broke out at the floor-cloth manufactory of Messrs. Rolls and Goulston, in the Bermondsey-road, which consumed the premises, a timber yard, and destroyed or damaged nearly twenty houses, Sept. 16, 1822. Next door to the Architectural Library of Mr. Taylor, in Holbom, which destroyed that house and several others, and several works of art of the greatest value, Nov. 23, 1822. Long's Hotel, Bond-street, nearly burnt down, Dec. 21, 1822. A destructive fire in Watling-street, which destroyed several houses, Jan. 16, 1823. Se- veral houses and one person burned in New-street, Covent Garden, May 12, 1823. Fifteen houses consumed FIR 246 FIR in Red Lion-street, Bedford-square, and Featherstone Buildings, June 24, 1823. A house consumed in the London-road, and several others damaged, Sept. 14, 1823. In King- street, Hammersmith, which de- stroyed two houses and damaged several others ; a child was killed, Feb. 3, 1824. A fire broke out at the extensive wharfs of Messrs. Pickford and Co., on the banks of the City Road Basin ; the damage was estimated at £30,000, and two lives were lost, Feb. 26, 1824. A fire broke out at the house of Mr. Bond, linen-draper, in Fleet- street, and communicated to that of Mr. Hill, chemist, and six others, which Avere completely destroyed ; this fire opened a view of St. Bride's church, Nov. 14, 1824, On the following day, the extensive ware- houses of Messrs. Wilkinson, up- holsterers, Ludgate-hill, and several adjoining houses were burnt down. The tavern at Cumberland Gardens, near Vauxhall, May 25, 1825. A fire broke out at the house of Mr. Cruzett, carver and gilder, Great Titchfield-street, which spread to several houses in Mortimer-street, Wells-street, and Great Portland- street, destroying 20 or 30 houses, including a timber-yard, St. Mar- garet's chapel, and Varley's picture gallery, in which were many fine works of art, the damage estimated at £200,000, June 21, 1825. A fire in Cavendish- street, Oxford- street, in which three females were burnt to death, July 29, 1825. A fire broke out at the corner of Anchor-court, Old-street, and de- stroyed five houses, Aug. 10, 1825. A fire at the house of Mr. Bell, oilman, Shoreditch, in which Mr. Bell perished, Sept. 13, 1825. A fire broke out at the patent shot manufactory of Messrs. Walker and Parker, near Waterloo Bridge, which was completely gutted, Jan. 5, 1826. Royalty Theatre burnt down, loss estimated at £18,000, Jan. 5, 1826. At Sheerness, July 30, 1827. Duplin Castle, Perth- shire, Sept. 11, 1827. Talacre, Flintshire, Sept. 12, 1827. Bram- ham-park Mansion, July 21, 1828. Glasgow Theatre, Jan. 12, 1829. York Minster nearly destroyed, the fire communicated by a lunatic named Martin, Feb. 2, 1829. West- minster Abbey discovered to be on fire, April 27, 1829. Destructive fire at Manchester, Oct. 12, 1829. Ramsgate Theatre, Nov. 30, 1829. At Hinchbrook, the seat of Lord Sandwich, Jan. 22, 1830. Argyle Rooms, Regent-street, Feb. 12, 1830. English Opera House, Strand, Lon- don, Feb. 16, 1830. Messrs. Hoighton's, Bartholomew's close, Aug. 11, 1830, damage estimated at £200,000. Residence of Lord Wal- singham, Harley-street, where his lordship perished, and Lady W. died of the injuries received, April 27, 1831. At a fire in Monmouth- street some lives were lost, and also at another in Bucklersbury, 1833. Houses of Lords and Commons, Westminster, accidentally set on fire and destroyed, Oct. 16, 1834. The Royal Exchange and several houses near it, biirned down, Jan. 10, 1838. At Wapping twelve houses burned, June 16, 1840. Astley's Theatre, a third time, June 8, 1841. The armoury in the Tower, and 280,000 stand of arms destroyed, Oct. 30, 1841. At the South Eastern Rail- way on the departure of the king of the French, Oct. 1844. Fires in London, return of, in twelve months, for the year 1852 ; 263 were totally destructive, or of great damage, and 660 slightly in- jurious in comparison. There were 98 false alarms, and 89 fired chim- neys. Twenty-two fires were at- tended with fatal consequences ; at one three firemen Avere killed. The number and different trades carried on in the houses were as follows : — Dealers in drugs and apothe- caries 6 Bagnios 2 Bakers 13 Biscuit, muffin, and pie do 5 FIR 247 FIR Basket-maker 1 Bleacher 1 Booksellers, binders, and sta- tioners 18 Bottle-merchant 1 Brewers 1 Brokers and dealers in old. clothes 9 Builders 9 Cabinet-makers 15 Carpenters and wood-workers 56 Chemists 2 Chandlers 15 Coach-makers 1 Coopers 2 Curriers, &c 2 Churches 2 Corkcutter 1 Coffee-roaster 1 Coffee shops and chop houses.. 18 Cottars' wool warehouse 1 Chocolate-maker, 1 — Charcoal- dealer, 2 3 Confectioners and pastry-cooks 3 Cheesemongers 7 Caoutchouc manufacturers .... 2 Cane-dyer, 1 — Cement-works, 1 2 Colour-maker 1 Distiller, illicit 1 Distiller of tar, 2 — of Turpen- tine, 1 3 Drapers and mercers 38 Druggists, wholesale 5 Drysalter 1 Eating-houses 14 Engineers, mechanical 3 Firework-makers. 2 Farming-stock 8 Founders 4 Furrier, &c 1 Fire annihilator works 1 Grocers 7 Gasworks 4 Gluemaker, 1 — hatmaker, 1 ... 2 Hemp-dressers '. 4 Horse-hair merchants 2 Hotels and clubhouses 2 Japanners 3 Lampblack-makers 2 Laundresses 3 Lodgings 86 Lucifer-match-makers 5 Manchester goods warehouses.. 6 Marine-store-dealers 7 Musical-instrument-makers ... 2 Milliners and Dressmakers ... 9 Nut dealer f 1 Oil and colourmen, not makers 13 Oil-works 1 Private houses 249 Paper-stainers and paper- board makers 4 Painted barge makers 2 Pipe-makers 1 Printers. Letterpress, 5 — Cop- perplate, 1 6 Public building 1 Pawnbroker 1 Painters, plumbers, & glaziers 3 Paper-mills 2 Rag-merchants 4 Railways 3 Rope-makers 3 Saleshops and offices 37 Towmills by steam 7 Ships, 5 — Shipbuilders, 2 7 Ship-chandlers , 1 Steam-ship 1 Stables , 16 Soot-merchant.., 1 Straw-bonnet makers 2 Sugar-refiners 2 Steamboiler-maker 1 School of Industry .. f , 1 Silk-merchant , 1 Tanner 1 Tallow-chandler, &c 4 Tailors 14 Tarpauling-makers 2 Tinmen, braziers, &c 7 Tobacconists 7 Toy warehouses 3 Unoccupied houses 6 Houses under repair, or build- ing 11 Upholsterers 1 Varnish -makers 3 Victuallers 40 Warehouses 6 Weavers 2 Do. Mats 3 Wine and spirit merchants .... 4 Wood-merchants 2 Wharfinger 1 . Total, 923 Fires occasioned by servants, made punishable, 1707. Method to FIR 248 FIS prevent the spread of, invented by David Hartley, 1764. * First Fruits and Tenths, insti- tuted by Clement V., 1306 ; first collected in England, 1316 ; given to Henry VIIL, 1534; office of, established, 1543; granted to the poor clergy by Queen Anne, Feb. 1703-4; consolidation of, with Queen Anne's bounty, 1 Vic, 1838. First Fruits of livings, these were to be paid strictly over by a statute of Elizabeth, being one year's income of each, which in money value had been greatly augmented ; the sums received were to augment poor livings ; the payments in place of being made as required one year's existing income, are made in the ancient nominal value of the money! In 1835, in consequence, only the following should be, and were, the sums paid : — Archbishop of Can- terbury £19,182 £2,682 Archbishop of York 12,629 1,449 Bishop of Carlisle... 2,213 478 Bishop of Chichester 4,229 609 Bishop of Exeter ... 2,713 450 Bishop of Hereford 2,516 691 Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry ... 3,923 503 Bishop of LandafF. . . 924 1 39 Bishop of Norwich.. 5,395 834 Bishop of Peter- borough 3,100 373 Bishop of Rochester 1,450 322 Bishop of St. David's 1,897 383 Bishop of Salisbury 3,939 1,246 Bishop of Bangor... 4,464 118 Bishop of Bristol ... 2,351 294 Bishop of Worcester 6,569 929 Bishop of Lincoln... 4,542 828 Bishop of Oxford... 2,648 343 Bishop of St. Asaph 6,301 168 Bishop of Bath and Wells 5,946 479 Bishop of Gloucester 2,282 283 Bishop of Chester... 3,261 378 Bishop of Winches- ter 11,151 2,873 Bishop ofEly 11,105 1,921 Bishop of London ..13,929 900 Bishop of Durham..l9,066 1,638 Livings of undignified clergymen paid in 1835, in place of the full year's value after the following rate : Middleton Rectory £1,070 £36 3 11 Aldingham 1,092 39 9 2 Prestwich 1,230 46 4 9 Ashton-under- Line 1,407 26 13 9 Lancaster 1,709 41 4 Rochdale 1,730 11 4 Standish 1,874 45 16 9 Wigan 2,230 80 10 8 Winwick 3,616 102 9 8 Manchester Col- legiate Church 4,025 53 6 8 and thus all in inferior valuations. ■ Fish, a most surprising quantity taken out of a pond in Shrop- shire, Aug. 29, 1731. Fish was brought to London by land carriage in 1761 ; and machines constructed on purpose, parliament supporting them, 1764. The fish- oil used in London, cost annually before gas came in, £300,000. There are proper officers to attend to the wholesomeness of the fish brought to Billingsgate market by water or land. Fishmarket, erected near the bridge, Westminster, April 2, 1749 ; opened, Jan. 15, 1750. Fisheries, regulations regarding were issued, and the towns where they were carried on legally regu- lated, 1542; to fish on the English coast forbidden to strangers, 1609 ; the Dutch paid tribute first, and then £30,000 for to be permitted to fish on the English coast, 1683; corporation of free British fisheries instituted, 1730; British company for the fisheries instituted in Lon- don, 1786 ; Irish fishery company formed, Dec, 1818; the "Scotch obliged the Dutch by treaty," says Wellwood, in his reply to Grotius, " to keep 81 miles from the shore in fishing, and to pay a tribute at the port of Aberdeenshire. A tower was erected for that and other purposes, and the Dutch paid the tribute even in the memory of our forefathers." FIS 249 FIS Fish, condemned as unfit for food by the proper officers of the city and port of London, for the years 1831, 1832-3, with their description and quantity, was, in the three years re- spectively, 138,206, 163,584, 190,748 bushels. The fish consisted of the following kinds, in the second of the above-named years, affording an idea of the enormous quantity im- ported, to which they bear a relative proportion : — Bushels. Salmon 8,150 Turbot .... 207 Cod .... . 699 Soles .... 24,600 Herrings 3,000 Haddocks 6,700 Mackerel 92,410 Plaice, Maids, and Skate 19,950 Salt Fish . 292 Whitings 400 Brill ...■•", 180 Lobsters .... 6,025 Crabs .... 980 163,593 Besides the above, there wei e seized in the same year, ] Bushels. Periwinkles and Wilks 532 Muscles .... 15 Oysters 50 Sprats .... 1,200 Shrimps 17 1,814 Kits. Salmon (pickled) 126 Total number of fish seized and condemned in three years .... 492,538 Bushels of sprats and small shell fish . . . . 3,525 Kits of pickled salmon . 126 The increase year after year is pro- digious but not wonderful, when their fecundity is considered, thus, a flounder of 2 oz. weight contains 133,407 eggs or spawn ; one of 24 oz., 1,357,403 ; herrings weighing from 4 to 5| oz., from 21,285 to 36,960 ; Lobsters from 14 to 36 oz., contain 21,699 ; mackerel 20 oz., 454,061; prawn, about 3806; shrimps from 2849 to 6807; smelts from 14,411 to 38,278; sole of 5 oz., 38,772; one of 14i 0Z-> 100,362; a cod produces 3,686,760 ; a ling, 19,248,625. Fish, Tithe of, one of those usages which custom has established and reason repudiates. Before 1500, it was the custom for fishermen to present the Catholic clergy, when successful, with a portion of their taking of fish, out of gratitude to the virgin. After the reformation, the Protestant clergy claimed tithe of fish as a right, hence one and two guineas a year are often exacted for the boat of a poor fisherman, in lieu of tithe. Fishing companies are also made to pay tithe heavily. Sometimes, in Cormvall, tithe has been resisted vi-et-armis. In one case of this tax upon poverty and labour, at Lowestoft, in Norfolk, a demand of 10s. 3d. for the value of a portion of a catch of mackerel, was unsuccessfully resisted. Accounts were produced showing that such tithe had been paid 161 years before, the entries afforded no proof that the payment was other than a voluntary one. A letter written by T. Tanner, a commissary, at Norwich, to his brother John, vicar of Lowestoft, related to a dispute about the tithe of fish which arose in 1709 ; it stated that the case must be tried under the provisions of an act of the 2nd of Edward VI., which requires proof that the custom existed forty years before the date of the act (i.e. in 1509) ; this was insisted upon at the previous bearing. The other paper was entitled, "Thoughts on the Tythe of Fish at Lowestoft," having special reference to the mackerel fishing. The old document posi- tively stated that the vicar "accepted what the merchants were willing to give." A paper was then read pur- porting to be a copy of a document in the Polls' Court ; but this was FLA 250 FLE not received as evidence because it had not been authenticated. This paper declared that, " twenty years before the 9th of Elizabeth," there was a tithe of fish then called " Christ's dole ! " Fisher, bishop of Rochester, exe- cuted, July 6, 1535. Fiswood, near Bolton, Lancashire, destroyed by fire, Oct. 17, 1825 ; the bleach-mills were valued at £30,000. Fitzgerald, Earl of Desmond, committed to prison for enlisting men for the Irish brigade in the French service, March 16, 1749-50. Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, mor- tally wounded in an attempt to take him into custody, in Dublin, May, 1798. Fitzgerald and five of his uncles wantonly put to death by Henry VIII., Feb. 3, 1537. Five-mile Act, a tyrannical sta- tute of Chas. II., Oct., 1665, obliging non-conformist ministers who re- fused to take the oath of non-resis- tance, to abstain from coming within five miles of any corporation where they had preached since the act of oblivion, unless when travelling, un- der fifty pounds penalty. Flag at Sea, the honour of a salute was exacted by England in old time, and yielded by the Dutch to the English, 1673 ; the French obliged the Spaniards to lower their flag to them, in 1680; and Tourville, the French admiral, engaged a Spanish force until it yielded to fire a salute of nine guns to the French flag, June 2, 1688. Flagellants, a religious sect esta- blished at Perouse, in 1420, who publicly lashed themselves in pro- cession until the blood flowed freely ; their leader, Conrad Schenett, was burned at the stake to convince him of his error, 1414. Flanders became subject to France, 412 ; governed by its earls, subject to the French crown, from 793 to 1369 ; came to Austria by marriage, but was yielded to Spain, 1556 ; shook off the yoke of Spain, 1572 ; annexed to the German em- pire by the treaty of Vienna, 1725 ; conquered and made part of France, 1795 ; made part of the kingdom of the Netherlands, 1814; made the kingdom of Belgium, 1831. Flatbush, Battle of, between the English and Americans, when the latter were defeated with the loss of 2000 killed and 1000 prisoners, 1776. Flax first planted in England, in 1533 ; a watermill invented in Scot- land, to break and scutch it, 1750. Flesh victual, in the 5th of Queen Elizabeth, 1563, an act was passed "for the better saving of flesh victual, by ordering every Wednesday to be a fish day, unless in cases of sick- ness." In the parish register of Eynesbury, in Huntingdonshire, there is an entry, "John Burton, being very sycke, was licensed to eat flesh for the tyme of his syckness, so that he, enjoying the benefit of the licence, and his syckness continuing viii dayes, do cause the same to be regystered into the register-book: and this licence noe longer to en- dure than his syckness doth last ; by me, William Samuell, parson of Eynesbury." Under the date of 1568. Flaxley Abbey, built in the reign of Henry I., 1110; totally destroyed by fire, April 1, 1777. Fleet Mai'ket, the old, opened Sept. 30, 1737 ; removed, Nov. 20, 1829 ; granite obelisk erected to Al- derman Waithman at the Fleet-st. end of what is now called Farring- don-street, June 25, 1833, and com- pleted in one day. Fleet Prison founded for debtors in the reign of Richard I., and be- came the prison of the star chamber and chanceiw courts ; burned down, June 7, 1780, in the Gordon riots ; demolished, 1845. Fleur-de-Lis, the emblematic lily of France, pretended to be deli- vered by an angel to Clovis, who in consequence won a victory and em- braced Christianity, 496. Fleurus, Battle of, between the allied armies who sought to replace the Bourbons, under the prince FLO 251 FON of Coburg, and the French under general Jourdain : the French ob- tained the victory, and the allies lost from 8000 to 10,000 men, June 17, 1794. Flies, singular shower of, in London, covering the clothes of the passengers in the streets, 1707. Flint Castle, North Wales, built 1185. Flodden Field, Battle of, between the English and Scotch, under James IV., the Scotch king was slain, with most of his nobility, and 10,000 men, Sept. 9, 1513. Flogging, a punishment used in the navy and army, now restricted compared to its former frequency, and of doubtful utility ; by a return to the House of Commons of the number of such punishments in the British army in 1830, the amount was 655 ; in 1831, 646 ; but in 1833 only 370. Flooring, one gave way at Cler - mont, in France, Dec. 1791, and thirty-six persons were killed, while fifty-seven had limbs broken or were severely wounded. Florence, Italy, the capital of Tuscany, said to have been founded 1408, a.c; bridge of, built 1330; the trinity-bridge 1557 ; the cathe- dral commenced 1296 ; taken by the French, July 1796, and 1799 ; re- stored 1814; occupied by the Austrians in 1849. Flores, one of the Azores, dis- covered 1439, by Vanclerburg ; colo- nized by the Portuguese, 1448 ; so named for its profusion of flowers. Florida, in America, one of the United States, discovered by Cabot, 1500 ; visited by Ponce de Leon, 1512; settled by the Spaniards 1539; plundered by Sir Francis Drake, 1585, and by the buccaneers in 1685; invaded by the English 1702, and by general Oglethorpe, 1740; ceded to England 1763; taken by the Spaniards 1 781 ; ceded by England to Spain 1783, and by Spain to the United States, 1820. Florin, a coin varying in value — in Livonia, Is. 2d., and the same in Prussia; in Holland Is. 9d. ; Belgium Is. 6d. ; in Geneva 4^d. ; it is said to have been made first by the Florentines ; it was first issued in England in the reign of Edward III., valued at 6s., 1337 ; issued by proclamation of Victoria, Aug. 1849, as a silver coin of 2s. or one- tenth of a pound sterling ; in Frank- fort the florin is in value Is. 8§d., English ; in Austria 2s. O.^d. Flour Mills, Lighthouse Quay, Waterford, destroyed by fire, and two lives lost, June 9, 1814. Flowers, the art of preserving in sand, discovered 1633. Flushing in Zealand, damaged by fire, and the Prince of Orange's house burned Jan. 1748-9 ; siege of. under the Earl of Chatham, Aug. 16, 1809; surrender of, and the object of the expedition, the de- struction of the Antwerp arsenal baffled with great loss by the ill management of the commander, and the progress of disease. Fluxions invented by Newton, 1669. Fogs, remarkable ones in Lon- don, Jan. 1, 1720, when chairmen fell with their burden into the canal in St. James's Park, some into J Fleet ditch, and others into the Thames ; a very dense foe:, Jan. 10, 1812 ; another Dec. 20, 1813. Folkstone Railway, accident at, several passengers injured, Aug. 12, 1851. Fontaine Notre Dame, village of, nearly destroyed by fire, April 25, 1816. Fontenai, Battle of, and defeat of Lothaire, 841. Fontainebleau, peace of, 1679 ; treaty of, between Germany and Holland, Nov. 8, 1785; treaty of between the emperor Napoleon and royal family of Spain, Oct. 27, 1807; concordat of Fontainebleau, be- tween Napoleon and pope Pius VII., Jan. 25, 1813; entered by the Austrians Feb. 17, 1814 ; Napoleon Bonaparte here resigned the imper- ial dignity, April 5, 1814. Fontenoi, Battle of, between the FOR 252 FOR English and Dutch, and the French ; the latter under Marshal Saxe, gained the victory, the English the glory, and the Dutch the shame, May 11, 1745; the Anglo-Dutch army lost 12,000 men. Fonthill, near Salishury, burnt down Nov. 12, 1765 ; built by Wil- liam Beckford, the author of Va- thek; cost £273,000; sale of the abbey, 1819, when 7200 catalogues of the library, and articles of virtu, sold at a guinea each. Fonts, substitutes for baptistries in the churches where infant baptism was adopted, but still by immersion ; when that ceased, they were made smaller. Fonts are said to have been used as early as 167. Fools, festival of the Fools, in France, held on new-year's day and continued for 240 years; all sorts of follies were committed at them in 1198 ; or Jesters, kept at most European courts, up to the end of the reign of Charles I. ; in humble imitation of royalty, the Lord Mayor of London kept his fool, down to a late period. Foreigners banished from Eng- land by proclamation of 2 Henry I., 1155; forbidden to follow retail trades, 1487 ; allowed half a jury of foreigners on trials, 1420. Forbisher's Straits discovered, 1578. Ford Abbey, Devonshire, built 1133. Forests of England, in the last century there were in England sixty-eight forests and eighteen chaces, the relics of the times of barbarian feudalism ; William I. destroyed thirty-six parishes, with their churches, and dispeopled thirty square miles of country, to make the New Forest in 1079-85 ; the following forests belonged to the crown before and in 1793 : — Windsor Great and Little Park, Cranburn Chace, New Forest, Essex, Alice Holt, Woolmer and Bere Forests ; Greenwich, St. James, Hyde, Bushy, and Hampton Parks ; Whittlebury, Salcey, Rockingham, Sherwood, Whichwood and Rich- mond. Parts of these have since been enclosed. Forests' Charter, or Charta de Foresta, granted by King John, 1215 ; there have been other forest charters, one of Henry II. was dis- covered in 1813. Forfarshire Steamer wrecked on its passage from Hull to Dundee, when thirty-eight persons perished ; Darling, the keeper of the Outer. Fern Lighthouse, and his daughter, ventured out in the storm in a coble, and saved fifteen of the passengers, Sept. 5, 1838. Forfeited Estates, redemption of, act passed 1669. Forfeited Estates of Scotland, of the annual value of £29,694 : 6 : 8 and in England of £47,626 : 18 : 5 ; seized by the government in 1716 ; those in Scotland were restored by parliament in 1784. Forgery as of deeds and writings, made punishable by fine, pillory, cutting off the ears, slitting the nos- trils, searing or branding, forfeiture of lands or imprisonment, 5 Eliz. 1562 ; punished with death 1634 ; forging letters of attorney made ca- pital, 1722 ; one Ward, of great wealth, expelled the house of com- mons for forgery, May 16, 1726, and placed in the pillory, March 17, 1727 ; the value of the forged notes presented to the bank in ten years, from Jan. 1, 1801, was £101,661, owing principally to the slovenly manner in which the real notes were printed, and the ease of imita- tion. In 1817, no less than 142 persons were prosecuted by the bank for forgery ; punishment of death for, ceased 2nd and 3rd William IV., Aug. 1832, except in cases of bills or stock transfer; in July, 1837, reduced to transportation for life ; last criminal hanged for, Thomas Maynard, Dec. 31, 1829. Forks introduced into England about 1600, but used on the conti- nent in the thirteenth and four- teenth centuries, where it was thus FOU 253 FRA early not deemed good manners to use the fingers. Fornication made a capital offence for its second act in 1650; the law lapsed at the restoration. Forma Pauperis,' admitted in law courts, by statute Henry VII., 1495. Forrest, John, burned in Smith- field, for not admitting the spiritual supremacy of Henry VIH., Mav 22, 1538, aged 42. . Fort Erie, Canada, taken by the Americans, July 3, 1814 ; unsuccess- fully attempted by the English, who lost 925 men, Aug. 15; evacuated by the Americans, Nov. 5, 1814. Fort St. George, India, first settled by the English East India Company, 1620. Forth and Clyde Canal made by Smeaton, and opened July 28, 1790. Fortification under the present system introduced 1500 ; written on by Albert Durer, 1527 ; im- provements by Vauban and Cohorn about 1700 ; Paris fortified, com- pletion of the works, 1846. Fortune-Tellers put to death, in France, in 1680. Foster, Captain Henry, one of the polar navigators, with Captain Parry, drowned in the river Chagres, in Darien, Nov. 6, 1831. Fotheringay Castle, Northamp- tonshire, built 1408, demolished by James I. ; here was born King Richard III. of England, 1443, and Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded privately, Feb. 8, 1587. Foundling Hospital of Paris, built 1677 ; Foundling Hospital of London, founded by Captain Coram, 1736, incorporated 1739 ; began to receive its inmates, 1756 ; let part of its estate for £2000 a-year, 1797 ; building began 1742, opened 1756 ; receives about five hundred children, who are now what are styled help- less orphans rather than found- lings ; Dublin Foundling Hospital, established 1704 ; in the thirty years before January, 1825, it received 52,150 infants, of which number 14,613 died infants, 25,859 were re- turned as dead from the country where they were nursing, 730 died in the infirmary, 322 died grown children, and thus 10,626 only sur- vived. Fountain in the Piazza Navona. at Rome, constructed 1682 ; that of de Trevi, 1751 ; in Trafalgar Place, London, 1838-9. Foxglove, indigenous, that called the Canary imported 1698 ; the Madeira 1777. Foxgrape Shrub, imported from Virginia about 1656. Fox Island, North Pacific, disco- vered 1760. Frames, Stocking-making, a ca^ pital offence by statute to break, 1812; law made to continue till 1814. Frampton, Dorset, nearly all destroyed by fire, April 12, 1786. Frampton House, burned down, a child and servant perishing, Oct. 10, 1810. Fox, John, the martyrologist, died 1587 ; Charles, who founded the quaker sect, confined in Scarbo- rough castle, died 1690 ; < Charles James Fox, statesman, bbrn Jan. 13, 1748, died Sept. 15, 1806. France, the country of the ancient Gauls ; said to have been originally a colony of the Belgse from Ger- many, settled in it 200 b. c. It was conquered by the Romans 48 b. c. The Goths, Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, and afterwards the Bur- gundi, divided it amongst them from a. d. 400 to 406, when the, Franks, another set of German emi- grants, who had settled between the Rhine and the Maine, complet- ed the foundation of the latter kingdom under Clovis ; this is the only state in Europe that could boast a perpetual succession from the conquerors of the western em- pire ; the first king of the first race was Pharamond, who began his reign in 418, and with Clodion, Merovee, and Childeric, ruled until the reign of Clovis, but the events of that day have not been handed down. Clovis, the son of Childeric, must be regarded as the founder FK A 254 FRA of the empire in 481 ; he defeated the Romans at Soissons, 487; married Clotilda, daughter of Childeric, king of the Burgundians ; routed the Germans, at Tolbiac near Co- logne, 496; became a Christian, 496 ; was joined by the Armoricans of Britany, 497 ; the Britons took refuge in Armorica, 498, and com- municating their names and man- ners to the people, became his sub- jects, 499; Clovis defeated Alaric, near Poitiers, 507 ; proclaimed the Salic law, 511; died, aged 45, in 511 ; he left four sons, who reigned at Metz, Orleans, Paris, and Sois- sons; the empire was once more united under Clotaire, 560; the lords of the palace of Capitularies now governed France. In 616, Clotaire II. held a species of ambulatory councils or parliaments, called pla- cita or plaids. Dagobert and Cha- ribert divided the kingdom, the former died at Epernay, his two sons divided the empire, but the in- mates of the palace possessed the real authority, of which Charles Martel became the head. Pepin overcame Thieri, and as chief or mayor of the palace, usurped the entire authority. He continued to rule under the royal name until Dagobert III., in whose reign Charles Martel escaped from his prison and made several conquests. Among his victories was that obtained over the Sara- cens, between Tours and Poitiers, in which the invaders lost 300,000 men, 720; in 737 he reigned without naming a new king on the death of Thieri IV.; death of Charles Martel, 741 ; Childeric IV., proclaimed, dethroned 750 ; the reckoning of time was at this period by nights, not by days as Tacitus had before noted to be the fact in Gaul. Pepin, called " The Short," defeated ' the Saxons 753 ; the Sclaves, and Bavarians, 758, 767, 768 ; Charlemagne and Carloman succeeded Pepin, the latter died 771; Charlemagne made a treaty with the Saxons and Saracens, and marched into Spain, where he re- ceived the homage of all the country between the Pyrenees and Ebro, 778 ; the duke of Gascony fighting in his rear-guard on that occasion, the chief Roland, so renowned in ro- mance, was slain; the duchy of Bavaria reunited to the crown of France, 787; introduced the Gre- gorian Chant 789 ; patronised Alcuin 790 ; council of Francfort, 794 ; held a parliament at Aix-la-Chapelle 796 ; crowned emperor of the West by Leo IV., 800 ; associated his son Lewis in the government, 814; a great astronomer rirst discovered a cornet^ which appeared in 837; at this time a letteri, or two gallons of wheat, two of barley, a measure of wine and a lamb were valued at two sols. ; in the next reign the nobility re-established, 841 < the Normans ravaged France, 853 ; Charles Chauve, named the " very christian king," by the council of Savoniere. Pepin and Charlemagne called themselves kings by the "clemency of Godj" while the kings of the third race styled themselves kings " by the grace of God ; " Louis VI., used the first title particularly; the Normans besieged Paris for two years, 885 ; Eudes routed them, 892; Paris the French capital, 906 ; the Normans ravage France again, 912 ; Rollo obtained Normandy, 905 ; the usage of the bow and arrow, of helmets and cuirasses, that under the first race of kings was unknown, became common under the second, and symptoms of chivalry began to appear about 980 ; in 987, Hugh Capet's reign introduced by Guibert, bishop of Rheins, the Arab figures of arithmetic, and the Eastern arithmetic; he introduced a clock moved by a balance or weight, 990 ; the first canonization for nine cen- turies made by the pope, of St. Udalric, 993 ; of the kings, princes, lords, and people, scarcely any could read or write, 994 ; they began to burn heretics at Orleans, 1022; Eudes, count of Champagne, killed in a duel with the duke of Lorraine FE A 255 FE A 1037; the Saviour's trace established under Henry 1. 1041 ; a prohibition of all private combats from Wed- nesday evening to Monday morning, out of respect to the days of the week when Christ occupied himself with the last mysteries of his life, 1040 ; first heresy commenced about the reality of the holy sacrament by Beranger, archdeacon of Angers, 1060; Gregory VII., issued his command establishing the right of popes to depose emperors and release subjects from their oaths of fidelity to their sovereigns 1067; Philippe I. excommunicated by the pope 1094 ; excommunicated again 1101 ; the kings of France made their chief officers authorize documents by signature, and the king's preceptors countersigned them 1067 ; the wars between England and France com- menced, which did not terminate until the reign of Charles VII. , 1113; Louis le Gros routed at Bonneville 1119 ; peace between Louis le Gros and Heniy I., of England 1120 ; the quarrel between Calixtus II. and the emperor Henry V., 1120; Louis le Gros died 1137 ; he first sent judges into the provinces ; the doctrines of Abelard condemned by the council of Sens 1140, as he had himself been at Soissons 1121 ; differences occur between the king and Borne ; letters of franchise to towns and cities 1135; towns of Vitry and Pertois are delivered over to fire and sword, to avenge Louis le Jeune upon count Thibaud 1143; the church advised him to expiate the crime by going to a crusade, and the king obeyed 1147 ; the council of Bheims convened on the king's absence 1148; the king taken prisoner by the Greeks on his return, and given over to Boger king of Sicily 1149; war with England 1156; peace concluded 1169; war renewed with England, terminated 1172 ; Louis visited the tomb of Becket at Canterbury 1179-80; Philippe II., and Henry II., of England made peace 1189-90 ; the Bom an tongue the vulgar language 1189; Bhilippe of France and Bichard I., embarked on the crusade 1189 ; Acre taken from the Saracens by the French 1191 ; the king returned home 1192 ; in Bichard's absence, seized upon a part of Normandy 1192 ; quarrels with the court of Borne 1193 to 1199; battle of Bouvines, 1214; Normandy subdued 1214; Louis makes war on the Albigenses at the pope's request 1225-6 ; emanci- pated the peasants 1226; made a trace with England; battle of Taillebourg, in which Henry III. of England was defeated 1242 ; council of Lyons 1245-6 ; fifth crusade to which Louis VIII. departs, June 12, 1248; Damietta taken 1249; queen Blanche died 1242 ; return of Louis to Paris 1254 ; establishment of the Carmelites in France 1253 ; Louis orders the three estates to be consulted when any great question occurred in which the people were interested 1254 ; treaty, between Louis and James I., of Arragon, 1258; Louis ceded to Henry III. of England, Guyenne, Limousin, Perigord, Querci, and Agenois, and Henry gave up Normandy, Maine, and Anjou, 1259-60; duels forbid- den in France 1260 ; established a metal currency, and a law against blasphemers 1262 ; set out on the sixth crusade 1269-70 ; defeated John of England 1270; besieged Turin 1670; the Sorbonne founded 1250, by Bobert de Sorbonne ; masters of requests established ; the king died of the plague before Tunis 1270; Philippe the hardy succeeded 1276; war with Alphonso of Castile 1274; the Venaissin ceded to the pope 1274 ; the Sici- lian Vespers 1282, or massacre of the French in Sicily ; the university of Montpelier founded ; Philippe le Bel ascended the throne 1285 ; war between France and England 1292-3 ; war in Guyenne, truce be- tween France and England, 1296, 1297 ; Phillippe acquired Flanders, 1299, 1300; the war conducted FEA 256 FRA in Italy by Charles de Valois, who banished the poet Dante 1244 ; the Celestins introduced into France 1300 ; Philippe the Fair excommu- nicated by the Pope 1301; Edward I. of England treats with Philippe, and receives Guyenne 1303 ; knights templars suppressed 1308; armies of France and Navarre 1314 ; war with the count de Flanders 1316 ; Philippe de Valois mounted the throne 1318 ; war begun with Eng- land 1336-7 ; Tournai besieged by Edward III., 1340 ; a truce, but the war recommenced 1341 ; Philippe defeated at Cressi, 1346; Calais taken by Edw. III., 1347; Dauphine annexed to France 1349-50 ; king John taken by the English at Poictiers 1356; France laid under the papal interdict 1407 ; defeat of the French at Agincourt 1415 ; complete subjugation of France by Henry V. of England 1420 ; Henry VI. crowned at Paris, 1422 ; siege of Orleans 1429; battle of Patay, English defeated by Joan of Arc ; all the possessions of England in France retaken except Calais, be- tween 1435 and 1450 ; meeting of the field of the cloth of gold, be- tween Francis I. and Henry VIII., 1529 ; Francis I. taken and carried into Spain, Aug. 1525; Calais re- taken 1558 ; massacre of St. Bar- tholomew, Aug. 24, 1572 ; Francis II. killed at a tilting match, 1559 ; duke of Guise and his brother assas- sinated by the king's order Dec. 23, 1588; Henry HI. assassinated by a friar, Aug. 1, 1589; Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV., 1598 ; assassination of Henry IV., by Ra- vaillac 1610 ; Navarre reunited to France 1620 ; queen mother visited England 1638; Louis XIV. ascended the throne 1643 ; Edict of Nantes revoked 1685 ; peace of Utrecht 1713; Law's banking bubble 1720; Damien attempted the life of Louis XV., 1757; the Jesuits banished 1762; Louis XV. aids America against England 1778 ; torture abolished in the French courts 1780; destruction of the Bastille and commencement of the revolution July 14, 1789; France divided into eighty departments 1790; the title of king of France altered to that of "king of the French," Oct. 16, 1789; the revolution commenced July 14, 1789 ; the plate of the church applied to public purposes, Nov. 6, 1789 ; confederation of the Champ de Mars, and limited monarchy proclaimed 1790 ; c'ommemorated July 14, and title of citizen only to be used ; church plate ordered to be coined, March 3, 1791 ; the royal family leave Paris secretly to join the Prussians and Austrians and are. stopped at Varennes, June 22, 1791 ; Louis XVI. sanctions the conven- tion, Sept. 13, 1791 ; the Jacobins declare their sitting permanent, June 18, 1792 ; the mob march to the Tuilleries, with the cap of li- berty, and made demands of the king, June 30, 1792; the Swiss guards defeated and massacred, Aug. 10, 1792 ; decree of the national assem- bly against the jurists, Aug. 23, 1792 ; massacre of the prisoners, Sept. 2, 1792 ; the Princess de Lam- balle murdered, Sept. 3, 1792 ; roy- alty abolished by a decree of the convention, Sept. 21, 1792 ; the national convention determined the king's trial, Dec. 2, 1792 ; the per- petual banishment of the Bourbons: decreed, Dec. 20, 1792 ; Louis im- prisoned in the Temple, Jan, 19,. 1793; of 745 members of the con- vention, 693 voted the king's death, 26 made declarations and did not vote against it, and 26 were absent ; the king condemned, Jan. 20, 1793 ;, beheaded, Jan. 21, 1793 ; the queen beheaded, Oct. 16, 1793 ; the Duke of Orleans beheaded, Nov. 6, 1793 ; the princess Elizabeth, May 12, 1794; Robespierre guillotined, July 27, 1794 ; the dauphin died in pri- son, June 8, 1795 ; a directory go- verned France, Nov. 1, 1795 ; de- posed by Bonaparte, who was made consul, Nov. 9, 1799 ; France made an empire, May 20, 1804 ; Napoleon crowned k'nff of Italy, May 26, 1805; Holland united to France, FRA 257 FRA 1810; war with Russia, June 22, 1812; destruction of the French veteran armj^ by the cold in Russia, Oct. 1812; triple alliance against France, 1813 ; surrender of Paris, March 31, 1814; Napoleon abdi- cated, April 5, 1814 ; the allies re- place the Bourbons, in the person of Louis XYIIL, May 3, 1814; Napo- leon returned from Elba, March 1, 1815; defeated the Prussians at Lig- ny; himself defeated at Waterloo, June 18, 1815; the Bourbon dy- nasty again replaced, 1815; Mar- shal Ney shot, Aug. 16, 1815; Due de Berri assassinated, Feb. 13, 1820 ; Louis XVIIL died, Sept. 26, 1824 ; the national guard disbanded by Charles X., April 30, 1827; seventy-six new peers created, Nov. 5, 1827 ; Polignac administration formed, Aug. 4, 1829 ; dissolution of the chamber of deputies, May, 1830 ; ordinances destroying the liberty of the press and free repre- sentatives in the chamber of depu- ties, July 26, 1830 ; revolution com- menced, and conflict in the streets of Paris for three days ; Charles X. flies, first to Rambouillet and then to England, July 30 and August 17, 1830; the Duke of Orleans accepts the crown, Aug. 9, 1830; Polignac and the other ministers found guilty and sentenced to perpetual imprison- ment, Dec. 21, 1830 ; the hereditary peerage abolished, Dec. 27, 1831 ; Charles X. left Holyrood House, in Scotland for the continent, Sept. 18, 1832 ; the Marshal Soult prime minister of France, Oct. 11, 1832 ; the Duchess de Berri sent off to Palermo, having been delivered of a female child, which she declared to be the offspring of a secret marriage with some Italian count, June .9, 1833 ; Due de Broglie, min- ister, March 14, 1835; two persons, Bergeron and Benoit, tried for an attempt on the life of the king and acquitted, March 18, 1833 ; Fieschi making an attempt on the king's life, killed and wounded many persons, July 28, 1835 ; Louis Alibaud fired at the king on his way to the Tuille- ries, June 25, 1836; ministry of Count Mole, Sept. 7, 1836 ; Prince Polignac set at liberty and sent away from France with the other exiles, Nov. 23, 1836; Meunier fired at the king on his way to the chambers, Dec. 27, 1836 ; Marshal Soult appointed ambassador to England specially, June 28, 1838; the chambers decree the removal of the remains of Napoleon from St. Helena to Paris, May 10, 1840 5 Louis Napoleon made a descent, with General Montholon and fifty followers on Vinierouy, near Bou- logne, and being taken and tried, was imprisoned, Aug. 6, 1840 ; Darmes fired at Louis Philippe, Oct. 15, 1840 ; M. Guizot, French Minister for Foreign Affairs, Oct. 29, 1840 ; the remains of the Em- peror Napoleon deposited in the In- valides, Dec. 15, 1840; Paris forti- fied at the expense of 140,000,000 of francs ; statue of Napoleon in bronze placed upon the column at Boulogne, Aug. 15, 1841 ; the Duke of Orleans killed by a fall from his carriage, July 13, 1842 ; visit of the Queen of England to Louis Phi T lippe, at Eu, Sept. 2, 1843 ; Louis Napoleon escaped from prison, at Ham, May 26, 1846; attempt on the life of Louis Philippe by Joseph Henri, July 29, 1846 ; Soult made Marshal-General of France, in the room of Oudinot, who had died in his 91st year, Sept. 13, 1847; Jerome Bonaparte returned to France, after an exile of thirty-two years, Maria Louisa of Austria died, Dec. 17, 1847; refusal of Louis Phi- lippe's government to add to the scanty number of electors in France, 1847 ; suppression of the banquet for a reform in the representation, Nov. 21, 1848 ; a revolutionary tumult commenced, and great dis- orders committed by the populace, Feb. 22, 23, and 24, 1848 ; the king- abdicated in favour of his grandson, the Duke of Orleans, but the offer was not accepted, Feb. 29, 1848; royal family and ministers escaped ERA 258 FRA to England or Belgium, Feb. 29; a republic proclaimed, Feb. 26, 1848 ; a new government formed, and perpetual banishment decreed against the royal family, May 30, 1848 ; election of Louis Napoleon for the department of the Seine, and for three other departments to the chamber, June 12, 1848 ; another insurrection in Paris, with loss of life, and the insurgents subdued, June 24, 1848 ; Paris declared in a state of siege, June 25, the insur- gents surrender, June 26 ; Prince Louis Napoleon takes his seat in the national assembly, Sept. 26, 1848 ; state of siege raised, having continued four months, Oct. 20, 1848; Prince Louis Napoleon de- clared president of the republic by a majority of more than five mil- lions of votes, Dec. 11, 1848; Louis Philippe died in England, at Claremont, Aug. 26, 1850. France divided into provinces, was subdivided in 1789. There are eighty-six departments, hereafter named, 363 communal arrondiss- ments, or sub -prefectures, 2844 cantons, and 38,339 communes ; from the Pyrenees in the south to Dunkirk in the north, its extent is 625 miles, and something more from the most easterly point of Alsace to the most western point of Bre- tagne. The climate of France is the most happy of the temperate zone, and its agricultural riches, with a system of agriculture by no means equal to that of either Bel- gium or England, are very great. Besides growing corn sufficient for the supply of its inhabitants, to such an extent as to render the amount of the imports of that article for 30,000,000 of population, equal only to a few days 1 consumption in twenty years, the value of the product of its vines alone is equal to the sum of £22,000,000 sterling per annum, and the duties upon them pay one tenth of the national revenue. The surface of about 131,722,295 acres, may be divided into seven classes or gradations of soil, as to fertility. The rich soils of the de- partments du Nord, the Pas de Calais, the Somme, Aisne, Oise, Seine Inferieure, in all fifteen de- partments, including some as far south as the Herault, form the first class; the second consists of more arid, but tolerably good, land ; the third of chalk ; the fourth of gravel ; the fifth of stony land ; the sixth of mountain ; and the seventh of sand. All the territory of France has been surveyed and valued, with a view to equal taxation, by an operation called the " cadastre." In France, corn and olives, the mulberry and the vine, hemp, maize and tobacco, come to perfection, north or south, as the climate for each is found suited by nature. Among the con- sequences of climate is the produc- tion of excellent wines and oils. The product of the former alone, has, at the lowest valuation, been given at 35,075,689 hectolitres of wine, of the value of 540,389,289 francs ; ' of brandy from the vine 821,960 hectolitres of twenty-two imperial gallons each, 1830; the silk manufacture introduced by Louis XL, 1470, produces 3,000,000 pounds of raw silk annually, after the estimate of 1832 ; the mulberry trees amount to 7,000,000 in num- ber, for feeding the silk worm. The forests cover a large territory, not less than 7,000,000 of hectares. The wild animals of France are the wolf, the bear, the fox, and the wild cat (the tame are those of England and the surrounding countries.) Game is abundant, and the rivers teem with the finny tribe. Coal is found in abundance in the north, and iron furnaces are numerous. The mountains form portions of the great chain that divides Europe. The chain of the Jura, north, is connected by the Vosges, near Strasburgh, and by other branches with the Monts d'Or, the Cevennes, and the Pyrenees. The climate in the south is very hot during three of the warm months, and the sum- mer is greatly prolonged, the sky FRA 259 ERA serene, and the winter mild. In the north, the winters are long and cold, and the summers short and warm. The finest district of France lies along the Loire, continually between the two extremes, having the moderate temperature of the north, and the serene sky of the south, as Touraine, and the depart- ments of the Indre et Loire, the Maine et Loire, and the Loiret. The principal rivers are the Seine, Loire, Ehone, and Gironde, and there are many others, which give name to the departments in the new division of the country. France was divided into several military governments or provinces, namely, Alsace, Angoumois, Anjou, Armag- nac, Artois, Aunis, Avergne, Bar- rois, Basques, Beam, Berry, Bigorre, Blasois, Boulounois, Bourbonis, Bresse, Bretagne, Burgundy, Cam- bresis, Champagne, Couserans, Dau- phiny, Forez, Foix, Franche Comte, French Flanders, Gascony, Gevau- dan, Guienne, French Hainault, Isle of France, Languedoc, Limosin, Lorrain, Lyonnois, March, Maine, Marsan, Navarre, Nivernois, Nor- mandy, Orleanois, Perche, Perigord, Picardy, Poitou, Provence, Quercy, Rouergue, Rousillon, Saintonge, Soissonois, Touraine, Velay, and Vermandois. These varied much from each other in point of extent and importance: and there were others of inferior consideration. The established religion was the Roman Catholic ; and the ecclesias- tical division of the country was into 18 archbishoprics and 131 episcopal sees, exclusive of Avignon, Carpentras, Cavaillon; and Vaison, which belonged to the pope. But in 1789 a revolution took place, and the departmental division was adopted. The population was 25,000,000 in 1840, though but 25,000,000 in 1789. The French were computed to be 28,000,000 in 1830; the Germans, 3,068,000; the Bas Bretons, 900,000; the Italians, 200,000; the English, 100,000; the Basques and others, 208,000. The Catholics were reckoned at 28,400,000; Calvinists, 3,300,540; Lutherans, 1,100,000; Jews, 64,000 ; Quakers, 2000; Moravians, 2000, 1830. France, Kings of, the Mero- vingian race : — Pharamond 427 Clodian or Clodious, the Hairy ....... 427 Meroveus, orMerovee . . 448 Childeric his son .... 458 Clovis the Great . . ■. < 481 Childebert , ? g^ Dividing with his brothers . ) Theodebert ...... 534 Theodebald . . . , i » 548 Clotaire 558 The four sons of Clotaire . 561 Childebert II \ 575 Clotaire II -. . 584 Thierry II 596 Clotaire IL sole king . . . 613 Dagobert the Great left the ) g2« crown to his sons i * . ) Clovis II. and Sigebert . . 638 Clotaire EEL son of Clovis II. 656 Childeric II., sole king, who was assassinated with his queen, in the forest of Livri ....... 673 Clovis III. Pepin, mayor of the palace, ruled in this name ....... 691 Childebert III. the Just Pepin really exercised the royal power . . . . . 695 Dagobert III. 711 Chilperic II. deposed by ) 71 a Charles Mattel . . . .J ' ° Clotaire IV* raised to the throne by Charles Martel, died, Chilperic replaced . 719 Thierry II. succeeded, but died, 737, and Charles Martel ruled as Duke of the French, who died . . 741 Childeric III. or Stupid, the son of Martel sharing the government with him . . 742 Pepin the Short, the first of the Carlovingian race, son of Charles Martel . . . 752 FRA 260 FRA Charlemagne the Great, Car- loman reigned with him the first three years . . Louis le Debonnaire . . Charles the Bold . . . Louis the Stammerer . . 768 814 840 877 Louis III. and Carloman II. 879-882 Charles le Gros 884 Eudes, Count of Paris . . 887 Charles III. the Simple . . 893 Deposed 929 Robert crowned at Rheims, but killed by Charles in battle 922 Rodolph, Duke of Burgundy 923 Louis IV. d'Outremer . . 936 Lothaire, son of Louis . . 954 Louis V. the Indolent . . 986 ending the race of Charlemagne. Hugh Capet of the Capet race, who seized the crown Robert II. or sage . . Henry I Philip I. the Fair . . Louis VI. le Gros . . Louis VII. the Young Philip II. the August Louis VIII. Cceur de Lion Louis IX. called St. Louis Philip III. the Hardy Philip IV. the Pair . Louis X. or Hutin . . John Philip V. the Long . Charles IV. the Handsome 987 996 1031 1059 1108 1137 1180 1223 1226 1271 1285 1314 1316 1316 1322 The race of Valois — Philip VI. the Courtier . . 1328 John II. the Good .... 1350 Charles V. the Wise . . . 1364 Charles VI. the Well-beloved 1380 Henry VI. of Eng. crowned in Paris, and proclaimed . 1422 Charles VII. the Victorious . 1436 Louis XI 1461 Charles VIII. the Affable . 1483 Louis. XII. the Father . . 1498 Francis 1 1515 Henry II 1547 Francis II. married to Mary Queen of Scots .... 1559 Charles IX. ...... 1560 Henry III. 1574 Here ended the house of Valois, succeeded by the house of Bourbon in Henry IV. Henry IV. . . ....... . 1589 Louis XIII. the Just . . . 1610 Louis XIV 1643 Louis XV. the Well-beloved 1715 Louis XVI 1774 guillotined, January 21, . 1793 France was then ruled by a conven- tion, directory, and consulship, the last under Bonaparte, who assumed the title of Emperor of the French, May 18, 1804 ; abdicated, April 5, 1814, and retired to Elba ; and the Bourbon race replaced by the allied armies ; returned to France, March 1, 1815 ; vanquished at Waterloo, and throwing himself into the hands of the English, he was made a pri- soner of, and transported to St. Helena, where he died, May 5, 1821 ; the Bourbons were again replaced in the person of Louis XVIII., such being the title assumed, though the Dauphin had died in prison at the age of eleven, nineteen years before, never having reigned ! Louis XVIII., the brother of Louis XVI., died, Sept. 16, 1824; Charles X., born, Oct. 9, 1757, brother of Louis XVIII. ; expelled France, July 30, 1830; died, Nov. 6, 1836, at Gratz; Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, raised to the throne, Aug. 9, 1830 ; deposed, Feb. 24, 1848 ; died in Eng- land, Aug. 26, 1850. France re- mained a republic under a provi- sional government, from Feb. 22 to Dec. 11, 1840, . when Prince Louis Napoleon, son of the former king of Holland, was elected president of the republic, Dec. 11, 1848, by 6,041,872 votes out of 8,040,604 given over his rival, General Cavaig- nac, and proclaimed, Dec. 20, 1848 ; elected emperor by a majority of 7,119,795 for, to 111,900 against him; proclaimed emperor, Dec. 2, 1852. Exports, those from Eng- land to France were of the " de- clared value," in 1848, of £1,025,121 ; in 1850, £1,951,269; in 1850, £2,401,956; in 1851, £2,028,463. F RA 261 FEE During the same years the " official value" of the imports of France was £7,130,394, £8,177,075, £8,454,193, and £8,083,112, in the respective years. The duties levied on French imports in 1851 amounted to £2,110,968. France and Spain united their interests, 727. France, great scarcity of food in, May, 1743 ; embroiled with the par- liaments and clergy, 1754; accom modate mutually, Sept. 10, 1757. France, the President of, dis- solved the national assembly, re- established universal suffrage, dis- solved the council of state, and placed Paris in a state of siege, Dec. 2, 1851. Min France.' — Credit and Revenue for 1853 : — Francs. ister of State 9,039,900 . of Justice 26,654,480 . 10,310,100 24,686,736 44,866,475 50,208,219 of Foreign Affairs .... of Public Instruction . . . of Worship . ... of Interior, agriculture, and ) commerce .".,..) of Police 40,511,390 of Public Works .... 155,660,442 of War 320,144,186 of Marine and Colonies . .121,383,055 of Finance ....... 678,462,437 Francs 1,445,927,420 Francs. 15,669,230 26,628,045 9,109,600 22,333,323 44,157,008 49,172,526 3,992,690 123,315,776 324,232,663 117,181,001 650,415,763 1,386,207,625 Francis, a youth who fired a pistol at the queen, May 33, 1842. Franc i a, a Jew tried for treason, Jan. 23, 1716. Francis' Abbev, Cashel, Ireland, fell clown, Feb. 13, 1757. Franciscan Friars first estab- lished in England, 1217; when turned out of their houses by Henry VIII., they possessed 55 houses ; they were a begging order, founded, 1209, by Francis d' Assize. Francisco, San, California, dread- ful fire at, May 4, 1851. Frankfort seized by the French, Jan. 2, 1759 ; declared an indepen- dent government by the allied powers, 1813; published a constitu- tion, Mar. 30, 1848 ; plenipotentiaries of the different German powers as- sembled there, Sept. 1, 1850. Franking Letters by members of parliament claimed as a right, 1680-1; commenced, 1734; abridged, 1764, 1775; annual amount sup- posed to be £17,000 ; privilege further abridged, 1784 and 1795 ; abolished, Jan. 10, 1840. Franklin, Sir John, £20,000 re- ward offered by the English govern- ment to any parties who should suc- ceed in rendering any efficient assistance to the discovery ships, or £10,000 to any who should convey intelligence leading to their relief, or £10,000 to any who might ascer- tain their fate, March 7, 1850. Frauds by Bankrupts punished by an act passed, 1762 ; in the sale of the forfeited estates discovered, March 31, 1732. Frazer, Lord Lovat's son, par- doned, 1750. Frederick Barbarossa II. made emperor of the West, 1152. FREDERick William mounted the Prussian throne, 1713. Frederickstadt, Norway, siege of, and death of Charles XII., ot Sweden, before, Dec. 12, 1718. FEE 262 FRO Frederickstadt, Denmark, bom- barded by the troops of Holstein, from which they were repulsed, Oct. 4, 1850. Freeholders permitted to alien- ate their lands, 1492, 1512; tinder forty shillings of land per annum not permitted to vote for members of parliament, 1429, when 37s. 6cl. was equal to 62s. now in silver, and a pound in gold was worth £2 : 5 : 0| of existing money; freeholders of Ireland of 40s. disqualified, April 13, 1829. Freemasonry first known in England, 674; forbidden, 1424; tolerated, 1699 ; excommunicated by the Pope, 1738; the charity for the freemasons established, 1788; great lodge of, in England, founded, 1717; of Ireland, 1730. Freemasons' Hall, Great Queen- street, built, 1775 ; opened, May 23, 1776. French Language and customs introduced into England, 1060; French subjects expelled from Eng- land, 1244 ; again expelled, 1558 ; statutes and pleadings written in the language of the French peo- ple, 1283 ; forbidden to be used by king Edward III., in the law courts, 1362 ; king attempted to be assassinated, Jan. 5, 1756; again, Jan. 15, 1762 ; French Protestants' Hospital, London, incorporated, 1718; ambassador's house at Twick- enham, burned, June 14, 1734. French Calendar during the re- volution, the old being for a time superseded, 1792, dating from the establishment of the republic, Sept. 22. The names given, commencing from the above date, Vendemiare, the vintage month, ending Oct. 21 Brumaire, Oct. 22 to Nov. 20 Frimaire, Nov. 21 to Dec. 20 Nivose, from Dec. 20 to Jan. 19 Pluviose, from Jan. 20 to Feb. 18 Ventose, from Feb. 19 to Mar. 20 Germinal, from Mar. 21 to April 1 9 Floreal, from April 20 to May 19 Prairial, from May 20 to June 18 Messidor, from June 19 to July 18 Ferridor, from July 19 to Aug. 17 Fructidor, from Aug. 18 to Sept. 21. This calendar became a law, Nov. 24, 1793, and existed until the old one was restored by Napo- leon, Dec. 31, 1805. French Fisheries, Newfoundland, destroyed by the English before the war, Nov., 1755. Frenchtown, Canada, taken by the Americans, Jan. 22, 1813, and retaken immediately afterwards by the English. French troops occupied Osna- burg, Dec, 1741 ; the king legiti- mated and naturalized his illegiti- mate sons, which qualified them to take the crown, Aug. 2, 1714 ; Louis XV. sent home the Infanta of Spain, as being too young for a wife, April 5, 1725; entered Paris in triumph, Sept. 1745. Friars and Nuns, more than 10,000 turned out of the religious houses in England to starve, by Henry VIII., who seized their pro- perty, 1535. Fribourg, Switzerland, founded, 1179. Friedland, Battle of, between Napoleon and the Russians, the latter being vanquished, with the loss of 50,000 men and 80 cannon, June 14, 1807. Friesland East, and Harlingen, annexed to Hanover, 1815. Friendly Islands, discovered by Tasman, 1642 ; so named by Cook, in consequence of the friendly con- duct of the natives, 1773. Friendl? Societies, established by statute, 1829 ; acts relating to, consolidated, Aug. 15, 1850. Frithelstoke Priory, Devon, built 1222. Friend, Dr., committed to the Tower, for high treason, March 15, 1722-3. Frobisher's Straits, discovered 1596, by Martin Frobisher. Frolic, steam vessel, lost, and eightv persons drowned, on the Ness Sand, Wales, April 11, 1831. Frontenac Fort, at the entrance of the river St. Lawrence, taken by the English, Aug. 27, 1758. FRO FRO Fbost, in Britain, lasted five months, 220 ; the Thames frozen nine weeks, 250 ; most of the rivers in Britain frozen six weeks, 291 ; a severe frost in Scotland fourteen weeks, 359 ; the Euxine sea was entirely frozen over for the space of twenty days, and the sea between Constantinople and Scutari, 401 ; so severe a frost all over Britain, that the rivers were frozen up for above two months, 508 ; one so great that the Danube was quite frozen over, 558 ; the Thames fro- zen for six weeks, when booths were built on it, 695 ; one that con- tinued from Oct. 1 to Feb. 26, 760 ; one in England, which lasted nine weeks, 827 ; carriages were used on the Adriatic Sea, 859 ; the Medi- terranean Sea partly frozen, and passable in carts, 860 ; most of the rivers in England frozen for two months, 908 ; the Thames frozen thirteen weeks, 925 ; one that lasted 120 days, which began Dec. 22, 937 ; the Thames frozen five weeks, 998 ; a frost on Midsummer-day so vehement, that the corn and fruits were destroyed, 1035; the Thames frozen fourteen weeks, 1063 ; a frost in England from November to April, 1076; several bridges in England, being then of timber, broken down by a frost, 1114; a frost from Jan. 14 to March 22, 1205 ; one of fifteen weeks, 1207 ; part of the Mediter- ranean frozen, and the merchants passed with their merchandise in carts, 1234; the Cattegat, or sea between Norway and Denmark, was frozen, and that from Oxslo, in Norway, they travelled on the ice to Jutland, 1294 ; the sea between Norway and the promontory of Scagerat frozen over, and from Sweden to Gothland, 1296; the Baltic was covered with ice four- teen weeks, between the Danish and Swedish islands, 1306; the Baltic was passable for foot passen- gers and horsemen for six weeks, 1323 ; the sea was frozen over, and passable from Stralsund to Den- mark, 1349 ; the Baltic was quite frozen over from Pomerania to Denmark, 1402 ; the whole sea be- tween Gothland and Geland was frozen, and from Rostock to Gezoer, 1408; the ice bore riding on from Lubec to Prussia, and the Baltic was covered with ice from Mecklen- burgh to Denmark, 1423, 1426, 1434 for ten weeks, and 1459 ; the sea between Constantinople and Is- kodar was passable on ice, 1420 ; frost in England from Nov. 24 to Feb. 10, 1434, when the Thames was frozen below bridge to Graves-r end ; another, thirteen weeks, 1683 ; 1516, when carts crossed the Thames; again, 1524; again, 1609; 1622; 1658, when Charles X. of Sweden crossed the Little Belt from Holstein to Denmark, with all his army and artillery, 1684; exceed- ingly severe in England for thir- teen weeks, hollies killed, the ice on the Thames eleven inches thick, and nearly all the birds died ; 1691, when the wolves attacked cattle and men in the streets of Vienna ; 1708, very severe in Flanders; in 1709, lasting three months, with heavy snows from December to March ; 1716, when a fair was held on the Thames, and a bullock roasted on the ice, continued from Nov. 24 to Feb. 9; 1739-40, the "great frost," more severe than that of 1716, the thermometer being lower. It began on Christmas-day, 1739, all over the north of Europe. People were frozen to death in the fields and on the Thames, and ships sunk ; Lough Neagh, in Ireland, was frozen over ; more than £3000 damage was done to London bridge alone ; it lasted 103 days, and the Thames became a scene of diversions, carriages tra- velling over it ; 1742, a frost again of great severity ; 1747, one in Rus- sia dreadfully severe ; 1754 in Eng- land, and 1760 in Germany, severe ; 1763, one in England, which lasted ninety -four days ; 1766, one from Dec. 25 to Jan. 16, and from Jan. 18 to 22, remarkably severe ; 1779, one of eighty-four days' duration ; in 1783-4, one of eighty-nine days ; FRO 264 FRO and 1784-5, the longest known, being 115 days, or twelve more than the " great frost " of 1740, but the thermometer did not descend so low ; in 1788 -9, from Nov. to Jan., when the Thames was frozen over opposite the Custom-house and Tower, as well as upwards ; it was general throughout Europe ; 1795 -6, one of the most severe known in human memory ; 1814, when the Thames was frozen between the bridges, and booths erected upon it. On the Tyne the ice was twenty inches thick ; at Quebec, Canada, a severe frost occurred on Aug. 7, 1815. Frost in France. In 358 the Emperor Julian, who passed his winters at Lutetia (the old name of Paris), complained that the Seine was frozen over. The winters of 763 and 801 were remarkable for their severity. In 822 carts passed freely across the Seine for several months together. In 1067, 1210, 1305, 1354, 1408, and 1420, the Pa- risians had very severe winters, and in 1408 the soldiers' rations of wine were cut with an axe. In 1433 the frost set in on the last day of the year, and lasted three months. The winters of 1460, 1480, 1493, 1508, and 1522 are recorded as excessively cold. In 1544 wine was cut with an axe throughout France, in the casks. The winters of 1621 and 1622 were felt even in Italy. In 1622 and 1633 the frost continued in Paris from Dec. 5 to March 8. In 1695 there were twenty-one de- grees of cold (centigrade.) In 1676 and 1677 the Seine was frozen over for thirty-five days consecutively. It was only about the beginning of the eighteenth century that the thermometical observations were noted down: — The thermometer descended, in Deg. Centigrade. 1709 to 23 1-10 1716 . . 18 7-10 1729 . . 15 3-10 1740 . . Seine completely frozen. 1742 . . 17 Ditto. Deg. Centigrade. 1744 . . Seine completely frozen. 1747 . . 13*6-10 1748 . . 15 3-10 1754 . . 14 1-10 1755 . . 15 6-10 1762 . . Seine completely frozen. 1767 . . 15 3-10 Ditto. 1768 .. 17 1 10 Ditto. 1771 . . 13 6-10 Ditto. 1776 . . 19 1-10 Ditto 25 days. 1785 . . 19 Ditto 69 days. 1788 . . 22 3-10 Do. for a long time 1795 . . 23 5-10 Ditto 4 days. 1798 . . 17 6-10 Ditto 23 days. 1819 . . Ditto completelv. 1820 . . 14 3-10 1825 . . 14 6-10 1830 . . 16 3-10 1836 . . 18 1838 . . 19 1840 . . 17 The degree of cold on Dec. 15, the day on which the Emperor Napo- leon's remains entered Paris. The average cold of a great number of years at Paris, is about ten or eleven degrees centigrade above zero. At nine degrees centigrade the Seine freezes. The severest cold hitherto known at Paris was in 1795, when the thermometer fell to 23 5-10. Frost, in Russia, 1812, setting in a fortnight before its accustomed time, with unusual severity, des- troyed the veteran French army that had set out on its retreat from Moscow, Nov. 9 ; whole battalions and thousands of horses perished, 300,000 men being frozen to death, or made prisoners in a state of irre- coverable injury. Fruits and Flowers, of which few were indigenous, have been brought into England from other countries, for the most part as re- lates to the better kinds, since 1500, and many have been acclimated by art that are native to very different temperatures : thus, the Syrian apple came in about 1522 ; the red mul- berry, from North America, about 1600 ; the black walnut from North America, about 1620 ; the Cornelian cherry, from Austria, 1596 ; the FU N 265 F UN precise dates of their importation are now with difficulty to he recognised, hut the pine-apple came in from torrid America in 1568 ; and the mango has heen introduced from India during the present century. The acacia was introduced from America, 1630 ; the auricula from Switzerland, 1567 ; the dahlia from South America, 1803 ; the geranium from Spain and the Cape of Good Hope, also the Cape Heath, 1800, and other varieties ; the Erica va- grans is indigenous in Cornwall, also the Erica ciliaris ; the mag- nolia, from North America, 1688; the passion flower from Ame- rica, 1790; the musk rose, from Italy, 1522; sweet hay, Europe, date unknown ; the camellia from the east, supposed China, in the present century ; mignionette came from Italy, 1528. Fbyth, John, burnt in Smithfield, July 4, 1533. Fulham Bridge, built 1727; the act passed May 24, 1726. Fuller, one, gave evidence of a pretended and spurious Prince of Wales ; voted an impostor, Jan. 16, 1692 ; fined £1000, June 23, 1702. Funds, introduced into England at the revolution of 1688 ; subse- quently distinguished by different titles, according to the interest paid ; the three per cents, annuity were created 1726; the three per cents, consols, 1731 ; three per cent, redu- ced, 1746 ; three and half per cent, annuities, 1758; long annuities, 1761 ; four per cents., 1762 ; five per cents., 1797, 1802; the short annuities expired in Jan., 1808 ; July 5, 1787, an act passed to set aside £250,000 quarterly for a sink- ing fund, £200,000 more was sub- sequently added ; May 10, 1787, it was enacted that all monies reserved to pay annuities and not claimed for three years prior to Jan. 5, 1787, should be set apart for the commis- sioners for the reduction of the na- tional debt; by 48 George III., annuities are made purchasable by the transfer of stocks ; an augmen- tation shall be added to the sinking fund of one per cent, in all future loans, 1792; in 1813 further regula- tions were made, and the reduction of the. debt proposed in forty-five years from that date ; the delusion was for some time continued or concealed, or affectedly not admit- ted, that unless there was a surplus revenue equal to the sum set by for the fund, it was a complicated scheme without any advantage at all, it being only taking money with the left hand to pay it away with the right, and accordingly the sur- plus of the revenue of the nation alone is since applied to the re- demption of the debt. Funds, Fluctuations in, from 1730 till the rebellion of 1745, the three per cents, never under eighty-nine, and once, in 1737, as high as 107. During the rebellion they sank to seventy-six ; in 1749 rose to 100 ; between the peace of Paris in 1763 and the breaking out of the Ameri- can war, they averaged from eighty to ninety ; towards the close of the war sunk to fifty-four. In 1792 they were at one time as high as ninety-six, but within five years, in 1797, fell to the low price of 44|, the consequence of the success of the French, the mutiny at the Nore, and the general distress. The high- est price of consols in 1797 was fifty-six. On the conclusion of the peace of Amiens, they advanced to seventy- nine ; hostilities commenc- ing, they again sunk to fifty in 1803. In 1806 they reached* sixty-six, in 1808 were at seventy, and in 1810 at seventy-two. The American war, in 1812, brought them down to fifty-five ; and though seventy-three on the abdication of Bonaparte, in 1814, they were, at fifty-five on his escaping from Elba, in 1815. The battle of Waterloo caused an imme- diate reaction, and in the year 1817 they rose to eighty-four. At the period of the queen's trial, in 1820, consols sank to sixty-five, but in 1824 ascended to ninety-seven. The panic of 1825 brought them to GAM 266 GAM seventy-four ; but with the excep- tion of another sudden fall, in con- sequence of distress in 1831, of very slight duration, the funds continued to advance to par, an event that had not occurred before for a century. Funerals, a tax laid on them in England, 1793. Funerals, Public, the Duke of Rutland's, Ireland, Nov. 17, 1787 ; Lord Nelson's, Jan. 9, 1806 ; Pitt's, Feb. 22, 1806 ; Fox's, Oct. 10, 1806 ; Sheridan's, July 13, 1816; Can- ning's, Aug. 16, 1827 ; Wellington's Nov. 18, 1852. Furs forbidden by the emperor Honorius, 397 ; the laws against them renewed 399, 416 ; used first by the Goths ; sent to England from Norway 878; ambassadors wore them 1001 ; abbesses and nuns in London wore them of lamb and cat's skin 1127 ; worn by Henry I. 1125 ; prohibited by statute unless the wearer were worth £100 per annum, 1336; permitted in Germany to robes only 1497, 1530; counts and lords not allowed ermine there, 1548. Furness Abbey, Lancashire, founded by king Stephen 1127. Furnival's Inn Society begun 1563. G Gabel, Bohemia, tOAvn of, totally destroyed by fire May 11, 1738. Gabelle, a duty laid in France upon salt 1435, and found very op- pressive. Galba the Roman emperor put to death 69, aged 73. Galen born at Pergamus, the most celebrated of the old physi- cians, died 201. Galileo the astronomer imprison- ed by the Inquisition for asserting that the earth went round the sun, 1638 ; died 1642. Galleys, Vessels with one, two, or three rows or banks of oars used by the ancients, and in the Medi- terranean by the French down to 1780. Galvanism, its effects first noticed 1767, and proved success- ful by Dr. Galvani upon frogs and other creatures 1791 ; carried still further by Volta 1808. Galway College, Ireland, found- ed by Edward VI., '1551. Gam, David, distinguished him- self at the battle of Agincourt, Oct. 25, 1415. Gamblinghay, Cambridgeshire, had twenty-three houses destroyed by fire, July 9, 1814. Game Laws promoted by the clergy who resisted the ameliorations of their severity by Henry III. Game Acts passed 1496, 1670, 1753, 1773, 1784, 1785, 1808, 1831, 1844, 1848 ; sale of, legalized, 1831. Game Cock, English, used for combat, first noticed by Fitzstephen in the twelfth century : schoolboys used to fight them under the master's arbitration on Shrove Tuesday; a proclamation 39 of Edw. III., against; of Henry VIII., although he had a pit of his own at Whitehall ; forbidden by Elizabeth 1569; ordinance of Cromwell against, March 31, 1654. Game Certificates necessary to kill game 1785 ; keepers in 1820, 3445 ; 1830, 3920 ; under keepers from 345 to 594 in 1830. Game Laws, the commitments under, in England and Wales, in one year amounted to 3140, between 1832 and 1833. Gamino prohibited except to people of condition, unless at Christmas 1541 ; houses for licensed, in London 1620 ; no one losing above £100 compelled to pay it 1663; bonds not recoverable so given, and if more than £10 be lost, 1710 ; prohibited with private lotteries 1739; act to amend loans GAR 267 GAR against games and wages, Aug. 4, 1845. Gamut in Music invented by Guy L'Aretin 1025. Gardening introduced into Eng- land from the Netherlands, from whence vegetables were imported till 1509 ; mnsk melons, and apricots cultivated in England ; the pale gooseberry, with salads, garden roots, cabbages, &c, brought from Elanders, and hops from Artois, 1520 ; the damask rose brought here by Dr. Linacre, physician to Henry VIII. ; pippins brought to England by Leonard Mascal, Plumstead, in Sussex, 1525; currants, or Corin- thian grapes, first planted in Eng- land, 1555; brought from the Isle of Zante, belonging to Venice ; the musk rose, and several sorts of plums, from Italy, by Lord Crom- well ; apricots brought here by king Henry VIII.'s gardener; at and about Norwich, the Flemings first planted flowers unknown in Eng- land, as gilliflowers, carnations, the Provence rose, &c, 1567; woad originally from Toulouse, in Erance ; tulip roots first brought into Eng- land from Vienna, 1578 ; also beans, peas, and salads, now in common use, 1660. The nature of these may be seen by the following list, with the countries from whence they originally came. This list might be almost indefinitely extended, and include trees and shrubs. Rye and wheat from Tartary and Siberia, where they are yet indi- genous ; Barley and oats unknown, but certainly not indigenous in this country, because we are obliged to cultivate them. Rice, from . . . Egypt. Buck-wheat . . Asia. Borage .... Syria. Cresses .... Crete. Cauliflower. . . Cyprus. Asparagus . . . Asia. Chervil .... Italy. Eennel .... Canary Islands. Anise and parsley Egypt. Garlic .... The East. Shallots .... Siberia. Horseradish . China. Kidney-beans . . East Indies. Gourds . . . Astracan. Lentils . . , . France. Potatoes . . . America. Tobacco . . . . America. Cabbage,lettuce| Holland> Nor are we less indebted to other and distant countries for our finest flowers : — Jessamine, from . East Indies. Tulip . . . . . Cappadocia. Daffodil . . . . Italy. Lily . . . . . Syria. Tube-rose . . . Java & Ceylon. Carnation and pink Italy, &c. Ranunculus . . . Alps. Auricula . . Switzerland. Coral tree . Cape Heaths • t n several choice ( varieties Passion flower . . Brazil. Magnolia . . China. Pink . . . . . Italy. Jasmine . . . . Circassia. Dahlia . . . . S. America. Creeper . . ( Virginia,Ame- * ( rica. China rose . . . China. Gold plant . . . Japan. Lupine tree . . . Qape. Lupine . . . . Italy. Laburnum . . . Hungary. Mignionette . . . Italy. Sweet bay . . Italy. Arbor vitas . . . Canada. Acacia . . . . N. America. Apples . . . . Syria. Apricots . . . . Epirus. Artichokes . . Holland. Celery . . . . Flanders. Cherries . . . . Pontus. Currants . . . . Zante. Damask and musk | Damasens _ roses, plums Hops . . . ( Artois, in " ( France. Gooseberries . . Flanders. Gilliflowers, car- | Toul in nations, the Pro-J- j^» vence rose, &c Oranges and lemons Spain. Beans and peas . . Spain. GAS GA V Garrick, David, the English Roscius, horn at Hereford, 1716, died Jan. 20, 1779, aged sixty-two years and ten months ; first appeared on the London stage in 1741. Garter, Order of, established by Edward III., April 23, 1349 ; alter- ation in, 1557 and 1788. It is re- markable, that this is the only order that has been granted to foreign princes. Of this order there have been : — Eight emperors of Germany. One emperor of Russia. Eive kings of France. Three kings of Spain. One king of Arragon. Seven kings of Portugal. One king of Poland. Two kings of Sweden. Six kings of Denmark. Two kings of Naples. One king of Sicily and Jerusalem. One king of Bohemia. Two kings of Scotland. Five princes of Orange, And thirty-four foreign electors, dukes, margraves, and counts. The first knight was Edward, the Black Prince, who had just before restored Don Pedro in Castile ; to the prince were added twenty-four other knights from among the English nobility. Garter King-at-arms, appointed by Henry V., 1420 ; the order es- tablished by Edward IV. in Ireland, 1486; was abolished by Henry VII., 1494. Gascony, recovered by England, 1253 ; revolted to France, 1374 ; returned to the English, 1452. Gas, exhibited from coal, 1739 ; first tried in Cornwall, 1792, by a Mr. Murdoch ; Boulton and Watt's factory at Birmingham lit up, 1802 ; first used in London, in Pall-Mali, 1809; length in 1823 of streets lighted, 213 miles, and 39,504 pub- lic lamps ; of pipes in London 1100 miles were said to be lighted in 1850 ; works of the company in Dorset-street, destroyed by fire, May 24, 1815. London has eigh- teen public gas-works, twelve public gas companies; £2,800,000 capital employed in the apparatus; £450,000 yearly revenue; 180,000 tons of coals used in the year for making gas; 1,460,000,000 cubic feet of gas made ; 30,400 public or street consumers, about 2650 of these are in the city of London. Three hundred and eighty lamp lighters employed ; 176 gas holders, several of them double ones, capa- ble of storing 5,500,000 cubic feet; 890 tons of coals used in the retorts on the shortest day, in twenty-four hours; 7,120,000 cubic feet used in the longest night ; about 2500 per- sons are employed in the metropolis alone in this branch of manufacture ; between 1822 and 1827 the quantity nearly doubled itself, and that in five years ; between 1827 and 1837 it doubled itself again. Gascoigne, George, invented the telescopic sights, died 1645. Sir William, who committed the Prince of Wales, for insulting him on the bench of Justice, died 1413. Gaston, John, the last of the Me- dicis family, died July 9, 1837. Gateside Monastery, Durham, founded, 653. Gauden, Dr. Joseph, the real author of the Icon Basilike, which the adherents of Charles I. endea- voured to pass for the monarch's own writing, died 1662. Gauging of wine and liquors lia- ble to duty, established by a law of Edward III., 1350. Gaunor, Fychan, died, Sept. 16, 1686, at Aber-Cowarch, near Dinas- Mowddy, Merionethshire, North Wales, aged 140. Gauze, Lawn, and Thread manu- facture, began at Paisley, in Scot- land, 1759 ; Avhich in 1784 yielded £575,185, and employed 27,664 hands. In gauze alone, £350,900. Gaveston, Piers, beheaded on Blacklow Hill, near Warwick, June 19, 1312, the favourite of Edward II. He had been banished, 1307, was recalled, 1308 ; again banished by the barons ; recalled, by the king, and decapitated. GEN GEO Gaul, Ancient, contained 1200 cities, Q6. Gazette, See Newspapers. Gens d'armes, or Gendarmes, an order which began in 360 ; also and more commonly the French milita- ry police so named. The corps was originally a body of gentlemen at- tached to the royal household, about 2300 ; they were made a royal corps by Charles VII. ; at present they are generally picked men employed under the police, and reporting both to the police and the military com- mander-in-chief. General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, first held Dec. 20, 1560 ; it now meets once a year in Edin- burgh, where it sits for ten days, being the principal ecclesiastical court of Scotland. General, a title given at one time to officers both naval and mili- tary ; it is said to be of Erench origin, about 1200. Generosity, order of knighthood, in Brandenburgh, founded 1685. Geneva, part of the empire of the west, 800; destroyed by fire, 1321 ; injured by fire, 1333, 1430 ; repub- lic of founded, 1512; corn fields destroyed by fire from lightning for twenty miles round, July 29, 1831 ; insurrection at, 1781 ; native refu- gees from, settled in Ireland in 1783, but soon left it; others settled in England, 1783; revolution in 1794 ; admitted to the general diet, 1813. Geneva, New, town of, founded by Swiss refugees in Ireland, but soon abandoned, 1782. Geneva or Gin shops suppressed, 1743 ; 7000 abolished, 1750. Genghis Khan, the great Mongo- lian warrior, died 1227. Gennet, order of knighthood, began in Erance, 176; in Spain, 786. Genoa, city of, independent after 950 ; cathedral built, 985 ; chose a doge and magistrates, 1030 ; repub- lic well-founded, 1096 ; Doria ren- dered his country victorious, 1528; church of Santa Maria built, 1555 ; bombarded by the French, 1684; by the English, 1688, and in Oct. 1745 ; taken by the Austrians, Sept. 30, 1746; Austrians expelled, second siege, Aug. 17, 1747 ; loses Corsica, 1730 ; bank of St. George failed at, 16,000,000 of crowns deficient, Dec. 22, 1750 ; besieged and starved into surrender to the Austrians, May, 1800, but given up soon afterwards again ; annexed to the French em- pire, May 25, 1805 ; surrendered to the Anglo-Sicilian army, April 18, 1814; handed over to the king of Sardinia, 1816 ; seized by the inha- bitants and proclaimed a republic, April, 1850. Gentleman, first used as a dis- tinction, 1430. Geometry, early invented and known in Greece 600 a. c. ; Euclid computed, 280 a. c. ; taught in Europe, 300; believed a part of magic in the time of Edward VI., and books of, destroyed, 1552. Geoffrey of Monmouth made bishop of St. Asaph, 1152 ; a cele- brated British historian. Geological Society of London, instituted 1813 ; one instituted at Dublin, 1832. George, St., of Cappadocia, a notorious oppressor and robber, made a bishop, 356 ; met with a merited end, being put to death by the people whom he had plundered, about 372; made a saint by the Roman church, and patron saint of England. George, St., order of knighthood, so called from St. George of Cap- padocia, begun in Carinthia, 1279 ; Venice, 1200; Spain, 1316; in Eng- land, under Edward III., 1349, with the order of the garter ; Austria, 1470; Borne, 1496; Genoa, about 1250. George, d'Alfama, St., an order of knighthood, began 1201. George Town, Granada, West Indies, destroyed by fire, Nov. 1, 1775. George, Fort, in Scotland, des- troyed by the rebels, March 14, 1745-6. George, Fr., man-of-war, burned GEO 270 GEO off Lisbon, with 435 of the crew, Feb. 13, 1758. George, the Royal, overset at Portsmouth, with Admiral Kem- penfelt, the crew, 100 women, and 200 Jews, Aug. 26, 1782 ; nearly all perished. George, Fort St., India, built 1620 ; taken by the French, April 20, 1747. George's Church, St., Blooms- bury, built 1730. George's Hospital, St., Hyde Park corner, instituted October 19, 1733. George Cadoudal, conspiracy of, 1804 ; a native of Britany, and son of a miller ; he planned the insur- rections in the Morbihan, in favour of the Bourbons, 1793; came to England, and with the Bourbon princes, planned fresh insurrections in 1800 ; in 1803, he returned to France, reached Paris at the close of 1802, intending to overturn the government of Napoleon, when he was seized by the police, Feb. 23, 1804 ; he was connected with the projectors of the infernal machine, so far that they were his known ad- herents, but he denied having had any concern with it. He was exe- cuted, June 23, 1804. George I., equestrian statue of, in Grosvenor Square, defaced, the left leg torn off; the sword and trun- cheon broken and carried away ; the neck hacked, as if to cut off the head, and a libel left upon it, 1739. George, a gold coin, value 6s. 8d., struck in the reign of Henry VIII., 1537. George I., the first prince of the house of Hanover; his accession, Aug. 1, 1714; proclaimed at Edin- burgh, Aug 5 ; Dublin, Aug. 6 ; quitted Hanover, Aug. 31, 1714; reached Greenwich, Sept. 18, 1714; displaced all the ministers, Sept. 19 ; his public entry into London, Sept. 20 ; crowned at Westminster, Oct. 20, 1714; visited the Lord Mayor's feast, with the prince and the princess, and ordered £1000 for the relief of the prisoners for debt, Oct. 29; dissolved the parliament without permitting it to sit, Jan. 5, 1714-5; went in state with the prince and princess to St. Paul's, Jan. 20, 1714-5; visited his Ger- man dominions, July 7, 1716 ; re- turned to England, Jan. 18, 1716-7 ; visited Cambridge, Oct. 6, 1717; was at variance with the prince of Wales, Nov., 1717 ; gave £1000 to enlarge the dormitory at Westmin- ster school, Dec. 3, 1718 ; embarked for Hanover, May 11, 1719; re- turned, Nov. 14 ; reconciled to the prince of Wales, April 23, 1720; went to Hanover, June 15; re- turned, Nov. 10, 1720; presented the university of Cambridge with 2000 guineas and a library, Nov., 1720 ; discarded from his establish- ment all who were South Sea di- rectors, Jan. 11, 1720-1 ; desired the parliament to make good the defi- ciencies in the civil list, July 11, 1721 ; lost his mother-in-law, the duchess-dowager of Zell, 1725 ; dis- covered a conspiracy against him, May 4, 1722; visited Salisbury, Portsmouth, and Southampton, and gave £2000 or £3000 to release prisoners, in Aug. and Sept., 1722 ; visited Hanover, June 3 ; returned, Dec. 28, 1723 ; went again, July 3, 1725; returned, Jan. 3, 1726; Maximillian William, his brother, died, July 16, 1726 ; his consort, Sophia Dorothy, died, Nov. 2, 1726 ; visited Hanover again, June 3, 1727; died at Osnaburg, June 11, 1727, aged 67 ; buried at Hanover, Sept. 4, 1727. George II. had been created Prince of Wales, and Earl of Chester, Oct. 5, 1714 ; his princess arrived in England, with her two eldest daughters, Oct. 15, 1714; gave £1000 to the sufferers by a fire in Gravel Lane, Dec. 22, 1716; went to Richmond to reside, May 3, 1718; proclaimed king, June 15, 1727, in London ; at Edinburgh and Dublin, June 19 ; a settlement of £830,000 per annum, made upon him by parliament, and £100,000 for his queen, July 7, 1727; dis- solved the privy council, and ap- GEO 271 GEO pointed a new one, Sept. 17, 1727 ; his coronation, Oct. 11, 1727 ; visited Cambridge, April 23, 24, 1728 ; went to Hanover, May 19 ; returned, Sept. 12, 1729 ; visited Hanover, June 3, 1732 ; returned, Sept. 26, 1732 ; invested with Bre- men and Verdun, Jan. 7, 1732-3 ; married his eldest daughter to the Prince of Orange, with £80,000 and £5000 per annum, as a portion, Mar. 14, 1733-4 ; visited Germany, May 17; returned, Oct. 26, 1735; the Prince of Wales married to the Princess of Saxe-Gotha, April 26, 1736 ; visited Germany again, May, 22; returned, Jan. 14, 1737 ; at va- riance with the P. of Wales, Sept., 1737; queen Caroline d. Nov. 1737 ; obtained a settlement of £15,000 per annum for the duke of Cum- berland, and £24,000 per annum on the five princesses, May 3, 1739 ; married the princess Mary to the prince of Hesse, May 8, 1740 ; went to Hanover again in 1740, returning Oct. 13 ; went again May 6, 1741, returned Oct. 9 ; became reconciled to the prince of Wales, Eeb. 1741-2; visited Germany, April 17, 1743; was present with the army at the battle of Dettingen, June 16; re- turned Nov. 15, 1743; married his youngest daughter Louisa to the king of Denmark, Oct. 19, 1743; visited Hanover, May 3, 1745 ; re- turned to England, Aug. 31, 1745 ; presented the prince of Hesse with a sword for assisting him in putting down the Scotch rebellion, June 2, 1746 ; sent £500 to the sufferers by a fire at Honiton, Sept. 29, 1747 ; visited Germany, May 16, 1748 ; Gottingen, Sept. 17, 1748; returned Nov. 23, 1748; visited Germany again, April 16, 1750; returned Nov. 4, 1750; lost the prince of Wales by death, March 20, 1751 ; settled a regency in case of his own demise, May 22, 1751 ; visited Ger- many, March 31, 1752; returned Nov. 9, 1752; went again, April 28, 1755; returned Sept. 15, 1755; gave £10,000 towards improving Edinburgh, May 13, 1755; sent a donation to the king of Portugal after the earthquake, Nov. 28, 1755 ; gave the royal library to the British Museum, Aug. 26, 1752 ; his statue erected in St. Stephen's Green, Dublin, Jan. 2, 1758 ; died suddenlv at Kensington, Oct. 25, 1760"; buried at Westminster, Nov. 11, 1760 ; the prince of Wales, George Augustus, so created April 20, 1751; had the dukedom of Corn- wall specially bestowed upon him by the king (as he did not inherit because he was not the king's eldest son, but his grandson,) April 1, 1753, but did not take his seat in parliament as such until 1759 ; Oct.. 25, 1760, succeeded to the throne ; three clays after the late king's death, drawing-rooms were ordered by him on Wednesdays and Sundays, after service. ■ George III., proclaimed, Oct. 26 ; made his first speech in the House of Lords, Nov. 18, 1760; thrown from his horse but not severely hurt, Dec. 2, 1760 ; declared his intention of marrying Charlotte the princess of Meoklenburg-Strelitz, July 8, 1761 ; issued the proclama- tion for his being crowned July 8, 1761, to be Sept. 22nd following ; his treaty of marriage signed Aug. 15, 1761 ; his intended queen landed at Harwich, Sept. 6, 1761 ; married the king Sept. 8, 1761 ; crowned at Westminster with his queen, Sept. 22, 1761, when the principal diamond in his crown fell out; invited to the Lord Mayor's feast with his queen, Sept. 29; Lord Bute's as- cendency being evident, Mr. Pitt resigned office, Oct. 5, 1761 ; opened a new parliament, Nov. 6 ; visited the Lord Mayor's show in great state, Nov. 9, 1761, — the banquet cost £7000 ; established a professorship of Rhetoric at Edin- burgh, April 20, 1762; a declara- tion of war against Spain issued 1762; Lord Bute and the king made up a peace, Nov. 3, 1762 ; Lord Bute retired before public in- dignation, but the king would not listen to Mr. Pitt's terms ; in 1764 GEO 272 GEO the king proposed to Mr. Grenville to tax the American colonies ; the same year he had an attack of the malady for six weeks, as afterwards suspected, which finally removed him from public life ; the Rocking- ham ministry came into place 1766, and the stamp act was repealed; Townsend proposed taxing articles imported into America, Mr. Pitt, who had joined the ministry, retired in disgust, 1768 ; the king became very unpopular, 1769; wept with vexation at the letter addressed to him by the mysterious Junius ; the duke of Grafton resigned office 1770 ; certain printers were ordered into custody by the sergeant-at- arms, and set free by the city authorities, 1771 ; the king offended at his brother's marriage with Mrs. Horton, obtained an act of parlia- ment, that none of the royal family should marry without the royal consent, 1775 ; the king inflexible, insisted on American obedience, 1774; the first active hostilities began April 19, 1775; America declared itself free of the sovereignty of George III., July 4, 1776 ; the king applied for £.100,000 additional to the civil list, 1777 ; declared he would sooner lay down his crown than make peace with America, 1778 ; visited the fleet at Spitkead and Portsmouth 1778 ; Lord North inclined to treat but the king re- fused, 1779; the king urged his ministers to perseverance in the war, while France and Spain joined the Americans 1779 ; riots in the city which the king urged should be put down by force, 1780; Lord North resigned 1782; the king obliged to call in the Earl of Rock- ingham, consented to a peace 1782 ; a general peace concluded with the severance of America for ever from the British crown, 1783 ; (the super- stitious declared the diamond fallen from the crown at the coronation was thus explained;) a mad woman, one Nicholson, attempted to stab the king, Aug. 2, 1786 ; he visited Cheltenham and Worcester, 1786; slight symptoms of indisposition of mind appeared, 1787; attacked by bilious fever, Oct. 1788 ; his brain affected at a concert, of which he complained, 1788 ; derangement ensued, and continued until Feb. 22, 1789, when he was reported rational ; a message from the king to parliament, March 12; the queen illuminated Kew on the king's re- covery, March 17, 1789 ; on March 25, he attended St. Paul's cathedral ; returned thanks for his restoration, on the 23rd of April ; on the 25th of June the king visited Weymouth ; on the 21st of January, 1790, a stone was thrown at his carriage by a mad half-pay lieutenant, named Trick, who was sent to Bethlem ; fifteen persons killed being trodden to death and twenty injured, en- deavouring to get into the Hay- market theatre on a royal night, Feb. 3, 1 794 : the king would never again visit that house ; he presented a diamond-hilted sword to Lord Howe, as a token of his approbation of his victory, June 1, 1794 ; in- sulted with cries "no war," here and there " no king," and hissing as he proceeded to the House of Lords, and a shot passed through the glass of the carriage, at which on his return stones were thrown, Oct. 29, 1795 ; a stone was thrown at the king's carriage returning from Drury-lane theatre, which broke a glass pannel and struck the queen, Feb. 1, 1796 ; a grand re- view of volunteers by the king in Hyde Park, 1797 ; the king went to St. Paul's to return thanks for the victories of Howe, St. Vincent, and Duncan, Dec. 19, 1797 ; struck the name of Charles James Fox out of the list of privy councillors because he opposed his favourite ministers so strenuously, 1798 ; attended a volun- teers' review of all those bodies in and near the metropolis, May 15, 1800 ; fired at by a madman named Hatfield, at Drury-lane theatre, the evening of the same day, May 15 ; the union act with Ireland being passed, July 22, 1800, the king re- GEO 273 GEO fused to concede to the Irish their political rights, and Pitt resigned in 1801 ; the Addington administration had scarcely succeeded Pitt's, when the king was again attacked with insanity ; the illness temporary ; the king opposed the negotiations for peace at Amiens most strongly in 1802 ; in the following year he at- tempted hy an unworthy argument to shield Hanover against Prance, by declaring he had only made war upon Prance as king of England, 1803; he was attacked Peb. 14, 1804, with derangement again, but, as before, the complaint appeared to go off; on the 12th of November, 1804, he became reconciled to the Prince of Wales, after a long es- trangement ; the king gave a splendid entertainment at Windsor, the ex- pense of which was enormous for that time of war and heavy public burdens, Feb. 26, 1805 ; this was followed by a grand installation of the knights of the garter, during all which he showed manifest lightness of understanding, April 23, 1805 ; he lost his favourite, Pitt, in January 1806, and soon afterwards became blind; Lord Grenville, who in office supported Catholic emancipa- tion, 1807, was compelled to resign, March 24, by the king himself, who would not hear of emancipation or the repeal of the test and corporation acts ; the kingjcompleted the fiftieth year of his reign, Oct. 25, 1809 ; his blindness appeared to be total in 1810 ; the princess Amelia died Nov. 2, 1810, which caused a return of the old malady ; this was con- firmed Nov. 1, 1811 ; regency appointed 1811 ; the malady in- creased 1812 to 1814; the king imagined himself dead at times ; deafness overtook him; had a glimmering of reason again at short intervals 1817; the queen died, Nov. 17, 1818; the king never knew it, his appetite failed, and he expired Jan. 29, 1820, aged 81. George IV. ascended the throne, Jan. 29, 1820; educated under the Earl of Hoklerness, Dr. Markham, and Cyril Jackson, 1770; these preceptors resigned, 1776; Bishop Hurd, Rev. Mr. Arnold, and Lord Bruce succeeded ; parliamentary establishment made for him, 1783; and £100,000 voted for him, in November of which year he took his seat ; his amours brought before parliament by Dennis Rolle, 1787 ; the king refused to sanction the grant of £100,000 to his son, insist- ing on £50,000 onlv; arrears of the duchy of Cornwall, £13,000 per annum for eighteen years, £230,000, the king refused to reimburse, 1787 ; broke up his establish- ment at Carlton House, owing £160,000, in 1788; the Commons voted him £161,000 to pay his debts, and £20,000 to finish Carlton House, 1788 ; question of the prince's appointment to the regency discussed, January 1788; appointed to the regency, Peb. 12, 1788, when the king suddenly recovered; he became a patron of the turf, 1790 ; attended the prize ring; disposed of his stud, 1791 ; dissipated and embarrassed, he was forced into a match with his cousin to clear off his incumbrances ; married the princess Caroline of Brunswick, who was born May 17, 1768, April 8, 1795 ; treated her with inexcus- able neglect ; the Princess Charlotte born of the marriage, Jan. 1796 ; the prince made proposals for a separation, 1796 ; among his debts before parliament, his farrier's bill was above £40,000, 1795; £50,000 per annum was settled upon the princess, and his debts liquidated ; refused military rank by the king on the expected invasion, 1803 ; in- sisted on educating the Princess Charlotte, but the- king declared his niece, her mother, should be the guardian, 1804 ; the princess retired to Blackheath, where spies were set over her, 1805 ; an investigation took place which cleared the prin- cess, not made public till 1806 ; the Prince of Wales became regent, 1810 ; gave a gorgeous fete at Carlton House, June 19, 1811 ; re- GEO 274 GEO fused an augmentation of his income in consequence of the distress of the times, 1811 ; the restrictions on the regency ceased, 1812; his old friends refused to form a junction with Perceval, the Tory minister, who being assassinated, May, 1812, the Whigs again applied to, were still impracticable, and he threw off his pld adherents, and retained Lords Liverpool, Castlereagh, and the Tory leaders, June 8, 1812; became a spectator of the body of Charles I. discovered at Windsor, in good preservation, 1812 ; returned a letter from the Princess of Wales unopened, Jan. 1813, the prince still insisting on restricting the in- tercourse between the Princess Char- lotte and her mother ; in 1814, on the downfall of Napoleon in Russia, and the restoration of the Bourbons being determined upon, Louis XVIII., emerging from Hartwell, was escorted to Dover by the prince regent, April 24, 1814 ; he received the emperor of Russia, king of Prussia, and some of the more dis- tinguished commanders of the Eu- ropean armies, June, 1814 ; £50,000 per annum was settled on the Prin- cess of Wales, July 1814; but she accepted only £35,000 ; the regent returned thanks for the general peace, at St. Paul's, July 7, 1814; numerous expensive and splendid fetes given, and the centenary of the house of Brunswick accession celebrated, Aug. 1, 1814 ; the Prin- cess of Wales left England for the continent, with the regent's consent, Aug. 9, 1814 ; the death of Sheridan proved the worthlessness of the regent's friendship, in 1816 ; the prince Avas fired at in the following year, 1817, as he returned from opening parliament, being extremely unpopular ; the death of the Prin- cess Charlotte, 1817, and of his mother,- 1819, and the public dis- tresses, 1819, gave his power a pain- ful shock; in 1819 the "Manches- ter" massacre added to the unpopu- larity of the ministry, and in 1820 the regent was further inquieted by disturbances in the manufacturing districts, and the Cato-street con- spiracy ; soon afterwards his father expired and he mounted the throne, Jan. 29, 1820; crowned July 12; the ceremony was interrupted by the return of Queen Caroline, who had been offered £50,000 per annum to remain abroad, and renounce the title and dignity of queen consort, or else she should be proceeded against with a bill of pains and pen- alties ; the queen indignantly return- ed, June 5, 1820 ; notice of a bill of pains and penalties given, July 5, 1820; witnesses were heard, Aug. 21 ; the case in support of the bill closed, Sept. 7 ; the defence ended, Nov. 6 ; the measure was ultimately abandoned. The king opened parlia- ment in person, Jan. 23, 1821 ; the sum of £50,000 per annum was voted for the queen ; the coronation took place, July 19, 1821 ; the queen made an ineffectual attempt to enter the abbey and was excluded, which affected her spirits ; she was attacked July 31, 1821, with inflammation in the bowels, and died, Aug. 7, with calmness and resignation ; the king visited Ireland, Aug. 13, entered Dublin, Aug. 17, returned to Eng- land, Sept. 5 ; set out for Hanover soon afterwards, reached that city Oct. 8, and returned Nov. 11, 1821 ; in August the king visited Scotland, returning Sept. 1. This year Eng- land seceded, with her ruler, from the Holy Alliance ; the Duke of York died in 1827, and the king secluded himself almost wholly from public view ; the test and corporation acts repeal was the most important domestic measure of the reign, passed in 1829 ; in Jan. 1830 the king became indisposed, and a dropsy on the chest closed his mortal career, June 26, 1830. Georgia, one of the United States of N. America, founded by General Oglethorpe, 1739, and incorporated 1752; in 1790 the population of this state was 82,584; in 1800, 162,686 ; in 1830, 516,567 ; in 1840, 691,392, of which 280,944 were GEE 275 GEE slaves. In 1835 the baptists had 583 churches and 298 ministers ; the methodists eighty preachers; the presbyterians seventy-five churches and forty-five ministers ; episcopa- lians four ministers; in 1840 there were thirty-seven banks and branch- es in the state, and a public debt of 500,000 dollars. Gera, near Leipsic, in Germany, destroyed by a fire, Sept. 18^ 1780. Gerald, Joseph, tried in Scot- land, for pretended sedition^ and transported under a sentence unpar- alleled since the time of Jeffries, March 14, 1794. Gerbert, afterwards Pope Syl- vester IL-, introduced the Arabic figures into Europe, 1000. Germans, St., priory built, Corn- wall, 937. Germanicus Caesar,, died, 29; Germans, 4317 settled at Phila- delphia, Dec. 11, 1750; Germany, King and rulers of; early histoiy little known from 100 to nearly 500; came beneath the rule of the Franks and Clevis, 511 ; under Henry I., who died, 534 ; Sigebert, 575 ; Clota ; re II., 613, this sovereign beat the Saxons, and in 625 united the different states pos- sessed by his uncle, Clotaire I., into one body. His successors little no- ticed until Pepin mounted the Mero- vingian throne, 750; his two sons made sovereigns of Neustria and Austrasia. Charles the Great, Charlemagne, born, April 10, 742 ; governed Neustria, as his share of his father's dominions, 768; his brother dying, 771, he united the monarchy of the West that year, and was crowned emperor, 800; Louis I., 814 ; Lothario I. died in a monastery, 840 ; Louis II., 855 ; Chas. the Bald poisoned by a Jewish physician, 875 ; Louis III., 875 ; Charles the Eat deposed, 879 ; Ar- nold, or Arnulf, crowned at Kome, 887 ; Guy and Lambert, 891 ; Louis the Infant, 899 ; Conrad I., Duke of Franconia, 911 ; Henry the Fow- ler, 918; Otho the Great, 936; Otho II. the Bloodv 973; Otho III. the Eed, poisoned, 983 ; Henry II. the Holy, 1002; Conrad II., 1024; Henry III., 1039; Henry IV., 1056 ; Henry V. married Maud of England, 1106 ; Lothario II. the Saxon, 1125; Conrad III., 1138; Frederick I. drowned in the Cydnus, 1152; Henry VI. the Sharp, who made Richard I. of England a pri- soner, 1190 5 Philip and Otho IV., 1198; Otho V., 1208; Frederick II. deposed, 1212 ; Henrv VII., 1245 ; William-, 1246; Conrad IV., 1254; Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 1257 ; Interregnum of two years, 1272-3 ; Rodolph I. of Hapsburgh, Sept. 30, 1273 ; Adolphus of Nassau, 1292 ; Albert I. of Austria killed by his nephew, 1298; Henry VIII. of Luxemburgh, 1309 ; Louis V., 1314 ; John and Philip the Long, 1317; Charles IV., 1346 ; Wenceslaus de- posed out of Bavaria, 1378; Fre- derick and Robert Palatine, Fre- derick assassinated, 1400 ; Joseph of Moravia, Sigismund of Luxem- burgh, 1411 ; Albert Of Austria, 1437; Frederick III. the Pacific, 1440; Maximilian L 1493 ; Charles V., 1519; Ferdinand L, 1558; Maximilian II. of Hungary, ] 564 ; Rodolphus II., 1576; Matthias, 1612 ; Ferdinand II., 1619 ; Ferdi- nand III., 1637; Leopold I., 1658; Joseph I., 1705 ; Charles VI., 1711 ; Charles VII. of Bavaria, 1742 ; i Francis I. of Lorraine, 1745 ; Jos. ! II. 1765 ; Leopold II., 1790 ; 1 Francis, 1792, who took the title of Emperor of Austria only, Aug. 11, 1804, and resigned the title of Emperor of Germany ; Francis died, Aug. 2, 1835 ; Ferdinand his son abdicated in favour of his ne- phew, Francis Joseph, whose father relinquished his right to the throne, 1848. Germany, events relating to, an- ciently divided into independent states ; the Huns then conquered a portion of it ; united under Charle- magne in 1802, he adopted the double-headed eagle for his symbol of empire. The name of Alleman- ia, from Alleman, or the German GEE 276 GEE for " every man," was the name of the country at this time ; Louis le Debonnaire held Erance with Ger- many, but his son Lothaire was restricted to Germany; the dukes being governors of provinces grew in time into the sovereigns of petty states. Of these Saxony, which was resigned by Otho III. to the house of Billing, 936, ultimately became a kingdom. The first em- peror who possessed power over the whole of the states was Conrad I., elected emperor, 912 ; he is deemed the first emperor of Germany freely chosen, but we have no authentic account of the electors of the empire till 1273, when Kodolph of Haps- burgh was chosen emperor by the seven electors, after an interregnum of two years. The electors, accord- ing to some, reduced to seven in 999. The assembly general of the states took place at Aix-la-Chapelle, 1001, when Otho opened the tomb of Charlemagne, and took away the gold cross he wore, the crown, sceptre, sword, and part of the dead emperor's garments. He was poi- soned, 1002; the diet of Aix-la- Chapelle, held 1007. To bring in their sons successors, the emperors, in their lifetime, politically got them elected kings of the Romans, which was a part of the sovereignty ; the first emperor so-elected, 1054. The elective poAver originated by the emperors getting their last will, wherein they nominated their suc- cessors, confirmed before their deaths by the princes and great men. The emperor Philip mur- dered, 1208. Seven electors first appointed to choose an emperor, 1258. Louis V. made the empire independent of the holy see, Aug. 8, 1338. Golden bulls relating to the election of the emperors es- tablished by Charles IV. of Ger- many, 1356. To get his son elected king of the Romans, Charles IV. gave each elector 100,000 du- cats, and was forced to mortgage several cities to raise the money, 1376 ; the descendants of the mort- gagees continue still in the posses- sion of them. Under Henry III. the countiy flourished very much, the emperor protecting learn- ing, and being remarkable for his sense of justice ; his son was only six years old when he died, 1056 ; the states of Saxony revolted, 1073 ; the Saxons defeated, 1075; Rome besieged by Henry IV., 1081 ; diet of Mayence, 1097; Henry V. de- feated the troops of the sovereign his father, and deposed the latter, who died at Liege, whence his body was afterwards conveyed to Spires, and there interred, 1111 ; great dis- putes arose regarding the investi- ture of ecclesiastics, and the right of the Roman sovereigns to nomi- nate to bishoprics, which caused disputes and disunion in Germany for three centuries ; Hungary at- tacked, 1108 ; Henry V. concluded an alliance with England against Erance, 1123; in the midst of great designs he died at Utrecht without issue, 1125 ; the diet of Ratisbonne, held, 1123 ; Eranconia conquered, 1J.28; Lothaire visited Rome in memory of which the people had a picture of the emperor painted in the Vatican prostrated before him, 1133 ; at his death the em- perors of the house of Eran- conia ceased ; Conrad III., em- peror of the house of Suabia, succeeded him, 1138 ; in this reign began the troubles between the Guelphs and Ghibelines, 1140; in 1143 the archbishop of Mayence or- dered the trial by burning iron to be adopted in criminal proceed- ings ; the diet of Spires took place, 1122; Conrad III. set out for the Crusades in 1147, first convoking the German states at Erankfort, to elect his son in law, Henry, king of the Romans ; in Asia, lost most of his troops by the perfidy of his guides ; on his return was poisoned by the king of Sicily, 1152 ; Fre- derick I. captured and destroyed Milan, 1162, and fearfully ravaged the Milanese, died 1190 ; the next sovereign was poisoned by his em- GEE 277 GER press, Constance, 1197; under Philip, 1197, the order of the knights called Porteglaives was established in this reign to support the bishops of Riga, in converting the Livo- nians ; this prince was assassinated, 1208; Otho IV. broke with the Pope ; a diet convoked, 1212 ; lost the battle of Bouvines, soon resigned the crown, and, entering the fortress of Hartzburg, died there, 1218 ; in this reign the authority of the states made a great advance in power. In the next reign, 1216, was held the diet of Wurtzburgh, which de- clared that the emperor could not alienate any of the estates of his CTown, or add them to the domains of anv prince of the empire ; the diet of Frankfort held, 1220; the emperor crowned at Rome by Honorius III., and his son soon after made king of the Romans, the first son of a reigning emperor in his father's life time so named ; crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle as Henry III. ; Milan revolted, 1 228. The emperor proceeded to the Crusades, was victorious, granted the Saracens a truce for 10 years; anathematised by Gregory IX. for making peace with infidels, 1230 ; Henry VII. re- volted against the emperor his fa- thers, 1235, who forgave him, but on a second offence, imprisoned him, his days ending in his confinement, his brother being made king of the Romans, 1256 ; the emperor held a diet of princes at Verona, 1245 ; the Pope declared the emperor de- posed, and insolently affected to give his crown to another, 1246; the princes denied such a right to the pontiff in vain ; Frederick II. died in a monk's habit, 1250 ; his son, the object of popular hatred, was poisoned, 1254, by a natural brother ; the next brother, William Count of Holland, killed in an ambuscade, 1256 ; an interregnum of two years ; Richard, Duke of Cornwall, elected sovereign of German}^ Jan. 13, 1257 ; upon Richard's death an in- terregnum of two years ensued, and the house of Hapsburgh became sovereigns in the person of Rodolph I., Sept. 30, 1273 ; he declared war against Baden and Wurtemberg, 1276 ; and vanquished Ottocar and the Bohemians in battle ; the diet of Nuremberg held, 1280 ; secured the consent of the electors of the empire that the Austrian succession should be in his family ; a vast number of castles and fortified houses were de- stroyed by Rodolph in Germany, the refuges of robbers and nobles, 1284 ; the estates of Upper Silesia brought under the empire, 1290 ; diet of Frankfort held, 1291 ; Ro- dolph died, 1291 ; Adolph of Nas- sau succeeded, June 25, 1292 ; allied himself with Edward I. of England against France, 1294, by a treaty concluded at Westmin- ster, being to receive 100,000 silver marks of Edward, by a secret clause in the treaty as a military subsidy; he was killed in battle, near Woi*ms, 1291 ; Diet of Cologne, 1292 ; the reign of Albert I., 1298 ; the aim of this monarch was aggrandisement,he endeavoured to get the cantons of Uri, and Schweitz to acknowledge his autho- rity, 1309; they preferred their liberty and refused; he excited a revolt, and marching to attack the Swiss, was assassinated, 1309 ; Henry VII., his successor confirmed the privileges of the Swiss cantons at Constance ; the knights templars were extinguished in this reign ; the emperor died at Buonon Con- vento, 1313, and was succeeded by Louis V. ; civil war commenced in 1315, between Louis and the dukes of Bavaria; a battle fought near Esslingen, sanguinary but undeci- sive, 1317; the Ghibeline faction submitted to Louis, 1319 ; Germany desolated with war and rapine, the emperor forbidding secular disputes being referred to the pope ; Fred- erick the Handsome, who invaded Bohemia, defeated and made pri- soner by Louis, 1322; Diet of Nuremberg, 1323; the pope intrigued to get the Electors of Mayence and Cologne to depose GEE 278 GER Louis V.; a national synod as- sembled at Spires, 1338; the diet of Frankfort met the same year, before which the emperor laid his affairs ; intervieAv at Coblentz between the emperor and Edward king of England, 1338; the diet at Erankfort, 1339, ratified anew the Pragmatic sanction of 1338; the pope prevented the emperor from joining the army of Edward king of England, before Cambray; com- menced his alliance with Edward, 1339 ; civil war between Louis V., and the king of Bohemia, 1347; the form of the Germanic constitu- tion developed itself more and more this reign and strengthened itself by the laws; Charles of Luxem- burgh came to the throne, 1343 ; letters patent were given to John duke of Brabant, by Charles, to prohibit the courts of justice of Germany, except in cases of the denial of justice, to cite before them the subjects of Brabant, but to re- mit the causes to the proper judges of the duke ; in the extension of which edict, two unforeseen cases gave room for great complaint down to the eighteenth century, until " to reform the abuses of the Golden Bull of Brabant," became a proverb ; the Jews began to be fearfully per- secuted in Germany, 1348 ; Diet of Mayence, 1354 ; the county of Luxemburgh made a duchy, 1354; the laws and rights of Bohemia affirmed, 1355 ; diet at Nuremberg, 1356; Mayence, Spires, and Worms declared imperial free towns, 1356 ; Diet at Mayence, 1357 ; the car- riages of the emperor seized by the butchers of Worms for a debt he could not discharge, and at another time he Avas obliged to remain per- sonal security for a debt he had no means of discharging, 1378; Charles, the first sovereign that issued letters of nobility ; Charles succeeded by Wenceslas, 1378 ; dethroned in 1400 ; died 1419 ; he had renounced the crown in favour of his brother Sigismond, 1411; Robert succeeded in 1400 ; died 1410, and Sigismond became emperor, Nov. 8, 1414; he died in Moravia, Dec. 9, 1437 ; gave a personal security to all who at- tended the council of Constance, on the faith of which, John Huss at- tended there with a written security, and several deputies of Bohemia, whom he ordered to watch over the safety of Huss, but still Huss was arrested soon after his arrival, and sent to the prison of the Domin- icans ; Jerome of Prague, the friend of Huss, was condemned to be burned as well as Huss, whom the emperor had thus betrayed ; Bohe- mia outraged by the conduct of Sigismond, 1419 ; he went to be- siege Prague with 100,000 men ; forced to raise the siege and retire into Moravia, soon after the Huss- ites beat the royal troops in the battle of Teutchbroda; diet of Nuremberg, 1426 ; failure to subdue the insurrection, 1429 ; the civil war still raged, 1437 ; the emperor expired, Nov. 9, 1437 ; Albert II. succeeding, the crown remained in his family for six centuries, 1438 ; the states assembled at Mavence, 1439; Albert II, died, Oct. 27, 1439 ; a diet at Mayence, 1441 ; Frederick IV. crowned in Italy, 1450 ; the duchy of Austria made an arch-duchy, 1453 ; diet of Ratis- bonne, 1470 ; interview between the emperor and the duke of Burgundy 1473; duke of Burgundy attacked the Swiss, and shamefully beaten at Morat and Granson, 1476; the king of Bohemia excommunicated by the pope as a favotirer of the Hussites, 1477 ; the king of Hungary takes the capital of Austria, the emperor flying to Lintz, 1483-4; the emperor died 1493 ; the reign of Maximillian I., 1493; the celebrated diet of Worms, 1495 ; diet of Lin- dau, 1496-7; Avar Avith the SavIss, 1499; truce Avith France, 1501-2; diet of TreA r es, 1512 ; the empire diA r ided into circles, 1512; the em- peror and kings of Poland, Hungary and Bohemia, meet at Vienna, 1515 ; diet of Augsburgh, 1518, where Luther presented himself, and the GER 279 GEE pope's Legate urged him to revoke his theses and other works in vain, 1518 ; death of Maximilian, 1519 ; the throne vacant six months, 1519, when Charles V. of Austria was crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, Oct. 21, 1520; convoked a diet at Worms, 1521 ; Charles went to Spain to pacify the kingdom, 1522 ; alliance with England, 1524; diets of Spires, 1526, 1529 ; Charles V. crowned king of Italy at Bologna, 1530 ; goes on an expedition against Barbary, 1535; Charles V, abdi- cated in favour of his son Philip, 1553 ; council of Trent under Fer- dinand I., 1559 ; diet of Augsburg, 1559; design of Maximillian II., to unite the catholic and protestant ' churches, 1561-5 ; the free exercise of their religion granted to the pro- testants by the emperor, 1568 ; diet of Spires of 1570 ; the abuses of the coin reformed, 1571-2 ; the emperor died 1576; Rodolph II. succeeded him ; he ' reigned thirty-six years, during which the reformation pro- ceeded steadily ; reformation of the Julian Calendar under Pope Gre- gory XIII., 1582 ; a diet at Augs- bourg, 1582 ; the Cologne war ter- minated 1584 ; diets at Ratisbonne 1598-9, 1603, 1608; the protestants guaranteed the free exercise of their religion in Austria, 1609 ; death of the emperor 1612; Mathias emperor, 1612; treaty of Nuremberg, 1614; troubles in Bohemia, 1618; Ferdinand II., emperor, 1619; war between the catholics and protest- ants, 1619; battle of Prague, 1620; war between Denmark and the em- peror, 1626 ; the edict of restitution against the protestants, 1629 ; pro- testant conferences at Halberstadt, 1634 ; peace of Prague 1635 ; Fer- dinand IIL emperor, 1637 ; diet of the deputation of Frankfort, 1643, 1655 ; treaty of Westphalia, 1648 ; a diet at Ratisbonne in consecmence, 1652, 1653, 1654 ; Sobieski forces the Turks to raise the siege of Vienna, 1683 ; truce of Ratisbonne broken, 1688 ; league between Franconia and Suabia, 1691 ; a new electorate created in favour of Ear- nest Augustus duke of Brunswick Luneburg, Hanover, 1690; treaty of Carlowitz, 1699; order of the noble passions instituted, 1704 ; of St. Rupert, 1701 ; electors of Bavaria and Cologne ally themselves with France, 1701 ; the emperor, England, and Holland declare war against France, May 15, 1702; active hosti- lities, 1703 ; battle of Hochstet or Blenheim, 1704; the emperor died May 5, 1705; general peace, 1713; order of the chase instituted 1719 ; order of St. George of the immacu- late conception founded 1729; treaty of Wismar, June 26, 1716 ; alliance between the emperor and king of England, 1716, followed by the triple alliance between France, England and Holland, to secure, the fulfilment of the treaty of Utrecht, 1716 ; religious troubles in the palatinate, 1719 ; congress of Cambrai, 1721 ; tre,aty of Pardo March 6,1728; the emperor who had long laboured to secure the succession of his daughter Maria Theresa, according to the Pragmatic sanction, died 1740; Francis, the first Duke of Lorraine, elected emperor, having married Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary, 1745; Joseph II. extended the Austrian dominions considerably, through the dismemberment of Po- land, 1772 ; and finally by the rob- bery and a partition of that unfor- tunate country, 1795 ; Francis I. became emperor of Austria, in place of Germany, Aug. 11, 1804, having lost the Netherlands, and large por- tions of his dominions, by joining in the coalitions against France ; the German empire, in its old form, be- ing dissolved to form the confedera- tion of the Rhine, by the French emperor, Napoleon ; congress of Vienna, 1814; second congress, 1815; anew federal body formed, governed by a diet, having votes according to the class of territory attaching to each — Austria 4, Bavaria 4, Prussia 4, Saxony 4, Hanover 4, Baden 3, Hesse Cassel 3, Hesse d'Armstadt 3, GEE 280 GEE Holstein 3, Brunswick 3, Nassau 2, Mechlenburg I, Saxe-Weimar I, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1, 1814 ; Maria Louisa, the daughter of Fran- cis L, died Dec. 17, 1747 ; the king of Prussia issued a proclamation with the view to consolidate the German empire, March 27, 1848; the confederation greatly agitated, 1848; the Emperor of Austria re- tired to Inspruck, May 18, 1848 ; a temporary government established at Prague, May 29, 1848; the em- peror returned to his capital, Aug. 12, 1848 ; Count Lamberg killed at Buda, Sept. 20, 1848 ; insurrection in Vienna, Count Latour killed, and the city in the possession of the in- surgents, Oct. 6, 1848 ; the Aus- trians entered Presburgh, Dec. 18, 1848; the Austrians claimed the victory in a combat at Szckszo, Dec. 8, 1848 ; Pesth taken by the Austrians, Jan. 5, 1849 ; Austria protested against the decision of the Erankfort diet, Aug. 8, 1849; de- feat of the Austrians at Gran, April 17, 1849 ; the Austrians implore Bussia for aid ; insurrection at Dresden, May 8, 1849; Dresden bombarded, 1849; the King of Prus- sia, who had stimulated the diet at Frankfort, recalled the Prussian members of the assembly, May 14, 1849 ; the Erankfort assembly trans- ferred to Stutgardt, May 30, 1849 ; battle of the Busso- Austrian army with the Hungarians before Komorn, July 16, 1849 ; the Hungarians en- tered Moldavia, July 23, 1838 ; the Austrians routed and driven from Baab, with great loss, Aug, 3, 1849; the Hungarian leader of the princi- pal army treacherously treats with the Bussians, and 25,000 men sur- render to them, Aug. 13, 1849 ; the Austrians then reoccupy Baab, Aug. 15, 1849 ; Peterwaraclin surrendered Sept. 6, 1849; Komorn, Sept. 28, 1849 ; treaty between Austria and Prussia for a new central power, an appeal having been made to some of the lesser powers of the empire, Sept. 30, 1849 ; Austria protested against the alliance of Prussia with some of the inferior states of Ger- many, and against any parliament of these states being convened at Erfurt, Nov. 12, 1849; Hanover withdrew from the Prussian union, Feb. 23, 1850; treaty of Munich, between Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, and Wurtemberg, for a German union, Feb. 27, 1850 ; Hesse Cassel refused to send a representative to Wurtemberg, and Hesse d'Arm- stadt withdrew from the Prussian league, June 1850; Austria con- vened an assembly of the German confederation at Frankfort, July 19, 1850 ; plenipotentiaries of Austria, Hanover, and seven other states, met at Frankfort, and declared them- selves the council of the German diet, Sept. 1850; an Austrian and Bavarian corps entered Hesse Cas- sel, and also a Prussian force on the following day, Nov. 1. 1850. Germany, a part of the ancient Boman empire, which terminated about 475, in the person of Angus- tulus, the last Boman emperor ; then a reign of the Huns and Ostro- goths succeeded. The different states cover a large superficies, 600 miles long by 500 broad, divided into a number of petty sovereignties, but resting upon the potent monarchies of Austria and Prussia as their leaders. The religious creeds are various. Before 1798 it contained 6 archbishoprics and 38 bishoprics, which were then secularised; the archbishop of Begensberg is metro- politan of all Germany. In 1801, by the treaty of Luneville, portions of the Upper and Lower Bhine and Westphalia, on the left bank of the Bhine, were annexed to France; Germany ceased to be united as an empire in 1806; the government settled at the congress of Vienna., 1815, gave the different states the name of the " Germanic Confedera- tion," with 17 votes in the diet ; but when any fundamental laws are to be enacted the diet forms itself into a general assembly of 69 votes, ac- cording to the extent of the dif- ferent states, in which two-thirds, or GHE 281 GIB 46 votes are necessary to carry any such a measure ; the diet sat at Frankfort, and Austria had the pre- sidency, 1815. Of the German states north of the Maine, Saxony, first governed by dukes, was given, in 1180, the eastern part to Bernard of Ascania, the western to the Arch- bishop of Cologne. The house of Ascania ended 1422; the territory was then divided between Ernest and Albert, 1485 ; one branch ceased to rule, 1547 ; increased in extent by Napoleon, the kingdom was re- duced, in 1815, to Upper Lusatia, Misnia, and Voigtlancl. Hanoverwas secured to the electoral house of Brandenburg, 1648 ; George Lewis, the first elector, 1698, who, in 1714, became King of England. Hesse, Mecklenburgh, Brunswick, and the cities of the Hanseatic league, lie north of the Maine. The electoral fa- mily of Brunswick sprung up about 1463, from Magnus the Pious. Ham- burg, at the head of the Hanseatic league, with Lubeck and Bremen, were united in 1241 in the league ; the league lost its power as Holland and England rose in commerce, about 1630. Bavaria, the palatinate, Wur- temberg, Anspach, Salzia, and some smaller states, are south of the Maine. Bavaria was ruled by elec- tors, and the Lutheran religion esta- blished in the territory, 1556 ; it had been a state from 925 ; the catholic religion became predominant there, 1685 ; it was made a kingdom by Napoleon. In 1071, Welph was duke ; in 1138 it passed to Austria ; in 1154, it returned to the house of Welph ; of this family were the em- peror Lewis, 1314, and Charles VII., 1740. In Salzia, or Salzburgh, the see was founded by St. Kupert, an Englishman, 716; the other and smaller states are of slight attrac- tion in historical events out of their own limits. Geron, St., order of knighthood of, in Germany, begun 1154. Gervis Abbey, Yorkshire, founded 1145. Ghent, said to have been the ca- pital of the Nervii ; John of Gaunt born there ; peace of, Nov. 8, 1576 ; taken by the Duke of Marlborough, 1706 ; peace of, between England and the United States, signed at, Dec. 24, 1814. Ghergong, the capital of Assam, India, nearly all engulfed by an earthquake, when many thousand persons perished, 1803. Ghiznee, in Cabul, taken by the English, July 23, 1839 ; capitulated to the Affghans, March 1, 1842; entered again by General Nott, Sept. 7, 1842. Giants, John Middleton, of Hale, in Lancashire, born 1578, was nine feet three inches high ; Patrick Cotter, the Irish giant, born 1761, died Sept. 1806, eight feet seven inches high ; Big Sam, the Prince of Wales' porter at Carlton House, was eight feet high. Gibraltar, in Spain, a fortress of that kingdom, taken by a handful of English seamen, July 24, 1704 ; seated on a rock, 1436 feet high ; said to be the Calpe of the ancients, one of the pillars of Hercules ; it once belonged to the Moors, Tarif their chief having landed at the foot of it, whence the name, the hill of Tarif, " Gibel Tarif." It was taken from the Moors by the king of Cas- tile, 1462 ; besieged by the French and Spaniards, Oct. 11, 1704 ; who lost 10,000 men before it in vain ; again attacked by the Spaniards, who were repulsed, 1720 ; a third siege and repulse of the Spaniards, with a loss of 5000 men, 1727 ; com- munication of with Spain cut off, 1732 ; General Sabine, governor of, fined £700 for cruelty, Feb. 21, 1738; greatly injured by a storm, Feb. 3, 1766 ; memorable siege of by the French and Spaniards with an army of 40,000 men, from Julv 1779 to Feb. 1783, when 1000 guns were brought to bear upon it, and forty- seven sail of the line and ten floating batteries, with 212 guns, besides mortars, all of which were wholly overthrown, Sept. 13, 1782 ; royal battery, destroyed by fire, GIP 282 GLA Nov. 1800 ; the yellow fever raged in the town and garrison, 1804-5 ; a fatal fever again, Sept. 5 to Jan. 12, 1828-9 ; the celebrated Spanish lines across the isthmus from Fort San Philipe to Fort San Barbara, blown up and destroyed hy the English, on the advance of Marshal Soult in 1810. Gibraltar, a fortified town of Caraccas, in the province of Mara- caibo, on the south east of the Lake, built by the Spaniards about 1530. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, ship- wreck of, 1594. Gillingham, Dorsetshire, injured by fire, May 5, 1752. Giles, Church of St., London, begun rebuilding, 1731. Gillingwood, near Richmond, Yorkshire, burned down, Dec. 11, 1750. Gilding, an art practised by the ancients ; gilding with leaf gold on bole armoniac, art of, invented by Margaritone, 1273 ; on wood, 1680, in a more approved manner than before. Gin Shops, act for excise upon, 1736 ; amounted to 7000 in 1735 ; 1700 suppressed in London, 1750 , there were about 7000 in 1845 ; gin act passed, 1737. Gin, spirit so called, distilled from corn early in the seventeenth cen- tury; in 1733 no less than 10,500,000 gallons were consumed in England, by a population of 6,000,000 ; in 17-34 the consumption was 13,500,000 gallons; in 1740, 15,500,000 gallons ; in 1741, 17,000,000 ; and in 1742, 19,000,000 gallons; in 1850 the return was 22,962,012 of British spirit; of foreign 5,284,975, total 28,246,987 gallons, for all the United Kingdom. Gipsies, or Gypsies, a wandering tribe, evidently of southern and eastern origin, first observed in Europe in the fifteenth century; supposed to be 3,000,000 in number ; act passed against them in England, 1530, 28 Henry VIII. c. 10 ; expel- led from France, 1560 ; numerous, to above 120,000, in Spain ; there they are called gitanos, and some- times Bohemians ; expelled England by an inoperative statute in modern times, 1563; it was by one act made felony, temp. Elizabeth, to consort or keep company with them ; called in Turkey Zinganees, from their leader Zinganeus, 1517 ; Charles I. executed thirteen persons at one assize for associating with them; treated as vagrants, 1797; they are found in every country of Europe and Asia, like the Jews un- changed, and less social with Christ- ians. Geraldus Cambrensis, one of the earliest of British historians, died 1220. Gisborough Priory, Yorkshire, founded 1129. Gisors, in France, battle of, be- tween the English and French, by which Richard Cceur de Lion gained a signal victory, 1193. Gladiators, Combats of, abolished by Constantine the Great in the east, 325 ; and everywhere suppress- ed by Theodoric, 500 ; the emperor Trajan exhibited combats of gladi- ators for 123 days in 103, when 1000 gladiators contended. Gladiators, Order of, began in Livonia, 1204. Gladstone, John, his patent for steam vessels, 1822. Glandelagh, Irish bishopric, unit- ed to the archbishopric of Dublin, 1214 ; St. Keven, the founder, 610 ; it is called commonly the seven churches. Glasgow, in Scotland, made a burgh, 1180 ; its charter given by James II. 1451 ; university founded, 1451 ; made a royal burgh, 1611 ; greatly damaged by fire, 1652; a charter granted by William III. 1690 ; the first vessel sailed thence to America, in the tobacco trade, 1718 ; great riot on account of the malt tax, June 24, 1725; magis- trates confined for it at Edinburgh, July 16, 1725 ; shock of an earth- quake at, July 11, 1732 ; compelled to raise £5500 for the pretender, GLA 283 GLO Oct. 4, 1745; 200 families at, ren- dered destitute by a fire, June 3, 1749 ; theatre opened at, April 1764; power -loom introduced at, 1773 ; theatre burned, 1780 ; cham- ber of commerce formed, 1783 ; trades' hall built, 1791 ; new college buildings erected, 1811 ; commotions and trials for treason at, 1811 ; the- atre burned, Jan. 12, 1829 ; ex- change opened, Sept. 3, 1829 ; de- structive tire and £150,000 damage, Jan. 14, 1832 ; seventy persons crushed to death, in consequence of the alarm of fire in the theatre, Feb. 17, 1849. Glasgow, bishopric of, before the revolution, said to have been founded by St. Mungo, 560; the see archiepiscopal, 1491 ; suppressed at the revolution ; the cathedral commenced in 1121 ; the present is an unacknowledged bish- opric, being without the pale and doctrine of the Scottish national church. Glasgow Lotteries, s\ippressed by William IV., July 25, 1834. Glass, known to the ancients, used in Pompeii, 79 ; re-discovered by a monk, 653 ; used in windows, 1177 ; manufacture well established in the Savo}^, 1557 ; made into bot- tles, 1557 ; improved, 1635 ; the first plate glass made for looking- glasses, at Lambeth, 1673 ; incorpo- rated company for making, com- menced at Kavenhead, 1773 ; trans- ferred to a new company, 1798; German glass introduced, 1848; tax on glass established 1746, re- pealed 1845. Glass, painted or stained, known to the ancients ; painted glass prac^ tised in England before 1200 ; at Marseilles, 1500 ; reached great perfection, 1530. Glasses, Musical, a German in^ vention, revived by Franklin, 1760 ; brought to perfection by the Cart- wrights brothers, in England, 1799, Glastonbury Abbey, built 640 ; rebuilt, 954 ; erected where the first church in Britain is reported to have stood, 60 ; the legendary resi- dence of Joseph of Arimathea; a church built here by Ina, 708 ; the abbey burned, 1184 ; injured by an earthquake, 1276 ; Kichard Wish- ing, the last abbot, hanged in his pontifical robes, on the Tor-hill, by Henry VIII., the defender of the Eoman faith, because he would not swear to the king's spiritual supre- macy in place of the pope's, 1539 ; as late as 1751 people resorted to Glastonbury for superstitious pur- poses. Glatz, in Bohemia, surrendered to the Austrians, July 26, 1760; had eighteen years before surren- dered to the Prussians, March 11, 1741-2. Gleaton Castle, built in Lanca- shire, 1340. Glencoe, massacre of the Mac- donalds, under the pretence of not surrendering to king William's pro- clamation ; thirty-eight unoffending men were murdered, and their wives and children turned out in a freezing night, to perish of cold and hunger ; the Earl of Argyle's regi- ment committed these assassinations March 9, 1691. Globe, or sphere, as a term used for the earth's form, first stated by Thales, 640 a. c, as well as by Py- thagoras, 506 a. c. The first ship that sailed round the earth was that of Magellan, 1520, who died before he reached home, the survivors demonstrated the fact ; Sir Francis Drake completed his voyage of cir- cumnavigation, 1577 ; and others quickly followed. There have been various estimates of the number of the human species that inhabit the globe, such estimates are purely conjectural, A late publication makes the number of inhabitants to be about 896,000,000. Of these 226,000,000 are Christians, 3,500,000 Jews ; 210,000,000 Mahometans, A 450,000,000 Pagans. Of those pro-" fessing the Christian religion there are 50,000,000 of Protestants, 30,000,000 of the Greek and Arme- nian churches, and 90,000,000 of Catholics. If we reckon with the GLO 284 GOD ancients, that a generation lasts thirty years, in that space of time 896,000,000 human beings will he horn and die ; consequently 81,760 must he dropping into eternity every day; 3497 every hour, or about thirty-six every minute. Globe of fire passed over the Island of Funen, in Denmark, in open day, Sept. 1807. A similar phenomenon observed the same time at Jutland. Globes, Artificial, one in the royal library in Paris, is of a large size ; at Cambridge is one of 18 feet dia- meter, and at Gottorp, one of eleven feet ; the last made at the expense of the Duke of Holstein, Frederick III., was under the direction of Olea- rius, planned after a design of Tycho Brahe, discovered among his papers, it was presented to Peter the Great of Russia, 1713 ; nearly destroyed by fire, 1757; it was recon- structed. A globe of very large dimensions was erected in the cen- tre of Leicester Square, by Mr. Wyld, the hydrographer, so large as to admit a numerous body of spectators within side it, 1851. Gloria Patri, the doxology of, first used 382 ; called doxology be- cause it began with " doxa," glory. Gloucester, City of, built, some assert by Aviragus, 47, in honour of Claudius, the Roman emperor, who married his daughter ; monas- tery founded, 910 ; cathedral built, 1220 to 1460; Saxon, 432 feet long, 84; tower built, 1460, 225 feet high; burned, 1120; incorpo- rated by Henry III. ; bishopric founded, 1541 ; and united to Bris- tol, 1836; the city besieged by Prince Rupert, Aug 5, 1643; the garrison skirmished with the king's troops on the 7th, Charles came in person on the 10th, with 6000 horse, > and summoned the inhabitants " out of his tender compassion to them." The inhabitants replied that they should " obey his Majesty's com- mands as signified by both houses of parliament." The siege com- menced, Aug. 11, and the king's artillery opened upon the city, hut the garrison returned blow for blow; the siege continued to Aug. 26, 27, and 28, when the royalists proceeded to mine the east gate, but the springs spoiled their operations ; Sept. 1 to the 5th the siege also con- tinued. On Sept. 12, 1643, the garrison set out to harass the re- treating forces of the king, and took some of his stores. On the restora- tion of Charles II. he demolished the city walls, 1660, in requital for the resistance the town made to his father; new bridge began, 1814; the Gloucester and Berkeley Canal opened, April 1827. Gloucester, Duke of, smothered between two feather beds at Calais, Sept. 28, 1397, by Richard II. Gloucester, Duchess of, pun- ished for a witch, 1442. Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, fourth son of Henry IV., murdered at St. Edmondsbury, and buried at St. Albans, 1447. Gloucester, Richard, Duke of, and brother of Edward IV., ap- pointed protector, 1483 ; murdered his nephews, Edward, prince of Wales, and Richard, duke of York, 1483. Glove Tax repealed, Aug. 2, 1795. Gloves early worn, substituted for gauntlets, and made a ceremony 6*f investiture, 1002 ; embroidered, introduced into England, 1580. Glover's Company incorporated, 1556, in London. Gobelin, the French dyer, lived, 1632; Gobelin tapestry, so called from the brothers wool dyers of that name ; the tapestry still manufac- tured in the residence of Giles Gobelin, which was purchased by Louis XIV. for the purpose, 1666. Godalming Bridge, Surrey, be- gan, July 1782. Goddard, Jonathan, one of the earliest promoters of the Royal Society, died 1674. Godfathers and Godmothers, in the baptism of infants and of bells, instituted by Pope Telesphorus in the second century, about 130. GOL 285 GOL Gold, Standard Weight of, from King William I. to George III. OR FROM 1066 TO THE PRESENT TIME. Year. William 1 1066 William II 1087 18 Edward III. and IV...1345 Same 1345 20 Same 1347 27, 30, 37, and 46 1373 18 Richard II 1395 And 3 Henry IV 1402 9 Henry V 1422 1422 1 and 39 Henry VI JJ£ 4 Same 1426 4 Edward IV 1465 5, 8, 11, 16, and 22 do.... 1482 1 Richard III 1483 9 Henry VII 1494 1 and 23 Henry VIII \°f® c 1509 oame -, ro 9 34 Same 1543 36 Do 1545 37 Do 1546 1 and 2 Edward VI 1549 3 Do 1550 4Do 1551 6Do 1553 6 Do 1553 1 Mary 1 1553 2 Elizabeth 1560 1560 1594 12 and 26 Do \^™ 43 Do 1601 43 Do 1601 IJamesI 1603 2 Do 1604 3 Do 1605 10 Do 1613 10 Do 1613 2 Charles 1 1627 2 Charles 1 1627 22 Charles II 1671 22 Charles II 1671 1 James II 1685 William III 3 George 1 1717 3 George III 1762 lb. Troy Value of 20s. at coined into. each period. 2 and 35 Do. 9 5 12 8J 15 3 7 7* 13 3 4 3 17 0J 14 3 12 5£ 15 16 13 4 22 10 16 13 4 20 16 8 28 16 30 30 34 28 16 36 33 36 33 36 10 33 10 37 10 37 4 40 10 44 40 18 41 10 71 3 10| 2 5 Of 3 2 o io| 8 8! 22 10 2 5 0| 27 1 17 6| 1 17 2£ 1 13 11| 1 11 1 1 8 3£ 1 7 5J 1 15 2* 18 2" 1 8 3| 18 2 18 3 36 18 2 1 7 9* 1 7 10| 1 4 11 1 5 11 1 5 OJ 1 3 Of 1 2 10 1 2 9A 44 10 12 9^ 44 10 110 47 15 9 19 6| 46 14 6 10 GOL 286 GOO Godolphin Administration in Queen Anne's reign, May 8, 1702 ; the earl was lord treasurer until 1710. Godfrey, Sir Edmondsbury, found murdered near Primrose Hill, Oct. 17, 1678. Godstow Nunnery, Oxfordshire, consecrated, 1138. Godwin's Oath, a phrase for per- jury, after Earl Godwin, brother of Edward the Confessor, who was tried for the murder of Prince Al- fred and pardoned, hoping the bread he was eating might stick in his throat if he were guilty ; it did stick, and he Avas choked, 1053. Godwin Sands, off the coast of Kent, once part of the estate of Earl Godwin of Kent, which was over- whelmed by an inundation after it had been given to the see of Can- terbury, owing to the dykes being neglected, the sea covering it, re- duced the whole to the perilous sands so fatal to mariners, 1100. Gold, the scarcest and most pure of metallic bodies, possessed of the most gravity and ductility ; it was found. in many parts of the world, but only in small quantities, until the middle of the 19th century, when it was discovered in Califor- nia and in Australia in great plenty. In .coinage it is usually alloyed with silver or copper ; it was first coined in England, 1257 ; at Venice, 1276 ; in 1344 gold pieces were struck by Edward III. The gold florins was coined, 1354; the standard of value was altered, 1546, from 40s. to 48s. per oz. ; the gold coinage was called in by proclamations, and recoined, 1695 ; temp. William III. See coin- age. The standard is 22 parts gold to 2 of copper; gold lowered in value, Dec. 22, 1717 ; mines of gold dis- covered in America by the Span- iards, 1492, but not in proportion to the mass of silver ; of both it is assumed that 600,000,000 pieces of eight were thus brought to Europe ; gold was found in the Moluccas, Oct. 27, 1731 ; in New Andalusia, 1785; in Cornwall; in Ireland, at Wicklow, in 1795 ; in Ceylon, 1800 ; in Eussia, 1809 ; the standard was farther reduced, Aug. 1776, in Great Britain ; the value per oz. £3 : 17 : 10 h . Gold. See p. 285. Golden chain, the laburnum, brought into England from Hun- gary before 1576 ; the golden plant was brought from China, 1782. Golden Eleece, order of knight- hood instituted in Flanders, 1429, by the king of Spain, as duke of Burgundy. • Golden Bull, a decree from the papal authority, sealed with a bull of gold, silver, or lead ; the golden bull made at the diet of Nuremberg, 1356, by Charles IV., related to What became a fundamental law of the empire. Golden Shield and Thistle, order of, began 1370. Goldsmiths' Company of Lon- don, incorporated 16 Richard II., 1392 ; this company Avas the foun- dation of the banking system, from the merchants placing their monev in the hands of the company, Avhich they before had placed in the mint, until it was plundered there by Charles II. ; the privilege of stamp- ing gold and silver with their mark, was conferred, 1796; the old hall taken down, 1829, and the present lofty one erected, and opened, 1835. Good Friday, a day early observed hi the Roman church, as the anni- versary of the Crucifixion, 33 ; it is called " good " only in the English church ; in the Roman it is observed with fastings and penances. Goojerat, Battle of, between the English and the Sikhs, Feb. 21, 1849 ; the whole of the Sikh ammu- nition and equipage, with most of their guns, taken ; Shere Singh, the commander, escaping with only 8000 men. Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, founded, 1353, enlarged, 1557. Goodier, Captain, hung for the murder of his brothei*, Sir John Dinelv Goodier, at Bristol, Jan. 20, 1740-1. GOB 287 GRA Goodman's Fields theatre opened, 1729. Goose, at Posbrooke Cottage, Tichfield, died, Jan. 4, 1815, aged 64. Gordon, Lord George, died in Newgate, Nov. 1, 1793 ; he led the "no popery" mob of that day, the receipt often used in the reign of George III. to raise or quell a mob, according to the ends of those op- posed to religious freedom. Lord George Gordon's mob was styled the " Protestant Association," the object of which was to urge the re- turn of all the past severities against the catholics. London was given over to pillage and fire; catholic chapels were burned, and the pri- vate houses plundered and set fire to ; the gaols were opened, and the civic power set at nought for six days ; in the end military force was used, 210 rioters were killed, and 248 wounded, of whom 75 died af- terwards in the hospitals ; many were tried, and some executed ; Lord George Gordon was tried for high treason, but acquitted, Jan. 7, 1780. Goree island, on the coast of Africa, settled by the Dutch, 1817; nearly destroyed by the explosion of a magazine, 1662 ; taken by the English, 1663; ceded to France, 1678 ; taken by the English, 1758, 1779, 1800, 1804; restored to France, 1834. Gorey, Battle of, between the English and Irish rebels, in which the latter were victorious ; the for- mer lost several guns, abandoning Gorev and Arklow to the enemy, Jan. 4, 1798. Goslar Mine, Lower Saxony, took fire to the depth of 720 feet, April, 1800. Gospellers, a name given to the followers of Wickcliffe, 1377, on account of their professing to abide only by the gospel, and setting at nought the authorities of bishops and popes. Gortz, Baron, the Swedish am- bassador in Holland, seized lor trea- sonable practices against England, Jan. 17, 1716 ; sent home and be- headed in Sweden, Feb. 1718-19. Gottenburg injured by a fire, which burned 120 houses, 1794; again, Dec. 22, 1802, destroying the cathedral, palace, post-office, seve- ral other public buildings, and a fourth part of the city; again in 1813, which consumed a large part of the town. Gottingen, University of, founded by George II., of England, 1734 ; the library contains 200,000 vols. ; academy of sciences established at, 1751 ; taken by the Austrians, Aug. 25, 1760. Gotterp, Count Von, the assum- ed name of the king of Sweden when he landed in England, 1811. Government Expenses. See Re- venue. Grace Dieu Monastery, near Ashby dela Zouch, founded 1151. Grace, title of, first assumed by Henry IV. of England, 1399, on his accession; "Excellent Grace" assumed by Henry VI., 1425; James I. assumed the title of Ma- jesty only; archbishops and dukes are now only addressed as "your grace." Grain, in 1831, imported of all kinds 5,972,338 quarters. Grafton's Administration, Duke of, began Dec. 1767. Graham's Dyke, the wall built by the emperor Severus betAveen Eng- land and Scotland, 209 — so called. Grampian Hills, battle at, between Agricola, and the Picts and Galga- cus, in which the barbarians were routed, 79. Grampond, Borough of, dis- franchised for bribery, Nov. 15, 1819. Granaries, twelve new, ordered to be built to hold 6000 quarters of corn, and two storehouses for sea coal, to prevent the dearness of those articles by the great increase of in- habitants of London, 7 James I., 1610. Granada, Island of, settled by the French, 1652. GEA 288 GRE Grand Alliance between the em- peror of Germany, England, and Holland, which Spain afterwards joined, May 12, 1689. Grandier burned for witchcraft in France, 1634. Grand Junction Canal, connect- ing the Thames, Severn, Mersey, and Trent, commencing at Branston, Northamptonshire, begun 1790. Grand Cairo built by the Sara- cens, 969. Grapes early cultivated in Eng- land ; large quantities brought from Flanders, 1276 ; grown of good quality formerly South of Cam- bridgeshire, but not North of that county; the Vale of Gloucester celebrated for their production by William of Malmesbury ; the vines of Lincombe, near Bath, noted, 1150, by archbishop Theobald ; there is a celebrated vine at Hampton court, planted in 1769 ; and a noted mus- catel at Chevening, Kent, that in 1836, bore 2040 bunches of grapes. Grates introduced at a late period; the fire kindled upon the hearth in the midst of the hall, until chimneys were introduced, 1200. Gravelines founded 1160 ; 3000 persons killed there by an explosion ofpoAvderat, 1654. Gravesend built 1513, to protect the Thames ; explosion of powder at, Nov. 4, 1798, which did much mischief; new pier at, injured by a mob,. Jan. 22, 1833 ; opened to the public, July 30, 1834 ; the great re- sort of pleasure steamers ; prodigi- ous intercourse with the metropolis attained 1844 ; the number of pas- sengers landed and embarked at the town and terrace piers, Gravesend, from June 1, to Sept. 30, 1844, amounted to 1,275,923 persons, to which must be added about 1000 landed at the Bum Funcheon pier, 210,00) at the Bosherville pier, 5000 at Gray's pier, 9000 at Green- hithe pier, 45,000 at Erith pier, 1000 picked up and put out at different places on the river, forming the almost incredible total of 1,546,923 persons, who in the short space of four months went by the Gravesend boats ; the favourite packets are known to have carried as many as 1200 and even 1500 persons at one trip, the whole mass carried without one single accident occurring to human life ; the sum received for fares, £49,952 : 14 : 5. Gravitation, the principle of, explained by Sir I. Newton, 1687, until which the cause had been con- jectural. Great Britain, iron steam-ship, of enormous size, sailed from the Mersey for New York, Sept. 22, 1846, with goods and 185 passen- gers, went aground in Dun drum Bay, on the Irish coast, where she re- mained until Aug. 27, 1847 ; being got off with little injury, she arrived in Liverpool and was refitted ; sail- ed in 1852 with 800 passengers to Australia, besides intermediate voyages. Great Seal of England first used by Edward the Confessor, being affixed to crown grants, 1048 ; a new one made for Cromwell, Jan. 9, 1648-9; the great seal of England was stolen from the house of Lord Chancellor Thurlow, in Great Or- mond-street, by thieves, March 24, 1784, and never recovered — the day before the dissolution of parliament ; a new seal was made on the union with Ireland, 1801 ; a new seal for Ireland adopted, and the ancient one defaced, 1832. Greece, founded 2089 a. c, ac- cording to the best authorities; subjugated by the Bomans 87 a.c; her glories ending in becoming a province of that mighty empire, to which she communicated her arts and philosophy ; Constantinople became the head of an effeminate Greek rule in 328, and thus the empire of the East survived that of its conquerors ; the Eastern empire separated from the Western, 364 ; from that time to May 29, 1453, the Greek empire existed under 90 em- perors, the last of whom, Constan- tine XIII., was killed by the Turks, who stormed Constantinople; though GRE 289 GEE lost in name, this nation had thus far survived, but they were doomed to be slaves of the Moslem, in the most demoralising and degrading of all slavery, until the nineteenth century; revolts indeed, occurred, but they were put down by the Turks, and the actors in them mercilessly exterminated; in 1770, after long submission, symptoms of a free spirit appeared ; the Turks were beaten at Hyssa, in 1819, by the Servians ; 100,000 Turks ravag- ed that country in 1813; the Greeks joined in secret conspiracy, took a part in the insurrection in Moldavia and Wallachia, in 1821 ; the Greek patriarch was put to death in Con- stantinople, April 23, 1821 ; 10,000 christians were massacred in Cyprus, who were unoffending ; the inhabit- ants of Bucharest were murdered even to the women and children, 1821 ; the Greeks at once proclaim- ed independence, Jan. 27, 1822; Corinth was besieged, Feb. 1822; Russia favoured the Greeks secretly; the Turks bombarded Scio, and slaughtered its 40,000 inhabitants for ten days, and reserved 30,000 women and boys for slaves; vic- tories of the Greeks at Larissa, Salonica, and Thermopylae 1822; congress formed at Argos, April 1823; victories of the brave Bot- zaris, June 18, 1823 ; B}^ron landed to assist the Greeks, in Aug. 1823 ; died at Missolonghi, April 19, 1824 ; the Turks with the capitan-pacha, routed at Samos, Aug. 16, 1824 ; a Greek provisional government set up, Oct. 1824; Ibrahim Pacha landed in the Morea, Feb. 26, 1825; the protection of England invited, July 24, 1825 ; siege of Missolonghi, Aug. 1, 1826; the Greeks disperse the Turkish fleet, Jan. 28, 1826; Ibrahim Pacha took Missolonghi, April 23, 1826; battle with Omer Pacha, June 1, 1826; Ibrahim Pacha defeated by the Mainotes, Aug. 9, 1826; Athens taken by the Turks, Aug. 15, 1826; treaty of England, Russia, and France, in behalf of the Greeks, July 6, 1827 ; battle of Navarino, Oct. 20, 1827; Capo d'Istria, made president of Greece, Jan. 18, 1828; a council of state established in Greece, Feb. 2, 1828 ; a national bank founded, Feb. 14, 1828; Greece divided into eight departments, viz. : — Argolis, Achaia, Elis, Upper Messenia, Lower Messenia, Laconia and Ar- cadia, with the islands, April 26, 1828; a convention entered into between the English admiral and the Egyptian commander, Ibrahim Pacha, for the evacuation of the Mo- rea and delivery up of the Greek captives, Aug. 6, 1828 ; Navarino, Patras, and Modon surrendered, Oct, 6, 1828; the Morea ultimately evacuated by the Turks, Oct. 30, 1828; surrender of Missolonghi to the Greeks, May 17, 1829 ; the Greek deputies commenced their assembly, at Argos, July 23, 1829 ; the Porte at Constantinople ac- knowledged Greek independence^ April 25, 1830; sovereignty offered to Prince Leopold, of the house of Coburg, and refused, May 21, 1830 ; Count Capo d'Istria assassinated, by the brother and son of Mavromi- chaelis, whom he had imprisoned, Oct 9, 1831 ; the assassins executed in the most barbarous maimer, being built into a wall to the chin, and supplied with food, until death put an end to their torments, Oct. 1831 ; Otho, a youthful prince of Bavaria, elected king of Greece, Jan. 25, 1833 ; conspiracy of Colocotroni, Oct. 27, 1833; a revolution at Athens, to enforce the responsibility of the ministry, Sept. 14, 1843 ; the king accepted the new constitution, March 16, 1834 ; Admiral Parker blockaded the Piraeus, the Greek government refusing justice to Bri- tish subjects, and refusing to sur- render the islands of Sapringa and Cabrera, Jan. 18, 1850; France mediated, the blockade discontinued, March 1, 1850 ; negotiations un- successful between the English and French representatives, and the blockade renewed, April 1850 ; the question settled in London, April u GEE 290 GEE 19, 1850; France took offence at the arrangements and recalled her ambassador, when it was agreed to substitute for a convention signed ad interim at Athens, that signed at London; June 21, 1850. Greek Statistics, population and production of 1820, in the following districts :-^— Population Attica . Btfetia . Livadia . Opuntian Locris Salona . . Lepanto ' . . Etolia . . Peloponnesus Patras Vostizza Gastoutti ) Pyrgos ] Arcadia - . Messenia. Lacoriia or Maina Argolis . 22,000 18,000 17,000 10,000 20,000 8,500 20,000 23,760 48,885 30,000 109,000 60,000 127,000 34,000 Val.ofProd. Piastres 3,015,000 1,503,685 3,734,000 1,762,095 1,950,795 2,092,900 2,370,280 8,606,310 928,800 4,752,300 3,884,080 8,777,820 8,119,798 5,482,372 5,185,840 The total products have been esti- mated for Northern Greece and Peloponnesus, at 60,415,880 piastres in value of five to the Spanish dol- lar ; the population to 548,940. Greek Church, the separation from that of Eome occurred about 750, from differences that were dis- cussing for 250 years previously ; it claimed precedence to the Boman for its ritual which was that of the gospels originally ; it refused to ac- knowledge the papal supremacy and the Koman use of' images, and with many resemblances in forms and much superstition, was still less ar- tificial and changeable in the intro- duction of novelties than that of Eome. The Eussian church was Greek as early as 981. Greek Language, the ancient, well known to scholars, began to be studied in England, 1491 ; the mo- dem Greek is also called Eomaic ; so little changed since Homer, 915 years before Christ, that this poet is readily understood by the modern inhabitant of Greece. Green, Saxon colour, so called, invented 1744. Green Dye for cotton, invented by Dr. Williams, 1777. Greenfield Monastery, built, 1131. Green Bag, certain inquiries into documents declared to be seditious by the minister when he desired to sus- pend the Habeas Corpus, and obtain the power of an unquestioned impri- sonment of the subject; intro- duced by Addington Lord Siclmouth, Feb. 2, 1817 ; secretly reported upon, two days after, and the bill brought in to suspend the liberty of the sub- ject, Feb. 21, 1817. Greenland, discovered 980 ; vis- ited by a Venetian, 1378 ; again by Frobisher, 1576 ; Muscovy company established 1 604 ; first ship to, from England in the whale fishery, 1604 ; Greenland fishery company incor- porated, 1693 ; colony of natives discovered at, 1751. Greenland, two new metals dis- covered in Sodalite and Allanto, analysed Nov. 5, 1810. Green Park; a portion of land enclosed in the reign of Henry VIII. , separated from Buckingham Palace gardens by Constitution-hill road, leading from St. James's to Hyde Park ; reconstructed and re- formed, 1839. Greenock Society, for the encou - ragement of the arts and sciences, founded, 1812. Greenwich Hospital and Park, built on the site of a palace pulled down by Charles II., who erected one wing, 1680 ; continued by Wil- liam III., and made a naval hospi- tal, 1694 ; first empowered to receive sixpence per month out of every seaman's pay, 1696 ; received the Earl of Derwentwater's forfeited estates, 1716 , funds of £70,000 per annum ; a charter granted to it, Dec. 17, 1775; fire at, destroyed the din- in g-h all and chapel, Jan. 2, 1779 ; chapel rebuilt and opened, Sept. 20, 1789. GRE 291 GRE Greenwich Observatory, built by Charles II. on Flamstead Hill, Greenwich Park, the architect was Sir Christopher Wren, 1671 ; longi- tude computed from, about 1675. Gregorian Calendar, began, 1582 ; introduced generally into Europe, between 1699 and 1710; into England, 1752, the adjustment requiring the difference of eleven days; Sweden adopted it in the same year. Grenada, or Granada, Spain, conquered by the Moors, 715; an- nexed to Spain and the crown of Castile, 1491 ; the Alhambra or Moorish palace there erected, 1300. Grenada, one of the English Caribbee islands, in the West Indies ; surrendered to the English, 1762 ; being settled by the Erench origi- nally, 1650 ; ceded to England, 1763 ; taken by the French, 1779 ; restored in 1783 ; dreadful fire at, May 16, 1792; Erench landed at, 1795, but repelled. Grenadines or Grenadillas, de- pendent on the island of Grenada, first settled by the French, 1650; ceded to England, 1763. Grenada, province of New, Ame- rica, settled by the Spaniards, 1536 ; lost to that country by the revolted Spanish colonists and Gauchos, under Bolivar and others, about 1825. Grenades, a small shell with a fusee to be thrown by hand, among the besieged, on entering a breach, or in similar circumstances ; invent- ed in 1594; whence the name of Grenadiers who bore them, who were a company of the tallest men in the regiment; first adopted in France, 1667 ; in England, 1685. Grenville Administration, or that of the Hon. George Grenville, 1763 ; the stamp act imposed at the suggestion of George III., by that minister, cost the British crown its North American colonies. The Grenville administration of the no- ble peer of that name lasted from Feb. 6 to Sept. 13, 1806, when Mr. Fox died, and the ministry being favourable to the repeal of the test and corporation acts and catholic emancipation, was on that account dismissed by George IH. in March, 1807. Grenelxe, near Paris, powder mills at, blown up, and nearly 3000 persons and all the buildings in the vicinity destroyed, Sept. 3, 1794. Gresham College, founded and endowed by Sir Thomas Gresham, 1579 ; the buildings of the college were let by the London Corporation for an excise office, at £500 per annum ground-rent, 1771-1774, and since that time the lectures were little more than a form, sometimes read in one place and sometimes in another. At length a building called Gresham College, was erected at the corner of Basinghall-street, in 1843, at a cost of fourteen years' rent of the old college, while Sir Thomas had endowed his college with all the profits and rents of his exchange ; it is now little more than a lecture and reading room. Gretham Hospital, Durham, built, 1220. Gretna Green, a parish called Graitney, just " over the border" in Scotland, where marriages are per- formed, according to the law of the country visited, to evade the strin- gency of the law of England by fugitive couples. The ceremony here is binding, performed by a lay- man, in the simplest form, when being registered, and the parties declared man and wife in the pre- sence of witnesses, the chain is riveted ; one Paisley, a tobacco- nist, who died, 1814, officiated com monly up to that year, and since then one Elliot, said to be a smith. Attempts have been made, unsuc- cessfully, to set aside the Scotch law, the last in 1826. Greville, Fulke, Lord Brooke, killed by his own servant, Sept. 30, 1628, aged 74. Greyhound packet, lost on the Calner Sands, on her passage from Cork to Bristol, and all on bo.ird perished, Dec. 29, 1815. GUA 292 GUI Grey, Lady Jane, proclaimed, July 10, 1553; sent to the Tower, July 28 ; herself, Lord Guildford, her husband, with her father, all beheaded, April 12, 1554. Gkey Administration, memorable in political history for passing the reform bill, began, Nov. 1830 ; ter- minated, July 1834. Griffin, a Prince of Wales, put to death in London, 1060. Griffin, Eear-Admiral, dismiss- ed the service by court martial, Dec. 3, 1750, for negligently per- forming his duty. Grist Mills said to have been in- vented in Ireland, 214; the fact rests upon one of those legends which are more than dubious. Grocers' Company, London, in- corporated, 1429. Grocers' Hall Court, Poultry, a fire in which destroyed several houses, and reaching the Compter, 50 of the debtors were let free, 40 of whom returned again, but nine felons escaped, Aug. 27, 1749. Groat, a silver coin, the largest in England until 1351 ; the modern is diminutive ; the value of £70,884 in this coin were issued from the mint, 1836, and £16,038, 1837. Grog, a sea term for spirit and water, so called from Admiral Ver- non, who wore a grogram coat in bad weather, and was nicknamed Old Grogram ; the name was first applied to the rum and water drank on board his ship in the West In- dies, 1743. Grosvenor Square, the centre house here was raffled for by guinea tickets, valued at £10,000, and won by a grocer's wife, June 10, 1739. Grochow, Battle of, near Praga, Warsaw, between the Poles and Russians, the latter were beaten, losing 7000 men, Feb. 20, 1831. Grove, Hugh, Esq., beheaded at Exeter, May 16, 1665. Guadaloupe discovered by Co- lumbus, 1493 ; settled by the Erench, 1635; taken from the French and pillaged, Feb. 13, 1703; surrendered to the English, 1759; restored, 1763 ; taken by the Eng- lish, 1779, 1794, 1810; the allied powers bestowed it upon Sweden,and took it back and gave it to France, 1814; population of, 1812, 110,000. Guards, Body, first appointed in England by Henry VII., 1486; Horse Guards by Edward VI., 1560 ; the first, second, and third foot guards raised, 1660 ; the Horse Grenadier Guards, one troop raised, 1693 ; the second troop, 1702 ; re- duced in 1783, the officers retiring on full pay ; Guards mutinous 1715. Guardian frigate struck on an island of ice, and wonderfully pre- served, Dec. 1789, reaching the Cape of Good Hope safely after- wards, Feb. 14, 1790. Guildres, surrendered to the French, Aug. 24, 1757. Guelphs and Ghibelins, names derived from towns, and made those of parties in Italy, 1139 ; in the German civil wars, the Guelphs were upon the side of the pope, and the Ghibelins on that of the em- peror ; the royal family ,of England bears the name of Guelph. Guelphic, order of knighthood, instituted for Hanover by the Prince Regent of England, 1816. Guerre and Porto Cavello, in the West Indies, taken, Feb. 18, 1743. Guernsey fortified, 1593. ■Guienne made a principality, 1362 ; seized by the French, after being 300 years in English posses- sion, 1451. Guineas rose to 30s. each, 1696 ; and were reduced to 21s., Dec. 22, 1717. Guildhall, London, built, 1411; damaged in the great fire of 1666 ; rebuilt, 1669 ; the existing front erected, 1789 ; there have been nu- merous entertainments here ; one to the duke of Wellington, July 9, 1814 ; to the allied sovereigns, June 18, 1814; and to Queen Victoria, 1838-9. Guilford, Castle of, built, 1036 ; tower at, fell down, April 24, 1740. Guillotine, the instrument of the GUN 293 GUY punishment of death used in France, invented by Dr. Guillotin, from motives of humanity, in 1785; he became one of the founders of the academv of medicine in Paris, and died 1814. Guinea, Africa, slave trade on the coast of, began by that excellent sea- man, Sir John Hawkins, aided by a subscription of English gentlemen ; he sailed for Guinea, purchased slaves, and conveyed them to His- paniola, returning deeply laden with sugar, hides, ginger, and other tro- pical produce, 1563 ; the trade was abolished by statute, Mar. 25, 1807 ; under the Grenville administration. Guise, Duke of, assassinated, 1589. Guineas, first coined of African gold, 1673. Gun-cotton invented by profes- sor Schoenbein, 1846 ; its use inad- missible in war, on account of its great danger of exploding, though it is cheaper and has more power than gunpowder. Gunpowder was early known to the Chinese, was in Europe in- vented by one Schwartz, a monk of Goslar, in Germany, about 1320; the component substances and their use seem to have been earlier compre- hended ; made in England, 1413 ; used in Spain, 1344 ; Edward. III. of England is said to have used it in cannon at the battle of Cressy, 1346. Gunpowder Mills, explosion of, at Eeversham, Jan. 16, 1810, five men and a boy and two horses killed; atDartford, Sept. 24, 1810; two persons killed ; at Waltham Abbey, by which seven men lost their lives, Nov. 27, 1811; one at Hounslow, by which two men were severely hurt, July 4, 1812; two at Hounslow, by which three men were killed, Aug. 21, 1813 ; one at Battle, by which three men were blown to atoms, Sept. 1814. Guns, great, invented, 1330 ; used by the Moors at the siege of Alge- siras in Spain, 1344 ; at Cressy in 1346, when Edward had four piece3 of cannon, which gained him the battle ; they were used at the siege of Calais, 1347 ; in Denmark, 1354; at sea, by Venice against Genoa, 1377 ; first used in Spain, 1406 ; first made in England of iron, 1547; of brass, 1635; applied to shoot whales, 1731 ; first used in England at the siege of Berwick, 1405; bombs and mortars invented, 1634 ; first used by the Catholic mission- aries in China, 1636. Gunpowder Plot discovered, Nov. 5, 1605 ; the conspirators executed, Jan. 31, 1606. Gustavus Adolphus, king of Swe- den, killed in battle, Nov. 6, 1632. Gustavus III., king of Sweden, assassinated at a masquerade, by Count Ankerstrom, Mar. 29, 1792. Gustavus Vasa died, aged 70, 1560. Guy, Thomas, a London book- seller, built Guy's Hospital, and en- dowed it with £219,499, at a cost of £18,793, 1721 ; he died, Dec. 27, 1724 ; he also gave large sums to St. Thomas's Hospital during his life. Guttenbekg, John, said by some to be the inventor of printing at Mentz in Germany ; he died, 1467. Gut, Earl of Warwick, the cele- brated feudal chief and. hermit, died, 939. Gypsies. See Gipsies. Guyana, or Guiana, South Ame- rica, a country divided between the English, French, Dutch, and Por- tuguese, while the Spanish domi- nions bound it on the north ; Cay- enne settled by the French in 1625, and abandoned, 1654 ; then by the Dutch expelled by the French, 1677; expelled by the English, 1809 ; restored, 1815 ; Demerara taken by the English, 1795, 1803 ; partly ceded to the Dutch, 1814 ; part with Berbice ceded to England, 1814. HAG 294 HAD H Haaelem Exhibition of Manufac- tures, a new machine for spinning flax shewn, for which Bonaparte offered a premium of 1,000,000 francs. Habeas Corpus, a writ of personal right, by which the body of an in- dividual is, without the power of refusal, brought before a judge of the land, to be heard upon demand, in case of detention, nor can the writ be refused, passed May 27, 1679 ; hence, when a minister wishes to imprison, seclude, or dismiss a subject without charge or trial, he gets the habeas corpus act sus- pended under some pretext, (See Green Bag,) in other words, gets an act of the legislature for that purpose for a limited time. Under such a suspension the subject is placed in the same state as if he resided in Austria or Bussia. A state of re- bellion justified this step in 1715 and 1716, for six months each year, again in 1722, 1744, and 1745, on the pretender's invasion with armed forces ; in 1794 and 1795 adopted by Pitt, at the commencement of his war for the restoration of the Bour- bons; adopted by Pitt again in 1798, 1799, in Ireland; by Mr. Pitt, in 1799, Aug. 28 ; again, 1801 ; again, on account of the Irish insurrection, 1803 ; again, on the strength of se- cret green bag revelations, Feb. 21, 1817 ; again, in Ireland, July 25, 1848, owing to the rebellion there ; habeas restored there, March 1, 1849. Writs of habeas corpus were made issuable during a vacation, and returnable immediately, 1814. Hackman, Mr., executed for the murder of Miss Beay, coming out of Covent-Garden Theatre, April 18, 1779. Hackney, Alice, the remains of, after being buried 175 years, acci- dentally dug up at the church of St. Mary at Hill, London, when the skin was found whole, and the joints pliable, 1494. Hackney Coaches first used in London, 1634, being only five in number; in the same year sedans also appeared, and the chairmen be- came noted in low life ; in 1662, they are said to have reached 1000 in number, and became subject to re- gulations, 6th William and Mary, 1694 ; the number used in London was fixed at 1000, and the fares raised in 1771 ; about 1820, the coaches were diminished, and cabri- olets established, reaching 1500 in number ; the omnibus, in 1830, di- minished the profits of both, of these the number is 1300, carrying 80,000 passengers per day ; the coaches and cabriolets number 3000. Coachma- kers were made subject to a license in 1785. A lost and found office was established, for the recovery of property left in hackney coaches and cabriolets, 1815, returning annually a large amount of property. The number of hackney coaches ceased to be limited by law after 1831, Jan. 5. Hackney Coaches, additional du- ty on, Sept. 4, 1784, four shillings per week to be paid monthly ; li- cences to be granted, on payment of ten shillings weekly rent in future ; fares 1| mile, Is., not exceeding 2 miles, Is. 6d., and so on, 6d. for every half-mile, or for the first hour, 2s. 6d., and Is. 6d. for every other hour; for a day of twelve hours, 14s. 6d., and every hour exceeding twelve, Is. 6d. additional to be charged ; for every saddle, coach, or chaise horse, ten shillings duty. Hackney Coach Office, Sun Street, Strand, established June 24, 1699; burned down, 1770; removed to Somerset Place, 1782. Hadley Castle, Essex, built 1306. Hadnam, Oxfordshire, 60 houses burned down at, April 5, 1760. HAL 295 HAL Hague, Holland, commonly called "■ The Hague," the place where the states-general meet ; the treaty of the Hague was signed here, hetween England, Holland, and France, May 25, 1659 ; the French took it, 1795, when they conquered Holland, wel- comed by the people, the Stadthol- der flying to England ; given up by the French, 1813, soon after which the Stadtholder returned again, and was subsequently made king of the Netherlands. Hague, Population of, 1840, in- cluding the Dutch kingdom : — ■ Males . . 1,399,680 Females . 1,459,431 2,859,111 Hagman Priory, Salop, built 1100. Hailsbury College, established for the education of the servants of the company, 1800 ; no student ad- mitted after 21 years of age, by sta- tute passed in July, 1837. Hailstorm, a singular one in the Haymarket, London, and the surrounding streets, but not far dis- tant, since none was experienced elsewhere ; the electric fluid tore up the pavement in Oxendon Street, July 9, 1803. Hair, the clergy forbade to wear it long, by Pope Anicetus, 155 ; cut short in the time of Cromwell, whence the appellation of Round- head; long went out of vogue in 1795, which convenience has continued. Hair Powder in use in 1590 ; a tax laid on it, by Pitt, 1795. Halburton, fire at, Junel8, 1817 ; 17 houses destroyed. Hales, Judge, committed to the Marshalsea prison, 1553; afterwards removed to the Compter and the Fleet, where he attempted to com- mit suicide ; on being set at liberty he some time afterwards drowned himself. Hales Owen Abbey, Shropshire, 1215. Haler Abbev, Gloucestershire, built 1246. Halfpence, error on, once called Tower Halfpence, temp. George II. and III. : in the year 1730, one of the halfpence of the first-named so- vereign spelt geogius. This cer- tainly is very extraordinary ; but is it not much more so to find, subse- quently, one issuing from the mint of his successor, George III., like- wise misspelt ? This reads georius instead of georgius, and was issued in 1772. Halidon Hill, battle of, near Ber- wick, in which the Scotch, were de- feated with the loss of 13,000 men, July 13, 1333, in the reign of Ed- ward III. ; this battle placed Baliol on the throne of Scotland. Halifax, Yorkshire, made a bo- rough, 1332 ; the woollen manufac- ture here protected by a power to punish capitally any criminal con- victed of stealing to the value of thirteen-pence halfpenny, and this by a peculiar engine for beheading, called the maiden ; James I. took away this extravagant power, in the year 1620, given to the incorpora- tion of the borough. Halifax Administration, under the Earl of Halifax, 1714, who dy- ing the next year, was succeeded by Robert, afterwards Sir Robert, Wal- pole. Hall, James, nicknamed Jack the Painter, taken up for attempting to set Portsmouth dockyard on fire, Feb. 4, 1777. Halle, University of, restored, 1814. Hallelujah and Amen first intro- duced from the Jewish into the Christian church, by St. Jerome, 390. Hallsewell East Indiaman lost, with nearly one hundred of those on board, Jan. 6, 1786. HALLEY,Dr.Edmund, the celebrat- ed astronomer, born 1656, died 1742; the first to identify the great comet of 1682 with that of the years 1305, 1456, 1531, and 1607 ; he pre- dicted its return again in 1758 or 1759, and the comet did actually appear within 19 days of the time stated by Halley, being first seen HAM 296 HAN with the naked eye by a Saxon pea- sant, near Dresden, Dec. 25, 1758 ; its period was 76 years, and it would consequently appear again, if Dr. Halley's calculation proved just; in 1835 it was seen, and Halley's judgment confirmed; its next ap- pearance will be 1911-12. Halling House, Kent, built 1183. Halloran, Kev. Hynes, an emi- nent Irish scholar and divine, chap- lain to the Britannia in the battle of Trafalgar, transported for seven years for forging a frank, value 19d„ March 31, 1831. Hallowe'en, the eve of the day of St. John the Baptist, superstitiously observed by the vulgar in England, 1694. Halo, a very remarkable one seen encircling the moon, Aug. 16, 1807. Hamburgh, founded, 804; walled, 811 ; the company of merchants in- corporated, 1296; the French de- clared Avar against it for its treacher- ous delivery of Napper Tandy to Pitt, Oct. 1799, who had sought a refuge there ; British property in, sequestrated, March, 1801 ; the city taken, 1806 ; incorporated with France, 1810; evacuated by the Erench, 1813 ; restored to its inde- pendence, 1814; dreadful fire at, which destroyed 2000 houses, May 4, 1842. Hamburgh Letters voted fraudu- lent, 1722-3. . Hamilcar's Voyage to the Cassi- terides, related by Festus Avienus, 450. Hamilton, Duke of, executed, 1649. Hamilton, Duke of, and Lord Mohun, both killed in a duel, in Hyde Park, Nov. 15, 1712. Hamilton Palace, Scotland, fin- ished, 1828. Hammet, Sir Benjamin, fined £1000, for refusing to serve the of- fice of Lord Mayor of London, Oct. 13, 1797. Hammersmith temporary bridge affixed to the chains, and visited by crowds, Jan. 1827. ; Hammersmith Suspension Bridge opened, 1828 ; begun three years before ; the chains supporting road- way, 688 feet 8 inches long, exceed- ing that of the Menai by 135 feet. Hammersmith Ghost, affairs of, 1804. Hampden condemned, and sen- tenced to pay the tax imposed by Charles I., without consent of par- liament, 1637. Hampden, John, the celebrated patriot, mortally wounded by the bursting of his pistol, June 18, 1643, died on the 24th of the same month. Hampshire, Corn destroyed by i game in, estimated as sufficient to support 2000 people for a year, Sept. 1825. , Hampshire, New, United States, first settled at Dover and Ports- mouth, 1623 ; went under the juris- diction of Massachussetts, 1641 ; made a separate province by Charles II., 1679 ; been a separate state since 1741 ; constitution formed, 1784 ; altered to its present form, 1792 ; Dartmouth College in, found- ed, 1770 ; Gilmanton Seminary for theology, 1835 ; in these two insti- tutions there were 433 students in 1840; population, taken in 1840, gave 284,574 inhabitants. Hampton, manufactory and d\vell- ing of Mr. Browning at, destroyed by fire, June 9, 1814, Mr. and Mrs. Browning perishing in the flames. Hampton Court Palace, built 1525, by Cardinal Wolsey, where the house of the knights hospitallers once stood ; presented by the cardinal to Henry VIII. ; several of the Eng- lish sovereigns were born there ; a large part of the palace rebuilt by king William III., 1694 ; bridge at, began 1750. Hanau, Battle of, between the Erench and Allies, when the former were on their retreat from Leipsic, the Allies were compelled to retire, Oct. 29, 1813. Hand in Hand Fire-office incor- porated, 1697. Handel, George Frederick, great commemoration of, in Westminster Abbey, May 26, 1784; there were HAN 297 HAN 600 performers, and the receipts for three days amounted to £12,746. The orchestra consisted of 225 vocal and 268 instrumental musicians, (violins 96, tenors 30, violincellos 30, double-basses 20, oboes 30, bas- soons and trumpets 14, French horns 12, trombones 3, kettle-drums 5,) that performed in The Messiah. Handkerchiefs in the reign of Elizabeth worn by gentlemen in their caps as favours from ladies, 1557; those of a peculiar kind made at Paisley, 1743 ; no less than £15,886 that year ; in 1784, £164,385 was returned there for those goods. Hanmer, Jonathan, grandfather of the poet Gay, who was a non- conformist minister at Barnstaple, his tomb and inscription found four or five feet beneath the present sur- face of the ground, bearing date, 1666, July 1827. Hanover, subscriptions for the sufferers there in consequence of ex- tensive inundations, April 1825. Hanover occupied by the French, June 14, 1803. Hanover, George IV. wrote a letter to the Duke of Cambridge at, on his return from, Nov. 9, 1821. Hanover a city and country of Germany, capital of the late elec- torate, now of the kingdom of that name; it was an unimportant duchy until George I. obtained Zell, Saxe, Bremen, and Verden, in addition, and other additions, 1692; seized by Prussia, 1801; it was occupied by the French, June 5, 1803 ; annexed to West- phalia, March 1, 1810 ; made a kingdom, Oct. 13, 1814 ; the duke of Cambridge made Lieutenant governor, Nov. 1816; the duke of Cumbei'land succeeded to the throne, June 20, 1837, when it was • separated from the crown of Eng- land ; East Friesland and Harlin- gen were added to it in 1815. The second son of Lewis duke of Brunswick Zell became duke of Hanover, 1665; Ernest Augustus made elector, 1692 ; Geo. Lewis his son, became king of Eng- land as George I., Aug. 1, 1714; George, his son, became George IL, of England, 1727; and George Wm. Fred, his grandson, George III., of England, king of Hanover, Oct. 2, 1814; George Augustus Frederick, his son George IV., of England, 1820; William Hemy IV., of England, the third king ; on his death, Hanover, so long and well described as a millstone round the neck of England, was separated from the crown of Great Britain, and Ernest Augustus, the brother of William IV., became king of Hanover ; he was succeeded by his son George Frederick, born 1819, the present reigning monarch. Hanover, City of, a village walled in, 1556; obtained the privilege of a city, 1578 ; the royal seat of govern- ment, 1814. Hanoverian Troops first arrived in England, 1756. Hanoverian succession estab- lished by law, June 12, 1701 ; George I., being the first prince who ascended the English throne, to the exclusion of the Stuart race for ever. Hanseatic League, formed about 1250. Hanse Towns, or the Hanseatic League, a union of commercial cities and ports in the north, of Ger- many, against the piratical robbers of the North, in 1241 ; it grew into a union at last of sixty-six towns and cities ; they proclamed war against Denmark, 1348; and in 1428, possessed a large navy, and a powerful military force ; the union was at last broken up by surround- ing princes, from an apprehension of its power, and the towns of Ham- burgh, Lubeck, and Bremen, were, in 1630, the only remnant of this powerful league. Hanset, Dr., tried for high trea- son, and condemned, June 14, 1758. Han way, Jonas, a philanthropic and kind-hearted man, who had once been a merchant, noted as having been the first who introdu- ced the useful appendage of an um- HAR HAR brella into England, died Sept. 5, 1786 ; aged 74. Hanwedl Asylum for lunatics : Return of Patients admitted from its opening on May 16, 1831, to Sept. 30, 1839 : Cured. M. F. M. F. 1831. . 136. . 159 12. . 8 1832. . 188. , 234 15, .27 1833. . 90. . 113 8. .17 1834. . 70. , 52 7. . 11 1835 . . 78. . 63 7. . 2 1836. . 67. . 46 6. . 5 1837 . . 36. . 27 3. . 4 1838. . 139. . 186 8. . 5 1839. . 84. . 48 13. . 5 888 928 79 84 Hanwork Park-House, the seat of the Duke of St. Albans, burned down, March 16, 1797. Hapsburg. See Germany and Austria. Harbour, new one projected in Norfolk, in Lake Lothing, 1827. Harcourt, the Earl of, drowned in a well in Oxfordshire, 1 777, Hardicanute the Dane, king of England, 1039. Hardy, Tooke, Thelwall, and others tried at the instigation of the Pitt ministry for high treason, though a measure opposed by Lord Eldon, then Mr. Scott, who foresaw that a verdict of guilty would be monstrous for what was but a misdemeanour — he was overruled; the ministry had prepared a list of others to be arrested on the same charge, had a verdict of guilty been sustained ; Hardy was first put to the bar, having been kept in custody from May 20 to Oct. 29, 1794 ; after a trial of eight days he was honour- ably acquitted, principally through the exertions of Erskine and Gibbs, his counsel; Tooke was tried and acquitted, Nov. 20 ; still in hope of a verdict, Thelwall was tried and acquitted also, Dec. 8 ; the govern- ment, in despair, then discharged all the prisoners involved in the accu- sation ; it was thus that jurors felt their full power, and exhibited less of that subservience to crown prosecutions, which had before too much distinguished them. Hardy, Thomas, secretary of the corresponding sooiety ; lived to see the reform bill pass, when he ex- claimed, " Just heaven, that is now the law of England, for supporting which the government tried its utmost power to hang and dismem- ber me." He died 1832, and was buried in Bunhill Fields, with a monument bearing this inscription : PUBLIC DUTY AND PRIVATE WORTH. To the Memory of Thomas Hardy, Born March 3, 1751, Died October 11, 1832, in the 82 year of his age. He was a plain and upright Man ; a steady and inflexible Patriot ; One of the. three who, in 1792, commenced the formation of the celebrated London Corresponding Society, for the promotion of a Radical Reform in the Commons' House of Parliament He was appointed Secretary to that Society in the same year, and filled the office, with diligence and ability, until his arrest in May, 1794, on a charge of High Treason, when he was committed to theTower, separated from his wife and family for six months, subjected to a nine clays' trial at the Old Bailey, and triumphantly acquitted by an honest and independent jury, on the fifth of November, 1794; by which event the corrupt and sanguinary Ministry of Mr. Pitt was defeated ; and a brighter era commenced in the political condition of this country. Harefield Place, Middlesex, Roger de Bacheworth, lord of the manor of, 1284 ; Milton's Arcades performed there, between 1632 and 1637; burned down, 1660 ; a silver HAR 299 HAR fir here, 1679, 81 feet high, and 13 feet girth. Hareleur made an English colony, 1415. Harlow, Battle of, between the Earl of Mar, Avho commanded the royal forces, and Donald Lord of the Isles ; it was a drawn battle, and great numbers of the gentry on both sides fell in this civil conflict, July 24, 1411. Harlech Castle, Merionethshire, built, it was supposed, by the an- cient Britons ; rebuilt 876, and re- edified by Edward I. Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, born 1664 ; stabbed at the council board, March 8, 1710; died May 21, 1724. Harlots obliged to wear striped hoods of party colours, and their clothes with the wrong side out- wards, 25 Edward III., 1352; the name is said to have arisen from Arlotta, mother of William I., of England, a tanner's daughter of most notorious character. Harmonica, or musical glasses, improved by Dr. Eranklin, 1760 ; introduced into Erance, 1765. Harmony Town, United States of America, in the state of Pennsylva- nia, founded by Germans, who called themselves the "Harmony Society," Dec. 1804. Harmony, New, Indiana State, North America, purchased by Robt. Owen, in 1825, for the establish- ment of a social system, but failed, and was broken up in 1826; the scheme was philanthropic, but in practice wholly irreconcileable with existing usages. Harold Harefood ruled England and the kingdom of Norway, began 1036 ; Harold II. killed at the battle of Hastings, 1066. Harpooner, transport from Que- bec to England, with invalids and other troops on board, foundered off the coast of Newfoundland, when more than one -half on board per- ished, Nov. 10, 1816. Harraton-Row Coal-pit, Dur- ham, dreadful explosion of gas at, 41 men and boys killed, June 30, 1817. Harrenton Lake, Ireland, disap- peared in the earth, March 25, 1793. Harrison, John, inventor of the time-keeper for the discovery of the longitude ; he produced four in the years 1735, 1739, 1749, and subse- quently that which procured him the reward of £20,000 from parlia- ment, promised by the Board of Longitude ; he obtained £10,000 of his reward in 1764 ; and further perfected his time-piece, 1772 ; he died March 24, 1776, aged 84. Harrison, John, accountant of the London Assurance Company, found guilty of forgery, Sept. 16, 1777. Harriot, Thomas, discovered two spots on the sun, 1610, before Gali- leo announced the same fact. Harrogate, a mineral spring discovered at, 1571. Harrogate, four mineral sulphur springs at Harrogate, the fourth be- ing discovered, 1783. Hartley Colliery, atmospheric rotative engine erected at, 1768. Hartlebury Castle, built in Worcestershire, 1268. Hartley, David, son of the philo- sopher of that name, who first moved in the House of Commons for the abolition of the slave-trade ; died Dec. 19, 1813. Hartwell, Buckingham, one of the retreats of the exiled Bourbons, after they were expelled by the Erench people; Louis XVIII. re- sided here when he lost his wife in 1810 ; and when he was placed on the throne by the allied armies, he quitted it to embark for Calais, April 20, 1814 ; leaving Dover for France, April 24, 1814. Harvest, Remarkable. — " An. Dom. 1317. — The harvest was early, so that all the corne was inned be- fore St. Giles's day, being the first of September : a bushel of wheat, which before was sold for 10s. was then sold for 10 pence, and a bushel of oats, which before was sold for 8 shill., was then sold for 8 pence. An. Dom. 1329.— The third year of HAT 300 HAW Edward the Third, a statute was made prohibiting the importation of wheat, rye, or barley, into this realm, unless the price of wheat ex- ceeded 6 shill. 8 pence the quarter, of rye 4 shill., of barley 3 shill. ; at that port or place when the same should be brought in, upon pain of forfeiture thereof." Harvey, Dr. William, discoverer of the circulation of the blood, 1569. Harwich, new lighthouse at, proved, June, 1822, visible 21 miles. Harwich Museum re-opened, May 1826. Harwood Nunnery, Bedfordshire, built 1150. Haslar Hospital, Hants, additions made to, of lecture-rooms, July 4, 1829. Hastings, Warren, Governor- general of India, tried by the peers of Great Britain for high crimes and misdemeanours ; his trial lasted seven years and three months, and ended in his acquittal, April 25, 1795; born 1733, died 1818; a very different conclusion was reasonably expected, after the strong nature of the evidence. Hastings, Battle of, Oct. 14, 1066. Hastings, Town of, founded by a pirate of that name, Oct. 15, 1006 ; destroyed by fire, 1377 ; castle built 1070. Hastings, Lord, put to death in the Tower, June 13, 1433. Hastings Castle, discovery of an- tiquities at, Aug. 1824. Hastings, a new town begun to be built, half a mile to the westward, May 1828. Hatfield, James, fired a loaded pistol at George III., May 11, 1800. at Drury-lane theatre ; he was found to be a lunatic ; he died in Bethlehem hospital, Jan. 23, 1841, aged 69. Hats, duty on, 1787, produced £40,183. Hats improved by Mayhew's pa- tent, 1827. Hats said to have been made first by a Swiss in Paris, 1404 ; they were first manufactured in England by Spaniards, 1510 ; high croAvned hats worn in the reign of Elizabeth, and again 1783 ; stamp duty laid on hats, 1784; again by Pitt, 1796; repealed in 1811. Hatton, Sir Christopher, made Lord Chancellor, 1587; the first neither priest nor lawyer who held the office, he died 1591. Haugmond Abbey, Shropshire, built, 1110. Hauser, Gasper, Haarlem, mur- dered, Dec. 14, 1833. Havannah, Hurricane at the, and seventy vessels wrecked, Sept. 23, 1810. Havard College, new England, built 1650 ; burned down and re- built, 1764. Haven of Health, a book so called, printed 1584, the work of Dr. Cagan, who prescribed rules for health : he says, alluding to dinner, "When four hours be past after breakfast, a man may safely take his dinner, and the most convenient time for dinner is about eleven o'clock before noon ; the usual time for dinner in the universities is about eleven, or elsewhere about noon." Haverfordwest Castle, built in the reign of Stephen, 1135. Havre de Grace, Erance, fortifi- ed, 1545 ; defended for the Hugue- nots by the English, 1562 ; attacked by the English for three davs, July 6, 1759; bombarded, 1794, and 1795; again by Sir Eichard Strachan, May 25, 1798; declared in a state of blockade, Sept. 6, 1803; attempt of the English to bum the shipping failed, Aug. 7, 1804. Hawarden Castle, Elintshire, built, 1260 ; demolished, 1643. Hawkesburt, Lord, and M. Otto, signed preliminaries of peace, Oct. 1, 1801. Hawkers and Pedlars licensed, June 24, 1697; restrained, 1785; new act for, 1810. Hawking, sport of, an ancient amusement of the nobility in Eng- land. In the time of Richard III., 1480, only Is. 2d. per week was HAY 301 HEB allowed for the keep of a man, but 9d. per dav for a hawk ; so the Harl. MS. " To John Grey, of Wyltone, the maister of the king's hawkes, and the keping of a place called the Mewes near Charingcrosse in Midd. for the terme of his life, with the fee of C marcs for himselfe, and the wages of xx&. for a gentilman ser- geant in the said office; and the wages of viij marcs for ij yomen in the same office, and for the bord of the same yomen ijs. viijcZ. every weke, and the wages of xvijK. for vj. gromes in the said office, and for theire borde every weke viijs. and the wages of iiij marcs for ij pages in the same office, and for their borde every weke ijs. iiij c?. and x marcs for theire lyverie ij times a yere ; and for xviij hawks every of them 9d. by day for their mete." Haxey, in Axeholme, Lincoln- shire, fifty-six houses burned at, 1743. Haydn, monument erected to his memory at Salzburgh, his native place, Oct. 1821. Haydon's fine historical picture of the Judgment of Solomon, exhibit- ed, July 1, 1814. Haydon, Benjamin, an artist at the head of historical painting in England, died by his own hand, 1846. Haye, le Sieur de la, died Feb. 2, 1774, aged 320. Hayes, Catherine, hanged for the murder of her husband, April 20, 1726. Hayling Island and Bay, Hants, made a fashionable resort, 1827. Haymaeket Theatre, burned down, June 17, 1789. Haymaeket, London; the Hay- market in this street opened, 1664 ; the Haymarket renewed, Jan. 1. 1831. Haymarket Theatre, opened 1702; patent for, to Eoote, 1747; purchased by Colman, Jan. 1, 1777 ; rebuilt, 1821, by Nash; on the royal visit, Eeb. 3, 1794, sixteen persons were trodden to death, and many died of the injuries they received. Hayti, or Haiti, island of, better known as the island of St. Domingo, discovered by Columbus, 1492 ; the native inhabitants were all butchered by the Spaniards ; colonized by the French and Spaniards, who were assailed by the negro population, and a republic established, 1801, by Toussaint l'Ouverture, who surren- dered to the French, May 7, 1802; Dessalines, a negro chief, ordered a massacre of all the whites, May 29, 1804 ; Dessalines crowned king, Oct. 8, 1804; died, Sept. 1805; succeeded by Christophe, who became president, Feb. 1807; and emperor, March 1811; Petion ruled at Port au Prince, who was succeeded there by Boyer, May 1818; Christophe destroyed him- self, Oct. 20 ; independence declared Dec. 1821 ; confirmed by France, April 1825 ; Hayti proclaimed an empire, under Solouque, Aug. 26, 1849. Haywood, Mr. Justice, stabbed in Westminster Hall, by a Eoman Catholic, 1640. Head Act, so called, passed by the Irish parliament, at the town of Trim, 5 Edward IV. 1465, legaliz- ing murders of the native Irish. Healths, custom of drinking, said to have arisen in Saxon times, when Eowena, the daughter of Hengist, drank Vortigern's health, at an entertainment, in a gold cup, 460. Hearth Money, a tyrannical tax, levied by king Charles II., 1662, on every fire-place in England ; it was abolished in the reign of William III., 1689. Heathen Images destroyed in Kent, 640. Heat discovered in the moon's rays, in America, in 1821. Heat,— in Paris, July 19, 1825, the thermometer stood at 33 degrees 3 minutes centigrade. Hebebt and his accomplices exe- cuted in Paris, March 26, 1794. Hebbew Points first introduced in reading that tongue, 475. Hebrides, New, discovered by HEL 302 HEN Quiros, 1606 ; visited by Bougain- ville, 1768 ; and by Cook, 1774, who thus named them. Heburn Colliery, Northumber- land, eleven men destroyed by an explosion at, Aug. 18, 1814. Hecla, Mount, Iceland, eruptions of, 1004, 1766 ; 1846, when several new craters were formed, and the fire rose to 4000 English feet above the summit. Hecinecken, called the learned prodigy of Lubeck, who was master of several languages, at four years of age, when he died, 1725. Heelbrace for ships, invented by Captain Handy, 1829. Hegira, or the flight of Mahomet, the prophet, from Mecca to Medina, July 15, 622 ; the era of the Hegira commenced July 16. Heidelberg, taken by the Span- iards, and its noble library carried off to Rome, 1622 ; celebrated for its great tun, made in 1343, con- taining twenty-one pipes of wine ; a larger was made in 1664, which contained 600 hogsheads or 300 pipes, this was destroyed by the French in 1688, when another was made to contain 800 hogsheads, and was once kept full of the product of the vintage ; it is now disused ; university of, had 887 students, 250 only natives of Baden, 1830. Heights of Romanville and Belle- ville, near Paris, on which several skirmishes took place between the allied troops and the French, which ended in the capitulation of Paris, March 30, 1814. Helder Point, Holland, the fort of which and the fleet at the Texel, which it covered, surrendered to the English force landed for the purpose, Aug. 30, 1799, when the invaders retired. Helena, daughter of Coilus, the mother of Constantine, walled in London, 294. Helena, St., island of, discovered by the Portuguese, 1502 ; the Dutch settling there, were expelled by the English, 1600; the English East India company settled there, 1651 ; the English and Dutch by turns oc- cupied it until 1673, when it was given over to the East India com- pany by Charles II. It is now re- markable as the place of exile of the greatest character of modern times, the emperor of Erance, Napoleon I., Oct. 16, 1815 ; and also as the place of his death, May 5, 1821 ; the body of Napoleon brought to Erance, from St. Helena, and in- terred under the dome of the Inval- ides, in Paris, Dec. 15, 1840. Helioscope, an instrument which reflects the image of the sun upon a plain surface, invented by Scheiner, a German, 1625. Heliometer, an instrument for measuring the stars, invented by Bougier, 1774. Hell Eire Clubs, associations formed in London, among persons of rank, for impious discussions, ri- diculing the Trinity, &c. ; the mem- bers met at Somerset House, in a house in Westminster, and in Conduit-street ; they were suppress- ed by the council, 1721. Helmets, caps of metal for the defence of the head, of different forms, those of Greece were the most graceful ; Richard Cceur de Lion wore a plain round helmet, 1189 ; but his successors, most of them, wore crowns above it. Helpstone, Northampton, Ro- man villa discovered at, June, 1828. Helvetic Diet assembled at Berne, Sept. 6, 1801. Hemp, Granholm's patent for im ■ proving, granted, Dec. 25, 1816. Hemp and Elax first seen in Eng- land, for the purpose of making fishing nets,1533 ; bounties conferred for its cultivation, 1783 ; import of from Russia.,1785, no less than 17,645 tons ; in that year £2396 was paid to encourage its growth ; it requires five acres to produce one ton ; the annual quantity imported exceeds 100,000 tons. Hengist and Horsa, Saxon chiefs, arrive in England, 449; the first battle between them and the Britons 455, when Hens-ist assumed the HER 303 HER title of king of Kent ; Hengist en- tertained Vortigem and 300 of the English chiefs, on Salisbury Plain, when he massacred them all, 476. Henderson, Mr., hanged for mur- dering Mrs. Dalrymple, March 25, 1746. Henderson, George, extraordin- ary trial of, on a charge of a forgery, perpetrated by a Mr 5 Macleod, May, 1726, at Edinburgh. Hennis, Peter, M.D., killed in a duel at Exeter with Sir John Jeffcot, May 18, 1833. Henry II. of England held the stirrup for pope Alexander to mount his horse, and he did the same for Beckett, 1161. Henry L, king of England, began to reign, 1100 ; died, Dec. 1, 1135. Henry II., 1154; died, July 6, 1189. Henry IH., 1216 ; died, Nov. 16, 1272. Henry IV., 1399; died, March 20, 1413. Henry V., 1413 ; died, Aug. 31, 1422. Henry VI., 1422 ; murdered, May 21, 1471. Henry VII., 1485; died, April 22 1509 Henry VIII., 1509; died, Jan. 28, 1547. Henry VII.'s chapel, built, 1504. Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I., 1612. Henry III. of France, assassin- ated by a monk, 1589. Henry IV. of Erance, assassin- ated by Ravaillac, 1610. HENRY,Prince ofPortugakpromot- ed geographical discoveries, 1407. Henry, Abbot of Evesham, died, Nov. 13, 1263; his remains discover- ed in a stone coffin, with carved and gilt pastoral staff, chalice, patten, and abbotial ring, 1822. Heptarchy in England, the government of the seven kings, from 455 to 828, when Egbert subdued all the others under his own rule. Heraldry first propagated about the time of the Crusades, 1095. Herald' 1340; the house of, built, 1670; Philip and Mary enlarged the pri- vileges of the College. Heraldic Lines for coats of arms, invented 1639. Herrara, Battle of, in Arragon, between Don Carlos, of Spain, de- feated at the head of 12,000 men the army of General Buerens, with about half that number ; the latter lost l000 men, Aug. 24, 1837. Herculaneum, the ancient city of, discovered, 1730; which had been buried in the lava of an erup- tion of Mount Vesuvius, Nov. 1, a. d. 72 ; suffered by an earth- quake, Eeb. 5, 63; 150 vols, of MSS. found there in a chest, Dec. 1754. Herculaneum, glass-shop disco- vered at, Eeb. 27, 1829. Hereditary Nobility abolished in France, June 28, 1790. Hereford Cathedral, built 1079 ; Saxon ; 352 feet long, 74 broad ; the tower 144 feet high ; destroyed by the Welsh, 1056; nearly de- stroyed by the falling of the tower, Sept. 10, 1786. Hereford Cathedral, a groin of the great nave fell in, Jan. 1790, by which two men lost their lives, and others were bruised. Hereford, New County Hall built at, July, 1817; first assizes held in it, Aug. 1817. Hereford, School at, founded by Bishop Trellick, 1384; school re- built, 1760. Hereford, Bishopric of, once suffragan of St. David's ; conquered by the Saxons, it came to the pro- vince of Canterbury ; founded by Milfride, in honour of Ethelbert, king of the East Saxons. Heretics, thirty, who came from Germany to England, to propagate their opinions, were branded in the forehead, publicly whipped, and left naked in the streets, in mid winter, when none daring to relieve them, they died of cold and hunger, 1160 ; law against them repealed, 1534 ; in the reign of Henry VIII. to be in possession of Tindal's bible, was HER 304 HES heresy ; the law was repealed after- wards "by the same prince. Heritable Jurisdictions, and moveable rights, abolished in Scot- land in 1747; these were what would be called in England feudal rights, and were valued at £164,222; the largest sum paid was to the duke of Argyle, £21,000, and the smallest to J. and J. Smith, clerks to the regality of Aberbro- thock, £13 : 6 : 8. Hermione, Mutineers of, executed at Portsmouth, Aug. 14, 1800. Hermits, individuals who retired from persecution on notions of reli- gion adverse to social life, and resid- ed alone in caves and desert places, under vows and mortifications ; from them sprung the houses of the mo- nastic orders ; the first of these solitary religious seems to have been a man called Paulus, who fled to the Thebaid desert from persecu- tion, about 250. Hero, the inventor of the princi- ple of the steam-engine, 130 years before Christ ; followed by Mathesius 1563. Hero, 74 ; St. George, 78 ; Sal- danha frigate, and Defence, 74 ; lost on the Haak Sand off the Texel, with nearly all the crews, and the brave Admiral Eeynolds in the St. George, Dec. 24, 1811, — one of the severest blows the English navy ever received. Herod's Foot Gunpowder-works, near Liskeard, Cornwall, exploded, and dreadfully mutilated two of the workmen, April 26, 1852. Herring fishing first practised by the Dutch, 1164; the herring sta- tute passed in 1357 ; true mode of preserving and pickling herring first practised, 1397; the English herring fishing company first estab- lished, Sept. 2, 1750. Herschel completed his great te- lescope of 40 feet, 1787 ; laid before the royal society a catalogue of nebulae and stars, which he had dis- covered with his glasses ; discovered the planet Uranus, or the Georgian, March 21, 1781 ; a volcano in the moon, 1783 ; and subsequently two other volcanoes emitting lava. Herschel, Dr., discovered two satellites revolving round the Geor- gian, 1787 ; also a sixth and seventh satellite of Saturn, 1789. Hertford College, Oxford, founded, 1790. Hertford, Marquis of, monument by Chantrey, erected to his memory at Ragley, 1828. Hertford East India College, in- subordination of, in consequence of restrictions of an usher, Nov. 1822. Hertford School founded, temp. James I., 1617 ; East India College at, founded by the East India Com- pany, 1806. Hervey, Beauchamp Bagnal, put to death for treason, 1798. Hesse, House of, a landgraviate until 1803 ; of ancient standing from 1308; prince of, embraced the catholic faith, Nov. 1754; the prince of, attacked by a lunatic at his table, March 24, 1760. Hesse-Cassel and France sign a treaty of peace, Sept. 1795. Hesse, Prince of, chosen king of Sweden, March 24, 1720; married the princess Mary, May 8, 1740 ; arrived in Scotland to suppress the rebellion, Feb. 8, 1745 ; arrived in London, June 2 ; returned with his troops to Germany, June 18, 1746 ; princess of, visited England, Aug 24, 1746. Hesse, Disturbances in, 1850 ; in 1830 the elector gave his people a constitution remodelled in 1850 ; in 1851, endeavouring to evade his own act, by demanding money without the regular budget ; the chamber de- clined voting it, the elector then declared the chamber and constitu- tion, and country in a state of siege, and, proclaiming martial law, he was forced to fly into Hanover ; he soon after called in foreign troops, and ultimately restored his own will as the law of the land, by the first and last argument of kings. Hessians, Body of, taken into English pay, 1726; again Hessian troops, 6000 in number, landed in HIB 305 HIG England in May 15, 1756 ; re-em- barked for Germany, April 28, 1757; Hessian corps raised to fight against the Americans, the prince to be paid £30 per head for all killed off; in Dec. 23, 1786, the account being settled, the sum of £471,000 was paid into the bank, to the credit of the landgrave of Hesse, being the sum due to him upon his bargain. This sum, divided by 30, gives the loss of the Hessian corps alone, in that vicious Avar, at 13,700 men put hors de combat to the landgrave's gain. There is no such facile mode of knowing the English loss of life ; to this circumstance Lord Chatham alluded, when he spoke of the ministry having re- course to the shambles of every German despot to slaughter our fel- low subjects in America. The armed force maintained by this petty state is but 10,000 men, so that more than its whole standing army was put to death in America under its successive reinforcements. A force was again applied for from this mer- cenary principality to put down the rebellion in Ireland, 1798. Hessian Territory, and Cassel, declared to be in a state of siege, Sept. 7, 1850 ; the diet of the grand duchy of, suddenly dissolved, Sept. 27, 1850. Hetherington, Rev. "W., who died, Dec. 2, 1778, left £20,000 as a relief for fifty blind persons, each £10 per annum. Hever Castle, Kent, built, 1340. Hexham, Bishopric of, ceased, 810. Hexham, Battle of, in which the Lancastrians were beaten by the Yorkists, fought, May 15, 1463. Hibebnia, a vessel so named, bound from Liverpool to Australia, with 208 passengers, was destroyed at sea through the negligence of the second mate, and 150 lives were lost from the want of a sufficiency of boats to take them in, Feb. 5, 1833. Hibernian Society's Schools num- bered, 1825, 1147 schools, and 94,262 scholars, 50,000 of whom were Ca- tholic. Hicks' Hall, Smithfield, London, built, 1612 ; pulled down, 1782. Hicks' Hall, Clerkenwell, begun, May 20, 1779 ; completed, 1782. Hide Abbey, near Winchester, founded, 1130. Hieroglyphics, Egyptian ; Cham- pollion's further researches, in 1822. Hieratic Letters, explaining the hieroglyphics of Egypt, and 6000 signs, discovered by Professor Scyf- farth of Leipsic, 1826. Higgin, Robert, obtained a patent for destroying smoke, 1821. High am Eerrers College, North- amptonshire, built, 1422. High School, Edinburgh, meeting to remove the site, Aug. 1822. High Constable of England, the title of an office formerly used, but discontinued about 1521. High Admiral, the first in Eng- land, 1387. Highgate Archwav begun, Oct. 31, 1812; finished, 1813 ; opened, Aug. 20, 1813. High Treason Act, formerly so oppressive, that the 25th of Edward III., 1352, was passed to secure as much as possible the liberty of the subject, by enacting that two wit- nesses are necessary to prove it, al- though to please the court the judges frequently nullified its good effect in too many instances under the Stuarts, and in the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII. By 40 George HI., 1800, it was enacted, that Avhere there was an overt act that Avas a direct attempt on the life of the sovereign, such a trial should be conducted in the same Avay as in a trial for murder. Act passed re- specting treason, 1690 ; amended, 1795. High Church, so called from those Avho Avere the advocates of Dr. Sacheverel, and admirers of Laud ; they affected anxiety for the security of the church upon all occasions, exciting hatred against the dis- senters; the Ioav churchmen Avere moderate ; Sacheverel Avas rj- H OB 306 HOL warded for his intolerance by the living of St. Andrews, Holborn, where he was buried, 1724, despised by the men and political party he supported from their contempt for his abilities, although gainers by his turbulence. Highland Agricultural Society, instituted, Feb. 1785. Highland Dress forbidden to be worn in Scotland by law, Aug. 1746; restored, 1782; Highland clans reduced by General Cadogan, 1716 ; clans disarmed, May 31, 1715 ; again, 1746. Highness, a title given to Henry VII., afterwards merged in "your majesty," and bestowed at present on the princes of the royal family. Highwaymen, an act passed to encourage their apprehension with a reward, 1693. Highways, the first act to repair them passed, 1525. Hildesheim's founded, 1818. Hinchinbrooke Priory, Hunting- donshire, built, 1704. Hindoo era, or that of the Caly- ug, beginning 3101 years before Christ. Hindon, Wilts, 150 houses in, destroyed by a fire, July 2, 1754. Hindostan Indiaman lost in a storm, 1803. Hinna, or Henna, the plant disco- vered in the island of Hinzuan, 1793. Hinzaun, or Joanna Island, the latter name a corruption of the for- mer, visited July 28, 1783, by an English frigate. Hispaniola and Cuba discovered by Columbus, 1492. Hitchin, Herts, twenty houses destroyed at, by fire, Sept. 11, 1762. Hoblyn, Mr., of Sloane Street, introduced cocoa-nut oil into Eng- land, 1817. " Hobson's Choice," derived from one Hobson, who let out horses at Cambridge, and obliged any who hired them of him to take that next the stable door. He was a carrier by trade, and put up at the Bull on his London journeys. Milton has celebrated him, when in the plague year he was forbidden to go to Lon- don, probably in 1665. Hocco, a new bird so called, brought from South America to France, Nov. 1829. Hoche, the French general, com- pletely defeated the Austrians, April 1, 1797. Hochkibchen, Battle of, between Frederick the Great of Prussia and Count Daun ; Frederick was de- feated, being surprised, Oct. 14, 1758. Hodnet Church, Salop, monu- ment in, erected to the memorv of Bishop Heber, 1827. Hoff Bridge, near Appleby, com- pleted, Oct. 1822. Hoffer, Andrew, a Tyrolese leader in the service of Austria, shot by the French for his resistance after the conclusion of the peace, Feb. 20, 1810. Hohenlinden, Battle of, between Moreau and the Austrians, under the Archduke John, who was beaten, and lost 10,000 killed and wounded, with as many prisoners, Nov. 3, 1800. Hohenzollern, the principality of, annexed to the Prussian federa- tion, 1852. Holborn first paved, 1417. Holborn Bars first set up in the city of London, 1346. Holland Priory, Lancashire, founded, 1309. Holland, a portion of the terri- tory of the Belgse, in the time of the Romans, who were subdued by that people, 47 a.c. It contains about 10,000 square miles of surface. Af- ter the Romans it was conquered by the Frisians, Danes, and Franks. The portions near the Rhine and Meuse were divided into petty earl- doms. In 923 Theodric, or Diodric, brother to Herman, Duke of Saxony, was appointed Count of Holland by Charles the Simple of France, Zea- land and Frisland were included in his domains. Guilderland was added by Henry IV., emperor of Germany in 1079 and became a duchy, 1339 ; HOL 307 HOL Utrecht was governed by its power- ful prelates. Florence IV. carried on hostilities against the Flemings and Frisians, dying at Antioch on an expedition to the Holy Land, 1189 ; William I. formed a league with John, king of England, the emperor Otho, and Ferrand, earl of Flanders against France, 1213, but he was taken prisoner at the battle of Bouvines ; John, earl of Holland, married Elizabeth, daughter of Ed- ward I. of England ; Philippina, daughter of William III., earl of Holland, married Edward III. of England; Jacquelin, heiress of Hol- land, 1417, wedded Jno. IV., duke of Brabant, she afterwards married in 1423, Humphrey, duke of Glouces- ter, but the marriage was annulled by the pope, and she then wedded, 1432, Borselen, stadtholder of Hol- land ; the country then fell into the house of Austria by marriage. In 1586 the Dutch revolted, and in 1579, formed the famous alliance of Utrecht ; William of Nassau was the stadtholder, 1579; in 1672, Louis XIV. invaded Holland, and Amster- dam was only saved by opening the sluices ; William, the stadtholder of Holland, ascended the throne of Eng- land in 1688 ; the stacltholdership was declared hereditary, 1747 ; in 1756, the French formed a connec- tion which was opposed to the stadtholder and England ; in 1780, war broke out between Holland and England, which ended in the peace of 1782 ; the decay of the famous republic exhibited, so that in 1787, the Duke of Brunswick subdued it without resistance ; joining the coa- lition to replace the Bourbons on the French throne, Holland was subdued by the French iii the win- ter of 1794-5, when the canals were all frozen ; the stadtholder sought a refuge in England ; the fleet fell into the hands of Admiral Mitchel, Aug. 30, 1799 ; the territory was next made a kingdom under Louis Bonaparte, June 5, 1806, who abdi- cated, July 1, 1810 ; Holland was then united to France ; after 1814, | it was joined to Belgium, and made one kingdom, under the Prince of Orange, as King of the Netherlands, but was separated again in 1830 ; Belgium being made a separate kingdom, under Prince Leopold, of the house of Coburg, as King of Belgium, Holland retained its own king, with the title of King of the Netherlands, who abdicated 1840, and was succeeded by his son. Holland, Events in. The sea broke into Dort, over the dykes, and covering the country, more than 100,000 people perished, 1446 ; Spain oppressed the people cruelly, and her tyranny and barbarity caused a revolt in some of the states, which entered into the treaty at Utrecht, when they elected William as stadt- holder, who was assassinated four years afterwards, in 1584, by emis- saries of King Philip II. of Spain ; the Dutch East India Company was founded 1602 ; and a fierce struggle ensued for thirty years, which ter- minated by the King of Spain being obliged to acknowledge the freedom of Holland, 1609 ; the Dutch feeling their strength made war against Spain, in America and the East ; they captured the rich Spanish con- voys, with several millions sterling, and amply avenged themselves upon their oppressors, 1635; they went to war with Cromwell, 1653, and were beaten by Admiral Blake, 1653 ; William, the stadtholder, marrying the daughter of James II. of England, ascended the throne, as William III , 1688 ; the office of the stadtholder was made hereditary in the family of Orange, 1747 ; the French marched into Holland, 1793, and were enthusiastically welcomed ; the Dutch fleet defeated by Admiral Duncan, off Camperdown, Oct. 11, 1797 ; a new constitution was given to the country, in 1805, with a grand pensionary at its head, April 26 1805 ; restored at the genernl peace, the house of Orange had Belgium annexed to its dominions, but go- verned unwiseh^ whicli caused a separation and insurrection, 1830 ; HOL 308 HOL Antwerp was besieged, and war commenced, when a treaty between Holland and Belgium, signed at London, put an end to the united empire, April 19, 1839 ; William I., who had abdicated, died, Dec. 12, 1844; Louis Bonaparte, who had adopted the title of Count St. Leu, the ex-king, died at Leghorn, July 25, 1846 ; William II. died, March 17, 1849 ; William III., his son, reg- nant, 1853. — Princes of Orange : Philibert de Chalons, 1502; Rene de Nassau, 1530 ; William of Nas- sau, first stadtholder, 1579, born 1544 ; Philip William, his son, born 1584, died 1618; Maurice, 1618; Frederick Henrv, 1625; William II., 1647 ; William HI., 1660 ; Wil- liam IV., 1702; William V., 1711; William VI., 1751, died 1806; Wil- liam Frederick, 1806 ; Louis Bo- naparte, 1806, abdicated, July 1, 1810; William Frederick, Prince of Orange, 1813, who was made first King of the Netherlands, March 16, 1815, abdicated, Oct. 7, 1840 ; Wil- liam II., 1840 ; William III., 1849, regnant. Holland, Population : On the 1st of January, 1833, the population of this country, as appears by an offi- cial enumeration, amounted to 2,460,954 souls, independently of Limburg and Luxemburg. As the average yearly increase is about 60,000, the present number of its in- habitants may be estimated at 2,520,900. That of Belgium was, on the same day, in 1833, 4,142,257, the increase in the four years pre- ceding having been 485,257, or, on an average, 121,314 per annum. Holland, New, once the name of the whole ; the western part of the Australian continent, is only so named now, or West Australia, dis- covered, 1605, lying between 15 and 35 degrees south latitude, and 112 and 127 degrees east longitude, com- prising the 26 counties of Melbourne, Glenelg, Grey, Carnarvon, Twiss, Victoria, Durham, Lansdowne, Perth, York, Howick, Beaufort, Mur- ray, Grantham, Minto, ellington, Wicklow, Peel, Sussex, Nelson, Goderich, Hay, Lanark, Stirling, Plantagenet, Kent. The south ex- tremity of this fifth continent was discovered by Tasman, 1642. The extremity north of the tropic is called North Australia. South Au- stralia extends from about 27 to 42 degrees south latitude, and from 134 to 142 degrees east longitude. New South Wales extends from 142 to 152 degrees east longitude, and from 42 degrees south, to 12 north latitude ; it comprises 19 counties, Bligh, Brisbane, Durham, Glo's- ter, Wellington, Philip, Hunter, Northumberland, Bathurst, Rox- burgh, Cork, Georgiana, Westmore- land, Cumberland, King, Argyle, Camden, Murray, St. Vincent. It was taken possession of by Captain Cook, 1770. Holland and Zealand forbade the marriage of protestants with papists, Sept. 1, 1754. ' Holland and Prussia subsidized by England, April 19, 1794. Holland, serious disturbances in, June, 1787. Holland, British troops first em- barked for, April 26, 1793. Holland, Mr., contested the right of the city of London to tolls, and won his cause, 1754. Hollanders made money of paste- board, 1574. Holdernesse, Earl of, resigned his governorship of the Prince of Wales, and Lord Bruce succeeded him, Jan. 1782. Holkar, the Mahratta chief, de- feated in India, near Deeg, by the British army, Nov. 15, 1804 ; again at Bhurpoor, April 2, 1805 ; peace followed, April 10 ; treaty Avith, Dec. 24, 1805. Hollingburt Castle, Sussex, Bri- tish antiquities discovered at, 1825. Hollowat, near London, a house at, struck with lightning, and rent from top to bottom, the chimney knocked down, and much serious in- jury inflicted, Aug. 1, 1749. Holm Chapel, Cheshire, entirely destroyed by fire, July 10, 1753. HOL 309 HOM Holm Cultrum Abbey, Cumber- land, built by David, King of Scot- land, 1150. Holophrexicon, a name given, 1782, to Sir A. Lever's Museum, then deposited in Leicester-bouse, Leicester-square. Holstein delivered to Russia by the Danes, Nov. 16, 1775. Since 1 S15, the King of Denmark, as pos- sessor of Holstein, has had a seat in the Germanic confederation. Holt Mineral Springs discovered 1726. Holt Alliance, a league between Russia, Prussia, and Austria, to abide by each other in subduing all European outbreaks ; England de- clined being a party to it, Sept. 26, 1815 ; the King of the Netherlands joined it, June 21, 1816. Holy Scriptures, misprints, in chap.- x. of Proverbs, verse 23 : — Eyre and Strahan's edition, 1816 : — "It is as sport to a fool to do mischief." Charles Bill, 1698:—" It is a sport," &c. Thomas Newcombe, 1699: — " It is as a sport," &c. Cambridge, no date, stereotype : — "It is as a sport," &c. Mark and Charles Kerr, 1795 : — " It is a sport," &c. Ditto, royal 4to, 1793 :— " It is as sport," &c. Ditto, 12mo, 1799, Cannes' notes : — " It is a sport," &c. Ditto, folio, 1793:— "It is as sport," &c. Blair and Bruce, 1813 :— " It is as sport," &c. Ditto, 1816 :— " It is a sport," &c. Ditto, 1821 :— " It is as sport," &c. One edition runs thus : — " It is sport to a fool," &c. The Bi- shop's Bible, commonly called Matthew Park's Bible, folio, 1573, not now authorized, has it thus: — "A fool dooth wicked- ly, and makethbut a sport of it." Holy Trinity Chm'ch, Dorchester, taken down, June, 1823. Holy Maid of Kent, Elizabeth Barton, who, pretending to inspira- tion, foretold that Henry VIII. would die a violent death "if he di- vorced Catherine of Spain, and mar- ried Anne Boleyn. For this, she with her followers were hanged at Tyburn, April 20, 1534. Holy Cross Abbey, Tipperary, Ireland, built 1169. Holy Rood, festival of, in the Ca- tholic church, on account of the pre- tended discovery of a piece of the true cross, by the Emperor Herac- lius, 615. Holyrood House. Edinburgh, a palace for several centuries of the Scottish monarchs, near where the Abbey of the same name stood, built in 1128. The palace is not older than two centuries and a half; a large part was built by Charles II. ; repaired, 1753. Holy Water used in the Catholic . chiu-ch in 120. Holy Wars, the crusades so called, in defence of the Christian faith against the infidels. The most in- human and wicked of all wars kin- dled by a preacher, called Peter the Hermit ; in one out of many expe- ditions in this barbarian pursuit, 300,000 men perished. The first crusade took place 1094 ; others, 1147, 1189, 1191, 1267. Holy Trinity, order of knighthood, begun 1211. Holy Ghost, order of knighthood, so called, begun in France, 1468 : restored, Jan. 1, 1559 ; abolished at the revolution, 1791 ; at Rome, 179S. Holyhead Church, Isle of Angle- sey, built 1291. Holyhead Road greatly improved for the mail, 1822. Holyhead Harbour enlarged, 1824. Homage of the Welsh princes to Alfred the Great, 881 ; of Constan- tine of Scotland, 923 ; Malcolm of Scotland, 1070, 1072; William of Scotland, 1200; of the Irish princes, 1210 ; of the king of England to the pope, 1216 ; of Alexander of Scot- land, 1217. Homeldon, Battle of, between the HOO 310 HOE English Percies and the Scotch Douglases. Douglas was taken pri- soner, with the Earls of Angus, Murray, Fife, Orkney, and many of the principal nobility and gentry of Scotland, 1403. Home, Popham, General Sir, de- stroyed a canal at Ostend, and left a British regiment behind prisoners, May 19, 1798. Homer, Works of, said to have been burned in the fire at Constan- tinople, written with golden letters on the gut of some large animal, 477. Homilies drawn up by Archbi- shop Cranmer, 1547 ; another edi- tion of, was prepared by order of Queen Elizabeth, 1563. Honduras, terrible storm at, the sea driven in over the low lands, and numerous houses, with fifteen ves- sels, destroyed, Jan. 1, 1788. Hone prosecuted by the govern- ment for three harmless political parodies, and as often acquitted, to the ministerial disappointment, Dec. 18, 1817. Honeymoon, some say another name for hydromel, of which Attila the Hun drunk so much on his wed- ding-day, 453, that he died from it ; but this is apocryphal. " Honi soit qui mal y pense," the motto of the order of the garter, in- stituted, April 23, 1349. Honiton, Devonshire, nearly all destroyed by fire, July 19, 1747; 149 houses burnt there, 1765; 37 destroyed, May, 1790; and 47 burned down, 1797 ; bridge of, carried away by a flood, Nov. 10, 1807. Hood, Robin, and his man Little John, said to have been Earl of Huntingdon, noted bandits in the north, 1190. Hood's Island, one of the Galli- pagos, in the Pacific, explored, June, 1793. Hood, Lord, brought from Tou- lon, 14,877 French emigrants, Eeb. 13, 1794. Hooper, Bishop, monument erect- ed to his memory, on the Knapp, St. Mary's Square, Gloucester, where he suffered, Sept. 1826. Hope, John, called to the bar of the Commons, for a breach of privi- lege, July 17, 1822. Hops, duty on, 1850— £309,443, 14s., expenses of collecting, £3748, 3 : 7. 1851— duty, £433,989 : 8 : 10 ; collecting, £3380 : 4 : 7. Hops introduced into England, from the Netherlands, 1524, when they were stated by medical men to be unwholesome from narcotic their tendency, 1528 ; see Beer. Horatio, brig, blown up at St. Helena, when all on board perished, Sept. 1825. Horn, supposed to be the old wind instrument; from the Welsh horn made of that substance, and called pibhorn ; the dance called the horn- pipe supposed to be derived, 1300. Horned Cattle, diseases among, 1746, 1747, 1749, 1751, 1753, 1757. Horne End, the roof of a barn which had been converted into a methodist meeting-house fell in during the service, by which four persons were killed and many wounded, July 12, 1810. Horne Tooke, see Hardy. Hornblower, Jonathan, patent for a steam-wheel, 1805, to work with vanes. Horse, the, practice of shoeing with iron, introduced, 481 ; the pre- sent mode by William I., 1066 ; there are said to be a million of horses for draught and riding in England, and 100,000 agricultural horses; a tax on them was first levied, 1784; increased in 1796 and 1808 ; the duty on riding horses only, returns £350,000 per annum. Horse, an English, that perform- ed a number of tricks taught him by his master, who exhibited him, con- demned to the flames at Lisbon, as being possessed by a devil, 1601. Horse Guards, instituted 1553 ; horse grenadiers, 1693 ; horse guards building, Whitehall, erected 1758. Horses exported from England, from 1750 to 1772, 29,131. Horses, three and a colt, poisoned with a solution of arsenic, and two recovered, 1811, at Newmarket. HO S 311 HOS Horses, the names of those used in noble families, 1512 ; a gentil horse, one of the best breed ; a pal- trey, principally used by ladies ; hob- bies, small strong active nags ; cloth- sek, a cloak-bag horse, as a male horse carried post ; monteanx ; car- riage, once called waggon horses ; a quiet double-trotting horse was a tall, stout, broad animal ; a curtal was a horse with his tail cut ; a gam- baldynge was a showy prancer ; and an amblynge horse, an ambler as now understood. Horseshoe found in the heart of an elm-tree, at Konigsburgh, with a nail in it, and in good preservation, 1810. Horseshoe of silver found near Strangford, in Ireland, April 1828. Horsleydown, thirty houses and shipping at, destroyed by fire, April 30, 1780. Horizontorium, an instrument so called, invented by Mr. Spires, xVug. 1821. Horticultural and Botanical So- ciety formed at Colchester, in Aug. 1823. Horticultural Societies found- ed : one in London, 1804 ; Edin- burgh, 1809; Dublin, Jan. 1817; the foundation of many useful dis- coveries and naturalizations of fo- reign plants. Hosier's expedition to Porto Bello, Aug. 23, 1727. Hospitallers, order of knight- hood, or the military knights of St. John of Jerusalem, under religious vows, 1048, 1097 ; they became a military order, 1118. St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, London, was once at the entrance of this hospital, the latter long ago demolished. Hospital, New, Nottingham, be- gan Sept. 1823, called the Plumptre Hospital, from the promoter being a descendant of John de Plumptre, who founded the hospital there, 1392. Hospital, Floating, meeting held to establish one on the Thames, March, 1821. Hospitals of London, see Guy ; the French statistics of hospitals state that the number of beds in London hospitals is not in proportion with that of the other capitals in Europe, comparatively to their re- spective populations. The London hospitals only contain 5000 beds. Its mortality amounts yearly to 45,000 inhabitants, or to 123 daily. In 1800 the population of the me- tropolis was only 1,000,000 souls, the mortality 22,000, and the num- ber of beds 4350. Thus, whilst, the population and mortality increased, in the last 45 years, by nearly one- half, the number of beds in the hos- pitals augmented only one-seventh. There exist, it is true, in London a number of charitable institutions, and many manufacturers have in- firmaries, in which the workmen who have not the means of being attended at home, or who dislike entering hospitals, find medical re- lief. The population of Paris now exceeds 900,000. The number of beds in the) hospitals is 10,000, and the mortality, as compared with that of London, proportionally the same, or 60 per day. The population of Vienna is 330,000 souls ; the num- ber of beds in the hospitals 5700, and - the annual mortality 17,000. At Berlin, the population is 365,000 inhabitants ; the number of beds 3000, and the annual mortalitv 9000. At St. Petersburgh, the po- pulation is 476,000 inhabitants ; the number of beds in the hospitals, 6000 : and the annual mortality is 11,000. At Warsaw, the popula- tion is 150,000 ; and the number of beds in the hospitals 4000. It re- sults from these returns that Paris is, after London, the capital offering the smallest proportion of beds in the hospitals. Hospitals at present open in London, of which the most impor- tant among many are as follows : — 1852, London Hospital, established 1759 Ditto Samaritan, attached 1791 St. Katherine's, now in Re- } gent's Park, removed > 1273 from the Minories, 1826 ) HOU 312 HOU Charing Cross Hospital 1832 Middlesex ditto 1745 University College ditto 1833 King's ditto ditto 1839 Westminster, Broadway 1719 St. George's Hvde Park corner 1733 St. Maiy's, Paddington 1846 St. Luke's, for the insane, 1732 Fever, Islington 1802 Consumption, Brompton 1841 Foundling Hospital 1739 The Fever Hospital 1828 Bethlehem ditto 1546 St. Thomas' ditto 1215 Guy's ditto 1721 Dutch and German Jews 1795 Spanish and Portuguese Jews 1811 French Protestant.". 1716 Lving-in Hospitals 1749, '1750, 1752, 1765, 1778, 1780, 1782, 1794, 1801, 1816, 1818, 1822 Hospital of Surgery 1 827 Lock Hospital 1746 St. Bartholomew 1546 Magdalen 1758 London Female Penitentiary 1807 Seaman's Hospital 1821 Christ's Hospital 1552 There are numerous smaller hospi- tals, private and public charities, asylums, dispensaries, &c, besides the above, which are the most im- portant. Greenwich asylum and hospital for seamen, founded 1694, has an income of £70,000 per an- num. Chelsea, for soldiers, begun 1681, and finished 1690-1692. Host, elevation of the, begun by papal authority, 1201 ; kneeling commanded, 1201; a bell to be swung at, 1228. Hostilities between Austria and France commenced Sept. 8, 1805. Hottentots, 600 vaccinated by the African missionaries, 1808 ; a portion of them revolt against, dur- ing the Caffre war, 1851. Hottinguer, a packet -ship from Liverpool, wrecked on the Glamor- gan Bank, and thirteen of the crew perished, Jan. 18, 1852. Houghton Hall, Norfolk, burned down, Dec. 12, 1789. Houghton, Edward, of Dublin, one of the munificent founders of the Royal Hibernian Academy, died, 1833. Houghton Gallery of Pictures, sold to the empress of Russia, 1779. Hounslow Heath powder-mills, blown up and several persons killed, July 25, 1826. House of Commons, the Irish, di- vided 105 to 106, against the union with England; the English, 140, 141, and 149, against 15, 25, and 28, respectively, Jan. 22, 1799. Holtse of Commons, English, built 1348; burned Oct. 16, 1834; rebuilding, but not near completed, between 1837 and 1853. Irish House of Commons begun 1729 ; opened, 1732; burned, 1792: re- built and converted into a national bank, 1808. Houses erected in St George's Fields, between 1781 and 1792, were 1681 in number. Houses in England, total number in 1851, was : — Inhabited 3,675,451 Uninhabited ... 165,602 Building 29,109 Total 3,870,162 Houses in London, 1851 : Inhabited 307,722 Uninhabited 16,889 Building 4,117 Total 328,728 Sixty blown up in London, includ- ing a tavern full of company, oppo- site Barking Church, Tower-street, by the accidental firing of several barrels of gunpowder at a ship- chandler's house, Jan. 4, 1649 ; a child unhurt was found on the leads of the church, where it had been blown by the explosion ; a house fell down in White Hart Yard, Druiy Lane, by which two persons were killed and others dreadfully maimed, Dec. 14, 1809; two fell in Fishmongers' Lane, Old-street, bu- rying eleven persons in the ruins, April 8, 1811. HOW 313 HOW Housekeeping, expenses of, in different years, in a family of the middle class, supposed to reside in London, before and after the war of 1793 : — 1792. } 1813. 1 1823. £. House-rent 60 Assessed taxes and poor-rate 18 Was;es; two women servants 18 Clothes 60 Boots and shoes 9 Wine, spirits, and strong beer 16 Table beer 7 Tea, sugar, and other groceries 22 Fuel 24 Light, viz. candles and oil 6 Washing 16 Bread 25 Butcher's meat 25 Milk, butter, fish, cheese 50 Education 14 Medical attendance 14 Furniture ; annual repairs and purchases 14 Incidents, such as postage, stationery, charity, pocket disbursements 35 Expenses of a less necessary character, such as ex- cursion to the sea-side, or the country 30 Expense of company 35 Furniture; interest on the money invested in its purchase; also its insurance against fire 42 £ 100 47 22 85 18 35 11 38 35 10 25 50 45 85 22 20 24 55 50 60 63 £ 90 40 22 70 16 30 9 35 30 8 22 25 30 70 20 20 20 50 40 50 53 House Tax, commenced 1778 ; increased, 1808; abolished, 1834. Houses in England and Wales paying the window tax, 1784, with seven windows 286,296 7 to 10 211,483 11 windows 38,324 11 to 12 ditto 24,919 14 to 19 ditto 67,652 20 upwards 52,652 Total 681,326 Scotland 17,734 699,060 Population, 1784, 6,000,000 ; eight windows paid 3s. ; nine windows, 8s.; tax abolished 1851, and 7d. in the pound house duty substituted on houses above £20 rent ; see Win- dows. How Passage, Gloucestershire, 540 900 750 two antique brazen bowls found at, with a Latin inscription, Oct. 1828. Howard, Earl of Suffolk, com- mitted to the Tower for granting written protections, Jan. 21, 1724-5. Howard, Earl of, made Earl Marshal, 1483 ; Lord High Admi- ral, 1512 ; drowned, 1513. Howard, Duke of Norfolk, exe- cuted for attempting to marry Mary Queen of Scots, 1572. Howard, Henry, Duke of Norfolk, made hereditary Earl Marshal of England, Oct. 19, 1671. Howard, the philanthropist, reached Cherson, on the Black Sea, on his way to Turkey, Nov. 17, 1789 ; he announced thence an ounce of bark and dram of snakeroot and wormwood never failed to cure the ague of a morass under his window, extending 20 miles. Howe, Admiral Lord, defeated the HUN 314 H UN French fleet, taking seven sail of the line, June 1, 1794. i Howel Dha, King of Wales, the great lawgiver, 940. Hudson's Bay and Straits disco- vered, when in search of a north west passage, 1609. Hudson's Bay Company obtained a charter of possession here, 1670 ; their houses destroyed by the Trench, 1686 and 1782. Huguenots, Massacre of, on the day of St. Bartholomew, in France, Aug. 24, 1572. Hugh de Beauvais, with 40,000 followers, coming to the assistance of king John, perished in a storm, 1215. Hughes, Admiral, defeated the French fleet in the East Indies, Feb. 9, 1782. Hull, opposite St. John's church, in excavating the dock, a sword was found, the handle grasped by the bones of a skeleton that crumbled into dust on being touched, March, 1828. Hull, Junction Dock at, complet- ed at an expense of £180,000, cover- ing six acres, July 1829. Hull, founded, 1296 ; incorpo- rated by the name of Kingston, 1299, whence its appellation of Kingston-upon-Hull. Hullhouse, Mr., discovered the art of gilding and silvering silk, 1794. Hulls, Jonathan, took out a pa- tent for moving vessels by steam, with Newcomen's engine, 1736. Humane Society founded 1774. Humbert, the French general, landed in Ireland, Aug. 22, 1798. Hume, Earl of, committed to Edinburgh Castle, Aug. 24, 1715. Humiliati, a religious society founded by certain persecuted Mi- lanese, 1162 ; abolished on a charge of luxury and cruelty by Pius V., 1570. Hundred Days, the second reign of Napoleon, after his return from Elba, and again ascending the throne of France, from March 20, 1815, to June 28, 1815. Hundred, a division of a county, or shire ; made by king Alfred, 890 ; it had a court to deal justice within its limits called the hundred court. Hungary Water first noted, 1631. Hungary, the ancient Roman Dacia, afterwards conquered by the Huns, Avars, and other savage tribes of Slavonic origin ; afterwards conquered by the Magyars, remain- ing under dukes from their past settlement, in 884; St. Stephen, 999, was the first king of Hungary, it having been independent from 920 ; the Poles overrun the country 1061 ; and next the Tartars and other barbarous tribes/, Louis I. call- ed the Great, subdued a great part of Dalmatia, and carried his arms into Italy, 1342 ; he was succeeded by his daughter Mary, who was de- nominated " King of Hungary ; " dying in 1392, the succession was disputed, and Sigismund, Mar- quis of Brandenburg, who had wedded Mary, was elected. 1411 he was made emperor of Germany ; Albert of Austria mar- ried the daughter of Sigismond, 1438, and they jointly reigned ; hence grew the power of the house of Austria. Ladislas, king of Po- land, succeeded, but was killed in the battle of Werna, fighting against the Turks ; John Hunniades was appointed regent. Ladislas, the son of Albert, was poisoned, 1457, and the power got into the hands of the son of Hunniades ; Matbias Corvinus proclaimed king by the states, in the plain of Rakos, near Pesth. In 1485 he seized upon Vienna and the Austrian states, and held them until he died, 1490. He was the greatest prince that ever ruled in Hungary, brave, prudent, and learned, he founded a fine li- brary at Buda ; in 1516, Louis II. of Hungary lost his life at the battle of Mohatz, fighting against the Turks, when 12,000 Hungarians fell, and 20,000 were made captives ; the house of Austria again filled the throne of Hungary in 1541, under Ferdinand I., who was brother to HUN 315 HUN the emperor Chailes V., but John Zopolski was elected by the Hun- garians, and supported by the Turks. In 1541, Ferdinand ruled alone, and was elected emperor of Germany, 1558. The crown of Hungary af- terwards remained with the em- perors of Germany until 1804, when the emperor became emperor of Austria only, in the person of Francis I. of Hungary and II. of Germany. The grand duchy of Transylvania was considered a part of Hungary until 1540, when, in consequence of a treaty between the Vaivode and Ferdinand of Austria, it began to be regarded as a sepa- rate state, and Stephen Battori, 1571, held the rule until 1602. Hungary had been always governed by its own code of laws under its kings, since the house of Austria had became masters of the crown ; they always vigorously defended their ancient laws, while, until 1785, the people were in a state of villanage ; in 1764, the em- peror and queen of Hungary at- tempted to define the law of land- lord and tenant, or peasant ; Joseph II. suppressed villanage in Moravia, Bohemia, and Hungary, 1786 ; the freedom there was still, rather that of the aristocracy than of the people. Hungary possessed nearly 6,500,000 of population, more spi- rited and active than the plodding, ignorant Austrian, whose Index Ex- purgatorius at Vienna exceeded that of Rome, 1812; the university at Buda had a large revenue some years since. The continued ag- gressions of Austria upon Hungary, with the view of destroying the old constitution, and assimilating it to the other dependent provinces of the empire, produced a revolt in 1848, the state of other parts of the Austrian dominions presenting a favourable opportunity for the purpose. Sept, 29, 1848, the Hungarians beat the Ban of Croatia in an open combat ; the treacherous conduct of Austria in- duced the Hungarians to declare the kingdom independent, Dec. 8, 1848; the Hungarians defeated by the Austrians at Szikszo, Dec. 28, 1848, and by the Ban Jellachich, at Mohr, Dec. 29, 1848; driven over the Waag, Jan. 2, 1849 ; Buda taken, Jan. 5, 1849; the Hungarians com- pletely defeated the Austrians at Gran, April 17, 1849 ; the Austrians obliged to fly from Pesth, April 18 ; and craved aid of Russia, and a Russian army marched to help them, May 1, 1849; the first battle be- tween the Austro-Russians and the Hungarians, the latter retire across the Waag, June 21, 1849 ; battle of Acs, July 2, 1849 ; the Hungarians rout the Ban Jellachich, July 14, 1849 ; the Hungarians defeated by the Russians, in a three-days' com- bat, and their leader, Gorgey, re- treated, July 15, 1849; battle of Komorn, with the Austro-Russians, July 16, 1849 ; Bern, the Hungarian, entered Moldavia, July 23, 1849 ; the Hungarian army worsted before Temeswar, Aug. 9, 1849; Komorn surrendered to the Austrian over- whelming forces, Sept. 28, 1849 ; the war soon after terminated, with endless Austrian proscriptions and executions. Hun oaky, kings of — Stephen 999 Peter the German, deposed... 1038 Aba 1041 Peter reinstated, again deposed 1044 Andrew I. deposed 1047 Belal 1061 Salamon, Andrew's son 1064 Geisa 1 1075 Ladislas the Pole 1077 Coleman 1095 Stephen 1114 Belall 1131 Geisa II 1141 Stephen III 1161 Bela HI 1174 Emeric 1196 Ladislas II. reigned only six months .". 1204 Andrew II 1205 Bela IV 1235 Stephen IV 1270 Ladislas III 1272 HUN 316 HUT Andrew III. son of Rodolph of Hapsburgh 1290 Oharobut 1309 Louis the Great, king of Po- land 1342 Mary, daughter of Louis 1382 Mary and Sigismond 1392 Albert, Duke of Austria 1437 LadislasIV 1440 Ladislas V 1453 Matthias Corvinus 1458 Ladislas VI. king of Bohemia. 1490 Louis II. of Hungary, and I. of Bohemia of that name 1516 John Zopolski and Ferdinand I. king of Bohemia 1526 Ferdinand I. only elected em- peror of Germany 1541 Maximilian, emperor, 1564,... 1561 Rodolph 1573 MathiasII 1609 Ferdinand II 1619 Ferdinand III 1625 Ferdinand IV 1647 Leopold 1 1653 Joseph 1 1687 Charles 1711 Maria Theresa, empress 1740 Joseph II 1780 Leopold II 1790 Francis I. the second Francis emperor of Germany 1792 Francis I. emperor of Austria only, after 1804 Ferdinand V. do. (abdicated) 1835 Francis Joseph, regnant 1848 Hungerford Market, old, built, 1699; the new market, July 2, 1833. Hungerford Bridge, on the sus- pension principle, opened, May 1, 1745, 1342 feet long; the central distances, 676 feet ; the height of the sustaining towers, 55 feet; above the water, 84 feet; the masonry cost £60,000; the iron work, 700 tons, £17,000; the approaches, £13,000; the total, £102,254. Hunslet, stone coffin at, and body found in the midst of a field, covered Avith plaster, and having glass beads also enclosed, Dec. 1823. Huns overrun Mesopotamia and were defeated by the Goths, 383 ; defeated and extirpated by the great Charlemagne, 794. Hunt, Seth, examined before a parliamentary committee as to the safety of steamboats on rivers, and their rate of going. The vested ca- pital in those of England supposed to have risen to £140,000, Sept. 1, 1817. Huntingdon, School at, founded in the reign of Henry II., as is ima- gined by certain bequests ; inquisi- tion on the estates of, held April 5, 1570. - Huntingdon Monastery, destroy- ed by the Danes, 870 ; castle, built, 921 ; repaired, 1068 ; taken by Charles I., Aug. 24, 1645. Hurricane, in Jamaica, July 30, 1784, attended with an earth- quake, 170 persons killed, and many maimed ; in France, July 14, 1788. Hurricane, dreadful one at Do- minica, Sept. 9, 1806. Hurricane in the Ganges, Oct. 11, 1737. Hurst Castle, Hants, built, 1539. Hurtmonceaux Castle, Sussex, built before 1006. Husbandry first encouraged by act of parliament, 1489. Huselisson, William, M.P., killed by the wheels ^of a railway carriage passing over his legs, Sept. 15, 1830; he suffered amputation, but sunk under it. Huss, John, put to death for his belief, when under a safe conduct from the emperor Sigismond, before a council of priests at Constance, who had instigated the pope to issue a bull against heretics; by the clergy he was cast into prison, in defiance of the emperor's pledge, and they burned him alive, July 6, 1415 ; having got his companion, Jerome of Prague, into their power, they burned him alive the following year, May 30, 1416. Hustings, an ancient court of the city of London, granted to be kept weekly by Edward the Confessor, 1052. Hutchinson, John, the inventor ICE 317 ICH of a time-piece for finding the lon- gitude, 1712; and the promulga- tor of some "whimsical opinions regarding Scripture philosophy, with a reform of the original lan- guage of the Bible, and an expla- nation of its true sense, died, 1737. Hut, taken by the French; re- taken by the Allies, 1705. Hyalographe, an instrument for tracing a design on a transparent surface, invented in Paris, 1822. Hyde Abbey, near Winchester, founded, 1130, to which the remains of Alfred the Great were removed : a jail occupies its site. Hyde Park, London, commencing at the west end of Piccadilly, and extending towards Kensington ; the entrance is by a neat screen, extending from Apsley House to the westward, completed in 1828; the northern side is entered by Cumberland Gate, from the west end of Oxford Street, under the marble arch of triumph that formerly stood opposite Buckingham Palace, St. James's Park ; camp in, July 31, 1715; May 4, 1722 ; Sept., 1745. In 1850, the Crystal Palace, for the exhibition of works of art, was erected in ; demolished, 1852. Hyde, Sir Edward, made lord chancellor, 1658; impeached, July 10, 1662; dismissed by the king, Oct. 25, 1667 ; impeached for high treason, Nov. 6, 1667 ; withdrew from the court to France, Nov. 30, 1667 ; banished, Dec. 19, 1667 ; died at Rouen, in Normandy, 1674. Hyder Ali defeated and driven from his territories by the British, under General Coote, Aug. 27, and Sept. 27, 1782. Hydraulic Weighing Machine, invented in France, by M. Henr} r , Sept. 1821. Hydraulic Chemistry invented, 1746. Hydraulic Fire-Engines invented, 1682. Hydraulic Press invented by Bramah, 1818. Hydrogen, Explosion of, in the department of the.Saone and Loire, Aug. 9, 1821 ; 17 persons perished in the column of fire, which rose 52 feet above the mouth of the pit. Hydrometer, new one invented by Baptist Loudi of St. Gall, Swit- zerland, Jan. 1814. Hydrometer, an instrument for measuring the gravity and density of fluids, 400. Hydrostatics taught by Archi- medes, before Christ 200 years ; a science revived by Galileo, 1620; elucidated by Newton, 1714. Hyena's Cave discovered, near Maidstone, at Boughton-hill ; bones of the horse and rat also found there, June 1827. Hymns in Christian churches, by some said to have been introduced into Christian worship from the Jewish psalmody. St. Hilary of France composed them for the use of Christian churches, 431. Hytton Castle, Durham, built, 930. Iceland, discovered by a Danish pirate, 860 ; peopled from Norway, 874- was a republic until 1261, when it submitted to Norway ; Hekla here, a volcano 5000 feet high ; ten eruptions between 1104 and 1693; a terrible one, 1766; a new volcano appear d in 1783 ; a terrible mortality of cattle in, 1784 ; 19,488 horses, 6800 beeves, and 129,947 sheep died ; the black death visited the island, 1250; highest elevation in Snofiel, 6860 feet ; commercial monopoly suppressed in 1759. " Ich Dien," I serve, the motto of the blind king of Bohemia, slain at the battle of Cressy, Aug. 26, 1346 ; said to have been adopted by the Black Prince, as the motto for the IMA 318 IMP plume which he wore, and which he adopted. This has been doubted by some. Ice proved to be lighter than wa- ter, by Galileo, 1597. Iconoclasters, or Iconoclasts, image breakers, a sect that appeared 722, supported by the emperor Leo I. ; it caused insurrections in the Eastern Empire, the people being so attached to idolatry, both pagans and Christians ; in 736 images were rigorously demolished in the church- es ; between 740 and 780, they were again erected and their worship con- firmed by the Roman church; a second council of Nice caused by the dispute, 782 ; in the Eastern church statuaries were banished, on account of the distaste of that church for image worship. Ides, in the Roman reckoning of time, the 13th of every month, ex- cept March, May, July, and Octo- ber, when it was the 15th; Julius Ceesar was assassinated on the Ides of March, 44 a. c. ; they comprised the eight days after the nones ; the last day only was called the ides ; the nones were the 7th of March ; May, July, and October, and the 5th of the other months. Idiots, act for the benefit of, passed, 1731; in England there is one lunatic in 1033 persons ; in Wales , one in 807 , in Scotland, one in 731 ; and in Ireland, one in 812. Idols, worship of, in Rome de- stroyed by Constantine, sacrifices to cease, 330 ; that of the Saxons in Rent, 640. Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, 1550 ; canonized by Paul V., 1609. Illuminati, a sect charged with heresy, which originated in Spain, denominated there Alumbrados or enlighteners, 1575 ; a society some- what similar was founded by Dr. Weishauft, 1776 ; they placed their salvation upon their superior mode of prayer. Image worship, idolatry, or the worship of idols, of very early intro- duction ; images and relics seem to have commenced in the Romish Church, 448 ; in their worship, 709 ; removed out of the English church- es, 1548 ; of saints burned in Lon- don, 1548. Impeachment, the prosecution of an individual by either of the houses of parliament ; the first took place 1386, in the instance of a Lord Chancellor ; no pardon can be plead- ed to an impeachment of the com- mons in parliament by statute, 1699, 1700 ; Warren Hastings im- peached, Eeb. 13, 1788 ; Lord Mel- ville, April 29, 1806 ; Queen Caro- line by bill of pains and penalties, Aug. 16, 1820. Impalement in heraldry intro- duced, 1206. Impalement, an eastern punish- ment ; the assassin of General Kle- ber impaled in Egypt, 1801. Imposts, see Revenue. Imperial Ambassador's grand en- tertainment at Somerset House, 1735. Imperial Parliament dates from the union of Great Britain with Ire- land, Jan. 22, 1801 ; in this parlia- ment Ireland is represented by 100 members, with four spiritual and twenty-eight temporal peers ; added to the former representation and to the peerage of England complete the parliament that now exists. Supposed no borough representation in abeyance. The total of members in the Commons' house of parlia- ment in 1848, analysed were as fol- lows : — Gentlemen of fortune 363 Soldiers 89 Seamen 11 Lawyers 72 Mercantile & Colonial 116 Absent 1 Places unrepresented . 6 658 In the house of Lords, there were 455 members. Impostors, tribe of, religious, po- litical, mendicant, even literary, IMP 319 IMP have been numerous ; Adelbert, in the eighth century, pretended to have a letter from Jesus' Christ, which fell from heaven at Jerusa- lem in the eighth century; multitudes followed him into woods and desert places, to live simply in the imita- tion of John the Baptist ; Mahomet of Mecca pretended to revelations from heaven and communications with the angel Gabriel, he also wrote a book denominated the ko- ran ; his followers multiplied to 158,000,000 ; born, 569 ; died, 632 ; fond, of women, he enjoined poly- gamy, and pretended to direct descent from Ishmael ; two women executed and two men crucified for pretend- ing to be the Virgin Mary and Mary Magdalen, the men for perso- nating the Messiah, 1221 ; impostors punished in England, 1222 ; Gon- salvo Martin burned by the Inqui- sition in Spain for calling himself the archangel Michael, 1360 ; Eli- zabeth Barton, the holy maid of Kent, who prophesied against Henry VIII. in case he married Anne Bo- leyn, to serve the papal party, hung, 1534 ; Elizabeth Croft, hid in a wall, uttering mysterious and seditious speeches, 1553; George David, a wa- terman's son at Ghent, who called himself the nephew of God, who came into the world to adopt children for heaven, favoured a community of women, had many followers, and died at Basil in Switzerland, 1556 ; . Hatchet, a man who personated the Saviour, executed for blasphemy, 1592 ; Griska Eutropia, a prior of St. Basil's order, pretending to be . the son of John Basilowitz, Czar of Muscovy ; supported by Poland, he was invited to the throne of Russia, put the reigning Czar and all his family to death, and was himself as- sassinated in his palace, 1606; a boy of Bilston, who deceived the public, detected, 1620 ; James Nay- lor, personated the Saviour, whip- ped, his tongue burned through on the pillory by order of the House of Commons, Dec. 4, 1656 ; at Ted- worth, Wells, a drummer having been deprived of his drum by a magistrate, a drum was continually heard going in his house for two or three years, and the owner was tried for a wizard and transported, 1661 ; Greatrakes, an Irishman, who pre- tended to cure diseases in the way of the royal antidote then in vogue, caused high disputes in Ireland, 1665, but being examined before the Royal Society in England, fell into disrepute, 1666 ; Sabbati Levi, a Jew of Smyrna, who personated Christ at Constantinople, 1666 ; Titus Oates, a clergyman of the English Church, who made out a pretended plot to kill the king on the part of the papists, Sept. 6, 1678 ; in 1685 he was whipped and sentenced to imprisonment for life, but was pardoned and got a pension in the next reign, 1689 ; Psalman- ezer, George, born in the south of Erance, 1679 ; studied among the Dominicans ; he pretended to be a Japanese convert to Christianity, and before he was a heathen of For- mosa, a language of which coun- try he actually invented, and trans- lated the church catechism into it, also writing a pretended history of the country, which passed through two editions ; the imposture was detected by some of the learned at Oxford in a controversy on the sub- ject, 1746 ; Fuller forged a plot against William III. for which he was fined and stood in the pillory, 1691; one Young, a prisoner in Newgate, forged the hand-Avriting of the Earls of Marlborough, Salis- bury and others to a pretended King James ; the noble lords were impri- soned, but the forgery was soon de- tected, and Young was fined .£1000 and put in the pillory, 1692 ; three French refugees pretended to be prophets, and declared that one Dr. Emms would rise out of his grave, 1707; Mary Toffs, of Godalming, Surrey, pretended that she had rab- bits within herself, and prevailed upon two medical men to support her cause, 1726; Elizabeth Canning, for her frauds and impostures was INC 320 IND found guilty of perjury and trans- ported in 1753 ; Bamfylde Moore Carew, king of the beggars, born July 1693 ; passed his life in impo- sitions upon the credulity of others, and was often in prison ; the Cock Lane Ghost, by William Parsons and his wife, was detected, 1762 ; Joanna Southcote, who has had a multitude of followers, and declared she had conceived a new Messiah, died, Dec. 1814 ; Joseph Smith, the founder of the Mormons, who pre- tended to a revelation from heaven, engraved on gold plates, found in one of the back States of America, 1827 ; he was shot in a squabble by one of the U. S. soldiers. Impropriations, Henry VIII., in 1539, having destroyed the monas- tic establishments of his country, found, that of the many livings be- longing to them, they reserved the great tithes, allowing the small to the vicar, or him who served the church ; Henry, therefore, bestowed the tithes among his favourites. Incendiarism, for this crime burn- ing to death was the penalty, in temp. Edward I. ; made high trea- son, 1429; denied benefit of clergy, 1528; many offences of this nature in Kent, 1830; in Suffolk, 1830; except in particular cases the pun- ishment of death remitted, 1827-8; amended, 1837 ; as to farming pro- perty, 1844. Incest, common in England un- der the Saxons ; Vortigern married his own daughter, 446 ; the Portu- guese sanction it ; in 1760, the Queen of Portugal married her own uncle ; and Joseph, the son of that marriage, married his aunt, the princess Mary, 1777 ; Don Miguel of Portugal was betrothed to his niece, Donna Maria, 1826. It was once punished with death in Eng- land, and again under the Common- wealth, May 14, 1650. Income Tax. See Revenue. Inclosures in England restrained, 1521. Incumbered Estates Bill in Ire- land, passed July 28, 1829 ; held the first court of the commissioners, in Dublin, Oct. 24, 1829. Indemnity, Bill of, passed, gene- rally to secure a minister against abuses of his office, one, April 19, 1801 ; to guard against the effects of the law for abuses of power dur- ing the suspension of the habeas corpus, March 10, 1818. Independents, a sect of Protest- ants, who hold the perfect indepen- dency of each church, or congrega- tion of believers, and that they have a right to govern within themselves in religious affairs, nor has one church a right to censure or excom- municate another ; the Baptists and Presbyterians hold the same doc- trine ; the first independent meet - ing was founded in this country by Henry Jacobs, 1616. Index Expurgatorius, or list of prohibited bqpks, made by Catholic inquisitions, and sanctioned by the pope; the Scriptures were forbid- den to the laity by Clement, 1595 ; most of the better works of France, England, Germany, and Spain, are in the list; and the Index of the Austrian government is said to be even more intolerant than that of Rome, 1850. India House, Leadenhall Street, built, 1726. Indiana, one of the United States of North America, on the north side of the Ohio ; the first settlement made by the Erench, 1730; ad- mitted to the Union, 1816; popula- tion, 685,866. India Stock, sold from 360 to 500 per cent., 1683. Indian Chiefs, five of the Chero- kee nation visited England, 1730 ; three in 1734 ; five in 1758 ; and the sachem of the Mohawks, 1785. India Company, the Eastern, be- gun, 1600. India Bill, placing the Company under control, June 16, 1773 ; Mr. Fox's bill passed the Commons, but thrown out in the Lords, 1783 ; Mr. Pitt's bill passed, constituting the board of control, Aug. 13, 1784. India, overland route to, describ- IND 321 IND ed and carried out by Mr. Waghorn, a naval officer ; after great pains to perfect it, he reached London, Oct. 31, 1845, with the Bombay mail of the 1st of the month. He reached Suez in 19 days, Alexandria in 20 days, landed near Trieste, and reach- ed London, through Austria, Baden, Prussia, and Belgium, at half-past four a.m., on the 31st Oct. He pro- posed to complete the distance in twenty-one days, but his death took place, Jan. 8, 1850. Indian Army of the East, strength of, 1813— Europeans, 34,171; na- tives, 165,900 ; both, 200,071. 1820 — Europeans, 28,645 ; natives, 228,650 ; both, 257,295. 1831— Eu- ropeans, 44,409 ; natives, 187,067 ; both, 233,476. On the computation of reductions, Europeans, 34,480; natives, 146,500 ; both, 180,980. India Company's Revenue and Expense of, between 1840 and 1850 : the gross total revenues and receipts of the Bengal Presidency amounted in 1840-41, to 6,63,56,747 rupees; in 1841-42, to 6,92,93,345 rupees; in 1842-43. to 7,32,63,467 Company's rupees ; and in the year 1843-44, to 7,85,12,352 rupees. The gross total, 8,73,40,152; 9.13,37,516; 9,76,73,698; and 8,98,52,031 ru- pees ; thus exhibiting a deficiency in each year of some 1,13,39,679 to 2,44,10,231 rupees. Of the north- western provinces, the total re- venue amounted in 1843-44, to 5,19,43,000 rupees; the total charges, to 93,21,600, leaving a surplus on the netted account of 4,27,38,300 rupees; of the Madras Presidency, the revenue amounted to 5,07,41,946 rupees, and the charges to 3,56,54,112, leaving a surplus of 27,67,186 rupees. Of the Bombay Presidency, the total revenue of 1843-44, amounted to 3,30,55,645 rupees, and the net revenue to 2,18,31,763 ; the total charge amounted to 2,29,38,495 ru- pees, leaving a deficit on the settled account of 16,78,861 rupees. A general abstract of the revenues and charges of India, shows that the total revenues of the three Presi- dencies and the north-west provinces amounted altogether to 18,14,94,813 rupees, equal to £17,015,139, at the rate of 2s. per rupee. The total charges in 1843-44, amounted to 15,83,38,367 rupees, equal to £14,844,222, leaving a surplus on the whole account of £2,170,917. But the charges disbursed in Eng- land on account of the Indian ter- ritory during the same period, amounted to £2,944,073, a net de- ficit remained in the balance of the whole, amounting to £772,322, The net deficiencies in 1840-41, 1841-42, and 1842-43, amounted re - spectively to £1,753,247, £1,765,701, and £1,346,173. India, West, or "West India Islands : — Names of the Islands. Total population. British 776,500 626,800 Jamaica 402,000 342,000 Barbadoes 100,000 79,000 Antigua . . 40,000 31,000 St. Christopher or St. Kitt's 23,000 19,500 Nevis 11,000 9,500 Grenada 29,000 25,000 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 28,000 24,000 Dominica 20,000 16,000 Mont Serrat 8,000 6,500 The British Virgin Islands, Anegada, Virgin, Gorda, and Tortola 8,500 6,000 Tobago 16,000 14,000 Anguilla and Barbuda , 2,500 1,800 IKD 322 IND Trinidad 45,000 23,500 St. Lucie 17,000 13,000 Bahama Islands 15,500 11,000 Bermuda Islands 14,500 5,000 Haiti 820,000 Spanish 943,090 281,400 Cuba 700,000 256,000 Porto Eico 225,000 25,000 Margarita 18,000 400 French 219,000 178,000 Guadaloupe and its dependencies, (Marie Galante, Deseada, and part of St. Martin) 120,000 100,000 Martinique , 99,000 78,000 Dutch, Danish, and Swedish 84,500 61,300 St. Eustatia and Saba 18,000 12,000 St. Martin's 6,000 4,000 Curacoa 11,000 6,500 St. Croix : 32,000 27,000 St. Thomas 7,000 5,500 St. John 2,500 2,300 St. Bartholomew 8,000 4,000 281,400 slaves Spanish . . . 943,000, total Hayti 820,000 , British Islands . . 776,500 . French .... 219,000 . Dutch, Dan. & Swed. 84,500 . j After Humboldt . . 2,843,000 in all. 319,500 free < 790,000 free all free ditto 61,300 slaves 7,050 free 342,100 whites. 30,000 ditto. 71,350 ditto. 23,000 ditto. 16,150 Indians of the United States, East of the Rocky Mountains, their Number and Condition, Nov. 25, 1841:— Appachees Arickarees Arapahas Assinaboins Blackfeet Caddoes Cammanches Cherokees Cheyenes Chickasaws Chippewas, Ottowas, Pottawatomies ) and Pottawatomies of Indiana } Choctaws Creeks Aborigines, West of the Mississippi. 20,280 2,750 3,000 15,000 30,000 2,000 19,200 3,200 Number removed. Number of each not a.l removed. 25,911 4,600 5,297 15,177 24,594 Number of each remain. East still, Nov. 25, 1840. 1000 400 2087 3323 744 * 623 removed since Nov. 25, 1840. IND 323 IND Crees .... Crows Delawares Eutaws Florida Indians* Foxes Gros Ventres Iowas Kansas Kichapoos Kioways Mandans, all save two or three de- £ stroyed by the smallpox, 1837 ... ) Miamas — Minatarees Menomonies Omahas Ottawas and Chippewas Ottawas and Chippewas of the Lakes.. Ottawas of the Maumie Ottoes and Missouries Osages Pagans Pawnies Peorias and Kaskaskies Piankeshaws Poncas Quapows Sacos Sacs of the Missouri Senecas and Shawnees Sioux Senecas from Sandusky Shawnees Stockbridges, Munsees, &c Swan Creek, &c Weas Winnchagoos Wyandots New York Indians Total Aborigines. West of the Mississippi. 3,000 7,200 19,200 1,600 16,800 1,500 1,606 1,800 2,000 1,600 1,000 5,120 30,000 12,500 900 476 4,800 500 21,600 Number removed. 228,632 826 588 132 162 211 251 1272 225 4500 8167 Number of each not all removed 3,192 482 180 62 79,495 Number of each remain. East still, Nov. 25. 1840. 575 1100 4000 5026 2564 92 14 575 4176 25,764 Indian, or Western Territory, United States of America, that part of America, east of the Mississippi, 600 miles long, and from 300 to 600 broad, containing 120,000 square miles, to which the American go- vernment removed part of the In- dians, 1851, between the Eocky Mountains and Mississippi. India Rubber, the vulgar name for Caoutchouc, first from America in the last century. Indiction, a revolution of fifteen years, during which, among the IND 324 IND Roman emperors, the Olympiads were superseded, and the Indiction introduced by the Council of Nice, Jan. 1, 313. Indies East, India, or Hindostan, as at present too indifferently de- nominated. The ancients, under Alexander the Great, penetrated no farther than the Punjaub, 327 a.c. ; Mahmoud of Ghuzni conquered the north-western part in 1 000 ; the dy- nasty of Patan, or the Affghan em- perors, began with Cuttub, 1205, and ended with Mahmoud III., 1393 ; the Great Mogul, or Mon- gul emperors, began with Baber, 1525, and continued by the Patans to Shah Aulum, 1760 ; the descent and reign of Jenghis Khan, 1237, and of Tamerlane, 1398; Delhi taken, and India conquered, with the slaughter of 100,000 of its people ; the reign of Akbar, 1555 ; ot Aurunzebe, 1660; of Konli Khan and the Persians, 1738 ; the defeat of the Mogul forces by the Rohillas, 1749, were the inter- vening events, down to the com- mencement of the visits of the Eu- ropean powers. The first English charter was granted 1600, to a com- pany of merchants ; the second to the East India Company, 1609 ; the establishment of factories at Surat ; Sir Thomas Roe sent out as an am- bassador, 1615 ; English factory at Calcutta, 1690; Calcutta purchased, 1698; new and old company unite, 1702 ; English fail in taking Pon- dicherry, 1748 ; the pirate, Angria, routed, 1756; Suraja Dowlah took Calcutta, 1756 ; prisoners suffocated in the Black Hole, 1756, Calcutta ; Clive retook it, and defeated the Soubah, 1757 ; Port William built, 1757; Patna, November 6, 1763; battle of Buxard, Oct. 22, 1764; Clive secured the revenues of Ben- gal, Bahar, and Orissa, Aug. 12, 1765 ; treaty with Nizam Ali, 1766; Hastings became governor of Ben- gal 1772 ; supreme court establish- ed, 1773; Hastings accused of tak- ing bribes from a female connection of Emir Jaffier, 1775 ; Lord Pigo.t made governor of Madras, 1775 ; Hastings accused of taking further bribes and presents, 1776; Lord Pi- got arrested, and died in prison, 1777; Pondicherry taken, 1778; Gwalior taken by Major Popham, 1778; HyderAli defeated the Eng- lish, and conquered the Carnatic, 1780 ; he took Arcot, 1780 ; he was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote, July 1, 1781 ; defeated again, August 27, 1781 ; Hastings accused of taking fresh bribes, Sep. 19, 1781 ; Hyder Ali overthrown, June 2, "1782 ; he died, and his son Tippoo Saib suc- ceeded him, Dec. 11, 1782 ; Tippoo took Cuddalore andBednore, 1783; Hastings resigned his place, Eeb. 8, 1785 ; Cornwallis governor, Sept. 1786; Bangalore taken, May 21, 1791 ; treaty with Tippoo, his two sons sent as hostages, March 19, 1792; courts of justice, criminal and civil, appointed, 1793; Sir John Shaw governor ; disputes with Bir- mah, 1795 ; the Marquis Wellesley governor, May 17, 1798 ; Seringa- patam taken, and Tippoo Saib killed, 1799 ; the Carnatic secured, 1800; failure of Lord Lake at Bhurtpoor, April, 1805 ; General Wellesley de- feated Holkar, 1803; Marquis Corn- wallis became the governor, but died Oct 5, 1805, two months after his appointment ; Scindiah defeated, and treaty with him, Nov. 28, 1805; and with Holkar, Dec. 24; Lord Minto governor, 1807 ; trade to In- dia thrown open, July 31, 1813 ; Marquis of Hastings the governor, Oct. 4, 1813;. war with Nepaul, 1814; defeat of, and peace with Holkar, 1818 ; Marquis of Hastings resigned, Aug. 1, 1823 ; Rangoon taken, May 5, 1824; the Burmese defeated near Prome, Dec. 25, 1825 ; Lord Combermere took Bhurtpoor, Jan. 3, 1826 ; peace with Burmah, Feb. 24, 1826 ; Lord William Ben- tin ck governor-general, July 4, 1829 ; act opening the trade to India, and the act regulating the trade between India and China, 1833 ; natives ad- mitted to the magistracy, 1834; Lord William Bentinck returned, IND 325 INH July 14, 1835 ; Lord Auckland, go- vernor-general, 1835 ; Candahar occupied, April 21, 1839 ; battle of Ghuzni, and Shah Soujah restored, the English entering Cabul, July 23, 1839 ; Dost Mahommed defeat- ed, Oct. 18, 1840; general rising against the English at Cabul, Sir A. Burns and others murdered, Nov. 2, 1841 ; Lord Ellenborough appointed governor-general; the English eva- cuated Cabul, and the troops were massacred, Jan. 6, 1842; Ghuzni eva- cuated, March 6, 1842 ; Ghuzni reta- ken by General Nott, Sept. 6, 1842 ; General Pollock re-entered Cabul, Sept. 16, 1842; Cabul evacuated, de- stroying the defences, Oct 13, 1842; Ameers of Scinde attacked, taken, and their territory annexed to the British Empire, Eeb. 17, 1843; bat- tles of Maharajpoor and Punniar, and the capture of Gwalior, 1843 ; SirH. Hardinge appointed governor general, May 1, 1844; the Sikh war commenced, Dec. 14, 1845 : the Sikhs attacked and retired, aban- doning their guns, Dec. 18 ; battle of Eerozeshah, Dec. 21, 22, 1845; the Sikhs crossed the Sutlej unmo- lested, Dec. 27, 1845 ; Sir H. Smith severely checked, Jan. 21, 1846 ; the battle of Aliwal, the Sikhs de- feated, Jan. 28, 1846 ; Sobraon, battle of, the Sikhs lost 10,000 men, British 2338 killed and wounded ; the citadel of Lahore occupied by the English, Feb. 20, 1846 ; treaty of Lahore, March 9, 1846 ; Earl of Dalhousie made the governor-gene- ral, Aug. 4, 1847 ; Lieut. Edwards engaged the army of Moolraj, which he defeated after a battle of nine hours' duration, June 18, 1848 ; the siege of Moultan raised, Sept. 22, 1848 ; Lord Gough attacked the Shere Shingh with too much preci- pitation and suffered severely, but succeeded in finally defeating -him in the battle of Chillinwallah, Jan. 13, 1849; surrender of Moultan, Jan. 22, 1849 ; battle of Goojerat, the Sikhs lay down their arms, Feb. 21, 1849 ; the Punjaub annexed to the British dominions, March 29, 1849 ; Moolraj found guilty of the murder of Mr. Agnew and Lieut. Anderson, and sentenced to die, with the sentence commuted to transportation for life, 1849 ; Dr. Healy of the Bengal army murdered by the Affredis, March 20, 1850 ; embassy from the King of Nepaul to the Queen of England, May 25, 1850 ; disputes with the Burmese, and war declared, 1852 ; Prome taken, Sept. 20. Indigo first mentioned, 1193 ; again, 1444 ; well known as being from India, 1516; known in Ger- many, 1600 ; in Holland, 1631 ; planted in America, 1747, in Caro- lina ; mentioned in England in 1581 ; 5,831,269 lbs. imported into England in 1840 ; the home con- sumption, 3,011,990 lbs. Inhabitants of the principal cities in the globe, in 1688, 1788 and 1851. London 596,000 1,000,090 2,250,000 Paris... 438,000 700,0001,150,000 Madrid 400,000 195,000 270,000 seilles } 200 > 000 !80,000 116,000 Lyons 250,000 150,000 170,575 Naples 200,000 354,000 500,000 Eome 200,000 157,000 160,000 Amster- dam 187,000 155,000 274,000 Venice 134,000 180,000 119,000 Bor- deaux 100,000 200,000 96,000 Dublin 69,000 170,000 200,000 Kouen 66,000 100,000 94,000 Bristol 43,000 50,000 122,296 Cork... 40,000 90,000 107,007 Liverpool 20,000 60,000 286,487 Berlin 280,000 Constantinople ... 850,000 Petersburgh 405,000 Vienna 395,000 Moscow 355,000 Lisbon 298,000 Cadiz 66,000 Copenhagen 145,000 Dresden 114,000 Edinburgh 168,000 Hamburgh 115,000 Stockholm 121,000 The relative distances of each will be found as follows : — OH 326 INH 'a SS-9I 'tf CI-8* ooooooooooooooooooo 0000INO>QNCD!0C0OOiMQONa)»0MN b-tOWo © "a 96-St \N[ f9-lf © to ©©©©©©©©©©©©©© ■ © ^ © ©b-»OtOtO'tf©^b-aO "--• -— ' <"-> ^ <— v ^-i /-S /— S /-S OtO ©©©©© ©©©©© lOrtTHNOS UO N lO H M 0©©©©©©©tOto© »0(MCk bo.i!o-H INO 327 INQ Indulgences in the Catholic Church commenced under Leo III., 800 ; afterwards, 1090 ; made re- wards to Crusaders ; Clement V. made public sale of them, 1313; Leo X. published them generally, and thence mainly began the refor- mation in Germany. Infirmaries or Hospitals, places for the cure of the sick, originated about 1000; physicians and sur- geons established at them, 1437. Influence of the Crown abridged by parliament, 1782. Injections, Anatomical, first prac- tised by Ruisch, 1726. Ink, Invisible, sometimes called sympathetic ; Bowl's receipt for, 1653 ; one of Le Mort, 1669 ; they are now common. Inns of Court, instituted at first to teach the law, as in a university, after the Court of Common Pleas was fixed in Westminster Hall ; the Temple was founded by the Knights Templars and given over to the lawyers about 1340; the Temple Church was built by the knights, 1185 ; the Outer Temple Avas not made an Inn of Court until 1560 ; the following are the dates of these foundations : — . Bernard's Inn, one of Chancery 1445 Clement's Inn 1478 Clifford's Inn 1345 Furnival's Inn 1563 Gray's Inn, 32 Edward III. . . 1357 Lincoln's Inn 1310 Lyon's Inn 1520 New Inn 1485 Sergeants' Inn 1429 Sergeants' Inn, Chancery Lane 1666 Staple's Inn 1415 Thavies' Inn 1519 Inoculation for the Smallpox, first tried upon seven condemned criminals, 1721 ; the advantages of inoculation were calculated thus :■ — if one in seven die of the smallpox in the natural way, and one in three hundred and twelve by inocu- lation, then as one million divided by seven gives 142,857-1*7 — one million divided by 312 gives 3205-2.4130. The lives saved by inoculation upon one million must be 139,652-32-2184. A most sur- prising difference ! but what would these calculators have said to any one who should have suggested, that the period would arrive when the chance of having the smallpox should be only equal to the chance of dying under the improvement of inoculation. Five hundred and three deaths from smallpox was the total within the bills of mortality for the year 1826, which on the ave- rage was formerly never less than four thousand. The bishops and clergy preached against the practice of smallpox inoculation down to 1760; vaccine inoculation, the sub- stitute, was introduced by Dr. Jen- ner, Jan . 21, 1799 ; he was voted .£10,000 by parliament for the, disco - very, June 2, 1802; Napoleon in honour of Dr. Jenner liberated a pri- soner of war, Dr. Wickham, at his request, and afterwards whole families of English, never refusing a request from him. Inquisition began in the bishops extending their power beyond ex- communication and the forfeiture of their estates to the church for here- sy ; in 800 they cited persons and punished them with penances, im- prisonment, and death ; Pope Inno- cent III. instituted the inquisition in 1203; and Gregory, 1229, com- pleted it, giving the power and di- rection of the inquisition to the Dominicans ; St. Louis established it in France, 1226; it was estab- lished in Spain, 1226 ; in Portugal, 1536 ; the last auto-da-fe was held in 1781 ; in 1818, the inquisition being restored, after the French had put it down, through the reinstate- ment of Ferdinand III., the torture was again used, both for political and religious victims, and was not finally put down until the Cortes destroyed it in 1820. The French in 1809 laid open the instruments of torture they found there ; great is the ingenuity of these horrible ec- clesiastical inventions. This infa-* rnous tribunal is said to have caused, INS 328 INS between the years 1481 and 1759, 84,658 persons to be burnt alive, and between 1481 and 1808, to have sentenced 288,214 to the galleys, or to be imprisoned. Insane persons ; these have been on the increase since the cares and luxuries of life have become so en- grossing under civilisation ; lunatics were one in tbe thousand of the population, in 1840. Of 1000 male insane, 110 were from drunkenness. Disease 100 Epilepsy » 78 Ambition 73 Excessive labour 73 Idiotic born 71 Misfortune 69 Old age 69 Chagrin 54 Love 47 Accidents 39 Eeligious fanaticism 29 Unnatural habits 27 Political events 26 Poisonous effluvia 17 111 usage 12 Crimes 9 Malformation 4 Unknown causes 88 Inscriptions ; first collection of inscriptions for publications, 1505. Insolvent Acts passed, 1649 ; more important ones, 1743, 1761, 1763, 1769, 1772, 1774, 1776, 1778, 1781, 1784, 1797, 1801, 1804, 1809, 1810, 1813, 1814, 1842; amended, Aug. 1844. Instruction, National Benevo- lent, Gloucester, established 1812; Devon and Exeter Scientific, 1812. Insurance on Houses, the first in London, 1696 ; and ls.6d. duty per cent, was laid upon it in 1782 ; duty increased, 1797, 6d. additional ; in- surance upon shipping began, 1560; the fire insurances in London were as follows, some with life insurances duty paid, 1850 ; farming stock no duty, 1850. £ Offices. £ 44, 545... Alliance 3,120,592 1,190... Anchor 11,303 35,038... Atlas 1,059,699 , 2,348... British 12,095 £ Offices. £ 2,095. ..Brit. Emp. Mutual Nil. 3,273.. .Ch. of England 42,918 52, 247... County ,. 7,111,316 5, 766... Defender • 49,000 309... Equitable 13,975 10,663 I G ^ a Dis ? } " 119 ' 682 32, 896... Globe'. '. 1,133,924 31,368... Guardian 347,180 10,268... Hand-in-hand 17,125 45, 316... Imperial 813,457 19,216.. .Law 129,580 7,901... Legal & Comrcl. 65,396 22,305... London 370,856 11,284.. .Monarch 44,265 3,111. ..Natl. Mercantile 1,500 120,410... Phoenix 4,319,723 37... Preserver Nil. 75,170. . .Royal Enchange 4,511,182 12, 762... Royal Farmer's 5,105,468 5,110.. .Star 115,770 181,148*. .Sun 7,769,383 23, 175... Union 303,308 23,054... Westminster ... 33,300 Besides these, there are the West of England, Norwich Union, Bea- con, Guardian, Protector, Hope, Eu- ropean, Rock, Mentor, Pelicon, Mu- tual, English and Cambrian, Catho- lic, Lav/, General, New Equitable, India and London, Great Britain, Palladium, Sovereign, Equitable Loan, and others. There were seventy-two in all, 1851. There are other insurance offices in differ- ent parts of England. Insurance Policies, first used in Florence, 1523; the first society established in Hanover, 1530; in Paris, 1740. By an official view of the business of the various offices for fire insurance, it appears that forty-six offices or companies, for duty, paid to government for insu- rances effected by them, in one year, £659,377. The duty being 3s. for every £100 insured, it follows that the total amount of property in- sured is, in round numbers, about £439,585,000. Such being the va- lue of property which the assured of necessity make upon their premi- ses, goods, furniture, &c, and it being probable that as much in INU 329 INU amount may remain uninsured, if the value of all other kinds of pro- perty were added, we should have a sum of wealth for England alone that would be almost incredible. Interest of Money 2d. per week for 20s., in 1260; 45 per cent., 1307; 10 per cent, established as le- gal interest, 1546. The ignorant subjects of Edward VI. repealed this law as unlawful and most impious : hut it was restored in Queen Eliza- beth's time. In those days the monarchs could not borrow without the collateral security of the metro- polis. Reduced from ten to eight per cent., 1624 ; when " interest" was first used for the word "usury." Reduced by the Rump parliament to six per cent., and confirmed at the Restoration; to five per cent., 1714 ; from four to three per cent., 1750. Interest of the national debt re- duced, 1749, 1823. Interest of Money in Scotland reduced from ten to eight per cent., 1633 ; in Spain, Germany, and Flanders, by Charles V., 1560 ; re- duced in England to eight per cent. 21 James I., 1624 ; to six per cent., 1651 ; and to five by 13 Anne, 1714 ; all above was declared usury, hut this statute was repealed ; act against, repealed ; rate of legal in- terest in Ireland was six per cent., 1773 ; in the United States, eight per cent. Inundations. — The Thames de- stroyed a considerable number of the inhabitants of its hanks nine years after Christ ; the Severn over- flowed and destroyed vast quantities of cattle, in 80 ; the Medway over- flowed its banks, and drowned the country, 87; the Humber over- flowed, and laid the adjacent coun- try, for fifty miles, under water, 95 ; the Severn overflowed, and drowned five thousand head of cattle, and people in their beds, 115 ; the Hum- ber overflowed, 125 ; the Trent overflowed above twenty miles on each side of its banks, and drowned many people, 214 ; the Tweed had an inundation which destroyed a considerable number of the inhabit- ants on its banks, 218 ; an inunda- tion of the sea in Lincolnshire, which laid under water many thou- sand acres, that have not been re- covered to this time, 245 ; the Ouse, in Bedfordshire, overflowed and drowned numbers of people and cattle, 250; an inundation of tbe Humber, 269; another in the Isle of Thanet, 317 ; another which de- stroyed all the inhabitants in Feme Island, seven miles S. W. from Holy Island, 323; an irruption of the sea in Lancashire, 330 ; an in- undation of the Tweed, 336 ; the Severn overflowed, 350; above five thousand people lost in Cheshire by an irruption, 353 ; an inundation of the Dee, 387 ; another of the Dee, which drowned forty families, 415 ; an irruption of the sea in Hamp- shire, 419 ; another irruption in North aud South Wales, 441; an inundation of the Severn, 487; an inundation of the Humber 529 ; an inundation of the sea in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, 575 ; an inun- dation . of the sea in Cheshire and Lancashire, 649; an inundation of the Medway, 669 ; an inundation at Edinburgh, which did great dam- age, 730 ; an inundation at Glas- gow, which drowned above 400 families, 738 ; an inundation of the Tweed, which did immense damage, 836 ; an inundation of the Medway, 861 ; one in the Humber, 864 ; an inundation of the Dee, 885 ; an in- undation at Southampton, which destroyed many people, 935 ; an inundation of the Thames, 973 ; an inundation of the Severn, which drowned abundance of cattle, 1046 ; the sea overflowed 4000 acres of Earl Godwin's land, in Kent, since called Godwin Sands, 1100; a great part of Flanders overflowed by the sea, 1108 ; an inundation of the Thames for above six miles at Lam- beth, &c, 1243 ; a considerable one in Friesland, 1220 ; another, since named the Dollart sea, 1277 ; at Winchelsea, above 300 houses were overthrown by the sea, 1280 ; 120 INU 330 INU laymen and several priests, besides women, were drowned, by an inundation at Newcastle-upon- Tyne, 1339; at the Texel, which first raised the commerce of Amsterdam, 1400 ; the sea broke in at Dort, and drowned 72 villages and 100,000 people, and formed the Zuyder Zee, 1421 ; another, in 1521, in Holland ; at Hartshead, in York- shire, Sept. 11, 1673 ; at Dagenham, in Essex, Dec. 17, 1707, and con- tinued till 1721 ; in Holland and Zealand, when 1300 inhabitants were drowned, 1717, and Holstein in the same year; in Yorkshire, called Rippon flood, May 18, 1722 ; at Chili, which overflowed the city of Conception, 1730 ; in Feb. 1735, at Dagenham, and upon the coast of Essex, which carried away the sea walls, and drowned several thousand sheep and black cattle; in Holland, 1754 ; north of England, 1755 ; in Spain, and did 3,000,000 livres damage at Bilboa, April 1762; in France, May following, and did great damage ; at Coventry, seventy persons were drowned, and much damage done, also in Cambridge- shire, Gloucestershire, &c, Nov. 1770; in the north of England, when Newcastle-bridge, &c, was carried away, 1771 ; at Venice, at Naples, where it carried away a whole village, and droAvned 200 of the inhabitants, Nov. 10, 1773 ; in Calcutta, in the East Indies, 1773 ; at Battersea and Chelsea, March 9, 1774; in Kent, 1776; in Langue- doc, April 26, 1776; north of Eng- land, when Hexham-bridge, Ridley- hall bridge, &c, were thrown down, March 1782 ; in different parts of Germany, when some thousands had their houses and property de- stroyed, 1785 ; in different parts of England in September and October, 1785 ; at Brighthelmstone, when the blockhouse was washed down, Oct. 9, 1786 ; in Spain, Navarre, Sept. 1787, where 2000 lost their lives, and all the buildings of several villages were carried away by the currents from the mountains; a terrible inundation by the Liffey, in Ireland, which did very considerable damage in Dublin and its environs, Nov. 12, 1787; at Kirkwald, in Scotland, by breaking the dam- dykes, Oct. 4, 1788, which nearly destroyed the town ; in Scotland and the north of England, July 1789 ; of the river Don, near Don- caster, and the Derwent and Trent, Nov. 20, 1791; of great extent at Placentia, in Italy, Nov. 1791 ; at Bromsgrove, in Worcestershire, April 12, 1792 ; in Lancashire, Angust, 1792; almost throughout England, by the melting of the snow, the greatest part of the bridges being either destroyed or damaged, Feb. 1795 ; in China, in 1800; at St. Domingo, which de- stroyed 1400 persons, Oct., 1800; on the coast of Holland and Ger- many, Nov. 1801 ; in Dublin and parts adjacent, Dec. 2 and 3, 1802 ; in various parts of England, 1808 ; at Boston, by the tide breaking down the sea-banks, Nov. 10, 1810 ; by the bursting of the Driggle re- servoir, nine miles west of Hudders- field, by which a cottage was swept away, and four children, with their father and mother, perished in the flood, Nov. 29, >1810 ; at Pesth, near Presburg, by the overflow of the Danube, by which twenty-four vil- lages, with their inhabitants, were swept away, April 1811 ; in the vi- cinity of Salop, by the bursting of a cloud during a storm, by which many persons and much stock per- ished, May 27, 1811 ; by the over- flowing of the Elbe, the village of Wurgen, in the duchy of Luneburg, was swept away, Oct. 1811 ; by the rising of the water in the Thames, which overflowed the houses in Palace-yard, and filled Westminster Hall, Oct. 21, 1812; dreadful inun- dations in Hungary, Austria, Sile- sia, and Poland, in the summer of 1013 ; by the overflow of the Dan- ube, a Turkish corps of 2000 men, on a small island, near Widdin, were surprised and met with instant death, and the island itself sunk and INU 331 INU disappeared, Sept. 14, 1813 ; by the overflowing of the Drave, near Orsatch, six villages and the sub- urbs of a town were swept away, and a congregation of 240 persons buried beneath the ruins of a church, Aug. 1813 ; in Silesia six thousand inhabitants were destroyed, and the ruin of the French army, under Macdonald, accelerated by the floods ; and in Poland, 4000 lives are supposed to have been lost ; by the overflow of the Mississippi, the country on the west side was inun- dated to the distance of sixty-five miles, in June and July, 1813, by which 22,000 head of neat cattle were destroyed ; by the overflow of the Nerbudda river, in the province of Bengal, which swept away fifteen villages, with the houses, inhabitants, and cattle, Feb. 12, 1814; at Stra- bane, in Ireland, by the melting of the snow on the surrounding moun- tains, the most destructive flood that had been witnessed for twenty years, Jan. 12, 1816 ; the greatest floods ever remembered in Nor- thumberland and Durham, Feb. 1816 ; fifty-three villages in the great Werder, forty-nine in the districts of Sicgenhoff, and seven- teen Elbing villages, were under water, in March, 1816 ; at Thiel, Arnheim, Zutphen, and numerous other places on the continent, the harvest was nearly destroyed by in- undations from continued rain, in June and July, 1816. Such heavy rains fell in London and its vicinity, that many parts of the outskirts of the town were laid under w r ater, and great damage was done, May 8, 1818. The river Drance in the Va- lais, having its course obstructed by the fall of an avalanche, a large lake was formed. The barrier by which the water was retained being at length undermined, it gave way, and the tremendous torrent rushed down the Val di Bagne with such rapidity as to sweep every thing before it, and reduce the whole of the vale, for several miles, to a state of utter ruin, May 16, 1818. Floods in the neighbourhood of Boston and Spilsby, by which much mischief was done, May 1818. Heavy inun- dations in the Fen counties, which deluged 5000 acres of land between Boston and Market Deeping only, and destroyed many of the wheat crops, June, 1819. An inundation at Cheshire, in consequence of a thun- der storm, Aug. 1820. An inunda- tion in consequence of a heavy fall of rain, at Holywell, in Flintshire, which did immense damage. On the water reaching the heated steam furnaces of the copper works, the furnaces burst with an explosion like a heavy clap of thunder, and some part of the works took fire. A loss of several thousand pounds was sustained by the copper and cotton works alone, Oct. 1821. An inundation in the Lincolnshire fens, Jan. 1822. Heavy floods in the Thames, from Christmas Day, 1821, to Jan. 7, 1822, in which, at times, the water rose four inches higher than in the great flood of 1774. The immense quantity of rain which fell in Monmouthshire, under- mined three acres of wood on a slope near Binefield, and caused it to slide down to the river, Feb. 1822. Moravia much injured by floods, 1822. At Vienna, 50,000 houses laid under water, Feb. 1830 ; 10,000 houses, at Canton, in China, swept away, and 1000 persons per- ished, Oct. 1833. Cattle and agri- cultural property, to a considerable amount, destroyed by an inundation of the Dodder, near Dublin, 1834. Inundation in France, the Saone covering 60,000 acres ; Lyons in- undated ; 100 houses swept away at Avignon, the Saone not having been so high for 238 years, Nov. 1848 ; At Brentford and the surrounding country, several lives lost, and im- mense property destroyed, Jan. 16' 1841 ; inundations in the centre and west of France, bridges and the Or- leans and Viazon viaduct swept away, the latter cost six millions of francs, the damage four million ; the Seine rose twenty feet above IPS 332 IRE its banks in one night, Oct. 22, 1846 ; the Holmfirth reservoir broke away, 1851. Invasions of the British domin- ions, by Julius Caesar, 55 a. c. ; Plautius, 43 a. d. ; the Saxons, 447 ; the Danes, 787, 832, 851, 866, 979, and 1012 ; William, the Conqueror, 1066; by the Scots, 1071, 1093, unsuccessful ; Isabel, Queen of Edward II., 1326; Duke of Lan- caster, 1399 ; by the French, 1416 ; Queen Margaret, 1462; Earl of Warwick, 1470 ; Edward IV., 1471 ; Queen Margaret, 1471 ; Earl of Richmond, 1485; Lambert Simnel, 1487; Perkin Warbeck, 1495 ; Span- ish Armada, 1588 ; Duke of Mon- mouth, 1685 ; Prince of Orange, 1688; James II., 1689; the Pre- tender, 1708; again, 1715, 1745; the French in Wales, 1797 ; Ireland by Fitzstephen, 1169; Edward Bruce, 1315 ; Ireland, by the Ital- ians, 1580 ; by the Spaniards, 1601 ; by Thurot, 1760 ; at Killala by the French, 1798. Inverherthy Church, destroyed by fire, Oct. 24, 1825. Invincible, ship of war, seventy- four guns, lost near Winterton, Norfolk, nearly all on board perish- ing, March 20, 1801. Invocation of the Saints and Virgin, traced as far back as Gre- gory the Great, 593. Ioava Territory, United States of America, 600 miles long and 250 broad, containing ninety millions of acres, bordering the Missis- sippi, and north of the Missouri river ; population, 1840, 43,111 ; in 1844, 78,819 ; separated from Wis- consin, 1838 ; purchased of the Indians, 1832 ; begun to be set- tled, 1833 ; city of, began, 1839. Iodine disco veiled at Paris, 1812, by M. de Courtois ; improved, 1813. Ionian Islands ceded to France, by the treaty of Campo Formio, 1797 ; placed under the protection of Great Britain by Russia and the Allied Powers, Nov. 5, 1815. Ipres Tower, Rye, built 1160. Ipswich College, built 1524; west gate, 1430 ; the town incorpo- rated by Charles II. Ireland, originally divided into five kingdoms, Ulster, Leinster, Munster, Meath, and Connaugbt, besides petty principalities ever at war with each other. The Pope Adrian IV, permitted Henry II. to invade Ireland, on the understand- ing that he held the country as a fief of the church, and made every Irish family pay a Carolus to the holy see : Ireland, down to that pe- riod was in a barbarous state; of 171 kings of the earlier dynasties, going back to the flood, and most of whom had probably no existence except in legendary lore, not more than a dozen are represented as dy- ing a natural death. The title of kingdoms to five petty states, with not two millions of inhabitants in the whole territory, marks the low social state of the country at that time. In the invasion of Ireland Strongbow preceded Henry II., Aug. 23, '1170; the conquest of Ireland by Henry II., landed near Water- ford, Oct. 26, 1171 ; conquered the whole island, 1172 ; cantoned the island among ten of the English court, Strongbow, Fitz- Stephen, De Cogan, Bruce, De Lacy, De Courcy, Burke, Fitz-Andelm, De Clare, De Grandison, and Le Poer ; Roderick O'Connor, king or chief lord of Connanght, was permitted to retain his throne ; John introduced the English laws and customs, and gave them a charter of liberty, 1210 ; Henry III. confii-med the same, 1216 ; Edward Bruce, of Scotland, invaded the island, and was crowned king, 1315 ; defeated at Armagh by the English, 6200 Scots were put to the sword, and their king beheaded, 1318 ; Lionel, Duke of Clarence, married the heiress of Ulster, 1361 ; Richard II. landed at Waterford, with 4000 men-at-arms and 30,000 bowmen, and gained the people by knighting their chiefs, 1394, 1399 ; the cruel head-act passed at Trim, which gave any one who found thieves robbing, by day or night, IRE 333 IRE the power to kill and cut off their heads, for which, whoever brought the head was to receive a reward, 1465 ; the Irish compelled to adopt the dress of the English, and use surnames, 1478 ; no man was to be taken for an Englishman in Ireland who had not his upper lip shaved, and it was no felony to kill an Irish- man in time of peace ; Henry VIII. assumed the title of King of Ireland, 1542 ; the reformed religion intro- duced by the clergy, who did not know the language, 1584, many of them men of loose lives ; numerous Catholic priests executed for exer- cising their functions, 1580, 1597 ; the garrison of Limerick surrendered upon terms, 1583, and was then put to the sword by Lord-deputy Gray, 1583 ; discontent in Ulster, 1589 ; 17 ships, with 5394 men, saved of the Armada, washed on the coast of Le- land, 1589, all put to the sword by Sir William Fitzwilliam, the gover- nor, under the pretence that they might side with the discontented Irish ; Ireland first divided into shires, 1562; Tyrone's insurrection, 1595 ; he defeated the queen's troops, and took the fort of Blackwater ; revolt of the Earl of Desmond and its suppression ; 574,628 acres of land seized upon or forfeited, and offered at 2d. or 3d. per acre, none of the native Irish being allowed to purchase ; a body of Spaniards land- ed in Kinsale, Sept. 23, 1601, under Don Juan d'Aguila, but the Irish did not join him ; Ulster became whol- ly vested in the crown, 1612 ; a dreadful famine in Ireland, from the royal troops destroying the corn, 1612, three children seen feeding in one place on their dead mother, • — and children waylaid and eaten, ■ — people with their mouths green from eating nettles and docks ; King James published an act of ob- livion, 1610 ; insurrection in Ulster, 1641 ; a massacre of the Irish in Island-Magee, by the Scotch, Nov. 1641, followed by one of English Protestants, when 10,000 are said to have been put to death ; the Mar- quis of Ormond arrived in Cork, Sept. 1648 ; a peace made by the confederate Catholics, Jan, 17, 1649; the royal supporters conquer most of the principal towns ; Cromwell landed at Dublin, Aug. 15, 1649 ; stoi-med Drogheda, and put the gar- rison to the sword, Sept. 3, 1649 ; Cromwell reduced Ireland to obe- dience, transporting the people to the colonies, or driving them to the continent, 1652 ; the Irish popula- tion that i*emained driven into Con- naught, 1654; Duke of Schomberg landed in Carrickfergus, 1689; siege of Deny, 1689 ; landing of King William III. at Carrickfergus, June 14, 1690 ; battle of the Boyne, July 1, 1690 ; treaty of Limerick, Oct. 3, 1691 ; Limerick surrendered to Ge- neral Ginckle, Oct. 3, 1691; ratified by the king, 1695 ; the treated sub- sequently violated by the English agents, 1693, 1695, 1704; linen ma- nufacture patronised by the govern- ment, 1696 ; some indulgences grant- ed to the Catholics, 1778 ; Ireland admitted to a right of free trade, 1779; discharged from a submission to the English council, 1782 ; Order of St. Patrick instituted, 1783 ; the rebellion commenced, May 4, 1798 ; Union of the two countries, Jan. 1, 1801; Emmet's revolt, July 23, 1803 ; English and Irish exchequer united, Jan. 1817; King George IV. visited Ireland, Aug. 12, 1821 ; the currency equalised, Jan. 1, 1826 ; Roman Catholic emancipation granted, April 13, 1829 ; poor-laws introduced, July 30, 1838; repeal meetings first held, March 19, 1843 ; trial of O'Connell, Jan. 1844; again, for a political conspiracy, Feb. 12, 1844, found guilty ; Irish National Society for Education, incorporated Sept. 23, 1845; potato dearth all over Ireland, 1845 ; Smith O'Brien and others of the physical force party, forsook the repeal association, July 29, 1846 ; O'Connell spoke the last time in the House of Commons, Feb. 8, 1847 ; died at Genoa, May 15, 1847, aged 73 ; frightful famine in Ireland, and £10,000,000 granted IRE 334 IRE by parliament to relieve the people, 1847 ; deputation of Smith O'Brien and others to Paris, to the members of the insurrectional government, April 3, 1848 ; great meeting of the Young Irelanders in Dublin, April 4, 1848 ; arrest of Mitchell, editor of the United Irishman, May 13, 1848 ; he is found guilty, and sen- tenced to 14 years' transportation, May 26, 1848 ; Duffy, Martin, Mea- gher, Doherty, and others, arrested July, 1848; the habeas corpus suspended in Ireland, July 26, 1848 ; Martin sentenced to 10 years' transportation, August 14, 1848; Smith O'Brien tried for high trea- son and found guilty, sentenced to death, Oct. 9, 1848 ; the sentence commuted to transportation for life ; fatal Orange affray at Dolly Brae, and lives lost, July 12, 1849 ; the queen visited Ireland, Aug. 6, 1849 ; the opening of the incumbered estates act in Dublin, in pursuance of an act passed July 28, 1849 ; the first court held in Dublin, Oct. 29, 1849; immense sales effected in 1850 and 1851. Ireland, History and Kings of. The early history of this country is enveloped in fable, as with all coun- tries before their emergence from barbarism. Their writers go back to alliances with Pharaoh, king of Egypt ; the Romans, during 475 years after the invasion of England by Julius Caesar, did not find it worth colonization, though well aware of its site and size ; St. Pa- trick is supposed to have arrived about the year 448 ; patronised by a monarch named Lughaidh, killed by a thunderbolt, as two out of three of his immediate predecessors were said to be — Dathy, at the foot of the Alps, 398, and Loughaire, 421. Oilioll Molt, killed in battle ... 453 Lughaidh, killed by a thunder- bolt 473 Murtough died naturally 493 Tuathal Maolgarbb, assassinat. 515 Diarmuid, slain 528 Feargus 550 Eschaidh, with his uncle, slain 551 Ainmereach, deposed and slain 554 Baodun slain 557 Aodh, or Hugh, killed in battle 558 Hugh Stame assassinated 587 Aodh Haireodhuach, killed in battle 591 Maolcobha, slain in battle 618 Suibhne Meain killed 622 Daniel died naturally 635 Gonall Claon, and his brother, Ceallach, the first assassinat- ed, second drowned in a bog 648 Diarmuid and Blathneac, both died of a pestilence 661 Seachnasach, assassinated 668 Cionfaola, murdered 674 Fionachta Eleadha, murdered.. 678 Loingseach, killed in battle 685 Cougal Cionmaghair, died sud- denly, for he persecuted the Irish Church 693 Feargal, slain in battle 702 Eogartach, slain in battle 719 Clonaoth, found dead on the field of battle 720 Elaith Bheartagh, died a monk 720 Aodh, or Hugh Alain, killed in battle 731 Daniel, died on a pilgrimage to Palestine. 740 Niall Ereasack, turned monk... 782 Donagh, or Donchad, died na- turally in his bed 786 Aodh, or Hugh, killed in battle 815 Connor, or Conchabar, died of patriotic grief. 837 Niall Caillie, drowned in a river 851 Turgesius, a Norwegian, who persecuted the Irish learned, and burned all their books, thrown into a river and drowned 866 x Malachy 1 879 Hugh Fionneliath 897 Flann Sionna 913 Mall Glundubh, killed 951 Donough 954 Congall, slain by the Danes.... 974 Daniel, turned monk 984 Maol Ceachlin IL,resigned ....1004 Bryan Baromy, or Boiroimhe, , who defeated the Danes at Clontarf, assassinated, Good Friday 1027 IKE 335 IRE Maol Ceachin II., again 1039 Denis O'Brien 1048 Turloch 1098 Murtough, turned monk 1110 O'Connor the Great, or Tur- loghll.. , 1130 Murtough McNeil McLachlin, slain 1150 Roger O'Connor 1168 Henry II. of England, who conquered the island 1172 Though this list begins 453, upon the strength of monkish legends ; there were 26 monarchs up to the year 4 of the Christian era; 21 were killed or poisoned, 3 died a natural death, one choked himself, and one fled into Scotland. Before Christ the Irish historians reckon up to the flood. They aver that they are of Phoenician origin, 2048 years before Christ ; two j Milesian princes con- quered Ireland, say the Irish his- torians, 1300 years before Christ ; and from that date seven reigns (the monarchs all slain,) succeed- ed to that of Tigermas, 1221, a.c, who first introduced idolatry into the island ; 38 kings followed, in all 46, to the year 4 a.d. Some reigns were joint sovereignties with sons or brothers, of whom 34 were killed by their relatives or succes- sors, and two were suicides. Be- sides these 46, between 804 a.c, and 735, there were six kings, all slain except one ; between 659 and 540 a.c, there were eleven kings all slain in battle or assassinated ; and between 419 and 275 a.c, there were ten kings, of whom only three died natural deaths ; between 263 and 68, a.c, there were fifteen kings, of whom eleven were murdered or died in battle ; from 36 a.c, to 4 a.d., two more reigned ; in all, from 1300 a.c, to 4 A.n., true Milesians, 171 in number, down to the English con- quest of the island in 1172 a.d. Ireland, Stone Churches in, no- velties in the year 1150 ; Scandina- vians ravaged the island in 900 a.d. Ireland, Houses in, 1791, 700,000. Ireland, Population of, 1625, 1,600,000 ; in 1731, the entire popu- lation of Ireland amounted to 2,010,221 persons, of whom 700,453 were Protestants, and 1,309,768 Roman Catholics. It appears, there- fore, that in the whole kingdom the excess of the latter above the former, amounted only to 609,315. At this period, Ulster contained 360,682 Protestants, and 158,028 Roman Catholics. In the year 1752, the whole population had increased to 2,317,584. Sir William Petty, who had excellent means of knowing, says that In 1652, the number of people was . . . 850,000 According to Mr. South, the computation in 1695, gave 1,034,100 In 1788, calculating from the num- ber of houses, it was . 3,728,904 In 1791 4,206,618 In 1831. The return accurate : LEINSTER. Popuh( _ COUNTIES. Hon, Carlow 81,576 Dublin 183,042 Dublin City 203,652 Kildare 108,401 Kilkenny 169,283 Kilkenny City . . ' . . 23,741 King's ....... 144,029 Longford 112,391 Louth 108,168 DroghedaTown . . . 17,365 Meath 177,023 Queen's 145,843 Westmeath 136,799 Athlone Town .... 11,362 Wexford 182 991 Wicklow 122,301 Total . . 1,927,967 CONNAUGHT. Galway 394,287 Galway Town .... 33,120 Leitrim 141,303 Mayo 367,956 Roscommon 239,903 Sligo 171,503 Total 1,348,077 IRE 336 IRE MUNSTER. Clare 258,262 Cork, East Riding . . . 407,935 Cork, West Riding . . 292,424 Cork City 107,007 Kerry 219,989 Limerick 233,505 Limerick City, including St. Frances' Abbey, Ex- tra-Parochial . . . 66,575 Tipperary 402,596 Waterford City . . . . 28,821 Total . . 2,165,193 ULSTER. Antrim 314,608 Carrickfergus ToAvn . . 8,698 Armagh 220,651 Cavan 228,050 Donegal 298,104 Down 352,571 Fermanagh 149,555 Londonderry .... 222,416 Monaghan 195,532 Tyrone ..'.... 302,943 Total . . 2,293,128 1831, Total Ireland 1841, Ditto, 1851, Ditto, 7,734,365 8,175,124 6,575,000 Ireland, Religion in, 1831, — English Church in, number 851,792 Presbyterians .... 635,587 Protestant dissenters . . . 21,518 Total Protestants Roman Catholics . 1,508,897 . 6,428,265 Half the population Protestant. 1776. The number of Catholics in every diocess in Ireland, in the year 1834, and of the parishes or unions in each diocess in 1845 : — Parishes. Catholics. Cloyne and Ross 54 420,000 Tuam 61 400,128 Dublin ....48 391,000 Meath 68 377,00Q Killaloe 52 359,000 Ehphin , 40 310,000 Armagh 51 309,000 Cork 33 303,000 Kerry 45 297,000 Cashel 47 293,000 Kildare 46 290,000 Clogher 37 260,000 Waterford 30 253,000 Limerick 41 246,000 Kilmore 43 240,000 Ossory 35 209,000 Derry 35 296,000 Ardagh 43 195,000 Eerns 36 172,000 Down and Connor.. .40 154,000 Raphoe 26 145,000 Killala 23 136,000 Clonfert 23 118,000 Achonry 24 108,000 Kilmacduagh 19 81,000 Dromore 17 69,000 Galway 12 64,000 Ireland, 1851, state of Agricul- ture : — Holdings under 1 acre to 500 andupwards, 608,066, a decrease of 20,156 since 1841 ; the tillage re- turns shewed an increase of culti- vated land — 1841 13,464,300 acres. 1851 14,802,581 „ The increase being 1,338,281 acres. Flax increased in 1850-1 in cultiva- tion, 49,496 acres. Produce of Ire - land in the following years : — Cereal Crops, 1849, 2,182,514 1850, 2,113,327 1851, 2,165,854 Potatoes 1849, 4,014,122 1850, 3,954,990 1851, 4,421,022 Turnips 1849, 5,805,848 1850, 5,439,005 1851, 6,081,325 1849 548,288 .548,719 .543,312 Asses 1849, 117,939 1850, 123,412 1851, 136,981 Cattle 1849, 2,771,139 1850, 2,917,949 1851, 2,967,431 Sheep 1849, 1,777,111 1850, 1,876,096 1851, 2,122,123 Stock Horses and Mules (1849, ] 1850, ( 1851, IRE 337 IRI Pigs 1849, 795,463 1850, 927,502 1851, 1,084,857 Goats 1849, 182,988 1850, 201,112 1851, 235,313 Poultry 1849, 6,328,001 1850, 6,945,146 1851, 7,470,694 Total value (1849 £25,692,616 of Farm 3 1850 26,951,959 Stock. (1851 27,737,393 Ireland, Church Revenues of. There were four archbishoprics and eighteen bishoprics in Ireland before 1833, ten of which have ceased by the church temporalities act, being either united to other sees or abo- lished ; number of parishes, 2348 ; benefices, 1385; resident clergymen, 860 ; diocesan land, 670,000 acres ; tithes, &c, revenue, 1831, about £2,000,000 per annum. Ireland, Revenue of, when that of England was £1, 9s. pr. head, 1778, that of Ireland was 6s. 8d ; in 1784, the expenditure was £1,098,184, and the debt, funded and unfunded, £2,179,208. In 1805, the sum raised for Ireland was £10,000,000, of which £4,729,406 was the ordi- nary revenue, the rest by loan ; at the time the national debt of Ireland was £53,296,356. Ireland pays one-seventeenth of the general ex- penses of the empire. Ireland, Longevity in. The sa- lubrity of the Irish climate is pro- verbial. In the county of Antrim, with 270,000 to 300,000 inhabitants, there were 55 persons noted in the papers who had passed their 92nd year, and also the following centenarians, between 1786 and 1840. 1742 JohnEinlav 103 1786 Elizabeth Gilliland 110 1786 Janet Cowan 101 1788 Frances Morrow 105 1793 James Cunningham 108 1794 JohnMullan 105 1795 Mary Campbell 103 1795 Patrick Rice 112 1806 Jane Campbell 106 1808 Samuel Mark 105 1809 Eleanor Guthrie 109 1809 Nancy Allan 112 1809 Sheelah Harrison 108 1811 Elizabeth Seymour 100 1812 John Barrow 106 1813 Mary Hogg 102 1814 Francis Bradley 104 1814 Catherine M'Curdy 109 1814 Mary Gauley 100 1815 Mary Abraham 102 1815 Elizabeth Abbot 102 1816 Daniel M'Gavock 106 1817 James Shiel 101 1817 Dorothea Frazer 100 1818 Edward M'Givan 114 1823 Ellen Mooney 116 1829 HughMagill 101 1831 AnnHiggins 109 1832 Archibald M'Cawbridge 122 1833 Jane Moffat 106 1833 JohnBankhead 107 1834 Ralph Boyd 114 1834 Hugh Duppin 101 1835 Denis M'Kinlay 117 1835 Mary Johnston 102 1835 MaryHerbesin 100 1835 John Whitley 106 1836 Henry M'Lennan 104 1836 James Simpson 107 1837 Jane Martin 102 1837 Jane Taylor 100 1837 G.Rouet 100 1840 Andrew Lochlin 110 Ireland, Viceroys, Lords-lieu- tenant, or Lord Justices, Lords Wardens, Seneschals or Governors : Hugh de Lacy, Earl of Meath 1173 Richard de Clare 1173 Raymond le Gros 1177 Earl of Moreton 1177 1185 Peter Pipard 1191 Geoffrey de Maris 1215 Piers de Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, the first called Lord-lieutenant 1308 See Lords-lieutenant. Irish Mitred Abbots, among the suppressed religious houses of Ire- land, from 1537 to 1541, when Hen- ry VIII. seized their revenues, and distributed them among his fa- vourites ; twenty-four of the heads had been till then peers of parlia- ment : — Tbe abbot of the Cistercian IEI 338 IRI monastery of Mellifont in Louth, the first of that order founded in Ireland, in the twelfth century ; the abbot of the Cistercians of Bective in Meath ; the abbot of the Cister- cians of Baltin glass in Wicklow ; the abbot of the Cistercians of Dun- brody in Wexford ; the abbots of the Cistercians, Tintern in Wexford ; the abbot of the Cistercians of Jer- point in Kilkenny ; the abbot of the Cistercians of Douske in Kilkenny ; the abbot of the Cistercians of Trac- ton in Cork ; the abbot of the Cis- tercians of Monaster-Nenay in Li- merick ; the abbot of the Cistercians of Abington or Wotheney in Lime- rick ; the abbot of the Cistercians of Holy Cross in Tipperary; the abbot of the Cistercians of Monas^ ter-Evin in Kildare ; the abbot of the Cistercians of St. Mary's Abbey in Dublin ; the abbot of the Augus^ tinians of St. Thomas the Martyr, in Dublin ; the prior of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, at Kil- mainham in Dublin ; the prior of the Augustinians of the Holy Tri- nity or Christ Church, Dublin ; the prior of the Augustinians of All Saints in Dublin, now Trinity Cob- lege ; the prior of the Augustinians of SS. Peter and Paul at Newtown, near Trim in Meath ; the prior of the Augustinian monastery of the Virgin Mary at Louth ; the prior of the Benedictines of Downpatrick in Down ; the prior of the Augusti- nians of Kells in Kilkenny; the prior of the Augustinians of Athas- sel in Tipperary ; the prior of the Augustinians of Rattoo in Kerry. Irish Committals. — The total number of committals during 1844 was 19,448, being a decrease, in comparison with 1843, of 678, or 3.37 per cent. The gross number of committals in 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, and 1843, were respectively 26,392, 23,831, 20,796, 21,186, and 20,126. The decrease in the num- ber of committals was confined al- most entirely to miscellaneous of- fences ; greater crimes increas- ed . — Class 1, Offences against the person, with violence. Under this head 5,482 persons were committed in 1844, being an increase of 40, or 0.73 per cent., compared with 1843. including 28 additional cases of murder. Class 2, Offences against property, with violence ; 1,058 per- sons committed, and 6,377 indivi- duals under Class 3, Offences against property, without violence. The number charged with murder dur- ing 1844 amounted to 129, being an increase of 27.72 per cent, over 1843. The number committed for murder in 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, and 1844, were respectively 286, 155, 120, 189, 101, and 129. Under Class 3, Offences against property without violence, the prin- cipal increase appears to be in cases of larceny from the person, 118 more than in 1843. Under the head of assembling unlawfully armed, the number committed in 1843 was 74, and in 1844, 121. Of the 19,448 persons committed in 1844, the num- ber convicted amounted to 8,042 ; 20 were sentenced to death, 45 transportation for life, 16 for 14 years, 526 for 7 years, and 113 for shorter periods ; 2 to imprisonment for 3 years, 107 for 2 years, 539 for 1 year, 4,842 for 6 months and un- der, and 1,738 fined and discharged. Of the capital sentences in 1844, 9 were executed, of which 8 for mur- der. The information respecting the amount of education amongst those committed was imperfect; 6,131 cases were reported unascertained; of the ascertained cases, 4,848, or 24.92 per cent., could read and write ; 2,584, or 13.28 per cent., could read but not Avrite ; and 5,885, or 30.25 per cent., could not read or write. The ascertained ages of those com- mitted were, 959 under 16 years of age, 2,851 between 16 and 21, 5,332 between 21 and 30, 2,447 between 30 and 40, 1,141 between 40 and 50, 475 between 50 and 60, and 223 above 60. The steady and conti- nued decrease in the number of per- sons committed under the age of 16, is " one of the many results which IRI 339 IEO follow the diffusion of a sound and practical system of national educa- tion." The committals under 16 were in 1840, 6.48 per cent. ; in 1841, 7.01 per cent. ; in 1842, 5.45 per cent. ; in 1843, 4.12 per cent. ; and in 1844, 4.93 per cent. Iris, -a lunar one appeared near Wakefield, in Yorkshire, from half- past nine till half-past ten at night, Jan. 17, 1606. Irish Working Schools Society, established Oct. 1773. Irish Hospitals — Smith's School, incorporated 1669 ; Blue-coat hos- pital, incorporated 1670; Royal, near Kilmainham, ditto 1683 ; Dub- lin workhouse, established 1728 ; Charitable Infh-mary, opened 1728 ; Stephen's hospital, incorporated 1730; St. Patrick's hospital, founded 1745, incorporated 1746; lying-in hospital, established 1745, incorpo- rated 1757 ; Mercer's, incorporated 1750 ; St. Nicholas', opened 1753 ; Lock hospital instituted 1755 ; cha- ritable loan, instituted 1757 ; vene- real hospital, opened 1758 ; Dublin hospital, opened 1762. Scotland 50. York and Newcastle 32. Derbyshire 12. North Wales 16. Staffordshire ,. 125. Shropshire 40. Gloucestershire ... 5. Irish Catholics, 12,000 leave Ire- land for France and Flanders, after the loss of the battle of the Boyne by James II., 1690. Iron first cast in England, at Blackstead, Sussex, by Ralph Page, 1544. Iron Mills first used for bar iron, 1590 ; tinning iron first introduced from Bohemia, 1681 ; 850,000 tons annually produced in England, 1 849. In 1840, 17,000 tons from 59 fur- naces; 1788, 68,000 from 85 ; 1796, 125,000 from 121; 1806, 250,000 tons; 1820, 400,000 tons; 1827, 690,000 tons from 284 furnaces, 95 in Staffordshire, 90 in South Wales. Iron Wire, English — before 1568, all made and drawn by main strength alone, in the forest of Dean, and elsewhere, until the Germans intro- duced the draAVing it by a mill. The greatest part of iron-wire and ready-made wool-cards hitherto im- ported. Iron Furnaces in blast ; these vary in number annually, and were given as follows, by three authori- ties, a few years ago : Clarke. Mushet. Johnson. 50 54. 31. 14. 13. 113. 29. 5. South Wales 130 If 60 5 124 4i ; 381 239 Estimated Number of Tons manufactured annually, according to Clarke. Mush?t. Johnson. Scotland 200,000 . 197,969 208,000 York and Newcastle 86,000 66,216 Derbyshire 40,000 34,372 North Wales 48,000 33,800 ^ 260,000 Staffordshire 400,000 354,713^ .... Shropshire 150,000 80,940 J Gloucestershire 15,000 18,200 15,000 South Wales 575,000 453,880 605,020 Total 1,512,000 1,248, 781 i 1,088,280 IEO 340 ISL Iron made in Wales, about Annual Average, between 1832 and 1842, IN TONS. Dowlais 53,450 Eails, bars, and nail rods. Nant-y-Glo ) 30,263 Ditto, ditto, ditto. Beaufort ) 17,723 Foundry pigs. Cyfarthfa ) 29,800 Eails, bars, and nail rods. Hirwain ) 7,983 Ditto, and pigs. Plymouth 22,863 Eails, bars, and nail rods. Tredegar 20,280 Bars ditto. Sirhowy ) 18,708 Forge pigs. Ebbw-Vale ) 14,607 Eails and bars. Varteg 16,623 Eails, bars, and pigs. Blaenafon 15,466 Foundry pigs. Abersychan 15,466 Eails, bars, and pigs. Pennydarran 14,941 Eails, bars, and pigs. Aberdare.. 13,644 Bars and pigs. Clydach ,... 10,602- Bars and pigs. Bhymney 9,518 Foundry pigs. Blaina 9,119 Castings and pigs. Pentwyn 8,857 Ditto, ditto. Pontypool 7,112 Bars for tin plates, &c. Coalbrook Yale 4,014 Castings and pigs. Cwmavon 3,975 Bars for tin plates. Masteg 3,626 Foundry pigs. Neath Abbey 2,269 Castings and pigs. Pentrych 1,790 Bars for tin plates. Gadlys 1,549 Foundry pigs. 364,919 The greatest quantity of iron ever made in one year, previous to 1836, was in 1828, and out of the whole quantity made that year in Great Britain, 279,512 tons were produced from the iron works of South Wales, increased 75,470 tons in 1836, com- pared with 1828. Great as has been the increase of the make in South Wales, yet the increase in Scotland has been much more ; in the year 1828, Scotland produced 37,000 tons, and in 1836 it increased to 89,000 tons. . Iron, total made in Great Britain, 1848, 2,093,736 tons. Iron first discovered in America, in Virginia, 1715. Iron bullets first used in England, 1550. Iron Mill for slitting bars, the first in England was set up at Dart- mouth, 1590. New method of mak- ing bar-iron from pig-iron, by Mr. Cort of Gosport, in 1785, and supe- rior to Swedish iron. Iron Mask, a state-prisoner in France, so named from an iron mask which he wore for 43 years that he was confined in several places, finally in the Bastile. He was sup- posed to be a prince, and was always most respectfully treated ; a num- ber of individuals were named, but none were ever proved to be the cor- rect party; he died, Nov. 19, 1703. Islamism invented by Mahomet in a cave at Mecca, where, with the help of a renegade Jew and others, he penned and composed the Koran, which was a pretended revelation from the angel Gabriel, and soon afterwards assumed the prophet- ical character, a. d. 604. Isle of Man, the sovereignty of, surrendered to the crown of Great Britain, by the Duke of Athol, for £70,000, and £3000 reserved to his JAC 341 JAF descendants from the revenue of the island, 1805 ; all the duke's interest purchased bv the imperial parlia- ment, for £416,000, in 1825. Isle of France discovered in 1505 ; Dutch first settled there, 1598 ; the French colonized it, 1 715 ; taken by the British, Dec. 2, 1810. Isles, Bishopric of the Western, at Iley, in Scotland, or Icolmkill ; in 1847, Argyle and the Isles were re- vived as a post-revolution bishopric. Islington Church, Middlesex, re- built, Aug. 1851. Ismael, Siege of, taken by the Russians, after an heroic defence, Dec. 22, 1790 ; Suwarrow, so well known as the "Butcher of Ismael," put 30,000 men, the entire garrison, to the sword ; and that not satiat- ing his thirst for vengeance, he gave the place up to pillage to his barba- rian soldiers, and ordered 6000 wo- men to be massacred. His royal mistress, Catherine of Russia, or- dered Te Deum to be sung for the exploit. Italian method of book-keeping introduced into England, 1556. Italy, Kingdom of, begun 476, ended, 964; begun again, 1805, when Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned king, May 26 ; ended, 1814, on the downfall of Napoleon. Italy, Southern, Central, and Northern. The Southern compre- hends Naples and Sicily, the latter possessed by the Saracens until 1058, from 828 ; Naples formed from the dukedoms of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily, 1130, Roger, the Nor- man, being named king. Central Italy comprises the domains of the Church and Tuscany ; Bologna w r as acquired, 1513; Ancona, 1532, Fer- rara, 1598, Urbino, 1626 ; Florence and the duchy of Tuscany, a repub- lic until the time of the Medicis, in the 15th century, the family being extinct, it fell to the Duke of Lor- raine, 1737. Northern Italy com- prises Piedmont, Milan, Venice, Mantua, Parma and Placentia, and Genoa ; Tunis in Piedmont, which is now the kingdom of Piedmont, comprising Genoa and Sardinia, was subject to the house of Savoy, 1097 ; Milan was founded by the Gauls, 584 a.c. ; Venice was founded in the sixth century ; Mantua is a small duchy, subject, like most of the other fine states of Italy, to the grievous Austrian yoke ; Parma and Placentia were contested by the Lombards, and in 1731 consigned to the Bourbons of Spain ; Modena was long the appanage of the Este family, seized by the pope in 1598 ; Genoa early became subject to the Lombards ; in 806, it conquered Cor- sica, and in the 11th and 12th cen- turies was distinguished in the cru- sades. These states include the whole of Italy, and the islands, ex- cept Elba and Corsica ; see Rome, &c. Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, ex- pelled ; but returning, he was tried, condemned, and shot, Oct. 19, 1824. Jack the Painter, alias James Aikin, trial of, for setting fire to the rope-house in Portsmouth dock- yard, Dec. 7, 1776. Jacobins, the name of one of the parties formed during the French revolution, which met as a club in the hall of the Parisian Jacobin Friars ; suppressed in Oct. 1794. Jacobites, the adherents to the Stuart race under James II., 1688, and subsequently. There was a sect in the East, so denominated from one Baradoeus, a Syrian, 690. J ago, St., in Cuba, plundered and demolished by the English, Oct. 2, 1662 ; island of, bombarded, Sept. 21, 1741. Jaffa, the ancient Joppa, taken by Bonaparte, 1799. JAM 342 J A V Jamaica discovered by Columbus, May 3, 1494 ; occupied by Spain, 1559 ; ceded to England in 1656 ; divided into three counties, and jus- tices appointed, Oct. 21, 1758 ; seat of government removed from Spa- nish-town to Kingston, Sept. 16, 1756 ; insurrection of negroes in 1730; suppressed, Feb., 1738; the Maroon revolt in 1795, subdued, March 7, 1796 ; insurrection in, and martial law declared, Dec. 22, 1831 ; great fire in, Aug. 26, 1843 ; cho- lera visited the island, 1850-1. Jamaica, Earthquakes and Hur- ricanes in — June 7, 1692, a terrible earthquake ; violent hurricane, Aug. 28, 1722 ; another, Oct. 22, 1726 ; again, Sept. 1, 1734, and Oct. 20, 1744 ; another, Aug. 10, 1751, do- ing damage to the extent of £300,000 ; others, July, 1784, 1790, and April 25, 1793 ; another, when more than 1000 persons were drown- ed, and a great number of houses destroyed, Oct. 1815. James' Fort, on the Gambia, Afri- ca, destroyed by the French, April 23, 1757. James I. instituted the Court of Session in Scotland, 1425. James II. landed in Ireland with an army, March 12, 1689 ; met the parliament there, April 19 ; be- sieged Londonderry, April 29 ; coined brass money there, June 18, 1689 ; defeated at the Boyne, and embarked for France, July 1, 1690; an attempted descent by him upon England prevented by the destruc- tion of the French fleet, May 19, 1692; a second time prevented, March 2, 1695 ; died, Sept. 6, 1695. James, St., order of knighthood, bes;un, 1030, in Spain; Portugal, 1310 ; Holland, 1290. James', St., palace, built 1530 ; market begun, 1664 James I. of Scotland murdered by his subjects, 1437; James the III. murdered by his nobles, 1488; James IV. killed at Flodden, Sept. 9, 1513. James Edward, the pretender, proclaimed in France, Sept. 6, 1701. Janissaries, first raised in 1361 ; abolished June 14, 1829, when 3000 of them were killed. January 30, observed as a fast by the high church, so ordered, 1660 ; the Calves' Head club formed, Jan. 30, 1735, by some noblemen and gentlemen in Suffolk Street, when a riot ensued. Jansen, Sir Theodore, one of the South Sea directors, deprived of his estate to the extent of £200,000, but was allowed £50,000, 1721. Jansenism, a sect founded by Cor- nelius Jan sen, 1625, a bishop of the church of Rome, of exemplary piety; a controversy arose about his doc- trine in 1640, and it was condemned by a bull of Pope Urban VIII. Janvilliers, Battle of, between the French and Prussians, in which the latter, under Blucher, were beat- en, Feb. 14, 1814. Japan, Empire of, founded by Je- rotimo, 1188 ; discovered by the Portuguese, 1549 ; the English vi- sited Japan, 1612; their early his- tory as fabulous as that of the Irish, claiming an origin almost as re- mote ; the Christians in, bitterly persecuted, 1622. Japan, Tea-tree of, found likely to succeed in the south of Europe, 1814. Japanese, Captain Golossnin seized by the, and made a prisoner, July 11, 1811; liberated, Oct. 7, 181*3. Jarnac, Battle of, between Hen- ry III. of France, when Duke of Anjou, Avho defeated the Huguenots, March 13, 1569. Jarrow Monastery, or Garrow, Durham, founded, 684. Jasmine, or Jessamine, said to have been brought here from Cir- cassia in the 15th century ; the yellow jessamine came over in 1656 ; but the Catalonian jessamine came here 1629, a native of India. Java, 30,000 Chinese, with their families, massacred by the Dutch, in order to plunder them of their effects, 1740 ; taken by the English, Aug. 8, 1811 ; the sultan dethroned JEN 343 JES by the English, June, 1813; the island restored to Holland, 1814. Jeddo, the metropolis of Japan, from whence ambassadors were sent to Pope Paul V., in 1619, to do him honour as the head of the Christian faith, which had been embraced by the king of that country, through the instrumentality of the Jesuit mis- sionaries; but these last, endea- vouring to overturn the government, were expelled, 1622, and the king returned in consequence to his former idolatry. Jeffries, the notorious judge, burned in effigy, Nov. 17, 1679 ; made chief-justice of Chester, April 29, 1680 ; of the king's bench, Sept. 28, 1683 ; sent to the west, where he was guilty of the most atrocious acts towards the adherents of the Duke of Monmouth, Aug. 1685 ; made Lord Chancellor, Sept. 28 ; had a pardon from James II., Nov. 1, 1688 ; taken disguised, and sent to the tower, Dec. 12, 1688 ; died, and buried there, April 18, 1689. - Jeffrey, Robert, abandoned on the island of Sombrero, March 7, 1807, by Captain Lake, R.N., who was dismissed the service for it. Jeffrey, son of King Richard, killed in a tournament in Paris, Aug. 19, 1186. Jemappes, Battle of, in which the raw levies of France defeated the Austrians, well intrenched and covered by forty redoubts ; the combat continued for several days, when Dumourier was victor ; the Austrians losing 10,000 men, the French above that number, Nov. 5, 1792. Jena and Saalfield, Battles of, between the French under Napo- leon, and the Prussians ; the King of Prussia was routed, losing 200 cannon; the victor then marched upon Berlin, and the Prussian monarchy was at his feet, Oct. 14, 1806. Jenkins, Henry, died in York- shire, 1679, aged 169. Jenkins, Captain, his ears cut off by the Spaniards, April 9, 1731. Jennerian Institution, founded 1803. Jerome of Prague condemned to be burned, and executed, 1416. Jersey, one of the Channel is- lands, with Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark, once portions of Nor- mandy, and subjected to the crown of England by William the Con- queror, 1066 ; fortified, 1595 ; Jersey was attacked by the French, 1779 and 1781, Jan. 6, when they were repulsed, but the English command- er, Major Pierson, fell. Jerusalem, the capital of Pales- tine, founded in a very remote age ; temple in, built by Solomon, 1004 be- fore Christ ; taken by Nebuchadnez- zar, 547 before Christ ; razed by Titus, 70 a. d. ; another city built on the site by Adrian, 130 ; the walls re- built by Eudoxia, 437 ; taken by the Persians, 614 ; by the Saracens, 636; by the Crusaders, 1099, a new kingdom founded, existing 88 years ; taken by Saladin from the Christians, 1187; by the Turks, 1217 ; by Bonaparte, Feb. 1799. Jerusalem taken by Godfrey de Boulogne, 1582. Jesters, Court of, abolished in France by Louis XIV. ; in Eng- land, by Charles II. ; in Germanv, 1719. Jesuits expelled from Paraguaj^, 1733. Jesuits re-established in Austria, 1822. Jesuits, Society of, founded by Ignatius Loyola, 1536 ; expelled from England, Nov. 10, 1604; again, 1673; five executed at Tyburn, June 21, 1679 ; condemned by the Sorbonne 1554, in France ; suppress- ed in France, and their property confiscated, 1764 ; banished Spain, 1767 ; suppressed by Pope Clement XIV. in 1773 ; restored by Pius VII., 1814. Jesuits' Bark, the Cortex Peruvi- anus, discovered by a Jesuit, 1535 ; introduced into France as a medi- cine, 1649 ; in general use, 1680 ; quinine prepared from, 1825, in Paris the remedy for intermittent fever. JEW 344 JEW Jesus Christ, Order of Knight- hood, begun in Erance, 1206 ; in Rome, 1320. Jesus College, Oxford, founded by Queen Elizabeth, 1571. Jesus College, Cambridge, found- ed, 1496. Jesus Christ, supposed to have been born on the 25th of December, in the year of Rome, 752, that day commencing the Christian era: some say the date should be four years earlier than the vulgar era. Jewels, first worn in France by Agnes Sorel, 1434. Jewels ; the Crown Jewels of England pawned in Holland by Charles I., were redeemed by the sale of iron ordnance to the Dutch, 1629 ; those of France, seized by the National Convention, 1794. Jewellery, manufacture of, en- couraged first in England very ex- tensively, 1685 ; used much by the Roman ladies, Lollia Paulina wearing ornaments valued at £322,916 sterling, a.d. 37. Jewel Office, Tower of London, repaired, 1844. Jeavry, the Old, once inhabited by the Jews of London, who were most cruelly treated here, and ba- nished by Edward I., 1272; they had been so before ; the first syna- gogue in London was defaced by the Londoners, who killed 700 of the poor Israelites, and robbed them of all they had ; 16,160 were ba- nished ; here too stood the palace of Henry VI. Jews' Hospital, Mile-End, insti- tuted, 1811, for the Spanish and Portuguese Jews. Jews' Hospital, for the Dutch and German Jews, Mile-End, Old Town, established, 1795. Jews, Polish, a committee formed, to whom all the Jews in the king- dom were to address themselves in whatever regarded their personal interests, 1825. Jew, named Mr. Isaac Franks, left £300,000 behind him, and had dis- tributed annually £5000 in charities. Jewish Era dates from the crea- tion, 3760 years and three months before ours. Jewish Naturalization Bill passed, June 7, 1753; repealed, Dec. 4, 1753 ; the cities petitioned for the repeal; persecuted in Copenhagen for alleged superstition, June, 1753. Jews, a people scattered over all parts of the world. Nowhere inde- pendent, if we except some villages in Russia and Arabia, where they live in distinct communities. They amounted to about 3,200,000 souls, 1830, who are distributed in the following manner : — In Bavaria 53,402 Saxony , 1,300 Hanover 6,000 Wurtemberg 9,068 Baden 16,930 Electorate of Hesse 5,170 Grand Duchy of Hesse 14,982 Rest of the Allied German States 18,248 Frankfort-sur-le-Main 5, 200 Lubeck 400 Hamburgh 8,000 Austrian States 453,545 Prussia 134,980 Russia 426,908 Poland 232,000 Great Britain , 12,000 Low Countries 80,000 France 60,000 Sweden 450 Denmark 6,000 Switzerland 1,970 Italy 36,900 Ionian Islands 7,000 Cracow 7,300 Turkey in Europe 321,000 Asia 138,000 Africa (of which 300,000 in the Empire of Morocco) 504,000 America 5,700 West Indies 50 Rather an over-estimate 3,166,603 There are no longer any Jews in Spain and Portugal ; there never have been any in Norway ; Sweden did not admit them till lately ; in the Austrian States they enjoy some rights ; in England they par- JEW 345 JEW ticipate in the rights of Dissent- ers ; in Russia they are tolerated, under strict surveillance. Lastly, in the States of the German Con- federacy, in France, in the Nether- lands, in Prussia, the Jews enjoy all the rights of citizens, without, how- ever, being eligible to places of pub- lic trust; this last disability does not exist in France, since, according to the fundamental law of the state, all Frenchmen are admissible alike to civil and military employments. In the United States of America, they are elected to offices of trust. Jews, the first arrival of the, in England, 1079 ; to invoke the di- vine clemency at the solemnization of the Passover, they were falsely accused of sacrificing a young lad of twelve years old, the son of a rich tradesman at Paris, by first whip- ping his flesh from his bones, and then crucifying him ; several were exe- cuted, and all the Jews plundered and banished France, 1180. Seven were condemned to pay the king 20,000 marks, or suffer perpetual imprisonment, on a charge of cir- cumcising a Christian child at Nor- wich, and attempting to crucify him, 1235, and 20,000 marks ex- torted ; cruelly massacred in London at the instigation of the clergy, on the coronation of Richard I., 1089 ; 500 besieged by the mob in York, cut each others' throats to avoid the cruelties of the people, 1190 ; many of both sexes massacred by King John, others imprisoned, or had their teeth knocked or eyes torn out, 1204 ; on a charge of attempting to crucify a child at Lincoln, 1235, for this eighteen were hung ; in Lon- don, the population rose upon them for the usury of one man, and mur- dered 700, in 1262 ; no Jew allowed to enjoy a freehold, 1269 ; every Jew, who lent money on usury, was commanded to wear a plate upon his breast, signifying that he was an usurer, or to quit the realm, 1274 ; 280 were hanged and quar- tered for clipping and coining, 1277 ; the same year, the Jews accused of crucifying a child at Northampton, for which fifty were drawn at the tails of horses, and hanged ; all the synagogues were ordered to be de- stroyed, 1282 ; all the Jews in Eng- land were apprehended in one day, their goods and chattels confiscated to the king, and they, to the num- ber of 15,000, banished the realm, having only sustenance money al- lowed, 1286; they were restored by Oliver Cromwell ; driven out of France, 1394 ; 500,000 out of Spain : to the number of 150,000 out of Portugal, 1492 ; they retired to Africa, Portugal, and France. It was against them that the inquisi- tion was there first established. There was not a Jew in this island from 1610 to 1624 ; four executed for the murder of Mrs. Holikins and servant, Dec. 9, 1771 ; naturaliza- tion act passed, 1753 ; repealed next year; sixty-six were killed by a floor giving way at the celebration of a wedding at Mantua, among whom were the bride and the bride- groom's mother, June 3, 1776 ; the Jews of Spain, Portugal, and France declared to be citizens, 1790 ; great Sanhedrim assembled, in Paris by Napoleon, Jan. 20, 1807; Alex- ander of Russia granted land to converted Jews, on the sea of Azoph, Sept. 1, 1820 ; bill for Jew- ish emancipation lost in the English House of Commons, by 228 against 165, May 17, 1830; Mr. Moses Montefiore, the first Jew knighted by the queen, Nov. 9, 1837; the Emperor of Russia issued a ukase, that the title of citizen of the first class shoiild be held by any Jew worthy of it, 1839 ; horrible perse- cution of the Jews at Damascus, Feb. 1, 1840; act to relieve Jews from taking oaths to municipal offi- ces, 1845 ; Baron Rothschild re- turned to parliament for London city, by a majority of 6019 votes, his opponent Lord John Manners only polling 3104, Aug. 3, 1847; the peers on the bill for the purpose being sent to them, obstructing it, though a second time returned to a JEW 346 JOH seat in the house ; Mr. Salomons elected member for Greenwich, but declared ineligible without taking an oath that he was a Christian, Sept. 21, 1847; Baron Eothschild re-elected for London, 1852. Jewish History, according to their own chronology : Abraham's covenant with God, 1921 a. c. ; the law promulgated, 1491 ; death of Saul, 1055 ; death of Solomon, the kingdom divided between Judah and Israel, 975 ; reign of Jeroboam over the ten tribes, 967 ; the Assy- rian invasion, under Phul, 770; Sa- maria taken, the ten tribes carried into captivity, 721 ; Shishak took Jerusalem, 971 ; Sennacherib invad- ed Judea, and lost a large part of his army by pestilence, 710; Hil- kiah finds the book of the law in repairing the temple, 623; Nebu- chadnezzar besieged Jerusalem, and took it, 587 ; the temple razed, 587 ; Daniel prophesies at Babylon, 603 ; Cyrus published an edict for the return of the Jews, 536 ; the walls of Jerusalem built, 445 ; Alexander the Great sacrificed to the God of the Jews, 332; Ptolemy Philadel- phus employed seventy-two Jews to translate the Scriptures, 284 ; Antiochus took Jerusalem and slew 40,000 of the inhabitants, 170; Jewish treaty with the Romans, 161 ; Judas Hyrcanus assumes the crown, with the title of King of the Jews, 107; Jerusalem taken by Pompey, 63 ; Antipater made vice- roy of Judea by Julius Ceesar, 49 ; the Parthian invasion of Judea, 40 ; Herod rebuilt the temple, 18 ; Jesus Christ born, according to some, four years before the present era, according to others, on the day of its commencement, 1 ; Pontius Pi- late procurator of Judea, 26 ; the crucifixion, 33 ; Titus took Jerusa- lem, and burned the Temple; 1,100,000 Jews were destroyed du- ring the siege, or by their own hands, 70; 100,000 Greeks and Romans killed by the Jews about Greece, 115 ; Adrian rebuilt Jeru- salem, with a temple to Jupiter; the Romans kill more than 580,000 Jews, 135, 136 ; the Jews have not since made head as a nation, but have been scattered abroad and persecuted from that time. Joachim Murat, King of Naples, repulsed in an attack upon Sicily, Sept. 18, 1810. Joan of Arc, the maid of Orleans, who pretended to a divine mission to expel the English from France ; she raised the siege of Orleans, April 29, 1429 ; she took several towns, and defeated the English near Patay, June 10, 1429 ; she was made prisoner at the siege of Compeigne, May 25, 1431, and burned as a witch in Rouen 'five days afterwards, in her 22nd year. Joan, Pope, story of such an in- dividual having filled the papal chair for ten years, 851. Joanna of Naples strangled her husband, Oct. 5, 1345. John's, St., Monastery, near Smithfield, burned by Wat Tyler or his followers, 1381. John's, St., College, Cambridge, founded 1508. John's, St., College, Oxford, founded 1556. John's, St., Newfoundland, taken possession of by Sir H. Gilbert, 1583. John, king of France, taken pri- soner by Edward the Black Prince, and brought to England, but ran- somed for £500,000, 1357 ; died at the Savoy, in the Strand, London, on a visit, 1364. John Doe and Richard Roe, fic- titious names given in as pledges to prosecute, and well known for centuries among the fictions which disgraced that law which should deal only in facts. Since the reign of Edward III., 1340, these names were put into writs, as pretended prosecutors, because prior to that reign, by the regulations of the Mag- na Charta, witnesses or pledges Avere required before trial upon every prosecution; these names are now abolished in practice. Johnson, Rev. Mr., convicted of a libel on the Duke of York, and JOI 347 JOI severely punished, Nov. 20, 1683; again, Nov. 16, 1686; his sentence reversed, and a pension assigned him, June 11, 1689. Joint Stock Bubble, South Sea scheme, 1719 ; the act for the con- fiscation of their estates was founded upon the following resolution of the Lords and Commons : — " Feb. 2, 1720, resolved by the House of Peers, that the South Sea Directors declaring 30 per cent, dividend for the half year ending at Christmas, and 50 per cent, per annum for twelve years, was a villanous artifice to defraud and delude his Majesty's good subjects." From the table it appears that the Directors were compelled to disgorge in fines, no less a sum than £1,659,514 : 16 : 6| of their ill- gotten booty. The secret committee of the House of Commons made their report, Feb. 16, 1720 ; the fol- lowing portions of South Sea stock were taken by distinguished per- sons : — For the Earl of Sunderland, first Lord of the Treasury, £50,000 ; for the Duchess of Kendal, £10,000 ; for the Countess of P., £10,000 ; for the two nieces of the Duchess of Kendal, £10,000 ; for Mr. Craggs, sen., £30,000 ; for Chas. Stanhope, Esq., £10,000; for the "Sword Blade" Company, £20,000. Sir Mr. Mr. Sir Sir Sir Mr. Sir Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Sir Mr. Mr. Mr. Sir Sir Mr. Sir Sir Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. J. Fellowes ... Joye Astell L. Blackwell J. Blunt R, Chaplin ... Chester W. Chapman Child Delapart Edmonson ... Eyles Gibbon Gore W. Hammond Hawes Houlditch ... Horsey J. Jacobson .., T. Jan son ... Ingram J. Lambert .., H. Masters ... Morley Page Raymond Read Sawbridge ... Reynolds...... Tillard Turner Surnam Grigsby Value of their Estates. £ s. 243,099 40,105 2 27,750 19 83,529 17 183,349 10 45,875 14 140,372 15 39,161 6 52,437 19 17,151 4 5365 34,326 16 106,543 5 38,936 15 22,707 40,031 39,527 19,962 11,481 243,244 16,795 72,508 11,814 12 1869 10 34,817 12 64,373 6 117,297 16 77.254 1 18,368 12 19,175 14 881 17 112,321 10 31,687 6 d. 6 ' 8| 11 8| 5 7 6 5 2 ? 3 11 5 3| 3^ H 3 8 2h 6 Allowance for subsistence- £. 10,000 5000 10,000 15,000 5000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 3000 20,000 10,000 20,000 10,000 5000 5000 10,000 11,000 50,000 12,000 5000 5000 1800 10,000 30,000 10,000 5000 14,000 15,000 800 5000 2000 The Fines taken from each Director. £. 233,099 35,105 17,750 68,529 178,349 35,875 130,372 29,161 42,437 7151 2365 14,326 96,543 18,936 12,707 35,031 34,527 9962 481 193,244 4795 67,508 6814 69 24,817 34,373 107,297 72,254 4368 4175 81 107,321 29,687 s. d. 6 2 0| 19 8 17 11 10 8| 14 5 15 6 6 8h 19 r 4 6 01 3 11 1 5 12 3i 10 3" 12 3| 6 3 16 1 8 12 2i 14 4" 17 6 10 6 JUD 348 J [JL John o' Groat's House, situated on Duncansby Head, the most northernly point in Great Britain, built 1489, belonging to a family of that name. John of Gaunt, fourth son of Ed- ward III., was born 1339 ; created duke of Lancaster, 1362 : appointed regent to Richard II., 1377 ; sup- ported Wickcliffe against his opposers, 1378; had his palace at the Savoy, destroyed by Wat Tyler's mob, 1381 ; ravaged Scot- land to the gates of Edinburgh, 1384 ; assumed the title of king of Castile and Leon, having married the daughter of Peter the Cruel, 1385; died Feb. 1399. His house, near Lincoln, built 1397. Jones, John Gale, committed by the House of Commons for a breach of privilege, Feb. 21, 1810. Josephine, Empress of France, died May 30, 1814. Journals, all foreign, prohibited in Austria, 1820. Journals, Censorship on, in Pa- ris, 1820. Journals of the House of Peers, the first taken 1550 ; of the House of Commons, first ordered to be printed, and £5000 allowed for the expenses of the work, 1752 ; the printing the acts of parliament commenced temp. Henry VII., and they have been consecutively pub- lished since. Juan Fernandez, Island of, dis- covered 1705; Selkirk a native of Scotland, lived there alone five years, whence the history of Robin- son Crusoe, by De Foe. Jubilee among the Christians at the end of every century, instituted by Pope Boniface VIII., 1300 ; this was celebrated afterwards every fifty years by order of Clement VI. ; Urban VI. reduced it to every thirty-third year, and Paul II. to every twenty-fifth year, at which period it is now fixed, an imitation of the Jewish custom ; at Stratford, the Shakespeare, 1769. Judges appointed, and the king- dom divided into six circuits, three to each, 1176 : punished for bribery, Thomas de Wevland, being banish- ed, 1288; William de Thorp, hanged for bribery, 1351 ; seized and condemned, and the Lord Chief- Justice executed, for favouring des- potism, 1388; one committed the Prince of Wales for assaulting him on the bench, 1412 ; Bennet fined £20,000 for bribery, 1616; threat- ened with impeachments, and put in bail, and Berkeley taken off the Bench, and committed by the Com- mons, 1641 ; three impeached, Nov. 24, 1680 ; their salaries augmented, and themselves appointed for life, instead of during pleasure, 1761 ; enlarged, 1772; of the puisne judges, in 1779 ; some sent to the East Indies, 1774 ; three additional appointed, 1784; a vice -chancellor, May 5, 1813; an additional judge to each court, Oct. 1841 ; two new ' vice-chancellors, April 2, 1851. Judicial Privy Council Com- mittee, for appeals from the various courts, constituted Aug. 14, 1833. Jugglers, performers of decep- tions, considered to be magicians ; a horse that performed certain tricks declared to be possessed by a devil, and burned at Lisbon, 1601, having been first tried ; in 1739, a juggler was put to the torture in Poland till he confessed how he did his tricks, and then hung ; equestrian tricks caused great wonder at Rome, 1581 ; Wildman, a conjurer of bees, and their tamer, 1766; John Muller's iron fly, and an eagle that flew to meet the emperor Maximilian, 1470, at Nuremberg ; Vaucanson's flute- playing automaton, 1738, and Phil- lipstahl's in London, 1809, were considered by the vulgar as touch- ing the supernatural. Juggernaut, proposal to abolish the tax on the pilgrims to, July, 1812. Julian Period produced by the lunar cycle 19, solar cycle 28, and Roman indiction 15, multiplied to- gether, being 7980 years, beginning 4713 years before our own era. July, the seventh month of the JUE 349 JUV Julian year, froni Julius, the sur- name of Csesar, who was born in it : the fifth month of the Roman calen- dar until the year 713 a.c, when January and February were added. June was originally the fourth month, so named from Juno the goddess. Julian Calendar reformed by Pope Gregory, 1582. Julian, Emperor of Rome, ab- jured Christianity, 361 ; died on his expedition into Persia, 363. Jungfrau, ascent of the, for the first time, Sept. 10, 1828. Junction of the Atlantic and Pa- cific proposed, by the isthmus of Te- huantepec, Feb. 1825. Junction of the Rhine and the Danube, a canal for, first contem- plated through the valley of the Salz, 1834. Junction and Birmingham Canal, New, commenced 1828. Junius, Letters of, by a celebrated political writer, who published his papers in the Public Advertiser, 1769; exceedingly cutting and severe, they were also thought to exaggerate the offences and errors of certain public characters, which has since been found by collateral evidence, in memoirs and bio- graphies, not to have been the case ; the secret of his name the writer declared should perish with him. Jupiter, the planet so called, known to the Chaldeans 2000 years before Christ. Juries were common to the Northern nations : they were known in Wales before they were introduced into England; Reginer, a Dane, ordered twelve to be impannelled, 820; first established in England by Ethelred, 979 ; the plaintiff and defendant, in those times, used to feed them, whence the common law of denying sustenance to a jury after hearing evidence, and for fear of bribery ; an alien on his trial may have half the jury foreigners, Edward III., 1353 ; act passed for the trial by jury in civil cases in Scotland, 1815; to amend the Irish laws of, 1833 ; a judge may detain a jury during his pleasure if they do not agree in their verdict ; the unanimity of the jury was every thing with the founders of this mode of trial; the evidence must be so clear, that all the twelve honest men can give a verdict of innocent or guilty upon it without reserva- tion. Junr at Sudbury, Suffolk, not be- ing able to agree, and pressed by hunger, broke open the door, and went home, Oct. 9, 1791. Jury, Trial by, in Ceylon, had proved successful, 1825. Juries, all lodgers liable to serve on, if they pay a rent of £20 a-year. Justices, three, convicted of dis- charging, without punishment, three performers of the Royalty Theatre, brought up under the vagrant act, and fined £100 each, July, 1789. Justinian II. put to death by Philippicus, who became emperor of the East, 711. Justin restored the orthodox bi- shops, 519. Justices, Itinerant, appointed, 1176. Justices of the Peace, first named by William I., 1076; they were called Guardians of the Peace, until 1361. Justiciars of England, the first appointed 1067, the last 1261. Justiciary court of Scotland, established 1672. Justinian, his Code of Laws pub- lished 520, four years after his digest; began his reign 527; died 565. Justs, or Jousts. See Tourna- ments. Juvenile Offenders, Prison for, act passed to set one apart for them at Parkhurst, Isle of Wight, Aug. 10, 1838. Juvenile Offenders, prison estab- lished for the correction of, Aug. 10, 1838, at Parkhurst, Isle of Wight. KEN 350 KID K Kaleidoscope, an optical instru- ment, invented by Dr. Brewster, 1817, greatly assistant in the forma- tion of patterns. Kalitsch, Battle of, between the French and Russians, Feb. 13, 1813, in which the former were worsted. Kalunga Fort, in the East In- dies, repulse of the English from, and General Gillespie killed, Oct. 31, 1814 ; attacked again with no better success the same year, but ultimately evacuated by the enemy. Kamtschatka, discovered by the Russians, and taken possession of by them, 1697; visited by Behring, 1728; by Clarke, Captain Cook's companion, Avho died there, Aug. 22, 1779. Kathekine Hall, Cambridge, founded, 1472. Katherine's, St., Docks, London, opened, Oct. 25,- 1828. Kelly, Miss, fired at, while act- ing in Drury-lane, by one George Barnett, Feb. 17, 1816; tried, and found insane, 1816. Kendal, Westmoreland, incor- porated by James I. Kenilwobth Castle, "Warwick- shire, built, 1120, by Geoffrey de Clinton; priory built, 1106. At the castle the Earl of Leicester en- tertained Queen Elizabeth, July 19, 1575, at an enormous expense. Kenilworth, dictum of, issued on the surrender of Kenilworth Castle, after a six months' siege, to the royal forces of Henry III. ; by this dictum all who took up arms against the king were to pay him the value of their lands for five years. Kensall Green, general cemetery, consecrated by the Bishop of Lon- don, Jan. 24, 1833. Kensington Palace, once the seat of Lord Chancellor Finch, partly taken out of Hyde Park, but only 26 acres in extent, purchased by William III, Queen Anne enclosed 30 acres, 1705, taken out of Hyde Park, and Queen Caroline 300 acres more, in 1730 ; George II. died there. This palace buries from public view some very curious paintings and Italian works, bear- ing date, 1367. Kent, Kingdom of, under Hen- gist, begun, 455 ; ended under Eg- bert, 823. Kent, Maid of, executed at Ty- burn, April 20, 1534, under the tyrant Henry VIII. Kent East Indiaman, sailed from the Downs, Feb. 1825, and took fire in the Bay of Biscay, Mar. 31, 18^5, during a storm, when 340 men, 66 women, and 45 children were saved by the noble conduct of Captain Cook of the Cambria, that fortu- nately hove in sight at the time; 85 persons perished. Kentbury, Berks, numerous houses at destroyed by fire, April 10, 1742. Kettering, Northamptonshire, destroyed by fire, 1767. Ket's rebellion, a tanner of Nor- folk; he was taken and hanged, Aug. 1549. Kew Bridge, built of wood, 1759 ; begun of stone, 1783 ; opened, Sept. 23, 1789. Kew House, or palace, principally noted for its fine gardens, and orna- mental buildings, erected in the last century; Queen Charlotte died there, 1818; George IV. began a palace here in wretched taste, pull- ed down, 1827. Kidder, Bishop of Bath, and hia wife, killed in bed by the falling of a stack of chimneys, 1703. Kidd, the pirate, executed, May 23, 1701 ; his effects given to Green- wich Hospital, 1700. Kidney Beans, called also French Beans, introduced in the 16th cen- KIL 351 KIN tiny ; the kidney-bean tree came from South Carolina, United States, about 1724. Kiel, treaty of, by which Nor way was shamefully handed over to Sweden by the allied powers of Europe ; the country being dis- honourably blockaded by England, and attacked by the Swedes with- out the slightest provocation, Jan. 14, 1814. Kilcullen, Battle of, between the revolted Irish and the British, under General Dundas, the latter was de- feated, May 23, 1798. Kildare, Corragh of, Ireland ; the insurrections here began the rebellion of 1798, May 23. Kildare, Bishopric of, founded, 519 ; the first Protestant bishop was appointed, 1550. Kilfenora, Bishopric of, a suf- fragan to the see of Cashel, 1152 ; on the return of Charles II. it was annexed to Tuam, and subsequently to Killaloe. Kilkenny Castle, built, 1173 ; the city was incorporated, 1609 ; parlia- ment wei-e held here once in 1346 ; the Kilkenny statutes were passed here, by which it was made high treason for the English to inter- marry with the Irish, or nurse the infants of such marriage; and the use of an Irish name, dress, guise, or fashion, by any Englishman, in- curred seizure of lands and impri- sonment till he renounced them, 40 Edward III., 1364. Killala, landing of the Erench at, under General Humbert, Aug. 22, 1798 ; they defeated the royal forces under General Lake, but soon afterwards surrendered to General Cornwallis. Killala, See of, said to have been founded in 434 ; the see of Achonry was annexed to it in the 17th cen- tury. Killaloe, See of, said to be founded in the 6th century; the king of Thomond and Desmond died here in pilgrimage, 1142; the see of Roscrea was connected with it in the 12th century ; the see of Kilfanora has been held in connec - tion with it. Killiecrankie, Battle of, in Scotland, between William III. and the adherents of James II., Graham of Claverhouse, the com- mander for King James, a ruthless barbarian, fell at the moment when victory declared in his favour, at Killiecrankie, July 17, 1689. Kilmaduagh, Bishopric of, held in commendam of Clonfert from 1602 ; St. Coleman, its first bishop, lived in the 7th century. Kilmainham Hospital, for dis- abled Irish soldiers, founded in the town of that name, 1675. Kilmallock Abbey, founded, 645 ; charter granted by Edward VI.; by Elizabeth, 1584; invested by the Irish forces, 1598. Kilwarden, Lord, murdered by the rebels in Dublin, July 23, 1803. Kilmarnock and Balmerino, Lords, beheaded, Aug. 18, 1746 King of England, title first used, 829; of Ireland added, 1542; of Great Britain, 1603. King of Erance, once assumed by the kings of England, was given up, Jan. 1801. This title was first as- sumed, Eeb. 21, 1340, by Edward III., who claimed it in right of his mother; " King of the French," was first taken by Louis XVI., Oct. 1789 ; Louis Philippe, the late sovereign, was invested with this title, Aug. 9, 1830. King of the Romans, the title of the eldest sons of the emperors of Germany ; the first was Henry VI., 1055. King of Rome, the title of the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1811, given at his birth. King, Mr. Edward, a student of Cambridge, upon whom Milton wrote his " Lycidas," he was drown- ed, 1637. King's College, Aberdeen, found- ed, 1500. Kings' Evil, first touched for, by Edward the Confessor, 1058 ; this degrading and superstitious practice discontinued by George I. Charles KIN 352 KIR II. touched 92,107, who were all cured, according to the King's physician. King's Speech, the first delivered by Henry L, 1107. King's College, Cambridge, found- ed by Henry VI., 1441. King's Bench, court cf, so called because the King once sat there. The chief justices, from the restora- tion, 1660 to 1853, have been as follows : — Sir Robert Foster 1660 Sir Robert Hyde 1663 Sir John Kelyng ... , 1665 Sir Mathew Hale 1671 Sir Richard Raynsford 1676 Sir William Scroggs 1678 Sir Francis Pemberton 1681 Sir Edmund Saunders 1683 Sir George Jeffries, the infa- mous Lord Jeffries 1683 Sir Edward Herbert 1685 Sir Robert Wright 1687 Sir John Holt 1689 Sir Thomas Parker 1 709 Sir John Pratt 1718 Sir Robert Raymond 1725 Sir Phillip Yorke 1733 Sir William Lee 1737 Sir Dudley Ryder 1754 Lord Mansfield 1756 Lord Kenyon 1788 Lord Ellenborough 1802 Lord Tenterden 1818 LordDenman 1832 Lord Campbell 1850 When there is a Queen regnant the name has been changed, not very defensibly to Queen's Bench. There is also a King's or Queen's Bench in Ireland. There since or from the Union have been chief justices : — Arthur Wolfe 1798 William Downs... 1803 Charles Kindal Bushe 1822 Edward Pennefather 1841 Francis Blackburne 1846 King's Bench prison, the chief prison for the confinement of debtors and persons in contempt of court ; it contains about 240 rooms : built, 1751 ; burned down by the rioters, June 3, 1780, and imme- diately rebuilt. char- tered, 1802. King's College, London, opened, Oct. 8, 1831. King's Counsel, the first under the degree of King's sergeant, so made, was Sir Francis Bacon, 1604. Ktng of Sweden, Gustavus Adol- phus, killed, Nov. 6, 1632. Kings, four of them entertained by the Lord Mayor of London, Sir H. Picard, at one table, 1364. Ed- ward III. of England, John of France, Peter of Cyprus, and David of Scotland. King's County, Ireland, reported to be so named after Philip of Spain, who married Mary Queen of England. Kingston, Duchess of, convicted and degraded for bigamy, April 22, 1776 ; allowed the title of Countess of Bristol, May 18, 1779 ; she had first married Captain Hervey, and next the Duke of Kingston. Kingston, Jamaica, damaged by a fire to the extent of £503,000, Feb. 3, 1782. Kingston-upon-Thames Bridge, the first stone laid by Lord Liver- pool, Nov. 7, 1825 ; a national council held at Kingston, 838 ; ■ some of the Saxon monarchs crown- ed at. Kingston, New, a rising town lately begun near the former; many of the buildings being finished, 1839. Kingstown, Dublin, a fine har- bour begun at, 1817 ; a harbour at Howth, on the opposite side, was also begun in Sept. 1807 ; railway from, to Dublin, opened, Dec. 17, 1834. Kinsale Fort, Ireland, erected temp. Charles II. Kirby and Wade, two captains in the navy, shot at Plymouth for cowardice, 1703, having been sen- tenced in Jamaica previously. Kirkham Priory, Yorkshire, built, 1122. Kirkstall Abbey, Yorkshire, built, 1147. Kirkstead Abbev, built 1139. KIT 353 KNI Keith, the celebrated field-mar- shal of Frederick the Great of Prussia, killed, Oct. 14, 1758. Kilda.be, six of that family exe- cuted in Ireland, 1537. Kinbike became king of the West Saxons, 534. King and Queen of Denmark en- tertained in England, 1523. King of Portugal came to Eng- land, and was presented with 100,000 gold crowns by Queen Elizabeth,- 1581. King of Spain seized the crown of Portugal, 1580. King of Scotland (Darnley), mur- dered by Bothwell and Murray, Eeb. 9, 1566. King of Scotland (James VI.), took the part of his mother against Queen Elizabeth, 1577 ; taken pri- soner by some of the Scotch nobility, 1582; escaped, 1583; entered into a treaty of reciprocal support with England, 1586 ; married a daughter of the King of Denmark, 1590 ; was attempted to be seized by Bothwell, but he escaped, 1592; drove the Catholic lords out of his kingdom, 1594 ; insisted on being declared the successor of Queen Elizabeth, 1598 ; sent Elizabeth word of the intended invasion of Ireland by the Spaniards, 1599 ; excluded from the throne of England by the pope, and marked for assassination by the Gowries, 1600; became possessor of the throne of England as James I., by the death of Elizabeth, 1603. Kissing the Pope's toe first prac- ticed, 709. Kitcat Club, a society of about 30 in number, men of rank and others, who met in 1703, at the house of one Kat, a pastrycook, to pro- mote the success of the house of Hanover ; Steele, Garth, and Addi- son were members. Kitchen Vegetables : • — Cauli- flower, brought from Egypt 1588 ; turnip cabbage, 16th century ; tur- nips, well known in 1597; small turnips grown at Hackney, celebrat- ed in 1597 ; the edible roots, car- rots, turnips, and the like, were im- ported from Flanders down to the commencement of the reign of Henry VIII. ; the potatoe brought by Sir Walter Raleigh's colonists, 1584 ; in 1619, the potatoe was sold at one shilling per pound. Kitts, St., Island of, greatly damag- ed by fire, 1768, 1776 ; by a storm and fire, Sept. 5, 1776. Kneeling ordered to be perform- ed at the name of Jesus, by the Popes, about 1275 ; also when the Host passes through the streets; and some places also at the vesper bell. Knight, a mounted soldier in the time of the Romans. After the battle of Cannas, three bushels of gold rings were said to have been gathered from the fingers of those Roman knights who had fallen ; they were known in Rome 500 years a.c. The honour was conferred in Eng- land by the priest during the hep- tarchy ; Altholstan was the first knight made with the sword of state, by Alfred, 900 ; by 38 Henry III., 1254, all persons who had forty pounds yearly income were obliged to be knighted or pay a fine. Knighthood by the king was for- bidden by the parliament, 1640 ; all orders of, abolished in France, July 30, 1791 ; knights and citizens were obliged to reside at the places they represented, 141 3 ; knights-baronet an hereditary knighthood ; chivalry instituted for money by James L, and, in the source of chivalry, the least honourable of all knighthood from its being bought ; poor knights of Windsor, and others, form a numerous body. There were also female knights, witness the title conferred on the brave women who prevented the city of Tortosa from falling into the hands of the Moors, 1149; the knights of Glyn and Kerry, in Ireland, the heads of the two Fitzgerald families; of the Round Table of King Arthur, 528; the same revived by Edward III., 1344; knights of the shire, the in- dividuals Avho were entitled to sit in Parliament for a county, chosen by 2a KNI 354 KNI the lesser barons, 1307 ; knights- templars instituted 1118, being military and religious, who were in- cited to carry on the crusades ; they settled in the Temple in England, as one of their establishments, 1154; they acquired great wealth in the lapse of time, and their property became the object of desire to the sovereigns under whom they lived. In France the monarchs, to attain this end, accused them of great crimes, burned many, and seized their property in 1307 ; those in England became victims to a similar rapacity in the same year, 1307 ; Philip the Fair of France abolished the order at the council of Vienna, 1312; thousands were butchered, and their property given to the Knights of Malta. KNiGHT-Banneret, was the title first given by Conau, who com- manded the Roman legions in Eng- land, 383 ; the orders of knighthood are various in the several nations, and in the aggregate numerous; the following are the more noted : — Alcantara, instituted a. d. 1160 Alexander Nevskoi, Russia... 1700 Amaranta, Sweden 1645 Angelic Knights, Greece 456 Annunciada, Mantua 1618 Annunciation, Savoy 1355 Argonauts, Naples 1382 Avis, Portugal 1147 Band, Spain 1232 Bannerets, England, 1360 1485 Bath, England, 1399 1725 Bear, Switzerland 1213 Black Eagle, Prussia 1 701 Blood of Christ, Mantua 1608 Brotherly Love, instituted ... 1708 Burgundian Cross 1535 Calatrava, Castile 1156 Carpet, England 1553 Catharine, Russia 1698 Chase 1719 Christ, Livonia 1203 Christ, Portugal 1319 Christian Charity, France ... 1590 Cincinnatus, America 1780 Conception of the Virgin ... 1619 Concord, Prussia 1660 Crescent, Naples 1448 Crown Royal, France 802 Daneburgh, Denmark 1671 Death's Head, Female Order, by the widow Louisa Eliza- beth of Saxe Mersburgh ... 1709 Dove of Castile 1379 Dragon, Hungary 1439 Ear of Corn, Brittany 1050 Elephant, Denmark, by Chris- tian I 1478 Ermine, France 1450 Garter, England 1350 Generosity, Brandenburgh ... 1685 Golden Fleece 1429 Golden Lion, Hesse Cassel ... 1785 Golden Shield and Thistle ... 1370 Golden Spur, by Pius IV. ... 1559 Guelphic, Hanover , 1816 Holy Ghost, France, 1468; rev. 1559 Holy Ghost, Rome 1198 Holy Trinity 1211 Hospitallers 1092 Januarius, Naples 1738 Jerusalem 1048 Jesus, France 1206 Jesus Christ, Rome, instituted by John XXII., 1415 ; re- formed by Paul V 1610 Knot, Naples 1351 La Calza, Venice 1400 Legion of Honour, France ... 1802 Lily of Arragon 1403 Lily of Navarre 1048 Loretto, Lady of 1587 Malta 1531 Martyrs, Palestine 1319 Maria-Theresa, Order of La- dies, Spain 1792 Mauritians, Savoy 1430 Merit, Cassel 1785 Merit, Prussia 1740 Noble Passion, Germany 1704 Oak of Navarre, Spain 722 Passion of Jesus Christ, France 1382 Pius, founded by Pius IV. ... 1559 Porcupine, France 1393 Red Eagle, Prussia 1792 Redemption, instituted 1212 Rosary, Spain 1172 Round Table, England 528 St. Andrew, Russia 1698 St. Andrew, Scotland, 809; renewed 1452 1605 St. Anthony, Ethiopia 357 St. Anthony, Hainault 1382 KNI 355 KOR St. Blaize, Acre 1250 St. Catharine, Palestine 1163 St. Catharine, Enssia 1698 St. Denis, France 1267 St. George, Austria 1470 St. George, Carinthia 1279 St. George, Bavaria 1729 St. George, England 1349 St. George (tutelary), Genoa.. 1460 St. George, Borne 1496 St. George, Bussia 1782 St. George, Spain 1318 St. George, Venice . 1200 St. Hubert, Germany 1447 St. James, Holland 1290 St. James, Portugal 1310 St. James, Spain .... 1030 St. Jerome, Germany 1154 St. John of Acre 1370 St. John of Jerusalem 1048 St. John of Malta 1522 St. John of Bhodes 1300 St; Julien of Alcantara 1176 St. Lazarus and St. Maurice, Savoy 1572 St. Louis, France 1693 St. Mark, Venice, 830 ; renwd. 1562 St. Mary the Glorious 1233 St. Mary de Merced, Spain... 1218 St. Michael, Prance 1469 St. Michael, Germany 1618 St. Patrick, Ireland 1783 St. Paul, Borne 1540 St. Peter,. Borne 1520 St. Rupert, Germany 1701 St. Sepulchre, Palestine 1092 St. Stephen, Tuscany 1561 St. Thomas of Acre 1370 Saviour, Greece June 1, 1833 Seraphims, Sweden 1334 Ship and Crescent, France ... 1269 Sincerity, Saxony 1690 Slaves of Virtue, Germany ... 1662 Swan, Cleves 960 Sword, Cyprus 1195 Sword, Sweden, 1523 ; revived 1772 Templars 1118 Tente Morte, Wurtemberg ... 1652 Teutonic, 1190 ; ren. in Prussia 1522 Thistle of Bourbon 1370 Thistle of Scotland, 812 ; rev. 1540 Trinitarians, Spain 1594 Truxillo, Spain 1227 United Ladies for the honour of the Cross, Germany 1666 Virgin Mary 1233 Virgin of Mt. Carmel, France 1607 Warfare of Christ, Poland ... 1705 Warfare of Christ, Russia ... 1325 Wing of St. Michael, Portugal 1165 Wladimir, Russia 1682 Knight, Mr., cashier of the South Sea Company, absconded with £100,000, 1720, and compounded with government for £10,000, and returned to England, 1743. Knitting Stockings, invented in Spain, 1550. Knives first made in England, 1563. Knives, Clasped, such as are used by sailors ; eighteen found in the stomach of William Cummins, a seaman, who died in Guy's Hospital, 1809. Knowles, Admiral, took Cuba, May 1748. Knox, John, the Scotch reformer, born in Scotland in 1505 ; came to England from Geneva, 1559. Koniah, Battle of, fought be- tween the army of the Porte and the Pacha of Egypt, in which the Turkish army was beaten, and the Grand Vizier made prisoner, Dec. 21, 1833. Konigstein Tun, made for the King of Poland, 1725, holding 233,667 gallons of wine. Konigsberg, Prussia, nearly de- stroyed by the electric fluid, 1764 ; and by fire, 1769 ; a second time by fire, June 14, 1811. Koran, or the Alcoran of Maho- met, written about 610 ; the prophet aimed in it to unite Jews, Chris- tians, and heathens, in the worship of one God, under particular laws and ceremonials, which demanded obedience to himself. It was beau- tifully written in the purest Arabic. The contents of the volume were said to be a revelation from heaven made to him, Mahomet, during a space of twenty- three years. The style is fluent, concise, and elegant, and often rises to the magnificent and sublime where the attributes of God are described. The divine mission of Moses and of Jesus is LAB 356 LAB fully admitted. The doctrine in- culcated by this successful impos- tor is, that there is but one God and that Mahomet is his prophet. The Koran was translated into La- tin in 1143; and has appeared in most European languages. It con- tains 3000 verses. Kotzebue, the dramatist, assassi- nated at Wurtzburg by a young student named Sands, April 2, 1819. Kouli Khan, a usurper of the Persian throne, assassinated, June 8, 1747, by his nephew ; he usurped the Persian throne, 1732 ; invaded India, 1739; defeated the Turks before Babylon, Feb. 28, 1733 ; May 29, 1735, defeated the Turks again, and killed 60,000, their general, and six bashaws ; defeated the Great Mogul, and took Delhi, Oct. 1, 1739 ; invaded Turkey, and ad- vanced to Erzeroum, Sept. 29, 1741 ; defeated, and lost 30,000 men, Jan. 1742 ; again defeated by the Turks, and lost 19,000 men, Sept. 1744; defeated the Turks totally, and took Ezeroum, May 31, 1745 ; de- feated the Turks again, their army consisting of 150,000 men, of whom 30,000 fell, Sept. 28, 1745. , Kowno, Battle of, between the French and Russians, during the dreadful retreat from Moscow, in which the French suffered consider- able loss, as well as their opponents, losing 6000 prisoners and twenty cannon. Krasnoi, Battle of, between the French and Russians, in the retreat from Moscow, in which Da- voust was defeated with consider- able loss, Nov. 16, 1812. Kunnersdorf, Battle of, fought between the King of Prussia and the Russians, in which the great Frederick was defeated, with the loss of 20,000 men, Aug. 12, 1759. Kyrie Eleison, introduced in the Roman Catholic liturgy, 590. Labour, price of, a.d. 1352, 25 Edward III., wa^es paid to hay- makers were but one penny a day ; a mower of meadows 5d. per day, or 5d. an acre ; reapers of corn, in the first week of August, 2d., in the second, 3d. per day, and so till the end of August, without meat, drink, or other allowance, finding their own tools ; for thrashing a quarter of wheat or rye, 2^d. a quarter; a quarter of barley, beans, peas, and oats, ljd. ; a master carpenter, 3d. per day ; other carpenters, 2d. per day ; a master mason, 4d. per day ; other masons, 3d. per day ; and their servants, l|d. per day ; tilers, 3d. and their knaves, l|d. ; thatchers,3d. aday, their knaves,l|d.; plasterers and other workers of mud Avails, and their knaves, in the like manner, without meat or drink, and this from Easter to Michaelmas ; and from that time less, according to the direction of the justices. — By the 34th of Edward III., 1361, chief masters of carpenters and ma- sons, 4d. a-day, and the others 3d. or 2d., as they were worth. — 13th Richard II. 1389, the wages of a bailiff of husbandry, 13s. 4d. a-year, and his clothing once a-year at most ; the master hind, 10s. ; the carter, 10s. ; shepherd, 10s. ; ox- herd, 6s. 8d. ; cow-herd, 6s. 8d. ; swine-herd, 6s. ; a woman labourer, 6s. ; a day ditto, 6s. ; a driver of the plough, 7s. From this time up to the time of 23 Henry VI., the price of labour was fixed by the justices by proclamation. — 1445. 23 Henry VI., the wages of a bailiff of husbandry were 23s. 4d. per annum, and clothing of the price of 5s., with meat and drink ; chief hind, carter, or shepherd, 20s., clothing, 4s. ; common servant of husbandry, 15s., clothing, 40d. ; woman servant, 10s., LAB 357 LAB clothing 4s. ; infant under fourteen years 6s., clothing 3s. ; freemason or master carpenter, 4d. per day, without meat and drink, 5^d. ; master tiler or slater, mason or mean carpenter, and other artificers concerned in building, 3d. per day, without meat and drink, 4|d. ; every other labourer, 2d. per day, without meat and drink, 3|d. per day ; after Michaelmas to abate in proportion. In the time of harvest, a mower, 4d. a-day, without meat and drink, 6d. ; reaper or carter 3d. a-day, without meat and drink, 5d. ; woman labourer and other labourers 2d. a-day, without meat and drink, 4id. per day. — By the 11th Henry VII., 1496, there was a like rate of wages, only with a little advance ; as, for instance, a freemason, master carpenter, rough mason, bricklayer, master tiler, plumber, glazier, car- ver, joiner, was allowed from Easter to Michaelmas to take 6d. a day, without meat and drink, or with meat and drink, 4d. ; from Michael- mas to Easter to abate Id. A mas- ter having under him six men, was allowed Id. a-day extra. By the 6th of Henry VIII. 1515, the wages of shipwrights were fixed as follows : a master ship carpenter taking the charge of the work, having men under him, 5d. a day in the summer season, with meat and drink ; other ship carpenter, called an hewer, 4d. ; an able clincher, 3d. ; holder, 2d. ; master calker, 4d. ; mean calker, 3d. ; day labourer by the tide, 4d. Labour of Husbandmen at differ- ent periods from 1568 to the .year 1840, in England :— 1568 4 per diem. 1620 4i 1632 6 1647 10 1662 6 1688 8 1698 8 1716....... 9 1740 10 1760 1 1788 1 4 1805 1 9 1810 1 11 1815 2 21 1820 1 11 1825 1 8 1830 1 9 1835 1 8 1840 1 9i Labour cost of, per acre, in periods of five years, from 1790 to 1840 : — s. d. 1 790 five years average 7 2 per acre 1795 Ditto ... 8 2 1800 Ditto ... 11 1805 Ditto ... 15 6 1810 Ditto ... 19 6 1815 Ditto ... 22 4 1820 Ditto ... 23 9 1825 Ditto ... 21 1830 Ditto ... 24 1835 Ditto ... 23 2 1840 Ditto ... 26 7 Weekly husbandry wages from 1804 to 1843, averaged 10s. Of d. in Norfolk, the lowest being 8s., in 1804 ; the highest 15s., in 1812. Labourer. — Annual expense of the family of an agricultural la- bourer, of 5,4*5 persons ; calculated chiefly from a table of the expenses of 66 families of labourers, in differ- ent parts of England : — 1792. ] 1813. 1823. £ s. Bread, butcher's meat, beer, and other provisions of homegrowfh 16 Tea, sugar, and foreign articles 2 Rent 1 13 Fuel and candles 2 10 Clothes and Avashing 4 7 Contingencies 10 27 32 LAD 358 LAM In Essex, in 1853, the following were given as the earnings of a labourer's family : — s. d. Father, with small beer 8 One son 1 6 A second son 1 10 In harvest : £ s. d. One month 4 4 in all about £30 per annum, or Rent 4 Fifty-two bushels of flour) 1Q 4 A 8s \ 18 4 ° Yeast and fagots 1 19 Shoes 3 Clothes for man and two ) -, n T A boys J 1 u U 29 leaving £2 for other necessaries. Lacalza, Order of Knighthood, began in Venice, 1400. Laburnum, brought into Eng- land from Hungary, 1576.. Lace, Flanders, more valuable than gold, mentioned, 1320 ; one ounce of line Flanders thread has been sold in London for £4 ; such an ounce made into lace may be here sold for £40, which is ten times the price of standard gold, weight for weight. Lacock Nunnery, Wilts, built 1133. LACTEALs,the, discovered by chance in opening a dog, by Asellius, July 23, 1662 ; in birds, fish, &c, by Mr. Hewson, a surgeon of London, 1770. Ladrone Isles discovered, eleven in number, by Magellan, 1520. Ladies, first introduced at court by the Queen of Louis VII., about 1500, being much later than in England. Ladybirds, extraordinary flight of, near Southampton, two miles long, observed, Aug. 1826. Lady-day, the 25th of March, said to have been instituted in 350, but much more probably not until about 700 ; before the alteration of the style, the new year in England began on that day ; in Scotland, the 1st of January was ordered to be the new year's day there, instead of March 25, Nov. 27, 1599. La Hogue, Battle of, between the English and Dutch, under Ad- mirals Russell and Rooke, and the French, under Admiral Tourville, when the French lost twenty-one sail of ships, May 19, 1692. Lakenheath, Norfolk, great in- jury sustained at, by a sand-flood, 1667. Lakes, American, sounded, 1826, Erie, 35 fathoms deep to 25 ; Lake St. Claire, 4 ; lakes Huron, Michi- gan, and Superior, in some places 900 feet deep, the latter being 300 feet beneath the ocean level. Lakes of America, the Ameri- cans defeated by the English on those of the United States, Oct. 11 and 13, 1776, and July 5, 1777 ; the English defeated by the Americans, Sept. 11, 1813. Lally, Count, beheaded, 1766. Lamarque, General, a brave French officer, distinguished under Napoleon, born, 1772 ; died, May 31, 1832 ; several thousand persons killed in Paris, in the riots that took place at his funeral. Lamb, Dr., murdered in London, 1628. Lambert, the impostor, appeared, 1487. Lambert, General, discarded by Cromwell, received a pension of £2000 per annum, 1658 ; usurped authority on the parliament, Oct. 13, 1659 ; tried and imprisoned for life, June 6, 1662. Lambert executed by Henry VIII., for denying the corporal pre- sence, 1538; being burned slowly, in Smithfield, for the doctrine which Henry soon afterwards supported himself. Lambert, Daniel, died, June 21, 1829, weighing 52 stone 11 lbs. Lambeth made into a borough, 1832. Lambeth Palace built, 1188 ; chapel founded by Hubert, archbi- LAN 359 LAN shop, 1196; tower of the church erected, 1375; furniture and books burned here by the followers of Wat Tyler, June 1381 ; the Lollards' tower here the place of imprison- ment and torture of the followers of WicklifFe, many of whom were burned at the instigation of the clergy ; Lord Cobham was burned alive, suspended on a gibbet by a chain round his body, 1417 ; this episcopal palace recently adorned and beautified, at an expense of £52,000. Lameratto, Isle of, depopulated by a volcano, July 29, 1731. Lamps used in London streets, 1681 ; gas lamps introduced, 1814 ; Davy's wire gauze lamp for coal mines, 1817, rendered perfect. Lanark Castle, in Scotland, founded, 1314. Lancashire, since 1745, increased above a million in population; the whole revenue of the customs in that year, not a third of what it was in the port of Liverpool in that county, in 1852. Lancashire, disturbances in, and destruction of power -looms, May, 1826. Lancaster Castle built, 124 ; county of, made palatine by Ed- ward III., in favour of his son, John of Gaunt, 1356 ; court of the duchy instituted, 1356 ; taken by the Pre- tender, Nov. 24, 1745. Lancasterian Family, the first king of the, Henry IV., 1399. Lancasterian Schools first esta- blished by Joseph Lancaster, and at first much opposed, because he was a dissenter, and education would make the people too wise. Dr. Bell, from India, nearly about the same time, introduced the principle, and was supported by some of the orthodox, 1808, whence resulted the ultimate establishment of the sys- tem, at which Lancaster had la- boured from 1798 ; but the schools were not so genei'al as to overcome all opposition until 1817. The plan was introduced into Russia, 1819. Landaff, Cathedral of, erected 1120, with pointed arches ; in ruins, 270.fcet long, 70 broad. Landaff, Bishopric of, founded, 180. Landau taken by the French, Nov. 19, 1703 ; retaken by the im- perialists, Nov. 1704. Landen, Battle of, gained by the French over the English and Dutch under William III., July 19, 1693, owing to Dutch cowardice ; arsenal of, blown up, Dec. 20, 1794. Land Tax, the first in England established, 990 ; in 1018 this tax returned £82,000 ; every hide of land paid 3s. in 1109, which was equal to 6s. 6d. in modern money, besides the difference in the price of commodities. This tax nearly al- ways existed. The tax was esta- blished in its present form, 1 689-90, under William III., since which it yielded £227,000,000, up to 1800 ; it was modified, or placed as it now stands, 1760 ; the equalization of the duties under this tax has long been a subject of interest. The cause of the disproportion of its ope- ration proceeds from its having been a kind of voluntary contribution, levied for the service of the state, in the reign of King William. The sum agreed to be raised by it (viz. £2,000,000) was divided into 513 parts, being the number of the mem- bers for England and Wales ; and it was left to the option of the several counties to pay as many of those parts as they thought proper, or could afford. The consequence was, that some of them, celebrated for their loyalty, took upon them the payment of immense sums, while others, although equally capable of bearing the burden, contributed very sparingly indeed. For instance, Middlesex agreed to pay eighty parts, Essex and York twenty-four each, and Norfolk and Kent twenty- two each, whereas Westmoreland and Cumberland would subscribe only one each, Rutland two, and Durham three. In this manner it has ever since been voted from year to year down to the present time. LAN 360 LAN The following Table shows the quantity of Land in the sevebal Counties, the number of Members returned by each, and the Parts paid, together with the amount of the Produce. Yorkshire - - - Devonshire - - Lincoln - - - - Northumherland - Hants - - - - Kent - - - - Essex - - - - Lancashire - - - Norfolk - - ■ - Sussex - - - Cumberland - - Suffolk - - - - Cornwall - - - Salop - - - - Wilts - - - - Gloucester - - - Dorset - - - - Cheshire - - Derby - - Warwick Herefordshire Nottinghamshire - Durham - - - Surrey - - Cambridge - - Leicester - - Northampton - - Worcester - - Oxford - - - Berks - - Westmoreland Herts - - Bucks - - - Bedford - - - Middlesex - - Huntingdon - - Stafford - - Somerset - - Monmouth - - Rutland - - South Wales - - North Wales - - Total - - Acres. Mem. Parts. 24 Produce. 3,770,000 41 £92,631 4 8 1,920,000 26 25 81,052 6 1,440,000 12 19 73,333 8 1,870,000 10 4 15,438 10 8 1,312,000 16 8 30,877 1 4 1,248,000 19 22 84,911 18 8 1,240,000 8 24 92,631 4 1,150,000 24 14 54,034 17 8 1,148,000 12 22 84,911 18 4 1,140,000 19 16 61,754 2 8 1,040,090 9 1 3,859 12 8 995,000 13 20 77,192 13 4 960,000 27 8 30,877 1 4 890,000 13 7 17,010 8 8 876,000 18 13 50,175 4 8 800,000 11 12 46,315 12 8 772,000 13 9 34,736 14 720,000 10 7 27,017 8 8 680,000 4 6 23,157 16 670,000 10 10 38,586 6 8 660,000 7 5 19,298 3 4 632,000 10 7 27,017 8 8 610,000 10 3 11,578 18 592,000 11 18 69,473 8 570,000 7 6 23,157 16 560,000 6 9 34,736 14 550,000 9 12 46,315 12 540,000 12 9 34,736 14 534,000 9 10 38,596 6 8 527,000 8 10 38,596 6 8 510,000 3 1 3,859 12 8 451,000 7 11 42,455 19 4 441,000 11 12 46,315 12 247,000 4 7 27,017 8 8 241,000 14 80 398,770 13 4 240,000 4 4 15,438 10 8 180,000 17 7 27,017 8 8 175,000 15 19 73,333 8 160,000 4 3 11,578 18 110,000 2 2 7,719 4 4 3,210,000) : 2,160,000 J 29 11 42,455 19 !500 513 2,000,000 LAN 361 LAN Before the union with Scotland, England sent 513 representatives to parliament, and by the act of union 45 Scotch were added to them, which, if they had gone by the land-tax, ought not to have been so many ; but it seemed the intention of the then legislature, that bat 45 Scotch should sit in the house, for at that time few or no Scotchmen had estates in England, nor had any of them, till some years afterwards, qualifi- cations to be chosen for any English borough. The whole kingdom of Scotland pays but £45,954 : 1 : 2 towards the land-tax. The total amount of the tax, in 1832, was re- duced to £1,184,340. The power to redeem it was one of Mr. Pitt's arbitrary measures, and whether fu- ture generations will be bound by it, crippling, as it does, the means of the country, is very doubtful. It does not extend to Ireland. When the excise was made more onerous and stringent, under Walpole, the country gentlemen more openly de- clared, that one of the objects was to lighten their payments on land, by throwing them on the rest of the community. The unequal pressure of the tax in the vicinity of the me- tropolis may be seen as follows : — The land- tax being nominally 4s. in the pound, London, Westminster, and Middlesex, do not pay 3s. Kent, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Hampshire, and the inland counties, pay 20d. to 22d. The great counties of York, Devon, and Somerset, pay Is. 6d. Cornwall pays less. Wales, Lan- cashire, and the northern counties, pay under Is. Scotland pays about the forty-first part of the land-tax, though the value of their lands is about one-sixth part that of Eng- land. Several parishes in London and Westminster pay full 4s. in the pound, while others scarce pay a third part. Marylebone parish, consisting of 2500 acres, of which one-third is occupied by buildings, pays the enormous sum of one penny farthing, said afterwards to pay a farthing only ; when they make it a halfpenny there is an overplus. Sergeants -Inn, Chancery-lane, con- taining about 15 apartments, for- merly for the judges and sergeants, worth about £50 per annum, one with another, the whole about £900 per annum, a tax of 4s. in the pound would be .£180, pays no more than £31, which is about 9d. The three Temples pay about lOd. The county of Middlesex, the real pro- perty of which is stated at £5,595,537 per annum, pays £236,246, or about lOcl. in the pound ; while in Lancas- ter it is £3,087,774, and the land- tax only £19,509, or about l|d. in the pound ; the great county of York pays about 4§d., while Bedford is near Is. 8d. in the pound ; the little county of Rutland pays about 10d., Buckingham Is. 5^d., while Cum- berland is let off for l|d. ; Stafford pays 5^ d., and Hampshire, about the same value, is mulcted in lid., or just double ; the large county of Northumberland is let off for 2^d., and Sussex is charged Is. 3jd., Hertford, Is. 6d., Westmoreland, 2.3 d. ; similar discrepancies run through them all, and the average rate per pound in the English coun- ties is 9d., and in the Welsh coun- ties 5d. ; but glaringly dispropor- tionate as are these rates in the counties, those levied upon towns and parishes are still more unequal and unjust ; for example, St. Paul, Co- vent Garden, paying 2s. 4d. in the pound, and Marylebone only a farthing • Westminster, in the ag- gregate, at about lOd. ; the city of London near Is. 6d. ; the town of Liverpool does not pay one-tenth of a penny ; Manchester contributes not exceeding 2d. ; the city of Norwich the enormous rate of 2s. Id.; Brigh- ton not more than l^d. ; Exeter city, Is. 3|d. ; Leicester, 2|d.; Cam- bridge, Is. 9cl. ; Lancaster, gd. ; Ox- ford, 2s. 3d. ; Berwick, Jd."; Glou- cester, Is 7d. ; Dover, 7d. ; Bury, 3s. 0^d. ; Harwich, 7d. ; Winches- ter, Is. 5d. ; Southampton, 3^d. ; Kidderminster, Is. 9^d. ; Tewkes- bury, 4d. ; Winchelsea, 3s. Id. , Bath, LAN 362 LAN ljd.; Leeds, 5gd.; Southwark, lid. All the towns varying, and not one of them assessed with reference to their actual wealth or importance. Land generally let in England for Is. per acre, in 1544 ; the rental of England, including land, houses, and mines, was £6,000,000 in 1600 ; twelve years' purchase was the va- lue ; ahout 1690, the rental amount- ed to £14,000,000, and 18 years' purchase ; it rose to 35 years' pur- chase in 1778, but fell to 24 in 1779 ; in 1798, land, and the rent of houses, were together computed at £60,000,000; in 1814 and 1815, lands, houses, mines, &c, were as- sessed at £53,495,375 in England, and £6,642,955 in Scotland ; in 1842, at £85,802,734, England, and £9,481,763, Scotland; in 1845, £88,724,252 in England, and £9,734,546, Scotland; in 1848, at £94,538,472, England, and £10,714,423, in Scotland. Total, £115,252,895, for England and Scotland. Land increased in value, between 1815 and 1848, 5 per cent., or £8,500,000; the houses, manufac- turing buildings, and warehouses, 30 per cent., or £26,000,000. Land sunk in Finland, to the ex- tent of 4000 ells square, but the in- habitants escaped, Eeb. 1793 ; a tract of 120 acres, and 60 feet in depth, slid with a tremendous noise into the river Nid, near Drontheim, Norway, March 7, 1816. Land Carriage of Fish to London supported by an act of parliament, 1764. Lander, Eichard, of Truro, one of the African brother-travellers, died of the wounds he received from the Africans at Fernando Po, Feb. 6, 1834; born, 1804. John, his brother, died in London, Nov. 16, 1839; born, 1806. To them was due the discovery of the course of the mysterious Niger. Landing of the Saxons in Eng- land, 449. Land, prices of; in 1792 a farm let for £170 per annum, let in 1803 for £240; in 1813 for £320; a house at £50 in 1793, let in 1806 for £65, and about the end of the war at £70 ; following which, pro- visions, clothing, labour, profes- sional charges, were £30 per cent, higher in 1806, than in 1792, and from 1806 to 1813 rose so rapidly, that in 1814 they were 67 per cent, above what they were in 1792. Lands waste in Great Britain by examination, in 1794, were found to be 22,351,000 acres, which, if culti- vated and enclosed, reckoning an annual increase of 9s. per acre, the rent would amount to £10,057,950, on a supposition that the yearly produce would be £l, 7s. per acre on three rents, it would be worth £30,173,850 per annum to the com- munity; before 1801, 2,837,476 acres were enclosed, and since that time a vast deal more, which shows its fruit in the increased com pro- duction of the country. Landshut surrendered to the Austrians, June 23, 1760. LAND-Tax of all the Parishes within twelve miles of the metro- polis : — MIDDLESEX. Acton 2 3 Bamet-Friern 3 6 Bethnal-Green 1 4 Brentford 2 4^ Bromley (by Bow) 1 9 Chelsea 1 6 Chiswick 1 6 Ealing 1 2 Edgeware 2 3 Edmonton 2 Enfield 2 11 Finchley 3 Islington 1 6 Kensington 1 Kingsbury 2 6 Limehouse 3 4 Marybone One Farthing. Newington (Stoke) 1 10 Northall 2 Norwood 2 4 Paddington 10 Fulham 1 7 St. George's in the East 1 10 Greenford 2 6 LAN 363 LAN Hackney 1 3 Hadley 2 4 Hampstead 10 Hanwell 2 6 Harrow on the Hill 3 Hayes 2 7 Hendon 1 11 Heston 2 8 Hornsey 2 4 Isleworth 1 4 Pancras 3 Shadwell 3 Stanmore Magna 2 Stanmore Parva 2 9 Stratford Bow 1 6 Teddington 8| Tottenham 1 10 Wilsdon & West Twyford 2 HERTFORDSHIRE Chipping-Barnet 3 2 East-Bamet 2 3 Elstree 1 9 Totteridge 2 9 ESSEX. Barking '. 2 6 Chigwell 2 Chingford : 2 6 East Ham 2 3 Ilford 1 2 Leyton 2 Romford 2 6 Walthamstow 2 Wanstead 3 6 West Ham 2 Woodford 1 KENT. Beckenham 2 2 Bromley 9 Charlton 2 8 Chislehnrst 1 2 Deptford 2 Eltham 1 9 Greenwich 1 2 Hayes 1 3 Lee 2 Lewisham 1 6 Plumpstead 1 9 East Wickham 2 West ditto 9 Woolwich 1 2 SURREY. Addington 2 Barnes 2 Battersea 1 9 Beddington 1 6 Camberwell 1 9 Dulwich 4 Carshalton 1 7 Cheam 2 Clapham 1 9 Croydon 2 Merton 2 5 Mitcham 1 6 Mordon 2 1 Mutlake 2 6 Newington Butts 1 2 Peckham 2 Petersham 4 Putney 1 3 Kew 9 Kingston 2 7 Lambeth, viz. : — Bishop's Liberty 1 4 Prince's Liberty 1 1 Vauxhall 2 2 Marsh and Wall 1 6 Lambeth Dean 2 Stockwell 1 6 Maldon 3 10 Boehampton 2 3 Richmond 1 Eotherhithe 3 Streatham 2 3 Sutton 2 Tooting 1 Wandsworth 2 Wimbledon 4 Lanercost Priory, Cumberland, founded for monks of the Augus- tine order, 1169. Languages, 3664 known; there are 937 in Asia, 587 European, 276 African, and 1624 American, or dia- lects. Professors of languages were not appointed in the English uni- versities until the reign of George I., 1724, and George II., 1736. Languard Port, Essex, built 1618. Languedoc, Parliament of, erected by Charles VII., 1441. Langside, Battle of, between the regent of Scotland and the army of Mary Queen of Scots, the latter being defeated, May 13, 1568, the queen flying to England. Lanterns, invented by King Al- fred, 890 ; London lighted with them, 1415. LAT 364 LAV Lantphy Court, Pembrokeshire, built 1335. Laon, Battle of, between the Prussians and French, under the walls of the town, March 9, 1814. Lapis Calaminaris, discovered in England, 1561. Laplanders, several arrived in London with game in fine preserva- tion, after travelling a vast distance, Feb. 8, 1816. Lasiama, a Spanish order of knighthood, began 1420. Lateran Council, held in the Basi- lica of the Lateran at Rome ; there were five noted councils, four were held in 1122, 1139, 1179, and 1512 ; the last but one was attended by 400 bishops and 1000 abbots. Latin ceased to be spoken in Italy, 581; in France in the ninth century ; it was abolished in Eng- land in law processes, 1731. The Latin nation was reduced to Roman subjection, 339 years before Christ ; the Latin and Greek churches were united, 1004. Latimer, Bishop of, burned by the Oxford priests, Oct. 16, 1555. Latton Priory, built 1270. Latitat, a writ calling individuals to the Court of King's Bench ; it was of old usage, but abolished in actions where 'the defendant was not to be held to special bail by an act 2 William IV., c. 39, May 23, 1832. Latitude, the extent of the arc described by the earth's surface, or by the heavens over it, reckoning north or south of the equator to either pole ; a degree of the latitude was first measured accurately in 1737, in lat. 66° 20 n., and found 69.493 ; at the equator, in 1744, in lat. 12° it was reported, 68.743 ; in England by Mudge, 69.148. The degree of latitude from the equator to the pole numbering 90° , is of the same length in all parts of the globe. Hipparchus of Nice is said to be the first among the ancients who measured a degree of latitude, 170 years before Christ Laud, the notorious zealot, arch- bishop of Canterbury, who claimed the visitation of both the universi- ties, 1637; and designed to bring the nation back to Rome, or as near its ante-reformation creed as pos- sible ; he supported the Star Chamber in its lawlessness, and the efforts of the king to force his own creed upon Scotland ; he was imprisoned and executed, Jan. 10, 1645. Lauenberg, Duchy of, ceded to Denmark by Russia, in exchange for Pomerania and Rugen, June 4, 1815. Launceston Castle, built by the Romans ; the town about 900 ; in- corporated, 1555. Laureate, a sort of versifier and jester, attached to the servile train of our English 'kings from 1251 ; the laureate was paid wages to the amount of 100 shillings, in the reign of Edward IV., he was called " poet ; " Gibbon recommended the abolition of an office so meanly de- pendent and servile tp a man of ge- nius, when he chances to hold it. Nahum Tate held the office after Shad well dying, 1715; Nicholas Rowe, 1718; Lawrence Eusden, 1730; Colley Cibber, 1757; Wil- liam Whitehead, 1785 ; Thomas Warton, 1790 ; Henry James Pye, 1813 ; Robert Southey, 1843 ; Wil- liam Wordsworth, 1850 ; Alfred Tennyson, 1850. Laurel Frigate, lost in Quiberon Bay, the crew being made prisoners, Jan. 31, 1812. Laurel brought to England from the Levant, prior to 1529 ; the Por- tugal laurel brought here in the six- teenth century ; the Laurus indica from Madeira, 1665; the Alexan- drian laurel, 1713; the glaucous laurel brought from China, 1806. Laurestina, Man-of-war, lost off the Bahamas, the crew saved, 1813. Laurestinus, brought to England from the south of Europe, 1596. Lavalette, condemned at Paris for high treason, escaped from pri- son, disguised in his wife's clothes, i Dec. 21, 1815. Major-general Sir LAW 365 LEA Robert Wilson, Michael Bruce, and Captain Hely Hutchinson, were sentenced to three months' impri- sonment for aiding his escape from France, April 24, 1816. Lavender, brought from the south of Europe in the fifteenth century. Laws, British, translated into Saxon, 590 ; the Saxon laws of Ina published, 709 ; Alfred's code of laws made, 890 ; those of Edward the Confessor, 1065; Stephen's charter of liberties, 1136 ; Henry II., his confirmation of, 1154, 1175 ; Oleron, or maritime laws of Ri- chard I., 1194; Granville's digest, 1181; Magna Charta, 1215. See Statutes at Large. Law's Bubble, the most ruinous of financial schemes ; by schemes, and plausible statements to aid his own purposes, he had raised himself to be comptroller-general of the French finances ; he was to pay off the French debt by establishing an East India and Mississippi Com- pany ; the French minister accepted his project, 1710 ; in 1716, he open- ed a bank in his own name, and the rich and poor alike became sharers the scheme ; in 1718, Law's was made a royal bank, and the shares rose to twenty times their original value ; and in 1719, were worth more than all the current coin of France ; in the next year the whole scheme failed, nearly over- threw the French government, and ruined thousands of families, 1720 ; in England he was emulated by the South Sea Directory, 1716. Lawyers excluded from parlia- ment, temp. Henry IV. ; called bar- risters, and said to have been first appointed by Edward I. ; they num - ber about 1200 in England ; includ- ing barristers and attorneys, there are said to be 14,000 in England and Wales, 1845. Lawyers in Scotland ; between 1830 and 1840, with a population little exceeding two millions and a half, there were three hundred and fifty-four courts; nine hundred and forty- four judges, and probably not less than ten thousand seven hun- dred and forty persons living by and connected with the law. * The expense of the judiciary establish- ment proper was not less than £177,000, while the maintenance of the whole judiciary corps cost the country probably about £2,367,000. Law Association Charity, found- ed 1817. Law Institution, founded 1825 ; gained a charter, Feb. 16, 1827. Law cheap counsel fees, in the Churchwardens' accounts of St. Margaret's, Westminster, for the year 1476, is the following entry : — " Alsoe paid to Roger Fylpott, ler- ned in ye lawe, for his Counsel giveing, Ills. VHId., with four- pence for his dinner." Lawns and Thread Gauze, manu- factured in Paisley in 1784 to the value of £164,385 : 16 : Q\. Laybach, Congress of, attended by several of the greater European sovereigns, who banded themselves together to violate the neutrality of Naples with their troops, and put down every attempt at popular freedom, May 6, 1821. Layer's Conspiracy to seize George I., the Prince of Wales, Lord Cadogan, and the principal ministers of state, to take the bank and tower, and bring in the pre- tender ; he was tried, convicted, and hung, March 17, 1722. Lazarus, St., Order of, instituted, 366. Lead, Roman, pig of, found at Cromford Moor, 1777. Lead, a metal found in many countries, but in England principally in Cumberland, Derby, Devon, and Cornwall, in some places rich with combined silver; Cumberland and Derby alone yield 15,000 tons per annum. The substance called black- lead, really plumbago, is found of fine quality, at Borrowdale, in Cum- berland only ; the Clydesdale mines were opened, 1513 ; 13,900 tons are exported annually. Leaden Pipes for conveying water, invented, 1236, or rather re- LEC 366 LEI invented, for they were known to the Romans, as the ruined villas of their baths exhibit. Leadenhall, London, built as a storehouse for the poor, 1446 ; farmed for £1000 per annum, and £1000 fine, July 2, 1750. Lead Hills, Scotland, shock of an earthquake felt in, Feb. 14, 1749. League of Cambray, 1508. League of Smalcald, 1529. Leagues, viz. : — League of Public Good 1464 Cambray 1508 Holy League 1510 Smalcald 1529 League of the Beggars 1560 „ of France & Henry IV. 1576 „ Wurtzburg 1610 „ against the Emperor 1626 Solemn League and Cove-) lfiqfi nant of Scotland ) 10,58 League of Augsburgh 1686 Leake, Admiral, destroyed and took fifty-one sail of vessels at Newfoundland, 1702 ; ■ defeated the French fleet off Gibraltar, Nov. 5, 1704; took Alicant by storm, Aug. 3, 1706 ; took sixty vessels laden Avith provisions for the French army, May 22, 1708. Leap Year, the Bissextile, origi- nated with Julius Caesar, who fixed the year at 365 days six hours from one vernal equinox to another ; the six hours were set aside, and at the end of four years formed a day, to consist of 366 clays, which day was added to the month of February ; this was the Julian style, which ex- isted until the time of Pope Gregory in 1582, when the calendar was altered to its present form. Lease, a species of legal convey- ance, invented by Sergeant Moore, 1535. Leather, a duty first laid upon i-t, 1339 ; tax on, abolished May 29, 1830 ; the duty in England and Ire- land produced half a million ster- ling. Lectures, Medical, founded by Dr. Linacre, the founder of the col- lege of Physicians, 1502, or near that time. Ledbury Hospital, Herefordshire, founded, 1232; revived by Queen Elizabeth, 1580. Lee, the Rev. Mr., inventor of the stocking frame, 1589, a resident at Cambridge. Lee Boo, Prince, the son of the King of the Pellew Islands, who was brought over on a visit to this country by Captain Wilson of the Antelope, wrecked there, 1782 ; he was interred in Rotherhithe church- yard, Dec. 27, 1784. Leeds Castle, Kent, built, 857; rebuilt, 1071. Leeds, town of, made a borough, 1832. Lees Priory, Essex, built, 1306. Leeks, the emblem of the Welsh saint and champion, St. David, worn upon his day, 519. Legacies taxed, 1780; the tax in- creased, Avhile land went free, 1796, 1805, and 1808 ; land taxed to, 1853. Legion of Honour, instituted by Napoleon July 15, 1804, and con- ferred upon merit until Louis XVIII. was placed by the allies on the throne of France, 1815, when it became, as with all orders elsewhere, a matter of interest with the crown. Leghorn, properly Livorno, earthquake at, 1741; occupied by the French, July, 1796 ; evacuated, 1799 ; attacked unsuccessfully by the English, 1813; taken by the Austrians, May 12 and 13, 1849. Leiburn Castle, Kent, built, 1190. Leicester built, and Abbey, 1143; incorporated by King John, 1200; hospital rebuilt, 1776 ; taken by Charles I., and many of the in- habitants killed under his own eyes in the streets, May 31, 1645; sur- rendered to the parliament, June 17, walls demolished, 1662. Leicester House, Leicester Square, the Prince of Wales died at, Mar. 20, 1751 ; born at Hanover, Jan. 20, 1706-7. Leipsic, noted for its fair ; the King of Sweden, Gustavus, defeated the Imperialists before, Sept. 7, 1631 ; besieged, 1637 ; taken by the LEP 367 LEV King of Prussia, Nov. 18, 1745; surrendered to the Austrians, Aug. 5,. 1759 ; abandoned, and again ta- ken possession of by the Austrians, Oct. 4, 1760 ; battle of, between the French and allied armies of Austria, Prussia, and Russia; lost by the French, owing to the treachery of seventeen battalions of Germans in their service turning upon them in the heat of the action ; 80,000 men were killed and wounded; the French lost sixty-five guns and several standards ; Leipsic was ta- ken the next day by the allies, Oct. 16 and 18, 1813. Leith, Hessians landed at, under the command of the Prince of Hesse, Feb. 8, 1746. Leith Bridge, near Edinburgh, the first stone laid, Sept. 23, 1788 ; wet docks at, constructed, 1801. Lenox, Earl of, Regent of Scot- land, murdered, 1571. Lent, a Romish fast, instituted about the second or third century, and declared to be of apostolic in- stitution by the papal church ; it was first observed in England by a King of Kent, 640. Leo I. ordered 200,000 MS. books to be burned, 416, an irrepa- rable loss to literature and to reli- gion. Leo IX., the first pope that kept up a standing military force, 1054 ; Leo X., the patron of literature, he conferred the title of defender of the faith on Henry VIII. ; he is generally considered an unbeliever in the doctrine of which he was the professed head, died, 1521. Leominstee, Herefordshire, char- tered by Queen Mary, 1555. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg elected King of Belgium, June 4, 1831 ; crowned at Brussels, July 21, 1831 ; married Louise, daughter of the King of the French, Aug. 9, 1832. Lepanto, great battle of, between the Turks and the naval forces of Spain, Venice, and Pius V. ; the Turks lost 100 galleys and 30,000 men, out of 250 galleys with their creAvs, Oct. 7, 1571. Le Roch, Island, near the Falk- land Isles, discovered, 1657. Lestwithiel, Stannary parlia- ment at, Sept. 1, 1750. Lestwithiel, Cornwall, incorpo- rated, 33 Edward I. Lesbos, Isle of, peopled 1000 years before the birth of Christ. Liskeard, Cornwall, incorporated 1580. Lestock, Admiral, tried and ac- quitted, June 17, 1746. Letters, said to have been in- vented by Memnon, the Egyptian, 1822 years before Christ ; they were brought by Cadmus to Greece, and thence into Europe, 1500 a.c. ; they were carried by the emperor to America, about 1480 a.d., prior to which the Peruvians and Mexicans had used hieroglyphical characters. Letters of Slanes, the discharge given by the relatives of a person murdered to the murderer, who had compounded for his deed of blood by a fine, about 900. Letters of Marque and Reprisal issued in England by Edward I., 1295, to seize an enemy's vessels ; granted by the American govern- ment against Great Britain, March 22, 1776. Lestrange, Sir Robert, con- demned by the parliament, and im- prisoned, Dec. 25, 1644; burnt in effigy by the mob, Nov. 17, 1679 ; died Dec. 11, 1704. Letters de Cachet, the tyran- nical instruments by which the French kings, before the destruction of the Bastile, immured individuals in that secluded dungeon ; these letters were abolished Nov. 1, 1789. Lettuce came to England from Flanders, 1520. Lea^ant Trade commenced 1511; fell, but revived 1579. Levellers : any individuals Avho advocate a state of political or social equality ; tAA^o leaders of this doctrine in Germany, demolished the effigies and images in churches, and taught that all rank Avas super- fluous ; Muncer, one of those per- sons, SAvcllcd his followers to 40,000, LEW 368 LIB but was defeated by the Prince of Hesse, to whom he gave battle, which he lost ; he was beheaded in 1525; the charge of "Levelling" was directed against some persons in London, 1648 ; and the name was also applied to advocates of parlia- mentary reform, under the ministry of Pitt and Perceval, not long after the former minister had moved for the same reform in the House of Commons. Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, were so styled by the op- ponent party, 1794. Levers, Dr. hanged for treason, July 13, 1750. Lever, Sir Ashton, collected the Leverian Museum, which was left to the public to receive by a guinea lottery, 1785 ; only 8000 tickets out of 36,000 could be disposed of, science having no hold on the public mind ; it was afterwards sold by auction and scattered, to the irreparable loss of inquiring minds, Sept. 20, 1806. Levy, Lyon, a Jewish diamond merchant, threw himself from the top of the monument in London, Jan. 18, 1810. Lewes Priory and Castle, Sussex, built 1078; the battle of Lewes, between Henry III. and Montfort, with the barons, May 14, 1264 ; the royal army defeated, and the king with his relations made prisoners; a pit with bodies discovered near, 1846 ; a miracle is recorded of this priory : — " 1230. — The chapel of the Blessed Mary was built anew, and on the vigil of St. Nicholas the first mass was celebrated in it. "1243.— On the day of the anni- versary of Earl William, the founda- tion was laid of the new work of our church. "1245. — Guichard, the prior of Lewes, came to England, and on the eve of St. Pancras entered the church with a great attendance, and was admitted with honour by the Convent. " 1250. — In this year, on the day of the Saints Processus and Marti- nianus, a certain sick man, whose arm and both knees were as if con- tracted, was cured at the Holy Cross of St. Pancras, at Lewes." Lexington, battle of, the first fought between the English and the Americans, in which the latter were defeated, April 19, 1775. Lewis Dauphin of Erance, in- vited to the throne of England by the barons, 1216. Lewis XV., of Erance, crowned at Eheims, Oct. 14, 1722; sent home the Infanta of Spain as too young for a wife, April 5, 1725; married a daughter of the king of Poland, July 22, 1725 ; presented Humphry Parsons, lord mayor of London, with his picture set in diamonds, Feb. 1730 ; his bed took fire, and he narrowly escaped burn- ing to death, July 1, 1747. Leyden, Siege of, sustained against the armies of Spain, during which 6000 of the inhabitants died of famine and pestilence, 1574 ; its celebrated university founded 1575 ; jubilee at, instituted 1675 ; univer- sity nearly destroyed, with much of the town, by a vessel with 10,000K>s weight of gunpowder blowing up, Jan. 1807. Libel, ex officio informations for, from Jan. 1801 to 1807, only four- teen filed under the administrations of Pitt, Addington, and Fox ; from 1807 to 1811, under Perceval's min- istry, forty-two were filed, sixteen being tried, and twenty-six kept in terrorem as a means of oppression, 1811 ; Colonel Lilburne fined £5000 for writing one, 1637 ; imprisoned for another, 1645 ; tried again and ac- quitted, 1649 ; Lord George Gordon, for a libel on the French queen, condemned to five years' imprison- ment, and fined £500, Jan. 28, 1788 ; Dr. Withers for a libel on Mrs. Fitzherbert, July 14, 1789; the Times for a libel on George, Prince of Wales, Feb. 1790 ; the Morning Post for one on Lady E. Lambert, damages £4000, July 9, 1792; Peltier for a libel on Napoleon Bonaparte, Feb. 21, 1803 ; Wm. Cobbett found LIB LIB guilty of a libel against the King's Hanoverian Legion, June 15, 1811, fined £1000, with two years' impri- sonment. Libel, three ex -officio informa- tions filed against Hone for, who pleaded not guilty, being political parodies in the manner of creeds, &c, June 16, 1817 ; tried, Dec. 18, and acquitted after a manly defence of seven hours' duration ; tried for the second libel, Dec. 19, another judge being sent clown by the ministry for the purpose ; after defending him- self for eight hours, again acquitted ; Dec. 30, tried for a third parody, and acquitted, after a defence of nine hours ; three thousand pounds sub- scribed for him in approbation of his conduct, Jan. 1818. Libels, blasphemous and seditious writings, prosecutions for, under the Castlereagh administration, from Dec. 31, 1812, to Dec. 1822, when that nobleman committed suicide, were 270 in number. Libels dispersed by gunpowder, in Westminster Hall, July 14, 1736 ; the papers were laid near the Chan- cery Court, and powder within the bundle suddenly exploding, threw out bills containing five libels on the Gin act, Mortmain act, and others, which the court declared, without the " law's delay," to be wicked and audacious, and offered £200 for the discoveiy of the author or authors ; act against blasphemous and seditious libels, introducing banishment for them on the second offence, 60 George III., 1820 ; act for better regulating the law of, 1 William IV., July 1830 ; law giving summary protection to persons em- ployed by parliament in reporting its proceedings and in their publi- cation, April 14, 1840. Libertines, a religious sect which maintained that all that was done was done in the spirit of God, 1525 ; that sin was only sin to those whose consciences told them so ; that the soul died with the body, and men should live without scruples about heaven or hell, — hence arose the bad sense and use of the term liber- tine. Liberty of the Press allowed in Denmark, 1770 ; of conscience, pub- lished under Queen Mar} r , 1553 ; under Charles II., 1672, but soon revoked ; again published under James II., April 4, 1687. Library, the first private one the property of Aristotle, 534 b.c. The first public library of which we have any certain account in history, was founded at Athens by Hipparchus, 526 b.c. The second of any note was founded at Alexandria by Ptolemy Philadelphus, 284 ; it was burnt when Julius Ctesar set fire to Alexandria, 47 b.c. The first library at Rome was established, a.d. 167. At Constantinople, founded by Constantine the Great, about a.d. 335 ; destroyed, 477 ; a second library, formed from the remains of the first, at Alexandria, by Ptolemy's successors, was totally destroyed by the Saracens, 640, containing 600,000 volumes, all precious litera- ture of antiquity; the library of Richard de Bury, chancellor of England, 1341, was the first private collection in this country, or perhaps in Europe; he gave fifty pounds weight of silver, for thirty or forty volumes, to the Abbot of St. Albans ; the Vatican at Rome by Pope Nicholas V., 1446; rebuilt, and the library considerably im- proved by Sixtus V., 1588; the Imperial of Vienna, by Maximilian I., about 1500 ; the Royal, of Paris, by Erancis I., about 1520; the Escurial at Madrid, by Philip II., 1557; of Florence, by Cosmo de Medicis, 1560 ; the Bodleian, at Oxford, founded 40 Elizabeth, 1598, has 400,000 volumes, and 30,000 MSS. ; the Cottonian, formerly kept at Cotton-house, Westminster, founded by Sir Robert Cotton, about 1600; appropriated to the public use and benefit, 13 William III., 1701 ; partly destroyed by tire, 1731 ; removed to the British Museum, 1753, where there is a fine library collected by George III., LIC 370 LIG at the expense of £130,000, con- sisting of 63,000 volumes; this library was clandestinely sold by George IV. to Russia, and the fact only discovered just in time to pre- vent its embarkation : the nation paid the money for it 1823, and kept it in the country ; the Museum library contains about 600,000 vol- umes, being inferior to that of Paris, which numbers above a million; there are between 60,000 and 70,000 visits to the Museum, and 8781 to the print room, in the year; the Cotton MSS. in the catalogue, fill a folio volume ; the Harleian four vols.; the Lansdowne two; the oldest MS. is a copy of the Gospels, of the 7th century; 317 vols, of Svriac MSS. ; 10,221 maps ; 29,626 vols, of MSS.; 2946 rolls; 23,772 charters and instruments, 208 MSS. and 55 on papyrus. There are libra- ries at the British Institution, Sion College, Red Lion street, London, and those of the University of Dublin, and the Advocates at Edinburgh ; in France, besides the Royal Library of Paris, and nume- rous others, every large town and city contains a public library, some of great value. The private libraries of England are more numerous and valuable in the ag- gregate than those of other countries, although (except the Oxford and British Museum libraries) the public ones are inferior ; the Rad- cliifeian, at Oxford, founded by the will of Dr. Radcliffe, who left £40,000 to the University for that purpose, 1714 ; at Cambridge, 1720, to which George I. gave £5000, to purchase Dr. Moore's collection. Licences, a mode of raising money, introduced by Richard I., 1190; for public houses, 1551; brewers, excisable articles, &c, 1784; gaming houses, 1620; lottery office keepers' licences ; pedlars and hawkers', 1697. Lichfield Cathedral, built 656 ; rebuilt 1148, by Roger de Clinton; 400 feet long, 66 broad, spire 258 feet; once styled the bishopric of Lichfield and Coventry ; see found- ed 656, after which it was made archiepiscopal ; in 1075 the see re- moved to Chester ; then back again to Lichfield, in 1102; the first bishop of Lichfield alone was Sa- muel Butler, 1840. Lichfield, city of, a charter granted to, as a city by Edward VI. 1549 ; Richard II., kept his Christ- mas at Lichfield castle, 1397, when 200 tuns of wine, and 2000 oxen were consumed. Liege, taken by the Duke of Marlborough, Oct. 14, 1702 ; by the French, June 15, 1705 ; palace at, destroyed by fire, Feb. 1734. Life Boat, the Hoylake, upset, and ten of twelve in it were drowned, Dec. 29, 1810 ; at Rhyl, and six lives lost, 1853 ; at Carnarvon, men saved, 1852 ; at Lytham, 1852 ; the invention of Mr. Greathead, who was rewarded by a sum of money from parliament, May, 1802. Life Preserver, a new safety jacket to prevent drowning, invent- ed by a Bath mechanic, 1823. Life Preserver from shipwreck, Manby's mortar and apparatus for, first used, Feb. 1808, and in the first twenty years saved fifty-eight vessels, and 410 lives. Light, the Zodiacal, discovered, 1659. Light first used in churches in the day, 409 ; lights were used at night in imitation of the lamps lit in the Jewish and Pagan temples, which were generally kept burning. Light, Refraction of, discovered by Snellius, 1624 ; moves at the rate of 200,000 miles in a second of time, 1667 ; the light of the sun takes eight minutes and the same number of seconds to reach the earth, or travel 95,000,000 of miles; light and co- lour, theory of, given by Sir Isaac Newton, 1666. Lighthouses, erected by commer- cial nations upon capes, rocks, pro- montories, or on board vessels moor- ed near shoals, to direct the course of shipping ; that called the Pharos, at Alexandria, was the most cele- LIL 371 LIN brated and the oldest, visible 42 miles ; the Eddystone, off the coast of Cornwall, is the most skilful and daring edifice in an engineering point of view, in 50 degrees, 10 mi- nutes, 54 seconds, north latitude, and 4 degrees, 15 minutes, 43 se- conds, west longitude. There were 270 on the coasts of England, Ire- land, and the Channel Islands, in 1848; in South Africa, the East Indies, and in Tasmania, 44, 1848 ; west coast of Africa, 5, 1848 ; Bri- tish North America and the West Indies, 89; South America, 23; north and west coasts of France, Spain, and Portugal, 137. Lightning, a flash penetrated the theatre at Venice, during a repre- sentation, Aug. 17, 1796; of 600 people in the house, several were killed, the candles put out, a lady's gold watch-case melted, the jewels and diamonds in the ear-rings of others split ; lightning, with thun- der, so terrible as to throw down se- veral churches, Eeb. 1222 — it thun- dered fifteen consecutive days ; the rain flooded and destroyed the pro- duce of the earth, 1233 ; many men and beasts perished by it, and nouses were demolished, 1360 ; St. Paul's steeple set fire to, and that of Wal- tham Cross, Candlemas-day, 1443. Ligny, Battle of, between Napo- leon and the Prussian Blucher, in which the latter was defeated with considerable loss, June 16, 1815. LiGuuiANEepublic founded, June, 1802, at Genoa : incorporated with France at its own request, May 25, 1805 ; it was afterwards made a part of the kingdom of Italy. Lilac Tree, the common, known in England, 1590 ; the Persian first cultivated about 1597. Lilburne, Colonel John, fined £5000 for a libel, 1637 ; tried be- fore the infamous Star-chamber of Charles I., he was sentenced to stand in the pillory and receive 500 lashes, 1638, which he bore, though cruelly inflicted, with great fortitude, ; he entered the parliament service after- wards r and fought with great bra- very against the cavaliers at Edge- hill ; was made a prisoner at Brent- ford, and showed distinguished gal- lantry at Marston Moor ; he next attacked Fairfax and Cromwell, and was committed for libel by the par- liament, 1645 ; again in 1649, but he was acquitted ; defeated the Earl of Derby at Wigan, and avenged on his troops the cruelties of the king's army in the west ; tried for another libel and acquitted, Aug. 20, 1653 ; daring and not brooking restraint, settled finally at Eltham, died there, 1657, aged 39, having become a qua- ker. Lilio, Aloys, inventor of the Gre- gorian Calendar, 1570. Lilleshall Priory, Salop, built 1104. Lilt of Navarre, order of knight- hood, 1048 ; of Arragon, 1403. Lily, flower so called, a native of Syria, Italy, and of Persia, brought to England about the 14th century ; the Guernsey lily, or Amaryllis, a native of Japan ; that of a red co- lour from South America ; the gi- gantic lilv from New South Wales, in 1800. " Lima and Callao, founded by Pi- zarro, 1534 ; dreadful earthquakes at, 1586, 1630, 1687, and 1746, Oct. 28, when it was almost wholly de- stroyed with Callao. Limerick, Siege of, Oct. 3, 1691 ; capitulated under civil and military articles duly signed and attested, the violation of which was bitterly com- plained of by the Irish people, not without just reason; Limerick, once called Lanreach, bishopric founded, 550 ; obtained a charter, 1195 ; ex- plosion of gunpowder at, Feb. 1, 1694, killing 100 persons ; a second explosion of gunpowder killed nu- merous other persons, Jan. 2, 1837. Limitation of the Crown, act passed, 1701 ; respecting estates, 1769. Lincelles, Battle of, between the English and Dutch armies and the French, in which the latter were re- pulsed, with the loss of 11 pieces of cannon, Aug. 18, 1793. LIN 372 LIN Lincluden Abbey, Scotland, founded by Malcolm, the king, who died, 1165. Lincoln College, Oxford, found- ed by the bishop of that see, 1427. Lincoln's Inn, London, built 1229 ; converted from the Bishop of Chichester's palace to an inn of court, 1310; chapel erected, 1626; theatre built, 1695 ; square railed round, 1737 ; new buildings erected, 1782; new buildings, or hall and library, opened, Oct. 30, 1845 , named from Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, who had a house on the same spot, temp. Edward I. ; Lord Eussell beheaded there, July 21, 16S3. Lincoln, Battle of, between the party of the Empress Maud and that of King Stephen, in which the latter was routed and taken, Feb. 2, 1121 ; again, a contest between the Dau- phin of France and the forces of Henry III. of England, in which the former was defeated, and withdrew his claims to the English crown, May 19, 1217. Lincoln, City of, once a colony of the Romans, who built the first castle, of which Newport Gate re- mains ; a second erected by William the Conqueror, taken by Matilda, 1140 ; John besieged here by the barons ; parliaments held here, Ed- ward I., II., and III. ; cathedral built, 1060 ; the bishopric formed by uniting Sidchester and Dorchester, 1086 ; deanery, archdeaconry, chan- cellorship, and precentorship erect- ed, 1092; subdeanery, 1140; the city burned, 1235 ; the great bell of the cathedral, here called the Great Tom of Lincoln, weighs 9894 lbs ; the cathedral itself, 524 feet long, and 80 wide ; the towers, one 300, the other 281 feet high, built be- tween 1088 and 1324. Lindisfarne, Monastery of, North- umberland, founded, 651 ; rebuilt, 1014. Linen first manufactured in Eng- land by Flemings, under the protec- tion oi* Henry III., 1253 ; begun in London, 1368 ; a company esta- blished for ; staining of, first known in England, 1579; a colony of Scotch, in the reign of James I,, who fled from religious persecution to 1 the north-east of Ireland, establish-* ed the manufacture there, about 1630; the products of the flax labour were permitted to be exported, 1696 ; Irish linen board established, 1711 ; Linen Hall, Dublin, opened, 1728 ; abolished, 1828 ; before linen was used, woollen sheets were worn ; from 1772 to 1784, Scotland manu- factured a great quantity. The ra- pid increase of which may be judged from the following returns of the linens stamped for sale : — Years. Yards. Value. 1773, 10,748,1101 £462,721 11* 1774, 11,422,115 492,055 13 8i 1775, 12,134,683| 561,527 10 2^ 1776, 13,571,948* 638,873 9 6 1777. 14,793,8881 710,633 18 7* 1778, 13,264,410| 592,023 5 4* 1779, 12,867,238 551,148 3 3i 1780, 13,410,934| 622,187 16 4* 1781, 15,177,800^ 738,482 13 11* 1782, 15,348,744* 776,098 7 5| 1783, 17,074,777| 868,883 10 6 1784, 19,138,593 932,617 1 11 Barnsley is now the principal place for the manufacture ; exported 1849, 111,259,183 yards, value £3,209,539. Linlithgow Bridge, battle of, be- tween the Earls of Angus and Le- nox, who fought for the possession of the person of James V., then in his minority; the Earl of Lenox, after promise of quarter, was killed by Sir James Hamilton, 1525 ; Ma- ry, Queen of Scots, was born in the parish of Linlithgow, James V., her father, dying of a broken heart the same year, 1542. Linnean System, or that of Lin- naeus, a Swede, was begun about 1725-30; he first compiled a dic- tionary of 7300 plants, which he classed and accurately arranged ac- cording to the sexual parts, their number and situation. The society called after him, the Linnean So- ciety of London, was incorporated, March 26, 1802 ; instituted, 1788. .' LIT 373 LIT Lintz, the capital of Upper Bo- hemia, had seventy houses and its palace hurned, Aug. 12, 1800. Lipstadt, Battle of, between the Swedes and Austrians, in which the King of Sweden was killed at the moment of victory ; the Austrian commander fell at the same mo- ment, Nov. 6, 1632. Lisbon conquered by the Moors, 716 ; made the capital of Portugal, 1506 ; destroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 1, 1755 ; custom-house burned, May 31, 1766; the royal palace, Nov. 1794 ; the court fled to the Brazils, Nov. 1807; the French en- tered and took possession, until de- feated by Sir Arthur Wellesley, Aug. 21, 1808 ; insurrection at, Aug. 21, 1831 ; massacre, June 9, 1834. Lisle, Lady, beheaded at Win- chester, Sept 2, 1685. Lisle, siege of the city of, by the Duke of Marlborough and allies, and, though deemed impregnable, taken after a siege of 3 months, 1708 ; restored by the treaty of Utrecht, 1713, on condition of the demolitions of the fortifications of Dunkirk, bombarded by the Aus- trians, who were obliged to raise the siege, Oct. 7, 1782. Lismore, Castle of, burned in 1645, but rebuilt by the Duke of Devonshire more splendidly than before ; bishopric of, founded, 636 ; the cathedral repaired, 1130; bi- shopric united to Waterford, 1363. Lissa, in Silesia, battle of, won by the King of Prussia over the Austrians, 6000 of whom fell, Dec. 5, 1757. Litanies first used in churches, 443 ; to the Virgin Mary, introduced about 595, by Pope Gregory I; English litany ordered to be used by Henry VIII., 1543. Literary Fund established, 1790, to assist literary men who have pub- lished works of merit; incorporated, 1818. Literary Property. See Copy- right and Press. Literary Property in France, scheme of, to form a law to secure their writings to authors and their families, extended so as to form a species of patrimony, June, 1826. Literary Institution of Bath, founded under the patronage of the late Duke of York, 1823. Statute in favour of works, passed 1710 ; made perpetual, 1774. Literary and Scientific Societies, viz. : — ■ Literary Institution . . 1800 London Institution . . 1805 Bussell Institution . . 1808 Royal Society of Literature . 1822 London Mechanics Institution 1823 Royal Asiatic Society . . 1823 Athenaeum .... 1824 Western Literary Institution . 1825 Eastern Literary Institution . 1825 Geographical Society . . 1830 United Service Institution . 1831 Marylebonne Literary do. . 1832 Statistical Society . . 1834 Westminster Literary Society 1837 Camden Society . . . 1838 Shakspeare Society . . 1840 Alfric Society . . . 1842 Archaeological Institute, Hay- market .... 1843 Literature, so little known from 900 nearly to 1400, that few men of rank or eminence could read or write. Lithofrage, the art of breaking the stone in the bladder; first per- formed in England by Mr. Casteloe, 1833. Lithographic Printing, art of, first introduced into England, 1801. Lithotomy, the operation of cut- ting for the stone in the bladder, first practised, 17 a.t>. ; the high mode of operating considered the oldest. Little Theatre, Hay market, London, fifteen persons crushed to death there endeavouring to obtain admission, to see the performance when the king attended ; several were severely wounded, and some died of their bruises, Feb. 3, 1794. Liturgy, first read in Scotland, July 23, 1637, not without tumult; I the present approved in the Eng- LIV 374 LIV lish parliament, 1547 ; reviewed and altered, 1551 ; read in Ireland in English, 1550 ; altered in 1661. Liverpool originated in the buildings around a castle erected by Koger de Poitiers, 1076 ; not mentioned in Doomsday Book, but received its first charter, 1129 ; Henry II. granted another charter, 1173 ; Henry III. made the town a free corporation for ever for a fine of 10 marks, and granted it an- other charter, 1227; tower in Water Street built, 1252; Henry IV. granted a charter to the town, 1309; the charter of Edward III. given, 1326 ; castle and borough estimated as worth £30, 10s. per annum, 1327; St. Nicholas's church rebuilt, 1360; King Ki chard II. granted the town a charter, 1290 ; Sir Richard Molyneux, constable of the castle of Liverpool, 1420; the shipping of the town, 12 vessels, 177 tonnage and 75 men, 1540 ; in 1555 the tonnage of the 12 vessels increased to 223 tons; Manchester cotton bartered with some Liverpool merchants for wine, 1558; the old tower de- stroyed by a storm, 1560 ; six streets only inhabited, containing 38 cot- tages, 1 561 ; the number of house- holders 138, 1565; the first lottery in England proclaimed here, 1566 ; two shillings per day allowed to the members of parliament while in London, the money collected, 1584 ; twenty -four vessels of 362 tonnage, belonged to the town, 1618 ; Charles I. granted a charter to the town, which was made a body politic and corporate, July 4, 1626 ; King Charles illegally levied ship money, Liverpool £25, Chester £26, Bris- tol £2000, 1636 ; the town besieged by Prince Rupert, and taken by storm, June 26, 1644; the town again declared for the parliament, 1645 ; fifteen vessels belong to the town, from 15 to 35 tons each, 1650 ; the castle demolished, 1659; town hall built, 1674 ; Liverpool made a distinct parish from Walton, 1699 ; the old dock made, 1699 ; the po- pulation, 5000 ; the castle granted to the corporation, 1704; 84 ships in all, 5789 tons, belonged to the port, and the first ship sailed for Africa, 1709; ships increased to 113, and 8326 tons, 1716 ; inha- bitants, 10,446 in 1720 ; dock dues, £810 : 11 : 8, 1734; inhabitants, 12,000 in 1730 ; the port entered by 300 vessels, 1730 ; ships increased to 220, making 19,176 tons, 1751; 53 sail for Africa, 1751 ; inhabi- tants, 27,787 in 1760 ; Williamson's first newspaper published, 30 adver- tisements ; four inns in the town, and a stage coach to London once a week, being 4 days on the road, 1760 ; in 1764 no less than 74 ves- sels sailed to Africa ; the first newspaper of Gore, Dec. 27, 1764, with 15 advertisements ; first stone of St. George's dock laid, 1767; theatre-royal opened, 1775 ; popu- lation, 34,407; 412 houses unlet, 1773 ; alarming riots of seamen, 1775; Liverpool custom dues, £648,684; mail to London estab- lished, 1785 ; 465 vessels, of 49,541 tonnage, belonged to the town, 1786 ; intei-ior of the town hall des- troyed by fire, 1795 ; new town hall opened, 1797; athenasum built, 1799 ; botanic garden planted, 1800; number of ships that year, 5647, tonnage, 450,000 ; dock dues, £23,379; population, 77,653; ly- ceum opened, 1802; theatre, Wil- liamson Square, opened, 1803 ; first stone of corn exchange laid, 1807 ; the spire of St. Nicholas church fell, 24 children killed, 1810 ; dock dues, £65,782; ships, 6729, ton- nage, 734,391, 1810; population, 94,376 ; royal institution begun, 1814 ; opened, 1817; imports, £8,000,000 value; exports, £12,000,000; Prince's dock begun, 1816 ; the steam ship Savannah arrived from the port of that name in 26 days, June 20, 1819 ; in 1820, 7276 ves- sels, with a tonnage of 805,033 en- tered the port; population, 1821, 118,972 ; musical festival receipts, £6000, Oct. 1823; Alert packet, from Dublin, Avrecked, and 100 per- sons drowned, Mar. 25, 1823 ; post. LIV 375 LIV packets with Ireland commenced, 1826; Liverpool and Manchester railroad begun, 1826 ; first stone of the Rock Perch lighthouse laid, June 8, 1827 ; first stone of the new custom house laid, 1828; 23,500 dwellings in the town, 1826 ; num- ber of vessels entering the port, 1829, 11,383, tonnage, 1,387,957; dock dues, £147,327; Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, Mr. Huskisson killed, Sept. 15, 1830; W. Roscoe died, June 30, 1831, aged 79 ; wreck of theRothsay Castle, 1831, and 100 passengers, Aug. 17; the cholera visited the town, 1832 ; zoological gardens opened, May 27, 1833; Waterloo dock opened, Aug. 18, 1834; assizes to be held at Liverpool on the 15th of Aug., ordered, 1835 ; Trafalgar and Victoria docks named, 1836; in 1837 the corporation had an estate of £3,000,000 value, it hav- ing doubled in 45 years ; Statistical Society founded, 1838 ; St. George's Hall and courts begun, 1841 ; a fire, which destroyed property to the amount of £500,000, 1842; a statue erected to Mr. Huskisson, 1847; ships entered Liverpool, 1843, English, 2615, with 691,707 tonnage, foreign, 1014, with a tonnage of 417,621 ; the duties paid at the custom house, ending Jan. 1844, were £5,121,522 ; in 1848 the num- ber of vessels inwards, was 3561, tonnage, 1,396,107 ; vessels out- wards, 4318, and the tonnage, 1,535,067 tons. The increase of houses between 1838 and 1845 was very singular, in 1838 1052 1839 987 1840 1577 1841 1761 1842 2027 1843 1390 1844 2450 1845 3728 14,982 in 8 ys. Value of exports from Liverpool, 1850, the returns gave £34,891,827, equal to half of all the United Kingdom. The shipping amounted to 3,262,253 tons; the sum ex- pended on the port of Liverpool and the Mersey, said to amount to £12,000,000 sterling, 1850. The modern adaptation of iron rail- ways for rapid conveyance, was first brought into practical opera- tion by the Liverpool and Manches- ter railway. The traffic upon this line to midsummer, 1836, since which such particulars have not been made public, was as follows :-— From Sept. 16, to Dec. 31, 1830. .. ... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1831. .. ... July 1, to Dec. 31. ... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1832. ... July 1, to Dec. 31. ... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1833. ... July 1, to Dec. 31. ... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1834. ... July 1, to Dec. 31. ... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1835. ... July 1, to Dec. 31. ... Jan. 1, to June 30, 1836. Merchandise. Tons. Coal. Tons, Passengers. Number, 1433 . 43,070 . 65,488 . 72,601 . 86,842 . 96,457 . 98,247 . 104,356 . 106,380 . 113,647 . 116,982 . 117,617 2630 2889 8396 29,456 39,940 41,375 40,134 46,039 53,298 55,444 60,802 68,893 71,951 188,726 256,321 174,122 182,823 171,421 215,071 200,676 235,961 205,741 268,106 222,848 1,023,120 449,296 2,393,767 LIV 376 LIV These figures do not include great numbers of cattle, sheep, and swine conveyed from Liverpool towards the interior of the country. In less than six years there were conveyed upon this railway nearly two mil- lions and a half of passengers, and little short of a million and a half tons of merchandise and coals. Exactly one century before the opening of this line, the town of Liverpool contained only one car- riage, and no stage-coach came nearer to the town than Warring- ton, the traffic being then principally earned on by means of pack-horses. The inland trade of Liverpool is assisted by canals, the most import- ant is the Leeds and Liverpool canal, 128 miles long. The Mersey and Irwell navigation served until the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester railroad. The Duke of Bridgewater's canal connects the Mersey with Birmingham and Staf- fordshire, and, joining the Grand Trunk canal, perfects the communi- cation with London. The trade with North Wales, through the western part of Cheshire, is carried on by means of the Ellesmere canal ; and the river Weaver navigation connects Liverpool with the salt district and the heart of Cheshire. The number of baptisms in the town and vicinity during the year 1838, was 10,145, the number of marriages 3017, and of burials 9979. Liverpool and Ireland, trade be- tween, in produce in the years 1831, 1832, and 1837, compiled by the managers of the steam-vessels en- gaged in that trade : — Cows number Calves do. Horses Mules., Sheep . , Lambs Pigs ., Eggs ...do, ...do. ...do. ...do. ....do, . . . crates W heat quarters Oats do, Barley do. Eye do. Beans do. Peas do. Malt do. Meal loads Elour sacks Bacon bales Pork barl. & g barl Beef ...tiers & barls. Hams hhds, Butter cwts Do firkins Do half do. Lard tierces Do firkins 1831. 1832. 18 Quant. Value. Quant. Value. Quant £ £ 90,715 907,150 69,624 765,864 84,710 4196 2990 1694 10.164 316 296 5920 679 13,580 3414 243 3645 29 290 319 134,762 235,834 74,260 129,955 225,050 25,725 25,725 24,077 24,077 24,669 156,001 585,004 149,090 484,543 595,422 2506 50,120 4097 81,940 277,060 831,180 338,649 948,217 380,679 532,951 325,720 309,434 21,328 37,324 14,486 24,626 613 920 213 320 8452 16,904 7927 12,683 1724 3448 1233 1973 6850 17,125 6009 15,023 149,816 187,270 169,817 203,780 93,154 209,596 177,252 407,680 13,099 65,495 10,771 64,626 15,480 45,300 13,595 41,430 7580 30,728 9044 41,142 590 11,800 817 19,608 5754 11,508 10,348 21,731 258,087 645,217 992,830 775,999 19,217 24,021 15,861 21,412 465 3720 693 6583 4542 6813 10,800 17,820 4,497,708 4,444,500 £ 1,365,360 711 68,280 2552 450,100 22,202 1,488,555 3,397,760 LOA 377 LOA The returns for 1837 include only seven of the twenty-six articles enumerated in the previous years, but some of those seven exhibit a very important increase. Liverpool Administration, suc- ceeded that of Perceval, shot May 1812 ; it terminated April, 1827, by the death of Lord Liverpool, during which there were many changes in the rest of the cabinet, and the Marquis of Londonderry committed suicide. Liverpool Railway to Manches- ter, thirty-one miles long, begun Oct. 3826 ; opened July 30, 1829; to Birmingham, July 4, 1837, as the Grand Junction to London, the whole length, Sept. 17, 1838. Living Skeleton, Calvin Elson, died at New York of tape-worm, 1833 ; he had been exhibited in London several years before. Lizard Point, Cornwall, patent passed to erect the new lighthouses upon, June 29, 1751. Llandilo Vawr, Carmarthen, re- markable for a battle fought in 1281, between Edward I. and Llewellyn the Great. Llandovery Castle, Carmarthen- shire, besieged 1113, by Gruffyd ab Rhys ; taken 1214; taken from Rhys Frechan by a united force of Welsh and Normans. Llandrindod, Mineral Waters of, discovered 1670 ; visiters flocked to, 1726. Llanelian, Anglesey, the church founded 540, by St. Elian. Llangollen Bridge, built by John Trevor, bishop of St. Asaph, 1357 ; repaired 1656. Llanstephan Castle, Carmarthen- shire, built 1138. Llantont Abbey, Monmouth- shire, built 1110. Llandegar Church, said to have been founded in the sixth century, by St. Tagai, the son of a Erench nobleman ; the present erected 1348. Lloyd's Coffee-house, Royal Ex- change, established, 1772, as a place of insurance for shipping ; the patriotic fund fixed at, 1803. Loans, Loss on Foreign, 1835, aris- ing from sums subscribed having no connection with the British govern- ment, and wholly upon the respon- sibility of the foreigner to the con- tractors. This amoun thad greatly increased in 1850, to the dishonour of the borrowers. * Thus the total loss amounted to the enormous sum of ^19,239,750, averaging about til ou the amount lent. LOA 378 LOA Loans after the peace, to 1825 ; money raised in England during the ten years, 1816 to 1825, on ac- count of loans to foreign govern- ments, specifying the amount to each respective country ; annual payment on account of the same ; rate per cent, of contract. 1818 1822 1820 1 2 *3 1821 2 1824 1823 1824 1825 Countries for which raised. Prussia Ditto Spain Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Naples Ditto Russia Denmark .... Colombia .... Chili Poyais Peru Ditto Portugal Austria Greece Buenos Ayres Columbia .... Brazil Mexico Naples Brazil Mexico Greece Denmark .... Peru Guatimala .... Guadalaxara . Amount of Capitals Created. £ 5,000,000 3,500,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 1,000,000 2,744,640 3,430,800 3,500,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 200,000 450,000 750,000 1,500,000 3,500,000 800,000 1,000,000 4,750,000 1,200,000 3,200,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 3,200,000 2,000,000 5,625,000 616,000 1,428,750 600,000 Total 73,495,190 Annual Obligations 250,000 175,000 700,000 308,772 175,000 150,000 120,000 60,000 12,000 72,000 75,000 175,000 40,000 60,000 285,000 60,000 160,000 125,000 100,000 192,000 100,000 168,750 36,960 85,714 36,000 26 65 70 77A 84 70 82 87 82 59 75 58 92i 85 89| 56h 75 78 73 60 Amount of Money raised by England. £ 3,600,000 2,940,000 3,820,000 3,240,000 260,000 4,114,036 2,250,000 Cancelled. 1,640,000 700,000 160,000 396,000 615,000 1,305,000 2,870,600 472,000 850,000 4,203,750 800,000 1,856,000 2,312,500 1,700,000 2,872,000 1,130,000 4,218,750 480,480 1,042,897 360,000 3,702,196 Total amount advanced by England as per above statement £49,038,500 In addition to the above since the peace of 1815, there have been Rentes (Annuities) created in France, equal to about 175,000,000 of 5 per cent. Stock, of which there is supposed to be held in England, about And since the same period there is supposed to have been imported into England from the United States of North America, various Federal, Bank, Canal, and State Securities, in return for capital, equal to 9,000,000 49,038,500 3,702,196 36,000,000 1,800,000 545,010 LOC 379 L OL In 1820 and 1822, there was also raised in Russia from 60 to 85,000,000 of rubles effec- tive = to 3s. Id. each, a considerable portion of which stock is supposed to be held in Eng- land £10,500,000 Making a total amount of money raised in England in the ten years, 1816 — 1825, on account of loans to foreign nations 104,538,500 The annual payments on which are But as about 15 per cent, on an average has been reserved out of fhe 31 loans specially specified to form a Sinking Fund, and to pay the four or five first half yearly dividends, there must be deducted out of the money raised about 11,538,500 Leaving in the aggregate of the ten years the sum of £93,000,000 525,570 ,577,096 577,096 6,000,000 Loans.. — See Expenses of English wars ; generally borrowed at Ant- werp, in 1559 ; Sir T. Gresham, and the city of London, became security for £200,000, borrowed by Queen Elizabeth; a loan of £18,000,000, in 1796, was filled up in London in fifteen hours and twenty minutes, Dec. 5. ; a loan to the Emperor refused, 1730. Loadstone, Polar Attractions of, known in Erance, according to some authorities, 1180; Roger Bacon generally reputed to have known them, 1267. Lochleven Castle, built in Loch- leven lake, 1257 ; besieged by the English, 1301 and 1335 ; the first archbishop of St. Andrews impri- soned there, where he died, 1447 ; Earl of Northumberland confined there, 1569; Mary Queen of Scots, 1567 ; escaped, May 2, 1568. Locks, Bramah's patent for, registered, 1784; in 1578, Mark Scaliot, a blacksmith of London, made a lock of iron, steel, and brass, of eleven several pieces, and a pipe key, all which weighed but one grain of gold ; he also made a chain of gold, of forty-three links, which chain being fastened to the lock and key, and put upon a flea's neck, weighed but one grain and a half. Locusts in St. James' Park and country about London, 1748, Aug. 4; in Germany, 1749; Poland, 1750; Warsaw, 1816 ; seen in Palestine, where they devoured the fruits of the earth, and caused a fever from their stench, 406; in France the same, 873. Lodi, Battle of, one of the most brilliant of the many great achieve- ments of Bonaparte : opposed to the Austrians under Beaulieu, he passed the bridge of Lodi in front of the enemy, May 10, 1796, and after a sanguinary battle, all Lombardy became the spoil of the victor in a very few days. Logarithms invented by Sir John Napier, 1614. Logline used in navigation, adopted about 1570. LoGTOWN,North America, destroy- ed by the French, May 10, 1754. Logwood cultivated in Carolina, 1732, first cut by the English in the bays of Campeachv and Honduras, 1662. Lollards, a term for those who dissented from the church of Eng- land before it became reformed ; in fact, to the followers of Wickcliffe ; the first of these honest reformers was Walter Lollard, 1315, whom the Roman Catholics burned at Cologne for his opinions, 1322 ; they were proscribed by parliament, 1406 ; Sawtree, the incumbent of St. Osith, London, was the first burned in OS 380 LON England for these opinions, 1401 ; in 1414, numbers were thus executed and one of the towers at Lambeth palace, in which the iron rings yet remain to which they were chained, became a place of their incarceration, and probably of torture ; Sir John Oldcastle, was one of those whom the clergy thus persecuted and burned, 1417. Lombards, considered usurers, had their articles seized by the king, 1337 ; they were first sent to Eng- land by Pope Gregory IX., to assist individuals in paying their tithes to the church, by lending money to them, 1229 ; they were also charged with demanding usurious interest ; in time they became eminent deal- ers in money, being generally na- tives of Genoa, Venice, or Florence ; they had their offices in Lombard street ; accused of usury, as all foreign money lenders were in those times, Queen Elizabeth expelled them from the kingdom about 1580. Lombards, in one of the northern states of Italy ; they settled there about 570, being originally Ger- man: their chief proclaimed king at Milan, 570; the Lombards ex- tended their empire by conquests until 772, when Charlemagne an- nexed the territory to the German empire ; annexed to Austria, 1814. Lombardy in Austria : the num- ber of Germans employed by Austria to the exclusion of the native popu- lation, compared with the other provinces of the empire, was as follows, 1850. [The lesser provinces need not be quoted.] Austria, below the Enns (with Vienna) Hungary Lombardy Venice Bohemia Gallicia Population. 1,369,000 11,973.000 2,532,000 2,148,000 4,133,000 4,714,000 Revenue. 19,490,000 19,990,000 19,200,000 15,040,000 16,050,000 Em- ploye's. 9545 7984 9481 8383 7431 12,647,0001 9169 Emoluments. 7,326,893 Elorins 4,053,712 4,320,569 3,942,214 2,646,392 2,677,816 Lombe, Sir Thomas, invented the silk mills, for which he received ±14,000, April 3, 1732. London fortified by the Romans, 50 ; reported to have been the capital of the Trinobantes, 54 a.c; in 61 a.d., called Colonia Augusta, or Londinium ; taken and burned by Boadicea, and 70,000 of the inhabit- ants and of the Eomans massacred, 61 ; she was defeated by Suetonius, 80,000 Britons massacred ; she took poison, 61 ; London Availed in, a palace built, 306; 800 vessels employed in the port of London for the export of corn alone, 359 ; Lon- don made a bishop's see, and Resti- tutus first bishop, 514; Theonius, second bishop, 553; St. Melitus (afterwards translated to Canter- bury), third bishop, 604; West- minster abbey built, by Sebert, 604; St. Paul's built, 604 ; plague ravag- ed London, 664 ; great fire, which nearly consumed the city, 798; London destroyed by the Danes, 839 ; Alfred repaired and strength- ened London, 884 ; great fires, 982, 1027, and 1130; tower built bv William I., 1078; first charter granted to the city bv William I., 1079 ; another fire, 108*6 ; 600 houses thrown down by a tempest, 1090 ; London still unpaved, thatched with straw, covered with tiles, 1192; charter granted by Henry L, 1100 ; old London bridge erected, 1176; Henry Fitz Alwyn, the first mayor, serving twenty-four years, 1189 ; charter relating to weirs, 1196: charter of king John, mayor and common council elected annually, 1209 ; common hunt first appointed, 1226 ; charter of Henry III., 1233 ; aldermen appointed in the city, with important privileges, 1242; Cheap- side lay out of the city, 1246 ; watch in London, 38 Henry III., 1253 ; tax called murage, to keep the walls and ditches in repair, LON 381 LON 1279 ; city divided into wards, 1285 ; the houses still built of wood, 1300; charter granted by Edward III., 1328; terrible pestilence, 50,000 citizens perished, 1348; privileges taken away, but restored on submis- sion, 1366; William of Walworth, lord mayor, 1380; Wat Tyler's rebellion, 1381 ; aldermen elected for life, 1394 ; city first lighted at night by lanterns, 1415; Guildhall finished, 1416; Whittington thrice lord mayor, viz., 1397, 1406, and 1419; entertained Henry Y. at Guildhall, and threw into a fire of spices, bonds of that monarch for moneys lent him to the value of £60,000, 1419 ; Jack Cade's rebel- lion, 1450 ; first civic procession on the water; Sir John Norman lord mayor, 1453; Ealconbridge at- tempted the city, 1471 ; sweating sickness raged, 1485 ; sheriff fined £50 for kneeling too near "the' sovereign lord mayor," at prayers in St. Paul's, 1486 ; the fatal sweat, 1517 ; memorable evil May-da} r , 1517 ; the Londoners amused by a battle between a Dutch and French vessel, fought close to London bridge, to which the former had actually pursued the latter. Wal- singham, lieutenant of the Tower, boarded and seized both the com- batants, Feb. 1528; streets first paved, 1533; forty taverns and public-houses alloAved in the city, and three in Westminster, act 7 Edward VI., 1553; Eoyal Exchange built, 1666; Thames water conveyed into the city by leaden pipes, 1580 ; new buildings in London forbidden in any places where none had pre- viously been erected, to prevent the increasing size of the city, 1580 ; nearly all London built of wood, 1600; 30,578 persons perished by the plague, 1602 ; gunpowder plot, 1605; Sew River water brought to London, 1613; hackney coaches first plied, 1625; the lord mayor and sheriffs arrested at the suit of two pretended sheriffs, 1652 ; 68,596 persons perished by the great plague, 1665; great fire of London, 1666 ; act for a new model of building of the city, 1666; monument erected, began 1671, finished 1677 ; London streets lighted by lamps, 1681 ; charter declared forfeited, 1682; taken away 1688, but restored 1689; city sheriff sent to the tower for con- tinuing a poll after the lord mayor had adjourned it, 1682; devastating storm, called " the high wind," 1703; act for the erection of fifty new churches in and near London, 1711 ; South Sea bubble commenced 1716, exploded, 1720; Chelsea water- works formed, 1722; the lord mayor's banqueting house at Tyburn, pulled down, 1737 ; great frost, Dec. 25, 1739, to Eeb. 8, 1740; new mansion house completed, furnished, and inhabited, 1753; London bridge repaired, 1758 ; the crown grants the city £15,000 to pull down the gates, 1760; Blackfriars bridge opened, 1770; common council to wear blue gowns, 1761 ; cause lost against the dissenting sheriffs, 1762: remonstrance to the king for paying no attention to their grievances, 1770 ; regulations of admitting the livery at Guildhall by Stone's scheme, 1774; the council discon- tinue their blue gowns, 1775 ; from 1768 to 1776, the corporation of London expended the following sums for public uses, which show the opulence of the city : in new paving, repairing old pavements, lighting, cleansing, and purchasing old houses to widen streets, £200, 000; £200,000 for the new bridge at Blackfriars ; several large sums for new roads, embanking the river, and other contingencies; £200,000 for repairing the Eoyal Exchange ; the jail of Newgate cost £100,000. London at large, supposed to contain 160,000 houses, 7000 streets, to cover 3000 acres, and to be in cir- cumference 25 to 30 miles, and its population 1,000,000; the lord mayor committed to the Tower by the House of Commons for a breach of privilege, 1771; Lord George Gordon's no-popery mob, 178U; LON 382 LON memorable storm of rain and thunder over London, June 26, 1788; thanksgiving of George III., at St. Paul's cathedral, April 23, 1789; horse patrol in London, 1805; Lord Nelson's funeral, Jan. 9, 1806 ; gas lights used in London, Aug. 1807; riots on the commit- tal of Sir F. Burdett to the Tower, April 6, 1810 ; civic banquet to the allied sovereigns at Guildhall, June 18, 1814; Queen Caroline's funeral passed through London, Aug. 14, 1821 ; metropolitan police com- menced duty, Sept. 29, 1829; me- morable political panic, Nov. 5, and no lord mayor's show, Nov. 9; 1830; general fast on account of the cholera in England, Feb. 6, 1832; the cholera officially an- nounced to exist in London, Feb. 14, 1832; Queen's feast at Guild- hall, Nov. 9, 1837 ; Thames Tunnel opened, March 25, 1843; Royal Exchange opened, Oct. 28, 1844; great Chartist demonstration in London, April 10, 1848 ; re-appear- ance of the Asiatic cholera in the city, Oct. 3, 1848; lord mayor's great civic banquet, March 21, 1850. London Bridge, built about 1016 ; burnt, 1136 ; built new with timber, 1165; rebuilt with stone, 1212; houses took lire at both ends, the people, thinking to suppress it, were hemmed in, and leaping over into boats and barges, several sunk, and 300 persons were drowned, 1212 ; its water- works invented and begun, 1582; a great fire on it, Feb. 11, 1632; another, Sept. 8, 1725; houses taken down, 1756; tempo- rary bridge burnt, April 11, 1758 ; water-works burnt, 1774 ; toll ceased, May 27, 1782. London Bridge (new,) first stone laid by the lord mayor, accompa- nied by the Duke of York, alder men, and common council of London, July 5, 1825; first coffer dam for the new bridge, commenced April, 1824 ; opened in presence of King William IV., Aug. 1, 1831 ; Southwark bridge completed, 1829 ; London, Lord Mayors of, from 1769 1767 to 1853. 1767 Rt. Hon. Thomas Harley. 1768 Samuel Turner. William Beckford. Bar Trecothick. 1770 Brass Crosby. 1771 William Nash. 1772 James Townsend. 1773 Frederick Bull. 1774 John Wilkes. 1775 John Sawbridge. 1776 Sir Thomas Halifax. 1777 Sir James Esdaile. 1778 Samuel Plumbe. 1779 Brackley Kennet. 1780 Sir Watkin Lewis, Knt. 1781 Sir William Plomer, Knt. 1782 Nath. Newnham. 1783 Robert Peckham. 1784 Richard Clark. 1785 Thomas Wright. 1786 Thomas Sainsbury. 1787 John Burnell. 1788 William Gill. 1789 William Pickett. 1790 John Boydell. 1791 John Hopkins. 1792 Sir James Sanderson, Knt. 1793 Paul le Mesurier. 1794 Thomas Skinner. 1795 William Curtis. 1796 Brook Watson. 1797 John William Anderson. 1798 Sir R. Carr Glyn, Knt. 1799 Harvey Christopher Coombc. 1800 Sir William Staines, Knt. 1801 Sir John Earner, Knt. 1802 Charles Price. 1803 John Perring. 1804 Peter Perchard. 1805 James Shaw. 1806 Sir William Leighton. 1807 John Ansley. 1808 Charles Flower. 1809 Thomas Smith. 1810 Joshua Jonathan Smith. 1811 Claudius S. Hunter. 1812 George Scholey. 1813 William Domville. 1814 Samuel Birch. 1815 Matthew Wood. 1816 Matthew Wood. 1817 Christopher Smith. 1818 John Atkins. 1819 George Bridges. LON LON 1820 John J. Thorp. 1821 Christopher Magnay. 1822 William Heygate. 1823 Eobert Waithman. 1824 John Garratt. 1825 William Venables. 1826 Anthony Brown. 1827 Matthias Prime Lucas. 1828 William Thompson. 1829 John Crowder. 1830 John Key. 1831 Sir John Key, Bart. 1832 Sir Peter Laurie, Knt. 1833 Charles Farebrother. 1834 Henry Winchester. 1835 W. T. Copeland. 1836 Thomas Kelly. 1837 Sir John Cowan. 1838 Samuel Wilson. 1839 Sir C. Marshall. 1840 Thomas Johnson. 1841 JohnPirie. 1842 J. Humphrey. 1843 Sir W. Magnay. 1844 Michael Gibbs. 1845 John Johnson. 1846 Sir G. Carrol. 1847 John K. Hooper. 1848 Sir J. Duke. 1849 J. Farncombe. 1850 John Musgrave. 1851 William Hunter. 1852 Thomas Challis. London, Mortality of, the deaths per cent, are, males, 2-7; females, 2*24. The mortality is 66 per cent, higher in the unhealthy than in the healthy sub-districts of the metro- polis, and the births are 51 per cent, higher, too, than in the healthy. The average annual mortality is about one in 41 or 42. The first bill of mortality was made in 1562. Diseases of the respiratory organs are the most fatal class. The di- seases and mortality are much ruled by the districts in which those attack ed reside, and the nature of the locality as to elevation of surface, cleanliness, and the puritv of the air. Of 100,000 born in London, 31,671 will die under five years old ; five to ten, 3408 ; ten to fifteen, 1381 ; fifteen to twenty, 1856 ; twen- ty to thirty, 5016 ; thirty to forty, 6816 ; forty to fifty, 8543 ; fifty to sixty, 11,470; sixty to seventy, 13,495; seventy to eighty, 11,842; eighty to ninety, 4142 ; above nine- ty, 360. The marriages to a hun- dred persons living in the metro- polis are, for males, about 2*1 ; females, 1*8. The births, males to a hundred living, 6*4 ; females, 5'6. Measles, scarlatina, hooping-cough, hydrocephalus, convulsions, pneu- monia, consumption, and teething, destroy the larger number, except old age, which takes away a tenth part, or 11,521 out of each hundred thousand. Total born 1852 80,484 „ died 54,213 Excess of births 26,271 do. 1851 22,517 Died, aged to 15 25,638 15 to 60 17,784 „ 60 upwards 10,496 In 1790, about the time the po- pulation seemed to make a first movement, the following statement, out of 20,749 deaths, was given as the rate of London life under the ages expressed in comparison with the years 1830 to 1839. Of all born there lived — In 1790 to 40 one in 3^ M ^O ,, 4;j 60 „ 7 70 „ 13 1-10 80 „ 42| 90 „ 273 From 1830—9, to 40, one in 2'05 50 „ 2-4 „ 60 „ 33 70 „ 61 80 „ 22 „ 90 „ 277 While one in ten born in the coun- try lives to be eighty, the returns for London do not reach that average, although they are the highest in any existing metropolis. London fortified against Charles I., in 1643 ; the fortifications around London were supplied by the volun- tary enthusiasm of the people. An LON 384 LON esprit de corps animated the sepa- rate guilds of citizens. The trades marched out to the work in separate parties, bearing mattocks, shovels, and other tools, with drums beating, colours flying, and' swords girded. Mixed with most of these companies were to be seen women and girls, some of them ladies of rank, carrying baskets filled with earth ; many of them wrought in the trenches. From Limehouse, where they com- menced, the lines stretched on to Whitechapel, - to Shoreditch, to Hoxton; then along, by Holborn, to St. Giles's and Marylebone, to Tyburn and Hyde Park ; whence London, Population of — leading round by Tothill fields, the river was again commanded by two forts, the one erected at that station, and the other at Nine Elms, on the opposite side; from which point they stretched across the angle of Surrey, through Newington, to Redriff, where they again termi- nated on the stream. At each of these, and at many intervening an- gles, a fort commanded the adjoin- ing approaches. There were, in all, twenty-four forts, besides redoubts, counterscarps, and half-moons, along the trenches between ; the whole planted with 212 pieces of ordnance, on a circuit ofl2 miles, finished 1644. Within the Walls Westmr. and Liberties Southwark Out Parishes 97 9 6 12 Churches. 67 9 6 12 Inhabited Houses. 8,158 17,555 11,802 64,279 Population. 55,484 162,018 72,119 452,451 Rental ac- cording to Property- Tax, 18 1*. £737,895 1241,903 284,368 2183,070 SCALE OF INCREASED AND DECREASED POPULATION. Within the Walls.. Without the Walls Westminster Out Parishes within the Bills 1700. 139,300 69,000 130,000 326,900 9,150 1750. 87,000 57,000 152,000 357,600 22,350 1801. 78,000 56,300 165,000 477,700 123,000 1811. 57,700 68,000 168,600 593,700 162,000 1821. 58,400 72,000 189,400 730,700 224,300 1841. 54,626 70,382 98,098 222,721 520,689 Parishes not within the Bills Total 674,350 676,250 900,000 1,050,000 1,274,800 966,516 London, Punishment of Loose Women; in 1383, the seventh of Richard II., the citizens of London first imprisoned such women in the Tunn, (a prison at Cornhill,) and afterwards caused them to be brought forth in sight of the world. They caused their heads to be shav- ed after the manner of thieves, whom they named appellators, and so to be led about the city, in sight of all the inhabitants, with trumpets and pipes sounding before them, that their persons might be more largely known, neither did they spare the men. London University, charter of, dated Feb. 11, 1826 ; building com- menced, April 30, 1827; college opened, Oct. 1, 1828. London Cries. — In the time of Henry VI., an antiquary writes, that London cries consisted of fine felt hats and spectacles; peas, strawberries, cherries, pepper, saf- fron, hot sheep's feet, mackerel, LON 385 LON green-peas, ribs of beef, pie, &c. In the Pepysian Library are two very ancient sets of cries, cut in wood, with inscriptions ; among others are, "Buy my rope of onions;" "white Sir Thomas's onions ; " rosemary and bays ; bread and meat for poor prisoners ; ends of gold or silver ; marking-stones ; a mat for a bed; maids hang out your lights ; glasses, fine glasses ; a tanker-bearer ; maribones, maids' maribones ; ells or yards ; band- strings, or hand-kercher buttons ; a brush or a table-hook; small coal, a penny a peck ; I have screens at your desire, to keep your butey from the fire ; buy a cocke or a gelding (capon), about 1470. Londonderry, existed 546 ; ab^ bey of, burned 783 ; charter regard- ing, granted to the London Com- panies, 1615; town surprised and garrison put to the sword, 1606 ; besieged, 1641; Londonderry and 210,000 acres of land granted to the London Companies, 1689 ; besieged, and successful resistance under Walker, April 20, 1689. Longbeard, William Fitzosborn, a notorious impostor, who pretend- ed to a divine mission, to banish poverty and evil from the world, being the saviour of the poor ; he resisted the laws, and was hanged 1197 ; after his death, the people came flocking from all parts of Kent to gather particles of the ground on which he had last trod, as holy re- lics ; numbers of women waited for days, expecting that he would come to life again, and blind and lame came from far and near to touch his corpse, in the hope that they would thereby recover their sight, and the use of their limbs. Longest Days. — At Berlin and London, the longest day has 16^ hours; at Stockholm and Upsal, the longest has 18i hours, and the shortest 5\ ; at Hamburgh, Dant- zic, and Stettin, the longest day has 19, and the shortest 7 ; at St. Petersburgh and Tobolsk, the long- est has 19, the shortest 5 hours ; at Torneo, in Finland, the longest day has 21^ hours, and shortest 2h ; at Wardhous, in Norway, the day lasts from May 21, to July 22, without interruption ; and in Spits- bergen the longest lasts three months and a half. Long Island, America, battle of, lost by the Americans, Aug 27, 1776. Longevity, remarkable instances of, in the British empire, from 1806 to 1823 ; 1807. Mr. J. Tucker, Itchen Ferry, - 131 Mrs. Creek, of Thurlow - 125 Catherine Lopez, Jamaica - 134 Sarah Anderson, free black - 140 John Mirehouse, Ireland - 102 Thomas Haggarty, Do. - 107 Michael M'Namara, Limerick 110 A woman of Belfast - 123 John Lance, Truro - 102 Mr. Peed, Norwich, - 102 Mr. Graham, Newcastle -r 104 Mr. Porter, Liverpool - 104 Mr. Duke, Cork - 105 Mr. A. Leach, Tewkesbury - 107 Valentine Walsh, Ireland - 109 Mr. A. Pickup, Blackburn r 111 Martha Hannah, Ireland •■ 126 Mrs. Perry, Warwickshire - 102 Thomas Clee, Mitcham - 104 J. Watson, Northumberland -. 106 Mrs. M. Leatherbarrow, Hulme. - 106 M. Wilson, Lydbury, Salop - 107 Mary Airton, Hasforth, York - 105 Mary Owthorp, Hessle, York - 106 Mary Walker, Newcastle -102 Ann Robins, Newnham - 108 E. Burnet, widow, Edgworth, Ireland - 116 Hannah Wood, Derby - 105 Mary Leith, Ireland - 102 Mr. S. Perks, Staffordshire - 105 1810. Mrs. Joan Perkins, near Ten- bury - 10"> W. Harkness, Corr Hill, countv ofCavan - - - - 102 ,Mary Stratten, Copeland Is- land, Donaghewar - - 105 Mrs. Cath. Rutherford, Cork - 102 2c LON 386 LON Sarah Malcomson, Drumgorlin, Rathfryland - - - 121 James Gibson, Dartford work- house - 105 Robert Osborn, Tinsbury, Wilts 103 L eut.-Col. William Steil, Bel- haven - 104 Dor. Richards, Haverfordwest 109 Mr. Andrew Bowmaker, New- castle - - - - 103 Mr. John Campbell, Grimsby 103 Mary Davis, Sevenhampton - 103 John Rees, Llanelly - - 109 Mary Wolf, Jarrow - - 103 Elizabeth Prittie, Spinster, Tat- tenhall Staffordshire - - 106 Mrs. Eliz. Hunter, Yarmouth - 102 Ann Taylor, Spetchley, near Worcester - - - 114 Thomasin Robinson, Newcas- tle - - - 111 G. Wilkinson, Ticknall, Derby- shire - - - - 104 Mrs. Taylor, Linton, Cam- bridgeshire - 102 Mrs. Kent, Carvedras, near Truro, Cornwall - - - 103 Edward Rafferty, Trim, Ire- land i 105 1811. John Robinson, Kirby Mallory, Leicestershire - 106 Mrs. Court Beaudesert, near Henley - - - - 103 Mr. Blakey, at Blyth - - 104 Mr. Maley, Cappaghvicar, near Castlebar - - - - 110 George Crowshaw, Mead, Lan- cashire - - - - 105 John Cowie, Crimond - - 108 Oliver Gears, Whitehaven - 104 Methusalem Williams, Lland- fadAven, Carmarthenshire - 104 Mrs. Anne Jarrard, Lynn - 111 Mary Discomb, Exeter - 102 Mr. John Bayley, Royden - 109 Mr. Jeffrey, poor-house, Cox- heath - - - - 106 John North, South Holme, Yorkshire - - - - 111 Charles D. Medlicot, Kildare, Ireland - - - - 106 Mrs. Margaret Melburn, Ken- ton, Scotland - - - 104 John Leary, Limerick - - 112 Mr. John Dunn, Fintry, Stir- lingshire - - - - 103 Lucius Bolton, Esq. Tamlaght, near Tralee - - - 103 Mrs. Ridge, Rottingdean, Essex - _ _ _ 102 Dorothy Page, in same house - 106 Sarah Smith, Worcester - 103 J. Anderson, Barlow, near Ry- son - 108 John Alfred Parnell, Corfe- Castle farm-house - - 104 Mary Martin, Hubberstone, Milford - - - - 109 Mr. William Ellis, Bristol - 103 John Callendar, Dumfries - 102 Abraham Topbam, York - 102 Mary Williams Kilkeunin, Cardiganshire - 104 Mr. Erasmus Wilkins, Penlon, Pembrokeshire - 102 Mrs. Ann Hancock, Mile-end, in Furness - 104 1812. Ann Morris, Bath - - 104 Henry Chandler, Steeple, Clay- don, Bucks - 102 Mr. E. Jeffs, Greet, Gloucester- shire - 105 Mrs. Wood, Witchurch, Salop 102 Mrs. Martha Morris, Leeds - 104 Mrs. Sheppard, Winchester - 102 Mr. John Brown, Wymond- ham, Norfolk - - - 104 William Chatfield, Cowfield, Sussex - 105 James Hinchcliffe, Milshaw, Yorkshire - - - 102 Morgan Corslett, Crosswen, Glamorganshire - - 109 James Brown, Birse, Aberdeen 103 Christian Catanach, Aberdeen 104 Margaret Bowlanger, Cler- mont, Ireland - - 102 Mrs. Dorothea Borough, Lim- erick - - - - 109 Mrs. Powell, Hereford - 102 Sam. Mog, a soldier under Gen. Wolfe, at Quebec - - 102 ■ Crosier, a poor woman at Oxford - - - - 106 Eliz. Beech, Market Drayton - 104 William Hardy, Caldwell, Yorkshire - - - - 102 Mrs. Mary Harris, Falmouth - ,113 LON 387 LON David Gaddis, Cargina Scot- land - - - - 103 Janet Reid, Irvine - - 102 T. O'Brien, county of Lime- rick - - - - 110 Cornelius Madigan, county of Clare - - - - 117 Mrs. Belinda Crawford, coun- ty of Gal way - - - 115 Eliza Williams, Tavistock, Devon - 111 Ann Harris, Budock, Cornwall 113 Eliz. Bourne, Worcester - 106 Catherine Samuel, Caermarth. 102 Mrs. Mary Clark, Bristol - 104 Strah Yeomans, Nottingham - 102 Mr. Charles Clark, Over Peo- ver, Cheshire - - - 103 Petronella King, Taunton - 102 A. Royals, Yarmouth - - 103 Isabella Sharp, Gateshead - 114 Marion Moray, Portmoak, Fifeshire - - - 102 Mr. Henry Martin, Stithians - 104 Mrs Scott, Broadninch, Devon 104 1813. Thomas Warden, Epping - 111 Amos Prince, Milbrook, near Plymouth - - - - 103 Moses Pring, Millbrook - 107 Mrs. Mary Waters, Bedminster 104 Mr. White, Milborne Port - 106 Mrs. Strong, Castle Sowerby, Westmoreland - - 103 Mary Roberts, Br am with, York- shire - - - - 105 Mrs. Rowntree, Whitby - 104 Mrs. Cromwell, Ponder's end - 104 M. Bertrand D. de Lille, a Erench emigrant - - 107 Mrs. Ursula Evans, Wellington, Herefordshire - 108 Sarah Robson, Great Whitting- ham, Northumberland - 104 Betty Crook, Warminster - 105 William Grantey, a Chelsea out-pensioner, Newcastle - 102 Daniel M'Kinnon, Falkirk - 103 Mrs. Ferris, Exeter - - 102 Archibald Grieve, Stapleton, Cumberland - - - 102 Sarah Hodgson, spinster, Beck- ermoth, Cumberland - 1C2 Alice Buckley, Taddington, Derbyshire - 106 Mrs. Meighan, Donoughmore - 130 Mr. John Ling, Woodbastwick, Norfolk - - - - 105 Eliz. Wilcock, Carborton, Not- tinghamshire - 102 John Stiff, Norton, Suffolk - ]04 Mrs. Yates, Chaddesley, Corlet, Worcestershire - - 103 Elizabeth Hartley, Clifton, near York -■: - - - 102 Jane Jones, Mold, Flintshire 103 Elizabeth Bell, Whitehaven - 106 Eliz. Free, Wigston poor-house, Leicestershire - - - 116 Charles Haveran, near Newry Ireland - 115 Widow Herring, Norwich - 106 Hugh Maclaine, Barnard Castle 104 Mrs. Sandland, Wem - - 105 Sarah Elmslie, Aberdeen - 103 Mrs. Richards, Llandovery - 102 Mrs. Parker, washerwoman, Islington - - 102 Eliz. Mayo, Ashelworth, Glou- cestershire - 103 Hugh M 'In tyre, Glasgow - 102 Christian Cliff, Kilreedy, near Limerick - 109 1814. Thomas Wilkins, M. D., Gal- way, Ireland - - - 102 J. Jennings, Royal Navy, - 109 Mary Innes, Glasnakilly, Isle of Sky - - - - 127 John Garrow, Northumberland 110 Rev. J. Bedwell, rector of Old- stock, Wilts - - - 103 Ann Henderson, Banffshire . 103 William Ruthven, Avon dale, Scotland - - - 116 James Beaty, Moynalty, county of Meath - - - 112 Thomas Gaughan, county of Mayo - - - 112 Gillies M'Kechnie, Gourock, Scotland - - - 104 Jonathan Weeldon, Tibshelft, Derbyshire - 102 Mrs. J. Crawford, Jamaica - 151 1815. James Magee, Saintfield - 104 George Charlton, Birtley - 108 Mrs Johnson, - 104 Sarah Codenham,Drayton,Nor- folk - - - - 1C5 LON 388 LON 102 106 122 102 105 101 108 105 103 106 103 William Wilson, Edinburgh - 106 Ann Appleby, Sunderland - 103 Janet Macfarlane, Paisley ■ 103 Elizabeth Abbot, Maragoll, Ireland - Margaret Ennis, Newton, Liver- pool - Edward Connor, Taylorstown, Ireland Jane Thompson, Dumfries 1816. George Walker, Glasgow Stephen Irvine, Penrith Robert Littlegood, Norbury, Cheshire - William Wait, Mark's Hili, - Mary Mounce, Exeter William Broughton, Neston, Cheshire - Mrs. Ferryman, Old Windsor Patrick Eitzgerald, Donough more, Ireland Mary Maiden, Wilton, near Limerick - 116 Mrs. Noon, Leicester - - 105 Mary Punch, Caherilly, Ireland 106 James Riddle, Comber, Ireland 102 Mrs. Martha Evans, Plymouth 104 Jane Jersey, near Newcastle Nicholas Garvey, Tully, Ire- land 1817. Mrs. Christiana Howell, Edg- wareRoad - Mrs. Walker, Lincoln John Rawson, Birmingham - 102 Mrs. Jane Green, Thorne, Oxfordshire Mrs. Mary Young, Rushey ford, Northumberland Mrs. Catherine Presest, Man- cliGstcr • — ~ * Mrs. S. Baldwin, Hull Ann Moulter, Newcastle Thomas Morrison, Sunderland Mary Stevenson, Wolviston Mrs. M. Lowery, Bromhill Isabella Burnsides, Darlington William Portus, Leghorn Betty Aldridge, Shepton Mallet 108 Mr. J. Armstrong, Martfen - 101 1818. Mrs. Park, Liverpool - 103 Mary Porteous, Libberton, Scotland. - - - 101 - 107 104 - 107 107 106 - 103 T- - 101 108 104 103 103 104 106 104 101 Lachlan Macquarie, Isle of Mull - - - - 103 Ann Garrow, Elgin - 105 John Reid, Dalines, Scotland 104 John Woods, Dungannon - 122 John Williams, Walkampton 101 Richard Kew, Siston - 101 Edward M'Given, Lisburn - 114 David Ferguson, Boughton 124 James Hey, Aberdeen - 103 Lachlan Macbain, Edinburgh 102 Ann Smallwood, Handsworth 116 William Marshall, Sanquhar 102 Thomas Bolwell, Portsea - 113 John Montgomery, Crookstone 115 1819. Elizabeth Scott, Seafield - 104 Mrs. M. White, Newry - 107 Adam M'lntosh, Blairston - 102 John Dorman, Strabane - 110 Margaret Renaud, Toulouse 117 Richard Goff, Standon, Herts 113 James Turner, Newton-upon Ayr - 101 Duncan Macrea, Inverness - 106 Janet Galloch, Dunkeld - 101 Mrs. Susannah M'Kee, Newton- ards - - - - 101 John Milner, Leeds - - 102 Donald MTntyre, Inverfolla, N. Britain - - - 101 1820. Theodore Sullivan, Killarney 115 Mr. Henry Hamilton, Drumboy, Ireland - - - 104 John Demaine, Fewston - 110 Mrs. Starr Barrett, Charleston, N. America - - - 120 Mr. Evan Price, Llanfyllin, N. W. - 105 Janet M'Eaiaught, Dumfries - 104 Christopher Cobb, Ringwood 102 Elspet M'Lean, Perth - 102 Benjamin Garnet, Darlington 105 Mrs. C. M'Carthy, Tracton, Ireland - - - 103 John Rogers, Maismore, Glou- cestershire - 107 Alexander M'Farquhar, Gar- gnstown, N. Britain - - 103 Ann Henley, London - - 105 Eliz. Duncan, Ochiltree, N. B. 101 1821. James M'Neil, Irvine - 102 Elizabeth Haster, Camberwell 105 LON LON Ann M'Rae, Kintail, N. B. 112 Ann Bryan, Waterford - 111 William Munro, Rose Hall - 104 Mrs. Irwin,, Carlisle - - 100 John Tawse, Aberdeenshire - 106 Mrs. Maclaren,Kenmore, N. B. 106 Mrs. Buchner, Limerick - 112 Robert Lynch, a negro slave in Jamaica - 150 John Maddock, Hollo way Head 121 James Allison, Leith - - 102 Mary Brittle, Twickenham - 105 1822. Edward Simon, Liverpool - 104 Thomas Gilbert, Hertford - 102 Edward Barry, Watergrasshill, Ireland - 113 Mrs Duggett, North Wornbo- rough - 101 John Kirkham, Great Burstead 103 Mrs. Agnes Clarke, Shire- hampton - - - ■ - 102 1823. William Browne, Exeter - 103 George Brooke, Chelsea - 101 Lewis Williams, Brecon - 101 Mary Shannon, London - 101 Edward Byrne, Clare, Ireland - 101 Elizabeth Carr, Hexham - 104 Alice Sargent, - 104 Robert Bowman, Irthington - 118 H. Morley, Hollington - 101 Mrs. Ormsby, Ardee, Ireland - 110 General Buckley, CobhamHall, Surrey - - - - 105 1826. Mrs. Gunnis, Sleaford - 107 Anne Holmes, Market Weigh- ton - 117 Mrs. Jane Braithwaite, Much Urswich, near Ulverston - 107 Miss H. Fullerton, Montego Bay - 102 Mrs. S. Richardson, Manchester 101 Mr. T. Fletcher, Philadelphia, near Houghton le Spring - 111 Alexander Urquhart, Brora - 111 William Smith, an inmate of the Cavendish alms-houses, Derby - - - - 101 Elizabeth Martin, Alston - 103 1827. Mrs. Margaret Rule, Battle- Bridge - - - - 100 1833. Joseph Ram, a black at Ja- maica - 146 Mrs Hart, Gorey, Ireland - 110 On the 13th Nov., 1833, Mr. William Mortimer, Straffan, in the county of Kildare, at the advanced age of 125 years. He fought at the battle of Bunker's hill, in America, where he was taken prisoner, and conveyed from thence to Spithead, where he remained in confinement on board a prison ship, until peace was concluded between Great Britain and America ; he re- tained all his faculties to the last. 1840. Mrs. M. Rooke, Dromore, Ire- land - - - - 133 The following, anterior to the for- mer dates, which are all of the pre- sent century, may be added among many others : Roger Brook, of Halifax, York- shire, died October 8, 1568 - 133 John Brookey, of Broad Rush- Common, Devon, living there in July, in 1778 - - 135 Mrs. Clum, near Lichfield, who lived 103 years in one house, died January 23, 1772 - 138 Thomas Danmr of Leighton, near Minshall, Cheshire, died 1648 - - - - 154 William Edwards, Caeru, near Cardiff, Glamorganshire, died 1668 - - - - 168 Mr. W. Ellis, at Liverpool, died 1780 - - - - 130 M. Eairbrother, Wigan, Lanca- shire, died May, 1770 - 138 James Forthern, Grenada, W. Indies, died Feb. 10, 1773 - 127 Peter Garden, Aucherness, Scotland, died January, 1775 131 Vychan Gaener, Aber-cow- arch, near Dinas, Mowddwy, 1686 - - - - 140 Frederick Harpe, Fish Hill, Cumberland, died, Feb. 1792 120 LON LOR Sier de la Haye, died Feb. 2, 1774 - - 120 Henry Jenkins, Yorkshire, died 1670 - - - - 169 William Leland, of Ireland, died January, 1732 - - - 139 — Mackfindlay, Esq.. of Tippe- rary, died June, 1773 - 143 Mr. Movat, a surgeon, at Dum- fries, died Feb., 1776 - 136 Mr. John Mount, of Langholm, Dumfries, died, March 1776 136 Thomas Newman, of Brisling- ton, near Bristol, died 1542 152 Robert Parr, Kinver, Salop, died, Sept. 21, 1757 - - 124 Thomas Parr, lived in ten reigns, died 1635 - - 152 Saint Patrick, First Bishop of Ireland, died 491 - - 122 Margaret Patten, near Paisley, in Scotland, died 1737 - 136 . Robertson, of Hopetoun Hall, near Edinburgh, died 1793 - - - - 137 Mrs. Jane Scrimshaw died in the workhouse, near Tower Hill, December 6, 1711 - 127 George Stanley, Homington, near Salisbury, died 1719 - 151 Mr. Tice, Hagley, Worcester- shire, died February 26, 1774 - - - - 125 William Wakely, of Shiffnal, Salop, died 1714 - 124 Mrs. Mary Yates, Shiffnal, Salop, died August, 1776 - 127 Longevity, Comparative, the mean of life in Surrey in 1848, was 45, in Liverpool 26; in London double the number live to 70 that attain that age in Liverpool, or as 16,344 to 8373. Longevity of Fish ; some few in- stances show that fishes seldom die of old age ; and that generally, while they live, they increase in size, which is not the case with most other animals. In the year 1775, a codfish was taken at Scarborough, which weighed 781b. The conger- eel has been known to measure more than ten feet in length, and to exceed one hundred-weight. A common perch (the Perca fiuvic was taken in the Serpentine river, Hyde Park, which weighed 9fc. — this fish grows slowly. A pond in the garden of Emanuel College, Cam- bridge, contained a carp that had been an inhabitant of it more than seventy years. A few years ago, a pike was caught in Windermere lake, which weiged 35K>. and an- other more recently, 331b. There was a pike got out of the lake Zer- nictz, in Carniola, that was known to be nearly 300 years old, and weighed 3 cwt. This fish was put into the lake by an Emperor of Germany, who fastened a ring to its fin, with a date on it. Longitude, a reward promised by parliament for the best means of ascertaining, 1714 ; very accurately determined by Harrison's time-piece, 1764, for which he received the promised reward. Le Roi, in Paris, invented a watch that kept better time, 1776. Looking Glasses only made at Venice, 1300 ; in England, at Lam- beth 1673 ; in 1851 at Ravenhead, where they are made larger than any where else in the world. Loom, the Dutch, brought to London from Holland, 1677 ; and since much' altered and varied; There are said to be 260,000 hand- looms in England, and 75,000 power looms ; steam looms intro- duced, 1807. Lopes, Sir M. M., fined £10,000 and imprisoned in Exeter gaol for bribing the electors of Grampound, born 1755, died 1831. Lokca, a city of Murcia in Spain, destroyed by the bursting of a reser- voir that inundated more than 20 leagues, and carried away 1000 per- sons besides cattle, &c, April 30, 1802. Lord Auckland's Island disco- vered by Captain Bristow, 1809. Lord Danes, a title used in London under the Danes, 1000. Lord High Constable, an officer of the crown, hereditary until 1521 when it became forfeited to the kin^ LOR 391 LOR by the treason of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham; the same title is of ancient standing in Scot- land, and was reserved in the articles of the union, 1707, to the family of Errol. Lord High Steward of England, an officer of ancient origin, now only revived at a coronation or on the trial of a peer ; the office was abolished, except as thus stated, in 1265, out of the salutary jealousy of the crown at the power of such an officer. Lord Steward of the Household, an officer appointed 1540, in place of one entitled Grand Master of the Household. Lord Great Chamberlain of England, a great state officer, whose duties attach to public ceremonies ; the office was for centuries in the family of De Vere, from 1101 ; whence in 1779 it came to the Lady Willoughby de Eresby and her sister, with power to appoint a deputy. Lord Keeper of England, differ- ing only from the Lord Chancellor's having letters-patent, the powers are the same in both ; the first Lord Keeper appointed 1116. Lord High Admiral first appoint- ed, 1512. Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the chief governor and viceroy of that island; an old appointment, first given by Henry II., 1173, to Hugh de-Lacy, lord of Meath ; other go- vernors were styled successively Lord Warden, Protector, Lord of Ireland, Lord Justice, Seneschal, Governor, Lord Deputy, Gustos, and Lord-lieutenant ; the first with the title of lord-lieutenant appears to have been Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, the favourite of the unfortunate Edward II., his appoint- ment bearing date 1308 ; the next and succeeding viceroys were: — James, Earl of Ormond, 1329 ; Sir Anthony Lucy, 1331 ; Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 1361; Sir Wil- liam de Windsor, 1369 ; Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, 1380 ; Philip Courtney, Lord Birming- ham, genl., 1382; Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, 1384 ; King Rich- ard II., 1394 ; Roger Mortimer, Earl of March and Ulster, 1395 ; King Richard II., in person, 1399 ; Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, 1401 ; John, Duke of Bedford, 1410 ; Ed- ward, Earl of March, 1413; Sir John Talbot, 1414; Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, 1416 ; Sir John de Grey, 1427; Sir J. Sutton, Lord Dudley, 1428 ; Sir Thomas Stanley, 1432; Lion, Lord Wells, 1438; James, Earl of Ormond, 1440 ; John, Earl of Shrewsbury, 1446 ; Richard, Duke of York, 1449 ; George, Duke of Clarence, for life 1461 ; Richard, Duke of Yorkj 1479 ; Gerald, Earl of Kildare, 1483; John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, 1485 ; Jasper, Duke of Bedford, 1490; Gerald, Earl of Kil- dare (and in 1504), 1496 ; Henry, Duke of York, 1501 ; Gerald, Earl of Kildare, 1504 ; Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, 1520 ; Henry, Duke of Richmond, 1530 ; Thomas, Earl of Sussex, 1558 ; Robert, Earl of Essex, 1598; Sir Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy, 1599 ; Thomas, Earl of Strafford, 1639; James, Marquess of Ormond, 1643 ; Oliver Cromwell, 1649 ; James Butler, Duke of Ormond, 1660 ; John Robarts, Lord Robarts, 1669 ; J. Berkeley, Lord Berkeley, 1670 ; Arthur Capel, Earl of Essex, 1672 , James Butler, Duke of Ormond, 1677 ; Henry Hyde, Earl of Claren- don, 1685 ; Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnel, 1686 ; Henry Sydney, Lord Sydney, 1690 ; Henry Capel, Lord Capel, 1695 ; Lau. Hyde, Earl of Rochester, 1701 ; James Butler, Duke of Ormond, 1703 ; Thomas, Earl of Pembroke, 1707 ; Thomas, Earl of Wharton, 1709 ; James, Duke of Ormond, again, 1711 ; Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury, y 13 ; Charles, Duke of Bolton, l7l7 ; Charles, Duke of Grafton, 1?21 ; John, Lord Carteret, 1724 ; Lionel, Duke of Dorset, 1731 ; William, Duke of Devonshire, 1737; Philip, Earl of Chesterfield, 1745; William, LOR 392 LOR Earl of Harrington, 1747 ; Lionel, Duke of Dorset, again, 1751 ; Wil- liam, Marquis of Hartington, 1755 ; John, Duke of Bedford, 1757; George, Earl of Halifax, 1761; Hugh, Earl of Northumberland, 1763; Francis, Earl of Hertford, 1765; George, Viscount Townshend, 1767 ; Simon, Earl of Harcourt, 1772 ; John, Earl of Buckinghamshire, 1777 ; Fred., Earl of Carlisle, 1780; William Henry, Duke of Portland, 1782 ; George, Earl Temple, 1782 ; Robert, Earl of Northington, 1783; Charles, Duke of Rutland, 178-4 ; George, Marquis of Buckingham, again, 1787; John, Earl of West- moreland, i790; William, EarlFitz- william, 1795 ; John, Earl Camden, 1795 ; Charles, Marquis Cornwallis, 1798 ; Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, May 25, 1801 ; John, Duke of Bed- ford, March 18, 1806; Charles, Duke of Richmond, April 19, 1807 ; Charles, Earl Whitworth, Aug. 26, 1813 ; Charles, Earl Talbot, Oct. 9, 1817 ; Richard j Marquis Wellesley, Dec. 29, 1821 ; Henry, Marquis of Anglesey, March 1, 1828; Hugh, Duke of Northumberland, March 6, 1829 ; Henry, Marquis of Anglesey, again, Dec. 23, 1830;' Marquis Wellesley, again, Sept. 26", 1833; Thomas, Earl of Haddington, Dec. 29, 1834; Marquis of Normanby, April 23, 1835 ; Hugh, Lord For- tescue, April 3, 1839 ; Thomas Philip, Earl de Grey, Sept. 15, 1841 ; Wil- liam, Lord Heytesbur'y, July 12, 1844 ; Earl of Besborough, July 9, 1846 ; Earl of Clarendon, 1847 ; Eglinton, 1852 ; Earl of St* Ger- mains, Dec. i9, 1853; Lords ; these appear to date their title from the Conqueror, William Fitzosborne, 1096, being the first as Earl of Hereford; 22 peers were made in this reign, being free from arr^t for debt as king's counsellors ; the House of Peers was a house for royal consultation, summoned by writ ^ temp. John, 1205 ; the spiri- tual peers sit in the House of Lords as temporal bai*ons, and do not de- rive their right from any spiritual character. In the present House of Lords some sit by their old rights as nobles, others by creation as peers, others by representation, as the Scotch and Irish peers ; the House of Lords consists of Scotch peers, elected under the union, 16 Irish spiritual peers, by ) ^ rotation of sessions ) 26 English 26 Irish peers 28 Princes, dukes, marquises, ) qo^ earls, &c > 456 Lords Lieutenant of counties in- stituted by Edward VI., 1549. Lord Mayor's Show, commenced 1453; in a curious description of the show in 1575, it is related that, " to make way in the streetes, cer- tayne men were employed, appa- reled like devells and wylde men, with skybbs and certayne beadells." The number of persons who dined at Gruildhall was one thousand, all at the charge of the mayor and the two sheriffs. This feast "costeth £400, whereof the mayor payeth £200, and each of the sheriffs £100. Immediately after dyner they go to the churche of St. Paule, the men bearynge staff torches and targetts, which torches are lighted when it is late before they come from evenynge prayer." In 1585 there were chil- dren in the procession, who per- sonified the City, Magnanimity, Loyalty j Science, the Country, and the river Thames ; they also repre- sented a soldier, a sailor, and nymphs, with appropriate speeches. The show opened with a Moor on the back of a lynx. On Sir Thomas Middleton's mayoralty, in 1613, the solemnity is described as un- paralleled for the cost, art, and magnificence of the shows, pageants, chariots, morning, noon, and night triumphs. In 1655, the City Pa- geantSj after a discontinuance of about 14 years, were revived. Ed- mund Gayton, the author of the description for that year, says, " our metropolis for these planetary pa- LOR 393 LOU geants is as famous and renowned in foreign nations, as for its faith, wealth, and valour." In the show of 1659, an European, an Egyptian, and a Persian were personated. On Lord Mayor's day, 1671, the King, Queen, and Duke of York, and most of the nobility, being present, there were " sundry shows, shapes, scenes, speeches, and songs, in parts ; " and the like in 1672 and 1673, when the King again " graced the triumphs." At the alteration of the style, 1752, the Lord Mayor's show, which had been on the 29th of October, was changed to the 9th of November, The speeches in the pageants were usually composed by the city poet, an officer of the corporation, with an annual salary^ who provided a printed description for the members of the corporation before the day. Settle, the last city poet, wrote the last pamphlet intended to describe a Lord Mayor's show; it was for Sir Charles Duncombe's, in 1708, but the Prince of Denmark's death, the day before, prevented the exhi- bition. The last lord mayor who rode on horseback at his mayoralty was Sir Gilbert Heathcote, in the reign of Queen Anne. Lord Mayor of York, title given by Eichard II., 1377. Lord Mayor of Dublin^ so named by Charles II., 1665. Lords, seven of these impeached, Jan. 9, 1715-16; othei 4 s May 15, 1746. Loretto, order of knighthood in honour of the miraculous image, begun at Rome, 1587. Loretto, the site of the imposture of a holy house in which the Virgin Mary lived at Nazareth, carried by angels into Dalmatia, from Galilee, and placed here, with an image of Mary and a little child^ dressed in embroidery and jewels ; the town was taken by the French, 1796, and the idol carried off to Prance ; it was afterwards restored;, under a salute of cannon and bells, eight bishops carrying it to its house, with great pomp, Jan. 5, 1803. Lorraine, an independent duchy, 851, given to Lotharius, son of the Emperor Lotharius ; divided, 956 ; part ruled by the Dukes of Brabant until 1429 ; Duke of, invited by the Irish to be their ruler, but refused, 1653; expelled his dominions by the French, Sept., 1670 ; annexed to the French dominions, 1766 ; Duke of, visited England, 1731 ; Cambridge, Oct. 25 ; returned to Germany, Dec. 9 ; became Grand Duke of Tuscany, July 9, 1737; declared associate with his consort in- the throne of Hungary and Bo- hemia, Nov. 12, 1740. Lottery, the first in England, drawn at the western door of St. Paul's cathedral, Jan. 11, 1569, con- tinuing day and night until May 6 ; temp. 11 Elizabeth, 40,000 ten shil- ling lots ; lottery to raise money for the public service, 1630 ; estab- lished 5 Will, and Mary, 1693, and for 130 years yielded a large revenue to the crown ; for the British mu- seum, 1752 * Irish state lottery in Dublin, 1780; Adelphi buildings, 1773 ; Cox's do. ; Lever's museum disposed of by lottery, 1786 ; Pigot diamond, 1802 ; Boydell's pictures, 1805 ♦ suppressed in France by the republic, Not. 15, 1793 ; first there, 1657 ; abolished in England, Oct., 1826 ; a penalty of £50 for adver- tising prizes or any lotteries in the British newspapers, 6 and 7 Will. IV., 1836; the last, the Glasgow lotteries, July 25, 1834. Louis, St., order of knighthood, began 10th May, 1698 ; abolished, 1791. Louis IV. ascended the French throne, 1226. Louis XL in scorn wore a greasy hat and a coarse cloth. These items of his expenses appear in the cham- ber of accounts : — Two sols for a new pair of sleeves to an old doub- let, and half a denier for a box of grease for his boots, 1483. Louis XIV; mounted the French throne, 1643. Louis XV. of France escaped be- ing burnt, 1st July, 1747 ; stabbed LO V 394 LUC by Damien, 5th Jan., 1757 ; died, 10th May, 1774, aged 64, reigned 59 years. Louis XVI., accession to the throne of France, 1774. Louis XVI. deposed 10th Aug., 1792 ; beheaded 21st . June, 1793, and his queen beheaded 16th Oct. following. Louis XVIII. of France, death of, 1824. Louis XVIII. retired to Peters- burgh, allowed a pension by the emperor of Russia, 3rd April, 1798 ; landed at Yarmouth under title of Count de Lille, 6th Oct., 1807 ; re- placed on his throne, made a public entry into London, 21st April, 1814; sailed from Dover, 23rd April, reach- ed Compeigne, 29th April, Paris, 3rd May, 1814 ; fled from Napoleon, 21st March, 1815 ; resumed govern- ment, July, 1815 ; died, 16th Sept., 1824. Louis of Bavaria declared Em- peror of Germany, 1313. Louisa, Queen of Denmark, youngest daughter of George II. ; died, Dec. 8, 1751. Louis d'Or, a French coin, of gold, value, 24 francs, struck by Louis XIII., 1640; the Napoleon super- seded it, of the same value. Louisburgh, taken by the Eng- lish, June, 1745 ; restored to France, 1749 ; taken and retained, July 22, 1758. Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, discovered by Ferdinand de Soto, 1541 ; settled by Louis XIV. in 1718; ceded to Spain, 1763; restor- ed to France, 1802; sold to the United States, 1802, by France. Louth Park Abbey, Lincolnshire, built, 1139. Louvre at Paris, a palace here, 628 ; Francis I. built one here, 1552; front completed, 1688 ; first exhibi- tion of painting and sculpture open- ed there, 22nd Aug., 1740 ; stripped of the treasures of art with which Napoleon's conquests had adorned it, 1815. LovAt, Lord, beheaded on Tower- hill, 1746. Love, Rev. Christ, beheaded, 22nd Aug., 1658, aged 33. Love, Mr. John, of Weymouth, died, Oct., 1793, aged 41, and weighed 364 lbs., or 26 stone of 14 lbs. each. Low Countries, or the * Nether- lands, the ancient Belgse, conquered by Cassar, 47 b. c. ; subject to France, 41 2 ; ruled by earls from 864 to 1369 ; came, by marriage, to Austria, and then to Spain, 1559 ; threw off the Spanish yoke, 1572 ; annexed to Germany, 1725; part annexed to France, 1748; all, 1795; united to Holland under the Prince of Orange, 1815 ; threw off the Dutch yoke, 1830 ; separated, and Leopold of Saxe-Cobourg, declared king of Belgium, July 12, 1831 ; France marched an army to secure him against the hostilities of the Dutch, Nov. 15, 1831 ; an armistice ensued ; and the interference of the allied powers placed Leopold securely upon his throne by treaty, April 19, 1839. Loyola, Ignatius, founder of the Jesuits, born, 1491, died, 1556. Lubec, in Prussia, founded, 1140 ; two synagogues and a great num- ber of houses at, were totally de- stroyed, all the windows in the town were broken, and above 60 persons killed or dangerouslywound- ed, by the axletrees of 10 carriages taking fire, that were conveying gunpowder to the army, occasioning a dreadful explosion, 23rd June, 1792. Lubin, City of, burnt to ashes, 1209 ; again, 1276. Lucan, born at Corduba, in Spain, 11th Nov., 37 ; condemned and bled to death in a bath, 30th April, 65. Lucas, Sir Charles, shot by order of Oliver Cromwell, Aug. 28, 1648. Lucca, Republic of, founded, 1450. Lucia, St., 900 persons destroyed at, by an earthquake, 12th Oct., 1788. * Lucius, said to have been the first christian king of Britain, 180, and to have reigned 77 years ; the state- ment is doubtful, as the Saxons ruled subsequently ; and the mission of LUN 395 LUR £>t. Augustine comprises the only consistent account of British conver- sions to Christianity, about 590. Lucern brought into England, about 1575. Luddites, Outrage of, breaking frames and machinery ; resisted the military, Jan. 29, 1812; riots of, 1814, 1816. Ludgate, London, taken down and sold for £140, 1760. Ludlow Castle, Salop, built, 1097. Luggershall Castle, Wilts, built, 1199. Luke's Hospital, St., established at Windmill Hill, Moorfields, 1732; the present built, July 31, 1751, in the city road ; completed, 1785 ; cost £55,000 ; exempted from parish rates, 1760. Lulworth Castle, Dorset, built, 1610 ; became the residence of Charles X. of France, 1830, until he left this country for Germany. Lunacy and Lunatics, first sta- tutes regarding, Edward II., 1323 ; George II., 1731 and 1741 ; George III., 1770 and 1773 ; regarding care and treatment, 1828 and 1829. The lunatics in England and Wales, in 1849, were 14,560, 6852 being males, and 7708 females, and 10,801 pau- pers. Great differences occurred in different years ; total number of insane persons, of all classes, re- cently amounted to 20,893, of whom 9862 were men, and 11,031 women; being a proportion to the amount of population (which is estimated by the census for England and Wales at 16,480,082 souls), of about .125 per cent., or 1 in 800. Of the above 20,893 lunatics, 4072, of whom 2161 were men, and 1911 women private patients, and 16,821, of whom 7701 were men, and 9120 women pauper patients. The proportion of the pauper lunatics to the population was, in England, .100 per cent., or 1 in 1000 ; whilst in Wales the pro- portion was .129 per cent., or 1 in 775, a difference of between l-34th or l-35th per cent. In both coun- tries the number of insane pau- per females was greater than that of the insane pauper males; the reverse being the case as regards the " private patients." Of the 4072 private patients, there were 245 confined in county asylums, 168 in military and naval hospitals, 442 in Bethlehem and St. Luke's hospitals, 536 in other public asy- lums, 973 in metropolitan licensed houses, and 1426 in provincial licen- sed houses ; whilst there were 282 single patients "under commission." Of the 16,821 paupers, 4155 were immured in county asylums, 89 in county asylums under local acts, 121 in Bethlehem and St. Luke's, 343 in other public asylums, 854 and 1920 in metropolitan and provincial licensed houses, and no less than 9339 in workhouses, &c. The pri- vate patients were maintained, either wholly or partially, at their own cost, but the pauper lunatics, of course, at the expense of the public. Independently of these, there is a large number of persons who are shut up as single patients, of whom no account is rendered in any pub- lic documents, the cures during five years have been, in four coun- ty asylums, 30 ; in four others 40, in four others 50, and in three 60 per cent. At St. Luke's the permanent cures, during the year 1842, were stated, to have been 70, and in 1843, 65 per cent ; thus this disorder is curable, in many cases, during the first year of the attack ; recoveries after that period are rare. There were some time since 535 wealthy lunatics under the care of the Lord Chancellor ; the value of their property was £1,000,000 ; the income reported to parliament to be £356,711 : 17 : 11, and the annual sum allowed for their sup- port and maintenance, £161,151 12s. There are upwards of 4000 lunatics confined in England as private patients, not under the care of the Court of Chancery. Luneville, Treaty of, 1801, France and Austria- Lurgan in Armagh, Ireland, in the year 1619, contained 42 houses, LUX 396 LYI all inhabited by English Protestant settlers. In the year 1814 that elegant little town contained 379 houses, inhabited by 2,207 persons, of whom 996 were males, and 1211 females, and the majority catholics. Luther, Martin, born, 1483 ; be- gan the Eeformation, 1518 ; died, 1546. Luttrell, Colonel, shot by an assassin in his chair, Dublin, 22nd Oct., 1717. Lutzen, Battle of, between the French and the combined Russians and Prussians, May 2, 1813, in which both sides claimed the vic- tory, and General Duroc was mor- tally wounded ; in the battles of Baut- zen and Wurtzen which followed, the allies were routed by Napoleon, May 20, and 26 ; but an armistice after them did not bring peace. The King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus was killed at the battle of Lutzen, Nov. 6, 1632, in the mo- ment of victory ; the battle is some- times called that of Lutzengen. Luxemburg and,Lienburg taken by the French, 1543 ; by the Span- iards, 1544; by the French, 1684, and given up to Spain, 1697 ; taken again by the French, 1701 ; ceded to the emperor, 1713; taken by the imperialists, Jan. 18, 1714-15; taken by the French, Jane 7, 1795 ; ceded to the King of the Netherlands, 1815. Luxury restricted by an English law, wherein the prelates and no- bility were confined to two courses every meal, and two kinds of food in every course, except on great fes- tivals ; it also prohibited all who did not enjoy a free estate of £100, per annum, from wearing furs, skins, or silk ; and the use of foreign cloth was confined to the royal family alone, to all others it was prohibited, 1337. An edict was issued by Charles VI. of France, which says, " Let no one presume to treat with more than a soup and two dishes," 1340. Luxuries of the olden time ; there were few chimneys in capital towns. The fire was laid to the wall, and the smoke issued at the roof, door, or window. The houses were wattled and plastered over with clay ; the furniture and uten- sils were of wood. The people slept on straw pallets, with a log of wood for a pillow. Lord Kaimes says that Henry the Second of France, at the marriage of the Duchess of Savoy, wore the first silk stockings that were made in France. Queen Elizabeth, in the third year of her reign, received in a present a pair of black silk knit stockings, and she never wore cloth hose any more. Before the conquest there was a timber bridge upon the Thames between London and South- wark, burnt by accident in the reign of Henry the Second. At that time (a.d. 1176,) the late old Lon- don Bridge was projected, though not finished until 1212. In the former part of the reign of Henry the Eighth, there did not grow in England cabbage, carrot, turnip, or other edible root ; Queen Catherine herself could not command a salad for dinner, until the King brought over a gardener from the Nether- lands. About the same time the artichoke, the apricot, and damask rose, made their appearance. Tur- keys, carps, and hops, were first known in 1524. The currant shrub was brought from Zante in the year 1533 ; in 1540, cherry-trees from Flanders were first planted in Kent. In 1563, knives were first made in England. Pocket watches were brought from Germany, 1577. About 1580, coaches were intro- duced, before which Queen Eliza- beth rode behind her chamberlain. A sawmill was erected near Lon- don in the year 1633 ; afterwards demolished, that it might not de- prive the poor of employment. LYiNG-in-Hospitals first began in Ireland, at Dublin, the first opened, Mar. 1745; the modern, 1757 ; the British Old Street, 1749 ; Queen Charlotte's Lying-in -Hospi- tal, 1752 ; the general in 1765 ; and. MAC 397 MAC there were numerous other establish- ments of the same nature in the city of London, 1750 ; the Queen's, 1652 ; the Lying in Charity, Doc- tors' Commons, in Little Knight Ryder Street, 1757 ; the Westmin- ster, 1765 ; the General, Rathbone Place, 1778 ; the Benevolent, Castle Court, Strand, 1780; the Eastern Great Alie Street, 1782; the En- deavour, 1794; the Central Great Queen Street, 1816: the Royal West London, Villiers Street, 1818 ; the United, Warwick Street, 1822, &c. Lyme Castle, Kent, built before 791. Lyme Regis, Dorset, chartered by Edward I., 1279. Lyon's Inn Society, established 1420. Lymphatic Vessels discovered by Asellius, 1622 ; published, 1627. Lyons, France, founded 43 a.c by Plaucus, called then Ludunum ; the councils at, in the 13th and 14th centuries ; silk manufactures begun at, 1515 ; library of 120,000 volumes and 800 MS. at, 27,000 houses and 171,000 inhabitants, 1831 ; be- sieged in 1793, by the convention, and surrendered, Oct. 7, when dreadful massacres followed; the convention ordered the city to be demolished, Oct. 12 ; surrendered to the Austrians, Mar. 14, and July 15, 1814 and 1815 ; revolt among the mechanics of, and popular ex- cesses, Nov. 21, 1831 ; great riots at, April 15, 1834; inundations at, Nov. 4, 1840 ; visited by the Em- peror Louis Napoleon, 1852. Lyon's Inn, Loudon, begun, 1420. Lyttleton, governor of South Carolina, taken prisoner by the French, Sept. 29, 1755. M Macarthy, Sir Charles, killed in action against the Ashantees, Jan. 21, 1824. Macclesfield, Earl of, his mar- riage dissolved, April, 1698, when his notorious lady married Colonel Brett, and disowned the unfortunate Richard Savage ; Earl of, fined and committed, May 6, 1725. Macbeth, King of Scotland, de- posed by the English, 1054. Macdonald, the Pretender's bank- er, examined before the privy coun- cil, Jan. 12, 1747. Mace, a symbol of authority borne before officers of state and the heads of municipalities ; the right to car- ry one before the lord mayor of London was conceded by Edward III., 1354 ; the Speaker's mace in the House of Commons Avas ordered to be taken away, and the doors locked, by Oliver Cromwell, April 20, 1653. Machiavel and his Principles, as laid down in his " Prince," which is rather a satire than a recommenda- tion, being a picture of the practices of most rulers but too faithfully drawn ; he was a native of Flo- rence, and his work appeared, 1517. M'Kenzie, Earl of Seaforth, at- tainted for the Preston rebellion, 1715 ; pardoned, Sept. 13, 1726. M'Lean, Sir Hector, and his ser- vant, seized for treasonable prac- tices, June 5, 1745. M'Leod, the eldest son of the Earl of Cromarty, pardoned, Jan. 26, 1747. M'Mahone, one of the conspira- tors in the Irish massacre, convicted and executed in London, Nov. 16, 1644. Macguire, Lord, hanged at Ty- burn, Feb. 28, 1645. Macmahon, Lord, hanged for high treason, Nov. 1, 1644. Machine for beating books in- vented, doing as much in one day as two men could do in a week, 1823 ; another for mowing grass MAD 398 MAG invented in Pennsylvania, by which one man and a horse can mow eight acres per day. _ Mackerel permitted, together with milk, to he cried in the streets of London on Sundays, 1698. Madagascar discovered by the Portuguese, 1506 ; a very large is- land, respecting the interior of which very little is known. Madeira Islands, so named from being covered with wood when first discovered ; an account of its being first explored by an Englishman named A'Macham, in 1345, seems to be fabulous, and that the Portu- guese, who first visited the island in 1419, 'were its real discoverers ; they colonized it in 1431 ; it was occu- pied by the English in 1801 ; and again, in trust for the royal family of Portugal, Dec. 24, 1807, being restored at the peace of 1814. Madras, Eort St. George erected, and colonized by the English, under the King of Golconda, 1620 ; taken by the French, 1746 ; restored to England, 1749; Eort St. George made a presidency, 1654; Bengal placed under Madras, 1658; Cal- cutta made a presidency, 1701 ; Mayor's court founded, 1726; be- sieged by the Erench, Dec. 12, 1758, Hycler marches to Madras, April, 1769; Sir John Lindsay arrived, July, 1770; succeeded there by Sir E, Hartland, Sept. 1771; Sir Eyre Coote arrived, Nov. 5, 1780 ; Hyder Ali defeated, July 1, 1781 ; Lord Macartney governor of Mad- ras, June 22, 1781 ; the Madras go- vernment arrested General Stuart, who was sent to England, 1783; Lord Cornwallis visited, Dec. 12, 1790 ; Sir Charles Oakley succeeded General Meadowes as governor of this presidency, Aug. 1, 1792 ; as- sizes ordered twice yearly, 1793; Lord Mornington visited here, Dec. 1798 ; General Harris with the Ma- dras army entered Mysore, March 5, 1799 ; the British forces at Se- ringapatam, April 5, 1799; Seringa- patam stormed by the British under Major-gen. Baird, and Tippoo Saib killed, May 4, 1799 ; appointment of Sir Thomas Strange, first judge of Madras, Dec. 26, 1800; a fire consumed upwards of 1000 houses in Madras, Eeb. 1803 ; the Madras army under Gen. Arthur Wellesley marched for Poonah, March, 1803 ; General Wellesley's victories fol- lowed soon after ; mutiny among the British forces at Vellore, near 800 sepoys mercilessly extermi- nated, Jan. 31, 1807 ; mutiny of the troops at Madras, 1809 ; arrival of Lord Minto at Madras ; he pub- lished a general amnesty, Sept. 29, 1809; hurricane, by which the ships at anchor were driven into the town, and seventy sail sunk, many of them with their crews, May, 1811 ; Mad- ras attacked by the Pindarees, 1817 ; appointment of the first Bishop of Madras, under act 3 and 4 William IV., cap. 85, Eeb. 14, 1835. Madrid, once a station of the Moors ; ravaged, 1108 ; became the residence of the Spanish court, 1516 ; taken possession of by Charles III., June 24, 1706 ; retaken the same year, after being abandoned, 1710 ; abandoned and retaken by Philip, Dec. 2, 1710 ; old palace at, burned, 1734 ; taken by the Erench, 1808 ; a fearful conflict between the citi- zens and the Erench, May 2, 1808 ; Joseph Bonaparte entered Madrid as king, July 20 ; he soon afterwards quitted the city, which was held by the French until Aug. 12, 1812; Madrid entered by the British army, and "Eerdinand the Beloved" re- stored by Wellington, May 14, 1814. Maestricht taken by the Prince of Parma, after having revolted from Spain, 1579; taken by the Prince of Orange, 1648 ; by the Erench, 1673 ; besieged by the Prince of Orange unsuccessfully, 1676; re- stored to the Dutch, 1678 ; besieged by the French, 1748 ; attacked by the Erench unsuccessfully, 1793 ; soon afterwards it fell into their pos- session, but was restored at the peace of 1814. Magdalen College, Oxford, found- ed, 1479. MAG 399 MAG Magdalen College, Cambridge, 1519. Magdalen House, Goodman's Fields, opened, Aug. 10, 1758. Magdalen Hospital, London, re- moved to St. George's Fields, 1772. This charity took its name from the nunneries called the Magclalens, on the Continent, which were inhabited by penitent courtezans ; one at Na- ples was established, 1424 ; another at Metz, 1452 ; at Paris, 1492 ; an institution of the same kind at Rome, by Leo X., 1515. Magellan, Strait of,, discovered, 1519, by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator, who died, 1521. Magic Lantern invented by Friar Bacon, 1252. Magna Charta, the body of laws and charter of English liberty, ex- torted from King John by the ba- rons, and signed at Runnymede, June 15, 1215, a charter continually violated in subsequent reigns ; seve- ral copies of this charter remain, perhaps the most perfect in Lincoln cathedral ; it is remarkable that in the statutes at large, beginning with the charter of Edward I., the fol- lowing most important passage to the liberty of the subject is omitted, being the parliamentary right of taxation. It stands thus in English : "No scutage or aid shall be im- posed in our kingdom but by the common council of our kingdom, except to redeem our body, and to make our eldest son a knight, and to niarry our eldest daughter once ; and for these purposes there shall be made none but a reasonable aid. In like manner shall be done as to the aids of the city of London. And the city of London shall have all its ancient liberties, and its free cus- toms, both by land and water. Moreover we will and grant, that all other cities and boroughs, and towns and ports, shall have all their liberties and free customs. And in order to have a common council of the kingdom for assessing an aid, otherwise than in the three cases, aforesaid, or for assessing a scutage, we will cause to be summoned the archbishops, bishops, abbots, counts, and greater barons, singly by our letters : and, moreover, we will cause to be summoned in general, by our sheriffs and bailiffs, all those who hold of us in chief, for a day certain, to wit, at a term of forty days at least, and to a place certain : and in all the letters of summons we will express the cause of summons, and the summons being thus made the business shall proceed on the appointed day, according to the counsel of those who may be pre- sent, although not all those sum- moned should come." Magnanime, French ship of war, taken by Admiral Hawke, Feb. 24, 1748. Magnetic Power first applied to the needle, 1302 ; the magnet said to be known to Roger Bacon, 1294 ; the compass improved by Gioja of Naples, 1302 ; the dip discovered by Robert Norman of London, 1576 ; artificial magnets improved, 1751 ; found to be identical with electric action, and light elicited from, since the commencement of the 19th cen- tury. Magnifying Glasses, convex, in- vented by Roger Bacon, 1252. Magnesia, a white earth prepared from the purging mineral waters and their salts, and from the resi- duum of sea water after the salt has been crystallized ; with vitriolic acid it forms Epsom salts : Dr. Black explained its properties fully, 1755. Magnolia Glauca brought to England from North America, 1688 ; the dwarf " pumila" came from Chi- na, 1789 ; the brown stalked, 1789; the purple, 1790, and the slender, 1804 ; the grandiflora from North America, 1731 ; this, the large mag- nolia, the Laurier tulipier of the French, is first seen in North Caro- lina, near the river Nuse, in the lati- tude of 35 degrees, 31 ; and pro- ceeding from this point is found in the maritime parts of the southern States, as far up the Mississippi as MAH 400 MAI Natches, above New Orleans. It claims a place amongst the largest trees of the United States, ninety feet in height, three in diameter; its ordinary stature from sixty to seventy feet; trunk commonly straight, summit nearly in the shape of a regular pyramid. In its native soil, blooming with large white fra- grant flowers disposed amidst the rich foliage of the tree, one of the most beautiful productions of the vegetable kingdom : blossoming in May, the seeds ripen in October ; in its native climate it grows only in cool shady places, in brown mould, loose, deep and fertile. The most northern point in which this tree passes the winter in the open air is about Nantes, in latitude 47 de- grees, 13 seconds ; it begins to bear ripe fruit about Grenoble, in lati- tude 45 degrees ; in England, more injured by being planted in an un- genial soil than the severity of the climate. Mahometanism : the great pro- phet of this imposture began to pro- mulgate his opinions in 604; he wrote the Koran in a cave, not with- out the assistance of others ; in it he endeavoured to inculcate a faith that should reconcile Jew, Christian, and Pagan ; he stated it to consist of revelations made to him from above, in visions, during which he had mentally ascended there; he in- structed a few friends in his scheme, the doctrine of which was a pure theism — " there is but one God, and Mahomet is his prophet ; " he spurn- ed at images and pictures of the deity, and some of his allusions to the Supreme in the Koran are truly noble and even sublime, the whole being excellent as a composition ; his rewards were sensual, fine wo- men and a voluptuous paradise for his disciples. In the twelfth year of his mission he converted the in- habitants of Medina, which caused his enemies at Mecca to seek his assassination, and he fled to the former place, hence the date of the Hegira, or "Flight," June 16, 622; he soon after married his most fa- vourite wife, Ayesha, for he advo- cated polygamy ; he made war upon all idolaters, and the Jews, whom he sought to convert, pretending him- self a descendant of Ismael, became his enemies, on which he attacked and defeated one of their tribes ; he put down idolatry in Arabia, all of which he conquered, tolerating the Christians, but making them pay a certain tribute ; he died, June, 632, of poison, displaying a real faith in his mission, on the ground of the good that must follow it. After his death his followers extended his doc- trines to the Danube in Europe, the strait of Gibraltar in Africa, into the heart of that country, and about to the limits of China east- wards, very nearly 200,000,000 of men still professing Islamism. Maida, Battle of, between the French, under General Regnier, and the English, under Sir John Stuart ; the French were much more nume - rous than the British, and their loss was severe, July 1, 1806. Maiden, an instrument of decapi- tation, once used at Halifax, and transplanted into Scotland by the Regent Morton, who suffered by it himself, 1581. Maidstone, Kent, a Charter granted to, 1682; greatly injured by a fire, 1756. Maiming and Wounding made capital crimes, 1670 ; modified in the digest of the statutes, made 1829. Mail Coaches to Bristol, estab- lished 1784; to other parts of England, 1785 ; freed of tolls, 1785 ; introduced into Ireland by Mr. An- derson, 1790 ; the invention of Mr. Palmer of Bath, to whom the pub- lic were indebted for the rapid in- crease in the prosperity of the post- office ; Mr. Palmer was to be paid, under agreement, by a fixed per centage for a given time on any sur- plus produced by his improvement ; the increase was so considerable that the government violated its faith, and after a long delay put him off with a fixed sum, vastly inferior to MAL 401 MAN that which honour and honesty- bound it to bestow. Maison Dieu Hospital, Dover, built 1229. Majesty, a title first bestowed upon Henry VIII. of England, 1520. Malacca Gold Mines discovered, 1731. Majorca submitted to Charles HI., 1706. Maldon, Essex, once had a palace of the Roman governors of Eng- land ; burned by Boadicea ; rebuilt by the Romans; burned by the Danes ; fortified 920. Malcolm, Sarah, executed in Fleet Street, for murder, March 7, 1738. Malesherbes, C. W., counsel for Louis XVI., guillotined 1794, aged 73. Malmesbury Abbey, built 642 ; castle built, 1134; museum of anti- quities formed at, by Sir R. C. Hoare, 1823. Maloes, St., France, bombarded by the English, Sept. 19, 1693; again, 1695 ; attacked again, June 8, 1758. Malplaquet, Battle of, between the allies under the Duke of Marlbo- rough and Prince Eugene, and the French under Marshal Villars ; the hostile armies numbered on each side nearly 120,000 men; the French were defeated, but the loss was great, the allies losing 18,000 men, Sept. 11, 1709. Malt. See Beer. Malt-Tax established, 1697 ; in- creased, 1760 ; newly remodelled, 1766. Malta, Knights of, a religious military order, called the Knights Hospitallers, the Knights of Rhodes, and the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem ; they became a military order in 1118 ; on losing Jerusalem, the knights retired to Acre, which they nobly defended, in 1290 ; the king of Cyprus gave them Limasol in his dominions, where they remain- ed until 1310 ; they next took Rhodes, and defended it until Soly- man conquered it in 1522; they finally obtained Malta from Charles V., and they there fortified them- selves so strongly, that famine alone could reduce them ; in ] 799, Paul of Russia declared himself their grand master ; the knights belong- ing to the different Catholic coun- tries were styled languages, as the French language, the Italian lan- guage, the German language, &c. ; the Turks besieged Malta in 1566, but were compelled to retire, with the loss of 30,000 men ; Malta was taken by Bonaparte on his way to Egypt in 1798 ; he found there an immense booty, and numerous Turkish prisoners, whom' he set free ; the island was blockaded un- til the inhabitants and French troops could no longer resist the attacks of famine, and it surrendered, Sept. 5, 1800 ; by the treaty of Amiens, England was to give the island up to the knights of Malta, but the con- dition was not fulfilled, and in 1814 the island was confirmed to the English crown ; the observatory instruments, and notes of the obser- vations, were all destroyed by fire here, April 6, 1789. Mamelukes, an Egyptian dynas- ty, consisting originally of a mix- ture of Christian and Turkish slaves, established by Saladin as his guard, 1246 ; they afterwards selected one of their number to rule the country, until Egypt became subject to the Turks, 1517, when they were taken into Turkish pay and recruited from all lands, with other men at arms ; on the French invasion of Egypt they retreated into Nubia, 1798 ; they were routed by Bonaparte, and kept afterwa,rds in the desert until the French evacuated Egypt; they then returned, endeavouring to re- instate themselves in the govern- ment, but were treacherously de- coyed into the castle at Cairo, by Mehemet Ali, on the specious pre- text of an entertainment, and put to death in cold blood. Man, Isle of, conquered by Mont- acute, Earl of Salisbury, from the Scotch, 1340, who received the title 2d MAN 402 MAN of King of Man from Edward III. ; given to the Earl of Northumber- land, 1399 ; to Lord Stanley, 1405 ; to the Earl of Derby, 1608, by Queen Elizabeth ; from him it came by inhe- ritance to the Duke of Athol, 1735 ; the duke received £70,000 for the so- vereignty in 1765 ; the nation was next charged £132,944 for the pur- chase of the duke's interest in the island revenues, 1829. The bishop- ric of Man was founded by Gregory III., and it included the western isles of Scotland, which had a bishop of their own when Man became sub- ject to England ; the Duke of Athol names the bishop to the king, who sends him to the Archbishop of York for consecration ; he is not a baron of parliament ; he is called the bi- shop of Sodor and Man, because his bishopric is joined to a little place caller Sodor, in the island of Icolm- kill, one of the Hebrides. Manchester, mentioned early in history as Mancunium, and said to have been occupied by Agricola, taken by the Saxons, 488 ; subdued by Ella, 620; St. Mary's church built, 627; Edward the Elder re- built the town and erected a castle, 920 ; erected into a manor, 1070 ; annual fair granted, Henry III., 1215 ; Salford made a free borough, 1215; land at, let for 3s. 6d. per acre, 1290; made a free borough, 1301 ; Elanders manufactures intro- duced at, by Edward III., 1330; visited by the plague, 1352 ; the col- lege of the Blessed Virgin estab- lished, and rectory appointed, May 12, 1422 ; sweating sickness at, 1490 ; grammar school founded, 1524 ; college of the Virgin restored by Queen Mary, 1535 ; made a place of sanctuary, 1540 ; college dissolved by parliament, 1546 ; Manchester cottons, rugs, and friezes, mentioned for the first time, 1552 ; John Brad- ford martyred at, 1555; Ellys call- in i £ himself a prophet, appeared, 1562; the clergy of the reformed church beaten by the people, and one stabbed, 1674; renewed college charter, under Queen Elizabeth, as Christ's College, 1575; the manor of Manchester sold to one John Lacey for £3000, May 15, 1579 ; Cheetham, founder of the hospital and library, baptised, July 10, 1580; Sir J. Smithwick imprisoned for being a Roman Catholic, and Campion, accused of being a Jesuit, executed, 1581; Manchester furnished, against the Spanish Armada, 38 arquebu- siers, 38 archers, and 144 men for bills and pikes, 1588 ; manor sold to Sir N. Mosley for £3500, March 23, 1596; charter of Manchester en- rolled, Sept. 16, 1623; Trinity Chapel founded, 1634 ; Charles I. granted a new charter to the college, Sept. 30, 1635 ; Edward Barber, of Man- chester, executed at Lancaster for being a Catholic priest, April 10, 1641 ; Charles I. issued his commis- sion of array, 1642 ; Lord Strange besieged the town for the king, July 4, and was repulsed ; again besieged, Sept. 25, by Strange and Derby, who were repulsed ; made the head quar- ters of General Fairfax, 1643 ; visit- ed with pestilence, 1644; George Eox the Quaker began his ministry at, 1647 ; Cheetham's hospital and library founded, 1651 ; Charles II. as king of the Scots passed through the town, 1651 ; dismantled of its fortifications, 1652 ; the first repre- sentative of the town returned to parliament, 1654; Charles II. incor- porated Cheetham's hospital, 1665 ; a special assize to try the adherents of James II. in the Lancaster plot, 1694 ; Syddall the barber renewed the rebellion, 1715 ; Henry with his adherents, Sept. 11, 1716 ; the post to London with letters there 3 times a week, 8 days being required for an interchange, 1721 ; the Old Exchange built, 1729 ; John Wyatt, of Birmingham, commenced the spinning with rollers, 1733 ; the first newspaper published at, 1737 ; Wyatt's machine improved, 1741 ; the pretender entered Manchester Nov. 28, 1745; Deacon and Syddall executed for high treason, and their heads stuck on the Exchange, 1746 ; MAN 403 MAN importation of raw cotton, 2,000,000 lbs ; value of exports, £30,000, 1745 ; Queen's Theatre first built, 1753 ; the Infirmary established, 1752, buildings erected, 1755 ; cotton goods first exported, 1760 ; Man- chester navigation opened, 1761 ; Lunatic Asylum founded, 1765 ; Agricultural Society instituted, 1767; Christian, king of Denmark, visited Manchester, 1768 ; the Queen's Theatre rebuilt, 1775 ; Sub- scription concerts established, 1777 ; the manufacture of muslin first attempted, 1780 ; the Literary and Philosophical Society established, 1781 ; New Bailey Bridge completed, 1785; Sir Richard Arkwright's patent annulled by the King's Bench, his invention thrown open, 1785; Queen's Theatre burnt doAvn, 1789 ; and re-erected, 1790 ; New Bailey built, 1790 ; Assembly-rooms, Mos- ley street, built, 1792 ; Philological Society instituted, 1803; the Arch- dukes John and Lewis of Austria visit Manchester, 1805 ; Fever Hos- pital erected, 1805 ; Theatre-Royal erected, 1806 ; Exchange and Com- mercial buildings erected and open- ed, Jan. 1809 ; the Manchester and Salford water works established since 1809 ; the Grand Duke Nicho- las, since Emperor of Russia, visited the town, 1817 ; Lock Hospital estab- lished, 1819; Manchester Reform meeting, Aug. 16, 1819 ; New Bruns- wick-bridge built, 1820 ; Cham- ber of Commerce established, 1820 ; Law Library founded, 1820 ; Natu- ral History Society projected, 1821 ; New Quay Company founded, 1822 ; Deaf and Dumb School insti- tuted, 1823 ; Roval Institution form- ed, 1823 ; the Floral and Horticul- tural Society established, 1823 ; Mechanics' Institution founded, 1824 ; Musical Festival first held, 1828 ; at the launch of a vessel, which heeled and upset, upwards of 200 persons then on deck, were pre- cipitated into the river, 51 perished, Feb. 29, 1828 ; a factory was burnt, and an immense quantity of machi- nery destroyed in a riot, May 3, 1829 ; New Concert-room establish- ed, 1829 ; great fire at, Oct. 12, 1829 ; Glee Club instituted, 1830 : the races established, 1830 ; Manchester and Liverpool railway opened, Sept. 15, 1830 ; Manchester constituted the second time a parliamentary bo- rough, June 7, 1832 ; Choral Socie- ty established, 1833 ; the Statistical Society, the first formed in England, Sept. 2, 1833 ; act for the Manches- ter and Leeds railway passed, 1836 ; Geological Society instituted, 1838 ; Charter of incorporation, Oct. 23, 1838 ; Manchester police act, Aug. 26, 1839 ; great disorders in the mid- land counties among the artisan classes extend to this town, Aug. 1842 ; great free-ti*ade meetings held here, Nov. 14, 1843 ; great meeting held at the Athenaeum, Oct. 3, 1844 ; great anti-corn-law meeting, at which £61,984 were subscribed in four hours, Dec. 23, 1845; the Queen's Park, Peel Park, and Philips Park opened, Aug. 22, 1846 ; importation of raw cotton, 300,000,000 lb., value of exports, £20,000,000; Manchester made a bishopric, Sept. 1, 1847 ; Dr. Lee first bishop, Jan. 11, 1848 ; Peace Society meeting at, Feb., 1853. Manchester Mortality Rates, prior to the census of 1841 ; the principal districts under the registra- tion act here comprised 200,000 per- sons in 1837-8, the number of births registered during the first year was 5458, and during the second year 6358. The proportion of males to females as 51 '6 to 48 '4, giving upon 100 births an excess of male births of rather more than 3 1-5. In 11,816 births, there were 127 cases of twins, and one case of triplets ; the former being in the ratio of nearly 10'8 in 1000 ; Cuvier's estimation was 2 in 1000. The registered deaths during the first year, were 5611, and in the second 6234. In the two years the proportion of male to female deaths was as 52'1 to 47"9. In the Manchester district, the excess of male deaths above MAN 404 MAN male births is 1*08 in every hundred. The average proportion of births to deaths throughout the kingdom, has been estimated at 28 to 30 in 1000, respectively. The births registered in the Manchester district during the first year, were to deaths as 19*45 to 20. In the second year as 20*39 to 20. The number of coroner's in- quests held during two years in Manchester was 561, amounting to 4*73 per cent, of the whole number of deaths. The number of mar- riages in the churches in proportion to those solemnized elsewhere, was as 93*58 to 6'42 per cent. In every 100 marriages there were solemni- zed by licence 9*66 ; by Superinten- dent Registrar's certificate, 6*30; and by banns, 84. The number of marriages in church without banns, and by a certificate from the Super- intendent Registrar, was 0.58 per cent. Among every 1000 persons married, 14*25 were minors. Manchester Reform Meeting, best known to posterity as the " Manchester Massacre," under the Castlereagh Ministry ; above 60,000 persons, men, women, and children, were assembled to hear an address from Hunt the popular demagogue, when several troops of half-disciplined Cheshire yeomanry, and Manchester volunteer light horse, were let loose on the unarmed crowd, and eleven persons were killed, and 400 wounded, Aug. 16, 1819. Manes, the founder of a religious sect, 278. Manicheans, a Persian sect, which held that there were two dei- ties, one good and the other evil ; they arose under the leadership of Manes in 277. This religious im- posture spread over the principal countries of the East ; like the re- cent notorious Joseph Smith, the Mormon, he declared that he was inspired, and sent to comfort man- kind by his doctrines, and to cure diseases ; he was put to death by Sapor, king of Persia, 290 ; subse- quent persecution increased his fol- lowers ; the immediate cause of his execution was, his pretending to cure one of the royal family by prayers, and laying on of hands, dismissing the physicians, when the patient died under his exorcisms; this sect branched from that of the Gnostics. Maniula, British frigate, wrecked on the Dutch coast, Jan. 30, 1812. Manilla, the principal of the Philippine islands belonging to Spain ; subject to earthquakes, one of which levelled a mountain in 1617; in 1635, a large part of the city of Manilla was levelled by one, and 3000 persons perished ; taken by the English 1757 ; again in 1762 ; by storm, when it was ransomed, but the larger portion of the money Avas not paid ; free trade to, admit- ted by Spain, 1783 ; dreadful fire at, Oct. 1799. Manheim, first built, 1606 ; made the court residence, 1719, but in 1777 the court removed to Munich ; battle of, between the French and Allies, May 30, 1793 ; surrendered to General Pichegru, Sept. 20, 1795 ; Kotzebue the dramatist assassinated at, April 2, 1819. Manner of Living, English ; 1500, Erasmus says they are regardless concerning the aspect of their doors and windows to the east, north, &c. They build their chambers so, that they admit not a thorough air ; they glaze a great part of their sides with small panes, designed to admit the light and exclude the wind; these windows are full of chinks, through which enters air, which, stagnating in the room, is more noxious than the wind. The floors are usually of clay, covered with rushes that grow in fens, so slightly removed now and then, that the lower part re- mains for twenty years together, and is a collection of filthiness not to be named. Hence, upon change of weather, a vapour is exhaled, very pernicious, in my opinion, to the human body. Add to this, that England is not only surrounded by the sea, but in many parts is fenny, MAN 405 MAR and intersected with streams of brackish water; and that salt fish is the common and favourite food of the poor, 1510; glass windows rare before 1535 ; copyholders and poor people had none before the civil wars, 1640. Manning, said to have been a spy from Oliver Cromwell, exe- cuted abroad, 1655. Manno, S., burned in Smithfield for heresy, 1512. Manorbeer Castle, Pembroke- shire, built, 1088. Manners, a satirical poem, cen- sured by the House of Peers, Nov. 9, 1738. Mansion House of London, pro- jected June 1735 ; begun March 4, 1737 ; first stone laid, Oct. 29, 1739, on the site of Stock's Market ; completed to be habitable, 1752 ; cost £42,638:18:8; ordered that £4000 be laid out in furniture for it, July 21, 1752 ; finished 1755, at a cost of £5020, raised by fines for sheriffs. Mantua, Italy, independent until 1703, when seized byAustria ; one of the strongest cities in Europe ; sur- rendered to Bonaparte, Jan. 7, 1797 ; taken by the Russians and Austri- ans, July 30, 1799 ; taken again by the French, 1800 ; given up to the Austrians, 1814. Manuden Hall, Essex, destroyed by fire, April 25, 1816. Manufactures of England at the close of last century, computed at eighty-two millions ; of Great Bri- tain and Ireland, at eighty-nine millions ; in England, quantity of, produced in 1810 ; Woollen, £17,250,000 ; Leather, £10,500,000 ; Cotton, £11,000,000 ; Silk, £2,700,000; Linen, £3,000,000; Hemp, £1,600,000; Paper, £900,000; Glass, £1500,000; Earth- enware and porcelain, £2,000,000; Iron, tin, and lead, £10,000,000; Copper and brass, £3,600,000; Steel, plating, hardware, and toy trade, £4,000,000; other manu- factures, £5,300,000; the number tof males employed in Great Britain of 20 years of age, and upwards, was 400,317 in 1831. Manufacturing population en- gaged in the working and manu - facture of metals between 1840 and 1850 in England and Wales, 32,123 ; in Scotland, 4099 ; total, 36,222. Manuscript of Ariosto, called "Rinaldo Ardito,*' discovered 1846, in a village of the Ferrarese ; this poem was composed in 1525, nine years after the first edition of the Orlando Furioso ; the author's death, 1533. Map of England, the first, 1520, by George Lilly. Maps and Charts first brought to England by Bartholomew Colum- bus, 1489 ; Mercator's charts pro- jected, 1556; one of the moon's surface first drawn at Dantzig, 1647: maps were invented by Anaximander, 600 b. c, number published in France, in 1852, of maps and charts, was 171. Mar, Earl of, retired from court, 1715 ; proclaimed the Pretender, Sept. 1715 ; attainted with Murray, 1715 ; seized at Geneva, 1719 ; released, June 2, 1 720. Marat assassinated by Charlotte Corday, July 13, 1793. Marble, art of staining, discover- ed about 1684 : green, resembling verde antique, found in Ireland, in the western part, 1823. Marceluus, Theatre of, at Rome, built, 80. Marches in Wales and Scotland, the country lying on the borders, lawless ravages committed in the frontiers in the fourteenth century : the lords of the marches were noble- men who lived in the borders, and were continually involved in petty feuds ; the banditti at their heels were called mosstroopers in Scotland; one of them boasted of having mur- dered seven Englishmen, and rav- ished 40 women : these lordships were abolished by statute, in 1535 and 1547. March, Lord, afterwards Duke of Queensberry, wagered that he would produce a carriage and four MAR 406 MAR that should be driven at New- Market, 20 miles within the hour ; he won, Aug. 29, 1750. Marcionites, followers of one Marcion, who founded the sect ; they differed little from the Mani- chees, but preceded them, 140 a. ». See Manicheans. Marcros, Glamorgansh., cliff at, fell, and threw down 300,000 tons of limestone on the beach, Aug. 1833. Mardyke, taken by the English and French, Sept. 1657. Marischal College, Aberdeen, founded, 1593. Marengo, Battle of, won by Bonaparte from the Austrians, after carrying his army over the summit of the Alps ; the arrival of Desaix, who fell, turned the tide of fortune ; the Austrians lost 6000 killed, 12,000 prisoners, and 45 pieces of cannon ; the killed on the victor's side were fully equal to the Austrian loss ; June 14, 1800 ; twelve fortified places rewarded the victor, and he became master of all Italy. Marignan, Battle of, between the Swiss and French, near, Sept, 13, 1515 ; the Swiss Avere defeated, with the loss of their bravest troops. Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, daughter of the Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV., beheaded, May 27, 1541, aged 70, by the sanguinary tyrant Henry VIII. Margaret, ship, of Londonderry, wrecked in Cullean Bay, with 23 persons passengers, Jan. 10, 1815. Margate, Hoy, wrecked on the Reculver Sand, and many lives lost, Feb. 7, 1802; a Margate steam packet burned off Whitstable, but the crew saved, July 2, 1817. Margaritone, of Arezzo, invent- ed the art of gilding with leaf gold and bole armoniac, 1275. Maria, ship so called, wrecked on the Happisbury Rock, and all on board perished, Aug. 31, 1816. Maria Del Fiore, church of, at Florence, begun, 450. Maria Louisa, of Austria, con- sort of Napoleon, received the states of Parma, Placentia, and Guastella, under the treaty of Fontainebleau, April 5, 1814. Maria Theresa, order of, institu- ted in Spain, 1792. Marienburgh, in Prussia, found- ed by the Teutonic knights, 1231. Marigalente, island of, discov- ered, 1493. Marine Hospital, at Brest, burnt with 50 galley slaves, and a great number of sick, Dec. 1, 1776. Marine Society of London, established, 1756; W. Hicks left it £300 per annum, 1763; the house in Bishopsgate, begun April 30,1773. Marine Soldiery, serving either afloat or on shore ; a corps with this name appeared in 1684; greatly extended in 1760, amounting to 9138 men at that time : in 1815, it reached to 35,668 officers and men. Mariner's Compass, long known to the Chinese — See Magnetic power. Marise, a nobleman's son, hanged and quartered for piracy 1241. Mark, St., the evangelist, suppos- ed to have written his gospel, 44 ;. his festival celebrated, 1090. Mark's, St., palace at Venice, built, 450; the church at, 826; order of, begun, 830, and revived, 1562. Mark, a silver coin once current in England, value 13s. 4d. Marlborough, John Churchill, Earl of, joined the Dutch army in Germany, 1690 ; took Cork and Kinsale, 1690 ; returned from Ire- land, Oct. 28, 1690; deprived of all his offices, and forbid the court, Jan. 1692 ; made governor to the Duke of Gloucester, June 18, 1698 ; general of foot and commander-in- chief in Holland, June 1, 1701 ; declared captain-general of the forces, March 15, 1701 ; took Van- loo and other places, Sept. 1701 ; taken prisoner by the French troops, Nov. 5, 1702; returned home, and had the thanks of the Lords and Commons, Nov. 28, 1702 ; created a MAR 407 MAR duke, with a pension of £5000 per annum, Dec. 10, 1702 ; lost his son, Feb. 20, 1702; took Bonn, April 6, 1703 ; defeated the French and Bavarians, July 2, 1704 : ravaged Bavaria, 1704; defeated the French and Bavarians at Hockstet, or Blen- heim, Aug. 5, 1704 ; made a prince of the empii*e, Aug. 2, 1704 ; visited Hanover, Dec. 1, 1704; returned home with Count Tallard, and the prisoners of quality and colours taken at Blenheim, Dec. 14, 1704 ; dined with the city of London, Jan. 6, 1705; the manor of Woodstock and Wootton settled upon him, March 14, 1705 ; visited Vienna, created prince of Mindelheim, Nov. 12, 1705; defeated the French at Ramilies, May 12, 1706; reduced Menin and Dendermonde, Aug. 1706; arrived in London, and thanked by the parliament, Nov. 1706 ; Blenheim built for him at the public expense, and£5000 settled on his family, Jan. 1707 ; had an interview with Charles XII. of Sweden, April 30, 1707; defeated the French at Oudenarde, and levied contributions in Artois and Picardv, July 1708; reduced Ghent,Dec. 1708; arrived in England in disgust, Dec. 28, 1710; took up to the queen the surrender of his duchess's places, Jan. 19, 1711; accused by his enemies of converting the public money to his own uses, Dec. 30, 1711 ; challenged Lord Paulett, Jan. 1713; retired to the Conti- nent, but returned, Aug. 1, 1714; entered London triumphantly, Aug. 14, 1714; seized with a paralytic fit, May 16, 1716 ; died, June 16, 1722 ; buried with great pomp, Aug. 9, 1722; his duchess died, Oct. 18, 1744. Marlborough, Statutes of, pass- ed at the castle of that town, 51 Henry III. 1267. Marlow, Christopher, killed by a rival, 1593. Marque, Letters of, papers grant- ing authority to the subjects of a government to capture and destroy the vessels of any state with which it may be at war ; the privateer's licence first issued, 1295. Marquis, the title of, first given to Vere, Earl of Oxford, as Mar- quis of Dublin, 1386. Marriage in Ireland, statements of, in 9 months of 1845, 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1851, in all 60,062, or in the following years respec- tively, 6114, 9344, 6943, 9048, 9493, 9781, 9339, but this only includes the marriages of Protestants and Jews. Marriages in Lent were forbid- den, 354 ; first forbidden to priests, 1015 ; a vow of celibacy extorted from, 1073 ; first celebrated in churches 1226; forbidden to bishops, 692; taxed, 1695, 1784; of the royal family restrained by act of parlia- ment, under George III., because he disapproved of his brother's consort, 1772 ; regulated by canon law before 1754; still so governed in. Scotland ; all marriages void, ex- cept those of Quakers and Jews, after 1754, by the act of that year, unless celebrated in an Episcopal church ; Roman Catholic marriages in Ireland and Scotland made valid, July 1834, as well as of other min- isters not of the Chui-ch of Scotland ; certain degrees of kindred, marriage with, rendered valid, 1835; new mar- riage act passed, Aug. 1836; marriage registration act, June 30, 1837 ; amendment of, Aug. 7, 1840 ; mar- riages may now be celebrated in all Dissenting places of worship that are licensed for the purpose, as well as in the parish church, or they may be concluded with the same legality before the registrar of the district, without any religious form at all ; marriages were solemnised before a justice of the peace, under an act of parliament in 1653 ; in France they are solemnised before the prefect of the department or a sub-prefect; but the Catholics repeat the cere- mony afterwards before a priest ; in Scotland, marriage is also a civil act. Marriages, number of, registered in England, 1750, 40,000; 1800, MAE 408 MAR 73,228; 1820, 96,883; 1830, 103,437; 1840, 121,743; 1848, 138,230; of 138,230 marriages, 43,166 men and 62,771 could not write ; in 1848, 5920 were between bachelors and widows ; 12,702 between widowers and spinsters; 6324 between widowers and widows; and not of age, 6091 men, and 19,336 women. Marriages in France, 1820, 208,893; 1825, 243,674; 1830, 259,177; in Paris, in 7754 marriages there are joined together 6456 bachelors and maids ; widowers and maids, 708 ; bachelors and widows, 368 ; widowers and widows, 222. Marriages to population in Eng- land, 1841, were 1 to 130; 1839 and 1840, gave 1 to 127. There are married on a mean of 3 years in England proportion all}'', 25,174 in winter; 31,559 in spring; 29,502 in summer, and 36,542 in autumn. Marriages, Fleet ; from 1682 to 1754, one of the abuses existing in London prior to 1754, was the solemnisation of marriage by regu- larly ordained clergymen within the Fleet or its rules, generally con- fined for debt ; ruinous marriages practised by a set of drunken swear- ing parsons, with their myrmidons, pretending to be clerks and regis- ters to the Fleet, plying about Lud- gate Hill, pulling and forcing peo- ple to some peddling alehouse or brandy shop to be married, even on Sunday, stopping them as they went to church. These abuses were re- medied by Lord Hardwicke's mar- riage act in 1754, but not until many noble families had suffered under the inconvenience of a Fleet marriage. Marriage of the left hand, or "wives of the second order," cus- tomary in Gascony, 1590 ; this kind of union was legitimate among the Romans. Marriages, Double, forbidden as polygamy in the more civilised countries ; the most remarkable in- stance of modern times is that where the pope, Gregory IV., 1237, permitted it to Count Gleichen under very singular circumstances. Marriages, Forced, made penal, 1487 ; such persons as were guilty T denied benefit of clergy, 1596; made a transportable offence, 1820 ; Gib- bon Wakefield found guilty of felonious abduction at Lancaster, Mar. 24, 1827. Marriage, proclamation of the Queen of Scots with Darnley, July 21, 1565— "The quhilk day Johne Brand, mynister, presentit to the Kirk ane writting, written by the Justice-Clerk hand, desyring the Kirk of the Canogait, and mynister thereof, to proclaim Harie Duk of Albaynie, Erie of Rois, &c, on the one part ; and Marie, be the Grace of God, Queene, Soverane of this Realme, on uther part : The quhilk the Kirk ordinis the mynister to do, with invocation of the name of God." Marseilles sacked by the Sara- cens, 473 ; became a republic, 1214 ; subject to the Counts of Provence, 1251 ; united again to France, 1482 ; plague at, 1649; return of, with dreadful violence, 1720, when 50,000 of the inhabitants died. Marshals of London, whose duty it is to clear the city of beggars, and to send the sick to the hospi- tals, 1567. Marshal, a military rank in England, first conferred upon John Duke of Argyle, and the Earl of Orkney, 1736 ; the King of the Bel- gians and Prince Albert of Saxe- Coburg, are field-marshals in the British army ; the only subject a field -marshal, the Marquis of An- glesey ; three only in 1853. There were 21 marshals of France under the empire, but these all won the honour by hard service with the sword : — Augereau, Duke de Castiglione. Bessieres, Duke dTstria. Kellerman, Duke of Valmy. Lannes, Duke cle Montebello. Junot, Duke d'Abrantes. Bernadotte, Prince of Ponte Corv. Berthier, Prince de Neufchatel. MAR 409 MAS Davoust, Prince of Eckmuhl, Duke d'Auertadt. Lefebvre, Duke de Dantzick. Suchet, Duke d'Albufera. Murat, King of Naples. Soult, Duke of Dalmatia. Victor, Duke de JBellimo. Marmont, Duke de Ragusa. M 'Don aid, Duke de Toronto. Ney, Prince of Moskwa, and Duke d'Elchingen. Oudinot, Duke de Reggio. Massena, Prince d'Essling, and Duke de Rivoli. Moncey, Duke de Conegliano. Mortier, Duke de Treviso. Jourdan, a French peer. The marshals of Prance first insti- tuted in 1436; abolished, 1791; revived by Napoleon. Marshalsea Court, an ancient court, connected with the palace in 1665 ; for debtors and misdemean- ants ; discontinued, Dec. 31, 1849. Marshalsea Prison, a confined debtor died there of want, named Thomas Culver, Jan. 7, 1811. This prison fell in on the 16th May, 1802, but no lives were lost. Marsh Parm, Herts, a fire broke out at a cottage near, and the flames communicating, sixty head of cattle were destroyed in a long range of buildings near, Dec. 12, 1816. Martial Law proclaimed in Ire- land, July 26, 1803. Martin, St., festival of, insti- tuted, 812. Martin, St. Martin-in-the-Pields, Westminster, built, 1726; cele- brated for its fine portico. Martin, St., church of Canter- bury, built, by report, in 182. Martinico, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, Sept. 12, 1756. Martyrs, Order of Knighthood of, in Palestine, began, 1319. Mary de Medicis, Queen Mother of France, visited England, 1638. Maryland, State of, United States of North America, colonized by Lord Baltimore, 1633; the settlers being principally Roman Catholics, who have an archbishop still in this State; it contains 13,959 square miles, is divided into 20 counties, and had a population, in 1840, of 496,232, of which number 89,495 were slaves. Maryleeonne, a parish of the metropolis, vulgarly Marylebone : the masculine article was used often in the old French where the feminine is now placed : till recently a parish of small population, now one of the richest and most numerously popu- lated in Middlesex, containing 287,455 souls, 1841; new church of, built 1817 ; Regent's Park in, 1822; Zoological Gardens in, 1825; Coliseum erected in, 1828 ; the parish made a borough, 1832. Mary, St., the glorious order of knighthood, began in Italy, 1233 ; at Rome, 1618. Mary, St. de Merced, order of knighthood, began in Spain, 1218. Mary, St. Abbey of, in York, began 1088. Mary, St., Priory of, Thetford, built 1104; old house built 1075. Mary, Queen of Scots, fled to England, May 16, 1568 ; beheaded Feb. 8, 1589; aged 44. Mass first introduced in Latin, 394; used in England first, 680; elevation of the host and prostra- tion, 1201. Massachusetts, one of the United States in the East, containing 7500 square miles, and a population of 737,699 ; first settled by the Puri- tans from England, at Plymouth, in December, 1620 ; Salem and Charlestown, 1628; Boston, the capital, 1630; these settlements were consolidated, 1692 ; the whole adopted the constitution of the United States, Feb. 6, 1788. Massacres, Noted :■ — At the de- struction of Jerusalem, 1,100,000 Jews put to the sword, a.d. 70 ; the Jews, headed by Andrse, put to death 100,000 Greeks and Romans, at Cyrene, a.d. 115 ; Cassias, under the Emperor M. Aurelius, put to death 400,000 of the inhabitants of Seleucia, a.d. 167 ; at Alexandria, thousands of citizens massacred, by an order of Antoninus, a.d. 213; MAS 410 MAS the emperor Probus put to death 700,000 of the inhabitants of Gaul, a.d. 277; of eighty Christian fathers, by order of the Emperor Gratian, at Nicomedia, put into a ship, set on fire and then driven out to sea, a.d. 370; Thessalonica, when 7000 persons, invited into the circus, were put to the sword by Theodosius, a.d. 390 ; in England, 300 nobles by Hengist, 475; Beli- sarius put to death above 30,000 citizens of Constantinople for a revolt, to which they were impelled by the tyranny and exactions of two rapacious ministers set over them, a.d. 552; of the monks of Bangor, 1200 in number, by Ethel- frid, King of North Cumberland, 580 ; of the Danes in the southern counties of England, in the night of Nov. 13, 1002, and the 23 Ethel- red II ; at London it was most bloody, the churches being no sanc- tuary ; amongst others was Gunilda, sister of Swein, King of Denmark, left in hostage for the performance of a treaty newly concluded ; of the Normans at Durham, 1069 ; of the Jews in England. Some few press- ing into Westminster Hall at Richard I.'s coronation, were put to death by the people, and a false alarm being given that the king had ordered a general massacre of them, the people in many parts of England, from an aversion to them, slew all they met; in York, 500 who had taken shelter in the castle, killed themselves rather than fall into the hands of the multitude, a.d. 1189 ; of the Bristol colonists, at Cullen's Wood, Ireland, a.d. 1209 ; of the Latins at Constantinople, by Andronicus, a.d. 1184 ; of the Albi- genses and Waldenses, commenced at Toulouse, a.d. 1209 : thousands perished by means of the sword and gibbet ; the Sicilians massacred the French throughout the whole island of Sicily, without distinction of sex or age, on Easter-day, the first bell for vespers being the sig- nal ; this horrid affair is known in history by the name of the Sicilian vespers, a.d. 1282 ; a general mas ■ sacre of the Jews at Verdun by the peasants, who, from a pretended prophecy, conceived the Holy Land was to be recovered from the infidels by them; 500 of the Jews took shelter in a castle, and defended themselves to the last extremity, when, for want of weapons, they threw their children at the enemy, and then killed each other, a.d. 1317; at Paris, several thousand persons at the instance of John, Duke of Burgundy, a.d. 1418; of the Swedish nobility at a feast, by order of Christian II., a.d. 1520 ; 70,000 Huguenots, throughout the kingdom of France, attended with circumstances of horrid treachery and cruelty ; it began at Paris in the night of the festival of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 1572, by secret orders from Charles IX., king of France, at the instigation of the Queen-Dowager, Catherine de Medicis, his mother ; styled the massacre of St. Bartholomew; of the Christians in Croatia, by the Turks, when 65,000 were slain, a.d. 1592 ; of the English by the Dutch, at Amboyna, 1623, in order to obtain the whole of the Spice Islands ; in Ireland, during O'Neil's rebellion, Oct. 23, 1641, upwards of 30,000 British were killed in the commencement of this rebellion ; in the first two or three days of it, forty or fifty thousand of the Pro- testants were destroyed, and before the rebellion was entirely suppressed 154,000 Protestants were massacred ; of the unoffending Macdonalds of Glencoe, May 9, 1691 ; of 184 men, women, and children, chiefly Pro- j testants, burnt, shot, or pierced to death by pikes, perpetrated by the insurgent Irish, at the barn of Scullabogue in Ireland, in 1798; of Protestants at Th&rn, put to death under a pretended legal sen- tence of the Chancellor of Poland, for being concerned in a tumult occasioned by a Roman Catholic procession, a.d. 1724; at Batavia, ! 12,000 Chinese were massacred by MAS 411 MAY the Dutch, Oct. 1740, under the pre- text of an intended insurrection ; at the taking of Ismael by the Russians, 30,000 old and young, male and female, were slain, Dec. 1790 ; in Paris during the reign of Robes- pierre, at the prisons, 1793-4, several thousands by a ferocious mob ; in St. Domingo, where Dessalines made proclamation for the massacre of all the whites, March 29, 1804, and many thousands perished at Algiers, March 10, 1806 ; insurrec- tion at Madrid, and massacre of the French, May 2, 1808 ; of the Ma- melukes, in the citadel of Cairo, March 1, 1811 ; at Nismes, perpe- trated by the Catholics, May, 1815; massacre of vast numbers of the inhabitants of Cadiz, by the soldiery, whose ferocious disorders continued for some days, March 6, 1820. Masks, muffs, fans, and false hair, used by the female sex ; in- troduced into France from Italy, and from thence brought to Eng- land, 1572. Masquerades became the fashion in the court of Edward III., 1340 ; common in the time of Charles I. ; preached against by the clergy, 1723 ; nourished under George III. at Ranelagh, the Pantheon, and other places, 25 guineas being paid for a ticket at the former place, between 1770 and 1780, though in violation of the laws, being favoured by the fashionable world. Masquerades, the first in Scot- land, Friday, Jan. 15, 1773. Masso, Finiguerra, invented cop- perplate engraving, 1450. Master of the Ceremonies in the courts of Europe, instituted, for the reception of ambassadors and other distinguished persons, in England, by James I., 1603. Master in Chancery, an officer to whom references were first made in 1588, to compensate the igno- rance of Lord Chancellor Hatton ; continued until the changes in the Court of Chancery, when the office was modified, 1851 ; embezzled the effects of suitors, 1725. Mathews and Lestock, suffered the French and Spanish fleets to escape, 1746; Mathews dismissed the service, 1746. Matins, the first early services of the Catholic Church, or morning prayers ; the French style the mas- sacre of St. Bartholomew the "French Matins," Aug. 24, 1572, perhaps in contrast to the " Sicilian vespers," the term for the massacre of the French in Sicily, in 1282 ; thus the massacre of Prince Deme- trius, and the Poles in Moscow, 1600, is styled the "Moscow Matins." Matthias, feast of, instituted, 1091. Matthew, St., supposed to have written his gospel about Q5 ; festival of, 812. Matthews, a printer, hung for high treason, Oct. 30, 1719. Maundy Thursday, a custom by which the kings of England dis- pense alms to as many poor people as they are years old : begun by Edward III., at a jubilee given by him when he was fifty years of age, 1363. Mauritius, or the Isle of France, discovered, 1500; settled by the Dutch, 1598 ; then by the French ; taken by the British, 1810 ; con- firmed to England by the treaty of Paris, 1814. Mauritius, Order of Knighthood in Savoy, began 1430, restored 1572. Maximilian, the Emperor of Germany, enlisted as a subject; and captain under Henry VIII., 1513. Maxtoke Priory, Warwickshire, built, 1337; the castle, 1346; burned, 1762. May Games in fashion down to 1518 ; owing to riots of, suppressed soon after. May Fair suppressed, 1709; market opened, Jan. 4, 1749. Mayfield Place, Sussex, built, 988. Maynooth College, founded by act of parliament, and endowed by ME A 412 ME A a yearly grant for its support, 1795; additional endowment of £26,000 annually given 1845, with an addi- tional sum for the enlargement of the buildings. Mead, the library of the cele- brated Dr., sold for £5499, in 1755. Mazarin, Cardinal, died March 9, 1661-2; the Duchess of, arrived in England, and had a pension of £4000 per annum, 1675. Meal Tub Plot, so denominated from the papers which developed it, being found in a meal tub, 1679 ; the plot was to accuse the notorious Gates of certain crimes, and to charge several great men, among whom were the Earls of Shaftsbury, Halifax, and Essex, with high treason : this plot was the work of one Dangerfield, who was punished by whipping, and forcing out one of his eyes, which caused his death. Measures and "Weights, the standard generally provided for all England by the sheriffs of London, 1197 ; fixed for England a second time, 1257; equalized for all the United Kingdom, 1825; new act relating to, passed 1834. Measurement of Time by wax candles, three inches burning the hour, six candles twenty-four hours ; invented by Alfred the Great, 886 ; clocks and hour-glasses not being previously known in England. Meat first ordered to be sold by weight, 1532. Meat, prices of, 1782, mutton and veal sold at 2d. per ft> ; in 1710, the net weight of cattle in Smith- field 3701b ; calves 50ib ; sheep 28» ; according to Dr. Davenant, in 1800, the net weight of cattle was 7503b ; calves 1465) ; and sheep 801b ; Beef per stone. Mutton per stone. s. d. S. d. S. d. s. d. 1801 5 8 to 6 to 5 4 1802 5 0... 5 4 ...0 0' 1803 4 8... 5 ...0 1804 4 4 6... 4... 4 4 10 4 8 6 ...5 1805 6.... 4 ...4 4 1806 4 4 4 8 4 1< 4 10 8 1807 8... 6... 5 5 ...0 1808 0. 4 ...5 1809 5 0... 5 8 5 ...5 4 1810 8... 5 8 5 4 ...5 8 1811 5 8... 5 8 5 8 ...0 1812 6 0... 6 ...0 1813 6 4... 6 4 ...0 1814 6 4... 5 8 7 ...6 1815 5 4... 4 6 5 4 ...4 8 1816 4 3 0... 8... 4 8 8 . 1817 4 ...4 1818 4 4... 4 8 ...5 o 1819 4 10... 4 10... 4 5 8 1820 6 5 4 ...0 1821 4 0... 2 10... 3 ,...2 8 4 8 4 4 1822 6 3 ...3 6 1823 2 3 6... 4... 3 4 3 6 ..3 8 1824 3 8 ...0 1825 4 0... 4 4. 4 8 ...0 1826 4 4 3 0... 0... 8 .. 4 8 4 ...4 4 1827 4 ...0 1828 4 ...0 1829 3 6... 3 4 3 10 ...4 MEC 413 MED Beef per stone. s. d. s. d. 1830 2 8 3 1831 3 4 1832 3 4 3 1833 3 4 1834 3 1835 2 10 3 2 1836 3 6 3 4 1837 3 4 1838 3 3 4 1839 3 4 3 8 1840 3 4 3 8 1841 4 3 8 1842 3 4 3 1843 2 8 3 1844 2 8 1845 2 8 3 4 1846 3 8 3 4 1847 3 8 3 10 1848 4 3 4 1849 3 1850 3 2 Mutton per stone. s. d. s. d. 3 2 3 6 4 2 4 2 3 10 3 10 4 2 3 10 3 6 3 3 4 3 8 3 10 3 10 4 2 3 6 3 10 3 10 3 8 4 4 4 4 3 8 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 3 8 3 3 4 2 Meath, Bishopric of, instituted 1151. Mechanical Arts said to be car- ried to greater perfection in Eng- land than in Gaul, 298. Mechanics' Institutes formed in London and Glasgow, 1823 ; at Lancaster, with apprentices' library, 1823 ; since then, multiplied all over the kingdom. Mechanical Powers, the six simple, the inventors unknown, but a water-mill is said to have been erected on the river Tiber, at Rome, 50 ; floating mills on the Tiber, a.d. 536 ; tide-mills were, many of them, in use in Venice, about 1078 ; wind- mills in general use in the twelfth century ; saw-mills in use at Augs- burg, 1332 ; the theory of the in- clined plane investigated by Cardan, a. d. 1540 ; work on statics, by Stevinus, 1586 ; theory of falling- bodies, Galileo, 1638; theory of oscillation, Huvgens, 1647 ; laws of collision, Wallis, Wren, 1662; epicycloiclal form of the teeth of wheels, Roemer, 1675; percussion and animal mechanics, Borelli, 1679 ; application of mechanics to astronomy, parallelogism of forces, laws of motion, Newton, 1679 ; problem of the catenary with the analysis, Gregory, 1697; spirit level and other inventions, by Hooke, from 1660 to 1702. Mechanical Workmen, 1846, ex- pense of, in towns, taking a family as 5p persons, average 18s. Id. Mecklenbtjroh, Duke of, depos- ed by the Emperor, May 27, 1828 ; duchy of, possessed by the Hanove- rians, 1729 ; taken possession of by Prussians, Oct. 13, 1760. Medals first granted in England, by the Commonwealth, to the naval heroes, Blake, Penn, Monk, and Lawson, with their officers and men, who gained the victory over the Dutch, 1653 ; in 1692, moneys were provided from the proceeds of prizes for naval rewards ; a medal was struck, subsequently to Lord Howe's action of 1794, to reward the naval men engaged in that action. Medicinal Simples, from the East, first brought into Europe, 1200. Medicines, Duties on, commenced 1783 ; increased 1804. Medina, in Arabia : the tomb of Mahomet, placed in this city, is MEN 414 MER surrounded with numerous lamps, and called the city of the prophet, because he was protected here when he fled from Mecca, July 16, 622 ; whence the Hegira or " flight." Meetings held in England in numerous places to petition against concessions to the Catholics, Nov. 1828. Melbourne Administration dis- missed, Nov. 14, 1834 ; Sir Eobert Peel succeeded as premier, till April, 1835, when Lord Melbourne returned to power until Aug. 30, 1841, and was again succeeded by Sir Robert Peel. Melcombe Regis, Dorset, char- tered by James I., 1610. Mellfont Abbey, Ireland, found- ed by O'Carroll, prince of Orgial, 1142. Melons aud Cucumbers, common in the 13th century. Temp. Ed- ward III., dropped out of cultiva- tion, until the reign of Henry VIII., the wars of York and Lancaster arresting horticulture. Melville, Lord, impeached by the House of Commons, April 29, for applying the interest of public moneys in his hands to private purchases ; acquitted by the peers, June 12, 1806. Melville Transport wrecked near the harbour of Kinsale, Ireland, when eleven persons were drowned, Jan. 31, 1816. Mendicant Eriars, several religi - ous orders that commenced craving alms in the 13th century they were at last confined by Pope Gregory X., 1272, to the Dominican, Fran- ciscan, Carmelite, and Augustine orders, from which the Capuchins and others were offshoots ; mendi- cant friars in Ireland were forbidden by the Pope, Nov. 1750. Menai Strait, between Carnar- vonshire and Anglesey, crossed by the Romans to annihilate the Druids, 59 ; a ferry-boat lost in, containing fifty persons, Dec. 4, 1785 ; suspension bridge over, be- gun, 1818, and completed 1825, a • hundred feet above the level of spring tides, and 560 feet from the points of suspension, with two car- riage ways, and a footpath in the centre ; tubular bridge over, called the Britannia, completed March ^5, 1850 ; two lines of tubes, each a quarter of a mile in length, support- ed only at the ends by a tower 200 feet high, erected in the middle of the strait, through which tubes the railway carriages pass. Mennonites, a sect which insisted that Christ did not partake of the nature of his mother, from Menno, who promulgated the doctrine, 1645. Mentz, in Germany, taken by the imperialists, Sept. 6, 1689; contri- butions on, levied by the Erench, 1707. Mercator's Charts invented 1556, of which attempts have been made to rob him of the credit. Merchant, the name given to the higher class of traders ; those of London and Amsterdam have been long noted ; the aristocracy in the reign of Anne attempted to exclude them from the House of Commons in 1711, but could not succeed. Merchant Adventurers establish- ed by the Duke of Brabant in 1296 ; extended to England by Edward III., and made a corporation, 1564. Merchant Tailors, one of the city of London companies, established or incorporated 1466; they took the name of merchant tailors from the entrance of Henry VII. into their company ; school of, founded, 1561. Mercia, kingdom of, formed 584, ended 828. Mercury, the planet so called, traversed the sun's disc, visibly with the naked eye from 12 to 2 o'clock, at London, Nov. 25, 1769. Mercury, the metal well known to the ancients ; Carniola mines of, discovered, 1497 ; an ti- venereal vir- tues of, found out by Carpus, 1522; given to persons who had under- gone inoculation, as calomel, 1 745 ; discovered to be malleable by M. Orbelin, 1785; first congealed by Pallas, 1772. ME S 415 MET Mercy, Order of, erected in France to release Christian captives from slavery, 1198 ; formed into a regu- lar society, 1218. Merida, in Estremadura, Spain, taken by the French, Jan. 1811 ; French defeated near, by Lord Hill, Oct. 28, 1811 ; taken by the Eng- lish, Jan. 1812. Merioneth, archdeaconry of, erected, 1280. f Merit, Order of, a military Prus- sian order of knighthood founded, 1730. Merlin, a bard or prophet, said to have lived about 477. Merrot village, near Crewkerne, nearly all destroyed by fire, April 16, 1811. Merry Andrew, the name aris- ing from Andrew Borde, a droll physician, who used to harangue the market people, 1547. Merton College, Oxford, founded, 1274 ; priory founded, 1117. Merton, Parliament of, held at Merton in Surrey, in the priory or abbey, under Henry III., when the statutes called the provisions of Mer- ton were enacted, 1236. Merthtr Tydvill, South Wales, disturbances at, ending in the loss of several lives, June 3, 1831 ; made a borough 1832. Mervyn, Lord, convicted of a nameless crime and rape, and hang- ed, May 1631. Mesmerism, so named from F. A. Mesmer, who promulgated his no- tions in 1766, reviving the old ab- surdity of planetary influences, &c. ; not meeting encouragement he en- tered Paris in 1778, where he gained proselytes and money, until the go- vernment appointed several scien- tific men to investigate his preten- sions, among them the celebrated Dr. Franklin, when they fully exposed the quackery and presumption of Mesmer in a paper which for a time set the doctrine of the empiric asleep, between 1780 and 1790 ; it has been recently revived, and by the credu- lous and ignorant has had, as with Mormonism and Southcotism in re- ligion, an accession of disciples, to whom the exploded theory was a novelty. Messalians, a sect that adhered to the verbal in place of the true sense of the scriptures, refusing to labour, because they Avere told not to work for the food which perishes, 310. Messina, built 667 a.c. ; the Sa- racens took, 829 ; revolt of, 1672 ; destroyed by an earthquake 1692 ; taken by the Spaniards, Sept. 18, 1718 ; by the imperialists, Oct. 19, 1719 ; the plague destroyed a large part of the population in 1743 ; in- jured by an earthquake 1780 ; in March 1783, a large part destroyed by another earthquake ; occupied by the British forces from 1804 to 1814. Metamorphists, a religious sect that appeared about 1450, promul- gating new theories about the body of Christ. Meteor, a surprising one seen, March 19, 1718. Meteoric Stones, or aerolites, sub- stances that fall occasionally from the atmosphere ; no satisfactory ac- count has been given where they are formed ; some of them have been in large masses. There is in the library of Colmar a stone which fell at Ensisheim in Alsace, 1492, which weighed 260 lb. In 1581, a stone 30 lb. weight fell in Thurin- gia, so hot that no person could touch it. In 1668, two stones, one 300 lb. and the other 200 lb. weight, fell near Verona. In 1751, two masses of iron, of 71 lb. and 16 lb., fell in the district of Agram, the capital of Croatia ; the larger is in Vienna. Several specimens of me- teoric stones, which have fallen from the atmosphere at different times, are in the British Museum, as Avell as knives of the Esquimaux, which were brought home by Captain Boss, said to be made of meteoric iron. A sword, stated to have been made of meteoric iron, was present- ed to the Emperor Alexander. Philosophers have differed as to the MET 416 MET formation of these stones ; some have thought them rapidly formed by an unknown process in the at- mosphere ; others that they were projected from the volcanoes of the moon ; and a third class, that they are the fragments of a larger planet which formerly existed between Mars and Jupiter, and of which the four planets, Ceres, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta, are the remaining frag- ments. M. de la Grange thinks that they are ejected from the inte- rior of our globe by volcanoes, situ- ated in the polar regions, which produce, at the same time, the phe- nomena of the northern lights. The following are recorded to have happened since the commencement of the present century. A great fall took place at Aigle, April 26, 1803 ; they were about three thou- sand in number, and the largest weighed about 17 lb. A stone fell near Eggenfelde in Bavaria, weigh- ing 3^ lb., Dec. 13 ; two stones fell at St."Etienne and Valence, one of them weighed 8 lb., Mar. 15, 1806 ; a stone weighing 2h, lb. fell near Basingstoke in Hampshire, May 17; a stone of 1601b. fell at Fimochin, in the province of Smolensko in Russia, March 13, 1807 (June 17, according to Lucas) ; a great shower of stones fell near Weston in Con- necticut ; masses of 20 lb., 25 lb., and 35 lb., were found, Dec. 1 ; stones weighing 4 lb. or 5 lb. fell near Stannern in Moravia, May 22, 1808 ; stones, some of which weighed about 21b., fell in Caswel county, North America, Jan. 30, 1810; a great stone fell at Shahabad in In- dia, it burned five villages, and killed several men and women; a stone weighing 71 lb. fell in the county of Tipperary in Ireland, Aug. 10, 1810 ; stones fell at Mor- telle, Villerai, and Moulinbrule, in the department of Loiret, one of them weighed 40 lb. and the other 30 lb., Nov. 23 ; a stone of 15 lb. fell in the village of Konglinbowsh, near Romea, in Russia, Mar. 12, or 13, 1811 ; a shower of stones fell near Thoulouse, April, 10, 1812 ; a stone, the size of a child's head, fell at Erxleben, a specimen of it is in the possession of Professor Haussman of Brunswick, April 15 ; stones fell at Cutro in, Calabria, during a great fall of red dust, Mar. 14, 1813'; a stone fell near Bucharest in Russia, Feb. 3, 1815; stones, some of which weighed 18 lb., fell in the vicinity of Agen, Sept. 5 ; there is reason to think that masses of stone fell in the Baltic after the great meteor of Gottenburgh, May 2 and 3, 1817 ; a great stone appears to have fallen at Limoges, but it was not disinterred, Feb. 15, 1818; a stone of 7 lb. fell at the village of Slobodka, in Smolensko; it pene- trated nearly sixteen inches into the ground; it had a brown crust with metallic spots. The late Major Topham published a particu- lar account of a stone, which fell near his house, in the wolds of Yorkshire, that he found had pene- trated deeply into the earth, and was warm when taken up, 1798. Methodism began by the fol- lowers of Whitfield and Wesley in 1739. Methodists, a sect, or sects, one part professing Calvinistic, the other Arminian doctrines; the founda- tion of the sect began at Oxford about 1729, and in 1734 John Wesley and George Whitfield be- gan to preach openly, wherever a congregation could be assembled to hear them, which was considered a scandal by the Church of England, in the pale of which they at first professed to instruct ; the Methodist missions commenced in 1769, and two were sent to North Ame- rica ; missions reduced to a sys- tem, and a society organised for their support, 1817 ; in 1767, the number of itinerant preachers was no more than 92, and the number of their societies, 25,911 ; in 1795, the number of their preachers was 357, and the members, 83,368; at a later period, 1827 and 1828, their number was estimated at 211,887 MEX 417 MID in England; 22,760 in Ireland; 36,917 in foreign nations, exclu- sive of America, or in all about 700,000; their preachers in the American connexion, in 1827, were 1576 ; in foreign stations, 172 ; in Ireland, 145 ; in England, 829 ; total, 2722 ; since which they have increased considerably. In Eng- land and Wales they map into 296 circuits,- and claim about one in fifty-six of the total population as members of their community; in 1839, the methodists reckoned 3290 ministers, and 740,459 members. Methodism in the United States of America : the Methodist Gene- ral Conference resolved in 1839 to send delegates to England in 1842, and one to Canada in 1841. During the four years ending Sept. 1840, 515 ministers, and 89,781 church members, were added to this deno- mination. Since that account was made, the increase is ascertained to be 14,000, making the whole addition 103,781, according to transatlantic statements. Metens, James, of Antwerp, gave the first idea of telescopes, 1611. Mettingham College and Castle, built in Suffolk, 1335. Mews, Charing Cross, Westmin- ster, built 1732, so called from the French mue, a cage for hawks, a proper appellative for the place at Charing Cross, where this aviary once existed ; but when its designa- tion was altered, and it became a receptacle for the " royal stud," no- thing could be more improper than the retention of the name. Mexico discovered, 1518 ; con- quered, and brutally ravaged by the Spaniards, 1521 ; mint established in, 1535 ; struggle for its indepen- dence, 1818; Iturbidemade emperor, May, 1822 ; a constitution pro- claimed by Vittoria, 1823 ; Iturbide shot, 1824 ; commercial treaty with England, April, 1825 ; the expul- sion of all Spaniards from, March, 1829 ; the expedition from old Spain against, defeated, Sept. 26, 1829 ; revolution in, and Guerrero deposed, Dec. 23, 1829 ; indepen- dence of, generally acknowledged, first by the European nations, and lastly by Brazil, June, 1830; war with the United States, June 4, 1845; defeat of the Mexicans at Palo Alto, May 8, 1846 ; Santa Fe taken, Aug. 25 ; Monterey, Sept. 1846; the Mexicans defeated, Feb. 22, 1847; again, April 18, 1847; treaty between Mexico and the United States, May 19, 1848. Mezzotinto Engraving, invented by Colonel de Siegen, 1643, once attributed to Prince Rupert. Michael, St., Order of Knighthood begun in France, 1469 ; in Ger- many, 1618, and also in Naples. Michael, St., a Vale Castle, Guernsey, built, 1114; the church, 1117. Michael, St., Mount, Cornwall monastery of, built, 1030. Michael, St., Mount, France, or Mont St. Michael, in the depart- ment of La Manche, 4 leagues S. W. S . from Avranches, monastery of, noAV a prison, erected, 966, by Richard II. Duke of Normandy ; completed by William I. of England, 1070. Michael, St., Festival of, first kept, Sept, 29, 487. Michaelmas, from the feast of St, Michael, the patron of the Catholic church, as being the reputed head of the angelic host, instituted, 487. Michaelham Priory, built, 1230, Micrometer, invented by Mr. Huygens, 1652. Microscopes first used in Ger- many, 1621 ; the invention claimed by Holland and Venice about the same time; with double glasses, invented by Torricelli, 1624 ; solar microscopes invented by Dr. Hooke, according to some, and to others by Liebeckuk, 1740 ; improved by Dr. Baker, 1763, and by Dollond. Middleham Castle, Yorkshire, built, 1190. Middleton, Dr., fined by the Court of King's Bench for some re- marks upon it, June 20, 1723. Middleton, Stony, Oxfordshire, 2e MIL 418 M IL Earl Jersey's seat, burned, April 29, 1755. Middlesex Hospital founded, 1745 : began erecting, May 15, 1755; enlarged, 1834. Middleton Abbey, Dorset, built, 938. Middleton, Sir Hugh, brought the new river to London, 1613 ; he died, 1631. Midwifery improved by Celsus, Irish resident in England and Wales „ „ Scotland ., „ the Channel Islands 37 ; and Galen, 131 ; in England first treated as a science, 1518 ; the noted Harvey practised in, 1603, in many difficult cases ; employ of men in, not general until 1663. Migration of the people of the United Kingdom at home. The following is the number of Irish, Scotch, English, and foreigners,, dispersed through the different part* of the empire in 1851 :— 289,404 126,321 3,531 Total Irish absentees . , Scotch resident in England and Wales „ „ Ireland- „ „ the Channel Islands Total Scotch absentees English and Welsh residents in Scotland , r „ Ireland „ „ the Channel Islands Total English absentees Foreigners resident in England and Wales , „ „ Ireland .... „ „ Scotland .... „ „ the Channel Islands . Total Eoreign absentees Irish resident in London and suburbs Scotch resident in ditto Foreigners resident in ditto . Irish in Liverpool „ Glasgow .... „ Manchester and Salford In no other towns do the numbers of Irish exceed 6000. 419,256 103,238 8,585 1,099 112,922 37,793 21,552 18,006 77,354 39,244 4,471 2,776 2,760 49,251 73,133 25,658 19,148 49,639 44,345 34,300 Miguel, Don, of Portugal, visited England, 1827 ; quitted England, Eeb. 1828, for Lisbon. Milan, city of the dukedom, ancient, founded before Christ; a republic, 1221 ; governed by dukes after 1395, to 1505, when it was taken by the French, who were ex- pelled by Charles V. of Germany, 1524 ; taken by the imperialists, 1736 ; became subject to Austria, 1748 ; taken by the French, 1796 ; retaken by Austria, 1799 ; again by the French, May 31, 1799 ; Napo- leon Bonaparte crowned with the iron crown of, May 26, 1805 ; de- cree against continental intercourse with England issued from, Dec. 17, 1807. Mile, measure first determined. MIL 419 MIL 1593, to be 5280 feet, or 1740 yards; a square mile to be 27,178,400 square feet, or 640 square acres. Milford Haven, South Wales, Henry VII. landed at, 1485; packets to Waterford from, established in 1787; the dockyard in this haven removed from Milford town, 1815, to near Pembroke ; the haven would contain the whole navy of England. Milford, near Godalming, set on fire, and burned, July 29, 1806. Military Law, a misnomer for no law, being grounded on the ab - sence of all law; proclaimed in Ireland, 1798 and 1803 ; the liberty and life of the subject under it are subjected to military will or caprice, even the arbitrary forms of a court martial not being always necessary where it prevails. Military Establishments of Ger- many as agreed upon, 1815, by the allied powers — Hesse Cassel, rarely kept full, all arms Ditto, a contingent do. Hesse Darmstadt, all arms .... Ditto, a contingent ...".. Brunswick Lunenburgh, all arms Ditto, contingent ...... Mecklenburgii Schwerin 3,580, and contingent 3,580 Mecklenburgh Strelitz 424, and contingent 717 Saxe Weimar 2,164, and a contingent of 2,010 Saxe Coburg Gotha Saxe Meinengen House of Lippe Nassau 6,280, all arms, and a contingent of 3,028 Hohenzollern House of Eeuss , Hesse Homburg Schwartzburg-Sandershausen .... Schwartzburg-Rudelstadt, . . . Anhalt Bemberg Anhalt Dessau Anhalt Coethen Men. 10,000 5,769 8,400 6,195 2,432 2,096 7,160 1,141 4,174 1,366 1,150 1,300 9,308 515 798 200 450 539 120 300 324 Military uniforms differ with the fashion of the time in form and costliness. In 1698, in temp. William III., the soldier's dress cost : — Grey coat and breeches... £15 Hat 5 Shoes 4 Shirt 3 Neckcloth 10 Stockings 18 Total This contract had no waistcoat they were charged another shilling In temp. George II., 1743, the ex ■ pense was : — . f Coat and breeches £15 j Hat 2 6 I Shirt and collar 3 8 Stockings 12 Shoes 3 Making waistcoats of the last year's coats 1 1 19 6 Total.. 1 16 4 In 1831, the allowance for each pri- A^ate was 46s. to the colonel, but the contract was as follows : — Coat to private £0 12 6 Trousers 7 3 Boots 7 6 Fringe and Buttons 6 One year's cap 3 9 Total 1 11 6 MIL 420 MIL Military Establishment of England, 1852 : — Cavalry and infantry of the regular army (exclusive of those in East India Company's service) 101,937 Ordnance corps, artillery, engineers, sappers and miners . 15,582 Additional artillerymen 2,000 Marines on shore . . 5,300 Additional marines 1,500 Enrolled pensioners 18,000 Yeomanry cavalry 14,600 Dockyard battalion 9,200 Coast guard , 5 <000 Militia (parliamentary paper, 1852) 56,746 Irish constabulary (drilled and armed) . . , . , 12,321 Total land forces . . . 241,686 Of this total force there were in the colonies at the date of the last returns 46,678 Leaving . 195,008 Military Establishment of the Line, of England, 1849, 113,847, ex- clusive of India, yeomanry, and militia ; ordnance, 15,582. Military Establishment of France, 1853 ; men of all arms in France, 375,000, except gens-d'armes ; voted for 1854, 358,513 men, 83,393 horses. Military Academy, Woolwich, established, 1741. Military Asylum began, June 10, 1801. Military, Mortality of, in war, from 1808 to 1815, in the armies of the Duke of Wellington only, in six years, in the campaign of 1808, 69 officers and 1,015 men ; 1809, 243 officers and 4,688 men ; 1810, 78 officers and 924 men; 1811, 459 officers and 7,384 men ; 1812, 816 officers and 11,030 men; 1813, 1,025 officers and 14,966 men ; 1814, 400 officers and 4,791 men ; 1815, 717 officers and 9,485 men. Total, 3,807 officers and 54,283 men killed <,r wounded. This total does not include the Brunswickers, Hanove- rians, Portuguese, nor Spaniards. It is remarked, that at Salamanca, the proportion of the killed to the combatants was 1 to 90 ; at Vittoria, 1 to 74 ; Waterloo, 1 to 40 ; while at the battle of the Nile, the ratio was 1 to 36 ; at Trafalgar, 1 to 41 ; at Copenhagen, 1 to 39. Hence na- val battles are more sanguinary than military battles. In the above statement the losses in Holland, under the Duke of York, in Egypt, and in various parts of the world, are not included. In 1783, the returns of private men killed, or who died of their wounds, in America, up to the peace of 1783, was 43,633 men, ex- clusive of officers. The Prince of Hesse also received head-money after the peace, Dec. 23, 1786, for the killed off soldiers whom he let out, £471,000, equivalent to 13,500 men and upwards, at £30 per head ; hence Lord Chatham's allu- sion to the " shambles" of the Ger- man despots. Military Mortality from disease in Africa, at the Gambia, Sierra Leone, and the Isles de Los, from the year 1819 to 1836, in 18 years one-half of the troops died annually; in 1835 and 1836, three -fourths of the white troops in the settlements died ; of 220 men who arrived in May 1825 in the Gambia, 87 had died before the end of September, and in Dec. 31 only 29 remained. Military Mortality in the West Indies from 1797 to 1828— MIL 421 MIL Time and Place of Observation. English Army. Extent of Observations. Annual Rate of Mortality per Cent. Average Force. Years. Maxi- mum. Mean. Mini- mum The United Kingdom... Ireland, 1797-1828 Mediterranean. Malta, 1824-31 British Army Ditto 46,460 36,921 2,226 3,267 3,467 11,820 69,550 8,700 13,610 5,768 2,528 2,733 10 32 8 17 13 4 4 7 10 19 19 19 20 2.8 13-4 36 71 1-6 97 27-7 23-4 47.2 8.4 1-5 1.5 1-5 2-0 2-6 4-8 1-4 5-7 18-3 11-3 15-5 5-5 11 10 0-7 1-4 32 10 3-8 8-0 4-7 7-8 1-8 The Garrison Ditto Ionian Islands... East Indies. Fort St. Geo. Presidency Madras, 1827-30 The Troops (1) Euro. Troops Native Troops ... (2) Euro. Troops 1796-1804, ditto 1810-28, ditto.... Ditto Beno-al 1826 32 West Indies. Jama., Honduras,1810-28 Jama., Honduras, Wind- ward and Leeward Is. Colonial Trps. ) (Blacks) ) The mortality of the men is double that of the officers. Military Mortality in France, from 1820 to 1826 inclusive, ex- cluding the year 1823, the mean strength of the French army was 120,624 ; the mean annual number of deaths was 2352, making the ratio of mortality per cent. 1*94 Classes. Strength. Mean annual number of deaths. Ratio of mortality per cent. 1-08 .8 1.5 .8 % 2.2 Non-commissioned officers Drummers .... Musicians .... Labourers .... Privates 24,408 3,917 918 383 90,978 266 34 14 2 2036 120,624 2352 1.94 The non-commissioned officers and the drummers obtain higher pay than the privates, and enjoy a com- parative immunity from night duty. In the ' Royal Guard,' in which the pay is higher and the duty lighter, the ratio of mortality per cent, is but 1.4. In this body the difference of mortality, according to rank and occupation, is also found. Among the non-commissioned officers it is, per cent., .9 ; drummers, .5; mu- sicians, .8 ; privates, 1.7. Militia, a species of militia was enrolled by Alfred the Great about 900 ; the first commission of array to form the militia, 1422 ; the present militia founded on acts of Charles II., 1661 and 1663, and afterwards in 1757, 1764, 1781, 1797, and 1852 ; supplementary mi- litia, 1797 ; the number, 104,000 in ! 1800, united to 106,000 in 1798 ; a clause was introduced to allow courts-martial to introduce impri- sonment in pla^-e of flogging, 181 1 ; Irish militia interchanged with Eng- land, March 28, 1804 ; strength of militia, 1852, 56,746 men. Milk consumed inLonion, 1827, MIN 422 MIN about 7,884,000 gallons annually, at a cost of £656,000. In 1825 a com- pany established to sell pure milk. Milliner, a seller of ribands and female dresses ; men milliners cen- sured in the Society of Arts, 1810. Milton Abbas abbey founded, 933. Milton, John, the great epic poet of England, and Latin secretary to Oliver Cromwell, born 1608, died 1674, interred at St. Giles, Cripple- gate. Milton did not begin to write Paradise Lost until he was 47 years of age. He sold it for £5 to Sa- muel Simmons, April 27, 1667. In two years more, he had £5 for the second edition. In 1680, Mrs. Mil- ton sold all her right for £8. Sim- mons then sold the copyright for £25. It is an extraordinary fact, that Milton had a great difficulty in getting the book licensed. Dr. Bentley, the first editor of the Para- dise Lost, got 100 guineas for his edition. Dr. Newton, the next edi- tor, got £630 for the Paradise Lost, and 100 guineas for the Regained. It was an extraordinary misjudg- ment of the celebrated Waller, who speaks thus of the first appearance of Paradise Lost : — " The old blind schoolmaster, John Milton, hath published a tedious poem on the Fall of Man ; if its length be not considered a merit, it has no other" Milton, Great, Oxfordshire, six- teen houses burned at, July 4, 1762. Minden, Battle of, fought Aug. 1, 1759, between the French and the allied English, Hanoverians, and Hessians, under Prince Ferdi- nand, when the latter gained a com- plete victory ; for his conduct while commanding the horse in this battle, Lord George Sackville was tried by a court-martial and dismissed the service, but restored afterwards on the accession of George III. to the throne, 1760. Mines, numerous in England; those of tin worked many years be- fore Christ ; those of tin, copper, lead, iron, and other metallic pro- ducts, valued at £10,547,000 per annum ; the claim of a mine royal enforced 1362 ; Irish mines said to produce silver, 1276 ; the copper of Cornwall one-third, and that of tin nine-tenths of all produced besides in the rest of England and the Con- tinent of Europe. Mines of Gold and Diamonds dis- covered in the Brazils, Oct., 1 752. Mines, those called the Consolida- ted, in Cornwall, in 1840, extended 55,000 fathoms, or 63 miles under ground, at a cost of £300,000, and the great Cornish adit extends from sea to sea, with its branches running 30 miles 413 feet beneath the surface of the ground. Mines, I\oyal, established, 1565. Mines, England and Wales, per- sons engaged in working, 173,268 ; Scotland, 20,557; total, 193,825 ; in Ireland, 3096 ; tons of iron produced from 121 furnaces in England and Scotland, 124,879 in 1796 ; in 1823, Wales produced 182,325 Staffordshire 133,590 Shropshire 57,923 Yorkshire 27,311 Scotland . 24,500 Derbyshire 14,038 Other places 2,379 Total 4,442,066 In 1830, the intervening years, 1825 and 1828, reaching a total of 581,367 and 702,584 respectively, the returns are as follows : — Tons. South Wales 277,643 Staffordshire 212,604 Shropshire 73,418 Yorkshire 28,926 Scotland 37,500 Derbyshire 17,999 Other places 5,327 Total 653,417 which was further augmented, 1840, to 1,396,400 tons, from 402 blast furnaces, of which 162 were hot air ; in 1848 the quantity had increased to 2,093,736 tons. The produce of MIN 423 MIN the tin mines of Cornwall in 1801, was £254,272 in tin, and £476,722 in copper; in 1834 it reached £321,860 in tin, and £887,902 in copper. Mineralogicau Society, the Bri- tish, established, 1800. Minehead, Somersetshire, forty- seven houses burned down at, Julv 4, 1791. Mingay, William, mayor of Nor- wich, 1561, when he feasted the Duke of Norfolk, many lords and knights ; the following was the bill of fare : — Impr. Beef, with loin, eight stone, at 8. 5 4 1 4 1 4 1 6 10 1 1 o 9 7 1 2 1 8 1 2 1 6 1 6 4 9 3 2 6 1 2 2 3 1 6 7 4 2 2 5 5 5 6 £1 17 1 Minims, Order of, instituted 1440. Ministers of religion, 2,000 re- signed their benefices in the Church of England 1662, sooner than sub- scribe to the book of common prayer and the thirty-nine articles, Ministers. Sir Robert Walpole Lord Carteret, afterwards Earl Granville Mr. Pelham Duke of Newcastle as enjoined by the act of uniformi- ty- Ministers of the Crown in the minority upon the land-tax bill, 1767, the first instance on a money bill after the revolution of 1688 — Appointed. April 1721 February 1742 November 1744 March 1754 MIN 424 MIN Ministers. Appointed. Pitt's 1st Ministry — Duke of Devonshire, Eirst Lord of the Treasury ..... December 1756 Pitt's 2nd or Coalition Ministry — Duke of Newcastle First Lord of the Treasury June 1757 Duke of Newcastle .... October 1761 Earl of Bute ..... May 1762 George Grenville (designated the Duke of Bedford's Ministry) April 1763 Marquis of Rockingham July 1765 Earl of Chatham August 1766 Duke of Grafton December 1767 Lord North January 1770 Marquis of Rockingham March 1782 Earl of Shelburne July 1782 Duke of Portland April 1783 William Pitt December 1783 Henry Addington, afterwards Lord Sidmouth March 1801 William Pitt — re-appointed May 1804 Lord Grenville (Fox, Secretary of State)- January 1806 Duke of Portland March 1807 Spencer Perceval June 1810 Earl of Liverpool June 1812 George Canning April 1827 Viscount Goderich August 1827 Duke of Wellington January- 1828 Earl Grey . . . November 1830 Viscount Melbourne ; July 1834 Sir Robert Peel . November 1834 Viscount Melbourne * April 1835 Sir Robert Peel September 1841 Lord John Russell .... July 1846 Earl of Derby April 1852 Earl of Aberdeen Dec. 2c } 1852 Minster at York set on fire by a lunatic, named Martin, Feb. 2, 1829 ; completely restored and opened, May 6, 1832. Minorca taken by General Stan- hope, Aug. 1708.; surrendered to the French 1756 ; given up to Eng- land 1763 ; retaken by the Spaniards 1679 ; ceded to Spain 1783 ; taken by the English, Nov. 15, 1798; given up to Spain 1802. Minotaur, of 74 guns, wrecked upon the Back Sand, on the Dutch coast, when 480 of the crew perish- ed, Dec. 20, 1810. Minstrels, originally players on pipes for the amusement of feudal lords and their households : they are not to be confounded with the bards or poets, who were of older date, and whose compositions they often sung and played, succeeding the Saxon glee-men ; John of Gaunt had a court of them at Tutbury, 1380 ; they continued until 1560 ; and after that period sunk into ne- glect. Mint, this establishment was ap- pended to a public treasury near the Tower, as is supposed, about the year 400, before the Romans quitted the island ; an ingot of silver was found in 1777 in the old foundation of the ordnance office in the Tower — Ex Officio Honorii; with some gold coins of the reign of Arcadius and Honorius ; the shape was square, with the four corners extended out of the straight line, so as to ren- der the four sides a jagged curve ; MIS 425 MOG its proper name is a skillet, and forms a proof of the preparatory operations of the monetary systems of the Romans, to whom the art of coining was then familiar, though of considerably less exactness than that of modern times : they had mints at Rome, Constantinople, York, and London ; they were found at a great depth below the artificial stratum, which consisted of almost impenetrable foundations of flint, and cement equally hard. Dr. Hunter had in his collection one of these coins. One of them had the impression Aug. G. 6r., and denoted its date to be a. d. 420 ; Athelstan first regulated the mint, at a later period, 928, and there were also provincial mints ; the mint office in the Tower was estab- lished, 1065 ; the mint was kept by Italians, 1278, from the native igno- rance of its management ; the work- men were formed into a corporation by Edward III., about 1343, when the first entry of gold for coinage oc- curs: tin coined by Charles II., 1684 ; gun-metal and pewter, by James II. ; the present building erected be- tween 1806 and 1810, for which the sum of £262,000 was voted by par- liament ; a new constitution of the mint 1815, and a second change and re-arrangment between 1841 and 1850. Mint, the, a notorious district in Southwark, Surrey, once used as a place of refuge for debtors ; suppress- ed under George I., about 1717. Mirrors, or Looking-Glasses, anciently of metal, first made at Venice of silvered-glass, 1300, and in England at Lambeth, 1673. Mississippi Scheme, exploded in Erance, June, 1720, the pattern of the South Sea scheme in England ; it was the idea of a Scotchman named Law, who promised to lend the Erench government 15,000,000 francs, without levying a penny in taxes, by which means the govern- ment was to get rid of heavy debts ; the sum of £100,000,000 is said to have been lost by individuals, and thousands were ruined by the scheme, who had taken Law's paper for their gold. Mississippi Trade began in Eng- land, Nov. 28, 1716. Mist, a notorious printer, commit- ted to Newgate for a libel, by the House of Commons, although at the same time a prisoner for debt in the King's Bench, June 3, 1721. Mitchelstown, Ireland, a number of young persons meeting in a barn to celebrate a wedding, it took fire, and the bride with 20 other persons was burned to death, Feb. 12, 1816. Mitre, a cap belonging to popes and bishops, in imitation of that worn by the high-priest among the Jews ; the pope has four, differently formed according to the ceremony that demands them ; the cardinals wore mitres until 1245, when they were appointed to wear hats by the council of Lyons. Mittau, in Courland, the du- cal palace of, destroyed by fire, Dec. 21, 1788. Mitylene, island of, in the Greek Archipelago, with 2000 houses, de- stroyed and ravaged by an earth- quake, May 27, 1755. Mockern, battle of, between Eu- gene Beauharnois and the Erench, and the allied Russian and Prussian army, which was defeated with much loss, April, 1813; a second battle, and yet more sanguinary, Oct. 4, 1813. Modena made a duchy, 1451 ; the prince of, arrived in London, Oct. 16, 1735 ; surrendered to the king of Sardinia, June, 1742 ; prince of, pensioned by the Austrians with 90,000 florins, 1753 ; taken by the French, 1796; incorporated with the Cisalpine republic, 1797 ; Fran- cis of Este restored to, 1814 ; in- surrection at, and flight of the duke, Feb. 5, 1831 ; afterwards occupied by Austrian troops. Modern Languages, professor of, appointed in the English univer- sities in 1724, by George I. Mogul Empire in India, conquer- MON 426 MON ed first by the celebrated Jenghis Khan, a Tartar prince, who died 1236 ; Timor Bey became Great Mogul by conquest, 1399 ; the throne continued in his descend- ants; Kouli Khan invaded it, and carried off enormous treasure into Persia, March 7, in 1734; at length Delhi and the Mogul empire fell into the hands of the English, in the present century. Mohatz, Battle of, between the King of Hungary and the Turks under Solyman II., when the former was defeated, with the loss of his life and 22,000 men, 1526 ; a, second battle here, 1687, in which the Turks were defeated with the loss of 10,000 men, by Prince Charles of Lorraine. Mohawks, disorderly ruffians so locally named, who went about London streets at night, wounding and disfiguring passengers, 1711 ; £100 was offered for the apprehen- sion of any of them. Mohilow, Battle of, between the Russians under Bagration, and the French under Davoust ; after a most sanguinary combat the Russians were defeated with immense loss, July 23, 1812. Mora, Captain, found guilty of murdering a fisherman who trespass- ed on his grounds at Little- Warham, Essex, July 30, 1830; executed Aug. 2. Moisteras, destroyed by a volca- no in the island of Euego, April 30, 1757. * Mole at Athens, built 120. Molesworth, Lady, and her three children burned to death in her house, 1764. Molwitz, Battle of, between the Prussians and the Imperialists under Frederick the Great ; the Austrian loss was immense, Apr. 20, O.S. 1741, Monarchy, the first sole, in Eng- land, 828. Monasteries, the first founded where the sister of St. Anthony re- tired, 270; monks first associated, 328 ; the first founded in France near Poictiers by St. Martin, 360 ; Constantine IV. sent for a great number of friars and nuns to Ephe- sus, ordered them to change their black habits for white, and to de- stroy their images ; on their refusal, he ordered their eyes to be put out, banished them, and sold several of their monasteries, appropriating the produce, 770. Monastery, the first in England, 596; 27 built by Edgar, 959; deprived of their privileges, Oct. 6, 1275; lent the king money for his wars, 1314; suppressed by Wolsey to endow Ipswich and Christ Church, Oxford, 1525 ; sup- pressed to endow Eton and King's College, Cambridge, 1528 ; the lesser united, 1528 ; observant sup- pressed by Henry VIII. 1534 ; 321 suppressed, to the value of £32,000 per annum, 1535 ; 21 suppressed and 121 resigned their charters, above £100,000 taken from them, 1538 ; in all 645, of the yearly value of £161,000 of money of that time, seized by Henry VIII,, and his act confirmed by his parliament, 1540. Monasteries, Irish, in 1537, 1538, and 1541, acts of Parliament were passed for the suppression of religious houses in Ireland ; and during the reigns of Henry VIII. ? Edward VI., and Elizabeth, all the abbeys, monasteries, priories, con- vents, &c, were abolished ; their extensive lands and endowments were seized by the crown, and the abbe}'- and church lands, and Ere- nach lands, all of which were deno- minated Termon lands, were con- ferred in large grants, chiefly on the nobility of the country. Numerous colleges, seminaries, and schools at- tached to the abbeys, were suppress- ed, and likeAvise the hospitals and biatachs. The biatachs were cha- ritable institutions or houses of hos- pitality, numerous in all parts of the country, and it is estimated that there were at least two thousand of them throughout Ireland, one or more generally in every parish. They were generally erected at cross- I roads, always well supplied with MON 427 MON provisions, and meat kept ready cooked for all comers. At the Reformation, there were in Ireland the following 563 monas- teries : — Abbeys and Priories of Au- gustinians, Canons, and Can- ons regular, Aroasians, and Victorines 223 Convents of Canonesses, or Au- gustinian Nuns ... ... 38 Priories of Premonstratensians or White Canons, a branch of the Augustinians, who were also called Norbertines 8 Houses of Hermits of St. Au- gustine, called Austin -friars 24 Commanderies, Preceptories, and Priories of Knights Hos- pitallers, or of St. John of Jerusalem, under the rule of St Augustine, some of which institutions had previously belonged to the Knights Tem- plars 22 Hospitals and Priories of Trini- tarians, under the rule of St. Augustine, established for the redemption of captives in the Holy Land, and also of Cruciferi or Crouched Priars, called Cross-bearers ... 14 Abbeys and Priories of Benedic- tines, called Black Monks ... 9 Convents of Benedictine Nuns, called Black Nuns ... 5 Abbeys and Priories of Cister- cian Monks or Benedictines 42 Cistercian Nunneries ... 2 Abbeys and Priories of Domini- can Friars, called Black Fri- ars and Friar Preachers ... 41 Abbeys and Priories of Francis- cans or Grey Friars, inclu- ding the Friars Minors, Ob- servantines, and Conventuals 114 Convents of Carmelites or White Friars ... ... 20 A Priory of Culdes at Armagh 1 Money first mentioned as a medi- um of commerce in the 23rd chap- ter of Genesis, when Abraham pur- chased a field as a sepulchre for Sarah, in the year of the world 2139: first made at Argos, 894 b. c. ; » changed eighteen times in value from 1290 to 1789, and 12 times its value from 1530 to 1789. Silver increased 30 times its value since the Norman conquest ; a pound in that age was 3 times the quantity that it is at present, and 10 times its value, in purchasing any commo- dity. About the year 900, King Alfred left to each of his daughters £100 in money. In 1221, Joan, eld- est daughter of King John, upon her marriage with Alexander King of Scotland, had a dowry of £1000. In 1278, Edward I. gave with his daughter Joan, contracted to the son of the King of the Romans, 10,000 marks sterling, and this to be returned in case the Prince died before her. In 1314, Elizabeth, wife of Robert Bruce, King of Scot- land, being imprisoned in England, was allowed for herself and fami- ly 20s. a week. In 1330, Joan of Oxford, nurse to the Black Prince, had a pension of £10 per annum ; and Maud Plumpton, a rocker, had 10 marks. In 1351, workmen were to take their Avages in wheat at lOd. the bushel. In 1402, the salary of the Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench was £40 a year. In 1408, the Lord Chief Justice of the Com- mon Pleas had 55 marks per annum. In 1545, the Chief Justice of the King's Bench had an addition of .±30 made to his salary, and the Justices of £20. Money, no declaratory statute to prevent its being raised for the king's use without the consent of parliament or states, until 21 Edw. I., in the 13th century. Monk, the first, said to have been Paul of Thebais, who fled into the deserts to avoid the Da- cian persecution, 260 ; some con- tend that St. Anthony was the first who led a regular monastical life, at Mount Colzim, near the Red Sea, 305 ; after this period the monks began to associate, and to form or- ders ; Athanasius is said to have in- troduced the monastic life into Rome, in 341 ; in 360 it was begun MON 428 MON in Egypt and Persia ; the former country soon had no less than 93,000 of the brotherhood, according to some authorities. Monk, George, a colonel in the army of Charles I. ; taken prisoner by Fairfax, and sent to the Tower, Jan. 21, 1643; went over to the parliament, and took Stirling castle, Aug. 14, 1651 ; entertained at Edinburgh, 1654 ; submitted osten- sibly to Richard Cromwell, 1658 ; betrayed the protector, 1659, and was made commander in chief of the forces of Charles II., Feb. 1660 ; master of the horse to Charles II., and Duke of Albemarle, July 1660; commanded the fleet against the Dutch, June 1, 1666 ; defeated the Dutch, who lost twenty ships of war and four admirals, July 25-6, 1666 ; died Jan. 4, 1669. Monks of Canterbury, driven out of England by King John, 1207 ; the foreign expelled the country, 1380 ; twenty -five executed for op- posing Henry VIII., 1535 ; render- ed incapable of inheriting estates, 1551 ; forty died in one night at Bordeaux, 1730. Monmouth made an English county by Henry VIII., 1535. Monmouth's rebellion, June 11, 1685; proclaimed king at Taunton, June 20 ; defeated near Bridgewater, July 5 ; beheaded on Tower Hill, July 15, 1685 : he was the natural son of Charles II., banished to the Continent for a conspiracy, 1683; the vengeance of James II. and his instruments, originated sanguinary scenes in the western executions in consequence. Monmouth, James, Duke of, released from the Tower by the warrant of Cromwell, 1656 ; made a captain of the Guards, Sept. 9, 1669 ; a privy councillor, April 25, 1670; a lieutenant-general by the King of France, May 1, 1673; chancellor of Cambridge, July 15, 1674 ; went with the army to Flan- ders, 1678;' defeated the Scotch rebels, June 22, 1679; turned out from being master of the horse, and his legitimacy denied by the king at the same time, Dec. 20, 1679; courtiers forbidden to speak with him, May 8, 1682 ; proclamation to apprehend him, June 28, 1683; submitted, and reconciled to the king, Nov. 25, 1683; raised troops in Holland, and landed in Dor- setshire, June 11, 1685 ; took Taunton, June 18 ; Bridgewater, June 21 ; defeated at Sedgmoor, July 6; admitted to the presence of James II., July 11 ; beheaded four days afterwards. Monopolies a public nuisance, and parliament petitioned against them at the close of the reign of Elizabeth, 1602 ; further suppressed as contrary to law, 1622 ; encoura- ged by Charles I., but suppressed afterwards, 1640 ; none more to be created by royal patent. Monothelites^ sect who held that in Christ there was but one Avill ; it arose under Theodoric, 540. Montacute Priory, Somerset- shire, built, 1070. Monster, one Renwick Williams, so called because he attacked and wounded females in London streets, in the night, with some sharp in- strument ; convicted, July 8, 1790. Montague House conveyed to the trustees of the British Museum, March 20, 1755. Montague, Lady Mary, the in- troducer of inoculation for the small-pox into England, died, Aug. 21, 1762. Montanjsts, a sect that had for its founder, one Montanus, of Ardaba, in Mysia, a very extraor- dinary enthusiast, professing the gift of prophecy, calling himself the promised comforter, 171. Montego Bay, Jamaica, a fire at, which did damage to the extent of £400,000, June 14, 1795. Monteja, Order of Knighthood in Spain, began 1223. Montem, a triennial custom of the Eton scholars, who paraded to Salt-hill, distributing salt and le\ r y- ing contributions on all persons they met, a barbarous custom, very MON 429 MOO properly discontinued in Jan. 1847. Montezuma, King of Mexico ; his death caused by the Spaniards, among other barbarities, 1520. MoNTEKEAu,battle of, between the French under Napoleon their Em- peror, and the Allied armies, when the latter were defeated with great loss ; one of the latest triumphs of that extraordinary commander, Feb. 18, 1814. Montgolfier discoTered aerosta- tion, 1784 ; died, 1799. Montgomery, Castle of, rebuilt, 1093. Months, their names are said to have been first given by Charle- magne, 790 ; the French altered them, 1792 ; but the old names were restored by Napoleon. Montorguel Castle, Jersey, built 1000. Montpelier, France, during the performance of a play, the building gave way, and 500 persons were killed or wounded, July 17, 1786. Montreal, Canada, discovered 1534; settled 1629; surrendered by the French to England, 1760; damaged by a fire, 1765; again, 1768; taken by the provincial Americans, Nov. 12, 1775 ; retaken by the English, June 15, 1776 ; the church, Jesuits' college, prison, and other buildings burned down, June 6, 1803 ; military riot at, Sept. 19, 1833 ; the affected royalists at, as- saulted the governor-general, drove the members out of the House of Assembly, and set fire to the build- ing, April 26, 1849 ; destructive fire at, Aug. 23, 1850. Montrose, Marquis of, raised troops for Charles L, defeated at Philipshaugh, Sept. 13, 1645 ; land- ed in Scotland again, and raised troops for Charles II., April 1650 ; defeated, taken prisoner, and hanged in Edinburgh, May 20, 1650; in 1661, funeral obsequies per- formed for him with great show, May 11. Montrose packet, and Primrose sloop of war, mistaking each other for an enemy, engaged for two hours off Lisbon, within pistol shot, March 30, 1814. Montserrat, in the West Indies, Island of, discovered by Columbus, 1493 ; settled by the English, ]632. Monument of the Fire of London, begun 1671, finished 1677 ; 202 feet high ; the staircase of 345 steps ; a weaver threw himself from the monument, June 25, 1750; John Cradock, a baker, 1788; Lyon Levy, a diamond merchant, followed the example, Jan. 18, 1810 ; a girl named Moyes, 1839 ; a boy called Howes, the same year, and a girl whose name was Cooper, aged 17, 1842, when the summit was en- closed with iron work. Moodkee, Battle of, in India, between the Sikbs and the English, who were attacked with great reso- lution, but the Sikhs were repulsed, losing many men, and 15 pieces of cannon, Dec. 18, 1845. Mooetan, Battle of, between the Sikhs and the English, in which the former were repulsed, Nov. 7, 1848 ; the town taken, Jan. 2, 1849 ; the citadel surrendered unconditionally, Jan. 22, 1849. Moon, Order of Knighthood of the, begun in Sicily, 1464. Moon, first map of, made at Dantzick, 1647. Moore, General Sir John, fought the battle of Corunna, Jan. 16, 1809, in which he fell, aged 48. Moorfields, London, levelled, 1614, and planted, 1640 ; division walls taken down, 1754. Moors, their first invasion of Spain, 173; expelled finally from Spain by Philip HI., who issued an edict to that effect, 1620, after con- tinuing 900 years in that country, because they endeavoured to free themselves from the barbarous power of the Inquisition confiscating all their property; their number was 900,000; their power having previously been broken by Alphonso I., king of Navarre, 1118, they sought refuge in Granada and founded a kingdom there, 1238 ; MOR 430 MOR Alphonsus VI., of Leon and Castile, defeated and slew a vast number of them in 1347 ; at last Ferdinand V. took Grenada in 1492, and Philip expelled them. Moorgate, London, taken down and sold for £166, in 1761. Moravians, a religious sect found- ed in Moravia, or rather revived there by Count Zinzendorf, in 1722, is well known. In ancient records they are known by the title of Unitas Fratrum, or United Brethren. In the year 1750, Count Zinzendorf formed an establishment at Chelsea, and hired a plot of ground to erect a large building for the reception of 300 Moravian families, to carry on a manufactory ; and he purchased the Duke of Ancaster's old mansion, called Lindsey House, and of Sir Hans Sloane, a piece of land, part of the gardens of Beaufort House, for a burial-ground, together with the stables belonging to that old mansion ; and a slip of ground as a carriage way from the stables, which they intended to make their chapel to Lindsey House. He took a long lease of 99 years, from Sir Hans Sloane, of most of the remain- ing site of Beaufort House. The chapel was fitted up, but the settle- ment failed; Lindsey House was, however, inhabited by some of the society. Count Zinzendorf himself lived there, and presided over the community as long as he dwelt in England. He also visited America, and there established, more particu- larly in the town of Bethlehem, a very flourishing settlement of Mora- vians, the females of which are em- ployed in the education of their own sex, and the men in different manufactories ; the Count died at Chelsea, June 7, 1760 ; his followers are peaceful and persevering, form- ing settlements in various parts of the world : the Moravians are also called Hernhuters. More, Sir Thomas, beheaded for his religious faith by Henry VIII., June 22, 1535. Moreau, Gen., mortally wounded, a cannon ball passing through his horse ; it took off both his legs while talking to the Emperor of Russia, at Dresden, Aug. 28, 1813. Morea, in Greece, taken from the Venetians, 1715. Morgarten, Battle of, between 1300 Swiss and above 20,000 Aus- trians under Duke Leopold, in which the latter were defeated ; the Swiss occupied the heights commanding the defile through which their enemies Avere marching into Zug, Nov. 15, 1315. Morgan, Lieut., of the marines, shot on board the Chesterfield man- of-war, at Portsmouth, July 14, 1749. Morlet, Lord, tried at Westmin- ster Hall for the murder of Mr. Hastings, April 1636, and convicted of manslaughter. Morning Chronicle, daily morn- ing paper, sold for £40,000, 1823. Morocco, Empire of, anciently Mauritania, first known 1008. Pos- sessed by the Romans, 25 B.C., and reduced by them to a province, 50 ; from this time it underwent various revolutions, till the establishment of the Almovarides; the second empe- ror of this family built the capital, Morocco. About 1116, Abdallah, the leader of a sect of Mahometans, founded the dynasty of Almahides, which ended in the last sovereign's total defeat in Spain, 1312. At this period Eez and Tremecen, then provinces of the empire, shook oif their dependence. Morocco was afterwards seized by the king of Eez, but the descendants of Ma- homet, about 1550, subdued and united again the three kingdoms, and formed what is at present the empire of Morocco. Morpeth Castle, Northumber- land, built about 1230; tower of, burned by the inhabitants, from hatred to King John, 1215. Mortality, great, observed 1094 ; among men, cattle, and fowl, 1111 ; at Oxford, among men, 1471 ; among youth, 1589 ; at York, 1691. Mortality, Bills of, in the metro- polis, first compiled 1536, with MOR 431 MOR registers of births and of marriages ; the later and more accurate returns show the diseases, out of 20,000 deaths in London, to be nearly from the following causes : — Abscess .... 79 Age and debility 1614 Apoplexy ■. 372 Asthma .... 778 Bedridden . . . 2 Bile ..... 8 Cancer .... 92 Childbirth .... 266 Consumption 4871 Contraction of the heart 1 Convulsions 2377 Cow-pox 1 Croup 106 Diabetes . . >. 3 Diarrhoea . . * 28 Dropsy 818 Dropsy on the brain 661 Dropsy on the chest 51 Dysentery 43 Enlargement of the heart 17 Epilepsy 23 Eruptive diseases . 24 Erysipelas 18 Fever . . . . . 694 Eever (Typhus) . ■. 97 Eever, intermittent, or ague 16 Fistula . , » . 12 Flux .... 9 Gout .... . 37 Haemorrhage . 47 Hernia . 41 Hooping-cough . 604 Hydrophobia 1 Inflammation . 2062 Inflammation of the liver . 127 Insanity . 213 Jaundice . 39 Jaw, locked 3 Measles . 466 Miscarriage . 2 Mortification . 308 Ossification of the heart 9 Palpitation of the heart . 16 Palsy .... . 31 Paralysis . 187 Pleurisy . 21 Rheumatism . 33 Scrofula 9 Small-pox . 591 Sore throat or quinsey . 16 Spasm . Still-born Stone Stoppage in stomach St. Vitus's dance . Suddenly Teething Thrush Tumour Venereal Worms Total of diseases . CASUALTIES. Broken limbs Burnt . Drowned Excessive drinking Executed Found dead . Fractured Frighted Frozen Killed by falls and other dents Killed by fighting Murdered Poisoned Scalded Starved Strangled Suffocated Suicides 51 872 21 18 1 102 437 69 17 11 6 19,566 12 44 147 5 1 14 3 1 1 128 2 3 1 7 6 1 4 51 Total of Casualties . . 434 Mortality' of all England. In 1821, this had decreased nearly one- third in 40 years : in 1841, the mor- tality was one in 46 of the popula- tion, or 2.238 for males, 2.083 females ; mean, 2.160. Mortality of all France ; the rate of mortality among the whole inhabitants of France is higher than that of the United Kingdom, 1844. In France, the rate of mor- tality among persons of both sexes at twenty-four years of age, which is about the mean age of the French army, is 1.3 per cent. The mean rate of mortality among males be- tween the ages of twenty and thirty, in a number of the departments of France, has been found to be 1.25 per cent. MOE 432 MOR Mortality in the Metropolis, about the average proportion per thousand between the years 1831 and 1841; out gistered deaths curred : — of a thousand re- which have oc- Ages. Males. Females. Mean. [Jnder one year 205.4 177.6 191.5 1 and under 3 145.7 147.1 146.4 3 5 63.4 66 6 65.0 5 10 52.8 51.8 52.3 10 15 19.1 17.7 18.4 15 20 23.0 24.6 23.8 20 25 33.1 33.7 33.4 25 ., 30 35.9 40.5 38.2 30 35 38.7 40.1 39.4 35 40 45.0 42.6 43.8 40 45 46.0 41.1 43.5 45 50 43.9 40.3 42.4 50 55 43.7 37.3 40.5 55 60 39.4 36.3 37.4 60 65 42.5 44.9 43.7 65 70 40.1 41.3 40.7 70 75 32.7 42.5 37.6 75 80 25.6 35.4 30.5 80 85 14.3 21.4 17.9 85 90 7.7 12.3 10.0 90 and upwards 2.0 4.8 3.4 e rural districts, in the way of contrast, the return for the d rset shire and Wiltshire gave :• — • Ages. Males. Females. Mean. Under one year 202.3 147.6 174.9 1 and under 3 107.3 115.5 106.4 3 5 40.6 40.1 40.4 5 10 41.2 38.2 39.7 10 15 28.0 31.0 29.5 15 20 36.6 48.1 42.3 20 25 40.6 50.7 38.9 25 30 361 37.1 36.6 30 35 35.8 30.8 33.3 35 40 36.1 36.5 36.5 40 45 32.5 31.6 32.0 45 50 28.0 28.8 28.4 50 55 32.3 34.9 33.6 55 60 34.0 39.0 36.5 60 65 44.4 48.6 46.5 65 70 44.9 50.3 47.6 70 75 50.8 54.7 52.8 75 80 53.3 60.4 56.8 80 85 41.1 47.0 44.1 85 90 25.0 28.6 26.8 90 and up wards 9.1 10.1 9.6 In the years 1838, 1839, 1840, and 1841, out of the registrar-general's 11 districts, viz., the metropolis, No. 1; South Eastern, No. 2; South Midland, No. 3 ; Eastern, No. 4 ; South Western, No. 5 ; Western, No. 6; North Midland, No. 7; North Western, No. 8 ; York, No. MOR 433 MOR 9 ; Northern, No. 10 ; and Welsh, No. 11 ; the mortality ran, according to the following arrangement of the above numbers, from the greatest to the least, 8, 1, 9, 6, 10, 7, 3, 4, 11, 2, 5, Cheshire and Lancashire ranking No. 8; Metropolis, No. 1 ; York, No. 9; Surrey, Kent, Sussex, Hants, Berks, as No. 2 ; and Wilts, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, as No. 5, with the least proportional mor- tality. The counties from Kent to the Land's End, along the southern coast, seem therefore to be healthier than the northern, perhaps from the mildness of the climate. Mortality of Foundlings ; in 1833 there were received into the Foundling hospital at Paris, 4803 children, of which 1751 came from the Lying-in hospital, and 281 from other hospitals. Of these, 1259 (one-fourth) died in the hospital before they could be put out to nurse. In London, of 52,150 in- fants received at the Foundling hospital in 30 years, 14,613 died infants ; 25,859 were returned dead from the country, where they had been sent to be nursed, and only 10,626 escaped, for 730 besides died in the infirmary, and 332 when be- come grown children. Moktality in Hospitals ; the re - turns from St. Bartholomew's hos- pital embrace a period of fifty years, divided into quinquennial periods: there is only a difference of | per cent, between the deaths in the first period and the last. From 1790 to 1794, the average number of deaths per cent was 7*76; from 1825 to 1830, they were 7*25. In two other London hospitals, the cures were less; at two country ones, very much greater. Taking the average of five years, ending in 1833 and 1834, the proportion of deaths at the London hospital was 11*44 per cent., at St. George's, 11*19 per cent., at the Manchester Infirmary, 7*16 per cent. ; and at the Liverpool Infirmary, only 5*57 per cent. Mortality in Towns ; the follow- ing table shows the number of deaths, as compared with that of the inhabitants, at distant epochs, in the principal towns of Europe. Paris . in . . 1650 1 in 25 inhabitants ; in 1829 1 in 32 London „ . . 1690 1 24 11 1828 1 55 Berlin . „ . . 1755 1 28 11 1827 1 34 Geneva „ . . 1560 1 18 11 1821 1 43 Vienna „ . . 1750 1 20 11 1829 1 25 Rome . „ 1762—1771 1 21 55 1828 1 31 Amsterdam 1761 — 1770 1 25 11 1828 1 29 Cambridge . . 1811 1 41 11 1821 1 58 Norfolk „ . . 1811 1 50 1? 1821 1 59 Manchester . . 1757 1 25 11 1821 1 58 Birmingham . . 1811 1 30i 1821 1 43 Liverpool . . 1773 1 27 11 1821 1 41 Portsmouth . . 1800 1 28 1811 1 38 Petersburg . . 1768 1 28 )) 1828 1 48 Stockholm 1758—1763 1 19 11 1827 1 26 The annual mortality has thus di- minished in Paris more than one- third in 179 years ; in London, more than one-half in 138 years ; in Ber- lin, one-fifth, or nearly one-fourth, in 72 years; in Geneva, three-fifths in 261 years ; in Vienna, one-fourth in 80 years ; in Rome, one-half in 63 years ; in Amsterdam, one-sixth in 63 years; in Cambridge, two- fifths in 10 years ; in Norfolk, one- fifth in 10 years; in Manchester three-fifths in 64 years ; in Birming- ham, nearly three-fifths in 10 years; in Liverpool, one-half in 38 years ; in Portsmouth, more than one- 2* MOS 434 MOU third in 11 years ; in Petersburgh, nearly two-thirds in 40 years ; and in Stockholm, more than one-third in 67 years. Mortar, the first made in Eng- land, 1543. Mortain in Flanders, taken and retaken three times in April, 1710. Mortmain Act passed, temp. George II., 1736. Mortimer, Roger, Earl of March, hanged, Nov. 29, 1330, at Tyburn, and left two days suspended. Morton, Earl of, made regent of Scotland, Nov. 24, 1572 ; joined Queen Elizabeth's party 1573 ; re- moved from the regency, March 10, 1578 ; accused as an accomplice in the murder of the Scotch king, and beheaded^ 1580. MoRTON-Hampstead, Devonshire, much injured by fire, June 24, 1757 ; fifteen houses and an aged woman at, burned, Jan. 13, 1816. Morton Castle demolished by David II., of Scotland, 1340. Moscow, Russia, founded 1156 ; taken by Tamerlane, 1382 ; set on fire by the Tartars, 1571 ; 2000 houses in, destroyed by a fire, July, 1736 ; again, June, 1750 ; in May and June, 1752, 8000 houses de- stroyed in, by fire ; entered by the French, Sept. 14, 1812 ; set on fire by plunderers, and 11,800 houses burned, rendering it untenable ; eva- cuated by the French, Oct. 19, and re-entered by the Russians, Oct. 22, 1812; the Russian count Rostop- jhin, solemnly denied its being set fire to by his orders. Moscovites, or Russians, invaded and ravaged Sweden, July 11, 1719. Moskwa, Battle of, between the French and Russians, Sept. 7, 1812 ; extremely sanguinaiy, but the Rus- sians were defeated, and the French entered Moscow without further op- position, Sept. 14. Mosstroopers on the borders of England and Scotland extirpated, 1609. Most Christian King, a title given bv the Pope to Louis XL of France, 1469. Motes' Bulwark, Dover, built, 1539. Mount, Mr. John, of Langholm, Dumfries, in Scotland, died, March, 1776, aged 136. Mount St. Michael, Cornwall, and also in Normandy. See St. Michael's Mount. Mountains, height of the differ- ent mountains of the world ; that of the Alps in Europe is the highest range, then the Pyrenees; those of America excel the European, and- the Himalaya in India rise to the loftiest altitude of all. Mountains, the principal, the Alps in Europe, the loftiest of which, Mont-Blanc, had not been ascended before 1785 ; between which year and 1825 there were six ascents, since then they have become fre- quent : — 1. Dr. Paccard from Chamouni, Aug. 8, 1786. 2. M. Saussure from Geneva, Aug. 3, 1787. 3. Baron Doortheser and M. Forne- ret, Aug. 10. 1802. 4. Count Matezeski, Aug. 4, 1818. 5. Dr. Renselaer and Mr. Howard, July 12, 1819. By Englishmen about the same period. — ■ 1. Colonel Beaufoy, Aug. 9, 1787. 2. Mr. Woodley, Aug. 5, 1788. B. Captain Undrell, R. N., Aug. 13, 1820. 4. Mr. Clissold, Aug. 18, 1822. 5. Mr. Jackson, Sept. 4, 1823. 6. Dr. Clarke and Mr. Sherwell, Aug. 26, 1825. The height of the principal Euro- pean mountains is as follows, in feet : — Mont Blanc, Alps ... 15,630 Mont Rosa, do 15,555 The Finsterhorn, do. ... 14,096 The Jungfrau, do. ... 13,725 St. Bernard, do. ... 11,006 TheSimplon, do. ... 11,000 St. Gothard, do. ... 9075 Mont Cenis, do. ... 11,785 MontViso, do. ... 12,584 Brenner, io .» 5110 MOU 435 MUG Oertler Spitze, Tyrol, ... 15,364 Chassoul, in the Jura, ... 5260 St. Ciraone, Apennines ... 6981 Mt. Perdu, Pyrenees, France 11,209 Pic d'Arbison, do. ... 8344 Pic de Montaigne, ... 7310 Mulhacen, in Spain, in the Nevada ... ... 11,670 JEtna, Sicily, a volcano ... 10,963 Terglon, in Carniola, Austria 10,390 Olympus, in Greece ... 6600 Vesuvius, Naples ... 5731 Hecla, Iceland, volcano ... 4690 Snowclon, Wales ... 3578 Carnedd David, do ... 3427 Carnedd Llewellyn, do. ... 3320 Caderldris 2914 Sea Fell, England ... 3166 Helvellyn, ' do. ... 3055 Skiddaw, do. ... 3022 Dartmoor, Devon, do. high- est peak ... ... 2000 Brown Willy, Cornwall, ... 1368 Wreckin, Shropshire, ... 1320 Malvern, Worcestershire, ... 1444 Ben Macdhui, Scotland, ... 4390 Ben Nevis, do, ... 4358 Cairn Gorm, do. ... 4080 Ben Lomond, do, ... 3262 Hart Fell, do. ... 3300 Ben Choachan, do. ... 3000 Lugnaguilla, Wicklow, Ire- land ... ... 3070 M'Gillicuddv's Reeks, do. 3000 Croagh Patrick, do. ... 2640 Nokth and South America. Rocky Mountains ... 12,500 White Mountains, near Hants 7800 Alleganies ... 3010 Mount of St. Elie, Mexico 18,222 Popocatopetl, volcano, do. 16,365 Chimborazo, Andes, Quito 21,464 Antisana, do. ... 19,134 Catopaxi, volcano, do. ... 18,870 Sangai, volcano, do. ... 17,125 Sierra Nevada de Santa Morta ... 15,165 Sinchutahua ... 16,300 Blue Mountains, Jamaica 8180 Souffriere, St. Vincent >.. 5010 Africa. Gehel Tedla, or Atlas Range 12,050 Geesh, Abyssinia ... 15,000 Amid-amid, do. ... 13,000 a Malman, do. ... 11,200 Nieuweldt Berg, South Africa 10,000 Table Mountain ... 3582 Devil's Mountain ... 3315 Peak of Teneriffe, Canary Isle ... 12,358 Peak of Fuego, Cape Verd Islands ... 9790 Renio Peak, Madeira ... 5350 Asia. Ararat, in Armenia ... 9600 Mount Lebanon, ... 9520 White Mountain of the Himalayan chain, in Thibet ... 26,462 Jewahir or Himalaya Peak, north of Delhi 25,749 Jematura, on the Sutlej ... 25,500 The Black Peak ... 21,155 A pass in Thibet, Hima- laya range ... 18,600 Hamar or Petchu, in Ho- nan, China ... 21,000 Sochonda Mountains, do, 12,600 Parmesau, Isle of Banca .,. 10,050 Moonakoah, Sandwich Isles 18,000 Mount Ida, Anatolia ... 5800 Mount Ophir, Sumatra ... 13,842 Italitzkoi, in Tartary ... 14,735 Sea- view Hill, New South Wales ... 6500 Awatscha, Kamschatka, a volcano ... 9600 Mourning, a particular colour cf dress worn for the dead ; in Europe, generally black 5 in China, white ; in Turkey, violet 5 in Spain, white before 1498. Mousquetaires, or Musqueteers, regiments of distinction, so named under the Bourbon dvnasty, and first levied by Louis XIIL, 1622 ; the first levy was disbanded in 1646, and restored in 1657 ; a second body, raised in 1660, composed Mazarine's guard ; there was also a body sub sequently formed, called the Black Musketeers. Muggletonians, a sect that sprung up in the time of Charles I., whose leader was a tailor's journeyman, named Ludovic Muggleton, 1657 ; he set up for a prophet, and had pre- tended revelations ; they asserted that God, the Father, had suffered MUN 436 MUR death, and that Muggleton and an associate named Reeves, were the two last witnesses who should ap- pear to call men from their sins he- fore the end of the world ; they had many followers. Mughouse Riot, a tumult in Sa- lisbury court, Fleet street, for which five persons were hung, July 23, 1716. Mulberry Trees, the first planted in England, at Sion House, 1609 ; a celebrated mulberry tree at Strat- ford-on-Avon, planted by Shak- spear, under which Garrick, Mack- lin, and others, were entertained in 1742 ; it was cut down by a person named Gastrel for fuel, but the wood was saved by a silversmith, who purchased it, and manufactured it into various articles in memory of the poet. Mum, a liquor brewed from wheat in place of barley, much used in Germany, and greatly at Brunswick, where it is said to have been first made in 1489. Mumford, Mr., murdered near Quendon, in Essex, by Pallet, a la- bourer who worked for him, on the 4th Dec, 1823 ; the murderer was discovered, and afterwards executed at Chelmsford. Munich, Palace of, destroyed by fire, April 5, 1749, and again with 200 houses April 28, 1762. Municipal Expenditure of Bo- roughs : the receipts and expendi- ture of the larger boroughs, from Sept. 1, 1842, to Aug. 31, 1843, was as follows, omitting shillings and pence : — Bath Birmingham Bristol .... Exeter Hull Leeds Liverpool Newcastle-on-Tyne Norwich Nottingham Plymouth Receipts. Expendi- ture. £ £ 22,040 19,981 41,613 24,716 45,899 49,176 27,427 26,391 32,117 25,661 24,583 22,465 408,337 349,606 55,379 59,995 18,931 17,210 12,177 11,739 17,420 20,508 The disbursements of Bristol, New- castle, and Plymouth, exceeded their receipts, which was the case with many other places under the change from the old system, although that change had been made several years before. Munro, James, made president of the United States of America, 1817 to 1825, died July 4, 1831 ; born, 1759. Munster surrendered to the Ha- noverians Nov. 20, 1759 ; treaty of, between Sweden, Erance, and the Emperor of Germany, Spain being at war with France, hence the chime- rical balance of European power was first exhibited as a principle, signed Oct. 24, 1648 ; some call it the treaty of Westphalia. Muntzer, Thomas, the founder of the sect of Anabaptists, put to death for his belief, 1526. Murat, Joachim, once king of Naples, shot after landing in Italy, Oct. 13, 1815. Murder, many murders recorded in English history ; Alfred, eldest son of Ethelred II., and all his train, murdered by Godwin, Earl of Kent, to remove the* fears of King Harold I., that prince having the first right to the throne, 1036 ; the murderers ripped open his belly, fastened his MUE 437 MUS bowels to a post, and made him go round it, pricking him with poniards till he expired ; murder of the do- mestics of Harold, whom his brother Tosti caused to be killed, cut up, salted, and sent as a present to their master, 1058 ; the bishop of Exeter, Stapleton, murdered by a mob in London, for taking part with the court of Edward IL, 1325 ; Dr. Lamb, mistaken for a dependent of the notorious Duke of Buckingham, murdered by a mob in London streets, 3 Charles L, 1528, for which the city of London was fined ; in Holland, the Dutch pensionary De Witt, and his brother, were torn to pieces at the Hague by a mob, 1672 ; Thomas Thynne shot in his coach in Pall-Mail, by assassins hired for the purpose, by Count Konings- mark, 1682 ; four English gentle- men and a French servant, murdered on the high-road be- tween Calais and Boulogne, 1723 ; John Hayes, by Catherine Hayes, his wife, who assisted in cutting his body to pieces, and flinging it into the Thames, 1726 ; Malcolm, Sarah, murder and robbery of Mrs. Dun- combe, and her maid, in the Temple, 1733 ; Miss Blandy, of Henley on Thames, who poisoned her own father, 1751 ; Earl Ferrers murder- ed Mr. Johnson, his steward, 1760 ; Elizabeth Brownrigg murdered her apprentice, 1767; John Donellan poisoned Sir Theodosius Broughton with laurel water, 1778 ; Mr. Hackman for the murder of Miss Reay, Lord Sandwich's mistress, 1779; Mary Benson, alias Phipoe, murdered Mary Cox, under singular circumstances, 1797; some of the latest and more remarkable were Governor Wall, murderer of Ser- geant Armstrong, 1802, 20 years before ; Richard Patch murdered Mr. Bligh, 1806 ; Holloway and Haggarty, the murderers of Mr. Steel on Hounslow Heath, 1807, at their execution 30 persons were trodden to death; Major Campbell murdered Captain Boyd, 1808; John Bellingham murdered Spencer Perceval, 1812; Philip Nicholson murdered Mr. and Mrs. Bonar, 1813; Eliza Fenning, poisoning, generally thought innocent, 1817; John Thurtell murdered Mr. Weare, 1824; William Corder murdered Maria Martin, 1828 ; Burke com- mitted murder to sell the bodies for dissection, 1829 ; Bishop and Wil- liams, murderers of an Italian boy, to sell his body for dissection, 1831 ; Mary Anne Burdock, poisoning, 1835 ; James Greenacre, the mur- derer of Hannah Brown, 1837 ; J. B. Courvoisier murdered Lord William Russell, 1840 ; T. H. Hocker murdered Mr. De la Rue, 1845 ; James B. Rush murdered Mr. Jermy, sen., and jun., 1849; W. G. Manning and wife murdered one O'Connor, 1849. Murders were only a fine under the Saxon heptarchy ; compounded for in Wales in the reign of Henry VIII. ; refused benefit of clergy, 1503 ; murder of a husband by a wife, a servant of his master, or an ecclesiastic by an inferior, petit treason, 1350, and the offenders burned ; the last execution of this law in 1789, of a woman who killed her husband and was burned; execution for murder the next day but one af- ter conviction, as formerly enacted, repealed July, 1836. Murray, Mr., committed to New- gate for his conduct in the West- minster election, Feb. 7, 1750 ; hav- ing attained his liberty at the end of the parliamentary session, again committed, Nov. 20, 1751. Murray : the illegitimate brother of Mary Queen of Scots, caused her great trouble, 1566 ; made regent of Scotland, Aug. 10, 1567; defeated, May 17, 1568 ; killed, Jan. 23, 1570. Murray, the Hon. James, joined the Earl of Mar in Scotland, Oct. 4, 1715. Museum, British, Montague House purchased for, by parliament, 1753; military quartered there, 1780; visiters to, 1851 to 1852—2,019,243. Museum, the Leverian, built by Mr. Parkinson, 1786 ; afterwards MUT 438 M YE occupied by the Surrey Institution, 1808. Museum, the London, erected in Piccadilly, 1811-12. Music, Notes of, invented by Guido Aretino, 1028 ; those at pre- sent used, 1338 ; counter-point by Palestina, 1516 ; Italian style of, introduced into England early in the 17th century. Music, Professorship of, founded at Oxford by Dr. W. Hychin, about 1604; the first music in England being principally that of the church in masses and madrigals. Music published in France, 1852 ; vocal pieces, 1367; instrumental, 1067. Musical Bells or Chimes invented at Alost, 1487. Musical Commemoration of Handel, 1784. Musical Festivals, now common, the first at Hereford, 1751 ; one at Westminster Abbey, when William IV., and his Queen were present, 1834. Musical Institution, the ancient academy formed, 1710 ; the madri- gal society, 1741 ; the royal society of music, 1785 ; the royal academy of, 1822. Muskets, matchlock, first used in Prance at the siege of Arras, 1414 ; used at the siege of Ehegen, 1521 ; in the Netherlands by the Duke of Alba, 1569; in England gene- rally, 1550. Muslins from India first worn in England, 1670; made in England and Scotland, 1778, 1780 ; no less than 324,352 pieces sold at the East Indian sales, 1789. Mute in a criminal court, refus- ing to plead, to be taken as a plea of guilty, by 12 George III., and execution to follow : of this practice there were cases in 1778, 1792, and 1801 ; before this act, persons re- fusing to plead were tortured to death, being placed naked on their backs In a dark dungeon, a great weight of iron placed on their bodies, and fed with three morsels of bad bread, and the same number of draughts of stagnant water, until they died, the bread and water on alternate days: one among many relics of Saxon barbarity, swept away in the last and present centu- ries, exemplifications of the humani- ty and " wisdom of our ancestors." Mutiny Act passed 1689, 2 Wil- liam III. ; renewed annually Mutinies on board the Bounty, 1789 ; a ship commanded by Captain Bligh, a very arbitrary officer ; on board the Fleet, April, 1797, de manding an advance of wages ; quelled by a promise from the Ad- miralty which was not fulfilled ; at Plymouth, of the marines, June 1797, four shot, which occasioned a re-commencement on board the London man-of-war, when Admiral Colpoys and his captain were put into confinement for ordering the marines to fire, whereby three lives were lost. The mutiny subsided May 10, 1797, when an act passed to raise their wages, and the king pardoned the mutineers. A more considerable one at the Nore, which blocked up the trade of the Thames : it subsided June 10, 1797, when the principal mutineers were put in irons, and several were executed ; the Danae frigate, taken into Brest by her crew, 1800 ; in the fleet in Bantry Bay, 1807 ; at Malta, where the mutineers blew themselves up with a powder magazine, 1807 ; at Vellore, 1807. Muktin, Mary, died near Milford, aged 109. Myfod, Montgomeryshire, nume- rous cattle killed at, by eating of the yew-tree, Nov. 12, 1814. NAP 439 NAP N Naas, Battle of, between the Irish rebels in 1798, and two regi- | ments of the royal forces : the former were defeated with considerable loss. Nabonassar, the Era of, beginning Feb, 25 or 26, a.c. 747; add 748 to the present year, to find that when the era of Nabonassar commenced. Naerden taken by the Prince of Orange, Sept. 1673. Nanea in Livonia, founded 1223. Naiad, transport, lost on the rocks off the coast of Newfoundland, Oct. 22, 1805. Nairn, Lord, taken prisoner at Preston, Nov. 13, 1715 ; discharged July 24, 1717, Namur surrendered to the French, July 1, 1692; retaken by the Allies, 1695 ; garrisoned by the Dutch, 1715 ; taken by the French, 1746 ; restored to the Dutch, 1748; the garrison expelled by the Emperor Joseph II., 1781 ; taken by the French, 1792; evacuated by the French, 1793; retaken by them 1794; surrendered to the Allies, 1814. Nancy taken by the French, Oct. 1733. Nantes, Edict of, published by Henry IV. of France, granting toleration to the Protestants there, 1598 ; revoked bv Louis XIV., Oct. 24, 1685; not " less than 50,000 French Protestants left their native land in consequence, and settled for the most part in England, to which they carried the manufactures of their own country, more especially that of silk, which began in Spital- fields. Nantes, a powder magazine at, exploded, May 28, 1800, which destroyed a number of lives and demolished many bouses ; a four- pounder cannon was blown to a re- markable distance. Napier's Bones, pieces of ivory used to aid in the computation of numbers, so that the multiplication and division of high numbers may be easily performed by them, invent- ed by Napier, baron of Merchiston, the inventor of logarithms, 1617. Naples, Kingdom of,, at present ruled by the last of the Bourbon race in the enjoyment of royalty; great part of the country anciently held by the Etruscans, who built Nola and Capua, formerly called Capua and Campania \ it has undergone many changes and revo- lutions : it was distinguished subse- quently from the kingdom of Puglia, governed first by Roger, Count of Sicily, 1127 ; the Goths were once masters of Naples and Sicily, but were driven out by Belisarius, 537 ; the Lombards were the next pos T sessors, and were dispossessed by Charlemagne in 800; in 1266, Charles of Anjou, brother of St. Louis, king of France, obtained the crown from the pope to the exclu- sion of the rightful heir, Conradin, who was beheaded, aged 16 years ; the French becoming hated by the Sicilians, a general massacre of the invaders took place, one Frenchman only escaping, March 30, 1282; Peter of Arragon reigned 1282; the two crowns disjoined, 1303 ; Charles Durazzo became king of Hungary, murdered there by order of the queen regent, in her presence, 1386 : for this murder she was taken out of her carriage and drowned in the river Bosseth, 1386; Sicily united to Naples, and the kings since called kings of the Two Sicilies, 1442; taken from the French and annexed to Spain, 1504 ; the tyranny of the Spaniards led to an insurrection, excited by Masani- ello, a fisherman, who in fifteen days raised 200,000 men, 1647 ; this insurrection subsided, and Masa- niello was murdered, 1647 ; attempt NAP 440 NAT of the Duke of Guise to possess the crown, 1647; the kingdom com- pletely conquered by Prince Eugene, 1707 ; Naples ceded to the Emperor, by the treaty of Radstadt, 1714; Sicily in 1720; both kingdoms re- covered by the crown of Spain, 1734 ; Charles, the son of Philip of Spain, reigned, 1735 ; reign of Ferdinand IV., 1759; his flight on the ap- proach of the French republicans, Jan. 14, 1799; Nelson appeared, Naples retaken, and the king re- stored, July 13, 1799 ; again taken by the French, April 7, 1801 ; earthquake felt throughout the kingdom, and thousands perished, July 26. 1805 ; treaty, offensive and defensive, betAveen France and Naples, Oct. 8, 1805; Ferdinand again driven from Naples, and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king, Feb. 6, 1806 ; Joseph abdicated for the crOwn of Spain, June 1, 1808 ; the crown transferred to Joachim Murat, July 1, 1808 ; a new con- stitution granted to Sicily, 1812 ; Naples surrendered to a British fleet, and Ferdinand re-entered, June 17, 1815; Joachim Murat shot, Oct. 15, 1815; revolutionary movement, headed by General Pepe, July 15, 1820 ; suppression of the Carbonari, Sept. 16, 1820 ; death of Ferdinand IV., who reigned 66 years, and reign of Francis I., 1825 ; reign of Ferdinand II., Nov. 8, 1830 ; commencement of the dispute relative to the sulphur monopoly, afterwards amicably adjusted, March 15, 1840; Palermo and the great towns of Sicily in open insurrection against the king of Naples: the people proclaimed a provincial go- vernment, and insisted on having the constitution of 1812, Jan. 12, 1848; a constitution modelled on the French charter of 1830, pro- claimed Jan. 29, 1848 ; bombard- ment of Messina, April 13, 1848; fighting at Naples, between the troops and national guard, May 15, 1848 ; Messina bombarded for five days, by the Neapolitans, and taken, Sept. 7, 1848 ; blockade of Palermo, April 30, 1849; entered by the Neapolitans after much fighting, May 13, 1849; and the absolute monarchy re-established. Napoleon L, Emperor of the French, king of Italy, and protector of the confederation of the Ehine, born at Ajaccio in Corsica, Aug. 15, 1769, died at St. Helena, May 5, 1821, aged 52. Napoleon Francis, son of Napo- leon Bonaparte, and King of Borne, and styled in Vienna Duke of Keichstadt, born March 20, 1811 ; died of a decline at the palace of Schoenbrunn, July 22, 1832 ; Ma- dame Bonaparte, mother of Napo- leon, died at Borne, 1832. Napoleon, Remains of, brought from St. Helena, and deposited in the Hotel des Invalides at Paris, 1840. Narva, Battle of, between Peter the Great of Bussia and Charles XII. of Sweden, Nov. 30, 1700, in which Peter the Great lost 30,000 men, and as many more made pri- soners, while the Swedes did not amount to more than 30,000 opposed to thrice as many Bussians. Nasep.y, Battle of, between Charles I. and the parliament army under Fairfax ; Cromwell, who was present with his iron regiment of horse, turned the tide of the battle, which was decisive, the king, aban- doning his baggage, obliged to fly for his life ; all his cannon taken, and 5000 prisoners, June 14, 1645. National Benefactors, those who have enriched the garden with use- ful and valuable plants are deserv- ing of remembrance. Sir. W. Ra- leigh introduced the potato; Sir Anthony Ashley first planted cab- bages here ; a cabbage appears at his feet on his monument ; Sir Ri- chard Weston brought over clover- grass from Flanders in 1645; figs were planted in Henry VIII.'s reign at Lambeth by Cardinal Pope — it is said the identical trees are still re- maining ; Spilman, who erected the first paper-mill at Dartford, in 1580, brought over the first two lime-trees, NAT 441 NAT which he planted, and are still growing; Thomas Lord Cromwell enriched the gardens of England with three different kinds of plums. National Debt; though money seems to have been borrowed in the reign of Henry VI., the existing debt of the nation dates no further back than the reign of William III. ; it was alarming to the nation in 1697, though only £5,000, 000; this monarch left it, at his death in 1702, £16,000,000, that is, on Queen Anne's accession, 1714 ; on the ac- cession, of George I. it was • £54,000,000 of George II., 1727, 52,000,000 of George III., 1760, 146,982,844. When the American war was con- cluded so unhappily, the debt was raised to above £237,000,000 ; for in 1786, it was £266,725,097, which England paid to lose America, and the interest was £9,536,026; in 1790 it was reduced to £242,000,000. but then there was an unfunded debt of £30,000,000. The war be- gun for the restoration of the Bour- bon family, from 1794 to its end, and money borrowed in 1817, cost in loans £275,313,114, in addition to the previous debt ; and £64,750,000 on account of Ireland, with nearly £33,000,000 of Exchequer bills. In one year of the war, 1814, the cur- rent taxes added to the loan for that vear, carried the expenditure to above £100,000,000 sterling; the interest for the debt coming out of the taxes : the following table will show the amounts of principal and interest down to 1844, for 28 years : United Kingdom. Capital of Unredeemed Funded Debt. Annual Charge thereon. At 1st Eeb. £ £ 1817- 796,200,191 29,842,014 At 5th Jan. 1818 776.742,403 29,310,454 1819 791,867,313 29,984,294 1820 794,980,481 27,789,658 1821 801,565,310 30,149,920 1822 795,312,767 29,985,216 1823 796,530,144 28,596,866 1824 791,701,614 29,078,570 1825 781,123,222 28,372,206 1826 778,128,267 28,267,272 1827 783,801,739 28,556,903 1828 777,476,892 28,389,869 1829 772,322,540 28,245,534 1830 771,251,932 28.285,900 1831 757,486,996 27,674,754 1832 755,543,884 27,658,299 1833 754,100,549 27,703,433 1834 751,658,883 27,782,116 1835 743,675,299 27,783,454 1836 758,549,866 28,403,305 1837 761,422,570 28,553,192 1838 762,275,188 28,524,739 1839 761,347,690 28,585,503 1840 766,547,684 28,748,794 1841 766,371,725 28,556,324 1842 772,530,758 28,701,458 1843 773,061,340 28,609,708 1844 772,169,092 28,516,882 NAT 442 NAT The amount of the unfunded debt, for the above years, and the rate of interest for Exchequer bills now, 1853, reduced to Id., will readily be observed in this table : — In the Year ended the 5th Jan. Amount of Capital in Exchequer Bills. Rate of Interest. Charge of Interest in the said Tear. 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 £ 44,650,300 56,729,400 43,208,400 36,303,200 30,965,900 31,566,550 36,281,150 34,741,750 32,398,450 27,994,200 24,565,350 27,546,850 27,657,000 25,490,550 27,271,650 27,133,350 27,278,000 27,906,900 28,521,550 28,976,600 26,976,000 24,044,550 24,026,050 19,965,050 21,076,350 18,343,850 18,182,100 18,407,300 3d. 22 Nov, 1816 2±d. 24 Feb. 1817 2d, 11 Oct, 1817 £ 2,173,927 1,891,315 2,026,450 847,091 1,529,181 2,009,311 1,309,409 1,111,220 1,086,015 820,000 770,000 802,186 860,475 806,076 726,465 604,365 577,320 723,596 636,417 688,701 692,095 871,309 641,370 788,707 559,130 797,046 | 631,601 594,051 ' lid. 24 June 1824 2d, i9I)ec.i825 l§d. 30 Sept. 1829 l|d. 11 Dec. 1829 2d. 29 Sept. 1836 2id. 21 Nov. 1836 2d. 14 Dec. 1837 l|d. 18 Mar. 1839 g^d u 16 Mar. 1840 2d. 15 June 1842 If d. 17 Mar. 1843 lhd. 16 June 1843 The interest paid within each year is given in the column of charge, which interest has accrued upon the capital stated in the preceding year. S. J. Wood, Exchequer Bill Office, Operations were undertaken in 1822, 1824, 1830, 1834, and 1844, to reduce a portion of the charges on the National Debt. The dis- sentients from the reduction of the interest were paid off. NAT 443 NAT 1822. 5 per Cents, reduced to 4 per Cents.: viz., £105 4 per Cents, for £100 5 per Cents., per 3 Geo. IV., c. 9. Gross Capital. £ 152,422,143 2,794,276 149,627,867 7,481,350 L 157,109,217 Bank of Ireland Debt at 5 per Cent, reduced to 4 per Cent, at par, per 3 Geo. IV., c. 26 1824. Old 4 per Cents, reduced to 3| per Cents, at par, 5 Geo. IV., c. 11... 1824 & 1825. 5 per Cents. 1797 reduced to 3 per Cents. ; viz. £138 : 6 : 8. Con- solidated 3 per Cents, for £100 5 per Cents. 37 Geo, III., c. 10... 1830. 4 per Cents, exchanged for £100 of 3 § per Cents., or £70 of 5 per Cents,, per 11 Geo. IV., c, 13 1834. 4 per Cents. 1826 reduced to 3^ per Cents, at par, per 4 and 5 Will. IV„ c. 31. 1841. Bank of Ireland Debts at 5 and 4 per cent, reduced to 3| per cent, per 3 and 4 Vict., c. 75, and Warrant of Treasuiy, January 30, 1841. 1,153,840 1,153,846 76,248,180 76,248,180 1,013,668 41,011 972,657 1,296,876 153,671,091 2,880,915 150,790,176 Interest. 5,254,186 23,469 10,622,911 10,622,911 1,015,328 1,615,384 2,630,768 2,630,768 7,481,393 3,284,368 57,692 46,153 3,039,927 48,632 38,860 424,916 371,801 50,769 64,615 115,384 92,076 1,197,025 11,539 381,242 9,726 '53,952 53,115 23,308 NAT 444 NAT 1844. f 3| per Cents. Reduced at par to 3J | per Cents, until Oct. 10, 1854, ' and from that period to be re- duced to £3 per Cents., and not { liable to further reduction until after October 10, 1874, per 7 Vict., c. 4 and 5 Gross Capital. 157,243,517 67,701,606 9,514,369 14,401,171 248,860,663 103,352 248,757,311 248,757,311 Annual Interest. Annual Interest saved. 5,706,505 5,084,612 621,893 The different heads of the debt be- fore the above reductions, say in 1807, together with the interest and £3,051,800 management expenses for one year* when the unredeemed debt was as follows : Capital. Interest and Management. Cons. 5 per cent. Ann. £46,674,742 1 8 £2,354,740 14 5 per cent. Ann. 1797 ) and 1802 - ] Cons. 4 per cent. Ann. 2,406,132 13 3 121,389 7 10 49,725,084 17 2 2,011,379 13 7 5,015,284 12 3 Eed. 3 per cen Ann. . 164,705,570 6 5 Cons. 3 per cent Ann. 406,116,201 18 H 12,366,238 6 11 Def. 3 per cent. Ann. 1,750,685 3 per cent. Ann. 1726 1,000,000 30,450 Bank of England 11,686,800 356,502 3 5 South Sea Stock 3,662,714 8 6 ) Old South Sea Ann. . 11,907,470 2 7 i 735,974 13 11 New South Sea Ann. . 8,494,830 2 10 ) South Sea Ann. 1751 . 1,919,600 58,667 15 6 Value of Long Ann. . 21,245,367 16 1,151,510 9 li Ditto of Short Ann. . 211,519 12 10 423,039 5 9 Ditto of Life Ann. 279,074 7 6 55,811 17 6 Ann. with survivorship, ) 1765 . . } 18,000 540 Tontine Ann. 1789 . 239,428 4 3 19,952 7 0k Funded Debt . £732,033,231 11 5k £24,701,484 7 6| Navy, victualling, and transport debt 6,000,000 ° 1 Exchequer Bills 12,000,000 o 1 Do. for Bank Charter 3,000,000 I 630,000 Ordnance debt, Trea- sury Bills, &c. 3,000,000 o J Total funded and un- funded debt £756,033,231 11 64 £25,331,484 7 6| Redeemed by Com- missioners 117,581,858 3,316,252 14 9 Total unredeemed debt ) in 1807 . . J £638,451,373 11 5k £22,015,231 12 9| NAT 445 NAT An account of the amount of the interest of the public debt unre- deemed and due to the national cre- ditor, both funded and unfunded, in each year ended 5th January, 1798, 1799. and 1800; stating also the market price of gold for the corre- sponding dates. Years ended. Charge for Interest of the Unredeemed Funded Debt. Issued for Interest or Unfunded Debt. 5th January, 1798, England 25th March, 1798, Ireland £ 14,327,634 505,721 £ 14,833*355 15,911*185 16,195,685 £ 297,722 45,128 £ 342*850 398*665 1,090,528 5 th January, 1799, England 25th March, 1799, Ireland 15,196,423 714,762 356,847 41,818 5th January, 1800, England 25th March, 1800, Ireland 15,241,462 954,223 1,021,626 68,902 In an account April 1824. presented to the House of Commons on the 15th of Price of Foreign Gold in coin. 5th of January, 1798 1799 Gold rose afterward from 80s., at which it had been stationary for six or seven years, to 95s. in 1809 ; to 97s. 6d. in 1811 • to 105s. in 1812 ; and 110s. in 1813, or 29 per cent, above the mint price of 79s. 10^ d. per oz., to the great mischief of trade, to remedy which, parliamen- tary wisdom could find no better refuge than passing an act in the face of the truth, that a note of one pound of the Bank of England and a shilling, were of the same intrinsic value as a guinea in gold, the paper being in fact at 29 per cent discount. Amount and weight of the debt : to pay the national debt, as it stood in 1786, would require nearly 47,0001bs. weight in £10bank notes, having 512 notes to one pound. This sum in cash, if put into carts, each containing 1000 lbs. weight, and having two horses to draw, allowing forty feet to each cart, would load 5000 carts, and cover 37 miles in length, with a remain- der of 116 carts in the 38th mile. Were it to be laid down in carts in a line, it would extend above 4300 miles in length. In 1794 the na- tional debt was 260 millions, and if a man were to count 100 shillings in a minute for 12 hours a-day, it would take him 1797 years, 283 NAT 446 NAY days, 3 hours and minutes. The whole of this sum being 5900 mil- lions of shillings, and the coinage standard being 62 shillings in the Troy pound, its whole weight will be 83,709,968 lbs., which will re- quire 41,936 carts, each to have a ton weight, to convey it to any place ; or, supposing a man could carry one hundred pounds from London to York, it would require 838,670 men to perform it ; and if all these men were to walk in a line at only one yard distance from each other, they would cover 456 miles and a half, and 70 yards. The breadth of a shilling being one inch, if all these shillings were laid in a straight line, close to one another's edge, the line they would cover would be 83,070 miles, more than double the circumference of the globe. — Query. Is there in the whole universe as much gold in circulation as would discharge this debt? If this is not sufficient, is there as much gold and silver in circulation as would be sufficient for the purpose ? National Confederation at Paris, commemorated, July 14, 1790, in Champ de Mars. National Debt of the United States of America in 1790, only £16,000,000, afterwards paid off. National Assembly of France, the States constitute themselves only, June 16, 1789; assembly dis- solved itself, Sept. 21, 1792. National Convention of France formed, Sept. 17, and opened in due state, Sept. 21, 1792 ; it con- tinued in existence until the Exe- cutive Directory was installed at the Luxemburgh, Nov. 1, 1795. Nativity of the Virgin Mary, celebration of, instituted, 695. Naturalization, first ' act for^ passed in England, 1467 ; another, 1709 ; for the Jews, 1753 ; repealed in December following. National Gallery of Painting commenced by the government, which purchased Mr. Angerstein's collection of pictures in May, 1824 ; a receptacle called by the above name was opened for their reception in Trafalgar Square, 1827, built by Wilkin s. Naumbero, city of, founded, 808. Nautical inventions and im- provements took place, 1302, and better vessels were constructed than before. Natal Engagements, see Battles, Naval. Naval Estimates, annually voted under the following heads, 1849 : wages, seamen and marines, £1,425,380; victualling, £653,683; Admiralty office, £136,303; Regis- ter and Record office for seamen, £9772 ; scientific branches, £80,395 (£30,000 of which were for two ex- peditions in search of Sir John Franklin) ; establishments at home, £140,841; abroad, £25,839 ; wages at home to artificers, ±'851,346 ; abroad, £39,280 ; naval stores, £1,511,671 ; improvements — repairs of vards, £688,601 ; medical stores, £29,000; miscellaneous, £81,547; total, £5,673,658, with half pay, &c; making £7,068,730 strictly naval , the post-office department, convict service, and army and ordnance transport, raised the total to £7,951,842. Naval Salutes, the compliment paid by ships to each other's flag at sea belonging to different nations, or on entering foreign ports, an- swered generally by fewer guns; fired also at the presence of royalty, or a commander-in-chief on the spot hoisting his flag ; formerly an honour exacted from all vessels in what were called the British seas ; the Dutch disputed it, but agreed to submit to the custom in 1673 ; it was formally assented to by France in 1704. Naval Dress, or Uniforms, regu- lations of, 1748; blue, faced with white, until altered by William IV. to blue and red ; the white facing has since been restored; in the reign of James I., 1609, the six principal masters in the navy wore coats of fine red cloth. N AV 447 NAV Naval Pay, 1626, captain of a first-rate, with from 400 to 600 men, monthly, £14 : lieutenants, ditto, £3, 10s. ; master, ditto, £4:13:9; in a fourth-rate, with from 100 to 120 men, captains, £9:6:8; lieu- tenants," £2, 16s. ; master, £3:7:6; surgeons, £1, 10s. per month in all rates; the master gunner £2 and £1:6:8. Naval Asylum, founded by the Duke of Clarence, 1801. Naval College, Portsmouth, founded, 1720, on Portland Island. Naval Architecture, school of, founded at Portsmouth, 1816. Navarino, the Pylos of the an- cients, and the supposed birthplace of the venerable Nestor, situated on an eminence overlooking the vast harbour of the same name. The Turks took it from the Venetians in 1498, and in 1722 built the citadel, defended by six bastions. The Russians took it in 1770. Navakino, Battle of, between the fleets of England, Prance, and Rus- sia, under Admiral Codrington, and those of Turkey and Egypt, in which the latter were nearly all de- stroyed, to the number of 30 sail of the line, Oct. 20, 1827 ; it was the same day of the month on which, 480 years before Christ, Themisto- cles, with 380 ships, defeated the fleet of Xerxes in defence of Greece at Salamis, when he saved his country; they who preferred the interests of a shortlived policy to the undying interests of humanity, called this victory of Navarino over Eastern barbarians " an untoward event," so was that of Salamis to the Persians ; all victories in defence of human rights have been unto- ward events to the enemies of free- dom. Navigablk Rivers, and Canals to join, made in Eng. by Hen. I., 1130; the Thames made navigable to Ox- ford, 21 James L, 1625 ; the Kennet from Reading to Newbury, 2 Geo. I., 1715 ; the Dee, from Hartford to Ware and London, 12 George II., 1739 ; Manchester navigation open- ed, June 17, 1761 ; Northampton- shire navigation began, Aug. 7, 1761. See Canals ; American Lake Erie, 363 miles long, with 84 locks, 1822, Champlain, 64 miles long, 1823; Delaware and Hudson, 109 miles ; the Ohio and Erie 324 miles, 1832; in 1840 no less than 4032 miles of artificial navigation in the United States ; 985 in the State of New York alone ; 973 in Pensyl- vania, and 764 in Ohio ; in England 582J miles completed between 1800 and 1845; Caledonian opened, 1822, cost of, £1,149,613; tonnage rates produced in 1837 no more than £2520 from 1242 vessels that used it ; total length of French canals, 1249^ English miles, 1848; in Ire- land 300 miles ; in England 2200, with 1800 miles of navigable rivers, or 4000 of all in 1835. Navigation, Art of, first recorded of the Phoenicians ; Hanno's voyage to the Gambia, or to Senegal, a.c. 500; to Cornwall, the Cassiterides from Gades, or Cadiz, whence tin came, a.c. 1200 ; voyage to, related in Festus Avienus, the metal spoken of, temp. Solomon ; great advance in navigation about 1490; on the discovery of America, and in the 18th and 19th centuries ; rendered more perfect by the chronometer and by steam, 1810 to 1850 ; also by the following discoveries and improvements, from 1420 to 1820 : plane charts and compass, 1420 ; compass, variation discovered, 1492 ; first work on naAdgation, 1545 ; the log, 1577 ; Mercator's chart, 1599 ; Davis's back-staff for measuring angles, 1600 ; Gunter's application of the logarithmic tables, 1620; middle latitude sailing, 1623 ; Nor- wood measurement of 367,200 feet to a degree, 1633 ; Harrison's time- keeper used, 1764; Nautical Al- manac published, 1767; Barlow's correction of the compass, 1820 ; the first attempt at circumnaviga- tion from Seville, 1519; Sir F. Drake's from Plymouth, 1577 ; Richie's pendulum researches, 1761; Newton and Huygens prove the NAV 443 NAV earth's figure; Ulloa, Condamine, Godin, and Bouguer, go to South America to measure an arc, 1735 ; Maupertuis, Clairault, and others, to Tornea, to measure an arc, 1736 ; measurement between Paris and Amiens, 1753; longitude between the sun and Sirius found, 1684; reward offered by Philip of Spain for the longitude, 1598 ; by parlia- ment, 1714; again, £20,000 if within 30 miles of the truth, 1774 ; reward of 10,000 livres by the Duke of Or- leans, 1716; Werner's mode by the moon and stars, 1514 ; improved by Morin, 1634 ; Harrison's idea longi- tudinis, 1696; Dr. Halley's im- provements of, 1730 to 1731 ; Meyer's lunar tables, 1755; ditto purchased for £3000, 1762; Euler's lunar theory rewarded with £300; Maskelyne's advance of lunar obser- vations, 1764; longitude by the occupations of a star, 1676 ; Mar- cus discovered the satellites of Ju- piter, 1699, 1610; the satellites applied by Galileo to discover longitude, 1611 ; longitude by the clock and chronometer, by Hook and Huygens, 1662, 1664 ; by Roy and Berthoud, Paris, 1754, 1763, 1767 ; Harrison in England received in all £24,000 for his chronometer, 1735, 1762 ; Mudge received £500 for an improvement, 1777 ; longitude by the variation chart of Halley, 1760 ; new azimuth compass, 1789 ; lati- tude by the altitudes of the sun, 1594 ; the astrolabe and cross staff superseded by Hadley's quadrant, 1731. Navigation Laws of Oleron, 1194; acts passed, 1381; again, 1541 ; for the colonies, 1646, 1651, 1660, 1778; of the Thames ship- ping 1786; laws altered, 1822, 3 Geo. IV. c. 41, 42, 43, 44, 46; re- ciprocity acts, 4 Geo. IV. c. 77, and 5 Geo. IV. c. 1 ; repeal of the na- vigation laws in toto, 1849. Navigation by Steam, earliest attempts at, 1781 and 1790, in France, America, and Scotland; one by Fulton, established on the river Hudson, in America, 1806-7 ; the first that plied for hire on the Clyde, a three-horse power, 1812 ; steam vessels employed in the dif- ferent parts of the United Kingdom and its colonies in 1849, were 1296, amounting in burden to 177,310 tons, viz. ports of England, 865, carrying 103,154 tons; Scotland, 166, 29,206 tons; Ireland, 111, having 26,369 ; Guernsey and Jer- sey 7, of 955 tons ; in the colonies, 147, of 17,626 tons burthen. There were built, 1820, in England, 3 steam vessels of 102 tons ; Scotland, 4 steam vessels of 403 tons ; Ire- land, 1 steam vessel of 150 tons; the colonies, 1 steam vessel of 116 tons ; total, 9 vessels, and 771 tons aggregate , — 1830, in England, 10 vessels, 931 tons ; Scotland, 8 ves- sels, 814 tons; colonies, 1 vessel, 481 tons ; total, 19 vessels, and 2226 aggregate ; — 1840, in England, 59 vessels, 6186 tons ; Scotland, 16, vessels, 4110 tons ; colonies, 3 ves- sels, 461 tons ; total, 78 vessels, and 10,757 tons;— 1848, in England, 80 vessels, 5343 tons; Scotland, 32 vessels, 9383 tons ; Ireland, 2 ves- sels, 610 tons ; colonies, 14 vessels, 1142 tons; total, 128 vessels, and 16,476 tons ; — the year of the heaviest tonnage was 1847, when 115 vessels, 78 for England, 24 Scotland, 1 Ire- land, and 12 in the colonies, gave 17,333 tons; in 1849, the grand total of the steam vessels of the United Kingdom and colonies reached, for England, 865, and 103,154 tons; Scotland, 166, and 29,206 tons; Ireland, 111, and 26,369 tons ; Jersey, Guernsey, &c, 7 vessels, and 13,896 tons; total, 1274, 173,580 tons. The largest steam vessel, the Great Britain, built of iron, 1851 ; the length of the keel, 289 feet ; total length, 322 feet ; beam, 51 feet ; depth, 32 feet 6 inches ; feet of water when loaded, 16 feet ; displacement, 2984 tons ; tonnage by old measurement, 3443 tons ; plates of keel nearlv 1 inch thick; plates of bottom vary- ing to | of an inch at extremes, and to §ths generally; topsides |-inch, NAV 449 NAV extreme aft 7-16ths ; the ribs framed of angle iron, 6 inches by 3^ inches, I inch thick, and 7-l6ths ; distance of ribs from centre to centre, amid- ships, 14 -inches, increasing to 21 inches at the ends ; ten iron sleepers from the engine-room, gradually diminishing in number to the fore- end of ship and under the boilers, in midships 3 feet 3 inches in depth, supported by angle irons in the form of inverted arches ; five water-tight partitions ; could stow 1200 tons of coal ; the engines, 340 tons ; the boiler 200 ditto, and 200 tons of water tanks ; the main shaft 28 inches in diameter in the centre, and 24 inches in the bearings ; in the rough weighed 16 tons, lightened by a hole of 10 inches in diameter, bored through ; the screw shaft one long and two coupling parts ; the part next the engine, solid, 28 feet by 16 inches diameter; the hollow intermediate shaft 65 feet by 2 feet 8 inches diameter ; the screw part 25 feet 6 inches, and 16 inches diameter ; the total length, 130 feet, weight, 38 tons ; the screw of six arms, 15 feet 6 inches diameter, 25 feet pitch, and weighs 4 tons ; the main drum 18 feet diameter, weighing 7 tons ; the screw shaft drum 6 feet diameter, weight with the pull when working equal to 85 tons on the bearings of the main shaft; the cylinders, 4 in number, 88 inches each ; stroke, 6 feet ; power, 1000 horses ; the condensers of wrought iron, 12 feet by 8, and 5 deep ; under the whole space of the engines up to the top, the angle irons doubled ; the upper main and saloon decks of wood, the two cargo decks of iron ; the officers and sea- men all accommodated on two decks under the forecastle; from the ship's bottom to the upper deck, ran on either side, for the whole length of the engines and boiler space, a strong iron partition, form- ing below the coal bunkers ; and above, the servants' accommodations on one side, engineers' cabins and stokers' accommodations on the other; she had six masts, fitted with iron rigging, adopted in con- sequence of its offering two-thirds less resistance than hemp ; the plain sails of the Great Britain amounted to nearly 5000 yards, she carried four large life-boats of iron, and two boats of wood in the davits, and one large life -boat on deck; built according to a patent, and capable of carrying 400 people. Navy, Commercial, of Europe, 1849 :— Vessels. Tonnage. England and de- pendencies . 34,090 . 4,144,515 France . . . 13,845 . 589,517 Russia ... 242 . 59,706 Austria . . . 6,199 . 208,551 Prussia . . . 835 . 222,094 Hanover ... 545 . 56,682 Mecklenl >urg . 327 . 46,260 Hamburg di . . 237 . 57,102 Lubeck ... 71 . 4,752 Bremen . . . 215 . 63,052 Holland . . . 1,195 . 275,084 Belgium . . . 289 . 27,416 Norway & Sweden 5,450 . 471,172 Denmark . . 3,036 . 153,408 Spain . . . 2,700 . 80,000 Portugal 798 . 80,525 Sardinia . . . 3,522 . 167,360 Roman S tates . 950 . 38,000 Two Sici Lies . 9,174 . 213,198 Lucca . . . 180 . 20,000 Tuscany . . 774 . 25,512 Ionian Is lands . 2,183 . 48,662 Greece . . . 3,169 . 137,558 Turkey . . . 2,220 . 182,000 Navy, Commercial, tonnage of, outwards : — English. Foreign. 1663 to 1 669 , 95,266 • 47,634 1668 . . . 190,533 . 95,267 1700 . . . . 273,693 . 43,635 1715 . . . . 421,431 . 26,573 1726 . . . . 432,832 . 23,651 1736 . . . . 476,941 . 26,627 1750 . . . . 609,798 . 51,386 1760 . . . 540,241 . 107,237 1770 . . . . 806,495 . 63,176 1780 . . . . 731,286 . 154,111 1790 . . . 1,424,912 . 148,999 1800 . . 1,445,271 . 685,051 1809 . '. . 1,531,552 . 699,750 1810 . . . 1,624,274 1,138,527 2« NAV 450 NAV The following are exclusive of the intercourse between England and Ireland, and the coasting trade : — 1820 . . . 1,549,508 . 433,328 1830 . . . 2,102,147 . 758,368 1840 . . . 3,292,984 1,488,888 1849-50 . . 4,785,428 2,299,060 Total inwards British and Foreign, 1802, 1,813,256 tons; 1814, 1779,632; 1835, 3,309,724; 1849, 6,919,900. In coasting vessels, as report received before 1824, when the tonnage was, 1824, 8,552,177; 1830, 8,255,630; 1840, 9,616,661 ; 1849-50, 10,489,414. Navt, East India, swept away- after the trade was thrown open ; in 1683, the company's merchant navy employed 22 ships of 10,880 tonnage ; in 1810, it had 64 regular vessels, from 756 to 1200 tons, and 39 extra vessels, 22,000 tons, having 8000 men; in 1814, the trade thrown open and increased as follows : — In Inwards. Outwards. 1833. 76,820 tons. 83,769 tons. 1839, 138,486 do. 125,620 do. 1849, 225,636 do. 231,937 do. Navy, Eoyal, of England, con- sisted in Alfred's time of very small vessels, number unknown, 897; under king Edgar, amounted to 350, in 965 ; the maritime towns furnish- ed their quota of ships to the crown, whence the Cinque ports, temp. Ethelred II., 1007; Edward III. summoned his ports to supply their quota for the siege of Calais, 1346 ; he possessed but 25 ships of his own, manned by 419 seamen, divided into the South and North East Eleet : Fowey 47 ships ; Dart- mouth 32 ; Plymouth 26 ; London 25 ; the King 25 ; Bristol 22 ; Sand- wich 22; Southampton 21; Win- chelsea 21 ; Shoreham 20; Dover 16; Mara ate 15; Isle of Wight 13 ; Weymouth 13 ; Hoke 11 ; Ham- hook 7; Teignmouth 7; Ilfracombe 6 ; Exmouth 10 ; Bye 9 ; Heth (Hythe) 6 ; Maidstone 5 ; Lymington 5 ; New Hythe 5 ; Portsmouth 5 ; Hastings 5 ; Lyme 4 ; Sofford 5 ; Poole 4 ; Romney 4 ; Sidmouth 3 ; Warham 3 ; Alford, Hoo, Marten, Fevcrsham, Seaton, Yalme, New- mouth, 2 each ; Swansea, Patricks- town, Polruan, Wadworth, Cardiff, Bridgewater, Carmarthen, Carlches- worth, Millbrook, 1 each. The North East Eleet : Yarmouth 43 ; Newcastle 17 ; Hull 16 ; Lynn 16 ; Harwich 14 ; Grimsby 12 : Ipswich 12 ; Goford 13 ; Dunwich 5; Hartle- pool 5 ; Bricklesea 5 ; Colchester 5 ; Oreford 3 ; Barton 3 ; Saltfleet 2 ; Wainfleet 2 ; Blackney 2 ; Mai- den 2; Tinmouth 2; Derwin, Whitbanes, Mersey, Scarborough, Wrangle, Swinfleet, Stockeith, Ravensey, York, Walcrich, Bam- burgh, Woodhouse. On 40 days' notice, each port sent its ships, and 15 days' charge after setting sail, every year if demanded, and the king to pay the rest ; at the death of Elizabeth, 1603, she left her navy 30 sail, from 1000 tons, and 500 men, to 200 tons, 100 men, and 11 of less burden ; in 1641, there Avere 33 sail, of 22,411 ton- nage in the royal navy; 1675, the navy consisted of 151 sail, 70,587 tonnage, and 30,260 seamen ; in 1702, of 272 sail and 159,020 tonnage, and 40,000 men; in 1753, of 291 ships, 234,924 ton- nage, and 10,000 men ; 1783, of 617 sail, 500,781 tonnage, and 110,000 men ; in 1789, of 452 sail, 413,667 tonnage, and 20,000 men ; the peace establishment then had in commis- sion 2 second rates, 15 third rates, 1 fourth rate, 5 fifties, 6 forty-fours, 31 frigates of from 36 to 20 guns, a sloop, and several cutters. In 1815, March 1, there were in com- mission, efficient, 58 of the line, 16 fifties and fifty-twos, 132 frigates, 129 sloops, and 171 gun brigs ; guard, prison and hospital ships, 7 of the line, and 5 others ; in or- dinary, 114 of the line, 12 fifties, Q6 frigates, 40 sloops, 38 gun brigs ; building, 21 of the line, 2 fifties, 6 frigates, 5 sloops, 2 brigs ; in all, a total of 200 sail of the line, 32 fifties, 208 frigates, 179 sloops, 211 NA V 451 N A V brigs. The Koyal Navy in commis- sion in 1844, in ordinary, building and including steam vessels of all sizes, tenders, tugs, and yachts, was 628 ; in commission, 233, of all class- es. Sea-going line-of-battle ships, 31 frigates, 7 of 50 guns, 4 of 44 and 42 guns, 5 of 38 and 36 guns, 15 of 28, 26 and 24 guns ; 2 corvettes of 26 and 20 guns ; 35 sloops, 14 of 18 guns, and 21 of 16 guns; 17 brigs, 5 of 12 guns, and 12 of 10, 8, and 6 guns ; 36 small brigs, sailing- packets, cutters, &c. ; 13 guard and stationary ships ; 4 troop-ships ; 2 sailing yachts ; 84 steam- vessels ; one royal yacht ; 4 frigates, 1 of 22 guns; and 79 sloops, packets, tenders, tugs, &c. ; these stationed — Mediterranean East Indies Brazil and Pacific North America and West Indies and Lakes Coast of Africa and Cape Ireland Surveying Troop-ships At home, stationary, packets and fitting 20 21 24 17 30 10 23 4 84 233 The return to July 30, 1849, con- stituting the naval force, 19 first- rates, mounting from 110 to 120 guns, and ranging from 2612 tons to 3394 ; 52 second-rates, mounting from 78 to 104 guns, and ranging from 1954 tons to 3165 ; 20 third- rates, mounting from 70 to 72 guns, and averaging from 1742 tons to 2214; 40 fourth- rates, mounting from 50 to 60 guns, and ranging from 1458 tons to 2147 ; 42 fifth- rates, mounting from 36 to 44 guns, and ranging from 946 tons to 1634 ; 31 sixth-rates, mounting from 10 to 28 guns, and ranging from 500 to 1082 ; 85 sloops, corvettes, and brigs, mounting from 3 to 18 guns, and ranging from 227 tons to 363 ; 11 packets, mounting from 4 to 6 guns, and ranging from 182 tons to 362 ; 14 surveying vessels, mount- ing from 2 to 22 guns, and ranging from 73 tons to 516 ; 5 troop-ships, mounting from 2 to 22 guns, and ranging from 501 tons to 1709 ; 1 store ship, with 2 guns, of 314 tons ; and 29 cutters, schooners, and ten- ders, mounting from 2 to 6 guns, and ranging from 25 tons to 330 ; total 339. Steam vessels of the royal navy, 1849; 3 line-of-battle ships of 80 guns, ranging from 2335 tons to 3074 ; 4 guard ships of 56 guns, ranging from 1761 tons to 1846 ; 4 frigate guard ships of 24 guns, ranging from 1090 tons to 1228 ; 22 frigates, mounting from 6 to 36 guns, and ranging from 1190 tons to 1980 ; 64 sloops, mounting from 2 to 6 guns, and ranging from 649 tons to 1287 ; 26 gun- vessels, mounting from 2 to 4 guns, and ranging from 284 tons to 557; 4 schooners, of 8 guns, ranging from 490 tons to 516 ; and 34 tenders, &c., mounting from 1 to 3 guns, and ranging from 42 tons to 1034; total, 161. In addition to these, there are 47 steam-vessels, ranging from 225 tons to 1800, employed as packets under contract, and capable of being made available for warlike purposes in case of emergency. In 1853, the total of the navy was 525 ships, from 2 to 110 guns ; 180 armed steamers, from 100 to 800 horse-power; 32,000 seamen, 2000 boys, and 15,000 marines. Navy of France, first noticed in records of 725, when it defeated the Prisons ; much improved under Henry IV., 1697 ; reached its high- est point during the American war, both of warlike efficiency and sea- manship. Of the 1110 vessels of different nations, captured or de- stroyed by the English navy, between 1793 and 1815, no less than 683 were French, of which 110 were of the line and 216 were fri- gates ; force in 1853, 168 vessels, or 130 for sea, 38 in port, and 24,624 men. Natal Officers, pay of, in Eng- land, France, and Holland, 1830 to 1850 ; the following is the compa- NEC 452 NEL rative pay of the naval officers of the various powers, not including mess allowances : — FRANCS. An English Vice Admiral 36,000 A Dutch ditto 38,700 A French ditto 28,000 An English Rear Admiral 27,000 A Dutch ditto 24,250 A French ditto 12,000 An English Commander ... 12,911 A Dutch ditto 17,200 A Russian ditto 10,920 A United States Commander 7, 120 A French ditto 6,000 An English Commander of a Frigate 7,475 A Dutch ditto 6,450 A Russian ditto 4,740 A United States ditto ... 4,212 A French ditto 4,200 Navy Office, formed 1644; altered 1782 ; again 1843. Naworth Castle, Cumberland, built, 1330. Neath Abbey, Glamorganshire, built, 1150 ; the castle at the same place, 1090. Neapolitan Fisherman, revolu- tion made by one, commonly called Tomasi Anello, 1647; his name generally contracted to Masi- anello ; he was but 24 years old when he aroused the people, and for ten days was absolute master of that large city ; he overawed the nobility, terrified the government, disposed of princes, and put to death or elevated whom he pleased, and repealed the taxes ; but on July 16, 1645, ten days after his assumption of power, he fell the victim of his audacity, in the midst of 100,000 citizens, who had suffered them- selves to be led by him. Nazarenes, a Jewish sect, con- verts to the belief of Christianity, so called ; they disappeared at the beginning of the fourth century. Neckcloth of lace, a fashion adopted in the reign of Charles II., 1674. Necromancy, sometimes called the black art, patronised by Mary of Medicis, mother of Henry III., of France, 1572, at which time it was a general study in France. Needles, said to have been ma- nufactured first in England by a negro, 1545, when he dying without teaching his trade, it was lost until 1566, when it was taught by a German, named Growse ; an article of importance in British commerce, in which, the manufacturers of this country excel. Negroes adjudged to be free while in England, 1772; first de- clared free in Scotland, 1778 ; the first traffic in slaves begun by the Spaniards, 1508; the English fol- lowed the example, 1563 ; the traffic abolished, 1807 ; slavery abolished in the English colonies, 1834. Nelson, Lord, in England, and Duke of Bronte in Sicily, killed in the battle off Cape Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1805 ; born, 1758 ; went to sea, 1770, in the Raisonable ; joined the Triumph, 1772 ; went on a voyage of discovery toward the North Pole, 1773 ; went to India in the Sea- horse, but returned home in the Dolphin, from ill health, 1776; rated a lieutenant in the Worcester, and passed for his commission, April 8, 1777 ; was at once employ- ed as second on the Lowestoffe, and went in that ship to the West Indies ; in 1779 he was appointed to the Bristol; he distinguished himself in subduing a fire on board the Glasgow, and was posted, June 11, 1779; he first commanded the Hichenbroke, on an ill-planned ex- pedition to the river San Juan, where he distinguished himself, but the fever took off more than half of his crew ; he next commanded the Janus, 44; then the Albemarle, 1781 ; came home, 1782, and visited France to recruit his delicate con- stitution, 1783 ;, in 1786 he was em- ployed on the American station; in 1787 he married Mrs. Nesbit, a widow of Nevis; in 1793 he was appointed to the Agamemnon, 64 ; in that vessel he distinguished him- self against Bastia ; in 1794 he lost NES 453 NEW an eye before Calvi ; in the action with the French- fleet, March 14, 1795, he showed his bravery and talent most conspicuously ; he cut out nine ships from Alassio Bay, and destroyed two ; he bore a broad pendant in April, 1796, and shifted his flag to the Captain, 74; he fought and captured a Spanish fri- gate of superior force, and was directly after attacked by a second, hauled off and got away from him ; after having been engaged above a hundred times against the enemy, he joined the fleet of Sir John Jer- vis, in the Captain, and took the San Nicholas, 80, by boarding, and then the San Josef, 112, in the same way ; after numerous lesser actions, but equally gallant, he led his fleet soon after his appointment, in pur- suit of the French, to Aboukir Bay, where he defeated them, Aug. 1, 1798 ; of 12 sail of the line and 4 fri- gates he captured 8, burned 2 and 2 frigates ; only 2 sail of the line and 2 frigates escaped. On April 2, 1801, he engaged the Danish vessels and batteries off Copenhagen, and defeated them, burning, sinking, or capturing nearly the whole line. On Oct. 21, 1805, he achieved his crowning victory, off Trafalgar, where he was mortally wounded, and died two hours after the action was over ; his remains were brought to England, and interred in Saint Paul's, London, at the public ex- pense, Jan. 9, 1806. Neopolis, Battle of, between Sigismund of Hungary and the Turks, when the latter were victors ; fought in 1396. Nepaul, war with that state in India, Nov. 1, 1814 ; peace, Dec. 2, 1815 ; war renewed, Jan., 1816 ; peace ratified, March 15, 1816 ; embassy from, to England, of Jung Bahadoor, who arrived at South- ampton, May 23, 1850, to whom due honour was paid; he quitted England to return, via Paris, Aug. 20. Nestorians, a religious sect who were the followers of one Nestorius, once a bishop of Constantinople, called a heretic by ecclesiastical historians ; he maintained that the Virgin was the mother of Christ as man, but not of God, for it was impossible ; he died, 439. Nether Hall, Essex, built 1280. Netley Abbey, Hants, built, 1239. Netherlands declared them- selves free, 1565 and 1789 ; became a province of France, 1724 ; placed under the House of Orange, 1814 ; revolted, and were made a kingdom under prince Leopold of Saxe Co- burg, named that of Belgium, 1831. Netherlands, education in; of the entire population of 6,148,286 souls, the number receiving educa- tion in the elementary schools, in 1825-26, was 633,859, and in the colleges and Latin schools, 7038. The proportion of students of the respective branches of learning in the six universities of Leyden, Utrecht, Groningen, Louvain, Liege, and Ghent, in the season 1825-26, were, of theology, 325, of law, 807, of medicine, 374, of the natural sciences, 226, of philosophy and literature, 904. Nevill's Cross, Battle of, between the English under Philippa, queen of Edward III., and the Scots under David Bruce, when the latter was defeated and taken prisoner and 15,000 of his men slain, Oct. 17, 1346. Nevis, Island of, West Indies, planted by the English, 1628 ; taken by the French, Feb. 14, 1782; restored at the peace of 1783. Newark. Castle, built 1140 ; the town chartered by Edward IV., and subsequently by Charles II. Newark . Priory, Surrey, built about 1189. Newberg, in the upper Palatinate, destroyed by fire, Aug. 1800. Newbrook House, Mayo, Ire- land, burned, Dec. 2, 1833. New Church, in the Strand, Lon- don, opened Feb. 1, 1720. Newcastle on Tyne founded and NEW 454 NEW the Castle built by Robert son of William L, 1080 ; Blackfriars Bridge at, founded, 1251 ; burned by acci- dent, 1349 ; sustained damage to the extent of £10,000, 1750 ; Nunsfield at, covered with streets, and £2,000,000 expended on, between 1830 and 1840. NEwcASTLE-under-Lyne Castle, built, 1340. Newcastle, Duke of, obtained a verdict for £20,000 against the Hundred of Boxholme for the wan- ton destruction of his castle of Not- tingham , Oct. 1831, Aug. 9, 1832. New Caledonia discovered, 1774. New Cut from the river Lea to Limehouse, London, made Sept. 17, 1770. New England settled by the Ply- mouth Company, 1614 ; New Ply- mouth built, 1620; Salem built, 1628, and Boston, 1630. New College, Oxford, founded by William, Bishop of Winchester, for 70 fellows, 1375. New Exchange, Strand, taken down, 1737. Newfoundland discovered by Cabot, 1500; settlement at, begun by the English, 1520 ; the fishing com- menced and began to flourish, 1577 ; Devonshire employed 150 vessels at, in 1625 ; value of fish and oil, 1676, estimated at £386,400. New Eorest, Hants, made by turning off the people in the most despotic manner, 1080, by William I., and laying waste 30 miles of ground; large tract of woods burned at, near St. John's, 1786. New Guinea discovei'ecl, 1699. New Holland, the island of, though nearly as large as Europe, the south extremity only discovered by Tas- man, 1642; Cook surveyed east and north-east coasts, 1770, from 38° S., and ascertained its separations by Torres Strait from New Guinea ; its circuit completed by Captain Eur- neaux, 1773 ; Bass discovered the South Point to be part of an island, separated from New Holland by a strait ; large colonies are now formed on the southern, eastern, and wes- tern coasts ; Port Jackson in, first settled, 1787. New Inn, society of, founded, 1485. New Jersey, United States of America, planted by the Swedes, 1637 ; granted to the Duke of York, 1674; settled by the English, 1682 ; proprietary government of, surren- dered, 1702. Newmarket, a flood caused great damage at, June 10, 1755. Newport, Shropshire, 20 houses consumed at, Sept. 3, 1749 ; again, 1791, seventeen dwellings, and 20 barns full of corn, with numerous out-offices, were destroyed. New River, London, an artificial cut completed in three years for the purpose of bringing good water to London, finished 1613 by Sir Hugh Middleton, who was knighted by James I.; 42 miles long, it is conduct- ed from Hertfordshire by many windings ; it ruined its projector; for 30 years after it was completed, its shares brought only £5 each, sold originally at £100 ; recently they have been sold at £9,000 and £10,000 per share. New South Wales, the English colonies on the eastern coast of New Holland thus denominated; the prin- cipal town is Sidney, having 30,000 inhabitants ; originally begun as a convict settlement under Governor Phillips with 800 transports, Jan. 20, 1788 ; Sidney is seven miles from the headland of Port Jackson ; the proclamation for the first legislative council made here, July 13, 1829. Up to the 31st of May, 1851, this colony was known only as a pas- toral country, furnishing to the European consumer wool, tallow, oil, and hides as its principal ex- ports. Its imports were about equal to its exports — Im ports. Exports. In 1845... £1,233,000... £1,556,000 „ 1846... 1,680,500... 1,481,500 „ 1847... 1,282,000... 1,870,000 „ 1848... 1,556,500... 1,850,400 „ 1849... 1,793,400... 1,891,300 „ 1850... 2,078,300... 2,399,600 NEW 455 NEW The ratio per head of the popu- lation being on an average, per annum — Imports. Exports. 1844 to 1847, ... £6 18s. ... £7 lis. 1847 to 1850, ... 7 8 ... 8 7 New Spain and Mexico dis- covered, 1518. New Style introduced into Eng land, Sept. 3, which was made the 14th, 1752 ; there was much opposi- tion to the change by the ignorant of all ranks ; this change was in- tended to make the reckoning agree with the Gregorian Calendar: a dif- ference of 11 days had arisen since the year 200, by reason that the solar year consisted of 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes, and not 365 days 6 hours. To obviate this error, Pope Gregory XIII. finding the error ten days in 1582, determined that year should consist of 365 days only; that a year beginning a century should not be bissextile excepting that be- ginning each fourth century ; thus three days are retrenched in 400 years because 11 minutes make three davs in that period ; thus May 1, Old Style, would be May 12, New Style. Newspapers, or, "News'-papers" as originally written; first the English ,l Mercurv," published in England, July 23," 1588 ; the " London Weekly Courant," 1622, the first containing general information ; the " Weekly Courant," 1662 ; the "London Gazette," under the com- monwealth, and during the civil war many provincial papers appeared, as the " Kingdom's Intelligencer," the " Mercurius Anticus," the " Parlia- ment's Scout," "Mercurius Civi- cus, or London Intelligencer," the " Weekly Account," " Mercurius Britannicus," &c. The " Public In- telligencer," by Sir R. L'Estrange, 1663, which ceased when the London Gazette had printed the first num- ber at Oxford, where the court was during the plague, Nov. 7, 1665 ; continued in London Feb. 5, 1666 ; newspapers and pamphlets were prohibited from being published . without a licence, by Charles II., 1680 ; after the revolution news- papers increased in number, and circulation ; the first daily paper was called the " Orange Intelli- gencer;" and from thence to 1692, there were 26 newspapers. In 1696 there were 9 weekly papers, but only 1 daily paper, besides the votes of parliament, published in London. In 1709 there were 18 weekly and 1 daily paper, the Lon- don Courant. In 1724, there were 3 daily, 8 weekly, and 10 even- ing papers three times a week. In 1792, in London, were published 13 daily, 20 evening, and 9 weekly papers ; in the country 70, and in Scotland 14 country news- papers. In 1795, there were 38 published in London, 72 in the country, 13 in Scotland, and 35 in Ireland, in all 158 papers; 14 in London were daily, 10 three times a week, 2 twice a week, and 12 weekly. In 1809, there were 63 published in London, 93 in the country, 24 in Scotland, and 57 in Ireland ; making a total of 237 newspapers in the United Kingdom. The Old Whig or " Con- sistent Protestant," of March 24, 1706, was not larger than a foolscap sheet of paper, having four pages of three columns each ; a page and a quarter were filled with advertise- ments, nearly all of books ; it was published at the Oxford Anns, Warwick-lane, by J. Roberts, and also by H. Whitridge, Cornhill, price twopence; it contained acci- dents, deaths, and inquests; the lord mayor and aldermen were all it appeared of Portsoken in those days, for they began their convi- vialities by breakfasts at the Boars Head, East Cheap, still renowned it would seem for Sherris Sacke ; the first attempt to diminish news- paper circulation by a stamp oc- curred in 1713, increased 1725, 1765, 1781, 1789, 1798, 1805, 1808, ; re- duced, 1833 : number of stamps is- sued : NEW 456 NEW there are now 94, and .the difference in the quality of the matter is not less remarkable than the numerical progress. Newspapeks, Erench, when, be- tween 1820 and 1830, the arbitrary system of rule in England disap- peared, the advance of the free press became rapid and extraordi- nary ; so in France, after the exclu- sion of the Bourbon dynasty, and its arbitrariness, the same kind of ad- vance ' was observable ; the first Erench paper was the " Journal de Scavans," 1665. In 1816, the " Mo- niteur" published 1,650, " Journal de Debats," 8,000, " Gazette dc France," 3,000, " Journal de Com- merce," 3,500, "L'ami de laReligion et du Eoi," 3,300, " Quotidienne," 3,100, "Journal des Maires" 4,300 : In 1830, the papers above 100 were as follows, besides 22 of inferior or professional character, carrying the daily number of all to 91,982 ; 1753, 7,411,757 1760, 9,404,790 1775, 12,680,000 1780, 13,217,371 1790, 14,035,639 1800, 16,084,905 1810, 20,172,837 1820, 24,862,186 1830, 30,158,741 1840, 49,033,384 1850, 65,741,271 at Id. , 11,684,423 at *d In 1850, there were 891,650 adver- tisements that paid duty at Is. 6d., and the amount wasl59 publications, of which 48 only were newspapers, properly so called ; the sum of duty received, £66,873 : 15 : 0. In 222 English provincial papers there were 875,631 advertisements, giving £65,672. Newspapers, Irish, the number of newspapers in 1836 was 78, and 5,144,582 stamps; 1839, 90, and 5,509,034 stamps ; and 1850, 102 ; advertisement duty at Is., 236,128, £11,806 ; stamps, 6,302,728 at Id., and 43,358 at |d; the first Irish newspaper, " Pue's Occurrences," published 1700 ; " Faulkner's Jour- nal," 1728. Newspapers, Scotch, papers 1836, number 54, stamps 2,654,438 ; 1839, 64, 3,974,444 ; and 1850, 94, but 110 paid duty, some not being news- papers; stamps, 7,643,045 at Id., 241,264 at |d. ; the first newspapers of Scotland were got up in London* and sent down ; the oldest now in existence is the Edinburgh " Even- ing Courant," which dates from 1705 ; then the " Caledonian Mer- cury," 1720; the "Glasgow Courant" was begun in 1715 ; the " Dumfries Journal," 1750 ; in 1793 there were only 14 newspapers in Scotland, Charivari, morning, 2,258 Radical politics. Corsaire, do 5,968 Violent, do. Constitutionnel, do 3,226 Thiers' party. Corsaire, do 606 Radical. Courrier Francais, do 3,225 Liberal. Debats, do 8,871 The Court. Droit, do 904 Judicial. Le Constitutionnel, 16,666 Le Journal des Debats, 9,900 La Gazette, 9,863 Courrier Francais, 5,000 Quotidienne, 4,166 Moniteur, 2,666 Universel, 1,000 Drapeau Blanc, 666 Le Temps, 4,000 Gazette des Tribunaux, 3,000 Journal du Commerce, 2,500 Le Figaro, 2,336 Le Globe, 1,833 Le National, 1,590 Messagerdes Chambres, .... 1,330 Nouveau Journal dc Paris, 1,330 Courrier des Tribunaux, ... 1,160 Nov. 1842, the French had increased their daily papers as follows : — • NEW 457 NEW Echo Francais, do.; 2,451 Estafette, do 5,873 La France, do 1,613 Galignani, do 2,500 Gazette de France, evening, 4,355 Gazette de Tribunaux, morning, ... 3,442 Globe do 1,890 Legislative, do 1,870 Moniteur, do 1,935 Messager, evening, 968 Moniteur Parisien, do 1,613 National, morning, 1,381 Patrie, do 1,703 Presse, do 18,863 Union Catholique, do 1,984 Univers Religieux, do 1,154 Siecle, do 38,729 Legitimist. Neuter. Septembrist. English. Legitimist. Judicial. Ministerial. Opposition. Ministerial and Official. Ministerial. do. Radical. Violent Legitimist. Anti-ministerial. Papal party. French Church. Opposition. The liberty of the press ceased in France on the accession of Louis Napoleon, 1852-3. Newspapers of America, 1840 ; 116 were daily ; 14 every three weeks ; 30 twice a week, and 881 once a week ; 38 in German, 4 in French, 1 in Spanish, and several in Spanish and French ; the first paper published was in Philadelphia, 1719; m 1850, the State of New York published. 458 papers, 56 of which were daily. Newspapers in Holland, the first, 1732 ; in Germany, 1715 ; in Con- stantinople, 1797. Newspaper, one printed by Robt. Barker, Newcastle, 1639. Newspapers sent to India, 1845 ; inwards 154,940 ; outwards 686,561 ; total 841,501 ; the number conveyed by post before the improved plan by Mr. Palmer, was 2,000,000 per an- num : after the plan took place, in 1794, they amounted to near 10,000,000 per annum ; number of, transmitted through the general post-office, 1830, 12,962,000 ; ditto, to the British Colonies, 1830, 185,448. Newstead Abbey, Nottingham- shire, built, 1160. New Testament translated into the Chinese language by the East India company's translator at Can- ton ; printed 1814. New York State, settled by the Dutch, 1612 ; confirmed to the Eng- lish, 1664; dispossessed by the Dutch, 1673 ; restored, 1674 ; granted to the Duke of York, 1665 ; took out a new patent, 1672; first legis- lative assembly, politic, 1683 ; epis- copacy made the established creed, 1693; adopted the constitution of the States, July 26, 1788. New York City, population of, 1850, 750,000 ; of the State, 2,428,921; imports, 1840, value of, 60,440,750 dollars; exports, 34,264,080 dollars; partly burned, Dec. 29, 1773, and Nov. 20, 1776 ; 300 houses destroyed in, by fire, Aug. 7, 1778 ; great fire in 1796, and 1811. New Orleans, United States of America, founded by the French, 1717; conveyed by them to the Spaniards, 1762; re-conveyed to the French, 1800; British, under General Pakenham, defeated at, the general killed, and 3000 men killed and wounded, with the loss of only a score or two of the Americans, Jan. 8, 1815 ; population, 1840, 102,193. New London, United States of North America, first settled, 1646 ; a large part burned in the war of independence ; population, 1840, 5519 ; the harbour one of the best in the United States, tonnage, 44,822 in 1840. New Zealand discovered by Tas- NIC 458 NIN. man, 1642 ; visited by Cook, 1769 ; colonized by the English, 1839 ; European population in 1843 — 7109 ; 1844—7825; 1845—7581; 1846— 7381; 1847—7973; 1848—10,483; imports, 1844, £74,381; exports, £38,644; 1847, imports, £105,216; exports, £26,762; 1848, imports, £109,412; exports, £22,875; tons of shipping engaged in the new trade from England, 10,365 in 1848. New Brunswick, population of, 1806—35,000; 1816—56,000; 1824 —78,000; 1834—119,457; 1847— 156,162; the imports of, exceeded the exports for 16 years, terminating 1847, by £2,000,000 ; timber, fish, and shipbuilding the exports and business of the colony. Newtownbabby, Ireland, riot at, on the clergy seizing stock for tithes, the yeomanry fired on the people, and 35 men, women, and children were killed and wounded; the coroner's inquest could not agree on a verdict, June 18, 1831. Ney, Marshal, Duke of Elchingen, Prince of Moskwa; one of the bravest and most distinguished marshals of France, who, with so many others, joined the cause of his old master and benefactor on his return from Elba, regarding the cause of the Bourbons as lost ; the Bourbons, under the protection of their country's enemies, determined to sacrifice him, and, though most clearly included in the armistice and decree of July 24, 1815, he was hunted out, sentenced, and clandestinely shot, meeting his doom with a fortitude worthy of himself, Aug. 16, 1815. Niagara Eort, near the celebrated falls of that name, in North Ame- rica, taken by the English, Dec. 19, 1819. Nicene Creed, composed at the council of Nice, held in the time of the Emperor Constantine, 325 ; here the Arians were condemned, and 318 bishops settled to their mind the time to observe Easter, and the doctrine of the Trinity ; first appoint- to be read by Pope Marcus, 336. Nice taken by the French, 1705 Nicolaites, a sect founded by Nicholas, one of the first deacons of the church, who, taking a vow of continence, bade his wife marry whom she pleased; hence his fol- lowers maintained the doctrine of a community of wives ; the Nicolaites about the year 68 denied the divinity of Christ, Niger, Steam Expedition to, in 1841, commenced the ascent of the river, Aug. 20, in three vessels; fever appeared on board, Sept. 2 ; the expedition reached 270 miles from the sea, on Sept. 11 ; one vessel returned with the sick ; one of the others ascended the Niger to Egga, 320 miles from the sea, but the fever was so rapid that she was obliged to return ; the other vessels having returned before her, when all three dropped anchor at Fer- nando Po, Oct. 17, greatly reduced by sickness. Night Watchmen in the streets, said to have originated in Germany, when a horn was used in place of a rattle, but the latter are mentioned before 1671 ; placed at first upon steeples day and night, their busi- ness was to call the hour ; a bill passed for a nightly watch in Lon- don, 1812. Nile, Battle of the, fought Aug. 1, 1798, under Nelson in Aboukir Bay, Egypt ; source of the, said to be in the Mountains of the Moon, in 10° Lat. N. ; receives no lateral waters for 1250 miles; Bruce left England to trace the river to its source, 1768 ; reached what he deemed that object, Nov. 14, 1770 ; returned 1773 ; in 1829, the river rose 26 in place of 22 feet, and, in- undating an extraordinary tract of country, it drowned 30,000 persons. Nine of Diamonds, this card is named the curse of Scotland, because the butcher of Culloden, as he was called, or the Duke of Cumberland, wrote his sanguinary orders on the back of that card, 1745, at the battle of Culloden. Nineveh, City of, once the capital NON 459 NOR of Assyria, so called from Minis, 2009 a.c. ; Sardanapalus set fire to his palace and burned himself here, 820 a.c. ; destroyed by the Medes, 612 a.c; the ruins of, now called Mosul, recently opened by Mr. Layard, and of which some portion has been lately placed in the British Museum. Nisbet, Battle of, between the English and Scotch, in which the latter were routed, and 10,000 slain, May 7, 1402. Nitric Acid, discovered by the chemist Lully, 1287. Nitrous Acid, discovered by Scheele, 1771 ; gas by Dr. Hales ; oxide gas by Priestly, 1776. Nissa taken by the imperialists, July 28, 1737; retaken by the Turks, Nov. 13, same year. Nithesdale, Earl of, taken pri- soner at Prestonpans, Nov. 13, 1715 ; condemned to death for high trea- son, but escaped from the Tower, Feb. 25, 1715-16. Nobility in England permitted to build 1117 castles, 1150; the privilege withdrawn and 1100 razed, 1153 ; patents to nobles of an estate granted by Philip the Fair of France, 1095; Neville, Duke of Bedford, degraded from the peerage for being jDoor, temp. Edward IV., 1478; noblemen's privileges re- strained, June, 1773. Nobility of France renounced their privileges, May 23, 1789 ; live- ries and armorial bearings abolished, June 18, 1790 ; records of, destroy- ed, June 25, 1792 ; a new nobility created by the Emperor Napoleon, 1808 ; hereditary peerage abolished in France, Dec. 27, 1831. Nocton, seat of Lord Ripon, de- stroyed by fire, July 15, 1834. Nonconformists, the name given to those (2000 in number) who, after the act of uniformity passed, uprightly left the establishment rather than sign the articles as re- quired, Aug. 24, 1662. Nonjurors doubly taxed, and obliged to register their estates, May 27, 1723. Non-resistance, Doctrine of, maintained at Oxford, July 24, 1683. Noble, an old English coin, made in the reign of Edward III., and stamped with a rose, whence it was called a rose noble : value 6s. 8d., anno 1340. Nones, the 7th of March, May, July, and October, and the 5th of all the other months ; the nones are the six days following the above four months named, and of the other months, the four days next after the first. Non-residents, by a return sent to the privy council by the arch- bishops and bishops in the present century ; the numbers resident and non-resident in the enumerated sees, are shown to be as follows, between 1830 and 1840 :— Resident. Nonresid. Canterburv 202 127 York ...... 391 276 Lincoln 501 532 Norwich 462 413 Glouces. & Bris. 179 196 Hereford 156 150 Ely 246 226 Worcester 168 151 Chichester 134 113 St. David's 81 331 Llandaff 69 110 It thus appears that in the sees of the Archbishop of Canterbury and York, who have the surveillance of the bishops in the other sees, the number of non-resident incumbents falls short of the number resident by only one-fifth. Nonius, a Spanish physician and mathematician, was the inventor of the angles of 45° in every meridian ; he died 1577, aged 80. Nootka Sound, discovered by Captain Cook, 1778 ; settled by the English, 1786 ; the Spaniards, in 1789, took possession of the settle- ment ; a demand of reparation was made and arranged amicably, 1790. Norfolk Island, discovered 1747 by Cook ; made a colony of Port Jackson, by Govern or Phillips, 1788; and a severe penal colony of Port Jackson, 1805. NOR 460 NOR Norbertines, Order of, instituted by St. Norbert, 1120. Norfolk, Duke of, beheaded on Tower Hill, May 8, 1575 ; Duke of, committed to the tower, Oct. 24, 1722; archdeaconry of, erected 1124. Norham Castle, Durham, built, 1100; the feast of St. Cuthbert's translation first observed there, 1104; taken by the Scotch, 1513. Norman, John, the first Lord Mayor of London that went by water to Westminster to be sworn, 1453. Norman Language, first used in English courts of law, 1079 ; archi- tecture of, prevailed in England, from 1066 to 1189. Normans massacred at Durham, 1069. Normandy, once part of Neustria, ceded by Charles the Simple of France, to the Norsemen ; made a dukedom, 876 ; reduced by the Eng- lish, 1137 ; conquered by the Erench, 1204; purchased of the English by the Erench, 1259. Norroy, Lord, the Earl of Abing- don's son, burned bv accident at Rycaut, Oxfordshire, "Nov. 12, 1746. North, Lord, administration of, under which England lost her North American colonies , Earl Gower was Lord President, Lord Halifax privy seal, &c. ; this lord became premier, Jan. 1770, and remained such until March 30, 1782 ; he then leagued himself with the whigs, and the coalition ministry was formed, which had only a few months of existence ; Lord North died Earl of Guildford, 1792. North America, discovered by Sebastian Cabot, 1497; settlement begun in, by the English, 1610. Northampton, St. Sepulchre's church at, built by the Knights Templars; archdeaconry of, pro- vided, 1092 ; battle of, between the Duke of York and Henry VI. of England, in which the latter was made prisoner, July 19, 1460 ; ravaged by the plague, 1637 ; forti- fied by the parliament, 1642 ; walls of, demolished, 1663; town burned, Sept. 3, 1673 ; navigation opened, Aug. 7, 1761. Northallerton, Battle of, the Standard, between the English and Scotch, Aug. 22, 1137-8, in which the archbishop unfurled a conse- crated standard, and the English placed a cross on a waggon, which was carried along by the troops ; the Scotch under King David were routed with great slaughter. North Briton paper, Wilkes, No. 45, April 23, 1763 ; burned in London, by order of both houses of parliament, by the common hang- man, Dec. 3, 1763 ; it contained a satirical commentary on the king's speech ; Wilkes arrested on a gene- ral warrant, which was pronounced illegal; he reprinted the No. 45, and was then prosecuted in the ordinary manner. NoRTH-East Passage to Russia discovered, 1553. North- West Passage sought in vain, in 1744 and 1746, by Captain Phipps; afterwards died at Mul- grave, 1773. The following at- tempts have been made for this purpose, down to the last, of Sir John Eranklin, in search of whom so many vessels have sailed and returned in vain ; Sir Hugh Wil- loughby's expedition sailed from the Thames, May 20, 1553; Sir Martin Erobisher's attempt to find a north-west passage, 1576 ; Cap- tain Davis' expedition, 1585; Ba- rantz's expedition, 1594; Weymouth and Knight's, 1602; Hudson's voyages, the last undertaken, 1610; Sir Thomas Button's, 1612; Baf- fin's, 1616; Eoxe's expedition, 1631 ; Middleton's expedition, 1742; More and Smith's, 1746 ; Hearne's land expedition, 1769; Captain Phipps, afterwards lord Mulgrave's expedition, 1773; Captain Cook, in the Resolution and Discovery, 1776 ; Mackenzie'^ expedition, 1789 ; Captain Duncan's voyage, 1790 ; the Discovery, captain Van- couver, returned from a voyage of survey and discovery on the north- NOR 461 NOS west coast of America, Sept. 24 1795; Lieutenant Kotzebue's ex- pedition, Oct., 1815 ; Captain Bu- chan's and Lieutenant Franklin's expedition in the Dorothea and Trent, 1818; Captain Ross and Lieutenant Parry, 1818; Lieuten- ants Parry and Lyddon, in the Hecla and Griper, May 4, 1819; they return, Nov. 3, 1820 ; Captains Parry and Lyon, in the Fury and Hecla, May 8, 1821 ; Captain Par- ry's third expedition with the Hecla, May 8, 1824; Captains Franklin and Lyon, after having attempted a land expedition, again sail, Feb. 16, 1825 ; Captain Parry, again in the Hecla, sailed from Deptford, March 25, 1827, and returned, Oct. 6, 1827 ; Captain Ross arrived at Hull, on his return from his Arctic expedition, after an absence of four years, when all hope of his return had been nearly abandoned, Oct. 18, 1833; Captain Back and his companions arrived at Liverpool from their perilous Arctic land expedition, after having visited the Great Fish River, and examined its course to the Polar seas, Sept. 8, 1835; Captain Back sailed from Chatham in command of his Ma- jesty's ship Terror, on an exploring adventure to Wager River, June 21, 1836. Captain Back, in the month of December 1835, awarded, by the Geographical Society, the king's annual premium for his polar discoveries. Sir John Franklin and Captain Crozier, in the ships Erebus and Terror, left England, May 24, 1845. Northumberland, Kingdom of, begun 547 ; ended 828 ; it was a kingdom of the Heptarchy. Northumberland, Dudley, Earl of, became popular, 1552; made Count Palatine of Durham, 1552 ; beheaded, Aug. 22, 1553 ; Earl of, beheaded, 1592. North and Grey, Lord, appre- hended at Brussels, Oct. 4, 1715; set at liberty soon afterwards ; taken in the Isle of Wight and committed to the Tower, Sept 29, 1722. Norton Priory, Cheshire, built, 1210. Norway, part of, around Scandi- navia, fell by marriage to the king of Denmark, 1375; converted to Christianity, 1000; subdued by Canute, 1019; Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, united, 1439 ; Pome- rania and Rugen annexed to Den- mark, in 1814, in exchange for Norway, given to Sweden. Norwich burned by Sweyn, king of Denmark, 1004; cathedral be- gun, 1096, Saxon and Norman, 411 feet long, 71 broad, steeple 313 feet high ; bishopric formed, 1088 ; worsted manufactory established at, 1340 ; the plague here, 1 348 ; the chief magistrate first styled mayor, 1419; St. Andrew's hall erected, 1415; deanery, 1538; the public library instituted, 1784; riot at, June 12, 1828 ; new canal and har- bour opened, June 3, 1831. Norwood, Richard, measured a degree of the meridian between London and York, 1632. Nose Manufacture ; this art in- vented by Gasper Taliacotius, born at Bononia, 1553, professor of phy- sic and surgery; he died, 1599. His statue stands in the Anatomy Theatre there, holding a nose in his hand. He wrote Chirurgia Notes, in which he teaches the art of en- grafting noses, ears, lips, &c. He shows that Alexander Benedictus, a writer on surgery, described the operation for lost noses before him ; and the great anatomists, Vesalius and Mr. Charles Barnard (Sergeant Surgeon to Queen Anne) assert, that it has been practised with dex- terity and success, from authorities not to be contested. Dr. Fludd, a Rosecrucian philosopher and physician, informs us of a noble- man in Italy who lost part of his nose in a duel : he was ad- vised by one of his physicians to take one of his slaves, and make a wound in his arm, and to join the little remainder of his nose to the wounded arm of the slave, and con- tinue it there for some time, till the NOT 462 NUN flesh of the arm was united to his nose. The nobleman prevailed on one of his slaves to consent to the experiment, by which the double flesh was united, and a piece of flesh was cat out of the slave's arm, which was so managed by a skilful surgeon as to serve for a natural nose. The slave, being rewarded and set free, went to Naples, where he fell sick and died ; at the same instant a gangrene appeared on the nobleman's nose ; upon which that part of the nose which belonged to the dead man's arm was, by the advice of his t "physicians, cut off, and, being encouraged by the experi- ment, he was prevailed upon to have his own arm wounded in the like manner, and to apply it to the remainder of his nose, which was done, and a new nose was cut out of it, which continued with him till his death ; again practised, 1815-24. Notables of France, convened by the minister Calonne, 1788 ; they were dismissed by the king, Dec. 12, 1788 ; notables of Spain, assembled at Bayonne, May 25, 1808, conformably to a summons issued by the Emperor Napoleon to that effect. Notaries Public, originally ap- pointed by the fathers of the church to collect the acts and the remains of martyrs, in the 1st century; afterwards changed to a commer- cial office ; an act to regulate their transactions, 40 George III., 1800. Notes and Bills, first stamped, 1782 ; taxes on, advanced, 1796, 1808, 1815. Notke Dame, Church of. at Pa- ris, built, 1270 ; bell in, baptised and named after the Duke and Duchess of Angouleme, the Prince deFoixandDuchesse Damas acting as proxies, Nov. 15, 1816. Nottingham, built, 924: the castle defended by the Danes against king Alfred ; rebuilt by William I., 1068; town burned, 1140 ; archdeaconry formed, 1194 ; -riots at, Nov. 14, 1811 ; ditto, Jan. 1812; again, April 1814, being di- rected against the use of machinery in manufactures ; Watch and Ward act enforced, Dec. 2, 1816 ; the castle belonging to the Duke of Newcastle burned by a mob, Oct. 8, 1831. Nova Castella, in Calabria, Italy, and a number of villages near, de- stroyed by an earthquake, Sept. 30, 1789. Nova Scotia settled in 1622 by the Scotch, under Sir William Alex- ander, who obtained a charter, confirmed in England at the peace of Utrecht, 1713 ; it was taken by the French 1745, and 1758, but confirmed to England, 1760; di- vided into 2 provinces, 1784 ; a bishopric founded in, l787; popu- lation of, 1838,154,991; trade of, exports, 1847, £568,720 in value; imports, £1,031,835; shipping built in the province, 1836, 9280 tons ; in 1838, 182 ships, 16,966 tons ; in 1841, 167 ships, and 23,904 tonnage ; in 1841, there were 1799 vessels of all sizes belonging to the province, of which six were steam-vessels. Nova Zembla discovered by Sir Hugh Willoughby, 1553. November, the ninth of the Eo- man calendar, and thus the eleventh from the year 713, a. c. Novi, Battle of, between the French under General Joubert, and the Bussians under Suwarrow, Aug. 15, 1798, when the French were beaten, and Joubert fell ; a second battle between the French and Austrians took place at Novi, Jan. 8, 1800, when the former were de- feated. Nuncio from the Pope, one ar- rived in England in 1687, and was admitted to an audience by James II., a step that hurried on the revo- lution. Nuneaton Nunnery, Warwick- shire, built 1170. Nunnery, the first in France founded at Poictiers, by the sister of St. Martin, in 360 ; the first Eng- lish was established at Folkstonc, by King Eadbald, 630. Nuns expelled from their con- OAT 463 OBS vents by Henry VIII. in England, who- seized their property for his own use, 1545 ; many expelled from their convents in Germany, 1785, and from those of France, Jan. 1790. Nutlet Abbey, Buckingham- shire, built 1170. Nutmeg, the first planted in Ja- maicain the 18th century. Nutvs' Land, New-Holland, dis- covered by the Dutch, 1628. o Oak of Navarre, order of knight- hood, begun in Spain, 722. Oak Sawdust first discovered to be useful in tanning, as well as the bark, 1765 ; the timber best adapted for shipbuilding ; named by Dr. Halley the royal oak, from Charles II. having hid in one, 1676 ; the ilex, or evergreen oak, brought from the south of Europe to England in the 16th century; the scarlet oak, from the north in the 17th century; the chestnut-leaved oak, from North America in the 16th century ; the Turkey oak, from the south of Eu- rope, 1735. Oaken Boughs, several persons committed for carrying them, May 29, 1716; two soldiers nearly whip- ped to death in the park for. Oakham Castle, Kutlandshire, built 1162. Oakhampton, or Okehampton, Castle, Devonshire, built 1058. Oaks, Roses first grafted on, by M. Borrowsky, 1825. Oates, Titus, a chaplain of a man- of-war, who was dismissed the ser- vice for immoral conduct, and be- came a public lecturer ; in conjunc- tion with one Tongue he invented a plot, affecting to be the discovery of an intention to assassinate King Charles II., for which several per- sons of the Catholic faith were tried and executed, 1678 ; he received a pension, which was taken from him, April 21, 1681, and Aug. 30, 1681 ; £100,000 damages given against him for scandal respecting the Duke of York, June 18, 1684; convicted of perjury, and whipped from New- gate to Tyburn, and pilloried, May 8, 1685, and sentenced to imprison- ment for life ; pardoned, and pen- sioned with £300 per annum, May 31, 1689 ; died, 1705. Oaths introduced by the Saxons, 600; admitted in decisions, 824; administered to a judge, 1344 ; of supremacy first administered, 1535 ; refused by all the bishops but one, 1559; of allegiance, first, 1605, temp. James I. ; of engagement, im- posed by parliament, Feb. 1648 ; of abjuration, enjoined March 2, 1701 ; " So help me God and all the saints ! " concluded every oath until 1550 ; oath modified on repeal of the test and corporation act, 1828 ; certain oaths abolished in the cus- toms and excise departments, sub- stituting declarations, 1831 ; affir- mations in place of oaths by Sepa- ratists, 1833-1837 ; Quakers were admitted to an affirmation, 1702 ; altered and modified again, 1721. Oatmeal and Oats ; imported from Ireland, 1845, 2,353,955 qrs. ; in 1849, only 1,122,067 qrs. Obelisk erected on the spot where the Emperor Joseph II. and General Lacey ploughed an acre of land, Aug. 19, 1769. Obolus, an old Greek coin of about five farthings in value ; noted in the record of the ungrateful treatment of Belisarius by the Em- peror Justinian, who, after all his public honours and services, was forced to beg alms at the gates of Constantinople, — " Give an obolus to Belisarius," about the year 560. Observatories for astronomical purposes and the aid of nautical science ; one anciently in Egypt, on occ 464 OCC the tomb of Osymandias ; at Be- nares ; in Alexandria ; the first at Cassel, 1561; Tycho Brahe's at Uraniburg, 1676 ; at Copenhagen, 1657 ; Royal French, at Paris, 1667 ; at Greenwich, 1675, latitude, 51° 28' 39" north, longitude, 0, 0, 0; at Nuremberg, 1678; Utrecht, 1690; Berlin, 1711; Bologna, 1714; St. Petersburgh, 1725; Oxford, 1772, lat. 51, 45, 40 N, long. 0, 5, 15 W. ; Dublin, 1783, lat. 53, 23, 13, N, long. 0, 25, 22, W. ; Armagh, 1793; Cam- bridge, 1824, lat. 52, 12, 50*7 N, long. 0, 0, 23*54 E. ; besides these, there are observatories at Aberdeen, lat. 57, 8, 57-8 N, long. 0, 8, 22-78 W. ; at Abo, Dorpat, Altona, Bed- ford ; Edinburgh, lat. 55, 59, 20, long. 0, 12, 43-6, W. ; Geneva, Bre- men, Gotha ; Christiana, Buda, Cra- cow, Cadiz Real and the city ; Bu- shy Heath, Beaufoy's, lat. 51, 37, 44.3, long. 0, 1, 20-93, W. ; Gottin- gen ; Cape of Good Hope, lat. 33, 56, 3, long. 1, 13, 55, E. ; Kensing- ton, South's, lat. 51, 30, 12*7, long. 0, 0, 46, W.; Kew, 51, 28, 37 ; long. 3, 1, 3, W. ; Manheim, Naples, Ni- colaiff, Koenigsburg, Marseilles, Pa- dua, Rome, Kremsmunster, Milan, Ormskirk, lat. 53, 34, 18, N. long. 0, 11, 36, W. ; Modena, Padua, Pa- lermo, Madras, lat. 13, 4, 9'2, N, long. 5, 21, 33-77, E. ; Makerstoun, lat. 55, 34, 45, N, long. 0, 10,4, W. ; Munich, Paris, lat. 48, 50, 13, N. long. 0, 9, 21-5, E. ; Speyer, Stock- holm, Wilna, Verona, Turin, Vien- na, Prague, Slough, lat. 51, 30, 20, N., long. 0, 2, 24, W. ; Paramatta, lat. 33, 48, 49, S., long. 10, 4, 6 25, E.; South Kilworth, lat. 52, 25, 51, N., long. 0, 4, 26, W ; Santa Cruz, St. Helena, lat. 15, 55, 26, S., long. 0, 22, 50, W. ; Viviers. Occupations of the People, 1831 ; England, 2,745,336 families em- ployed in — Trade and manufactures, 1,182,912 Agriculture 761,348 All other families 801,076 Wales, 166,548 families employed in — Trade and manufactures, 44,702 Agriculture 73,195 All other families 48, 641 Scotland, 502,301 families employed in — Trade and manufactures, 207,259 Agriculture 126,591 All other families 168,451 Total families in G. Brit. 3,414,175 Employed in — Manufacts. & commerce, 1,437,873 Agriculture 961,134 All other families 1,018,168 As to 1831 and 1841, there was a decrease in those employed in agri- cultural pursuits ; thus in all Great Britain, in agriculture, in 1831, there were 31*51 per cent, employed, in 1841 only 25-93 ; in trade and manufactures, 1831, 39*65, and in 1841, 43-53; in other pursuits, 28'84 in 1831, and 30*54 in 1841. Of these there were, for all Great Britain, the following numbers engaged in — Trade, commerce, and manufactures 3,092,787 Agriculture 1,490,785 Labour not agricultural. . . 758,495 Army at home and ) 41,394 abroad ) 89,230 Navy and Merchant sea- men, marines, half-pay, watermen, &c, at home and abroad 216,351 Clerical profession 23,406 Legal do 17,340 Medical do 22,004 Other educated pursuits, 141,977 Government civil service 16,865 Municipal and Parochial Officers 25,210 Domestic servants 1,157,698 Persons of independence 504,264 Alms people, paupers, &c. 197,896 Total occupied 7,795,702 Women and children 10,922,268 Total 18,717,970 Occupations of the People of Ireland, 1841— Families, 1,472,787 ; and of these were employed in agri- culture, 974,188, or 632 in every DCC 465 OCO 1000 raised food for the population of Ireland ; in England, 251 persons raised food for the remainder of the 1000. Of tea-dealers in England and Scotland there were, in 1841, 82,063 and 13,357; of hrewers, 44,232 and 433 ; of maltsters, 9286 and 1690 ; of soapmakers, 150 and .17; of spirit-dealers, 56,012 and 15,720; tobacco-dealers, 158,344; wine-dealers, 24,170 and 2948, who all have licenses from the excise ; the male-servants in the united kingdom were 211,966 in 1831, and 529,231 in 1841, in the latter year being 40 per 1000 of the popula- tion ; the female servants in 1831, were 936,646, and in 1841, 1,162,966, being 85 in 1000 of the female po- pulation ; the persons employed in the cotton manufacture in England ; Wales, Scotland, &c, were, in 1841, 377,662 Hose 50,955 Lace.*. 35,347 Wool and Worsted 167,296 Silk 83,773 Flax and Linen 85,213 Total 800,246 In Ireland : Cotton 6415 Lace 655 Wool and Worsted, 77,726 Silk 770 Flax and Linen 138,609 Other Fabrics 441,044 Total 665,219 In mines of Coal 118,233 „ Copper 15,407 Lead 11,419 Iron 10,949 Tin 6,101 „ Manganese ... 275 „ Salt 268 ,, Other minerals 31,173 Total, Eng., Scotd., &c. ...193,825 Ireland 3096 Emploved in factories in England, 1847, 105,588; Scotland, 7931; Ireland, 1721 ; Total, 121,240. Workers of metals, 36,222 in Eng- land, Wales, and Scotland. Occupations of the People in France, 1835 : Town population 7,000,000 Landed proprietors, fa- milies, &c 20,000,000 Agricultural labourers and families 3,000,000 Artisans in rural districts 2,000,000 Total 32,000,000 Ocean Monarch, American emi- grant sbip from Liverpool to Bos- ton, with 396 passengers on board, took fire near Great Orme's Head, North Wales, and of those on board 178 perished in the flames or in the sea, Aug. 24, 1848. Ochotsk, in Siberia, a dreadful gale of wind at, from the south-east, came on towards the end of Jan. 1810, which lasted two days : the wa- ters of the Ochotsk rose 12 feet, flowed over the tops of the houses, and a transport was driven into the middle of the town. Octarchy, the most powerful of the sovereignties in the time of the heptarchy over the rest ; Hengist the first octarch, 455. October, the eighth Eoman month under Romulus, and tenth afterwards both among Roman and Christian nations in general. Octogenarians, of 100,000 born in England in 1841, 50,301 will reach 45 years of age ; but of this last number 9398 will reach 80, and be alive in 1921, a term of life in proportion to numbers elsewhere unparalleled. Oczokow, Town of, taken by the Russians, July 13, 1737 ; demolished and abandoned by them, Oct. 9, 1738. O'Connell, Daniel, a Roman Catholic, first returned to parlia- ment for the county Clare, Irelan i, July 5, 1828. 2h OFF 466 OLE O'Connor, Roderick, last Irish' monarch, died 1198, very old. Odometer, a degree of the meri- dian, measured with an instrument ; one by Fernel, 1550 ; one described by Hulsius of Frankfort, 1604 ; the most perfect made by one Hoklfield in Saxony, 1765 ; the most complete now used, having an index and dial- plate, invented by Mr. Payne of Bond Street, the watchmaker. Offa, King of the Mercians, 757 ; made England tributary to E-ome, 790. Offa's Dyke, an intrenchment from the Wye to the Dee river, made by Offa the Saxon, to secure the country from Welsh incursions, 774. Offan, near Stratford-on-Avon, damaged greatly by fire, May 14, 1754. Offerings first instituted by Pope Pelagius II., 558. Officers' Widows, corporation founded for their relief, Oct. 23, 1732. Officers of the board of works, great wardrobe, treasurer of the chamber and jewel office, and cof- ferer of the household, abolished by parliament, July, 1781. Offices, Public, in London, of which there are many ; a few of the earlier of which are as follows : — Mint office, Tower hill, 1066 ; Lan- caster duchy court, 1376; exche- quer office, Westminster, 1399 ; commissioners of sewers, 1425 ; heralds' office, 1483 ; wardrobe great, office, 1485 ; first fruits, 1543; secretary of state's, 1530 ; navy office, 1644; general post office, 1660 ; trade and plantation office, 1660; wine licence, 1661; victual- ling: office, 1663 ; doctors' commons, 1670 ; penny post office, 1683 ; York buildings water works, 1691 ; stamp office, 1694; hackney coach office, 1694 ; bank of England, 1694, and offices built 1732, enlarged and em- bellished 1770 and 1787, and sub- sequently to its completion under Soane in the present century; hand- in-hand office 1696 ; the hawkers' and pedlars' licence office, 1697; salt office, 1702, tax since repealed; augmentation office, 1704 ; sun fire office, 1706 ; union office, 1714 ; London assurance, 1716; West- minster do., 1717 ; custom house, 1666, 1718, 1817; excise office, 1641, 1772 ; phoenix insurance, 1781 ; south sea house, 1710; Somerset house offices, 1775 to 1796, includ- ing naval pay office, audit, stamp, inland revenue, and legacy duty offices ; colonial office, Downing street ; admiralty offices, 1726 ; horse guards' offices, 1753; board of control, Cannon street, 1784 ; post office, 1829. Oil of the Dahlia, discovered by Mr. Payen, 1824, soluble in alcohol, but with difficulty in water. Oil consumed in London in 1795, cost £300,000. Old Bailey Sessions-house built 1773 ; enlarged, 1808 ; sessions held at, eight times in the year for the county of Middlesex and oity of London ; Old Bailey sessions proved fatal to the lord mayor, one alder- man, two judges, the greatest part of the jury, and numbers of specta- tors, who caught the jail distemper and died, May, 1750 ; again fatal to several, 1772; Old Bailey, 28 per- sons killed in, during the execution of Mr. Steel's murderers, Feb. 23, 1807. Oldcastle, Sir John, burned un- der pretence of heresy, 1418. Oldenburg, Duchess of, visited England, March 31, 1814; left with the emperor of Russia and king of Prussia, June 27, 1814 ; married the Duke of Wurtemberg, Jan. 23, 1816. Old Man of the Mountains, king of the assassins, or assassiniaus, in the vicinity of Tyre, in Syria ; his people were Mahometans, and trained up their children to kill such as their chief devoted to die; he gave the French king, Louis IX., notice that he spared him on ac^ count of his virtues, 1235. Oleron, Laws of, regarding mari- time affairs, framed by Richard I., OPE 467 OPI King of England, when- at the Isle of Oleron, in France, 1194. Olives first planted in Italy, b.c. 562. Olveston Priory, Lincolnshire, built 1058. Olympiads, the old Greek mea- sure of time, the first in 776 ; 2nd in 772 ; 3rd in 768 ; 4th in 764 ; 5th in 760 ; 7th in 752 ; 10th in 740 ; 13th in 728 ; 15th in 720 ; 16th in 716 ; 17th in 712 ; 21st in 696 ; 23rd in 688 ; 24th in 684 ; 25th in 680 ; 27th in 672 ; 28th in 668 ; 29th in 664 ; 39th in 624 ; 43rd in 608 ; 46th in 596 ; 55th in 560 ; 56th in 556 ; 60th in 540 ; 61st in 536 b.c. Omaai, a native of the Friendly Islands, brought to England by Captain Furneaux, 1775, and after- wards sent back with presents. Omers, St., taken by the French, 1677. Omnibus Coaches first introduced from Paris, into London, 1829 ; the first started from Paddington to the bank, July 4 ; introduced by Shilli- ber, a coach proprietor. O. P. Riots at Covent-garden theatre, O. P. meaning old prices, Sept. 18, 1809, on opening the new theatre ; the performances for many weeks could not be heard ; at last the manager, who had raised the prices too exorbitantly, gave way, and peace was restored, Dec. 10, 1809. Opera House, or Queen's Theatre, built about 1704 by Wren or Van- burgh, Haymarket ; burnt, 1789, and the foundation of a new one laid, April 3, 1790 ; used as a play- house, Sept. 22, 1791. Opera House, New English, built on the site of the Lyceum in the Strand, 1816; burned down, Feb. 16, 1830; new house opened, July 14, 1834. Opera House at Rome, roof fell in, Jan. 18, 1762. Operas invented by one Rinuc- cini of Florence, 1590 ; they were performed in 1600 in Italy ; and one in 1607, called l'Orfeo, by Mon- teverde, was the first ever published ; operas were introduced into Paris, 1669; in 1672 "Pomona" was got up there ; Sir William D'Avenant introduced them into England, 1684; performed in York building, 1692 ; the first at Drury-lane was in 1705 ; Handel's operas were performed 1735. Ophites, a religious sect which believed that the serpent which tempted Eve was a god, 187. Opium, duty on, in England 1832, produced £'6,081 ; trade of, between India and China, small, before 1767; in that year reached 1,000 chests, and so continued several years, the traffic being wholly in the hands of the Portuguese. It was in 1773 that the East India Company first made a small adventure in opium to China, and in 1780 a depot of the article was established in Lark's Bay, south of Macao. The follow- ing is a portion of the return of the produce of Bengal, so far as verified by the sales of the India Company at Calcutta, commencing with 1798- 99 to 1836-7:— Value in Sicca Rupees. 1798-9 1,172 1,731,161 1807-8 4,538 6,854,157 1817-18 3,692 8,043,197 1827-2S 6,650 11,228,416 The return is from the Chinese Re- pository. In a circular of the Bom- bay Chamber of Commerce, and a petition of the Calcutta merchants, the statement is given for — Chests. Value in Rupees. 1837-38 19,600 ...21,292,386 The exports from Bombay and Da- rn oun to China, from 1821 to 1838, are thus stated : — . ThPS+q YalUe P CT CheSt ln Cftests. Rupees. 1821 2,278 2,024 1831 9,333 1,450 1836 11,724 958 The Bombay Chamber of Commerce return the total value of the export from thence, for — 1836-7 at 24,249,821 rupees, 1837-8 at 11,242,325 do. OPT ORA A proportion of the opium thus ex- ported from India, was directed to other parts besides China ; and of the whole quantity produced in Ben- gal in 1830, about one-third was shipped to ports in the Eastern Archipelago. In the opium dis- tricts of Bengal, the plant is culti- vated by the ryots on account of the India government, and paid at a certain rate of remuneration. At Bombay it is taxed in a duty of 125 rupees per chest. The total reve- nue derived from it, which, in 1832, was equal to .£1,000,000, exceeded £2,000,000 in 1837, and in the year following may be taken to have reached to nearly £3,000,000. Oporto, a town of Portugal noted for a species of wine strengthened with brandy, drank out of the coun- try almost exclusively by the Eng- lish, a duty being paid of a third less upon it than on other wines by a treaty called the Methuen treaty, 1703 ; a company monopolizing the trade was formed here 1753, which regulated the exports, so as to keep up prices ; dissolved in 1834 by Don Pedro, but re-established 1841 ; Soult was surprised here by Wel- lington, and defeated, May 11, 1809; the town, naturally very strong, was besieged by the partisans of Don Miguel, but they were obliged to retire, Sept. 19, 1832 ; an insurrec- tion, in which the insurgents entered Oporto, 1847 ; a Spanish force en- tered Oporto on behalf of the Queen, and the insurgents capitulated, June, 1847. Optic Nerve, the discovery of, by a surgeon of Bologna in the 16th century. Optics, the science of, supposed to have originated in the twelfth century ; Halley and Newton made great advances in its progress, which depends upon the particles of light, which are so small that it has been computed there are six million mil- lion times the number given off by a candle in a second of time as there are grains of sand on the whole earth; burning lenses known at Athens, b.c. 424 ; first treatise on, by Euclid, about 280 ; the magni- fying power of convex glasses and concave mirrors, and the prismatic colours produced by angular glass, mentioned by Seneca, a.d. 50; trea- tise on optics, by Ptolemy, 120 ; greatly improved by Alhazen, 1108 ; hints for spectacles and telescopes given by Roger Bacon, 1280 ; spec- tacles invented by Salvinus Arma- tus, of Pisa, before 1300; camera obscura said to have been invented by Bap tista Porta, 1560; telescopes invented by Leonard Digges, about 1571 ; telescope made by Jansen about 1609; the same instrument constructed by Galileo, without knowing the invention of Jansen ; astronomical telescope suggested by Kepler, 1611 ; microscope, accord- ing to Huygens, invented by Dreb- bel, about 1621 ; Cassegrainian re- flector, A.d. 1621 ; law of refrac- tion discovered by Snellius, about 1624; reflecting telescope, James Gregory, 1663; do., Newton, 1666; motion and velocity of light dis- covered by Boemer and Cassini, 1667 ; double refraction explained by Bartholinus, 1669 ; Newton's dis- coveries, 1674 ; telescopes with a single lens, by Tschirnhausen, about 1690 ; polarization of light, Huy- gens, about 1692 ; structure of the eye explained by Petit, about 1700 ; achromatic telescope constructed by Mr. Hall, in 1733 ; constructed by Dollond, 1757; Herschel's great re- flecting telescope, erected at Slough, 1789; camera lucida, Dr. Wollaston, 1807; Ramage's reflecting telescope erected at Greenwich, 1820. Oran, in Africa, with the greatest part of its inhabitants, destroyed by an earthquake, Oct. 8, 1790. Orange Trees brought first to England, 1595. Orange, House of, the title came with the Nassau family by the marriage of Claude de Chalons with the Count of Nassau in 1530 ; Wil- liam, prince of this house, subse- quently William III., landed in Torbay with an army, Nov. 5, 1688, ORB ORD and was crowned with Mary, daugh- ter of James II., April 11, 1689. Orangemen, a party in Ireland affecting great attachment to the high church, and continually con- cocting broils with their Catholic fellow countrymen, dressing up the statue of king William in Dublin, and promoting party feuds ; for that purpose they formed a lodge in Ar- magh, Sept. 21, 1795, and others in Dublin, in 1798. Orange, Prince of, excluded from his right in Zealand, 1732; made knight of the garter, 1733 ; arrived in England, 1733 ; married the prin- cess Mary, March 14, 1733-4, with £80,00Q; attended the House of Commons and was naturalized, March 21, 1733-4; returned to Hol- land, April 22, 1734 ; his princess visited England, July 2, 1734 ; re- turned, Nov. 9, 1734 ; had a prin- cess, Dec. 10, 1739 ; the prince got possession of the principality of Nassau-Dittingbourg, Aug. 16, 1739 ; was elected the S fcadtholder, July 14, 1746. Orange, Prince of, embarked at Deal for Holland, Nov. 25, 1813; made his solemn entry into Amster- dam, as sovereign prince of the united Netherlands, Dec. 2, 1813 ; his sovereignty confirmed by the allied princes, Eeb. 1815 ; inaugu- rated at Brussels, Sept. 21, 1815 ; hereditary prince of, married to the grand duchess Anna Paulowna, sis- ter of the emperor of Russia, June, 1816. Orange, William, first Prince of, assassinated, June 30, 1584.' Oransey Abbey, Scotland, built, 567. Orator Henley, a theological demagogue, who gave lectures in Clare Market, in 1726; he sank into merited obscurity, and died 1756. Oratorians, priests so called at Rome, from the place where they officiated, 1564 ; they also appeared in Prance, 1612. Orbits Parabolic, of comets, ex- plained, 1680. Oratorios, the first in London, performed in 1732 in the theatre in Portugal street, Lincoln's-Inn. Orbits of the planets first deter- mined by a Saxon clergyman, 1681. Ordeal bv fire and water abo- lished, 1261/femp. Henry III. Orders, Roman Catholic, that of Anchorets began 1255 ; Augus- tines, 389 ; Barnabites in Prance, 1533 ; of St. Basil, 354 ; of French Begging friars, 1587 ; of Beguines, or nuns who might marry, 1208 ; Bethlamites, 1250 ; Benedictines, 548 ; Brigetine nuns, 1370 ; Canons regular, 400 ; Capuchins, 1515 ; of Carmelites, 1171 ; St. Catherine nuns, 1273 ; of Carthusians, 1086 ; Celestine nuns, 1274 ; Chaplins, 1284; Cistertians, 1091 ; of Clare's- nuns, 1212 ; of Clareval, 1114; Cor- deliers, 1200 ; Conceptionist nuns, 1488; Crossed friars, 1170; Domi- nicans, 1215 ; of Pranciscans, 1209 ; Grey friars, 1222 ; of Hermits, 1157; Holy Trinity, 1211 ; Humbled, 1164; Jacobites, 1198 ; Jesuans, 1367 ; Jesuits, Society of, 1536; expelled England, 1604 ; Venice, 1606 ; Por- tugal, 1759 ; Prance, 1762 ; Spain, 1767; Naples, 1768; Rome, 1773; order abolished, Aug. 17, 1773 ; ex- pelled Prussia, and other states, 1776 ; St. John of Jerusalem, 1113 ; these last banished from England, 1540 ; Sisters of the Society of Jesus in France, nurses of the sick, 1626 ; ofMinories, 1435; of Minors, 1009; Monks first associated, 328 ; of Pe- nitent Women orMagdalens, 1494; of Recollets, 1503 ; French Thea- tines, 1580 ; White Monks, 1055 ; Ursuline nuns, 1055 ; of the Holy Trinity for redeeming slaves, called Mathurins, in France, 1198; White coats, 1396. Ordericus Vitalis, a remarkable Englishman, born at Attingham, a village on the river Severn, four miles from Shrewsbury, in the year 1075, on February the 16th ; the son of Odelerius Constantius, a native of Orleans, counsellor to Roger Earl of Shrewsbury ; when five years old, he was entrusted by his father to OEI 470 OEL the tuition of Seward, a priest ; at the age of eleven, he was sent off to Normandy, to Mainerius, abhot of the monastery of Eu, and by him enrolled among the monks, in the year 1091 ; he was ordained sub- deacon by Gislebert, bishop of Lisieux, on March the 15th ; then after two years, deacon, by Serlon, bishop of Saes ; in the year 1108, priest, by William, archbishop of Rouen ; he nourished in the year 1140, and spent his life in the monastery of Eu, where he wrote 13 books of ecclesiastical history. Ordnance, cost of, from 1801 to 1814, £58,148,904 in 14 years ; in 35 years, from 1815 to 1844, £61,241,088. Total, £119,439,992 in 49 years ; in 1812 and 1813, the cost was £5,241,000 each year; in 1834, £1,068,223; in 1840, £1,631,640 ;andin 1848, £3,076,124, being above what it was in the year of war 1803. Ordo Disciplinarian, an order of knighthood in Bohemia, begun by the German Emperor Sigismund, in the year 1412. Organs. The first mention of a musical instrument of this descrip- tion which we find, at least in our northern histories, is in the annals of 757, when Constantine Cu- pronymus, Emperor of the East, sent to Pepin, king of France, among other rich presents, a musi- cal machine, which the French writers describe to have been com- posed of pipes, and large tubes of tin, and to have imitated sometimes the roaring of thunder, and some- times the warbling of a flute ; first applied to religious worship by Pope Vitalianus, 658 ; that at Haer- lem, the largest in Europe, having 60 stops, and 8000 pipes ; one at Seville with 100 stops, and 5300 pipes ; that at York Minster, the largest in England, and that in the Music Hall, Birmingham, the next; the best in London is that in the Temple church, though not the largest. Oriano, at Naples, nearly all de- stroyed by an earthquake, Nov. 20, 1782. Oriel College, Oxford, founded bv Adam de Brome, temp. Edward III. 1337. Oriental Garden formed at Brighton, 1826. Oriental MSS. discovered, of the greatest importance, by M. Berg zren, and sent to St. Petersburgh 1829; among others was the secret law of the Druses. Origenists, a sect that grounded its opinions upon the works of Origen, maintaining that Christ was the son of God only by adoption and grace ; that souls were created before bodies; that the sun and planets had souls ; that the damned and fallen angels shall ultimately be saved; this sect existed in the 4th, 5th, and 6th centuries; con- demned by popes and councils, and forbidden to read the works of their founder. Orion steam vessel, from Liver- pool to Glasgow, struck on a rock north of Portpatrick, close to the land, and more than 50 of the pas- sengers were drowned, in fine wea- ther and a calm sea, June 18, 1850 ; the two principal officers were tried, and condemned to severe punish- ment, the mate to 18 months' im- prisonment, and the captain to seven years' transportation. Orkney and Shetland Islands, 57 in number, of which 29 are in- habited. Of the Shetland Islands, above 100 in number, only 32 are inhabited. Sold by Denmark to Scotland, 839 ; regranted, for a sum of money to James III., 1468 ; once were called Orcades ; bishopric of, founded by St. Servanus, but it terminated with the abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, 1689. The parliamentary constituency in 1845, was 546 ; the county town is Kirk- wall, the only royal burgh in the shire, situated in Pomona, one of the Orkneys; population, 3046. Orleans, siege of, May, 1428; again, 1563, when the Duke of Guise was killed ; the first siege was ORT 471 OST under the command of le Grand Talbot, as the French call him, or John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, which siege was raised by the heroism of Joan of Arc, April 29, 1429. Orleans, royal house of, called to the French throne in 1830, in the person of Louis Philippe, son of the Duke of Orleans, beheaded during the French revolution, and well known as Egalite ; King Louis Philippe reigned 18 years, when monarchy was once more abolished, and the king and royal family obliged to leave France, Feb. 24, 1848; they came to England, and Louis Philippe died at Claremont, Aug. 24, 1850. Orleans, Duke of, assassinated at Paris, Nov. 24, 1407, by order of the Duke of Burgundy. Orleans, Duke of, regent of France, died, 1752. Ormond, Duke of, displaced and affronted, Sept. 19, 1714; impeach- ed, June 21, 1715; returned to France, Aug. 1715 ; concerted mea- sures against England, Dec. 29, 1718 ; ten thousand pounds offered bv the Irish to secure him, Jan. 19, 1718-9 ; £5000 offered by the Eng- lish for the same object, March 15, 1718-9; died in France, and brought over to be buried at Westminster, 1746. Orrery, said to be invented by Lord Orrery, after several machines approaching to it in character were upon record, as a planetary clock by Finee, 1553 ; the planetarium of deEheita, 1650; modern mechanism has greatly increased tbe utility of this instrument ; doubt exists as to the real inventor. Orrery, Lord, committed to the Tower for high treason, Sept. 28, 1722 ; died Aug. 28, 1731. Orseille, discovery of the colour- ing principle of, by a French che- mist, 1829. Orthes, Battle of, between Wel- lington and Soult, Feb. 27, 1814, when the latter was defeated with considerable loss. Osborne and his Wife murdered at Tring,in Hertfordshire, from being suspected of witchcraft, April 22, 1751 ; in the same county, Jane Wenham, in 1712, was committed by Sir Henry Chauncey, a Solomon justice, for witchcraft, and afterwards tried and condemned. Osnaburgh, Bishopric of, found- ed by Charlemagne, 780; the brother of George I., who held it, made Duke of York, June 29, 1716 ; this bishop received the order of the garter, July 3, 1716, died Aug. 3, 1728 ; the last bishop, the Duke of York, commander-in-chief of the English army, who died, 1827; the Duke only retained the title after the secularizations of these German abuses in 1802. Ossory, Bishopric of, translated to Agadoe, in Upper Ossory, in 1052; united to the bishopric of Ferns Loighlin, in 1822, in pursu- ance of the provisions of the church temporalities act of 1833. Ostend, in Flanders, endured a siege of three years, and the gar- rison and inhabitants, reduced by famine, surrendered on capitulation to the Spaniards in 1604 ; attempted to be taken by the French, on the death of Charles II. of Spain, but the scheme miscarried, with great loss to them, owing to the minister having been deceived by his agents, 1658 ; taken by the allies after the battle of Ramillies, 1706 ; India company chartered, 1722 ; sup- pressed by the treaty at Vienna; 1731 ; taken by the French, 1745, but restored, 1748 ; garrisoned by the French for Maria Theresa, 1756 ; made a free port, June 15, 1784; surrendered to the French in 1792; taken by the English in 1793; and in 1794, with all the Netherlands, surrendered to the French ; restored 1814. Ostrogoths, their kingdom began in Italy, 476 ; ended, 554. Ostrolenka, Battle of, between the Poles and Russians, exceedingly sanguinary, May 26, 1831 ; the Poles remained masters of the OUR 472 OXF field of battle, though the Russians claimed the victory. Oswega Fort, on Lake Ontario, North America, built 1727 ; rebuilt, 1759. Oswald, king of Northumbria, 633 ; Osway, 643. Osyth's, St., Priory, Essex, built 1120. Otaheite, island of,more correctly Tahiti, discovered by captain Wal- lis, 1767 ; visited by Cook, to observe the transit of Venus, 1768, and twice subsequently; in 1799, the king, Pomarre, ceded the dis- trict of Matavia to English mission- aries ; queen Pomarre placed herself under the protection of England, 1843 ; then under that of the French king, Nov., 1843; Mr. Pritchard, English consul, seized at, March 5, 1844. Otterburn, Battle of, between the English, under Percy of Nor- thumberland and his two sons, and the Scotch, under Sir William Douglas, who was slain by Henry Percy; but the two Percies were made prisoners, and the Scotch obtained the victory. Ottery, St. Mary, Devon, priory of, built, 1060. Ottoman Empire founded, on the downfall of the Greek empire at Constantinople, by Othman I., 1278; Mahomet II., took the city itself, 1453, and made it the capital of his empire. Oudenarde, Battle of, between the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene and the French, July 11, 1708, when the latter were defeated with great loss, and the French commenced a negotiation for peace, which was broken off. Oulart, Battle of, Ireland, be- tween the rebels and the king's forces, in which the North Cork militia were nearly all cut to pieces, May 27, 1798. Ourique, Battle of, between Al- fonso of Portugal, and a vast army of Moors, fought on the plains of Ourique, July 25, 1139; destroying the Moorish dominion in Portugal. Ouse Bridge, York, rebuilt, 1566. Overbury, Sir Thomas, poisoned in the Tower, Sept. 15, 1613. Overland Route to India; for which England is much indebted to the perseverance of Lieut. Wag- horn of the navy, whose first attempt to reach England in 31 days, was crowned with success. He left Bom- bay, Oct. 1, 1845, and arrived in London, Oct. 31, with the Bombay mail of Oct. 1 ; he proposed, in two years, to bring the mail to London in 21 days, when death put an end to his labours, Jan. 8, 1850. Owen Glendower, born 1348, died, 1415 — the celebrated Welsh chieftain. Owyhee, Island of, discovered by Captain Cook, 1778 ; that brave officer killed here, in consequence of a dispute with the natives, Feb. 14, 1779. Oxford, City of: Henry III., upon compulsion, summoned a parlia- ment here, 1258; the statutes of Oxford settle the popular represen- tation in the 42d Henry III. — that twelve representatives should be chosen for the people by the sixth statute, three parliaments to be held annually ; town restored by Alfred the Great, 886; destroyed by the Danes, 1003 ; laid under an inter- dict by the Pope's legate, 1238 ; bishopric of, founded, 1541 ; dread- ful sickness at the assizes there, when 300 persons, the sheriff, and others, died of the jail distemper, caught from the prisoners, who were infected from the filthiness and crowded state of the prison, 20th Elizabeth, 1577; diocese of the bishopric taken out of Lincoln by Henry VIIL, and endowed with the lands of certain monasteries at Abingdon and Osney ; and the same monarch assigned the church of the abbey at Osney for the cathedral church of the see, but afterwards removed the seat of the bishopric to Oxford, the present cathedral being that of St. Frideswide, which as- sumed the title of Christ Church ; Elizabeth denuded the see of many OXF 47S OXF of the endowments profusely heap- ed upon it by Henry, her father; visited by commissioners, and abuses in reformed, 1560; a parliament held at in 1625, in consequence of the plague raging in London ; again from the same cause, 1665, when the courts of law also were removed there ; a parliament summoned there by Charles I., 1643-4; a great fire at, Oct. 6, 1644 ; refused to submit to the visitation by the authority of Parliament, 1648 ; theatre at, built, July 9, 1669 ; a great fire at, again, April 25, 1671 ; visited by the court, and the king summoned the parlia- ment to meet there, when the mem- bers came armed with a considerable retinue, March, 1681 ; visited by William ILL, Nov. 10, 1695; by queen Anne and the prince George, Aug. 26, 1702; a riot at, on the birthday of the Prince of Wales, Oct. 22, 1716; a regiment of dra- goons quartered in the city, under General Pepper, to overawe the university, which was deemed Jaco- bitish, Oct. 7, 1715. Oxford University, first public lecture in Arabic, 1636 ; rejected the king's order for electing a Ca- tholic master of Magdalen College, April 11, 1687 ; rejected the king's order again, Aug., the same year ; James II. visited the university on Sept. 4, 1687, and Nov. 16, same year; and while his visiters ex- pelled several of the fellows, he filled their places with Catholics ; the fellows restored and their rights confirmed, Oct. 12, 1688; Modern History Professor established at, 1724 ; Queen Caroline gave £1000 to repair Queen's College, 1733; library built, 1745 ; hospital begun, 1772 ; observatory built, 1772 ; one wing of Queen's College bumed, Dec. 19, 1778; visited by George III., Oct. 12, 1785 ; by the Empe- ror of Russia, King of Prussia, and George III., 1814. Colleges and Halls of the University ; All Souls' College, founded by Henry Chi- chely, archbishop of Canterbury, 1437 ; Baliol, John Baliol, knt., and Deborah his wife, father to Baliol, king of the Scots, 1263 ; Brazenose, William Smith, bishop of Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton, 1509 ; Christ Church, Cardinal Wolsey, 1525 ; Corpus Christi, Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester, 1516; Exe- ter, Walter Stapleton, bishon of Exeter, 1314; Hertford College, 1312 ; Jesus College, Dr. Hugh Price, 1571 ; Lincoln College, Richard Fleming, 1427; finished by Rotheram, bishop of Lincoln, 1479 ; Magdalen, William of W ayn- fleet, bishop of Winchester, 1458; Merton College, Walter de Merton, bishop of Rochester, 1264; New College, William of Wykeham, bi- shop of Winchester — first called St. Mary of Winchester, 1375 ; Oriel College, King Edward II., Adam de Brome, archdeacon of Stowe, 1337; Pembroke, Thomas Teesdale, and R. Whitwick, 1620 ; Queen's College, Robert de Eglesfield, con- fessor to queen Philippa, consort of Edward III., 1340; St. John's, Sir Thomas White, 1557 ; Trinity, Sir Thomas Pope, 1554; University, said to have been founded by king- Alfred, 872 ; re-founded by William, archdeacon of Durham, about 1232 ; Wadham, Nicholas Wadham, and Dorothy, his wife, 1612 ; Worcester, Sir Thomas Coke of Bentley, in Worcestershire — originally called Gloucester College, 1714; St. Al- ban's, 1547; St. Edmund's, 1269; St. Marv's, 1616 ; St. Mary Mag- dalen, 1602 ; New Inn Hall, 1392. Oxford Castle, built, 1074. Oxford, Earl of, his administra- tion ; Harley, Earl of Oxford, first lord of the Treasury; Sir Simon Harcourt, lord keeper; lordBoling- broke and lord Dartmouth, secre- taries of state; the Hon. t Robert Benson, the chancellor of the ex- chequer, &c, June 1, 1711. Oxford, Edward, his attack on Queen Victoria, by discharging two pistols, June 10, 1840 ; he was found insane, and sent to Bethle- hem hospital, July 10, the same year. PAC 474 PAC Oxford Street Bazaar burned down, May 27, 1829. Oxford, County or Shire of, council held at Burford, by the kings Etheldred and Burthwald, 682; Ethelbalcl, king of Murcia, defeated by Cuthred, king of Wes- sex, at Battle Edge, 752; a wit- tenagemot held at Woodstock, 866 ; one at Shifford, by Alfred the Great, 885; Thorne plundered by the Danes, 1010 ; Edmund Iron- side murdered at Oxford, Nov. 30, 1016 ; great council at Oxford, held by King Canute, confirming the edicts of King Edgar ; Harold Hare- foot crowned at Oxford, 1036 ; Wil- liam I. stormed the city, ] 069 ; Par- liament held by King Stephen at Oxford, when dane gelt was abo- lished, 1136 ; the empress Maude besieged in Oxford castle by Stephen, for three months, when the ground being covered, with snow, and the water frozen, she made her way out with three knights, all dressed in white, and escaped on foot to Abingdon, 1142 ; a par- liament at Wallingford ; a parlia- ment held at Woodstock, 1163-4, when Malcolm, King of Scotland, and Bees, Prince of Wales, did ho- mage to Henry II. ; parliaments held at Oxford, 1177, 1185, 1203, 1207 ; a female of the city being killed by a student, the town's peo- ple seized and hung three students, 1209 ; at Woodstock, a tournament held by Edward III., 1355 ; battle of Radford Bridge, 1387 ; the York- ists defeated by Sir John Conyers at Danesmoor, and 6500 slain ; at Chalgrave field, John Hampden first opposed openly the tyranny of Charles I. ; Oliver Cromwell routed four regiments of the royal horse at Islip Bridge, April 24, 1645, and took Bletchington House, the same day ; Woodstock manor- house surrendered to the parlia- ment, April 26, 1646. Oxygen Gas discovered by Priestley, Aug. 17, 1774, the prin- ciple of atmospheric air. Oxford, Cathedral of, built 1004 and 1119, Saxom architecture, 154 feet4ong, 54 feet wide, 144 feet high. Oxford Castle, Suffolk, erected 1066. Oysters, an immense bed of, dis- covered off Brio-hton, 1824. Padlocks, invented at Nurem- berg by M. Becker, 1540. Padua, built a.c. 1269; walled round by the Venetians, who united it to their dominion, 1406 ; it was admirably fortified by the Vene- tians ; the bastion of Cornaro, con- structed in 1534 by San Micheli, much boasted of; the first bishop said to have been the disciple of St. Peter ; Marcils, bishop, 1123 ; noted for its brilliant fete of St Anthony, on the 13th June. Pacification, Edicts of, in France, the name given to royal concessions from time to time in favour of Pro- testantism, to appease public dis- turbances on account of religion ; edict published by Charles IX., permitting the free exercise of the reformed religion near all the cities and towns in the realm, Jan. 1562 ; edict, the reformed religion permit- ted in the houses of lords justicia- ries, and certain other persons, March, 1563 ; these edicts revoked, and all Protestant ministers ordered to depart the kingdom in 15 days, 1568; edict, allowing lords and others to have service in their houses, and granting public service in certain towns, 1570 ; authorized the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572 ; edict of pacification published PAG 475 PAI by Henry III., April, 1576; this edict was revoked, Dec., 1576 ; and was renewed for six years, Oct., 1577 ; edict of Henry IV., renewing that of Oct. 1577, 1591 ; edict of Nantes by Henry IV., extending the toleration allowed to Protest- ants, April, 1598; this last edict confirmed by Louis XIII., 1610; again by Louis XIV., 1652 ; revo- cation of the edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., Oct., 1685. Paganism overthrown under the Roman empire, in the reign of Theodosius the Younger, 388 and 395 ; the emperor Constantine had previously ordered the Pa- gan temples in his empire to be destroyed. Page, Baron, charged with cor- ruption, 1722. Pageants and Pageantry, Lon- don, some of the earliest as follows, with the authorities :• — Henry III., (Matthew Paris) 1236 Edward I., (Matthew Westmin- ster) 1274 Queen Margaret, (Stow) . . 1300 Edward II., (Holinshed) . .1307-8 Richard II., (Walsingham) . 1377 Do. (Kimpton, Fabian) . . 1392 Duke of Lancaster, (Tyrrel) . 1399 Henry IV., (Froissart) . . 1399 Henry V., (Thos. ofElinhan) 1413 (Holinshed) . . 1415 ( and Queen Catherine, " I (Walsingham).' 1421 Henry VI 1422-32 Queen Margaret, (Fabian) . 1445 Edward IV., (Sprotti Chron.) 1451 Queen Elizabeth Grey . . . 1465 Richard III 1483 Henry VIL, (Fabian) . . 1485-87 Queen Elizabeth of York, (Ives) 1487 Katherine of Spain .... 1501 Henry VIII. and Queen Catherine, (Hall) 1509 Queen Ann Boleyn, (Hall) . 1533 Edward VI., (Leland) . . . 1546-7 Queen Mary, (Holinshed). . 1553 King Philip, (Fox and Holin- shed) 1554 Queen Elizabeth . . . .1558-9 James 1 1603-7 Charles I., (Whitelocke) . . 1633 Do (1641-2 Do (1641-2 The Parliament 1641-2 Charles II., 1660, 1661-2, 1671-2-3, 1674-5, 1676-7, 1681 James II 1687 William and Mary , . . 1689-92 William III 1697 Queen Anne 1702 George 1 1714 George II 1727 George III 1761 Painting, the Art of, first attri- buted to the Egyptians, in relation to the exploits of Osymandias, then pictured b.c. 2200 ; introduced into Rome from Etruria, by Quintus Fabius; the best pictures came to Rome from Greece ; no painters of note appeared for a long time after the emperor Augustus ; paint- ing in oil said to have been invented by John Van Eyck, in Flanders, about 1414 ; one of the earliest pic- tures was an Ecce Homo, 1455 ; painting introduced into Venice, by Venetiano, 1450; into Italy by Antoneilo, 1476; Ucello, said to have been the first who studied per- spective ; the first mention of the art in England was about the year 1520. Painting, British Institution for Exhibition of, formed June 4, 1805. Painters in Water Colours, Society of, London, founded 1804. Painters, Society of British, in Suffolk- street, formed 1824 ; New Society of, in Water Colours, 1825. Painting, English Royal Aca- demy of, established, 1768; Na- tional Gallery of Paintings, March, 1824. Painters, the most celebrated artists of Italy, France, Flanders, and Holland, have long had their positions in art assigned to them by De Piles, in the following table, as to their various merits ; the dates of their birth and decease are added. PAI 476 PAI Com- Co- Ex- School. Name, Birth and Decease. posi- De- lour- pres- tion. sign. ing. sion. Lorn. Albano, 1578, 1660 - 14 1 10 6 Flem. Albert Durer, 1471, 1528 - 8 10 10 8 Rom. & Flor. Andrea del Sarto, 1471, 1520 - 12 16 9 8 Rom. Baroccio, 1528, 1612 - - . 14 15 6 10 Ven. James Bassano, 1510, 1592 6 8 17 Ven. John Bellini, 1422, 1512 - 4 6 14 Fr. Bourdon, 1616, 1671 - 10 8 8 4 Fr. Le Brun, 1619, 1690 - 10 16 8 16 Ven. Claude Lorraine, 1600, 1682 18 18 16 Lorn. Caracci, 1560, 1609 - 15 17 13 13 Lorn. Coreggio, 1494, 1534 13 13 15 12 Rom. Daniel da Volterra, 1509, 1566 - 12 15 5 8 Flem. Diepenbeck, 1607, 1675 - 11 10 14 6 Lorn. Domenichino, 1581, 1641 - 15 17 9 17 Rom. Giulio Romano, 1492, 1546 15 16 4 14 Ven. Giorgione, 1477, 1511 - 8 9 18 4 Lorn. Guercino, 1590, 1666 18 10 10 4 Lorn. Guido, 1574, 1642 - 13 9 12 Flem. Holbein, 1498, 1544 - 9 10 16 13 Flem. James Jordaens, 1594, 1678 10 8 16 6 Flem. Luca Giordano, 1629, 1704 13 12 9 6 Lorn. Lanfranco, 1581, 1647 14 13 10 5 Rom. Leonardo da Vinci, 1445, 1520 - 15 16 4 14 Flem. Lucas of Ley den, 1404, 1533 8 6 6 4 Rom. Michael Angelo Buonarotti 1474, 1563 8 17 4 8 Lom. Michael de Caravaggio, 1569, 1609 - 6 6 16 Ven. Mutiano, 1528, 1589 - - ■ - 6 8 15 4 Flem. Otho Venius, 1556, 1634 13 14 10 10 Ven. Palma the Elder, 1460, 1556 - 5 6 16 Ven. Palma the Younger, 1544, 1628 - 12 9 14 6 Rom. Parmegiano, 1503, 1540 - 10 15 6 6 Ven. Paul Veronese, 1532, 1588 15 10 16 3 Rom. Pierino del Vaga, 1500, 1547 - 15 16 7 6 Rom. Pietro da Cortona, 1596, 1669 - 16 14 12 6 Rom. Pietro Perugino, 1446, 1524 4 12 10 4 Rom. Polidore de Caravaggio, 1495, 1543 - 10 17 15 Ven. Pordenone, 1484, 1540 8 14 17 5 Fr. Poussin, Nich., 1594, 1665 15 17 6 15 Rom. Primaticcio, 1490, 1570 - 15 14 6 10 Rom. Raffaelle, 1483, 1520 17 18 12 18 Flem. Rembrandt, 1606, 1674 - 15 6 17 12 Flem. Rubens, 1577, 1640 - 18 13 17 17 Rom. Salviati, Fra., 1510, 1563 - 13 15 8 8 Fr. Le Sueur, 1617, 1655 - 15 15 4 15 Flem. Teniers, 1582, 1649 - 15 12 13 6 Rom. Pietro Testa, 1611; 1650 - 11 15 6 Ven. Tintoretto, 1512, 1594 - 15 14 16 4 Ven. Titian, 1477, 1576 - 12 15 18 6 Flem. Vandyck, 1599, 1641 - 15 10 17 13 Rom. Vanni, 1563, 1610 - - - -- 13 15 12 13 Rom. Zucchero, Taddeo, 1529, 1566 - 13 14 10 9 PAL 477 PAN To the above might be added the masters of the English school, at the head of which stands Sir Joshua Reynolds, born 1723, died 1792; Isaac Oliver, born 1551, died 1617 ; William Dobson, born 1610, died 1646; Walker, bora died 1660; S. Cooper, born 1609, died 1672; Thornhill, born 1676, died 1724; T. Hudson, born 1671, died 1779; Hogarth, born 1697, died 1764; Wilson, born 1714, died 1782 ; West, born 1738, died 1820 Barry, bora 1741, died 1806 Mortimer, born 1739, died 1779 Wright of Derby, born 1734, died 1797; Romney, born 1734, died 1802 ; T. Gainsborough, bom 1727, died 1788; Cosway, born died 1821 ; Opie, born 1761, died 1807 ; J. M. W Turner, born 1774, died 1852; Wilkie, bora 1785, died 1841 ; Bone, born 1755, died 1834; Haydon, born 1786, died 1846; and others. Paine's Castle, Radnorshire, re- built by Henry III. Paisley, Monastery of, Scotland, founded 1160 ; five persons burned there for witchcraft, 1697. Palatine, a dignity of German origin; Hugh d'Abrincis made palatine of Chester, 1070 ; a pala- tine of Lancaster created by Ed- ward III., 1376 ; the bishoprics of Ely and Durham were made pala- tinates ; Elizabeth abrogated that of Hexham, made by her father; the palatinate of Durham was se- parated from the crown as to its jurisdiction and vested in the crown, June 21, 1836. Palatines, 7000 of the Protes- tant inhabitants came to England, driven from their habitations by the French, 1709 ; they were encamped on Blackheath and Camberwell commons, and a brief granted to collect pecuniary aid for them ; five hundred families went to Ireland, and most of the remainder to New York and Hudson's Bay; but not being well treated there, they settled in Pennsylvania, at German Town, near that city. Palatine, the Elector, took re- fuge in England, 1635; Cromwell settled £8000 per annum upon him, 1644 ; he visited London, 1680 ; restored to the palatinate, Oct. 19, 1708 ; protested against the elector of Hanover taking the title of arch- treasurer of the empire, May 29, 1735. Palermo, Sicily, nearly destroyed by an earthquake, Aug. 21, 1726. Palissy, a Erench artist, disco- vered the method of placing the enamel upon stone ware, 1550 ; he died, 1590. Pall, a habit of the Roman Church on important occasions ; certain offices could not be per- formed until an archbishop had re- ceived his from the see of Rome; it was first worn by an Irish arch- bishop, 1152. Pallas Frigate wrecked, toge- ther with the Nymphe, of 36 guns, below Dunbar, and several lives lost, Dec. 19, 1810. Palm Sunday, and observances of the papal church, in honour of the day when Christ made his trium- phal entry into Jerusalem, 33 ; this observance on the Sunday before Easter was very early instituted. Palmyra, in the Syrian desert, discovered by some English travel- lers from Aleppo, 1678 ; this is the ancient Tadmor in the desert, ra- vaged by Aurelian the emperor; Wood visited these ruins, 1751, and published his account of them, 1753. Pampeluna, Spain, taken by the French on their invasion of Spain ; besieged by the British in 1813 ; surrendered Oct. 31, after being three months invested. Panama, City of, destroyed by fire, 1737 ; colony of, in Central America, settled by Spain, 1516; revolted and became free, 1810. Pandects, the digest of the civil law made by Justinian, discovered at Amalfi in Italy, 1137 ; then re- moved to Pisa, 1416 ; they pro- moted the revival of the Roman law | from the excellence they exhibited. PAP 478 PAP Pandora, Sloop of War, struck on a rock off the coast of Jutland, and 29 of the crew perished from the severity of the weather, Feb. 13, 1811. Panorama, a species of exhibition, the invention of Robert Barker, 1788 ; first shown in Edinburgh, and subsequently in Leicester Square. Pantaloon Sa, the brother of the Spanish ambassador, executed for murder, July 6, 1764. Pantheon, Oxford Street, Lon- don, opened Jan. 28, 1772 ; turned into an opera-house, 1791 ; wholly destroyed by fire, to the extent of £60,000, Jan. 14, 1792 ; rebuilt soon* afterwards in 1795 ; finally con- verted into a bazaar, 1834. Pantheon, a temple at Rome built by the emperor Augustus, of a circular form, with niches to con- tain the images of the gods ; the gates were of brass, as well as the interior of the roof; Pope Boniface mutilated it, and converted it into a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, calling it the Santa Maria de Rotunda, about 31. Pantomimic Dances, originally introduced on the Roman stage a.c. 25, in plays acted by gesture only, being the most difficult species of action, hence modern pantomimes. Papal Authority abolished by act of parliament, 1531. Papal Aggression, a new phrase applied to the appointment of bishops and cardinals of the church of Rome to places in England, Sept. 30, 1850, at a consistory held at Rome by Pius IX. ; in consequence of this a letter was written to the bishop of Durham, by the premier, Lord John Russell, which detached the Catholics from the number of his supporters, Dec. 31, 1850, and an act of parliament was passed to disallow their titles. Paper invented in China, 170 years before Christ ; made of linen rags, 1170 ; coarse paper made at Dartford, in Kent, 1588 ; scarcely any but brown paper made in Eng- land until 1670 ; act passed to encourage the manufacture, 1690 ; the French emigrants first instruct- ed the English in the art of making fine white paper; made of asbestos, at Danbury, United States of America, 1792, by Mr. Beach; Fourdrinier's patent for making paper by machinery, 1807 ; a sheet made 13,800 feet long and 4 wide, at the Whitehall Mills, in Derby- shire, 1830. Paper, Licences to make, 1849, in England, 349 ; in Scotland, 48 ; in Ireland, 40 ; total, 437. Paper Stamped, first made in Spain and in Holland, 1555 ; floss and other kinds for hangings, 1620; some recently made at twelve shil- lings a yard, and other kinds twelve yards for a shilling. Paper, duty charged upon, in 1711; in 1803, at 3d. per lb., 31,699,437 lbs. paid duty, and the amount received was £394,824; in 1841, at l^d. per lb., 97,103,548 lbs. paid duty, and the revenue was raised to £637,254; in 1803, each individual used 1.92, and in 1839 3.581bs.; in 1849, 132,132,6571bs. paid duty. Papists encouraged in England under Charles L, 1640 ; forbid from attending the ambassadors' chapels, 1641 ; licensed in Ireland, Feb. 16, 1671 ; forbid the court, June 24, 1673 ; admitted to places of trust, 1685 ; one made a judge, Aug. 26, 1686 ; made privy counsellors, July 17, 1687; justices of the peace, April 28, 1687 ; obliged to register their names and estates, 1717, 1762, 1780, 1781, and 1784 ; registered to the value of £375,284, 1719; taxed £100,000, Nov. 3, 1722 ; ordered by proclamation to be apprehended, Dec. 7, 1745; indulgences granted to, by parliament, 1779 ; admitted to seats in parliament, April 10, 1829. Papyrus, paper made from the cuticle of a species of reed grown in Egypt, before parchment was used, the latter said to have been the invention of Eumenes of Pergamus, a. c. 190. PAR 479 PAR Paraguay, South. America, dis- covered, 1525. Pardons, the first granted at coronations, in 1327, by Edward III. ; the seal for that of 70 Scotch prisoners passed, Aug. 10, 1748. Parhelion, or mock sun, a re- markable one seen in Wales, at Brecon, May 1, 1750. Parian Marbles, chronology of, put together 264 years before Christ, discovered in the Isle of Paros 1610, and presented to Oxford university by Lord Arundel. Paris, called the city of the Parisii, 380; Clovis made it his capital, 507; burned, 588 ; St. Denis built, 613 ; rebuilt, 1231 ; the city first paved with stone, 1186 ; Notre Dame cathedral built, 1270; first parliament there, 1302 ; the Louvre commenced, 1522 ; the Hotel de Ville, 1533 ; the Boulevards clears ed, 1536; the Tuileries built, 1564; the Pont Neuf, 1578; the barricades of, 1588, to oppose the Duke of Guise ; again in 1648, against the regency ; the Luxem- burg, 1594 ; the Invalids' hospital, 1595 ; the Hotel Dieu, 1606 ; the Palais Royal, built, 1610 ; gate of St. Denis erected, 1672; military school, 1751 ; bastile destroyed at, 1789 ; seat of empire under Napo- leon, 1804 ; church of St. Genevieve, 1764 ; Rue de Rivoli completed, 1845 ; the fortifications begun, 1840; completed March, 1846, at an expense of £500,000; treaties were signed in Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, May 15, 1796, Jan. 6, 1810 ; capi- tulation of Napoleon, April 11, 1814; between France and the allied powers, April 23 and May 14, 1814, Julv 3, 1815, Aug. 2, 1815, Nov. 20, 1815, June 10, 1817. Paris, some statistics of, 1835 ; that year 170 new romances were published, of which eleven only were translations. Those 166 ori- ginal romances were the work of 144 authors ; 27 were by ladies, nearly a fifth of the whole number. The same year produced 299 new poems, and 151 new dramatic pieces. In 1835 were born in private resi- dences in Paris, 9637 legitimate male children, and 9207 legitimate female children. The number of illegitimate children born in private hotises during the same year, amounted to 2747 boys and 2669 girls. In the public hospitals the total amount of legitimate births was but 517, whilst that of illegiti- mate births in the same establish- ments was 4444. Of the illegitimate children 2459 were acknowledged by their fathers. The total number of dead bodies exhibited at the Morgue, consisted of 226 male and 42 female. The total number of births was 29,792, of deaths 24,792; majority of births 5000. The in- crease of the population during the year 1835, calculated throughout France, amounted to 166,338 souls. Parishes, Bounds of, fixed by Honorius, archbishop of Canter- bury, 636 ; reduced to 10,000 in the fifteenth century ; the parishes of England and Wales given, with some variations, in one statement, England, 14,397 ; Wales, 1212 ; in others, that there are in England 14,353 parishes ; others, in Wales, 1182; making a total of 15,535; of which there are — 56 parishes, inhabitants under 10 148 from 16 to 20 533 . . 20 50 1170 . 50 100 4774 . 100 300 3121 . 300 500 2332 . 500 800 806 . 800 1,000 1543 . 1,000 2,000 437 . 2,000 3,000 209 . 3,000 4,000 133 . 4,000 5,000 245 , 5,000 10,000 118 . 10,000 50,000 . 50,000 & upwards. Parish Registers commenced 1586. Parish Apprentices, new law re- specting, making the assent of two magistrates necessary to bind them, Oct. 1, 1816. PAR 480 PAR Park, Mimgo, set out on his se- cond and last voyage to Africa, to discover the course of the Niger, on the 30th of Jan. 1804, and returned no more, having been drowned at Bousa during an attack of the na- tives. Park, the first in England made by Henry I. at Woodstock, 1123. "Park, St. James', drained by Henry VIII., 1537; planted, 1688; improved, 1774 ; deer removed and drains filled up, 1775; improved further, and ornamented, 1825 ; the Serpentine river, Hyde park, made about 1730, by Queen Caroline, wife of George II. Parliament of England, first men- tioned as such in the statute of Westminster, 3 Edward I., 1272; though some have declared that the term was used, temp. Edward the Confessor, 1041 ; the first summons by writ, 7 John, 1205 ; the first ac- count of a house of commons, in a mode not to be mistaken, in the year 1258, when 12 persons were chosen to represent the commons in three different parliaments, to be held yearly ; the representation of knights, citizens, and burgesses oc- curred 49 Henry III., 1265 ; first summon of barons, by king John, a.d., 1205 ; parliament of Merton, 1236; refused to assist the king, 1241 ; the assembly of knights and burgesses, 1258; first assembly of the commons as a confirmed repre- sentation, 1264; first regular par- liament, according to many histo- rians, 22 Edward I., 1294; the com- mons receive various distinctions and privileges; regular succession of, 1297 ; first a deliberative assem- bly, they become^a legislative power, whose assent was essential to con- stitute a law, 1308; delegated their power to nobles appointed by the king, 1398; parliament of but one session, of only one day, Richard II. deposed, 1399; lawyers excluded from the house of commons, 1404; the illiterate parliament, 1404; members were obliged to reside at the place they represented, 1413; freeholders only to elect knights, 1429; the journals commenced,' acts of parliament printed, 1501, and consecutively from 1509; mem- bers protected from arrest, 1542 ; Erancis Russell, son of the Earl of Bedford, was the first peer's eldest son who sat in the house of com- mons, 1549; members fined £20 each for absence ; refused the lords' conference, and denied their autho- rity in levying taxes, 1593; the parliament remarkable for the epoch in which were first formed the parties of court and country, June 1620; complained of the king's en- croachments on their privileges, 1621 ; met at Oxford on account of the plague in London, Aug. 1, 1625; new one called and dissolved, and several members committed, 1640; four members of, sent to the Tower, and dissolved by Charles I., 1628 ; refused bail, and claimed their pri- vilege, which the king denied them, 1629 ; the long parliament, which voted the house of lords useless, first assembled, Nov. 3, 1640 ; long parliament met, 1640 ; every mem- ber obliged to take the sacrament, 1640; triennial parliaments esta- blished, 1641 ; parliament kept the Scotch army in pay to proceed vi- gorously against the bishops, 1641 : voted a continual sitting ; protected five members the king demanded of them, and armed the militia, Jan. 1641 ; impeached the lords who ad- hered to the king, and borrowed money on loans; committed the attorney-general to the Eleet pri- son, and nrastered the train bands, 1641-2; made the Earl of Essex ge- neral, seized Dover castle, treated the king's message with due con- tempt, 1641 ; assembled 15,000 troops, 1642 ; parliament defeated at Powick bridge, near Worcester, Sept. 23; secured Hereford, Glou- cester, and Bristol, fought the battle of Edgehill, Oct. 23 ; sent £20,000 and 300 barrels of powder to Ire- land; voted their general £5,000, Nov. 7 ; treat with the king for peace ineffectually, Nov. 11 ; mus- PAR 481 PAR tered 24,000 men on Turnham Green ; invited the Scotch into Eng- land, Nov. 15 ; took Farnham castle, Chichester, Winchester, Leeds, Doncaster, and Wakefield, their ge- neral wintering at Windsor ; would not permit the courts of law to re- move to Oxford, and forbade holding assizes until further orders, Dec. 1642 ; requested the king to come to parliament unarmed, Jan. 1642- 3 ; forbade free commerce between London and Oxford, Feb. 1 ; drew up propositions for peace, and took the solemn league and covenant, Sept. 25, 1642 ; made a new seal, declared that of Charles void ; seized the regalia and plate, and sold them, Nov. 11, 1643; received an em- bassy from Holland to seek a recon- ciliation ; a great part of the mem- bers met at Oxford, Jan. 1643 ; had very great success against the king's troops, and sent proposals of peace to Charles, Nov. 20, 1644; convert- ed Christmas day into a fast ; erased the king's preservation out of the commission given to General Fair- fax, 1645 ; the members entertained at Grocer's hall, in the city, June 17, 1645 ; the king made overtures for peace, which were rejected, Dec. 1645 ; the parliament army success- ful ; the votes against any personal treaty with the king, Jan. 1645-6 ; both houses of parliament voted that the king should be disposed of as th^y saw fit, Sept. 18, 1646 ; the Scotch receive £400,000 of their arrears, to deliver up the king, Jan. 30, 1646-7; voted the disbanding the Irish army, April 7, 1647 ; put London in a posture of defence against the army, June 11 ; sent four bills to the king to sign, which he refused, Dec. 24, 1647 ; proceeded without his consent, Jan. 1647-8 ; voted to present no more addresses to him, Feb. 15; formed a union with the city, May 20; voted a personal treaty with the king, June 30 ; broke off all treaty with him, June 30 ; voted the seizing the king to be without their consent, the army made a declaration against them, Dec. 4; forty-one members seized and imprisoned by the army, Dec. 6 ; it seized the public money, Dec. 7 ; met to consider how to proceed against the king, Dec. 25 ; ordered the bended knee to be omitted to- wards him, Dec. 27; resolve that the people under God are the ori- ginal of all just power, Jan. 4, 1648- 9 ; the rump parliament ; it voted the trial of Charles I., Jan. 1649; a peer elected, and sat as a member of the house of commons, 1649; declared it treason to proclaim the prince of Wales, and style them- selves the Commonwealth of Eng- land, Jan. 29 ; voted the peers use- less, Feb. 6 ; abolished kingly go- vernment, Feb. 7 ; ordered a coun- cil of state, the house being reduced to 80 members, Feb. 14 ; the earl of Pembroke elected a member for the county of Berks, April 16, 1649 ; an act passed for the sale of church and crown lands, July 16, 1649 ; law proceedings ordered to be in English, Oct. 25, 1650 ; incorpo- rated Scotland into the general commonwealth, Feb. 4, 1650; the Scotch sent 21 members, Aug. 16, 1652 ; turned out of doors by Crom- well, April 20, 1655 ; met at Crom- well's summons, July 4 ; dissolved, Dec. 12, 1653 ; restored in the an- cient forms, Jan. 27, 1658-9; Ri- chard Cromwell granted £10,000 to pay his debts, and ordered to quit Whitehall in six days, May 25, 1659; turned out of the house by Lambert, Oct. 13, 1659; appointed a council of state and an oath to renounce the title of Charles Stuart to the throne, and refused by Monk, Feb. 6 ; dissolved the house, Feb. 20, 1660 ; a convention parlia- ment, 1660 ; Catholics excluded from parliament, 30 Charles II ; the commons committed a secretary of state to the tower, Nov. 1678 ; the speaker of the commons refused by the king, 1679 ; a convention parliament, 1688 ; James II. con- vened the Irish parliament at Dub- lin, attainted 3000 Protestants, 1689 ; act for triennial parliaments, 2i P AE 482 PAE 1694; presented to the duke of York £10,000, to the duke of Glou- cester £10,000, and £1,200,000 to the king, Charles II. ; met at Ox- ford on account of the plague, Oct. 1665 ; opposed the marriage of the duke of York with a Catholic, Aug. 27, 1673; prorogued for a year, which was unconstitutional, Nov. 16, 1675 ; the duke of Bucks, lord Wharton, and the earl of Shaftes- bury sent to the Tower for contempt, Feb. 15, 1676-7; the speaker re- fused by the king, 1679 ; the king's authority denied in pardoning an impeached lord, March 23, 1679; resolved that it is the undoubted right of the subject to petition for the calling of a parliament, Oct. 27, 1680 ; resolved to grant no supply until the duke of York was excluded from the throne, Jan. 7, 1681 ; the next parliament wholly devoted to the court, 1685 ; sent a member to the Tower for taking a bribe, and the speaker expelled, March 7, 1694-5 ; refused the continuance of the Dutch guards, March 16, 1699 ; dissolved by George I. without see- ing them, Jan. 15, 1714-15 ; scruti- nized severely the conduct of the preceding ministry, April 1, 1715 ; expelled Gen. Forster, Jan. 10, 1715- 16 ; repealed the triennial act, May 7, 1716 ; septennial act, 1716 ; dis- agreed about the trial of the earl of Oxford, June 29, 1717; Mr. Ship- pen committed to the tower for speaking lightly of the king's speech, Dec. 4, 1717 ; expelled all members who were South Sea directors, and committed several to the Tower, Jan. 23, 1720 ; deprived the late di- rectors of the South Sea Company of their estates, to make good the deficiency, to the amount of £2,014,000, May 17, 1721 ; dis- agreed with the peers on the com- mittal of the duke of Norfolk, Oct. 26, 1722 ; ordered the pretender's declaration to be burned by the common hangman, Nov. 16, 1722 ; expelled lord Barrington for coun- tenancing the Hamburgh lottery, Feb. 15, 1722-3; expelled Sir R. Sutton and Sir A. Grant for frauds in the charitable corporations, May 4, 1732 ; lord mayor and an alder- man committed to the Tower, 1771 ; John Ward of Hackney expelled the House of Commons for perjury, May 16, 1776; Mr. Atkinson, a corn contractor, expelled for the same crime, 1784 ; a vote passed to pay the debts of the prince of Wales, 1787 ; decided that a dissolution did not abate an impeachment, 1791 ; bills passed against the circulation of French assign ats here, 1793; Mr. Pitt denominated the reform he had before so strenuously advocated to the house, "seditious," 1794; Irish parliament merged with the Eng- lish at the Union, 1800; Home Tooke expelled under the pretence that no clergyman could sit in the house, 1801 ; lord Melville brought to trial for misapplication of the public monies, 1806 ; the affair of the duke of York and Mrs. Clarke, with an examination of the case by the house, 1809 ; Perceval, the mi- nister, assassinated at the door of the House of Commons, 1812 ; the first parliament of Great Bri- tain met, Oct. 24, 1707 ; the trien- nial act repealed, and septennial act voted, May 1, 1715; the jour- nals ordered to be printed, 1752 ; privilege as to freedom from arrest of the servants of members relin- quished by the commons, 1770; the lord mayor of London (Oliver) and alderman Crosby committed to the Tower by the commons, in Wilkes's affair, 1770 ; assembly of the first parliament of the united kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- land, Feb. 2, 1801 ; committal of Sir Francis Burdett to the Tower, April 6, 1810 ; return for Clare county, Ireland, of Mr. O'Connell, the first Catholic elected since the revolution, July 5, 1828 ; the duke of Norfolk took his seat in the lords, the first Catholic peer under the Roman Catholic Relief Bill, April 28, 1829 ; the reformed parliament, Aug. 7, 1832; both houses of par- liament destroyed by fire, Oct. 16, PAE 483 PAR 1834 ; committal of Smith O'Brien by the Commons for contempt, July 20, 1846. Parliament, correct statement of the increase of the representatives in, from the reign of Henry VIII. to James I. — . Henry VIII. added . . 38 Edward VI. ... 44 Mary . . . .25 Elizabeth .... 62 James I. .... 27 Total . . .196 The great disproportion that exist- ed between the representation of Middlesex and Surrey, with London and Westminster, before the passing of the reform bill in 1832, and six boroughs electing an equal num- ber of representatives, may show the necessity of the reform bill : — Edward I. Edward II. Edward III. Richard II. Henry IV. Henry V. Henry VI. Edward IV. Richard III. Henry VII. Henry VIII. Edward VI. Mary Elizabeth James I. Charles I. Charles II. James II. William III. Anne George L George II. George III. George IV. William IV. Victoria The duration of the different par- liaments which have sat since the reign of Henry VIII. is as follows, PLACES. ELECTORS. MEMBEB London 7,000 send 4 Westminster 10,000 2 Middlesex . 3,500 2 Surrey 4,500 2 Southwark . 2,000 2 27,000 12 Newton . 1 send 2 Old Sarum . . 1 2 Midhurst . 1 2 Castle Rising . 2 2 Marlborough . 2 2 Downton . 4 2 12 12 Number and duration of parlia- ments, from 27 Edward L, 1299, to 4 Victoria, 1841 :— 8 pari. m. 8 yrs. reign 15 ditto » 20 37 ditto n 5 26 ditto „ 22 10 ditto „ 14 11 ditto „ 9 22 ditto „ 39 5 ditto „ 22 1 ditto , 2 8 ditto , 24 9 ditto , 38 2 ditto , 6 5 ditto , 5 10 ditto , 45 4 ditto , 22 4 ditto , 24 5 ditto , 36 2 ditto , 4 5 ditto , 13 5 ditto i 12 2 ditto , 13 5 ditto , 33 12 ditto , 59 3 ditto i io 3 ditto , 7 4 ditto , 17 with the days of meeting and of dissolution : — PAR 484 PAR Reign. Day of Meeting. When Dissolved. Henry VIII 21 Jan . 1510 23 Feb . 1510 4 Feb . 1511 4 March .. . 1513 5 Feb . 1514 22 Dec . 1515 15 April .. . 1523 13 Aug. . .. . 1523 3 Nov . 1530 4 April . . 1536 , 8 June.... . 1536 18 July . 1536 28 April . . . 1539 24 July . 1540 16 Jan . 1541 29 March .. . 1544 23 Nov . 1545 31 Jan . 1547 Edward VI 4 Nov . 1547 15 April . . . 1552 1 March . . 1553 31 March . . 1553 Mart 5 Oct . 1553 6 Dec . 1553 2 April . . . 1554 5 May ... ...1554 12 Nov . 1554 16 Jan . 1555 21 Oct . 1555 9 Dec . 1555 20 Jan . 1557 17 Nov. . . . 1557 Elizabeth 23 Jan . 1558 8 May.... . 1558 11 Jan . 1562 2 Jan . 1567 2 April . . 1571 29 May.... . 1571 8 May.... . 1572 18 March . . 1580 23 Nov . 1585 14 Sept . 1586 29 Oct . 1586 23 March . . 1587 4 Feb . 1588 29 March . . 1588 19 Nov . 1592 10 April . . 1593 24 Oct . 1597 9 Feb . 1598 7 Oct . 1601 29 Dec . 1601 James I 19 March . . 1603 9 Feb . 1611 5 April . . 1614 7 June.... . 1614 30 Jan . 1620 8 Feb . 1621 19 Feb . 1623 24 March . . 1625 Charles I 17 May.... . 1625 12 Aug . 1625 6 Feb . 1626 15 June.... . 1626 17 March . . 1627 10 March . . 1628 13 April . .. 1640 3 May.... . 1640 3 Nov . 1640 20 April . . 1653 Charles II 25 April . . 1660 29 Dec . 1660 8 May .... . 1661 24 Jan . 1678 6 March . . 1679 12 July.... . 1679 17 Oct . 1679 18 Jan . 1681 21 March . . 1681 28 March . . 1681 James II 12 March . . 1685 28 July.... . 1687 22 Jan . 1688 26 Feb . 1689 William III 20 March . . 1689 11 Oct . 1695 27 Nov . 1695 7 July.... . 1698 24 Aug. .. . 1698 19 Dec . 1700 26 Feb . 1700 11 Nov . 1701 20 Dec . 1701 7 July.... . 1702 Anne 20 Aug.... . 1702 5 April . . 1705 14 June.... . 1705 15 April . . . 1708 8 July.... . 1708 21 Dec . 1710 25 Nov . 1710 8 Aug . 1713 12 Nov . 1713 15 Jan . 1715 PAE 485 PAR Reign. Day of Meeting. When Dissolved. George L 17 March ... 1715 10 March . . 1721 10 May ... .. 1722 5 Aug .. 1727 George IL 28 Nov.... ... 1727 18 April . . 1734 13 June... ... 1734 28 April . . 1741 25 June... ... 1741 18 June.... . 1747 13 Aug.... .. 1747 8 April . . 1754 31 May... .. 1754 20 March . . 1761 George III 19 May... .. 1761 11 March . . 1768 10 May... .. 1768 30 Sept . 1774 29 Nov.... .. 1774 1 Sept ■ . 1780 31 Oct. ... .. 1780 25 March . . 1784 18 May... .. 1784 11 June.... . 1790 10 Aug. . .. 1790 20 May.... . 1796 11 July ... .. 1796 29 Jan . 1802 31 Aug. . .. 1802 24 Oct . 1806 15 Dec. ... .. 1806 29 April . . . 1807 22 June... .. 1807 29 Sept . 1812 24 Nov. . .. 1812 10 June.... . 1818 4 Aug.... .. 1818 29 Feb . 1820 George IV 23 April . .. 1820 2 June . 1826 14 Nov.... .. 1826 24 July.... . 1830 26 Oct. ... .. 1830 22 April. .. . 1831 William IV 14 June.... .. 1831 3 Dec . 1832 29 Jan. ... .. 1833 30 Dec . 1834 19 Feb .. 1835 17 July.... . 1837 Victoria 15 Nov. .. .. 1837 23 June..,. . 1841 11 Aug. . . .. 1841 23 July . 1847 21 Sept. , . .. 1847 1 July.... . 1852 . 4 Nov .. 1852 Parliamentary grants to the king were once paid in kind, 30,000 sacks of wool being in the grant, 1340. Parliament, the first of George IV., opened by the king in person, April 27, 1820. Parliament House, Westminster, destroyed by fire, Oct. 16, 1834; new house opened, Feb. 19, 1835. Parliament House, Dublin, built 1731, at the expense of £40,000 ; destroyed by fire, Feb. 28, 1792, and rebuilt. Parma, Italy, founded by the Etruscans ; made a duchy, and united with Placentia, 1545 ; came to Spain by marriage, 1714 ; the duke of, raised to the throne of Tuscany in 1801, as king of Etruria ; afterwards united to France ; conferred on the Empress of Napoleon, April 5, 1814; battle of, June 29, 1734, the confederates against the Emperor, indecisive ; between the French and Russians, in which the former were defeated, July 12, 1799. Parr, Robert, died at Kinner, Shropshire, Sep. 21, 1757; aged, 124. Parties, the first distinction of, in the English court, in a political sense, by the titles of "town and country parties," 18 James 1. 1621 ; of whigs and tories, 31 Charles II., 1682, occasioned by the meal tub plot; of high and low church, caused by the prosecution of the notorious Sacheverel for seditious sermons, 8 Anne, 1710 ; of Jaco- bites, from 1716, those who appeared in arms for, or expressed their wishes in behalf of James II. PAR 486 PAU Partition Treaty, between Eng- land and Holland, Oct. 11, 1678, settling the Spanish succession; another, between England, Erance, and Holland, March 13, 1700, de- claring the archduke Charles pre- sumptive heir ; for the partitions of Poland, secret and infamous, be- tween Russia and Prussia, Feb. 17, 1772, and the same with Austria, Aug. 5, 1772; a third, to the same unworthy end, between Austria, Russia, and Prussia, Nov. 25, 1795. Passage Boat lost in the Erith of Dornoch, and 40 persons out of 127 drowned, Aug. 13, 1807; another, on the Ardrossan canal, between Paisley and Johnstone, heeled over, and precipitated 100 persons into the water, 84 of whom were drowned, Nov. 10, 1810. Passau, Treaty of, between the emperor Charles V. and the Pro- testant princes of Germany, Aug. 12, 1552 ; a large part of the town consumed by fire, 1662. Passion of Jesus Christ, Order of knighthood in France, began, 1382. Patay, Battle of, in which the brave Joan of Arc, the maid of Orleans, was present, 'and thejEarl of Richmond defeated the English, and took the celebrated Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, prisoner, June 10, 1429 ; when Charles VII. entered Rheims, in triumph, and was crowned, July 17 ; Joan carried the sword of state, upon the occasion. Patents granted for titles, first, in 1344, by Edward III. ; for print- ing books, 1591 ; one, for copper and brass coins in England, granted 1636. Patras, in Greece, in the Morea, destroyed by an earthquake, April 18, 1785. Patrick St., Order of, in Ireland, began, Eeb. 25, 1783. Patrick St., the Irish apostle, said to have been born, 373, and dying, 493, was buried at Down- patrick. Patronage of Churches begun, 402. Patten, Margaret, died near Paisley, in Scotland, 1739, aged 138. Pattison, Mr. and Mrs., drowned in the Lake de Gaune, in the Pyre- nees, Sept. 20, 1832. Paul Jones, the commander of an American privateer, who landed in Scotland, pillaged the house of Lord Selkirk, and burned the ship- ping in the harbour of Whitehaven, 1778 ; he took two vessels of the navy, with which he entered a port of Holland, and the Dutch refused to deliver them up, 1779. Paul, St., converted, 33 ; wrote his first epistle to the Corinthians, 51 ; to the Galatians, 51 ; to the Thessalonians, 53 ; second do., 53 ; second epistle to the Corinthians, to the Ephesians, Colossians, Phi- lippians, and to Philemon, 62 ; to the Hebrews, 63 ; to Timothy and Titus, 65 ; second epistle to Timothy, 66 ; visited Athens and Corinth, 50 ; died, 67. These dates are tradi- tional only. Festival of, insti- tuted, 813 ; order of, instituted at Rome, 1549. Paulet and Harry, Captains, tried by a court- martial, and acquitted, 1755. Paul's, St., Church of, built in London, 1755 ; according to report, on the site of an old temple of Diana, 610; burned, 964; rebuilt, 1240, after 150 years' labour ; fired by lightning, 1443; rebuilt after partial burning, 1631 ; totally burned in the great fire, 1666 ; first stone of the present church laid, 1675; finished, 1710; cost £1,000,000; first service in, Dec. 2, 1697 ; the churchyard iron balustrade rather more than 3 furlongs round, style Grecian ; 500 fromE. to W., 248 from N. to S. ; 107 wide, 356 high. Paul's School, London, founded by Dr. Colet, 1509. The rules were these: — "Themauster shall reherse these articles to them that offer their children on this wyse here followynge: — If youre chylde can rede and wryte Latyn and Englyshe suffycyently, so that he be able to rede and wryte his own lessons, then PEA 487 PEA lie slial be admitted into the Scliole for a Scholer. If youre chylde, after reasonable season proved, be founde here unapte and unable to lernynge, than ye, warned thereof, shal take hym awaye, that he occupye not ouse rowme in vayne. If he be apt to lerne, ye shal be contente that he continue here tyl he have compe- tent lyterature. If he be absent vi. dayes, and in that mean season ye shew not cause resonable (resonable cause is al only sekenes) than his rowme to be voyde, without he be admitted agayne, and pay iiiid." Paulists, robbers who left Brazil, and attempted to form a republic about 1590. Paupers' and Bread Prices. Tears. Price of Bread. Value of the pound sterling in quartern loaves. Average money wages of husbandly labour. Bread wages in quartern loaves. Poor Rates. Number of Paupers. 1687 1776 1785 1792 1803 1811 1812 3d. 6h 6" 7 10 12 20 80 37 40 34 24 20 12 6s. 8 8 9 10 12 15 24 15 16 15 12 12 9 £665,362 1,523,163 1,943,649 2,645,520 4,113,164 5,922,954 6,452,656 311,917 695,177 818,851 955,326 1,039,716 1,247,659 2,079,432 Pavia taken by the Lombards, 568; fell to Austria, 1706; taken by the French, 1796, and held until 1814, when Austria again obtained it; battle of, between the French under Francis I., and the Impe- rialists, when the latter gained the victory, and Francis was made pri- soner, Feb. 24, 1525. Pawnbrokers began their trade in Italy about 1458 ; regulated by various statutes, 1756, 1783, 1796, 1804; there are 334 in London, and in the rest of England 1127. Peace betwen England and the Welsh, 1121 ; France, 1160 ; Scot- land, 1174; France, 1200; Welsh and Scotch, 1209, 1219 ; France, 1291, Scotland, 1319 and 1343; France, 1359, 1395, 1420; Scot- land, 1424, 1458; France and Scotland, 1465, 1492, 1527; Scot- land, 1534, 1546; Scotland, 1549; France, 1550 ; France and Scot- land, 1558, 1560; France, 1563; France and Scotland, 1572; France, 1628; Spain, 1630; Holland, 1653 ; France, 1654; Spain, 1648; Algiers, 1662; France, Denmark and Hol- land signed at Breda, June 19, 1667; Spain, 1668; Algerines, 1671 ; France, 1672 ; Spain and Holland, 1674; France, 1697; of Utrecht with France, &c, Mar. 3, 1713; Spain, July 13, 1713; be- tween Spain and Portugal, Feb. 6, 1714-5; England and Sweden, 1719; England and Spain, 1720 ; Sweden and Russia, Sept. 1, 1721 ; Eng- land, the Emperor, and France, May 20, 1727 ; France, England, h and Spain, Oct. 28, 1729; Impe- rialists and Turks, Sept. 12, 1739; Russians and Turks, Jan. 27, 1739-40; Swedes and Russians, 1742 ; Hungary and Poland, 1742 ; Bavarians and Austrians, April 29, 1745; Russians, Saxons, and Im- perialists, Dec. 16, 1745 ; at Aix la Chapelle with France, April, 1745; concluded Oct, 20; proclaim- ed in London, Feb. 2, 1748-9 ; the states of Tripoli and Tunis, Nov. 1, 1751 ; between the Russians and Prussians, April 7, 1761 ; between England and France, Fontainebleau, PED 488 PEE Nov. 3, and definitively, Nov. 22, 1762; Russia and Turkey, 1774; with France, Spain, Holland, and the United States of America, Jan. 1783 ; France and Spain, 1801 ; be- tween France and Russia, Oct. 9, 1801 ; England and France, pre- liminary, Oct. 1, 1801 ; Spain and Russia, Oct. 10, 1801 ; definitive treaty signed at Amiens, Mar. 25, 1802 ; England and her allies with France, April, 1814; England and her allies with France, July 3, 1815 ; between Saxony and Prussia, May 18, 1815; England and Algiers, Aug. 27, 1816; with the United States, Dec, 19, 1814. Peace Congress, a society thus denominated for the purpose of pro- moting peace between different nations, and sending deputations to other countries for that purpose ; the sittings of the society com- menced at Exeter Hall, Oct. 30, but there had been a previous meet- ing at Paris, Aug. 22, 1849 ; the society also met at Frankfort, Aug. 22, 1850. Peace, great ceremonies at the proclamation of, in London, 1814 ; procession to St. Paul's on thanks- giving clay, for the restoration of, July 7, 1814; national jubilee in the parks in celebration of, Aug. 1, 1814. Pearl, a substance found in a particular species of the oyster, highly valued for ornamental pur- poses ; one, said to have been found i in 1574 as large as a pigeon's egg, valued at £13,996; a very large one spoken of by Tavernier, be- longing to the Shah of Persia, valued at £110,000. Pearls, Artificial, first invented and manufactured, 1686. Pearl Ashes, manufactory of, established in Ireland, 1783. Pedestrianism, Powell, an Eng- lishman, went on foot from London to York, and back again, in 140 hours; Captain Barclay walked 1000 miles in 1000 successive hours in 1809. Pedro, Dom, ex-emperor of Bra- zil, died in Portugal, Sept 24, 1834, aged 36. Peel Castle, Isle of Man, built before 1245. Peel Castle, Lancashire, built, 1140. Peel, Sir Robert's two adminis- trations ; Sir R. Peel first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer; Lord Lyndhurst chan- cellor ; Henry Goulburn, Duke of Wellington, Earl of Aberdeen, home, foreign, and colonial secre- taries, Nov. and Dec, 1834 ; went out of office, April, 1835 ; — second administration, Sir Robert first lord of the treasury, the Duke of Wel- lington in the cabinet without office ; Lord Lyndhurst lord chan- cellor; Sir J. Graham Earl of Aberdeen, and Lord Stanley, home, foreign, \and colonial secretaries, Aug. and Sept., 1841 ; Sir Robert resigned, June, 1846. Peel, Sir Robert, killed by a fall from his horse, July 2, 1850. Peep of Day Boys, in Ireland, a species of banditti who visited houses to rob them of arms ; they first appeared in July, 1784. Peers of France began to be created, 778; abolished, 1790; re- newed by Napoleon, 1801 ; abolish- ed, 1848. Peers, the first in England cre- ated by William the Conqueror, 1066, in the person of William Fitz- osborne, made Earl of Hereford; the first made by patent was Lord Beauchamp of Holt Castle, by Richard II., 1387; in Ireland Sir John de Courcy was the first made, as Baron Kinsale, 1181 ; in Scot- land, Gilchrist was created Earl of Angus by Malcolm III., 1037. Peers, House of, the number at the death of Charles II. was 176 ; at the death of William III., 192 ; Queen Anne created twelve at once, 1711, at whose death there were 209 ; at the death of George I., 216 ; of George II., 229 ; of George III., 339 ; of George IV., 396 ; of Wil- liam IV., 456. Peers of Scotland complained of PEN 489 PEN court influence being used in their election, 1735. Peers, eldest sons of, first per- mitted to sit in the House of Com- mons, 1550. Peers, protections of, and of fo- reign ministers, cancelled, Jan. 17, 1723-4. Pelagius, the founder of the Pe- lagian sect, a native of England, 400; he maintained that Adam was mortal by nature, whether he had sinned or not ; that the conse- quences of his sin were confined to his own person ; that new-born in- fants were in the same state as Adam before he fell ; that the law qualified men for heaven, and was founded upon equal promises with the gospel ; that the general resur- rection does not follow in virtue of the Saviour's, &c. 5 these doctrines were held to be most dangerous heresies by the church ; he was a disputant with St. Augustine. Pelham Administration, called the Broad Bottom, having in its ranks nine dukes of all party co- lours, 1744. Pellew Islands, the Antelope wrecked upon, in 1783; the king Abba Thule permitted Captain Wilson to bring his son Lee Boo to England, where he died in 1784, of the smallpox. Pellew, Edward, Lord Exmouth, the conqueror of Algiers, a gallant naval officer, of the first character for seamanship, elder brother of an equally brave officer, Sir Israel Pel- lew, who was blown up in his own frigate, the Amphion, at Plymouth, in 1796, and miraculously saved ; Lord Exmouth was born 1757, died 1833 ; Sir Israel 1761, died 1832. Pembroke College, Oxford, founded, 620; Hall, Cambridge, founded, 1343. Penal Laws, treaty of, Limerick; this treaty, signed Oct. 3, 1691, was ratified by William III., April 5, 1691, and by parliament, 1697 ; " The Boman Catholics of this kingdom shall enjoy such privileges in the exercise of their religion as are consistent with the laws of Ire- land, or as they did enjoy in the reign of King Charles II. ; and their Majesties, as soon as their affairs will permit them to summon a parliament in this kingdom, will endeavour to procure the said Bo- man Catholics such further security, in that particular, as may preserve them from any disturbance upon account of their said religion." Penal Laws and Tests attempted to be repealed, even as far as re- lated to Protestants, but in vain, 1732 ; test and corporation acts' repeal argued against by Pitt, in 1792; subsequently repealed by George IV., 1828. Penal Laws affecting Boman Catholics, most of them subsequent to the treaty of Limerick, being the heads of the principal acts : If any popish priest shall celebrate matri- mony between any two persons, knowing that both or either is of the Protestant religion (unless pre- viously married by a Protestant clergyman), he shall suffer the pun- ishment of a Popish regular, [that is, transportation ;] and if he return, the punishment of high treason ; first statute, 6 Anne, 1708 ; second statute, 8 Anne, 1710. No peer of the realm shall sit in the House of Peers, nor person chosen as a mem- ber of the House of Commons shall sit as such, unless he first take the oath of allegiance and supremacy, and subscribe to the declaration against transubstantiation, the sa- crifice of the mass, idolatry of the church of Bome, invocation of the Virgin Mary, or of the saints ; penalty,-^all the punishments of a popish recusant convict, 3 Will, and Mary, 1691. No Catholic shall vote at the election of any member to serve in parliament, as a knight, citizen, or burgess, 14 Geo. I., 1727 ; conditionally reinstated, 1793. No Catholic shall be mayor, sovereign, portreef, burgomaster, bailiff, alder- man, recorcfer, treasurer, sheriff, town-clerk, common-councilman, master or warden of any guild, cor- PEN 490 PEN poration, or fraternity in any city, walled town, or corporation in Ire- land ; first statute, 1 7 and 18 Chas. II., 1667 ; Irish statute, 21 and 22 Geo. III., confirming the English Test and Corporation Acts. Per- sons holding offices, civil and mili- tary, and receiving pay, salary, fee, or wages, to take the oaths of su- premacy and abjuration, and to subscribe to the declaration against transubstantiation, the mass, &c. : English statute, 25 Chas. II., 1675 ; a severer enactment as regards penalties in Ireland, 9 Anne, 1710. All military offices, except master- general of the ordnance, com- mander-in-chief, and generals, opened to Catholics, 1793. By act for preventing Papists having it in their power to obstruct the building or repairing of churches, by out- voting the Protestant parishioners, 12 Geo. I., 1745. By act for dis- arming the Papists, requiring them to deliver up to the justices or civil officers all their armour, arms, and ammunition, &c, and authorising search, &c., by day or night; ma- kers of fire-arms forbidden Catholic apprentices, 7 Will. III., 1695. No Catholic to be employed as fowler for any Protestant, 10 Will. III., 1698 ; penalty, — fine and one year's imprisonment for first offence ; for the second, all the pains and pe- nalties of persons attainted of a prcemunire ; these acts were con- firmed, 13 Geo. II., 1739 ; they were qualified, 33 Geo. III., 1793. Ca- tholics not to serve as grand jurors, unless a sufficient number of Pro- testants cannot be found, 6 and 8 Anne ; issues to determine questions arising upon popery laAvs, to be tried by known Protestants only, 6 and 8 Anne, 1708-10. No Catho- lic to serve on juries in actions be- tween a Protestant and Catholic, 29 Geo. II., 1755. Catholics (in England) prohibited from practising physic, or exercising the trade of apothecaries, 5 Jas. I., 1606. The Catholics disabled from taking leases for a longer term than 31 years, or at rents less than two- thirds of the improved yearly value, 2 & 8 Anne, 1703-9 ; they can- not dispose of their estate by will, or lend money upon the security of land, 2 Anne, 1703 ; allowed to take leases for a term of 999 years, "18 Geo. III., 1778; permitted to take or to transfer lands by devise, descent, purchase, or otherwise, the same as Protestants, 21 and 22 Geo. III., 1781. Catholics prohi- bited from the keeping any horse of a value exceeding 51., statute 7 Will. III., 1694. A child conform- ing to the established religion, may force his parent to surrender his estate under a fair allowance, 2 Geo. I., 1716 ; the eldest son may reduce his fee-simple estate to a life estate, 1 Geo. II., 1727; a younger brother may deprive the elder of the legal right of primoge- niture. Catholics prohibited from keeping schools, or procuring the education of their children at home, 2 Geo. I., 1716; prohibited from sending them beyond seas for edu- cation, 6 Geo. I., 1719. Catholics permitted to keep schools and teach, 32 Geo. IL, 1758; admissible to Trinity College, 1793. No Catho- lic to be guardian, or to have the custody or tuition of any orphan or child under the age of 21 years, 2 Anne, 1703 ; permitted to be guar- dians, 1782. A Catholic may dis- pose of the custody of his own child or children, by will, during mino- rity, to any person other than a Catholic ecclesiastic, 30 Geo. III., 1790 Punishment for not working upon Catholic holidays, each of- fence, 2s. fine on labourers, or in default, the punishment of whip- ping, 7 Will. III., 1694 ; punish- ment for burying the dead except in Protestant churchyards, or being present at the burying any dead other than therein, 9 Will. III., 1697. Who shall attend or be pre- sent at any pilgrimage, or meeting held at any holy well or reputed holy well, fine 10s., or in default, I whipping, 2 Anne, 1703; magis- PEN 491 PEN trates to demolish all crosses, pic- tures, and inscriptions publicly set up to promote the piety of Catholics, 2 Anne, 1703 ; all officers and sol- diers shall diligently frequent divine service and sermon, in the places appointed for the assemblage of the regiment, troop, or company, to which he may belong ; [no excep- tion made in favour of Catholic soldiers.] If a Catholic become possessed of any right of presenta- tion to a benefice, the same shall be ipso facto vested in the crown, if he do not abjure his religion, 2 Anne, 1704. Statutes (in England) inter- dicting donations and bequests for superstitious uses ; such as towards the maintenance of a piiest or chap- lain to say mass, to pray for the souls of the dead, or to maintain perpetual obits, lamps, &c, to be used as prayers for dead persons. Such to be vested in the king, and applied to Protestant institutions, 1 Edw. VI., 1546. The obtaining from the bishop of Eome any man- ner of bull, writing, or instrument, written or printed, containing any thing or matter, or publishing or putting in use any such instrument, the procurers, abettors, and coun- sellors to the fact, shall be adjudged guilty of high treason, 13 Eliz., 1570 ; any child who (with the con- sent of parents) shall be found beg- ging, the parson and warden of the parish shall detain, and they shall bind such child to a Protestant master until the age of 21, or to a Protestant tradesman until the age of 24 years, 2 Geo. I, 1716. Penance introduced into the Ca- tholic church, 157 ; in the English at present, only adjudged for scan- dal, brawling, or fornication. Pendragon Castle, Westmore- land, destroved, 1341 ; repaired, 1660. Pendulums for Clocks, disputed between the celebrated Galileo, 1641, and Huygens, 1656 ; the per- fect use of them is undoubtedly owing to the latter. Penitents, in the Catholic church of many orders ; Magdalens, Mag- dalenettes, &c. ; the order of St. Magdalen penitents was founded at Marseilles, 1272 ; those of Jesus, in Spain, 1556; those of Orvieto became an order of nuns, 1662 ; there were others in Italy and Germany. Penitentiabt House, Milbank, for the imprisonment of convicts, act for the erection of, 1812 ; con- victs removed into, June, 1816. Pennakvon Priory, Anglesey, built, 540. Penn, Sir William, and his son ; the elder, a brave admiral of the time of Charles II., died, 1670 ; the son, the founder of Pennsylvania in the United States of America, died, 1718 ; his charter for settling Penn- sylvania dated 1680. Penny, Mr., of Clements Inn, mur- dered by his servant, May 18, 1741. Penny Post-Office established by one Murray, an upholsterer, 1683; who assigned it to another person named Dochra ; the govern- ment subsequently claimed it, and allowed the last-named person £200 per annum; penny-post set up in Dublin 1774 ; made a twopenny- post in London, July, 1794 ; merged into the general penny-post, Jan. 10, 1840. Penny, the first English coin cur- rent among the Anglo-Saxons; in the reign of Edward I. it was struck with a cross, that it might be parted into halfpence and farthings ; cop- per money or pence, halfpence, and farthings, were coined by Boulton and Watt at Birmingham in 1795 for the crown. Penkuddock, Mr., beheaded at Exeter, May 16, 1655. Pennan Castle, Anglesey, built, 540. Penrtn, Cornwall, incorporated, 1610. Penrith destroyed by the Scotch, 1385. Pensioners, the band of, first established, 1590. Pens, first made from quills, 635. PER 492 PER Pensions in Ireland, exceeded the civil list by £35,129, 3s. 3d., Nov., 1761. Pension Bill rejected by the House of Lords, 1731, also in 1733, 1739-40. Pensionees from the crown dis- abled from sitting in parliament, June 26, 1716 and 1742. Pennsylvania, 6200 Irish settled in, 1730. Pension of £20 first granted to a lady for national services, 1514; another, £6, 13s. 4d. per annum, 1365 ; another for the maintenance of a gentleman in studying the laws of the kingdom, 1558; Penton near Andover, 15 houses burned at, 1754. Perceval's, Spencer, administra- tion commenced, Oct; 30, 1809 ; it terminated with his death, being assassinated in the lobby of the House of Commons by a per- son named Bellinghanij May 11, 1812. Percy, the last of that celebrated family, died, Nov. 23, 1722. Perkin Warbeck, the impostor, appeared, 1493. Perrott, Mr., a bankrupt, hanged for embezzling his estate and effects, Oct. 26, 1761. Perjury punished with the pil- lory, 1563. Perreau, Robert and Daniel^ exe- cuted for forgery, Jan. 17, 1776. Perfumery, stamp tax on, and a licence required from the vendor of, 1786. Peronne, treaty of s between Louis XI. of France, and the Duke of Burgundy, confirming Arras and Conflans to the duke-, 1468. Persecutions : the first, 33 ; the second, 44 : the first general perse - cution of the Christians was under Nero, 64 ; under DomitiaiL, 93 ; un- der Trajan, 107 ; under Adrian, 118; under Marcus Aurelius, 164; under Severus, 202; under Maxi- mus, 235; under Decius, 250 ; under Valerian, 257 ; under Aurelian, 272 ; under Dioclesian, 302 : by the Ari- ans under Constantine, 337 ; under Sapor, 340 ; under Julian the apo- state, 361. Persecutions of the Jews : Antio- chus, King of Syria, killed 40,000 Jews at Jerusalem, and sold 40,000 for slaves, 170 ; the Romans destroy- ed 520,000 ; an inunlerable number perished by sickness, despair, and famine ; no account is handed down of the number sold for slaves, which however exceeded the slain ; and an edict was issued forbidding them to approach Jerusalem, 18th Adrian a. d. 136 ; the Emperor Leo I. want- ing them to turn Christians, they set fire to their houses at Constanti- nople, and perished in the flames, 77*2 ; in London, on the coronation of Richard I., though they had come from all parts of Europe, and brought the king presents for their protec- tion, 1189 ; 500 were besieged in York Castle by a mob, and cut each other's throats, 1190; in London, one of them being accused of usury, 700 were murdered, 1262; an act passed that no Jew should possess a freehold, 1269 ; all apprehended the same day throughout England, their effects confiscated, and banished the realm, to the number of 15,000, with scanty provision for departing, 1287; re-admitted into England by Crom- well ; they were massacred in Ger- manyj on a suspicion of having poisoned the springs and wells, 1348. Persecutions by the Papists of the Protestants : in Franconia, 50,000 of Luther's followers were killed by William de Furstemburg, 1524; in England, when Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury, and above 300 Protestants were burnt, and great numbers perished in pri- son, May 3, 1555 ; of the Protestants in France great numbers were hang- ed, their assemblies prohibited, their places of worship pulled down, and sentence of the galleys passed against all who harboured them, 1723. Persecutions of Protestants by Protestants ; those of the Puritans by the Stuarts, Laud, and the Star- Chamber ; the sanguinary persecu- PER 493 PET tions by Lauderdale in the north, 1660 and 1665. Persian Trade began, 1569 ; through Russia, 1741 ; importations from thence, Sept., 1742. Persia subjugated by the Greeks in the reign of Sapor, 238 ; Hor- misdas ruled it, 273 ; Sapor II., 310; conquered by the Saracens, 651 ; Tamerlane, 1402; Shah Abbas, 1582; Abbas II., 1641; Solyman, 1666; Mahmoud, 1722; Ashraff, the usurper, slain in battle, 1725 ; Tamasp, or Thamas II., recovered the throne of his ancestors, 1729 ; Abbas II., infant son of Tamasp, under the regency of Kouli Khan, who afterwards caused himself to be proclaimed as Nadir Shah, 1732 ; Nadir Shah (the victorious king), assassinated by his nephew at Koras- san, 1736 ; Adil Shah, 1747 ; Shah Rokh, 1748; Interregnum, 1750; KureemKhan, 1753 ; Abool- Fatteh- Khan, 1779 ; Interregnum, 1780 ; Ali-Moorad-Khan, 1781 ; Jaffier Khan, 1785; Interregnum, 1788; Looft-Ali-Khan betrayed into the hands of his successor, who ordered his eyes to be plucked out, and afterwards put him to death, 1789 ; Aga-Mahommed Khan, assassi- nated, 1794 ; Feth-Ali-Shah, 1798 ; Mahommed-Shah, grandson of Feth, succeeded by his son, 1834 ; Nasr- ul-Din, or Nausser-ood-deen, Sept. 4, the present Shah of Persia, 1848. Perth, Scotland, said to have been founded by Agricola, 70 ; besieged by the regent Robert, 1339 ; James I. murdered at, in the Blackfriars monastery, for which his murderers were tortured to death; Gowrie's conspiracy at, Aug. 5, 1600 ; taken by Cromwell, 1651 ; by the Earl of Mar, after the battle of Dunblane, 1715. Peru discovered, 1513 ; conquer- ed, and the most abominable cruel- ties executed upon the inhabitants, by Pizarro, 1530 ; all the incas or princes brutally murdered ; the Spanish yoke thrown off, 1826 ; a new Peruvian constitution intro- duced, and signed by the president of the republic, March 21, 1828. Peruke, the first used in France and Italy, 1620 ; came into England, 1660. Pesth, Hungary, a city frequently taken and re-taken in the wars be- tween Turkey and Hungary ; Buda- Pesth, so called because one-half the town with the first name is on one side of the Danube, and the other upon the opposite bank, re- mained with the Hungarians after the siege of Vienna, in 1684 ; taken by the Austrians, Jan. 5, 1849; it was re-taken by the Hunga- rians, who evacuated it the same year. Petard, a species of mortar, con- sisting of a conical chamber, with a rim to suspend it against gates intended to be blown open ; said to have been first used by the Hu- guenots, in 1579 ; it is applied for breaching under several other circumstances. PETER-Pence, originally presented by Ina king of the West Saxons to the pope, for the endowment of an English college there, 735 ; it was paid at the feast of St. Peter, and levied on all families possessing 30d. per annum in land, yearly rent ; confirmed by Offa, 777, and after- wards claimed by the pope as an an - nual tribute until suppressed by Henry VIII. Peter the Wild Boy, a youth found in a state of nature in a fo- rest of Hanover, in the reign of George L, in Nov. 1725; he was supposed to be then about 13 years old ; he preferred for food wild plants, leaves, and bark, to the lux- uries of the royal table : he was never known to articulate a syllable, nor vary in his savage habits, but died as he had lived, in Feb. 1785, aged 72. Peter, St., Festival of, established 813. Peter I. of Russia, born 1672 ; visited England, 1697 ; disinherited his eldest son, Feb. 1716; condemn- ed him to death, June 21, 1717; took PET 494 PHE the title of emperor, Oct. 1721 ; died, 1725. Peter II. married tlie daughter of his prime-minister, Nov. 30, 1729; died of the small-pox, Jan. 19, 1730. Peter III. deposed and murdered, July 16, 1762. Petersburg^ built, 1713; 2000 houses destroyed at, by fire, Aug. 12, 1736 ; and 11,000 in 1780 ; in June, 1796, a large magazine of stores and 100 sail of vessels burned. Peterborough founded, 633; one of the kings of Mercia built an ab- bey at, dedicated to St. Peter, 689 ; the monastery turned into the cathe- dral by Henry VIII., and made a bishop's see; the first bishop was the last abbot of the monastery, John Chamber ; the present build- ing erected between 970 and 1170 ; the style Saxon and Gothic, 471 feet long, and 156 broad. Peter St., Order of knighthood, begun in Eome, 1520. Peter's, St., Church, at Rome, be- gun in 1514 ; finished, 1629. Peterhouse College, Cambridge, founded, 1257. Peters, Hugh, M. A., put to death with great insult and cruelty by Charles II., for having signed the sentence of Charles I., 1660. Peterswaesden, Convention of, between Great Britain and Russia, at which they planned a decisive course of action against Prance, July 8, 1813. Petronius Arbiter, a Roman satirist, put to death, 66. Pevenset Castle, Sussex, built on a Roman fortress, before the reign of Henry IV., in 1540 ; numerous brass coins of six or seven Roman emperors discovered at. Pfaefendorf, Battle of, between the Prussians and Imperialists, when the latter were defeated by the king of Prussia with great slaughter, Aug. 15, 1760 ; by which he prevented the junctions of the Russian with the Austrian armies. Pharos, Tower of, built by Ptolemy Philadelphus, esteemed one of the wonders of the world, seen at the distance of 100 miles, 280. a. c. ; it became the example for all the light-houses that were subsequently erected. Phenomena, Remarkable, the first eruption of Vesuvius on record, flame and smoke darkening the air, and the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed, 79 ; (Hercu- laneum discovered, 1737, and a number of ancient works of art, MSS., and utensils have been dug out of it ever since ; but every thing combustible .^had the marks of hav- ing been charred by fire.) Another fatal eruption — 4000 persons were destroyed, and great part of the neighbouring country, 1632. The most dreadful eruption that had been known for a century previous, happened in 1767 ; a column of fire appeared in the air at Rome, 30 days, 390 ; the country of Palestine infested with such swarms of locusts, that they darkened the air, and, after devouring the fruits of the earth, they died, and caused a stench, which occasioned a pesti- lential fever, 406 ; in the month of Aug. 873, such a prodigious swarm of large grasshoppers or locusts settled upon the lands of France, that in one night they devoured every thing green, even to the leaves and bark of young trees ; they died soon after, and the stench caused a pestilential fever. A pro- digious quantity of snakes formed themselves into two bands in a plain near Tournay, in Flanders, and fought with such fury that one band was almost destroyed, and the peasants killed the other with sticks, and by fire, 1059 ; at Oxen Hall, near Darlington, the earth suddenly rose to an eminence, resembling a mountain, remained so several hours, then sunk in as suddenly with an horrible noise, leaving a deep chasm, which continues to this day, 1179; Alice Hackney, who had been buried 175 years, acciden- tally dug up in St. Mary -hill, London ; the skin was whole, and PHE 495 PHI the joints of the arms pliable, 1494; Marcley hill, near Hereford, was moved from its situation on Satur- day evening, Feb. 17, 1571 ; con- tinued in motion till Monday fol- lowing — carried along with it the trees, hedges, and cattle, on its surface — overthrew a chapel in its way — formed a large hill twelve fathoms high, where it settled, and left a chasm forty feet deep and thirty long, where it stood before ; in 1583, a similar prodigy happened in Dorsetshire, a field of three acres, with the trees and fences, at Blackmoor, moved from thence, passed over another field, and settled in the highway to Hearn ; an unac- countable darkness (no eclipse) at noonday, in England, so that no person could see to read, Jan. 12, 1679 ; a remarkable comet appeared in England for a week, 1680 ; a body of light appeared iii the north- east, which formed several columns or pillars of light, and threw the people into great consternation ; it lasted from the evening of March 6, till three the next morning, 1715 ; the Thames laid dry, both above and below London bridge, by a strong westerly wind, which drove back the tide, 1716 ; so remarkable a fog in London, that several chair- men mistook their way in St. James' Park, and fell with their fares into the canal, many persons fell into Eleet-ditch, and consider- able damage was done on the Thames, Jan. 1, 1729, in the even- ing ; heart of a man found at Waverley, in Surrey, preserved 700 years in spirits, 1731 ; Portland IsJ.e had 100 yards of its north end sunk into the sea, which did <£400(i damage to the pier, Dec. 20, 1 735 ; Scarborough cliff sunk, and the Spa removed, Dec. 18, 1737; Pilling bog destroyed 60 acres of land, April, 1745 ; a remarkable meteor appeared like a flash of lightning, penetrated the theatre at Venice during the represen- tation, when 600 people were in the house, several of whom were killed ; it put out the candles, melted a lady's gold watch-case, the jewels in the ears of others, which were compositions, and split several diamonds, Aug. 1769 ; Mercury passed over the sun's disk, visible to the naked eye, from twelve to two o'clock, at London, Nov. 25, 1769 ; Solway Moss, bordering on Scotland, ten miles from Carlisle, began to swell, owing to heavy rains, and upwards of 400 acres of it rose to such a height above the level of the ground, that at last it rolled forward like a torrent, and continued its course above a mile, sweeping along with it houses, trees, and every thing in its way ; it then divided into islands of different extent, from one to ten feet deep, upon which were found hares, wild-fowl, &c, it covered near 600 acres at Netherby, to which it removed, and destroyed about 30 small villages ; it continued in motion from Saturday to Wednes- day, Dec. 31. 1771 ; the river Pever in Gloucestershire, suddenly altered its course, and ten acres of land, with every thing upon its surface, were removed with the current, 1773 ; a large plantation, with all the buildings, destroyed by the land removing from its former site to another, and covering every thing in its way, Oct. 16, 1784, in St. Joseph's parish, Barbadoes ; an un- accountable but total darkness at Quebec, North America, Sunday, Sept. 16, 1785; the island of Sabrina rose out of the sea, near the Azores, in the Atlantic, June 13, 1811— at first, the columns of smoke arose out of the sea from the depth of 40 fathoms, then flame, and lastly, land appeared; at length it rose 150 feet above the sea, and ultimately to 300 — persons landed upon it — it afterwards sunk down again, and in 1814 had an anchorage over it in 16 fathoms water. Philadelphia greatly injured by a fire which broke out there at the theatre, Dec. 28, 1799. PHY 496 PIC Philanthropic Society founded, 1788. Philip II., of Spain, refused the order of the garter sent him by Queen Elizabeth, 1559. Philip III. published his re- nunciation of the crown of Prance, July 8, 1712. Philippine Islands discovered by the Spaniards, 1521. Philipsburgh taken by the Im- perialists, July 9, 1676. Phillipopoli, in Romania, had 4000 persons destroyed by an earth- quake, Feb. 1749-50. Phillips, Lieut.-Colonel, the companion of Captain Cook in his circumnavigation, who witnessed the death of Cook, died at Lambeth, Sept. 11, 1832. Phipps, Captain, afterwards Lord Mulgrave, sailed from Eng- land, to make discoveries as near as practicable to the North Pole, 1773 ; environed with ice for some time near Spitzbergen — he returned without advancing the cause of discovery, Sept. 20, 1773. Philpot, John, a divine of Eng- land burned in Smithfield, Dec. 18, 1555. Phosphorus, discovered by Brandt, 1667 ; Scheele prepared it from bones ; Kunckell, a Saxon chemist, 1670 — and by Boyle, in England; Canton's phosphorus, so named from its discoverer, 1678 ; proto-phosphoretted hydrogen dis- covered by Sir Humphrey Davy, 1812. Phosphoric Barometer, pheno- mena of, discovered 1699. Phrenology, one of the principal sciences in which Germany has been so fertile, promulgated by Dr. Gall, in 1803; Spurzheim followed the steps of Gall, and societies have been established for the same pursuit in England. Physic Garden, the first culti- vated in England, by John Gerard, at London, 1567 ; one endowed at Oxford by the Earl of Danby, 1652 ; one at Chelsea begun by Sir Hans Sloane, given to the Apothecary's company, 1721 ; the botanic garden, Dublin, commenced 1763. Physic, the practice of, confined to ecclesiastics from 1206 to 1500 ; school of, established in Dublin, 1814. Physicians, College of, projected in London by Dr. Lin acre, who obtained a patent, constituting it a corporate body of regular London physicians, Oct. 23, 1518, he being the first president — the celebrated Harvey bequeathed it books and instruments ; the college in War- wick Lane, built by Sir Christopher Wren, left in 1823, for a new building in Trafalgar Square. Physicians, Dublin, College of, founded by Charles II., 1667 — rein- corporated, 1692 ; royal college of phvsicians, Edinburgh, Nov. 29, 1681. Physiognomy, the discovery of the mental passions by the natural form and expression of the features of the face, in 1776 — Lavater, of Zurich, carried researches on the subject the farthest, for the idea was not new. Piazza Navona, fountain at Rome, made, 1680. Pigeons employed as carriers by the Turks in Hungary, 1552. Pichegru, General, conspiracy of, againstBonaparte, detected ; arrested with Georges and Moreau, Feb. 23, 1804, and confined in the Temple, where he strangled himself, April, 6, 1804, aged 43. Pickett, William, revived the art of painting on glass, died Oct. 14, 1795, aged 65. Picton Castle, Pembrokeshire, built before the Conquest, and yet entire. Picquet, the first known game on cards, invented 1390. Picts, first mentioned in history, 284 — the Scots being the moun- taineers, and the Picts the low- landers, supposed to have been a German colony ; they were subdued by the Scotch about 838, under Kenneth, who extended the terri- PIL 497 PIL tory of Scotland nearly as far as Newcastle. Picts Wall, the first from the Forth to the Clyde, built by Agri- cola, 85 ; in Northumberland, from the town of Newcastle to Carlisle, in Cumberland, for 74 miles, 8 feet thick and 12 high, erected by Adrian, to defend the south from the incursions of the northern bar- barians, 121 ; that of the emperor Severus, from the mouth of the Tyne to Bowness, on the Solway Frith, 209. Pictures — Three of the most celebrated collections sold in this country, were : — 1779, the Hough- ton, 232 pictures, £40,555; 1798, the Orleans, 296 pictures, 43,500; 1824, the Angerstein, 38 pictures, 57,000. In the Houghton collec- tion, " the Consultation of the Doctors," by Guido, was valued at £3500; "Holy Family," by Vandyke, £1600; "Magdalen at Christ's feet," by Rubens, £1600; " Cook's Shop," by Teniers, £500. Pictures and Crosses removed out of the English church, 1641. Pie-poudre Court, a tribunal for doing justice between buyers and sellers, at fairs and markets, in temp. Edward IV., 1476 — one of these courts was held at Bar- tholomew fair, as late as Sept. 6, 1804. Pierre, St., Martinique, 700 houses burned at, Oct. 1752. Pigeon, the carrier, a number let loose from London at 7 a.m., and one of thirty-two let fly, arrived at Antwerp at noon the same day — a second, in an hour after the first, and all by the following day, Nov. 23, 1819. Pilgrims — The number of pil- grims who Visited Rome in 1750, when a jubilee was proclaimed, was, at the opening of the Holy Gate, 1300 — and in the week which followed Christmas, 8400. In 1850, only 36 pilgrims attended the open- ing of the Holy Gate, and but 440 arrived during the ensuing week. Pilgrimages began in the middle ages of religious superstition, but were most in repute about the year 1100 — kings, nobles, and com- mon people, performed the most painful journeys ; some to Rome, others to more distant shrines, even to Palestine. The foundation of hospitals was owing to their neces- sities, about the year, 840 ; licences were issued to vessels to take the pilgrims abroad, 1428. Pilgrimage of Grace, an English insurrection so denominated, head- ed by one Aske, and 40,000 fol- lowers, against Henry VIII. — they were subdued by the Duke of Nor- folk, and a great number were put to death, 1536-7. Pillage of the Thames annually, on each branch of trade, was once estimated as under; to prevent which was the chief cause for mak- ing the new docks at Wapping and in the isle of Dogs, 1802, 1803, 1827 : East Indies - £25,000 West Indies - 232,000 British American colonies 10,000 Africa and Cape of Good Hope - 2,500 North and South Fisheries 2,000 United States of America - 30,000 Mediterranean and Turkey 7,000 Spain and Canaries - 10,000 France and Netherlands - 10,000 Portugal and Madeira 8,000 Holland - 10,000 Germany - 25,000 Prussia - 10,000 Poland - 5,000 Sweden -_•■-'-*..- 3,000 Denmark - 5,000 Russia - 20,000 Guernsey, Jersey, Alder- ney, Isle of Man - 2,000 Ireland - 5,000 Coasting trade 20,000 Coal trade - 20,000 Total £461,000 Pillory, the punishment of, abo- lished, 1 Victoria, June, 1837 ; it was used in cases of libel, perjury, forgery, and misdemeanour, the first statute being 41 Hen. III., 2k PIN PIT 1256 ; sometimes the nose was slit in addition, the face branded with letters, or both ears cut off, as was so cruelly executed by Charles I. and his star-chamber, for censuring his favourite priest, Laud ; if very obnoxious to the populace, rotten eggs, stones, and other missiles caused loss of life ; if the reverse was the case, the sufferer was cheer- ed, and the attendant officers of justice hooted and pelted; it was first abolished in 1815-16, except for perjury, and in the last case temp. 1 Victoria. Pilnitz, Treaty of, against France ; this convention, to which Europe indirectly owed 22 years of bloodshed, and an enormous waste of treasure, took place July 20, 1791 ; the revolution in France appeared to offer an opportunity, from its apparent weakness, of imi- tating the partition of Poland; a treaty was agreed upon by which the emperor should seize all that Louis XIV. had acquired in the Netherlands, and, uniting that to the other Netherlands, give them to the Elector Palatine, while Austria should unite Bavaria to her own dominions ; the same object mainly produced the celebrated march to Paris of the Duke of Brunswick, in 1793 ; the spoil of France was a stronger bait to action than even the Bourbon restoration. Pines, these trees were introduced into England at different periods ; the stone and cluster pine, and other sorts, it is uncertain when, but the Weymouth pine was intro- duced from North America, 1705 ; the frankincense pine from the same quarter, before 1713. Pinket, Battle of, between the English and Scotch, when the latter were routed, with the loss of 10,000 men and 1200 prisoners, while the victors did not lose 200. Pinney, Mayor of Bristol, tried for negligence and pusillanimity during the memorable riots ; he was acquitted, Nov. 1, 1832. Pins first used in England, and articles of foreign commerce, 1483 ; made of brass wire brought from France, 1540 ; made in Engl., 1543. Pipes of lead for water conveyance, first cast by the Rev. Robert Brook, 1539. Pippins first planted in Lincoln- shire, 1525. Pisa, republic of, founded 1403 ; leaning tower or campanile at, 188 feet high, and 11 feet over the base. Pistols first used by cavalry in war, 1544. Pitch and Tar first made from pit coal, at Bristol, 1774. Pitcairn's island in the Pacific, discovered 1773, inhabited by the descendants of the mutineers of the Bounty, Captain Bligh, 1789, un- known until 1814 ; emigrated to Otaheite for want of water, but dis- gusted with the Otaheitan manners, returned again, 1832. Pitt's Straits, in the East Indies, discovered, April 30, 1760. Pitt, William, afterwards Earl of Chatham, the most popular, powerful, and successful minister England ever possessed, with ora- torical powers of the highest order, born 1708, died May 11, 1778 ; buried at the public expense in Westminster Abbey, June 9. "Without dividing he destroyed party, without corrupting he made a venal age unanimous. France sunk beneath him. With one hand he smote the house of Bourbon, and wielded with the other the fierce democracy of England." Pitt, William, the second son of the Earl of Chatham, who became prime minister, Dec. 27, 1783, and remained in office until 1801 ; he came into office again, May 12, 1804, and remained until his death, Jan. 23, 1806 ; he possessed great oratorical powers, and continued to keep his place under very disadvan- tageous circumstances ; with a strong desire to be a great war minister, he was unfortunate in all his objects, France to the hour of his decease obtaining a continued series of successes ; he received the honour PL A 499 PLA of a public funeral in Feb. 1806. His ambition, above all pecuniary considerations for himself, did not hesitate to make them the means for the attainment of his objects, and the burthens of the nation were made under his administration to press with a weight that had no previous example. The want of success in the measures of the allies, whom he unsparingly subsidized, preyed upon his mind, and acce- lerated his death. Pius IX., the existing pope and bishop who fills the chair of St. Peter ; the name of nine of the same Catholic high functionaries, derived from Antoninus Pius, so named from his piety, 138. Pius, Order of knighthood at Eome, 1500. Pix, the box that contains the host, as ordered by the Lateran council, 1215. Plague, numerous visitations of that scourge occur before the Chris- tian era. At Rome, 10,000 persons perished daily, a.d. 78 ; the same disease again ravaged the Roman empire, a.d. 167. In Britain a plague raged so formidably, and swept away such multitudes, that the living were scarcely sufficient to bury the dead, a.d. 430. A dreadful one began in Europe in 558, extended all over Asia and Africa, and it is said did not cease for many years ; at Constantinople, when 200,000 of its inhabitants perished, a.d. 746 ; at Chichester in England, an epidemical disease car- ried off 34,000 persons, 772. In Scotland, 40,000 persons perished of a pestilence, a.d. 954. In London a great mortality, a.d. 1094 ; and in Ireland, 1095. Again in London; it extended to cattle, fowls, and other domestic animals, 1111. In Ireland, after Christmas this year, Henry II. was forced to quit the country, 1172; again in Ireland, when a prodigious number perished, 1204. A general plague raged throughout Europe, causing a most extensive mortality. Britain and Ireland suffered grievously. In London alone, 200 persons were buried daily in the Charterhouse- yard. In England, 1247 and 1347, when 50,000 died in London, 1500 in Leicester, &c. ; in Germany, which cut off 90,000 people, 1348 ; In Paris and London, a fearful mor- tality prevailed in 1362 and 1367, and in Ireland, in 1370 ; a great pestilence in Ireland, called the fourth, destroyed a great number of the people, 1383 ; 30,000 persons perished of a dreadful pestilence in London, 1407; again in Ireland, superinduced by a famine, great numbers died, 1466; and Dublin was wasted by a plague, 1470 ; a pestilence at Oxford, 1471 ; and throughout England a plague, which destroyed more people than the continual wars for the fifteen pre- ceeding years, 1478. The sweating sickness fatal at London, 1485 ; the plague at London so dreadful, that Henry VII. and his court removed to Calais, 1500; again, the sweat- ing sickness ; in most of the capital towns in England half the inhabi- tants died, and Oxford was depopu- lated, 9 Henry VIII., 1517. Lime- rick was visited by a plague, when many thousands perished, 1522 ; a pestilence throughout Lreland, 1525 ; and the English sweat, 1528 ; and a pestilence in Dublin, 1575 ; 30,578 persons perished of the plague, in London alone, 1603- 1604 ; 200,000 perished of a pesti- lence at Constantinople in 1611 ; in London a great mortality prevailed, and 35,417 persons perished, 1625 ; in France, a general mortality ; at Lyons 60,000 persons died, 1632. The plague brought from Sardinia to Naples (being introduced by a transport with soldiers on board), raged with such violence as to cany off 400,000 of the inhabitants in six months, 1656 ; memorable plague, which carried off 68,596 persons in London, 1665 ; 60,000 persons pe- rished of the plague at Marseilles and neighbourhood, brought in a ship from the Levant, 1720; at PLA 500 PLA Messina, Feb. 1743; at Algiers, 1755 ; in Persia, when 80,000 per- sons perished at Bassorah, 1773 ; at Smyrna, that carried off about 20,000 inhabitants, 1784; and at Tunis, 32,000, 1784; in the Levant, 1786 ; at Alexandria, Smyrna, &c., 1791 ; the yellow fever destroyed 2000 at Philadelphia, 1793; on the coast of Africa, particularly at Bar- bary, 3000 died daily. One of the most terrible plagues that ever raged, prevailed in Syria, 1760. In Persia, a fatal pestilence, which carried off 80,000 of the inhabitants of Bassorah, 1773 ; in Egypt more than 800,000 persons died of plague, 1792 ; in Barbary, 3000 died daily ; and at Fez 247,000 perished, 1799; in Spain and at Gibraltar, immense numbers were carried off by a pes- tilent disease in 1804 and 1805; at Arta, 1817, two -thirds of the population taken off after 48 hours' illness. At Malta it committed great ravages, 1813 ; in Lesser Asia, Syria, and the adjacent islands, by which Smyrna is com- puted to have lost 30,000 per- sons, 1814 ; in Naples, 1816 ; again, at Gibraltar, an epidemic fever much resembling the plague, caused great mortality, 1828; the Asiatic cholera made its first ap- pearance in England, at Sunderland, Oct. 26, 1831 ; in Scotland, at Had- dington, Dec. 23, in the same year ; and in Ireland, at Belfast, March 14, 1832; again visited England, 1848 and 1849. The black death raged in Europe in the 14th aad 15th centuries, and in Asia ; Alep- po lost 500 daily ; Cyprus, nearly all its inhabitants ; Florence, 60,000; Venice, 100,000; Mar- seilles, in a month, 16,000 ; Sierra, 70,000; Paris, 50,000; St. Denis, 14,000; Avignon, 60,000; Stras- burgh, 16,000; Quebec, 9000; Basle, 14,000; Euport, 16,000; Weimar, 5000 ; Liniburg, 2500 ; London, 100,000; Norwich, 51,100; the Franciscan friars in Germany, 124,434; the Minorites in Italy, &c, 30,000; in some parts of France not 2 out of 20 inhabitants were left alive ; 500 per day died in the Hotel Dieu at Paris; Yarmouth, 7052, &c, terminating in England, 1349 ; Spain was ravaged till after 1350 by the black death, which had ravaged every country in Europe, except Russia, from 1347 ; no less than 25,000,000 of its inhabitants disappeared from Europe. Plague in London ; the morta- lity from this disease most fatal; the last year of its appearance, 1665, in Sept., when 7165 died in one week ; 1 person died Feb. 14 ; 2, April 25 ; 9, May 9 ; 3, May 16 ; 14, May 23 ; and so it increased up to Sept. 17, when 8297 died, of which number 7165 died of the plague; these fell to 281 in the week of Dec. 19, of all diseases, in- cluding these cases, 525 ; the great plague years of London gave for deaths of plague, besides other di- seases, 1592, 11,503 of plague j 1603, 30,561 ; 1625, 35,403 ; 1630, 1319; 1636,10,400; 1665,68,596. In 1625 the total deaths were 54,256 ; of plague, 35,403, including within and without the walls in the liberties in Middlesex and Surrey ; the 9 out- parishes and the post- house ; 121 parishes were infected, and one was clear; two or three persons were reported annually to die of it for nearly fourscore years previous to its extinction, the year of the great fire, 1666. Plague in Edinburgh, 1513, the year before the battle of Flodden field ; disappeared until 1645 ; all business and intercourse suspended, from April to December, of 5000 inhabitants in Leith 3000 perished ; a great famine followed ; entering one end of a street, it would clear one side and leave the other un- touched; water-courses were ob- served to stop its progress ; at Stirling all the magistrates, the executioner, and all the town coun- cil died. Planets and Asteroids, the years of their discovery were as follows, "with their revolutions, &c. : — . PLA 501 PLA . gd&&d & & £ . & .Jn.PlS'^S < i>4'a)a).Saiaic3 sS £a> •3 « fl 1=1 o o Pi PI o o PI PI h gco -4-s a 3 o qj <2 ^ .,=? . . o . . "3 rH i— t 00 i— i Co . C i H .00 00 ^ ^ . >0 £ r-l _ ao o H~iO~Co~cD' b- OS OS O O~>O~iO~C7i CD OS OS ^ O rH(N OOO OOO OOO NCCO CO O CO ToTr-T 00 CO r-l CO O CD t-Tr-rco" CO CO CO (M (N CM O O 88 o"of 0G0O^tlX0 0 HCOINfNHHCDO) rHrH in 1817, were 1 in 31 ; in 1834, they were 1 in 33 2-3rds; the deaths in 1817, were 1 in 39§ ; in 1834, they were 1 in 41 ; the annual births to the whole population, 1 in 32 4-lOths; marriages to the whole population, 1 in 131 6-10ths ; average of chil- POP 516 POP dren to a marriage, 4 7-100ths — legitimate to illegitimate births, 13 to 1. Population of Europe, effect of political prospects upon. During the years 1817, 1818, and 1819, when the political prospects of Prance were in their zenith, 1 per- son was married in 98 ; in the sub- sequent years, the numbers again fell, to 1 in 108—1 in 111— and 1 in 118. In France, from the year 1815 to 1822, the number of mar- riages was less than before the re- volution, although the population was greater by several millions. After 1817, annual marriages in- creased by about 8,000, and con- tinued stationary at that rate till 1821— but, in 1822, after the evacu- ation of the country by foreign troops, the number quickly rose by 26,000 — and, in the ensuing year, even to 40,000. It again declined during the obnoxious administra- tion of Villele, and again increased after the overthrow of his ministry. Even in Russia, from 70,000 to 80 ; 000 couples less than usual were married in 1812. The proportion of deaths among children under 5 years, is remarkable, and seems to keep pace with the degree of edu- cation and comfort of the inhabi- tants. It is smallest in the large towns ; and would be smaller still, if it were not for those who die in workhouses and hospitals, deserted by their parents. The degree of fertility of marriages, seems to vary between 3,500 and 5,506 children to 1000 couples. The average of more than 77 millions of births, and 17 millions of marriages, all extending over a period of several years, shews, that to a thousand mar- riages there were born in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ... 5, 546 children. In Prance 4,448 „. In England 4,090 in 1841. In Zealand 3,439 The Two Sicilies and Zealand being the extremes. Marriages appear to be less prolific, as countries lie nearer to the north. Population, Slave, in the British Colonies, before emancipation. Barbadoes Bahamas Berbice Bermuda Demerara Grenada Ditto Jamaica Nevis St. Christopher St. Vincent Tobago Ditto Trinidad Virgin Island.. Year. Males. Females. Total. 1826 36,995 43,556 80,551 1825 5,549 5,292 10,841 1825 11,423 10,041 21,464 1827 2,208 2,400 4,608 1826 38,758 32,624 71,362 1825 12,057 12,840 24,897 1826 11,896 12,685 24,581 1826 162,726 168,393 331,119 1825 4,591 4,695 9,286 1825 9,324 10,192 19,516 1825 13,070 12,245 24,252 1826 6,394 7,034 13,428 1827 6,138 6,861 12,999 1825 13,435 11,017 24,452 1825 2,505 2,931 5,436 POP 517 POP Population of England's Euro- pean Colonial Dependencies, viz. : — Gibraltar, 1840, British subjects . 10,122 Strangers and fo- reigners . . . 4,886 Malta, 1839 :— Natives . . . Resident English Aliens . . . Military . . . Gozzo, 1839 :— Natives . . . . English residents 95,591 2,114 4,661 3,090 15,008 105,456 61,449 23 Ionian Islands, 1840 : — • 16,472 Corfu. Cephalonia . Zante. . . Santa Maura Ithaca , . Cerigo . . Paxa . . . 75,334 64,636 40,899 17,450 10,623 9,447 4,960 223,349 Heligoland 2,000 Population, Asiatic Colonies of England : — 1835, Ceylon, Island of, Whites .... 9,121 Free blacks . 1,194,482 Other blacks . . 27,397 Aliens & strangers 18,825 1,241,825 Provinces of Hindoostan, or India, acquired, Bombay, 1688; the twenty four purgunnahs, 1757 ; Masulipa- tan, 1759 ; Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong, 1760; Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, 1765 ; Jaghire, Madras, 1765; Northern Circars, 1766 ; Zemindary of Benares, 1775 ; Salsette Island, 1776; Nagore, 1778; Pulo Penang, 1786; Gun- toor Circar, 1788 ; Malabar, Din- digul, Sabiente, 1792 ; Coimbatoor, Canara, Wynaad, and Tanjore, 1799 ; Nizam's acquisitions from Tippoo Saib, 1800; Carnatic, Gomehpoor, Lower Doab, Bareilly, &c, 1801 ; districts of Bundelcund, 1802 ; Kuttack, Balasore, Upper Doab, Delhi, &c, 1803 ; districts in Guzzerat, 1805 ; Kumaon, and port of Nepaul, 1815 ; Tangur, Huttah Darwar, &c, 1817; Candeish, Ajmere, districts on the Nerbudda, Sumbhulpoor, Patna, Poonah, Con- can, south Mahratta country, 1818 ; lands in southern Concan, 1820; districts in Bejapoor and Ahmed- nugger 5i 1822; Island of Singapoor, 1824 ; Malacca,* 1825 ; Assam, Arracan, Tavoy, Teneserim, 1826; Cachar, 1832; Coorg, Loodhiana, and the adjoining district, 1834; Jynteah, 1835 ; Aden, 1839 ; Kin- noul, 1840 ; Jalorn, 1841 ; Scinde, 1843; the Punjab, 1849. The population of the whole of India, subject to British control, cannot be less than 130,000,000. Isle of Mauritius : — Europeans and Africans, 1838 . 112,146 Indians and other emigrants . . 58,735 ■ 170,881 Australia, viz : — New South Wales, 1848. . 220,407 Van Dieman's Land 70,164 W estern Australia, whites . . . . 4,460 Do., natives . . 2,000 South Australia . 38,666 In March, 1850, the population of Victoria, or Port Philip, alone, had reached 77,345; Adelaide, 1852, had a population of 67,000— occasioned through the discovery of gold in that part of those vast territories — the entire population being in all the colonies, over 500,000, 1853. Islands of New Zealand, European population, 1848—10,483. Population, African Dependen- cies, 1806, viz. : — Cape of Good Hope, whites, and free coloured . . . 25,614 Free blacks . . 1,134 Negro and coloured slaves .... 29,303 Hottentots . . . 17,431 73,482 POP 518 POP In 1849, slavery being abolished, 1839 Tobago . . . . . 11,748 and the colony improved, the 1835 Virgin Islands . . 7,731 population was 175,540, of all 1824 Auguilla . . . . 3,666 races. 1837 Trinidad . . . . 39,828 St. Helena had a population of 1839 Barbadoes . . . . 23,048 all races, in 1839; total 4706. 1839 Bermudas . . . . 8,933 Ascension Island has an inconsider- Falkland Islands . . able population. Sierra Leone, in 1844, contained only 175 whites — Population of the principal with the free Macks, the number Cities, 1850 :— amounted to 44,935. The popula- London . 2,000,000 tion of the other settlements on the Jeddo . • . 1,680,000 Gambia, was 4446 blacks, and 49 Pekin . . 1,650.000 whites ; and at Cape Coast, Arica, Paris . 1,105,000 Dix Cove, and Annamabo, the Calcutta . 950,000 white population is very incon- Nankin . . 850,000 siderable, owing to the deadly Constantinople . 850,000 nature of the climate ; but the Bri- New York . 750,000 tish influence extends over not less Benares . . ■ . . 650,000 than 800,000 of the black popula- Madras . . 435,000 tion on the gold coast, called Naples . . 410,000 Fantees. To the population of Vienna . . 395,000 these stations must be added that of Moscow . . 355,000 Fernando Po, an island which has Grand Cairo . . - . 335,000 but 3 white inhabitants, and from Glasgow . 334,000 3000 to 4000 blacks. The settle- Manchester . . 316,000 ments of Tacia, Quittah, Ningo, Madrid . . 300,000 and Addah, purchased of Denmark Lisbon . . 298,000 by England, contain no more than Aleppo . . 280,000 a dozen white people in any, owing Berlin . . 280,000 to the fatal fever of the country. Amsterdam . . 274,000 St. Petersburgh . 270,000 Population, Colonial, of the Dublin . . 255,000 North and South American con- Bordeaux . 247,000 tinent : — ■ Bagdad . . 245,000 1844 Lower Canada . . 691,193 Mexico . . 225,000 1844 Upper do 486,055 Rome . 224,000 . 220,000 1840 New Brunswick . . 156,162 Philadelphia . 1838 Nova Scotia and Rio Janeiro . . 200,000 Cape Breton . . 178,237 Milan . . 198,000 1841 Prince Edward's Is- Barcelona . 188,000 land 47,033 Hamburgh Lyons . . 172,000 . 168,000 1836 Newfoundland . . 74,' 705 1839 Honduras . . , . 7,935 Edinburgh . 158,000 1833 British Guiana . . 96,424 Palermo . . 147,000 1832 Antigua .... 35,412 Marseilles . 146,000 1829 Barbadoes . . . 102,412 Copenhagen . . 145,000 1833 Dominica . . . 18,605 Turin . . 143,000 1837 Grenada . . . 20,994 Seville . . 142,000 1824 Jamaica . . . . 375,405 W^arsaw . . . 141,000 . 138,000 1836 Montserrat . . . 7,119 Tunis . 1838 Nevis . . . . 7 424 Prague . Smyrna . . 133,000 . 132,000 1838 St. Christopher . . 22,482 1839 St Lucia . . . . 14,179 Brussels . . 130,000 1831 St. Vincent . . 27,122 New Orleans . . 126,700 POP 519 POR Florence . 122,000 Stockholm . 121,000 Munich . . 118,000 Dresden . . 114,000 Frankfort . 110,000 Population; conjectural estimate of the principal Empires and King- doms of the world, 1840 : — Chinese empire . . . 185,000,000 British empire . . . 171,000,000 Russian empire . . . 65,000,000 French empire . . . 36,000,000 Austrian empire . . 35,400,000 Japan 29,000,000 Spain 13,500,000 Spanish empire . . . 17,000,000 United States of Ame- rica, &c, 1850 . 23,500,000 Turkey 14,500,000 Turkish empire . . . 23,500,000 Prussian monarchy . 17,000,000 Persia, &c 12,500,000 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies .... 8,750,000 Empire of Brazil . . 5,750,000 Sardinia 6,250,000 Holland 4,750,000 Dutch monarchy and colonies .... 8,500,000 Bavaria 4,600,000 Sweden and Norway . 4,500,000 Belgium 3,850,000 Portugal 3,950,000 Ecclesiastical States . 2,950,000 Denmark ..... 2,400,000 Hanover 1,300,000 Wurtemberg . . . . 1,800,000 Saxony 1,800,000 Tuscany 1,780,000 Baden 1,500,000 Population, American, 1840, employed in agriculture, 3,717,756; in commerce, 117,575; in trades and manufactures, 791,545 ; ocean navigation, 56,025 ; river and lake navigation, &c, 33,067 ; mining, 15,203 ; learned professions, 65,236 ; total population, 17,062,666. • Population Resident in a house, in England and Wales, gave in 1841, the proportion 5|, and in Scotland 5g to each dwelling ; the proportion fluctuates in different towns ; where the population is densest at one time, at another it is found to differ, and become more diffused from the extension of new buildings. London gave 7| in 1832; Manchester and Liver- pool 6| ; Bath 7| ; Plymouth 9| ; Birmingham 5 ; Leeds, Norwich, Sheffield, about 4f . Population of China, estimated by the suite of Lord Macartney at 150,000,000; but a Chinese manda rin told him that the population was above 330,000,000 in 1793 ; Neuhoff in his travels gave it at 230,000,000; the denseness of the population is undoubted, but the exact number it is impossible to ascertain. Porcelain first brought to per- fection in Saxony, 1706 ; made at Chelsea, 1760, and in several other places in England subsequently, as in Staffordshire and at Worcester. Port Jackson, New South Wales. See Sidney. Portchester Castle, Hants, one of the earlier works of the Romans in England, 4 miles north of Ports- mouth, used as a receptacle for prisoners of war from 1794 to 1814. Porcupine, Order of Knight- hood, began in France, 1393: Porterage Act passed, regulat- ing the tonnage of small parcels, 1799. PoRT-Royal, Jamaica, destroyed by an earthquake, June 1692 ; in 1722 inundated by the sea, and in 1744 ravaged by a hurricane ; after these injuries the principal offices were removed, and no market hell there afterwards ; in 1815 it was so ruined by a fire that only 200 houses remained, most of the inhabitants had removed to Kingston ; the cholera visited it in 1850 ; the har- bour is fine ; 1000 vessels might ride in it securely. Port-au-Prince, St. Domingo, 150 persons burned at, June 1784 ; nearly the whole town was burned in a riot, Dec. 1791. Porteous, Captain, hung by the POR 520 POR populace at Edinburgh; a smug- gler was to have been executed ; a fellow-depredator on the revenue kept back the soldiers from seizing his companion, and gave him the opportunity of escape, for which act he was to suffer ; the crowd sym- pathised with the men and pelted the guard, and Captain Porteous ordered his men to fire on the people, April 14, 1736, when 17 persons were killed or wounded ; the captain was tried and found guilty of murder, but was reprieved, evidently with the intention of sav- ing him ; the people in consequence broke into the prison, took him out and hanged him on a sign-post, in defiance of the military and the authorities ; though large rewards were offered, no individual con- cerned in the deed was ever disco- vered, Sept. 7, 1736. Porter, two huge butts of, at Meaux's brewhouse, burst Oct. 17, 1814, and between 8000 and 9000 barrels were lost ; porter raised 2d. per gallon, Jan 10, 1762, again, 1801. Portland Island, the castle built by Henry VIII. ; fortified before 1142: engagement off, between the English and Dutch fleets, lasting three "days, Eeb. 18, 1653; 11 Dutch men of war destroyed, be- sides 30 merchant vessels, by Van Tromp and Blake, the command- ers ; north-east arm sunk in the sea, Dec, 1738 ; breakwater at, be- gun July 25, 1849. Portglaine, Order of, begun in Livonia, 1196. Portholes introduced into ships of war, 1545. Portland Lighthouse erected, 1716-89. Portland Administrations, • the first the well-known coalition mi- nistry, of which William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, cluke of Port- land was the head, April 5, 1783 ; the second was in March 25, 1807, terminating Dec, 1809, when Spencer Perceval became prime minister. Portobello discovered by Co- lumbus, Nov. 2, 1502 ; taken from the Spaniards by Admiral Vernon, Nov. 22, 1739 : again in 1742, and the fortifications of, destroyed. PoRTO-Rico discovered, 1497. PoRro-Eerrajo, Isle of Elba, for- tified by Cosmo of Florence, 1548, finished only in 1628 ; became the residence of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814. Portreeve, the ancient name of the principal magistrate of a town, who ultimately became mayor, in the reign of Richard I., 1189. Portsmouth, one of the great stations of the navy of England; burnt, 1265 ; again by the French, 1377 ; attempted again, but failed, 1544 ; the dockyard supplied with water, 1741 ; £12,000 voted for an hospital at, 1744-5 ; set fire to, July 3, 1760, and damage done to the extent of £400,000; another fire, July 27, 1770 ; again, Dec. 7, 1776; sham naval engagement at, in presence of the king, June 1773 ; twenty men, women, and children bloYvOi to pieces at, by an explosion of gunpowder, June 24, 1809; at the launch of the Queen Charlotte, a dock gate burst open, and 60 per- sons drowned, 1805. Portugal, once called Lusitania, made a part of Spain or Iberia under the Roman sway; it was conquered by the Moors, 713, and remained long subject to them until conquered by Alphonso of Spain, who was the first sovereign ; though taken by Spain, it subsequently revolted successfully ; the House of Braganza sat on the throne no longer under the sovereigns of Spain, and that race retained it. The following are some of the leading events in the history of Portugal : Settlement of the Alains and Visigoths . . . a.d. 472 Invasion by the Saracens . 713 The kings of Asturias subdue some Saracen chiefs ; Al- phonsusIII. establishes epis- copal sees . . . 900 TOR 521 POR Alphonsus Henriquez defeats five Moorish kings ; pro- claimed king by his army . 1139 Assisted by a fleet of Crusa- ders in their way to the Ho- ly Land, he takes Lisbon from the Moors . . . 1147 The kingdom of Algarve taken from the Moors by Sancho I. 1189 Reign of Dionysius I., or Denis, who built 44 towns in Portugal . ■ . 1279 Military orders of Christ and St. James instituted, 1279 to 1325 John I., the Great, carried his arms into Africa . . 1415 Madeira and the Canaries seiz- ed 1420 Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope dis- covered . . . 1498 Discovery of the Brazils . 1500 The Inquisition established . 1526 The kingdom seized by Philip H. of Spain . . . 1580 The Portuguese throw off the yoke, and place John duke of Braganza on the throne . 1640 The great earthquake which destroyed Lisbon . . 1755 Joseph I. is attacked by assas- sins, and narrowly escaped death .... 1758 This affair caused some of the first families in the kingdom to be tortured to death, their names being forbidden to be mentioned ; many were un- justly condemned, and their innocence was soon after- wards made manifest. Joseph, having no son, obtain- ed a dispensation from the pope to enable his daughter and brother to intermarry . 1760 The Spaniards and French in- vade Portugal, which is sav- ed by the English, 1762 and 1763 Regency of John owing to the queen's lunacy . . 1792 The Court on the French inva- sion emigrated to the Bra- zils . . . Nov. 2, 1807 Marshal Junot entered Lisbon, Nov. 29, 1807 1811 1814 1820 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 Convention of Cintra, Aug. 30, 1808 Battle of Busaco. Sept. 27, 1810 The British parliament granted the sufferers in Portugal £100,000 Portugal ceded Guiana to France .... Revolution in Portugal, Aug. "29, Constitutional Junta, Oct. 1, Return of the Court, July 4, Independence of Brazil, the prince regent made emperor, Oct. 12 ... The king of Portugal sup- pressed the constitution, June 5, Disturbances at Lisbon; Dom Miguel leaves . May 1-9, Treaty with Brazil, Aug. 29, 1825 Death of John VI., Feb. 18, 1826 Dom Pedro granted a charter and confirmed the regency, April 26, 1826 He relinquished the throne of Portugal in favour of his daughter Donna Maria da Gloria . . May 2, 1826. Dom Miguel took the oath of fealty at Vienna . Oct. 4, 1826 Marquess of Chaves' insurrec- tion. . . Oct 6, 1826 Dom Miguel and Donna Ma- ria betrothed . Oct. 29, 1826 Portugal solicited the assis- tance of Great Britain, Dec. 3, 1826 Departure of the first British troops for Portugal, Dec. 17, Bank of Lisbon stopped pay- ment . . Dec. 7, Dom Miguel arrived in London . . Dec. 30, Arrived in Lisbon . Feb. 22, He took the oaths as regent Formal act of abdication by Dom Pedro, . March 3, The British armament quitted Portugal . April 28, Foreign ministers withdrew, May 3, arrested, June 13, Dom Miguel assumes the title of king . . July 4. Sir John Doyle 1826 1827 1827 1828 1828 1828 1828 1828 182S 1828 FOR 522 POR He dissolved the three estates, July 12, 1828 Miguel's troops take Madeira Aug. 24, 1828 Eelease of Sir John Doyle, Sept. 7, 1828 The Queen Donna Maria ar- rived at Falmouth, Sept. 24, 1828 Arrived in London, Oct. 6, 1828 Her reception at Windsor, Dec. 22, 1828 Dom Miguel's expedition against Terceira defeated Aug. 11, 1829 Kevolution in Brazil, April 7, 1831 Dom Pedro arrived in Eng- land, . . June 16, 1831 Insurrection , in Portugal in favour of the queen, more than 300 lives lost, Aug. 21, 1831 Dom Pedro's expedition sailed from Belleisle , Feb. 9, 1832 At Terceira Dom Pedro pro- claimed himself regent of Portugal, on behalf of his daughter . . April 2, 1832 He took Oporto . July 8, 1832 The Miguelites, attacking Oporto, are defeated with considerable loss, Sept. 19, 1832 Mount Cavello taken, April 9, 1833 Admiral Napier took the whole of Dom Miguel's squadron off Cape St. Vincent, July 2, 1833 Lisbon evacuated by the duke of Cadaval's army, July 23, 1833 Dom Miguel capitulated to the Pedroite forces, and Santarem surrendered, May 26, 1834 Dom Miguel permitted to leave the country unmolested, he embarked at Evora for Ge- noa . . May 31, 1834 Massacres at Lisbon, June 9, 1834 The queen declared by the Cortes to be of age, Sept. 15, 1834 Dom Pedro died, Sept. 21, 1834 Oporto wine company abo- lished .... 1834 Prince Augustus of Portugal (duke of Leuchtenberg), just married to the queen, died .- .March 28, 1835 The queen married prince Fer- dinand of Saxe Coburg Jan. 1, 1836 Revolution at Lisbon, Aug. 9, 1836 Another outbreak there, Nov. 8, 1836 The duke of Terceira attempt- ed to restore Dom Pedro's charter . . Aug. 18, 1837 He failed, and embarked for England with General Sal- danha . S^pt. 18, 1837 Insurrection in the northern provinces . . April, 1846 The duke of Palmella resign- ed his ministry ' . Oct. 31. 1846 Action at Evora, the queen's troops defeated the insur- gent forces . .Oct. 31, 1846 British squadron under Admi- ral Parker arrived in the Tagus . . Oct. 31, 1846 Palmella banished, Nov. 26, 1846 Marquess of Saldanha defeated count Bomfin at Torres Ve- dras . . . Dec. 22, 1846 The insurgents entered Oporto Jan. 7, 1847 London conference, by which England, France, and Spain determine to assist the queen of Portugal to terminate the civil war . . May 21, 1847 Submission of Sa de Bandeira to the queen, June 11, 1847 A Spanish force entered Opor- to, and the Junta yielded, June 26, 1847 The Conde de Thomar's minis- try tendered their resigna- tion to the queen, in conse- quence of a military outbreak in Oporto, owing to arrests ordered by the Conde Casal, who was overpowered and quitted the city, when Mar- shal Saldanha was recalled, April 25, 1851 Marshal Saldanha entered the city on the 27th of April, and made it his headquarters 1851 Marshal Saldanha and 3000 of his soldiers entered Lisbon, and were favourably receiv- ed by the queen, the marshal POE 523 POS being placed at the head of the ministry, May 15, 1851 Portugal, Sovereigns of, from 1093 :— 1093. Henry, count or earl of Por- tugal. 1112. Alfonso, his son, and Theresa. 1128. Alfonso, count of Portugal, alone. 1139. Alfonso declared king, obtain- ed a signal victory over a vast army of Moors on the plains of Ourique. 1185. Sancho I., son of Alfonso. 1212. Alfonso II., surnamed theFat. 1223. Sancho II, or the Idle: de- posed 1248. Alfonso III. 1279. Denis or Dionysius, styled the Father of his Country, 1325. Alfonso IV. 1357. Peter the Severe : succeed- ed by his son, 1367. Ferdinand I. : succeeded by his natural brother, 1384. John I., the Bastard, and the Great: married Philippa, daughter of John of Gaunt. 1433. Edward. 1438. Alfonso V., the African, 1481, John II., whose actions pro- cured him the title of the Great, and the Perfect. 1495. Emanuel, the Fortunate. 1521. John III., son of Emanuel ; he admitted into his king- dom the Inquisition. 1557. Sebastian : slain in the great battle of Alcazar, in Afri- ca, Aug. 4, 1578 ; when the crown reverted to his great uncle, 1578. Henry, the Cardinal, son of Emanuel. 1580. Anthony, prior of Crato, son of Emanuel: deposed by Philip II. of Spain, who united Portugal to his other dominions. 1640. John IV., duke of Braganza : dispossessed the Spaniards in a bloodless revolution, and was proclaimed king, Dec. 1. 1656. Alfonso VI. : deposed in 1668, and his brother and successor Peter made re- gent. 1683. Peter II. : succeeded by his son, 1706. John V. : succeeded by his son, 1750. Joseph. The daughter and successor of this prince married his brother, by dispensation from the pope, they ascended the throne, as 1777. Maria Frances-Isabella, and Peter III. 1 786. Maria, alone : this princess afterwards fell into melan- choly and derangement. 1792. Regency. John, son of the queen, and afterwards king, declared regent of the kingdom. 1816: John VI. : previously regent. He had withdrawn in 1807, owing to the French inva- sion, to his Brazilian do- minions ; the discontent of his subjects obliged him to return in 1821 : died in 1826. 1826. Peter IV. son of John VI. : making his election of the empire of Brazil, abdicated the throne of Portugal in favour of his daughter, 1826. Maria II., who became queen at 7 years of age. 1828. Dom Miguel brother to Pe- ter IV. usurped the crown, which he retained, amid civil contentions, until 1833. 1833. Maria II. restored: declared in Sept. 1834 to be of age, and assumed the royal power accordingly. Portuguese Ambassador's brother beheaded for murder, 1654. Posen annexed to Prussia, 1815. Posing, in Hungary, 107 houses burned at, 1784, and in April 1803, 285 houses. Posts for letters, mode of carrying, invented in Paris university, 1470 ; POS 524 POS post-horses, by stages, established 1483; Louis XL first established them in France ; in England, 1581 ; Germany, 1641 ; in the Turkish do- minions, 1740 ; offices erected, 1643 and 1657 ; made general in Eng- land, 1656 ; in Scotland, 1695 ; as at present formed, 12 Charles II., Dec. 27, L660 ; penny-posts began in London, 1681 ; taken in hand by the government, 1711 ; the penny- post made twopence, 1801 ; mails first conveyed by coaches, Aug. 2, 1784 ; the first mail by railway, Nov. 11, 1830, between Manchester and Liverpool; the speed of con- veyance naturally increased the num- ber sent 6 per cent. ; postage of letters advanced 1784, 1797, 1801, 1810, 1812. The revenue received increased in the following ratio : — 1644 1654 1664 1674 1685 1688 1697 1710 .£5,000 per annum 10,000 21,910 43,000 65,000 76,318 90,505 111,461 1714 £145,227 per annum 1723 201,805 „ 1744 235,492 „ 1764 432,048 141,829 management. 1788 ] . 276,466 net produce. 418,285 gross amount 132,733 management. 1789 ] . 308,109 net. 440,842 gross. 139,650 management. 1790 ] 340,424 net. 480,074 gross. 125,070 management. 1791 ] 336,818 net. 411,880 gross. 392,884 management. 1807 ] , 1,277,538 net. . 1,670,423 gross. 585,083 management. 1820 ] . 1,380,434 net. . 1,965,468 gross. 1823 | . 1,393,011 net. . 1,530,205 gross Post-Office of the United King- dom. An account of the gross and net revenue, and charges of manage- ment in each year ending April 5, from 1824 to 1850:— Years. Gross. Net. Management. £ £ . £ 1824 1,965,468 1,400,080 500,675 1825 2,060,390 1,517,621 512,585 1826 2,184,514 1,478,669 584,776 1827 2,162,179 1,366,853 595,181 1828 2,048,102 1,396,355 566,384 1829 2,024,418 1,360,778 579,175 1830 2,053,720 1,368,307 594,349 1831 2,064,334 1,395,039 574,578 1832 2,034,603 1,321,585 557,313 1833 2,062,839 1,391,469 552,734 1834 2,062,839 1,426,499 552,735 1835 2,079,508 1,382,544 611,511 1836 2,107,676 1,440,839 582,509 1837 2,206,736 1,511,026 609,220 1838 2,200,973 1,529,684 574,310 1839 2,212,781 1,548,352 568,446 1840 2,267,114 1,530,981 631,934 POS 525 POS Here the change to the penny- charge took place ; in the foregoing statement the returns are not men- tioned separately, nor are the Irish post-office returns included — Tears. Gross Revenue. Management. Net. £ £ £ 1841 1,359,466 858,677 500,789 1842 1,499,418 938,168 561,249 1843 1,578,145 977,504 600,614 1844 1,620,867 980,650 540,217 1845 1,705,067 985,110 719,917 1846 1,887,576 1,125,594 761,982 1847 1,963,857 1,138,745 825,112 1848 2,181,016 1,196,520 984,496 1849 5,143,679 1,403,250 740,429 1850 2,165,349 1,324,562 840,787 There is a heavy postage charge upon the government departments, of about £110,000 per annum, not deducted above. The duties of the office have been greatly extended both abroad and at home, which accounts for the heavy additional charges of management. The num- ber of letters which passed through the post-office, between 1839 and 1852, under the new system, was as follows : — 1839,.. 1840,.. 1841,.. 1842,.. 1843,.. 1844,.. 1845,.. 1846,.. 1847,.. 1848,.. 1849,.. 1850,.. 1851,.. 1852,., Number. 76,000,000... 169,000,000.. 196,500,000.. 208,500,000.. .220,500.000.. ,242.000,000.. .271,500,000.. .299,500,000.. .322,000,000.. .329,000,000.. .337,500,000.. .347,069,071.. .360,500,000.. .379,500,000.. An. Increase. ,93,000,000 ,27,500,000 ,12,000,000 ,12,000,000 .21,500,000 .29,500,000- .28,000,000 .22,500,000 . 7,000,000 . 8,000,000 . 9,500,000 .13,500,000 .19,000,000 In 1850, there were 4,439,713 mo- ney orders ; 8,494,498 money orders paid ; ,£70,577 the expenses of the money order office, and there were £73,813 received; £400,964 was paid to railways ; only £52,860 was paid to railways in 1839, and there were but 188,921 money orders, in amount £313,129. In 1788, on Mondays, from 18,000 to 20,000 letters passed through the post-office ; Tuesdays, from 16,000 to 18,000 ; "Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, about 15,000 ; and Sa- turdays, 22,000 to 25,000 ; Sundays no mail. The post, in the reign of James I., by an endorsement on a letter, dated Plymouth, 1623, left on June 17, 1623, at 11 a.m., reached Ashburton the same day at 4 p.m., and Exeter at 4 a.m., June 18 ; at Honiton at 11 a.m., and at Sher- borne late at night, June 18 ; Sa- lisbury, June 19, at 6 a.m., Andover, after 9 a.m., and Basing, at noon on the 19th, Hartford Bridge at half- past 2 p.m., Staines at 5 p.m., June 19th, and the Strand by 8 at night ; thus this post rider, whose letter was endorsed, " Haste, post ! haste for thy life ! " was from — ■ Plymouth to Exeter, 17 Exeter to Honiton, . 7 Honiton to Sherborne 11 Sherborne to Salisbury 10 Salisbury to Andover 17£ MHes. 41| 16* 35 34 3£ POS 526 POU Having got on the old Boman road, he went to Basingstoke . 19| 3 Prom Basingstoke to Hartford Bridge . 10 2£ Hartford Bridge to Staines .... 19 3| To the Strand with his dispatch .... 19 3g In all, 57 hours, or 3| miles an hour, the whole distance being about 213 miles. In 1835, the De- fiance coach ran the whole distance in 27 hours, at 8 miles an hour ; the Great Western railway in 4| hours. In 1612, the mail from London to Edinburgh consumed 13 days, or about 32 miles in each 24 hours, with 80 able horses at £4, 10s. per head the whole journey, and 6d. above 20 for every pound weight of luggage. In 1825, the mail from London to Edinburgh ran the dis- tance in 46 hours. Post. — The mail first began to be conveyed by coaches, on Palmer's plan, Aug. 2, 1785; to Milford Haven, and thence by water to Waterford, 1787. The increase of the revenue by the mail-coaches was above £30,000 in 1788. Post-Office, New, in St. Martin's le Grand, begun 1825, opened 1829 ; it was originally established in Cloak-lane, near Dowgate-hill ; then removed to the Black Swan in Bishopsgate ; after the fire of 1666 it was removed to Bridges-street, Covent-garden, and subsequently to Lombard- street, where it continued until 1829, Sept. 23. Post-Office, Dublin, a new one opened, Jan. 6, 1818. Postmaster- General, the first said to have been Thomas Ban- dolph, appointed by queen Eliza- beth, 1581 ; a foreign postmaster was established by James I., and Matthew de l'Equester received that office ; Charles I. ordered that a running-post should be established in Edinburgh, to go and return in six days and nights ; the parliament in 1643, seemed, by one of its or- ders, to have suspicions that corre- spondence was sometimes inspected at the post-office. Posting and Post-chaises invented in France ; the price was fixed by Edward IV. at one penny per mile, 1548; none but the postmaster, or his authority, could furnish post horses for the traveller, 1660. PosT-Chaise Tax imposed, 1779; altered, 1780. Potato, according to some autho- rities, brought to England by Sir Erancis Drake from South America, others ascribe the introduction to Sir Walter Ealeigh, or Sir John Hawkins ; Sir Walter, it is not dis- puted, introduced it into Ire- land, though perhaps through an- other person ; for in 1693, Sir B. Southwell informed the Eoyal Society that his grandfather first brought potatoes into Ireland, hav- ing received them of Sir Walter Ealeigh ; esteemed a great delicacy, for it was noticed among the dif- ferent articles provided for the Queen' ci household, 1619 ; first be- came an object of national import- ance to plant, 1662 ; in a report to the Eoyal Society, Linnaeus endea- voured to introduce the use of the root into Sweden more extensively, 1764; a royal act issued to en- courage it; first planted in open fields in Scotland, 1728; the cul- tivation general in England, 1745 ; a failure of the crops in Ireland in 1845 produced famine and fever there to a very frightful extent. Potosi, discovery of the mines of, by the Spaniards, 1545. Potsdam, the fine cathedral of St. Nicholas at, destroyed by fire, Sept. 4, 1795. Pottery, valuable discoveries and tasteful improvements of, by Mr. Wedgwood, 1763. Pound in the time of the Saxons was the weight of 240 pence ; it is also said to have been in 671 a pound Troy of silver ; in the time of William Bums, 11 oz. 2 dwt. of fine silver, and 18 dwt. of alloy, or the weight of fine silver in 20s. ; PK^E 527 PEA in 1087, 11 oz. 2 dwt., worth £3, 2s. of present money ; the oz. of fine sil- ver was Is. 9|d., twelve times, which was the pound value, and the weight in tale was 12 oz. Powder Mills at Dartford ex- ploded, and killed several persons, Oct. 12, 1827. Powdered Hair taxed first by Pitt, May 5, 1795 ; scarcely returns more than £7500 per annum. Powderham Castle, Devon, huilt, 970. Powdering the hair, the custom is said to have arisen from the bal- lad singers in the fair at St. Ger- mains in France, whitening their heads with flour to appear ridicu- lous ; in France, before the revolu- tion, and also in England, ladies used different coloured powders, some consisting of gold particles. Powell, the pedestrian, walked from London to York and back again in six days, Nov. 27, 1773, above 402 miles ; he performed the same feat again, June 20, 1788, when he was 57 years old. Power-looms, number of, in England, 1835, 113,428; 1850, 288,336; the number of cotton looms was respectively as follows : 108,632, and 249,627 of worsted, 3082, and 32,617 of silk, 1714 and 6092 ; increase in 15 years, 174,998 looms. Powis Castle, Montgomeryshire, built 1110. Poyning's Law, one of those dis- graceful statutes which once dis- figured the Irish statute-book, so called from having been passed under the deputyship of Sir Edward Poyning, at Drogheda, in 1495 ; it gave the power of originating all public acts to the crown, leaving the Irish parliament upon recognition the right of refusal ; repealed, 1782 — 5, with sundry other acts of no better character. Pe^munire, statute enacting the offence of introducing any foreign power into the country, 35 Edward I., 1306 ; other statutes to the same end were passed temp. Edward III., but the common statute is that of Richard II., 1392 ; it is by this sta- tute, so utterly useless in modern times, that the pope is prevented from having a proper representative in England, under the invidious pre- tence that it will endanger the mon- archy ; Mr. Canning was prevented from complying with the common custom of replying to a civil letter from the pope, because the above act affected any such correspondence. PrjEmonstratensian Order, the first house of this religious order in England was founded at Newsham, Lincolnshire, 1143 ; other establish- ments of a similar character were soon afterwards formed. Prague, the capital of Bohemia, founded by the Emperor Charles II., 1361. In size and beauty it is the third city in Germany ; and strongly surrounded by fortifications. Prague, Battle of, between the Imperial troops and Bohemians, when the latter were defeated, £ ov. 7, 1620; taken by the Saxons, 1631 ; by the Swedes, 1648 ; stormed by the French, 1741 ; by the king of Prussia, 1744 ; the memorable bat- tle of, in which the Imperialists were defeated by Prince Henry of Prussia; unsuccessful siege of, by the king of Prussia, directly after- wards. Prague, Battle of, between the Poles and the Russian butcher Su- warrow, Oct. 10, 1794, when 30,000 Poles fell ; second battle of, in which the Russians were defeated, with the loss of 4000 killed and wounded, 6000 prisoners, and 12 pieces of cannon, took place, March 31, 1831, the Poles were commanded by Skrzynecki. Pragmatic Sanction, undertaken to limit the power of the pope as to the Gallican church; also for set- tling the German Empire in the House of Austria, 1439 ; in 1714, re- lative to the settlement of the crown in default of male issue; and in 1722, when Joseph I. settled the crown on Maria Theresa, wbo succeeded to it in 1840. PEE 528 PEE Praise God Barebones, a parlia- ment so called from the peculiar name attached to one of the mem- bers, July 4, 1653 ; it consisted of 120 members summoned by Crom- well, who sat for 15 months. Praslin, Duke of, cruelly mur- dered his wife, the daughter of Mar- shal Sebastiani, in Paris, Aug. 17, 1847; the duke, to avoid capital punishment, took poison, of which he died. Praying towards the East, order- ed by the Pope, 532 ; by the Pusey- ites in England, 1836-45. Praters for the dead introduced into the Eoman Catholic church, 190 ; to the Virgin Mary and Saints, by Pope Gregory, 593. Precedence, order of, 1852 : — The Queen Prince of Wales. Prince Albert. [Queen's other sons.] Princess royal. The other princesses. Duchess of Kent. Queen's aunt, the Duchess of Glou- cester. Queen's cousins. Archbishop of Canterbury. Lord Chancellor. Archbishop of York. Lord high treasurer, if of the rank of a baron. Lord president, the same. Lord privy seal, the same. Lord high constable, above all of his own rank, by 31 Henry VIII. Lord great chamberlain of England when in office only, by 1 Geo. I. Earl marshal, do. Lord high admiral, do. Lord steward of the household, by 31 Henry VIII. Lord chamberlain, do. Dukes, according to patent, do. Marquesses, according to their pa- tents, do. Dukes' eldest sons, do. Earls, according to their patents, do. Marquesses' eldest sons, do. Dukes' younger sons, do. Earls' eldest son?, do. Viscounts, according to their pa- tents, do. Marquesses' younger sons, do. Earls' eldest sons, do. Bishop of London, do. Bishop of Durham, do. Bishop of Winchester, do. All other bishops, according to their seniority of consecration, do. Secretary of state, being a baron, do. Commissioners of the great seal, do. Barons, according to their patents, do. The Speaker of the House of Com- mons. Treasurer, comptroller, and vice- chamberlain of the royal house- hold. Secretaries of state under the de- gree of baron. Viscounts' eldest sons. Earls' younger sons. Barons' eldest sons. Knights of the garter. Privy councillors. Chancellor of the exchequer. Chancellor of the duchy of Lanca- ster. Lord chief justice of the Queen's Bench. Master of the rolls. Vice-chancellor. Lord chief justice of the Common Pleas. Lord chief baron. Judges and barons, according to seniority. Hereditary bannerets. Viscounts' younger sons. Barons' younger sons. Baronets. Bannerets for life only. Knights of the Bath. Grand crosses of ditto. Knights commanders of ditto. Knights bachelors. Eldest sons of the younger sons of peers. Baronets' eldest sons. Knights of the garter's eldest sons. Bannerets' eldest sons. Knights of the Bath's eldest sons. Knights' eldest sons. Baronets' younger sons. PRE 529 PRE Flag and field officers. Sergeants-at-law. Doctors, deans, and chancellors. Masters in chancery. Companions of the Bath. Gentlemen of the privy chamber. Esquires of the knights of the Bath. Esquires by creation. Esquire by office or commission. Younger sons of knights of the garter. Sons of bannerets. Younger sons of knights of the Bath. Younger sons of knights bachelors. Gentlemen entitled to bear arms. Clergymen, not dignitaries. Barristers-at-law. Officers of the army and navy, not esquires by commission. Citizens, burgesses, &c. Married women and widows are en- titled to the same rank among each other, as their husbands would respectively have borne be- tween themselves, except such rank is merely professional or official ; and unmarried women, to the same rank as their eldest brothers would bear among men during the lives of their fathers. Precedence of Nations ; in the year 1504, the master of the cere- monies of Pope Julius the Second ranked the powers of Europe as un- der. This was the rule of prece- dence for ambassadors : — 1. Emperor' of Germany. 2. King of the Romans. 3. France. 4. Spain. 5. Arragon. 6. Portugal. 7. England. 8. Sicily. 9. Scotland. 10. Hungary. 11. Navarre. 12. Cyprus. 13. Bohemia. 14. Poland. 15. Denmark. 16. Republic of Venice. 17. Duke of Brittany. 18. Duke of Burgundy. 19. Elector of Bavaria. 20. Elector of Bradenburg. 21. Elector of Saxony. 22. Archduke of Austria. 23. Duke of Savoy. 24. Grand Duke of Florence. Not a quarter of these states exist as independent sovereignties ; and the four powers, Russia, Prussia, Turkey, and the empire of Austria, are not included in the list. Predestination taught by the Stoics and the earlier Christians, the controversy never ending ; began about it in 450, in a belief that God has unchangeably appointed all that comes to pass ; supported by St. Augustin, and taught by Lucidus, 470 ; Mahomet introduced the doc- trine into the Koran, 614. Prerogative Court for proving wills ; appeals from that court esta- blished to the judicial committee of the privy council, by statutes of Geo. IV. and William IV., 1830. Presbyterian Meeting-house, the first in England at Wandsworth, Surrey, Nov. 20, 1572. Presnitz, Bohemia, destroyed by fire, Aug. 14, 1811. Press, office of censorship esta- blished in France, Oct. 21, 1814; last act restraining the liberty of, expired 1694, See Printing. Preston, in Somersetshire, 14 houses burned down, and many much injured by the fire, Dec. 1792. Presburg, Peace of, between France and Austria, in which Ve- nice was ceded to Italy, Austria humbled, and the independence of the Helvetic republic established, Dec. 26, 1805. Presbyterianism, the creed of Scotland; that church repudiates the government of popes or bishops, and is ruled, as it maintains, by the New Testament, through presby- ters, ministers, or elders ; this church was secured in the act of the Union with England, 1707. Prescott, Battle of, between the I revolted Canadians and the English; 2m PRE 530 PRE the former were dispersed with con- siderable loss on both sides, Nov. 17, 1738. President of the Council, first ap- pointed 12 Charles II., 1660, in the person of Lord Ashley. President of the United States of America, the highest office in the States; there have been 13 who have served out the office — George Wash- ington, John Adams, Thomas Jeffer- son, James Munroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, W. H. Harris, John Tyler, J. K. Polk, Z. Taylor, Millard Film ore, Z. Pearce, 1852. PREss,productiveness of the Erench. The number of books, pamphlets, and printed works of every kind, which issued from the press in France during the year 1850, was 7,208; of these, 4,711 were printed in Paris — 2,460 in the departments, and 37 in Algeria; 1,360 were prints and new editions, while 5,843 might be considered as new works; 6,661 were in the French language — 68 in various dialects of the French provinces — 53 in Ger- man — 61 in English — 2 in Arabic, 51 in Spanish — 83 in Greek — 9 in Hebrew — 16 in Italian — 165 in Latin — 14 Polish — 16 in Portu- guese — 4 in Romania — 1 in Rus- sian — 2 in Turkish. — and 2 in poly- glot ; among these 7,208 works were reckoned — 211 newspapers, partly new,, and published in 1850, of which, 79 were printed and ap- peared in the departments, and 73 were printed by the lithographic process. Lastly, 2,697 engravings and lithographs were stated to have appeared in the year 1850, with 122 maps and plans, 579 pieces of vocal music, and 625 of instrumental music. Press of America, of periodicals, magazines, in the United States in 1839 :— The number newspapers, and In the State of Maine 41 „ „ New Hampshire 26 „ „ Vermont 31 „ „ Massachusetts (at Boston, 65) 124 „ „ Rhode Island 14 „ „ Connecticut 31 „ „ New York (New York city, 31) 274 „ ,, New Jersey 39 „ „ Maryland (at Baltimore, 20) 48 „ „ Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 71) 253 „ „ Delaware 3 District of Columbia, (at Washington, 11) 16 In the State of Virginia (at Richmond, 10) 52 „ „ North Carolina 30 „ „ South Carolina 20 „ „ Georgia 33 Florida Territory 9 In the State of Alabama j , 34 „ „ Mississippi ". 36 „ „ Louisiana (at New Orleans, 10) 10 „ „ Arkansas 4 „ „ Tennessee 50 „ „ Kentucky 31 ,, „ Ohio (at Cincinnati, 27) 164 „ „ * Michigan 31 Wisconsin Territory 5 James Territory 3 PRE 531 PRE In the State of Indiana 69 „ „ Illinois 33 „ „ Missouri 25 Total 1,555 Of the above, 116 are published daily — 14 every 3 weeks — 30 twice a- week — and 881 once a week ; the remainder are issued half monthly, monthly, and quarterly — principally magazines and reviews. 38 are in the German language — 4 in French — and 1 in Spanish. Several of the New Orleans papers are printed in Spanish and French. Pkess, the German, — the whole population of the German states, composing the confederation, was for 1833, 36,288,668 ; the number of places in which printing was then carried on, was 164 ; the number of publishers, 505 ; and the works published by them in that year, 5,653. An examination into the proportions between the population of the several states, and the num- ber of towns in which printing presses exist, is curious. Austria Prussia Bavaria Saxony Hanover Wurtemberg Baden Frankfort on the Main Hamburgh Saxe- Weimar Population. 10,964,295 10,081,214 4,258,205 1,455,676 1,557,900 1,594,671 1,223,584 54,000 150,000 233,814 Towns with Print Presses. 7 64 21 11 Publishers. Publications 27 290 172 1,758 67 778 83 1,110 10 141 23 425 19 190 16 144 7 118 7 127 Pressing to Death ; — Hugh Cal- verly, Esq. of Calverly, in York- shire, having murdered two of his children, and in a fit of jealousy stabbed his wife, refusing to plead, was pressed to death in York castle, 1605 ; this was called, standing mute — see Mute. Pressing Seamen, first adopted, 1355 ; when first made, Read, a Lon- don alderman, pressed and sent off for refusing to pay a tax, 1544; pun- ishment in temp. Henry VIII. ; cri- minals continually sent to sea, temp. George III. Preston's Guild established, 1172. Preston, Battle of, between the Scotch rebels under Forster, and the British under General Wills, when the latter, investing Preston, the rebels laid down their arms — the principals were secured, and many shot as deserters ; others Avere sent to London to be tried for high trea- son, Nov. 12, 1715 ; 7 were trans- ported, 1716 ; 7 escaped from the Tower, 1716 ; a 40 were discharg- ed, July 1716 ; 30 transported, mastered the ship, and escaped to France, 1716 ; 100 transported, 1717 ; 200 discharged. Prestonpans, Battle of, between the Scotch rebels, led by the young pretender, Charles Stuart, and the English under General Cope, when the latter behaved with great pusil- lanimity, and were defeated with the loss of 500 men, Sept. 21, 1745. Pretender, the Elder, alias the PRE 532 PKI Chevalier St. George, alias James III. of England, as acknowledged by Louis XIV. of France, 1701, was the son of James II., the ex- pelled monarch, and born 1688 ; he asserted his right, Aug. 29, 1714; £100,000 offered to apprehend him, Sept. 15, 1714; he landed his troops in Scotland, Aug. 30, 1715 — pro- claimed by the Earl of Mar, and his standard set up at Braemar and Castletown, Sept. 3, 1715 ; at Lan- caster, Nov. 9, 1715; landed at Peterhead, Dec. 26 ; made a public entry into Perth, Jan. 9, 1716 ; sent an order to the lord mayor of London to proclaim him, Jan. 10, 1716 ; embarked for France from Montrose, the rebellion being sup- pressed, Feb. 5 ; landed at Grave - lines — deprived Henry Lord Boling- broke of his secretaryship, Feb. 25, 1716 ; obliged by the French regent to remove from Avignon to Italy, 1716 ; married the princess Sobieski, grand-daughter of the king of Po- land, Aug. 21, 1718; joined Cardi- nal Alberoni in his scheme to dis- turb England, Dec. 29, 1718 ; re- ceived at Madrid as king of Eng- land, March 28, 1719 ; his^ son, born Dec. 20, 1720 ; in vain, attempts again a rebellion in England, 1725 ; his princess retired to a convent, 1725; the Duke of Parma honoured him as king of England, July, 1728 ; his eldest son quitted Rome for France, Jan. 9, 1744 ; died at Rome, Dec. 30, 1765. Pretender, the Younger, or Prince Charles, born 1720 — reached France, Jan. 27, 1744 ; £6000 offer- ed by the city of Dublin for his apprehension, should he land in Ireland, March 7, 1744 ; the same sum bv Edinburgh, should he land in Scotland, March 25, 1744; £30,000 offered by England for his person, if landed in any part of the British dominions, Aug. 6, 1745 ; landed in Scotland, and proclaimed his father at Perth, Sept. 4, 1745 ; at Dundee, Sept. 1745 ; proclaimed in Edinburgh, Sept, 21, 1745 ; de- feated General Cope at Preston- pans, Sept. 21 ; proclaimed at Ormskirk, Nov. 25, and worsted General Hawley at Falkirk, Jan. 17, 1746 ; defeated at Culloden, April 16, losing all his baggage, and becoming a wanderer for six months in the desert wilds of Scotland, and £30,000 offered for his person ; he managed to escape, after great hard- ships, from the Isle of Uist to Mor laix ; he died, March 3, 1788 ; his brother (calling himself Henry IX.), Cardinal York, born March 1725, died at Rome in 1807 — he had re- ceived benefices from the pope, to the annual value of 20,000 crowns, in 1747. Primer, the first book used in the instruction of children, so named from a book of Catholic devotion — there are copies extant of some, as early as 1539. Primogeniture, a usage from feudal times of barbarism, unknown in England before the reign of William the Conqueror, 1068 ; be- fore that, the more rational mode of gavel-kind prevailed under the Saxons, by which estates were equally divided among the sons. Printing, the most important of all the mechanical arts, and the most generally useful. The honour of the invention has been claimed by several countries and by differ- ent cities, but it appears to rest between Strasburgh, Mentz, and Haarlem ; the Chinese had the in- vention long before the inhabitants of Europe. Koster of Haarlem used wooden blocks in 1430 or 1438 — the leaves, when printed on, were pasted together, as they were only printed on one side. Faust or Fust printed a book at Mentz, in 1442; Guttenberg seems to have been the first who cut metal types, and printed a Bible with them, 1444-60; the honour of completing printing is due to Schoeffer, as he cast the first metal types ; printing with wood types, introduced at Ox- ford, from Haarlem, 1459. Next to the types, the press was of most importance. The construction seems PRI 533 PRI to have been nearly the same up to the commencement of the 19th cen- tury. Caxton introduced a press into London, 1471 ; he died, 1494. ". The Game and Play of Chesse" was the first book printed in Eng- land ; the press improved by Blaess, Amsterdam, 1601, and the earl of Stanhope's press first used in 1806 ; Koenig introduced a print- ing machine in 1811, and Apple- garth subsequently ; the Columbian press of Clymer, appeared in 1814 ; and the Albion, an improvement, soon after. Steam machinery was first attempted by Kcenig, for " The Times" paper and Bensley — and first used for that paper, Nov. 28, 1814, after an expense of £20,000, in bringing it to a working con- dition. Rollers were substituted for balls in 1817, by Cooper and Applegarth. The following will shew the dates of some of the earliest works printed in England. Caxton's " Game and Play of Chesse," — 1st Press at Westminster Tully's Offices JEsop's Fables, the first book with pages numbered Printing used in Scotland The Liturgy, the first book printed in Ireland In Irish characters . The first newspaper in England .... Eirst patent for Printing In the English colony of New England . The first Bible printed in Ireland Eirst types cast in England, by Caslon . Stereotype Printing suggested by William Ged, of Edinburgh The present mode of Stereotype invented by Mr. Tilloch, abo Stereotype Printing in use in Holland, in the last century The Printing-machine was first suggested by Nicholson The Stanhope Press was in general use in Machine Printing . Steam Machinery . The Columbian Press The Albion Press . The Roller, a suggestion of Nicholson's, introduced Applegarth's Rollers . ■. 1471 1474 1509 1550 1591 1588 1691 1639 1704 1720 1735 1779 1790 1806 1811 1814 1814 1816 1816 1817 Printing introduced in the 15th century, as follows Dates. PLACES. First Impressions, with known Date. Names of the First Printers. 1457 Mayence. Psalmorum codex, in folio. Joan. Fust. & Petrus Schoif- fer. (Joan. Guttenberg.) 1461 Bamberg. Eecueil des fables, germanice, fol Albert Pfister. 14G5 Subiaco. Lactantii opera, 4to. Conradus Sweynheym and Arnoldus Pannartz. 1467 Pome. Ciceronis epistolse familiares, 4to. The same. — Elfeld. Vocabularium ex quo, 4to. Henry and Nic. Bechtermunt- ze, and Wigandus Spyes. — Cologn. S. August, de Singul. clericor., 4to. Ulricus Zell, or Zell, of Hanau. 1468 Augsbourg. Meditationes vitse Christi, folio. Ginther Zainer, of Reutlingen. 1469 Venice. Ciceronis epistolse familiares, fol. Joannes de Spira. — Milan. Miracoli de la glor. V. Maria, 4to. Philippus de Lavagna. 1470 Nurenberg. Comestorium vitiorum, folio. Joannes Sensensclmiidt, (1472.) Ulricus Goring, M. Crantz, and — Paris. Epistolse Gasparini Pergamensis, 4to. M. Friburger, of Colmar. — Foligno. Leon. Aretini de Bello Italico, fol. Emilien de Orfinis. PR I 534 PRI Dates. PLACES. First Impressions, with known Date. 1470 Treves. Hist, de indulgentia B. Francisci, 4to. La Batracomiomachia, 4to. _ Verona. 1471 Strasbourg. Gratiani decretum, folio. Spires. Postilla super Apocalypsim, 4to. _ Tre'viso. Mercurius Trimegister, 4to. — Bologna. Ovidii opera, folio. — Ferrara. Martialis epigram, 4to. — Naples. Bartholi de Saxo Ferrato lect.ura, folio. Johann. Matthaei de Gradibus Pavia. opera medica, folio. Florence. Comment. Servii in Virgil, folio. 1472 Cremona. Angeli de Perusio lectura, folio. — Fivizano. Virgilius, folio. — Padua. La Fiametta di Boccaccio, 4to. Mantua. Tractatus Maleficiorum, folio. — Montereal. S. Antonini de instruct, confes. 4to. Jesi. Comedia di Dante, folio. Minister. Boderici speculum, folio. — Parma. - Plutarchus de liberis educandis, 4to. Statuta Brixise, folio. 1473 Brescia. Messina. Vita di S. Hieronimo, 4to. Ulm. Opus de Mysterio missas, 4to. Buda. Cronica Hungarorum, folio. — Lauguingen. S. Aug. de Consensu Evangelista- rum, folio. _ Mersbourg. S. Aug. de Qu8estionibusOrosii,4to. — Alost. Speculum conversionis peccator, 4to. Historia scholastica novi Testam. Utrecht. folio. ~ Lyon. Lotharii Diaconi cardinalis com- pendium breve, 4to. — St. Ursio. J. Duns Scotus, super tertio sen- tentiarum, folio. 1474 Vicenza. Dita mundi, folio. C6ma. Tractatus de appellationibus, fol. — Turin. Breviarum romanum, 8vo. - Geneva, Summa Pisanella, folio. Savona. BoetiusdeConsol.pbilosophi£e,4to. Eslingen. Th. de Aquino in Job., folio. — Basle. Der Sassen Spiegel, folio. Val. St. Marie. Breviarium Moguntin., 4to. — Valence. Trobes de la S. V. Maria, 4to. Louvain. Commoda ruralia, folio. — Westminster. The Game at Chess, folio. 1475 Lubeck. Rudimentum Novitiorum, folio. — Burgdorff. Tractatus de apparitionibus, folio. — Blauburren. Ob ein Man sey zu nemem Weib, &c. Mafei Vegii de Morte Astianactis, Cagli. 4to. „ Casell. Vitse Sanctorum, 4to. Mod en a. Virgilius, folio. — Perouse. Verulami, de Arte grammatica, 4to. — Pieve di Sacco. Qnatuor ordines, hebraice, folio. Names of the First Printers. Joan. Reynardi. Joan, de Verona (1472.> Henricus Eggestein (Johan. Mentel.) Petrus Drach (1477.) Gerardus de Lisa, of Flanders. Balthazar Azzoguidi. Andreas Belfortis. Sixtus Riessinger, of Stras- bourg. Anton, de Carcano, or de Carchano (1476.) Bernard Cennini and son. Dion, de Paravisino & Stepli. de Merlinis de Leucho. Jacobus, Baptista Sacerdos, and Alexander. Barth. de Valdezochio en, folio. Conradus Fyner. 1482 Zamora. Mendoza, vita Christi, folio. Antonius Centenera. — Aquila. Vite de Plutarcho, folio. Adam Rotwil, Alemannus. — Erfort. Quaastiones in libros Arist. de anima, 4to. Paulus Wider de Hornbach. — Memmingen. Fasciculus temporum, folio. Albertus Kunne. — Passau. Epistola de Morte S. Hieronimi, 4to. Conradus Stall el, and Bened. Mayr. Johan. Ottmar. Reutlingen. Summa Pisani, folio. — Vienna, Austria. Manipulus Curatorum, 4to. Joh. Winterburg (1492). — Promentour. Doctrinal de Sapience, folio. Louis Guerin. 1483 Magdeburg. Officium Missa3, 4to. Albertus Rauenstein and Jo- achimus Westval. — Stockholm. Dialogus creaturarum, 4to. Joh. Snell. — Ghent. Guil, Rhetorica divina, 4to. Arnoldus Csesaris. — Troyes. Breviarium Trecence, 8vo. Guil. le Rouge (1492.) — Schiedam. Le Chevalier Delibere, 4to. No name. — Haarlem. Formulas Novitiorum, 4to. Joh. Andriesson. — Culembourg. Speculum human. salv.belgice,4to. Jean Veld en er. — Leyclen. De Cronike Van Holland, &c. 4to. Heynricus Heynrici. — Pisa. Franc, de Accoltis consilia, foho. Laurentius and Angelus Flo- rentini (1484.) — Gironne. Memorial del pecador, folio. Mathieu Vendrell. 1484 Bois-le-Duc. Tondalus Vysioen, 4to. Ger. Leempt, of Novimagio. — Winterperg. Albertus Magnus de Eucharistia. Joannes Alacraw. — Chamberri. Baudoyn, comtede Flandres, folio. Antonius Neyret. — Breand-Loude'- hac. Rennes. Le Songe de la Pucelle, 4to. Robin Foucquet. Coustumes de Bretagne, 12mo. Pierre Belleescule'e & Josses. Sienna. Paul, de Castro, lectura, folio. Henri de Colonia. Soncino. Delectus Margaritarum, hebraice, 4to. Josuas Salomon . 1 6 8 Salt for the said butter 6 Carriage of the said butter, from Bristol to London- ----- 4 6 Paid, 29th March, for a fore-quarter of lamb, with the head - - - - 2 2 A capon -----012 Nine stone of beef at 18d. the stone - - - - 13 6 A quart of Malmsey - 8 Four pounds of soap - 10 Paid, 3rd April, for a lamb ------050 A dozen of pigeons - 2 4 Twenty-eight eggs - 8 Paid, 6th April, for 3 pecks of fine flour - - - 2 6 A side of veal - - - 8 A calf's head - - - 10 A pint of claret wine - 3 Paid, 31st July, for a peck of oysters - - - 4 Paid, 19th August, for half-a-peck of filberts - 6 Paid, 9th Feb., 1595, for half-a-hundred oran- ges ------- 9 Provisions, price of, at different periods, as follows : — A fat ox, 12d. ; sheep, 4d. ; pro- PRO 543 PEU vender for 20 horses, 4d. ; bread for 100 men, 12d., 1177. Wheat, 12d. the quarter ; beans and oats, 4d., 1216. Goose, 4d. ; lamb at Christmas, 6d. ; all the rest of the year, 4d. ; two pullets, l|d., 1299. Fat ox, £1 4s. ; sheep, Is. 2d. ; hog, 3s. 4d. ; two chickens, Id. ; 4 pigeons, Id. ; 24 eggs, Id. ; wheat, beans, and pease, 20s. the quarter. Wheat, 30s. the quarter, 1316. Wine, 20s. the tun, 1316. Barley, Is. the quarter, 1317. Wheat, Is. the quarter ; malt, 16d. ; 1454. Wheat, 3s. the quarter, I486; 4s. the quarter, 1493 ; 1 5s. the quarter, 1527; claret, 30s. the hogshead, 1493 ; a barrel of beer with the cask, 6d., and 4 great loaves for Id., 1553 ; wheat, 14s. the quarter, 1558, and £2 6s. in 1726; in 1795-6, £6; in 1801, £7; 1810, £5 10s. ; 1817, £7 8s. ; 1850, £2 ; In 1299, 2 pullets cost in London, lgd; a partridge or 2 woodcocks, the same ; a fat lamb from Christ- mas to Shrovetide, 6d. — the rest of the year, 4d. ; in 1313, an ox was but £2 8s. of modern money, if salt- ed with corn, £3 12s. ; a shorn sheep, 5s. ; 2 dozen of eggs, 3d. ; wine cost 20s. per tun, 1387 ; beef and pork. id. per lb. ; veal |d. by statute, 1533 ; the duties on foreign provisions and liquids did not bur- then such commodities much in the Stuart restoration, and then a tun of French wine, of 252 gallons, paid only £4 10s., if imported in an English vessel to London — into other parts, but £3 10s ; the wines of other nations paid but £2 5s. in London, in other parts, £1 10s. ; but nine months after, imported French wines paid £% and other wines, £3 ; spirits imported, 2d. per gallon ; if perfectly made, 4d. ; so of coffee, 4d. ; tea, sherbet, and choco- late, 4d. per gallon, which became an additional charge. Provisions of Oxford passed, in which appears the first sketch of the House of Commons, 1258. Prussia, once the country of the Pericini and JEstri^ Gothic tribes, bordering upon the Slavonic, called Venedi; little known of the coun- try, now called Prussia, until a com- paratively late period ; the city of Julin, of great extent, on the right bank of the Oder in the mid- dle ages, was destroyed by Walcle- mar I., king of Denmark, supposed to have been where Wallin now stands ; consists, in modem times, of 4 divisions — the Electorate of Bran- denburg, Prussia Proper, Silesia, and the third part of Poland. House of Brandenburg, derived from Thas- silo, of Hohenzollern, about 900 Sigefied, appointed Margave of Brandenburg 927 The Prussian pagans mur- dered St. Adalbert 1010 Boleslas of Poland ravag- ed Prussia „ Berlin built, under Albert the Bear 1163 The Teutonic knights un- dertake to conquer Prussia, and convert the people 1225 Konigsberg, lately built, made the capital of Prussia... 1286 The Teutonic knights, by their barbarities, almost de- populated Prussia. It is re- peopled by German colo- nists in the 13th century. Frederick IV. of Nurem- berg obtained by purchase, from Sigismond, the margra- viate of Brandenburg 1415 Charles IV., the emperor, assigned Brandenburg to his second son, Sigismond 1373 Cassimir IV. of Poland, as- sisted the natives against the oppression of the Teutonic knights 1446 Albert of Brandenburg, grand-master of the Teutonic order, renounced the Boman Catholic religion, embraced Lutheranism, and only ac- knowledged duke of East Prussia, to be held as a fief of Poland 1525 JoachimlL, elector of Bran- PEU 544 PEU denburg, embraced the Lu- theran faith 1539 University of Konigsberg, founded by duke Albert 1544 The dukedom of Prussia is joined to the electorate of Brandenburg, and so continues to this day 1594 John Sigismund, created elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia 1618 The principality of Halber- stadt, and the bishopric of Minden, transferred to the house of Brandenburg ..,..,... 1648 Frederick William suc- ceeded his father 1640 Poland obliged to acknow- ledge Prussia as an indepen- dent state, under Frederick William, surnamed the Great Elector , 1657 Succeeded by his son 1688 Order of Concord instituted by Christian Ernest, elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia 1660 Order of Generosity insti- tuted by Frederick III 1685 Frederick III., in an assem- bly of the states, put a crown upon his own head, and upon the head of his consort, and is proclaimed king of Prussia, by the title of Frederick I. ... 1701 Instituted the Order of the Black Eagle 1701 Took Gueldres from the Dutch 1702 Seized on Neumburg and Valencia, and bought Feck- lenburgh , 1707 Frederick William II., or I. as king, ascended the throne. 1713 Founded Potsdam 1721 The principality of Meurs added to the Prussian domi- nions 1712 Reign of Frederick II., or the Great, during which the Prussian monarchy was made to rank among the first powers in Europe 1740 Breslau ceded to Prussia ... 1741 Silesia, Glatz, &c, ceded 1742 Frederick the Great visited England 1744 General Lacy, with 15,000 Austrians, and a Russian army, march to Berlin; the city laid under contribution ; paid 800,000 guilders, and 1,900,000 crowns, the maga- zines, arsenals, and foundries, destroyed 1760 Peace of Hubertsberg, Feb. 15 r 1763 Frederick the Great died, Aug. 17 1786 The Prussians took posses - sion of Hanover, Jan. 30 1806 Prussia joined, the allies of England against France, Oct. 6 1806 Battle of Jena, Oct. 14 1806 Berlin decree promulgated, Nov. 20 1806 Peace of Tilsit, July 7 1807 Convention of Berlin, Nov. 5 1808 Prussia joined the allies, Marchl7 1813 Treaty of Paris, April 11 1814 The king visited England ; dined at Guildhall, June 18 1814 Congress of Carlsbad, Aug. 1 1819 Marshal Blucher died' in Silesia, aged 77, Sept. 12 1819 Serious attempt on the life of the king, by an assassin named Tesch, July 26 1844 Berlin declared in a state of siege, Nov. 12 1848 The constituent assembly met in Brandenburg castle, Nov. 29 1848 The assembly is dissolved, the king issued a new consti- tution to his subjects, Dec. 5 1848 Prussia declined the impe- rial crown offered to it, Jan. 23 1849 The German National As- sembly elect the king of Prussia, " hereditary emperor of the Germans," March 28... 1849 The king declined the im- perial crown, April 29 1849 Royal ordinance, placing the king under martial law, May 10 1849 PEU 545 PEU The Prussians entered Carlsruhe, June 23 1849 Armistice between Prussia and Denmark, July 10 1849 Hamburg occupied by a German force, Aug. 14 1849 Bavaria declared an impe- rial constitution, with the king of Prussia at its head, Sept. 8 1849 Treaty between Prussia and Austria, Sept. 30 1849 Austria protested against the alliance of Prussia with the minor states of Germany, Nov. 12 1849 The king took the oath re- quired by the constitution, Feb. 6 1850 Hanover withdrew from the Prussian alliance, Feb. 25 1850 Treaty signed at Munich, between Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, and Wurtemburg, to maintain the German union, Feb. 27 1850 Wurtemburg denounced the insidious ambition of the king of Prussia, and announced a league between Wurtemburg, Bavaria, and Saxony, March 15 1850 Attempt to assassinate the king of Prussia, May 22 1850 Hesse-Darmstadt withdrew from the Prussian league, June 30 1850 Treaty of Peace, between Prussia and Denmark, July 2 1850 A congress of deputies from the states included in the Prussian Zollverein opened at Cassel, July 12 1850 Prussia refused to join the restricted diet of Frankfort, Aug. 25 1850 Prussia, Bulers of: — Albert I., surnamed the Bear, first elector of Branden- burg 1134 Otho 1 1170 OthoII 1184 Albert II 1206 John I. and Otho IH 1221 John II 1266 Otho IV 1282 Waldemar 1309 Henry I., le Jeune 1319 [Interregnum.] 1320 Louis I. of Bavaria 1323 Louis II., surnamed the Roman 1352 Otho V., le Faineant 1365 Wenceslas of Luxemburg... 1373 Sigismund of Luxemburg. . . 1378 Jossus, the Bearded 1388 Sigismund again : emperor 1411 Frederick I. of Nuremburg 1415 Frederick II., surnamed Ironside 1440 Albert III., surnamed the German Achilles 1470 John III., his son ; as mar- grave; styled the Cicero of Germany 1476 John III., as elector 1486 Joachim I., son of John ... 1499 Joachim II., poisoned by a Jew 1535 John-George 1571 Joachim-Frederick 1598 John-Sigismund 1608 DUKES. John-Sigismund 1616 George-William 1619 Frederick William, his son ; styled the " Great Elector." ... 1640 Frederick, son of the pre- ceding ; crowned king, Jan. 18, 1701 1688 KINGS. Frederick I., king 1701 Frederick William I., son of Frederick 1 1713 Frederick II. (Frederick III., styled the Great), son of the preceding 1740 Frederick William II. ; ne- phew of the preceding king. . . . 1786 Frederick William III. He had to contend against the might of Napoleon, ami, alter extraordinary vicissitudes, he aided England in the over- throw of that emperor 1797 Frederick William IV., son of the last monarch ; suc- ceeded June 7. The present King of Prussia 1840 2n PRY 546 PUN Prussian-Blue, discovered or in- vented by a native of Berlin, 1707. Prussian Commercial League, called the Zollverein, first became operative, 1834 ; comprising Prus- sia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wurtemberg, Hesse, Electorate and Duchy of, Thuringia, Baden, Nassau, and Frankfort; it includes 25,324,668 persons. Prussia, Population of, 1801, ac- cording to Hoack : — Eastern Prussia 940,000 Western do 521,625 Southern do.. 1,100,000 New Eastern do 700,000 Part of Poland in Silesia 74,000 Pomerania 472,957 Brandenburg 755,577 New March 279,584 Magdeburgh 275,262 Halberstadt 111,875 Minden 67,952 Ravensberg 81,812 East Friesland 102,594 Cleves 100,000 Mcers 17,000 Mark 121,984 Gelder 48,000 Tichlenburgh 17,234 Lingen 23,432 Silesia 1,747,065 Anspach 215,256 Bareuth 205,440 Neufchatel and Valengia 42,500 Total 8,021,149 Population, 1815 12,464,000 Prussia, Army of, 1801, 178,897 infantrv ; 39,867 cavalry ; artillerv, 18,325;"' total, 237,089. Army, 350,000, 1815. Prynne, William, born 1600 ; persecuted in Laud's infamous Star- chamber court for publishing his Histriomastix, reflecting on the ministers for countenancing stage - plays, masquerades, and immorali- ties ; fined £500, expelled from Ox- ford and Lincoln's Inn, disabled from practising the law,- sentenced to be placed in the pillory, lose both his ears, and to be imprisoned for life, Eeb., 1633 : the Pour Inns of Court got up a masque at Whitehall to please the king by showing their contempt for Prynne, who was plac- ed in the pillory, May, 1634 ; again in 1637; took his seat in the long parliament, 1640; died, Oct. 24, 1669. Psalmanazar, George, a noted impostor, who pretended to be a Ja- panese, and actually invented a lan- guage after the rules of grammar ; died" 1763, aged 84. Psalms of David, turned into rhyme bv Sternhold and Hop- kins, 1552. Public Houses, a power of licens- ing them conferred on Sir Giles Mompesson and Sir Francis Mitchel, for their own profit, 1621, by James I. ; in 1790, the number in England was 76,000; of such, 5024 are said to exist at present in the metropolis. Public Funds. See National Debt and Revenue. Public Funds originated at Flo- rence, 1344. Pulteny, William, Earl of Bath, struck off the list of privy councillors, July 1731. Pulvis Fulminans, said to have been discovered by Roger Bacon, 1290. Pumps in general use in England, 1425 ; air pump invented, 1634 ; im- proved by Boyle, 1657. Punishments, Capital, after the year> 1830 humanely diminished ; in the three years preceding, 42 per- sons were put to death in London ; in the years 1830-'l-'2, only 5 were executed, and 19 of these forjbur- glary and housebreaking ; the laws were written in blood, after the san- guinary temper of our forefathers, whose refinements were revolting in cruelty ; the heads of those execut- ed were to be stuck up on Temple Bar or London Bridge, and the quar- ters, previously seethed in spices to preserve them, in different parts of London ; dozens together were dis- played on London Bridge ; in 1471, after the defeat of Faulconbridge, his head, and the heads of nine others , were stuck upon ten spears on Lon- PUL 547 PUR don Bridge, where they remained till the elements had left nothing of them but the bones ; at a later period the head of Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, was stuck up here ; the legs of Sir Thomas Wyatt, the son of the poet, were exhibited from the same spot ; the mayors of London had power to kill and destroy ; in 1335, a mayor, Andrew Aubrey, ordered seven skinners and fishmongers, whose of- fence was rioting in the streets, aggravated by personal insult, to be beheaded without trial ; their heads were also exposed on the bridge ; Jack Cade, in the fervour of his suc- cesses, set up Lord Saye's head at the same place ; Hentzner, the Ger- man traveller, states, that when he visited England in 1598, temp. Eliz., he counted no less than thirty heads upon this bridge ; the following is a bill of a hangman for hanging, em- bowelling, &c, some thirty-four rebels in the year 1715 : — 1715. Jan. 17, Feb. 9, Feb. 10. Feb. 11. Feb. 16 ( and 18, j Feb. 25, Erecting gallows ; paid for materials, hurdle, fire, cart, &c. ; executing Shuttleworth and 4 more, at Preston, and setting up their heads, &c. &c ,£12 Dismemberment on executing old Mr. Chorly, and setting up a head, &c 5 10 Charge at Wigan on executing Blundell, &c 7 1 Charge at Manchester, executing Syddal, &c 8 10 Charge at Garstang and Lancaster on executing at either place 22 Charge for executing Bennet and 2 more, at Liver- pool 10 3 Payd 2 executions 60 Payd for horses to carry the executioners to the se- veral places of execution, and travelling charges... 7 10 Total 132 15 The under-sheriff and jailer's expenses not included. Purgatives the more gentle, dis- covered by a physician of Greece, named Actuarius, in 1245. Purgatory, doctrine of, invented by the Roman Catholics about 250 ; became a confirmed article of the Church of Rome, 543 ; it implies a middle place between heaven and hell, where the soul remains purify- ing by fire before it can enter heaven. Pultowa, a celebrated battle be- tween Charles XII. of Sweden and Peter the Great of Russia, in which Charles was vanquished, and obliged to fly to Bender in Turkey, July 8, 1709. Pultusk, Battle of, 1703, between the Swedes and the Saxons ; a second battle occurred in the same place between the French and the Rus- sians, Dec. 26, 1808, in which the former obtained the victory. Purification of the Virgin Mary ; feast of, established by the Catholic church, Feb. 2, 552, in honour of the Virgin going to the temple, in pur- suance of the Jewish custom of making an offering after childbirth ; this ceremonial was ordered to be accompanied with wax tapers by Pope Sergius I., whence coines the name of Candlemass. Purple, a colour given in great perfection in ancient Tyre, it is said through a dye obtained from a peculiar shellfish ; this colour has been used in all ages for the apparel of kings, whence cardinals and bishops adopted it by licence of pope Paul II., 1465. % QUA 548 QUA Pusetism, the term given to a recent attempt to follow the example of the notorious Laud, temp. Charles I., and approximate the Church of England as closely as possible to the papal superstition ; it originated at Oxford, near which an imitation of monastic cells and discipline was set up at Littlemore ; the better informed heads of the university condemned the attempt which was thus made, under the name of Tractarianism, by resolutions, March 15, 1841 ; Pusey- ism, and a notorious sermon preach- ed by Dr. Pusey, again condemned, May 30, 1843 ; some of the clergy who became the disciples of Pusey- ism have already gone over to Eome. Putney Bridge, built 1726. Pyrenees, Battle of the, between the English under the Duke of Wel- lington, and the French under Mar- shal Soult, when the latter was de - feated with considerable loss, July 28, 1813 ; Soult was at the time on his retreat into France, in conse- quence of the defeat of his country- men at Vittoria. Pyrenees Treaty of Peace, sign- ed between the French and Don Haro, on the part of Spain, by which the latter resigned Alsace, Rousillon, and Artois, while France gave up her acquisitions in Catalonia and Etruria, Nov. 7, 1659 ; Spaniards de- feated by the French both in East- ern and Western Pyrenees, 1794. Pythagoras School, one so called, built at Cambridge, 1092. Pyrometer, Wedgwood's, uncer- tainty of, proved by Sir James Hall, 1817. Pyramid of Ghiza, the indefati- gable Italian, Belzoni, succeeded in penetrating into the centre of the se- cond pyramid, 1817. Pyrenees Orientales et Basses taken out of the old French province of Bousillon, and Lower Navarre and Bearne, two of the most south- ern departments of France, contain- ing together 3760 square miles, form- ed into two departments by the revo- lutionary government of France in 1789. Q Qoack, from the Dutch word "quacken," a goose, applied to pre- tenders in medicine, in England more especially encouraged ; quack medicines taxed in 1783, and the tax increased 1803; a notorious quack, named St. John Long, was tried for manslaughter of a Miss Cashin, Aug. 21, 1830, and found guilty; he was subsequently tried for the same offence in relation to Mr. C. Lloyd, and got off, Feb. 19, 1831 ; this quack was supported by persons who, from their position in life, might be supposed better informed. Quadrant, the mathematical in- strument introduced into scien- tific usage before the birth of Christ ; the quadrant of Davis produced about 1600 ; Hadley's quadrant, 1731. Quadruple Alliance signed be- tween France, Holland, Germany and England, July 22, 1718 ; also Jan. 8, 1744-5. Quakers, or Friends, first ap- peared as a religious sect in 1650 ; as a body most respectable ; they conduct themselves in close accor- dance with the original tenets of Christianity, repudiating the wars of ambition or territorial acquirement, in which other sects demanding to be esteemed Christians unhesitatingly engage ; tolerant and non-persecu- ting they were persecuted by the intolerant, until the superior civil government of recent times se- cured religious freedom to all men ; the quakers in England regarded George Fox as their leader ; the names of Penn, Keith, and Barclay were equal to the members of any QUE 549 QUE other sect in piety and worth ; their first meeting-house in London was in Fenchurch Street, and they were recognised in Dublin, 1692 ; their affirmation in place of an oath al- lowed to he taken, 8 Will. III. 1696 ; altered in 1702 and 1721 ; secured from oath on holding offices, 1828 ; with other sects, 1837 and 1838. Quakers, Persecution of, in Eng- land by the Church, for tithes and offerings claimed to pay for the pro- mulgation of tenets they did not profess ; no fewer than 2,000 suffered fines and imprisonment, 1660; above 120 were transported to America by Charles II., 1664 ; soldiers were or- dered to force them on board ship, but the Dutch captured the vessel, and all but 28 died of the plague in Holland, few of these last ever reaching America; the first quakers who arrived in Boston, which was founded by refugees from religious persecution, were females, but such is theological rancour invested with power, that even those poor women were cruelly flogged and their ears cut off ; Quakers admitted into par- liament 1833 ; one was chosen 1698. Qualification Act for members of parliament, passed 1711 ; the same for justices of the peace, 1732. Quarantine, the act of separating persons supposed to be afflicted with pestilential diseases from the rest of society for a longer or a shorter time, to prevent the spread of the contagion, first adopted at Venice in 1127 ; considered in the present day to be of little effect, as in the case of Asiatic cholera. Quarter Sessions, courts estab- lished, 34 Edward III., appointed quarterly 1413; times of holding once more regulated by statute, 1 Will. IV., 1830. Quatre Bras, Battle of, June 16, 1815, between the allied army and British under Sir Thomas Picton, and the French under Marshal Ney ; the Duke of Brunswick fell in this indecisive action. Quebec, founded by the French 1605 ; recovered by the English 1626; restored to France 1632; besieged unsuccessfully by the English 1711; taken by them in 1759, Sept. 13, when General Wolfe fell at the moment of success, and the French commander, the Marquis of Montcalm, at the moment of defeat ; besieged in vain by the colonists in the American war, Dec. 31, 1775; stores and houses in great numbers destroyed by fire, Sept. 1815, to the extent in value of £260,000 ; again, May 28, 1845, 1650 houses, the dwellings of 12,000 persons, were burned ; a fire at the theatre and 50 lives lost, June 12, 1846 ; cholera broke out at, June 8, 1832. Queen of the Sandwich Islands, died in London of smallpox, July 14, 1824. Queen of England, the first reg- nant, Mary, 1553"; she re-established popish power and persecutions, ex- pelling the Protestant clergy, 1553 ; borrowed £20,000 of the city of London, Oct. 1, 1553 ; promised to pay her predecessor's debt, 1554 ; married Philip of Spain, July 29, 1554; created 90 Knights of the Carpet, Sept. 20, 1554; published liberty of conscience, Oct. 5, 1554; restored the Church lands she held, 1555 ; granted a commission for an inquisition, 1557; the second Queen-regnant was Elizabeth, 1558 ; rejected several offers of marriage, 1560; refused admission to the pope's nuncio, and increased the sala- ry of the judges, 1561 ; assisted the French Protestants, 1562 ; proposed her favourite Dudley as a husband to the Queen of Scots, 1563 ; ad- vised by the parliament to marry, Nov. 1, 1566; demanded the resto- ration of Calais, and was refused it, 1567 ; became umpire between the Regent and Queen of Scotland, who fled into England, 1568 ; seized Spanish property at Plymouth, and desired it might be called a loan, Dec. 29, 1568 ; was excommunicated by the pope, 1569; rejected the Duke of Anjou as a suitor, 1571 ; paid her father's foreign debts, 1572; refused the Duke of Alencon, QUE 550 QUE 1572 ; rejected the sovereignty of Holland and Zealand, then offered to her ; aided the Dutch against Spain, 1578, 1584; recalled the Eng- lish children educating abroad, 1580; forbade the harbouring any popish priest, and mediated between Mus- covy and Sweden, 1583; gave 50,000 crowns to assist the Huguenots, 1585 ; entered into a treaty of mu- tual defence with the Dutch, 1586 ; ostensibly tried to save the life of Mary Queen of Scots with the par- liiiment, Oct. 1586; signed her death warrant, Feb. 1, 1587 ; fined her secretary £10,000, and excused her- self for the act to the King of Scot- land, 1587 ; excommunicated, and her subjects absolved from their allegiance towards her, 1588 ; ha- rangued her people at Tilbury, May 29, 1588 ; went to St. Paul's to re- turn thanks for the defeat of the Armada, Nov. 24, 1588 ; assisted the King of France with £23,000, 1589 ; the customs raised by her from £14,000 to £50,000, 1590; attempted to be poisoned by her physician, 1593 ; to be assassinated, 1594; demanded £800,000 due from the Dutch, 1595 ; made the nobility who held crown lands pay large fines, 1600 ; suppressed monopolies, 1601 ; banished the Jesuits, 1602 ; appointed James King of Scotland her successor, and died March 24, 1603 ; Queen Anne, the third and last Queen- regnant of England, until Victoria ascended the throne, visited Bath and Oxford, Aug. 1702 ; went in state to St. Paul's, Nov. 12, 1702, to return thanks for the Avar; revived the Order of the Thistle in Scotland, 1703; granted the first- fruits and tenths for the better maintenance of the poor clergy, Feb. 1703 ; sent the Duke of Savoy 200,000 crowns, and permitted him to obtain a loan for £250,000, Feb. 26, 1705 ; went in state to St. Paul's to a thanksgiving for the British victories, June 27, 1706 ; disgusted with the Elector of Hanover for wishing to take his seat in the House of Lords, 1714; died Aug. 1, 1714. Queen of Scots, married the Dauphin of France, April 24, 1558 ; quartered the arms of England and France, and assumed them, Jan. 1559 ; embroiled with her subjects, and invaded by the English, 1559; refused to relinquish the title and arms of France, 1560; refused on the death of her husband to relin- quish her right to the crown of England, Aug. 15, 1560 ; refused the Earl of Leicester for a husband, 1563; married Lord Darnley, 1565; David Bizzio assassinated in her pre- sence, March 9, 1566 ; bore a son, af- terwards James I. of England, June, 19, 1566 ; made^Bothwell her favour- ite in the place of Bizzio, and he de- stroying Lord Darnley, Feb. 9, 1567, she married him in May following; imprisoned by the discontented Scotch lords, and obliged to resign her crown to her son, 1567 ; escaped into England and detained there a prisoner, May 17, 1568; confined in Tutbury Castle, 1569; re- moved to Coventry, and desired her marriage with Bothwell might be annulled, Nov. 22, 1569 ; her party in Scotland ravaged the English border, 1570; more strictly guarded, having endeavoured to escape, 1577 ; removed to Chartley Castle, 1586 ; her papers seized and sent to London, 1586 ; removed to Fo- theringay Castle, where commis- sioners tried and condemned her to death, Oct. 14, 1586 ; beheaded at Fotheringay after 18 years' impri- sonment, in her 46th year, Feb. 8, 1587. Queens, Three, those of France, England, and Scotland, in England together, 1517. Queen Anne's Bounty, act to consolidate, 1838 ; what was called the queen's bounty, which Avas an annual gift of £1000, with the col- lection upon the king's letter, ceased 1829, having commenced with the beginning of the reign of George III. Queen Caroline, trial of, July 5, 1820; early censured under an ill-fated marriage to a profligate QUE 551 QUE husband ; ignorant of the true mean- ing of many words in the English language, and bred up in German habits, this queen still was styled the delight and charm of the circle in which she moved, by Canning, who would not suffer the dark in- trigues of those who thought to recommend themselves to royalty to influence his mind ; the insinua- tions against her began in May, 1806, when she was fully proved to be innocent of the charges whis- pered against her ; once more her conduct, while on her travels, sur- rounded by spies and home-agents, was made the subject of investiga- tion, and she met the charges after a private committee had reported, and a bill of pains and penalties been brought in, July 5, 1820 : on a division, with all the power of the court against her, there was a majority of 9, exactly the num- ber of the ministers; in conse- quence, Lord Liverpool moved that the bill be read that day six months ; there was great exultation throughout the country — the queen went in state to St. Paid's, Nov. 29 ; she protested against her exclusion from the coronation, July 18, 1821 : was taken ill July 30, the same year, and died Aug. 7 ; a riot took place in consequence of the govern- ment opposing the desire of the public for the body to pass through the city, Aug. 14, 1821. Queens of England, the following are the queens of England who have reigned of their own right, and been consorts of the crown either before or during their accession; Matilda, daughter of Baldwin, Earl of Flanders; she was married in 1051 to William I., and died 1084 ; Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III., king of Scotland ; she was married to Henry I., Nov. 11, 1100, and died May 1, 1119; Adelais, daugh- ter of Godfrey, earl of Louvaine; she was married Jan. 29, 1129, and survived the king ; Maude or Ma- tilda, daughter of Heniy I., and rightful heir to the throne, born 1101 ; betrothed in 1109, at eight years of age, to Henry V., emperor of Germany, who died 1125 ; she married, secondly, Geoffrey Plan- tagenet, earl of Anjou, 1130, was set aside from the English succes- sion by Stephen, 1135 ; landed in England and claimed the crown, 1139 ; crowned, but was soon after defeated at Winchester, 1141 ; con- cluded a peace with Stephen, which secured the succession to her son, Henry, 1153 ; died, 1167 ; Matilda, daughter of Eustace, count of Bou- logne ; she married Stephen in 1128, and died May 3, 1151 ; Elea- nor, the repudiated queen of Louis VII., king of France, and heiress of Guienne and Poitou ; she was mar- ried to Henry II., 1152, and died 1204 ; Berengaria, daughter of the king of Navarre ; she was married to Bichard I., May 12, 1191, and survived the king ; Avisa, daughter of the earl of Gloucester ; she was married to John in 1189, and di- vorced ; Isabella, daughter of the count of Angouleme ; she was the young wife of the count de la Marche ; married to John in 1200 ; survived the king, on whose death she was remarried to the count de la Marche; Eleanor, daughter, of the count de Provence; she was married to Henry III., Jan. 14, 1236 ; survived the king, and died in 1292, in a monastery, whither she had retired ; Eleanor of Castile, queen of Edward I. ; she was mar- ried in 1253, and died of a fever on her journey to Scotland, at Hornby, in Lancashire ; secondly, Margaret, sister of the king of France ; she married, Sept. 12, 1299 ; survived the king ; Isabella, daughter of the king ofFrance ; she was married to Edward II., in 1308; on the death, by the gibbet, of the favourite Mor- timer, she was confined for the rest of her life in her own house, near London ; Philippa, daughter of the, count of Holland and Hain - ault ; she was married to Edward III., Jan. 24, 1328, and died Aug. 16, 1369 ; Anne of Bohemia, sister QUE 552 QUE of the emperor Winceslas of Ger- many; she was married to Eichard II., ' in Jan. 1382, and died Aug. 3, 1395; secondly, Isabella, daughter of Charles VI. of France ; she was married Nov. 1, 1396; on the murder of her husband she returned to her father ; Mary, daughter of the earl of Here- ford ; she died before Henry ob- tained the crown, in 1394 ; Joan of Navarre, widow of the duke of Bretagne ; married to Henry IV. in 1403; survived the king, and died in 1437 ; Catherine, daughter of the king of France ; she was married to Henry V. May 30, 1420 ; she outlived Henry, and was mar- ried to Owen Tudor, grandfather of Henry VII. ; Margaret, daughter of the duke of Anjou; she was married to Henry VI., April 22, 1445 ; she survived the unfortunate king, her husband, and died in 1482 ; Lady Elizabeth Grey, daugh- ter of Sir Richard Woodeville, and widow of Sir John Grey of Groby ; she was married to Edward IV., March 1, 1464 ; suspected of favour- ing the insurrection of Lambert Simnel, closed her life in confine- ment ; Anne, daughter of the earl of Warwick, and widow of Edward prince of Wales, whom Eichard had murdered; she was married to Eichard III., 1471 ; she is supposed to have been poisoned by Eichard (having died suddenly, March 6, 1485), to make way for his intended marriage with the princess Eliza- beth of York ; Elizabeth of York, princess of England, daughter of Edward IV. ; she was married to Henry VII., Jan. 18, 1486, and died Feb. 11, 1503 ; Catharine of Arragon, widow of Henry's eldest brother, Arthur prince of Wales ; she was married to Hen. VIII., June 3, 1509 ; was the mother of Queen Mary — was repudiated, and afterwards formally divorced, May 23, 1533 ; died Jan. 6, 1536 ; Anna Boleyn, daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, and maid of honour to Catharine ; she was privately mar- ried before Catharine was divorced, Nov. 14, 1532 ; was the mother of queen Elizabeth ; was beheaded at the Tower, May 19, 1536, to make way for Jane Seymour, daughter of • Sir John Seymour, and maid of honour to Anna Boleyn ; she was married May 20, 1536, the day after Anna's execution, and was the mother of Edward VI., of whom she died in childbirth, Oct. 13, 1537; next came Anne of Cleves, sister of William, duke of Cleves ; she was married Jan. 6, 1540 ; was divoi-ced July 10, 1540, and died in 1557 ; Catharine Howard, niece of the duke of Norfolk, married Aug. 8, 1540, and was beheaded on Tower Hill, Feb. 12, 1542; then Henry married Catharine Parr, daughter of Sir Thomas Parr, and widow of Nevill, lord Latimer ; she was married July 12, 1543, and sur- vived the king, after whose death she married Sir Thomas Seymour, created lord Sudley ; died Sept. 5, 1548; Lady Jane Grey, daughter of the duke of Suffolk, and wife of lord Guildford Dudley, was pro- claimed queen on the death of Edward, but in ten days afterwards returned to private life ; was tried Nov. 13, 1553, and beheaded Feb. 12, 1554, when but seventeen years of age; Mary, the daughter of Henry VIII., ascended the throne July 6, 1553 ; married Philip II. of Spain, July 25, 1554, and died Nov. 17, 1558 ; Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., succeeded to the crown Nov. 17, 1558; reigned 44 years, 4 months, and 7 days ; died unmarried ; Anne, princess of Den- mark, daughter of Frederick II. ; she was married to James L, Aug. 20, 1589, and died March, 1619; Henrietta-Maria, daughter of Hen- ry IV., king of France ; she was married to Charles I., June 13, 1625, and survived the king, dying in France, Aug. 10, 1669; Catharine, infanta of Portugal, daughter of John IV., and sister of Alfonso VI. , was married to Charles II., May 21, 1662, and, surviving the king, QUE 553 QUI returned to Portugal, dying there, Dec. 21, 1705 ; Anne Hyde, daugh- ter of Edward Hyde, earl of Cla- rendon ; she was married to James II., in Sept. 1660, and died before James ascended the throne, in 1671 ; Mary-Beatrice, princess of Modena, daughter of Alphonzo d'Este, duke ; she was married to James II., Nov. 21, 1673 ; at the revolution in 1688, she retired with James to Erance, and died at St. Germains in 1718, having sur- vived her consort seventeen years. Mary, princess of Orange, daughter of James II., married William III., Nov. 4, 1677 ; ascended the throne. Feb. 13, 1689 ; died Dec. 28, 1694 ; Anne, daughter of James II., mar- ried prince George of Denmark, July 28, 1683 ; came to the throne, March 8, 1732 ; had 13 children, who all died young ; Prince George died Oct. 28, 1708 ; the Queen herself, Aug. 1, 1714 ; Sojyhia Dorothea, daughter of the Duke of Zell, who died Dec. 2, 1726 ; in jealousy of Count Konigsmark and this lady, upon no valid grounds, the Elector of Hanover, afterwards George I. of England, had him privately murder- ed ; after the king's death, his body was found under the Queen's apart- ments ; at last the king sought out a reconciliation, but the Queen nobly replied — " If I am guilty of what he accuses me, I am unworthy of his bed ; if I am innocent, he is unworthy of me." She died a few months be- fore the accession of her son, George II., to the throne,Nov. 2, 1726, other- wise he fully intended to free her from the castle of Ahlden, and open- ly do her justice by acknowledging her as Queen-dowager ; Carolina Wilhhelmina Dorothea of Branden - burgh- Anspach, born 1683; married, Sept 2, 1704, to George II. ; died Nov. 20, 1737 ; Charlotte SojMa, daughter of the Duke of Mecklen- burg Strelitz, married Sept. 8, 1761, to George III. ; died Nov. 17, 1818 ; Caroline Amelia Augusta, daughter of the Duke of Brunswick, married to George IV., April 8, 1795 ; died Aug. 7, 1821 ; Adelaide Amelia Louisa Teresa Caroline, sister of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, married to William IV. of England, July 11, 1818 ; died Dec. 2, 1849. Alexan- dria Victoria, Queen- regnant, 1853, born May 24, 1819 ; crowned, June 28, 1838 ; married her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, Eeb. 10, 1840. Queen, transport, wrecked at Falmouth, and 369 out of 473 per- sons on board perished, Jan. 1814. Queen Charlotte man of war, 100 guns, burned off Leghorn, March 16, 1800, when out of 850 on board nearly 700 perished. Queen, Indiaman, blown up in the Brazils, July 14, 1800. Queen's College, Cambridge, founded 1449. Queen's College, Oxford, found- ed 1397; fire at, which greatly in- jured one wdng, Dec. 18, 1778. Queen's Ware invented by Wedgwood, 1760. Queenstown, Upper Canada, on the Niagara river, taken in the last American war by the United States' army, Oct. 13, 1812, and retaken by the British the same day, with considerable loss to the Americans. Quesne, Fort Du, in North America, taken by General Forbes, Nov. 24, 1758. Quesnoy, Battle of, between the English and French, in which the latter were defeated, Sept. 11, 1793; taken by the Austrians, 1793 ; re- taken by the French the next year ; surrendered to Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, June 19, 1815. Quiberon, France, repulse of an English expedition to, 1746 ; a victory of Admiral Hawke over the French in the bay of, Nov. 20, 1759 ; taken possession of by emi- grant regiments in British pay, July 3, 1795 ; surprised and re- taken by the republicans, July 21, and many of the emigrants taken were executed; 900 soldiers and 1200 of the inhabitants effected their re-embarkation,but the rest fell KAC 554 KAC into the enemy's hand, with all the stores and ammunition landed ; it is said that the forged assignats made in England for the purpose, were introduced with this expedi- tion under the idea of injuring the French finances in place of the innocent holders. Quicksilver, a metal in a liquid state except at an exceedingly low temperature, when it congeals readily ; first used in refining silver, 1540; it is found in Spain, Car- niola, Ceylon, and one or two other places ; congealed in England arti- ficialry, 1787. Quietists, a sect originating with Molinos, an ecclesiastic of Saragossa, in Spain, that made some noise about 1678; they imagined that the purity and essence of religion consisted in silent internal meditations upon/and recollections of, the merits of Christ and the mercy of God ; Madame Guion of this sect was imprisoned in the Bastile for her devotion to this doctrine, and released through the intercession of the good Fenelon, archbishop of Cambray, who had a dispute with Bossuet, bishop of Meaux upon the subject, 1657. Quills first used for pens, 635 ; reeds were used previously ; metal- lic pens threaten to supersede these, 1830. Quince, the fruit first brought into England, as is reported, from Austria, in the 16th century ; a species was introduced from Japan, 1796. Quintilians, a sect that arose in the second century, the followers of Montanus ; it allowed women to be priests and bishops. Quintin, Battle of St., between the Spaniards and English, and the French, when the latter were de- feated ; this victory, owing to a vow before the engagement, caused Philip II. to build the Escurial, Aug. 10, 1557. Quito, in Peru, swallowed up by an earthquake, April 24, 1755, when 40,000 persons perished. E Paab, Hungary, taken by Turkey, 1594 ; retaken 1598. Raby Castle, Durham, built 1020. Paces originated in England, among the London citizens, in very early times ; races were known at York in 1607 ; Charles II. gave a cup of the value of 100 guineas ; an act took place for suppressing races with ponies and weak horses in 1739 ; the object then seems to have been useful in improving the breed of horses, and plates were given in several places ; this object was fully attained, as the English breed of horses of all kinds fully proves ; running horses without regard to bottom or strength succeeded, mere- ly for gambling purposes, to which and no other end they now exist ; when the more legitimate object was passed, the perfection to which the noble animal was brought, seem- ed almost impossible of attainment in a northern climate ; as to speed, Childers ran over at Newmarket three miles six furlongs and 93 yards in six minutes and forty se- conds ; and four miles one furlong and 138 yards in seven minutes and thirty seconds, carrying 9 stone 25>s., he died in 1741, aged 26 ; Eclipse was nearly equal to Childers, and was never beaten. In 1772, a mile was run by Firetail in one minute and four seconds. In October, 1741, at the Curragh meeting in Ireland, Mr. Wilde engaged to ride 127 miles in nine hours ; he performed it in six hours and 21 minutes. He em- ployed ten horses, and allowing for mounting and dismounting, and a moment for refreshment, he rode for six hours at the rate of 20 miles an hour. Mr. Thornhill, in 1745, exceeded this, for he rode from Lon- RAC 555 RAI don to Stilton and back, and again to Stilton, being 213 miles, in 11 hours and 34 minutes, which is, after allowing the least possible time for changing horses, 20 miles an hour for eleven hours, and on the turnpike road and uneven ground. Mr Shaftoe, in 1762, with ten horses, and five of them ridden twice, accomplished fifty miles and a quarter in one hour and forty- nine minutes. In 1763 he won a more extraordinary match. He was to procure a person to ride one hun- dred miles a day, on any one horse each day, for twenty- nine days to- gether, and to have any number of horses not exceeding twenty-one. He accomplished it on fourteen horses ; and, one day, he rode one hundred and sixty miles, on account of the tiring of his first horse. Mr. Hull's Quibbler afforded the most extraordinary instance on record of the stoutness as well as speed of the race- horse. In December, 1786, he ran twenty-three miles, round the flat at Newmarket, in fifty-seven minutes and ten seconds. Rack, an instrument of torture of great antiquity ; though torture to* extort confession was declared ille- gal by law, the officers of the crown had no hesitation at using it on the royal command, and without ; in temp. Chancellor Wriotesly, in 1546, when the beautiful Anne Askew, charged with favouring the Reforma- tion, refused to implicate any ladies at court with participating in her creed, she was ordered to be tor- tured, and when the lieutenant of the Tower refused to rack her more, the chancellor worked the instrument himself until her joints were dislo- cated ; she was then condemned to the stake by this miscreant lawyer, and executed in Smithfield, July 16, court wanted it to be applied to Felton, the assassin of Charles's mi- nion, but the judges had returned to their sense of duty, and declared it was unlawful. Radcliffe Library, Oxford, found- ed by Dr. Radcliffe, physician to Queen Anne, leaving £40,000 to the university for that purpose ; the edifice was finished in 1749. Radcliffe, Statue erected to Dr. John, at Oxford, 1723. Radnor Forest destroyed by fire, Aug. 1600. Radziville, in Gallicia, nearly all burned, May 5, 1804. Radstadt, Peace of, between France and the Emperor, March 6, 1714. Radstadt, Congress of, to treat of a general peace, Dec. 9, 1797 ; the negotiation endured for the en- tire year ; an atrocious assassina- tion of the French plenipotentiaries was perpetrated here in cold blood by the Austrian regiment Szeltzler, April 21, 1799. Ragusa besieged by the Russians, July 12, 1806. Ragusa and Dalmatia annexed to the kingdom of Italy by Napoleon, July 16, 1807. Ragusa taken by the Austrians, Dec. 27, 1813. Raid of Ruthven, at which James I. was seized by the nobles of Scot- land, Aug. 22, 1582. Railroads, the first of any mo- ment for the carriage of heavy weights or goods, was laid down in Coalbrooke Dale, Shropshire, 1786 ; the first, for the same purpose, laid down by act of parliament, was that in Surrey, from Wandsworth to Croydon, 1801 ; the Liverpool and Manchester, the first passengers' railway, was begun Oct. 1826, and finished so as to open on Sept. 15, 1830. 1646 ; in the reign of Charles I., the Aberdare Aug. 6, 1846 Arbroath and Forfar Jan. 3, 1839 Ashton branch of the Manchester and Leeds April 15, 1846 Ashton branch of the Manchester and Sheffield Dec. 30, 1845 Aylesburv branch of the London and Birmingham June, 1839 Ballochney , 182S E A I 556 E A I Bedford branch of the London and Birmingham Nov. 17, 1846 Belfast and Portadown 1842 Birmingham and Derby Feb. 30, 1842 Birmingham and Gloucester Sept. 17, 1840 Bishop- Auckland and Weardale Nov. 8, 1843 Bishopstoke and Salisbury March 1, 1847 Blackburn and Preston June 1, 1846 Blackburn, Darwen, and Bolton 1847 Blackpool branch of the Preston and Wyre 1846 Bodmin and Wadebridge 1834 Bolton and Preston June 22, 1843 Bolton, Kenyon, Leigh June, 1831 Brandling Junction Sept. 1839 Bridlington branch of the York and Scarborough (part) ...Oct. 1846 Brighton and Chichester June 8, 1846 Brighton and Hastings June 27, 1846 Bristol and Exeter May 1, 1844 Bristol and Gloucester July, 1844 Cambridge and Brandon July 30, 1845 Canterbury and Whitstable May, 1830 Cheltenham and Swindon May 12, 1845 Chester and Birkenhead Sept. 22, 1840 Chester and Crewe Oct. 1, 1840 Chester and Holyhead (part) 1847 Clarence; first act passed in 1828 Cockermouth and Workington April 28, 1847 Colchester and Ipswich June 15, 1846 Coventry and Leamington Dec. 2, 1844 Crediton branch of the Bristol and Exeter 1847 Croydon andEpsom May 17, 1847 Dereham branch of the Norwich and Brandon 1847 Dublin and Carlow Aug. 10, 1846 Dublin and Drogheda May 26, 1844 Dublin and Kingstown Dec. 17, 1834 Dundee and Arbroath April 8, 1840 Dundee and Newtyle Dec. 1831 Dundee and Perth May 22, 1847 Durham aud Sunderland June 28, 1839 Edinburgh and Berwick June 18, 1846 Edinburgh and Dalkeith 1831 Edinburgh and Glasgow Feb. 8, 1842 Edinburgh, Leith, and Granton 1846 Edinburgh and Musselburgh July 14, 1847 Ely and Huntingdon 1847 Ely and Peterborough Jan. 1847 Exeter and Plymouth (part) May 29, 1846 Eurness Aug. 1846 Glasgow and Ayr Aug. 12, 1840 Glasgow and Greenock March 31, 1841 Glasgow, Garnkirk, and Coatbridge July, 1845 Gosport branch of the London and Southampton Eeb. 7, 1842 Gravesend and Rochester Eeb. 10, 1845 Guildford branch of the London and Southampton May, 1845 Haddington branch of the Edinburgh and Berwick ...June 18, 1846 Halifax branch of the Manchester and Leeds July 1, 1844 R A I 557 R A I Hartlepool 1836 Hertford branch of the London and Cambridge Oct. 31, 1843 Hull and Bridlington Oct. 7, 1846 Hull and Selby July 1, 1840 Ipswich and Bury St. Edmunds Dec. 24, 1846 Kendal and Windermere 1847 Keymer and Lewes Oct. 1, 1847 Kingstown and Dalkey March 29, 1844 Lancaster and Carlisle Dec. 16, 1846 Lancaster and Preston ., June 30, 1840 Leeds and Bradford July 1, 1846 Leeds and Derby July, 1840 Leeds and Selby. Sept. 1834 Leicester and Swannington July, 1832 Liverpool and Birmingham July 4, 1837 Liverpool and Manchester Sept 15, 1830 Liverpool and Preston Oct. 31, 1838 London and Birmingham Sept. 17, 1838 London and Blackwall Aug. 2, 1841 London and Brighton Sept. 21, 1841 London and Bristol June 30, 1841 London and Cambridge July, 1845 London and Colchester March 29, 1843 London and Croydon June 1, 1839 London and Dover Feb. 6, 1844 London and Greenwich , Dec. 26, 1838 London and Richmond July 27, 1846 London and Southampton May 11, 1840 Londonderry to Strabane April 19, 1847 Lowestoft branch of the Norwich and Yarmouth 1847 Lynn and Dereham i 1847 Lynn and Ely 1847 Lytham branch of the Preston and Wyre 1846 Macclesfield branch of the Manchester and Birmingham Nov. 24, 1845 Maidstone branch of the London and Dover Sept. 24, 1844 Manchester and Birmingham Aug. 10, 1842 Manchester and Bolton May 29, 1838 Manchester and Leeds March 1, 1841 Manchester and Rawtenstall Sept. 25, 1846 Manchester and Sheffield Dec. 22^ 1845 Margate branch of the London and Dover 1846 Maryport and Carlisle Jan. 1845 Merthyr-Tydvil and Cardiff April 12, 1841 Middlesborough and Redcar June 4, 1846 Monkland and Kirkintilloch 1826 Newcastle and Berwick July, 1847 Newcastle and Carlisle June is' 1839 Newcastle and Darlington April 15, 1844 Newcastle and North Shields June 13 1839 Newtyle and Cupar-Angus Feb! 1837 Northampton and Peterborough June 2, 1845 Norwich and Brandon 1845 Norwich and Yarmouth May 1, 1844 Nottingham and Lincoln Aug. 3, 1846 Nottingham branch of the Rugby and Derby May 30, 1839 RAI 558 RAI Oldham branch of the Manchester and Leeds March 31, 1842 Oxford branch of the London and Bristol June 12, 1844 Paisley and Renfrew May, 1837 Perth and Castlecary (part) 1847 Pontop and South Shields 1835 Preston and Wyre ... July 20, 1840 Richmond branch of the York and Darlington Sept. 10, 1848 Rugby and Derby July, 1840 Rugby and Stafford 1847 St. Helen's; first act passed 1830 Salisbury branch of the London and Southampton 1847 Sheffield and Rotherham Oct. 1838 Shrewsbury and Chester (part) Nov. 4, 1846 Slamannan, Scotland 1840 Southampton and Dorchester June 1, 1847 South Eastern, Tunbridge Wells branch Nov. 25, 1846 South Eastern, North Kent line 1849 Stockton and Darlington Sept. 1825 Stockton and Hartlepool Eeb. 10, 1841 Syston and Peterborough (part) 1846 Teignmouth to Newton Dec. 31, 1846 Trent Valley June 26, 1847 Tunbridge Wells, branch of the London and Dover Oct. 1846 Warrington and Newton 1833 West Durham June, 1840 West London (part) May 27, 1844 Whitby and Pickering May, 1836 Whitehaven and Maryport March 18, 1847 Wilsontown, Morningside, and Coltness June 21, 1845 Wishaw and Coltness ; first act passed 1829 York and Darlington Jan. 4, 1841 York and Newcastle, Boroughbridge branch June 17, 1847 York and Normanton June 30, 1840 York and Scarborough July 7, 1845 Railways, Total Receipt in each of the following years : — 1842 £4,341,781 1843 4,842,650 1844 5,610,950 1845 6,669,230 1846 7,689,870 1847 8,975,691 1848 10,059,000 1849 11,013,820 1850 12,757,985 1851 14,567,910 1852 15,088,310 The average cost of making was, in 1842, £34,690 per mile; in 1852, £34,630; in 1842, £52,380,000 had been expended ; in 1852, £239,967,453 on roads completed'; on all, complete and incomplete, £248,593,553, or 7388 miles, at £33,897 per mile ; the sum sanc- tioned by act of parliament to be raised for these undertakings in 24 years, from 1826 to 1829, was £348,312,188; yearly average, £14,500,508; the number of acts passed for new lines and extensions from 1801, when a goods railway act was passed, to 1849, was 1,111 ; of these 225 were passed in 1846, and 115 in 1847. Railway Total Receipts, 1850, £8,570,886 ; of which 60.4 per cent was for passengers, and 30 per cent for merchandise ; the coals con- sumed were, 896,466 tons ; the total distance run, 40,161,850 miles, and the daily distance 100,333 miles, or 4=7 times round the eiobe ; in the EAI 559 R AI half-year ending June 30, 1839, in the six months preceding, the London and Birmingham railway travelled 17,391,035 miles, and con- veyed 267,144 passengers, the re- ceipt being £270,241 ; in the half year ending June 30, 1845, the travelling was 38,758,260 miles, the passengers 615,904, and the receipts £447,190. Railways and Post Letters ; the speed of transmission multiplied the number of letters ; the mail be- tween Manchester and Liverpool, before the penny postage commen- ced by this mode of carriage, in Nov. 1830, and the letters increased at once 6 per cent. Before railways, a letter from Kingsland to Camber- well took as long to deliver as it now occupies to convey it to Exeter, 193| miles distant, or 4| hours; people complained in 1849, that letters were 6 hours or a little more conveying to Manchester. Railway Accidents, 653,137 to 1; only 1 passenger is killed by causes beyond his own controul — in other words, by his own fault — being 1 in 6,440,087 in 1848, and in 1849, 1 in 12,768,308 ; the injured in 1848, were 1 in 452,818, and in 1849, 1 in 760,018. The accidents by, and not by, their own fault, among the railway servants were in a much larger ratio. Railways, persons employed on ; in a return to June 30, 1849, 55,968 belonging to the permanent busi- ness, and there were employed at that time on railway construction, 103,816 persons. Railways open in America, 1849, 6440 miles ; cost of, 167,731,748 dollars, or £34,944,114 sterling; of these the railways of Massachusetts alone are 1056 miles ; the average cost, £5426 per mile. Railways in Germany, open 1850, 4435 ; of which 1820 miles were in Prussia, and 920 in Austria. Railways, Belgian ; these are con- structed by the state, and in 1848 were 326.7 miles in length, and cost £4,110,350, or per mile £12,611. Railways, Atmospherical, expe- riments in order to demonstrate their practicability were made at Wormwood Scrubs, June 30, 1840 ; one established between Dalkey and Killarney, in Ireland, near Dublin, Sept. 1843; found to be impracticable in the South Devon railway between Exeter and Ply- mouth, and other places, and aban- doned. Railways, Foreign, 1850 ; about 13,000 miles open altogether. Railway proposed in Sweden be- tween the town of Christiania and the lake of Injosen, Feb. 11, 1851; line of the Bengal railway began, Jan. 25, 1851. Railway proposed in Egypt be- tween Alexandria and Cairo, Sept. 4, 1851. Rain, violent, in Scotland for five months, 553; a continual rain in Scotland for five months, 918 ; a violent one in London, 1222; again, 1233 ; so violent the harvest did not begin till Michaelmas, 1330 ; so heavy that the corn was spoiled, 1335 ; from the beginning of Oct. to Dec. 1338 ; from Midsummer to Christmas, so that there was not one day or night dry together, 1348 ; again violent, 1365; in Wales, which destroyed 10,000 sheep, Sept. 19, 1752 ; in Scotland, 1752 ; in several parts of England, 1762 ; in Languecloc, which destroyed the village of Bar le Due, April 26, 1776 ; in the north of England, 1789 ; in the Island of Cuba, June 21, 1791, when 3000 persons and 11,700 cattle of various kinds per- ished, by the torrents occasioned by the rain. In the summer of 1816, the harvest was much injured by continual rains, in various places on the continent, as well as in Eng- land. Rain at Chaumont, in France, Oct. 15, 1822, fell in the state of ice, while the atmosphere Avas above the freezing-point, and loaded the boughs of some trees so that they broke. Raine's Charity, began giving RAN 560 EAT marriage portions to women annu- ally, 1758. Rainbow, theory of, advanced by Kepler, afterwards cleared by Newton, 1611. Raisonable, man of war taken from the French, May 2, 1758. Raleigh, Sir Walter, discovered Virginia, 1580 ; attacked the Span- ish settlements in America and took a galleon, worth £150,000, 1592; seduced one of the royal attendants, and went out on an expedition to America, 1595 ; tried for treason and reprieved, 1603 ; sailed to America in search of a gold mine, without success, 1617 ; returned in October, and was executed to please the Spanish ambassador, by James I., Oct. 29, 1617. Ramel, General, assassinated at Toulouse by the friends of the priests and Bourbons. Ramilies, Battle of, between the Duke of Marlborough and the French under Marshal Villeroy, May 23, 1706; the French were defeated with great loss, that of the allies was about 4000 men ; the Duke followed up his success by the cap- ture of several important towns. Ramsey Abbey, Hants, built 959. Ramsey, Huntingdonshire, nearly destroyed by a fire, May 21, 1731. Ramsgate Theatre, fire at, Nov. 30, 1829. Ranas in Enzie, Scotland, burned down, May 7, 1759. Randolph, Peyton, first Presi- dent of the Congress of the United States, North America, died 1775. Ranger, vessel from Newcastle to London, lost in a gale, and all on board perished except the car- penter, Aug. 31, 1815. Rangoon, in the territory of Bur- mah, had 6000 houses destroyed by fire, 1814. Ransa Castle, Isle of Arran, Scotland, built before 1380. Ransoms formerly paid to set captives free, if great men; in England, 1423, the money was ex- pended in building strongholds and castles. Rape punished with death by the Saxon law, unless the female consented to receive the ravisher as husband ; punishment mitigated, 3 Edward I., 1274 ; made felony, 12 Edward III., 1338; without benefit of clergy, Elizabeth, 1575 ; punished by transportation for life, 4 Vict., 1841. Raphael d'Urbino, the most perfect of artists in the line of, painting, in the modern school, born 1483, died 1520. Raphael Tapestries exhibited London, 1825, including two new cartoons. Raphoe, an Irish bishopric; St. Eunan said to be the first bishop ; united to Derry, 3 and 4 Will. IV., 1833. Rapp, General, after a siege of twelve months by the allies, sur- rendered Dantzick upon losing 20,000 men by disease, Jan. 1, 1814. Rappahannock, North America, taken by the English under Captain Barrie, Nov. 29, 1814. Raspberry, the Virginian, intro- duced into England from North America in the 17th century ; the flowering raspberry from the same continent in 1700. Rathmines, Battle of, in Ireland, when Col. Jones of Dublin Castle made a sally, routed the Marquis of Ormond, killed 4000 of his men, and took 2517 prisoners, with guns and ammunition, Aug. 2, 1649. Ratisbon taken by the Elector of Bavaria, Dec. 6, 1703 ; peace of, signed between France and the Elector of Germany, Oct. 13, 1630; diet held at, when the German prin- ces seceded from the empire and placed themselves under Napoleon, Aug. 1, 1806. Rats, story of their infesting the Pfaltz castle on the Rhine, where a German bishop named Hatton had taken shelter, and of their de- vouring him, 969. Rats, the quadruped infesting most parts of Europe ; the brown rat is a later species, and supposed to be brought from the East ; in- EEB 561 EEB fested Astrachan in incredible num- bers, 1729. Rattan Island, fortified by the Spaniards, 1752. Ravaillac, murderer of Henry IV. of France, in Paris, horribly tortured for the crime committed, May 14, 1610; human ingenuity was racked to increase his torments, in a mode disgraceful to human nature, which the robust character of his body greatly prolonged. Ravenna, Battle of, between the French and the Spanish and Papal forces, April 11, 1512 ; the French were commanded by Gaston de Foix, who fell in the moment of victory. Ravens worth Castle, Yorkshire, built 1030. Ravishment made a capital of- fence, 1279. See Rape. Raymond, Count of Toulouse, so renowned in the history of his time, died, 1105. Read, an alderman of London, pressed for a common soldier, for refusing the king an arbitrary benevolence, 1544. Reading Mechanics' Institute established, 1828. Reason, Paine's Age of, published, 1794; the second part, 1795; nu- merous prosecutions of publishers of, in England ; the latest, June 8, 1824, when five men were tried for selling it, and one sentenced to three years' imprisonment, another to 18 months, and to pay £50, others to different punishments. Reay, Miss, the mistress of Lord Sandwich, shot by the Rev. Mr. Hackman as she was coming out of Covent Garden theatre, April 7, 1779. Rebellions, Remarkable, in Bri- tish history: — against William I., in favour of Edgar Atheling, by the Scots and Danes, 1069; against William II., in favour of his brother Robert, 1088— extinguished, 1090; of the Welsh, who defeated the Normans and English, 1095 ; in England, in favour of the empress Maude, 1139— ended, 1153 ; Prince Richard against his father, Henry IL, 1179 ; of the Barons, April, 1215 — compromised by the grant of Magna Charta, June 15, following ; of ditto, 1262— ended, 1267; of the lords spiritual and temporal, against Edward IL, on account of his favourites, the Gavestons, 1312 — and again, on account of the Spen - sers, 1321; of Walter, the tiler of Deptford, vulgarly called Wat Ty- ler, occasioned by the brutal rude- ness of a tax-gatherer to his daugh- ter ; having killed the collector in his rage, he raised a party to oppose the tax itself, a grievous poll-tax, 1381 ; of the Duke of Gloucester and other lords, 1388 ; of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, who caused Richard II. to be deposed, 1399 : in Ireland, when Roger, Earl of March, the viceroy and presumptive heir to the crown, was slain, 1398; of the Welsh, under Owen Glen- dower, 1400 ; against Henry IV., by the earls of Northumberland and Salisbury, Owen Glendower, and others, 1403 ; under the Earl of Northumberland, who was defeated at Bramham Moor, and slain, 1458 ; of Jack Cade, in favour of the Duke of York, 1450 ; in favour of the house of York, 1452, which ended in the imprisonment of Hemy VI., and seating Edward IV. of York on the throne, 1466 ; of the English in Yorkshire, owing to some en- croachment respecting St. Leon- ard's hospital, in York, 1469; under Warwick and Clarence, 1470, which ended with the expulsion of Edward IV., and the restoration of Henry VI. the same year ; under Edward VI., 1471, which ended with the death of Henry VI ; of the Earl of Richmond against Richard III., 1485, which ended with the death of Richard; under Lambert Simnel, who pretended to be Richard IIl.'s nephew, 1486, .which ended the same year, on discovering that Sim- nel was a baker's son — he was par- doned; under Perkin Warbeek, 1492, which ended in the execution of Warbeek, 1499 ; under Lord 2o EEC 562 EEF Audley, 1497, owing to taxes, which ended with the battle of Blackheath ; of the English, on account of de- stroying the monasteries, 1536 — ended the same year ; of ditto, in the west, owing to enclosures and oppressions of the gentry, June 1549 — suppressed the same year ; of ditto, in Norfolk, headed by Kett the tanner, but soon suppressed, Aug. 1549 ; in favour of lady Jane Grey, against Queen Mary, 1553, which ended in the death of lady Jane ; of Sir Thos. Wyatt, against the Queen's marriage with Philip of Spain, 1554; of the Roman Catho- lics against Queen Elizabeth, 1559 — suppressed the same year ; in the North of England, 1569; of the Irish under the Earl of Tyrone, 1599— suppressed, 1601 ; under the Earl of Essex against Elizabeth, 1600, which ended in his death, 1601 ; against the despotism of Charles I., which ended in his de- thronement and death, 1648 ; of the Irish under Eoger More, Sir Phelim O'Neile, &c, against the English in Ireland, 1641— ended, 1651; of the Scotch, 1666; under the duke of Monmouth, 1685, which ended in his death ; • of the Scotch under the old Pretender, 1715; quelled 1716 ; of the Scotch under the young Pretender, 1745, quelled 1746; of the Americans on ac- count of taxes, 1774, when they conquered their independence; in Ireland, when they took up arms, May 24, 1798 ; in Ireland, under Emmet and others, when Lord Kilwarden was put to death by the insurgents. Rebellion in Ireland, claims for losses on account of, amounted to £792,506, Sept. 1799. Eeceipts of Money taxed by a stamp duty, 1782 ; new acts, 1784, 1791, and subsequently. Recolets, Order of, established in Erance, 1594. Recorder, the first judicial officer of a municipal corporation ; first paid in London with £10 per an- num, and at present with £2500 for life ; the first in London was Jeffrey de Warton, alderman, 26 Edward I., 1298. Records of the Acts of the Crown, regularly kept from the time of Henry I., in 1100; the places in which they are at present deposited are the Chapter House at Westminster ; the Tower of London, and the Queen's Remembrancer's office of the Exchequer ; there are also other depositories ; — the early records of Scotland were lost on transmission by sea from London to Scotland, 1298 ; the records of Ireland and the council-chamber were burned in 1711 ; an act re- garding the public records was passed in Aug. 1831. Reculver Abbey, Kent, built 669. Red Eagle, in Prussia, revived 1792. Redemption, Order of Knight- hood, 1212. Red House, Deptford, burned Feb. 26, 1761. Redwald, King of the East Angles, 616. Reflecting Telescopes invented, 1657. Reflectors, or concave glasses, or plates of metal of that form, to concentrate the sun's rays ; dia- monds dissipated by the heat of, 1695. Reform in Parliament, necessity of, first pointed out by Mr. Pitt (earl of Chatham) in 1782 ; his son made a motion for a reform in par- liament, May 7, 1782, when the house divided, 141 for and 161 against the motion ; Mr. Pitt aban- doned the cause, and declared all supporters of it seditious, in 1794 ; Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, ar- rested for belonging to a reform society, May 10, 1794 ; tried and acquitted, Nov. 5 to Dec. 5, 1794, being accused of pretended high treason for its advocacy ; Lord John Russell prepared the measure, March 1, 1831 ;— first division, second reading — for, 302 — against, 301 ; majority for second reading, 1, REF 563 REF March 22. On the motion for a committee, General Gascoyne moved an amendment, " That the number of representatives for Eng- land and Wales ought not to be di- minished." Amendment carried, on a division, 299 to 291 ; majority, 8, April 19; the bill abandoned and parliament dissolved, April 22 ; a new parliament assembled, June 14 ; bill again introduced, June 24 ; division on second reading — for, 367 — against, 251 ; majority, 116, July 4 ; division on the third read- ing of the bill — for, 349 — against, 236; majority, 113, Sept. 21; in the Lords — first division on second reading — lord Wharncliffe moved, " That the bill be read that day six months ;" — for the amendment, 199 — against it, 158; majority, 41, Oct. 8. Parliament prorogued, Oct. 20, 1831. Read in the Commons a first time without a division, Dec. 12, 1831 ; — second reading ; divi- sion, viz., for the bill, 324 — against it, 162; majority, 162, Dec. 17, 1831 ; — third reading ; division, viz., for the bill, 355 — against it, 239; majority for it, 116, March 23, 1832 ; — in the Lords, read a first time on motion of earl Grey, March 26 ; — second reading — for the bill, 184 — against it, 175 ; majority, 9, April 14. In the committee, Lord Lyndhurst moved, " That the question of enfranchisement should precede that of disfranchisement ;" — the division was 151 and 116—- majority against ministers, 35, May 7; this led to the resignation of ministers, May 9 ; great public ex- citement ensued ; they were induced to resume office on the king grant- ing them power to create new peers, May 18. Divisions on the bill at different times : — 1793 Mr. (afterwards Earl) Grey 1797 Ditto 165 1800 Ditto 142 1809 Sir Francis Burdett 1810 Honourable T. Brand 1812 Ditto >> >» 59 119 127 188 1817 Sir Francis Burdett 1818 Ditto 106 1819 Ditto 95 1821 Mr. Lambton 12 1821 Lord John Russell 31 1822 Ditto , 105 1823 Ditto 98 1824 Ditto 111 1825 Honourable Mr. Abercrombie 24 1826 Lord John Russell 124 1829 Marquis of Blandford ... 74 1830 Ditto 1830 Mr. O'Connell jj 113 306 In consequence, some of the dis- sentient lords absented themselves ; in 1832, the bill passed the com- mittee ; June 4, read a first time — the majority 84 f or, 108 for and 22 against; June 7, royal assent given to the English bill ; July 17, to the Scotch bill ; and Aug. 7, to the Irish reform bill, by commis- sion. Reform, Parliamentary, in con- sequence of the unrelenting perse- cution, by Mr. Pitt, of those who were consistent in advocating his previous doctrine of reform in par- liament, the Society of the Friends of the People agreed to suspend their proceedings for the present, Jan. 19, 1794. Reform Meeting, Major Cart- REG 564 REG wright sentenced to pay a fine of £100 for attending a parliamentary reform meeting in Birmingham, June 1821. Reform in Parliament, 600 peti- tions presented, but treated with contempt by Lord Castlereagh's go- vernment, March 31, 1817 ; the same day a seditious meetings bill was passed. Reform Meeting in Yorkshire, on the requisition of 2000 free- holders, Feb. 22, 1823. Reform, Lord John Russell's mo- tion for a reform in parliament, lost April 25, 1822. Reform Association, financial meeting held at Manchester to sup- port, Sept. 24, 1851. Reformation of the Clergy or- dered by act of parliament, 1530. • Reformation of Religion, the tri- centenary of, celebrated at the Lon- don tavern by 1500 persons, 1834. Reformation of Luther began, 1517. Reformation begun in England, by Wickliffe, in 1370; in Germany, by Jerome of Prague and Luther; in England, completed in the time of Henry VIII. , 1534; established by Queen Elizabeth, 1558 ; began in Bohemia, 1405 ; in Switzerland, 1519 ; in Denmark, 1521 ; in France, under Calvin, 1529 ; in Sweden, 1530 ; in Ireland, 1535 ; in Scot- land, 1560 ; in the Netherlands, 1562. Reformation of Manners, an officious society for, established 1689; it brought a vocalist before a judge for singing Dryden's " Alexander's Feast ; " the judge told the jury that, as he could find nothing to support the indictment in the words, he supposed it must be looked for in the singing, which he desired the defendant to try ; he obeyed, and was instantly acquitted. Refugees sheltered in England, 1568; protected and relieved, Sept. 7, 1681, and April 1687 ; allowed £15,000 per anuum, Oct. 1696. Regency Bill proposed to parlia- ment on the first attack by insanity of George III., Dec. 10, 1788; abandoned upon his recovery, Feb. 27, 1789 ; regency bill on the king's second attack, 1811, and the prince of Wales sworn in as regent of the kingdom, Feb. 5, 1811 ; regency bill, should the crown descend to princess Victoria before she was 18 years of age, 1 Will. IV., Dec. 23, 1830; regency bill, appointing prince Albert regent in the event of the decease of queen Victoria, should the next successor be under age on such an event, Aug. 4, 1840. Regent's Canal opened from Pad- dington to Limehouse, Aug. 1, 1820. Regent's Park, formed in 1814 out of crown property, the leases of which had fallen in ; 450 acres in extent; subsequently planted and ornamented. Regent Street, commenced build- ing 1815 ; canal so named from the grand junction at Padclington to Limehouse, round the Regent's Park, opened Aug. 1, 1820 ; 12 men buried by a fall of the earth in con- structing, July 1813. Regent Street, London, opened from Carlton house to Piccadilly, 1821. Regicides, nineteen surrendered and were reprieved for life, June 6, 1660 ; several tried and executed, and their estates confiscated, 1660 and 1661. Registers of Deeds and Convey- ances of real estates in Yorkshire and in Middlesex, effected by 2 Anne, 1703. Register of Shipping in the Thames, began 1786, and through- out England, 1787. Registers, Parochial, established by Cromwell, the Lord Essex, 27 Henry VIII. ; stamp tax laid on them, 1784 ; acts for better regula- tion of, 1813. Registration Act, General, of births, marriages, and deaths, 6 Will. IV., Aug. 17, 1836. Registry of Wills, Doctors' Commons, London, where the pro- perty is in more than one diocese, also in the diocesan courts. EEL 565 EEL Reichstadt, Duke of, the title conferred on the son of Napoleon, June 22, 1818. Religious Houses suppressed, 1540, in all 1041 ; in France 1790, in all 4500 ; in Germany 1785, in all 2000. Religion, Six Articles of, for non-observance of which Protest- ants and Catholics suffered death alike, 1539 ; the 39 articles of the church established, 1552 ; being re- duced from forty- two to thirty-nine, Jan. 1583; sanctioned by parlia- ment, 1571. Religions of different States and Countries in the eighteenth century, it being understood of the creeds to- lerated among the inhabitants : — Austria, an empire, Papists. Bavaria, a kingdom, Papists. Bohemia, a kingdom, Papists and Lutherans. Brandenburgh, a marquisate, Lu- therans, Calvinists, and Papists. Brunswick, a dukedom, Lutherans. Cologne, an archbishopric, Papists. Courland, a dukedom, Papists and Protestants. Denmark, a kingdom, Lutherans. England, a kingdom, Church of England, and all others. France, a kingdom, Papists ; but Protestants and Jews tolerated. Genoa, a republic, Papists ; but the Jews tolerated. Germany, empire, Papists, Luther- ans, and Calvinists. Greece, a kingdom, Christians, Ma- hometans, &c. Hanover, a kingdom, Lutherans, Calvinists, &c. Hesse-Cassel, an electorate, Luther- ans, Calvinists, and Papists. Hungary, a kingdom, Papists and Protestants. Ireland, a kingdom, all religions tolerated. Italy, various states, Papists. Lucca, a republic, Papists. Malta, Papists and Protestants. Mantua, a dukedom, Papists. Mecklenburgh Schwerin, a duke- dom, Lutherans. — — Strelitz, a dukedom, do. Milan, a dukedom, Papists. Modena, a dukedom, Papists. Naples, a kingdom, Papists. Netherlands, a kingdom, Papists, Calvinists, &c. Norway, a kingdom, Lutherans. Osnaburgh, a bishopric, Catholics and Protestants. Palatine, a principality, Papists and Lutherans. Parma and Placentia, a dukedom, Papists. Piedmont, a principality, Papists. Portugal, a kingdom, Papists. Prussia, a kingdom, Lutherans, Cal- vinists, and Papists. Russia, an empire, Greeks, Calvin- ists, and Lutherans. Sardinia, a kingdom, Papists. Savoy, a dukedom, Papists. Saxony, a kingdom, Papists and Lutherans. Scotland, a kingdom, Presbyterians, Episcopacy tolerated. Sibei'ia, in the Russian empire, Greeks and Armenians. Sicily, an island, Papists. Spain, a kingdom, Papists. Sweden, a kingdom, Lutherans, popery abolished, 1544. Switzerland, cantons, a republic, 6 are Protestants, 7 are Papists. Tartary, various states, partly in Europe, Armenians, Mahometans, and Greeks. Triers, an archbishopric, Papists. Turkey, an empire, partly in Eu- rope, Mahometans, Jews, and Christians. Tuscany, a dukedom, Papists. Venice, a republic, Papists, Greeks, and Jews. United States of North America, a republic, Protestants, Episcopa- lians, all creeds. Religious Orders of the Papal Church : — Abstinents a.d. 170 Monks 328 Augustines 389 Benedictines 548 Minors 1099 Carthusians 1084 Cistertians 1094 EEL 566 EEL Grey Friars a.d. 1122 Carmelites 1141 Crossed Eriars 1170 Ursulines 1198 Franciscans 1206 Dominicans 1215 Bethlehemites 1248 Anchorites 1255 Celestines 1255 Bartholinites 1307 White Monks 1349 Minimes 1450 Capuchins 1525 Barnabites 1533 Begging Friars 1587 Theatines 1594 Trappists 1815 Ligorists 1820 Beligiotjs Sects : — Adamites, or Preadamites, a.d. 130 Agnacobites, fanatics 701 Albigenses 1160 Anabaptists 1525 Angelites, a set of heretics 494 Antinomians 1538 Antonines 329 Arians 290 Arminian heretics 1229 Baptists 1625 Bartholomites, suppressed by Pope Innocent X 1650 Basil's St 354 Beguines 1208 Bonhommes 1257 Bohemian Brethren, the sect of, began in Bohemia 1467 Brigantines 1370 Brownists 1660 Calvinists 1546 Canons, regular 400 Cardinals, began 853 ; red hats given them 1242 ; the purple 1464; the title of eminence... 1644 Carmes, established in France, 1254 Catherine's St 1373 Chaplines 1248 Clareval 1114 Episcopalians of England and America 1530 Flagellants 1259 Hermits, began 1257 ; revived 1425 Holy Trinity 1211 Humbled 1164 Independents 1616 Jacobites a.d. 1198 Jumpers, America 1810 Jesuans 1367 Jesuits Society, 1536 ; expelled England, 1604 ; Venice, 1606 ; Portugal, Sept. 1759 ; France, May 5, 1602; Spain, 1767; Naples, 1768; Eome and Prussia, 1773 ; order abolish- ed, Aug. 17, 1773 ; in Prussia and other states, 1776; revived in Eussia, 1784 ; restored in Eome and other states, 1814 ; all monks of the order of, ba- nished from St. Petersburgh, Jan. 2 1816 Jesus, the Sisters of, society ....1626 Latter-day Saints, or Mor- mons 1835 Lollards 1315 Lutherans 1517 Mahometans ;. 622 Manichees 343 Methodists.. 1730 Moravians, or Unitas Fratrum, appeared, in Bohemia, 1457 ; in England 1737 Muggletonians, from L. Mug- gleton, a journeyman tailor, 1647 Ophites 187 Orebites 1422 Pelagians 382 Penitent women 1494 Poor women 1212 Preadamites, who went naked. ..130 Predestinarians 371 Presbyterians 1572 Protestants 1529 Puritans 1545 Publican sect, came first to England 1162 Quakers 1650 Quietists 1685 Eepentants 1360 Sacramentarians 878 Shakers 1801 Southcotians 1800 Swedenborgians 1780 Trinitarians, order of 1198 Tritheites 560 Ubiquarians 1540 Unitarians 1553 Valleyans 1218 White Coats 1396 Whippers 1055 REN 567 REN Religions in Ireland ; it appears from a census taken from the last return of the Irish Commissioners but one, that there were belonging to The Established Church ... 851,792 Presbyterians 635,587 Protestant Dissenters 21,518 Roman Catholics 6,428,265 7,937,162 Remonstrants, a religious sect in Holland, Arminians, who were named from a remonstrance, reduc- ing their doctrine to five articles, pre- sented to the states, 1609 ; the Cal- vinists persecuted them, and at Dort, when a synod was held, condemned their opinions, 1618. Rent, in England, first payable in money in place of kind, 1135 ; no goods can be removed until the rent is paid by the landlord to the sheriff, 8 Anne, 1709 ; made recover- able in law, 1731 ; the rental of Eng- land, including lands, houses, and mines, in 1600, was supposed to be £6,000,000, and 12 years' purchase the value ; in 1690 it was estimated at £14,000,000 rent, and eighteen years' purchase ; in 1815, land alone was assessed to the property tax at £34,330,463 ; and in 1848, at £42,347,870 for England and Wales only. Scotland being assessed in 1851 on land only £5,075,242, and in 1848, £5,634,351, including mes- suages, tithes, manors, fines, quar- ries, mines, iron-works, fisheries, canals, railways, gas-works, both in England and Scotland the total was, in 1815, £60,138,330 ; in 1848, £105,252,895. Rent, increase of, from 1692 ; judging from the land tax 1692, as then assessed at 4s. in the pound on the rental, as near an approxima- tion to the truth on the property tax valuation of 1843 ; take the Cosford division of Suffolk, for example : Quota oi Rent in 1692.* 1692. 1815.t 1843 £ S. d. £ £ £ Aldham 120 4 601 1953 2232 Bildeston 165 16 6 829 1840 4153 Brettenham 113 13 5 568 1666 2559 Chils worth 94 4 471 1319 1878 Elmset 160 12 803 2489 3223 Hadleigh 478 5 6 2366 ) 205 } 7605 12,941 Hadleigh hamlet... 41 702 Hitcham 275 15 2 1378 4126 6367 Kersey 129 12 2 648 2339 3300 Kettlebaston 89 16 449 1144 1522 Layham 238 12 1173 3722 5046 Lindsey 108 16 544 1333 1869 Naughton 52 4 261 854 1067 Nedging 58 12 293 867 1408 Semer 92 430 1718 2420 Thorpe 195 16 979 2176 3282 Wattisham 88 440 1881 1958 Whatfield 104 8 522 1932 2370 * Property-tax return, 316, 1844. t Parliamentary return,;348, 1831. These illustrations of the progress of rent in the Cosford division of Suffolk establish, either that the agricultural improvement of the dis- trict had been very considerable since 1815, or that the condition of EE V 568 EE V the farmers and labourers had much deteriorated ; since the rent had thus greatly increased, whilst the average price of wheat had fallen from 101s. 7d. the quarter, as in the six years ending 1814, to 63s. 2d. the quarter, on the average of the six years ending 1842. Eepeal of the Irish Union, as- sociation formed for, in Ireland, 1829 ; meetings for, prohibited, Oct. 18, 1830 ; new association for, 1841, 1842, and 1843 ; monster meetings held for, at Trim and other places, until a meeting at Clontarf, Oct. 8, 1844, was suppressed by the govern- ment; O'Connell and those concerned with him brought to trial, Jan. 15, 1 844 ; the Association kept a short time after O' Council's decease, but ultimately died out ; no less a sum than £134,379 had been collected in support of the object by the end of 1846. Eepresentatives in Parliament obliged to be residents of the places they represented, 1413. Eeprisals at Sea, first granted 1295. Eepublican Deputies of France discharged after suffering a long irnnrisonment under Eobespierre, Dec. 3, 1794. Eequest, Courts of, began 1494. Eestobation of Learning in Erance, 778. Eestoration of Charles II. and monai-chy, after the commonwealth of 11 years' duration, or from Jan. 30, 1649, to May 29, 1660. Eestormel Castle, Cornwall, built 1100. Eevenue of England; Income from the conquest : — . William the Con- queror 1066... £400,000 William Eufus...l087... 350,000 Henry 1 1100... 300,000 Stephen 1135... 250,000 Henry II 1154... 200,000 EichardI 1189... 150,000 John 1199... 100,000 Henry III 1216... 80,000 Edward 1 1272... 150,000 Edward II 1307... 100,000 Edward III 1327... £154,140 Eichard II 1377... 130,000 Henry IV 1399... 100,000 Henry V 1413... 76,643 Henry VI 1422... 64,976 Edward IV. ...1460) Edward V 1483 J- 100,000 Eichard III 1483) Henry VII 1485. . . 400,000 Henry VIII 1509... 800,000 Edward VI 1547... 400,000 Mary ..1553... 450,000 Elizabeth 1558... 500,000 James 1 1602.. 600,000 Charles 1 1625... 895,819 Commonwealth) ir ., s C 1,517,247 Charles II. } 104Sl ' ' \ 1,800,000 James II 1685... 2,001,155 William III 1688... 3,895,205 Queen Anne (at the Union) ...1706... 5,691,803 George 1 1714... 6,762,643 George II 1727... 8,522,540 George III. (1788) 1760... 15,372,971 Ditto 1800.-36,728,000 Ditto (war). ..1815. ..72,210,512 George IV 1820.. .54,282,958 William IV 1830... 50, 056, 616 Victoria 1837. ..46,475,194 1838... 47,333, 460 1839... 47,844,899 1840... 47,567,565 1841... 48, 084,360 1842... 46, 965, 631 , 1843. ..52,582,817 1844. ..54,003,745 „ 1845... 53, 060,354 1846... 53, 790, 138 „ 1847... 51,546,265 1848.. .53,388,717 1849.. .52,951,749 1850... 58,826,979 1851-2 58,100,706 The years 1850 and 1851, include the charge of collection ; the previ- ous years, the sum actually paid into the exchequer. The income so paid to Jan. 5, 1853, was £53,210,071 ; the expenditure £50,792,511 ; excess of income over expenditure i'2,417,559 ; the highest expenditure was in 1813, and amounted to £108,397,645, and in 1814, when the amount reached £105,698,106; the least in the present century was in 1835, when EEV 569 REV the amount was £45,669,309 ; from 1792 to 1852, the total expenditure ■was in each tenth year : — Interest of Debt. 1792 £19,859,123... £9,767,333 1802 49,549,207 19,855,588 1812 88,757,324 25,546,508 1822 53,710,624 29,921,493 1832 46,379,692 28,323,751 1842 50,945,169 29,428,120 1852 58,100,706; including the collection. Thus, out of the large sum raised by the taxes, the follow- ing sums alone went to meet the customary expenses of the nation : — 1792 £7,670,109 1802 29,693,619 1812 63,210,816 1822 20,826,567 1832 18,050,245 1842 21,517,049 The interest of the debt being nearly half as much again as the ex- penses of the government, justice, court, navy, army, &c, together. See ^ ational Debt. Revenue, Balance of, from 1792 to 1802, ten years : — Expendi ture £447,812,773 Income 258,659,322 Above receipts... £189,153,451 Twenty-two years from, ending Jan. 5, 1850. Expenditure.... £1,075,645,391 Income 1,092,219,391 Above expenditure 16,547,281 It would require 316 years of peace to cancel the debt of the twenty-four years of war. Revenue of Demesne land, al- tered to specie, 1129. Revenue of the Church, 1849, not accurately known, but supposed not less than £10,500,000 ; the Irish revenue may be estimated at £1,500,000. Revenue of the different Euro- pean countries :- Turkey Russia Prussia Sweden - £5,000,000 - 24,000,000 - 8,500,000 - 1,000,000 Denmark - - £1,000,000 Holland before the Revolution - 4,000,000 Austria - - 13,800,000 Hanover - - 900,000 Saxony - - 1,100,000 Bavaria and Palati- nate - - 1,100,000 Erance before the Revolution, and since, about - 40,000,000 Spain - - - 5,000,000 Portugal •• - 1,800,000 Sardinia - - 1,100,000 Sicily - - - 1,000,000 Venice - - 1,000,000 Revenue of Railways, Net : — England - 3,1-5 per cent. Belgium - 3,2-5 France - 3,1-10 „ America - 4,3-10 „ Revenue Officers deprived of votes in parliament, 1782. Reviews, Journal de Scavans, established, 1665 ; Monthly Review established, 1759. The Edinburgh, 1802 ; The Quarterly, 1809 ; and the Westminster, 1824. Revis, Thomas, patent given to, for an improved mode of elevating weights by a new motive power, 1829. Revolt of a Russian regiment of guards in St. Petersburgh, Oct. 23, 1820. Revolt of the Bees, an allegory of society, published Oct. 1829. Revolutions at Constantinople effected by the janisaries; the ex- sultan strangled ; the grand vizier, attacked by superior forces, set fire to the palace, and blew himself and his supporters and family into the air, Nov. 4, 1808. Revolutions : the Eastern empire founded by Constantine the Great, on the final overthrow of the Ro- mans, a.d. 306; the empire of the western Franks began under Charlemagne, a.d. 802; this em- pire underwent a new revolution, and became the German empire under Rodolph of Hapsburgh, the head of the house of Austria, 1273; RIB 570 R1F the empire of the East passed into the hands of the Turks, 1293; revo- lutions in Portugal, 1640 ; Poland, 1704, 1795, 1830; in Russia, 1730, 1762, 1796; Sweden, 1772, 1809; North America, 1775; France, 1789, 1830, 1838; in Holland, 1795, counter revolution, 1813 ; in Venice, 1797 ; Rome, 1798, and 1848 ; in the Netherlands, 1830; Brazil, 1831; Mexico, 1853. Revolutions in England, 1649 ; 1688, Nov. 5, generally called the "glorious revolution of 1688." Reynolds, Sir Joshua, the most celebrated of English painters, died, Feb. 23, 1792, aged 69. Rhees, the last of the, in South Wales, killed 1094. Rheims Cathedral, built 849,; there had been a church on the same spot before, where Clovis was baptized in the year 496 ; the city was taken and retaken several times in 1814. Rhetoric, Regius Professor of, appointed in Edinburgh, April 20, 1762 ; Dr. Blair was the first. Rhine, passage of, by the French under Massena, and entrance into Switzerland, Feb. 12, 1799. The Rhine, as a channel of commerce, the first river of continental Europe. Its course is about 950 miles in length. Rhode Island, United States, settled 1636, and 1644 ; taken in the war by the English, Dec. 6, 1776 ; evacuated, Oct. 25, 1779. Rhubarb, the Society of Arts gave a gold medal to Mr. Ball for the cultivation of this esculent, 1790. Rhuddlan Castle, North Wales, built before the conquest ; rebuilt 1063; repaired 1231. Rhynoplastic Art, the revived art of making false or artificial noses, practised by the French anew, 1827. Rialto, the, a noted bridge in Venice, across the great canal, built 1570, consisting of a single arch of marble of ninety feet span, and twenty-four of elevation. Ribbonmen, disorders caused by, in Ireland, agrarian break out, March 1, 1820. Riccaforte, general of the Spa- niards, defeated at Lima, in Peru, May, 1821. Ricci, Lawrence, the last general of the Jesuits ; made general of the order, 1758 ; imprisoned at Rome, Sept. 22, 1773 ; died, Nov. 24, 1776, aged 72. Rice cultivated in South Caro- lina, 1702. Richard, a vessel so called, on her voyage to Belfast, was wrecked Jan. 4, 1824, and thirty-four per- sons lost. Richelieu, Duke of, received a note from the allied powers, saying that they had decided on the eva- cuation of France by their armies, Nov. 1, 1818. Richmond, America, 100 houses destroyed at, by fire, Dec. 17, 1786 ; theatre at, burned Dec. 26, 1811. Richmond Park, the public ex- cluded from by the ranger, 1752; opened, Dec. 20, 1752, by order of the judge of assize ; attempt to evade the law, 1756, and ultimately defeated. Richmond Castle, Yorkshire, built 1070. Richmond, Surrey, once called Sheen, a site of one of the royal palaces, where Edward III. died; destroyed by fire, 1497 ; rebuilt by Henry VII., who died there 1509 ; Elizabeth a prisoner there, and died in the palace, 1603 ; the park at, enclosed by Charles I. ; the town was the residence of Thomson the poet, who died there, 1748. Richmond House, Whitehall, de- stroyed by fire, Dec. 14, 1791. Ridley, bishop of London, burn- ed at Oxford, Oct. 15, 1555. Riego, the brave and unfortunate Spanish leader, who had opposed Ferdinand VII. of Spain, executed on the 7th Oct. 1823, dying with great courage, though subjected to every contumely and cruelty the mind of his despotic persecutor could add. Rienzi, the Roman reformer, put to death 1354. Riflemen employed in America RIO 571 RIO against the colonists ; embarked at Chatham, March 11, 1777. Riga, in the Baltic, founded by a colony from Bremen, 1128; great export of flax-seed from, to Ireland, to the extent of 47,400 barrels, 1845. Rights, Bill of, extorted by par- liament from Charles I., after he had endeavoured by all means in his power to avoid consenting to it, June 26, 1628; the declaration of rights was made to the Prince and Princess of Orange, on their coming to the throne of England, Feb. 13, 1689. Ringstead Cliff, opposite Wey- mouth, commenced burning in 1827. Riot at Bridport, Dorset, on ac- count of the high price of bread. Riot at Sacramento city in Cali- fornia, in which the mayor and as- sessor perished, Aug. 14, 1850. Riot on the Oxford, Wolverhamp- ton, and Worcester railway; the works suspended until the dispute was settled by arbitration, July 21, 1851. Rioting made high treason by a statute of Edward VI., 1548; incase of twelve persons assembling and not dispersing on a proclamation writ, act passed, 2 George I., 1715. Riots at Macclesfield, Leeds, Sheffield, Manchester, in the north, and at Truro, in the west of Eng- land, arising from distress, April 1, 1812. Riots in Norfolk, threshing ma- chines destroyed, March 30, 1822. Riots in England ; the riotous citizens of London demolished the convent of Westminster Abbey ; the ringleaders were hanged, and the rest had their hands and feet cut off, temp. Henry III., 1221 ; — the goldsmiths and tailors' companies fought in the streets of the city, and several were killed on both sides ; this riot quelled by the sheriffs, and thirteen of the ringleaders hanged, 1262; — a riot at Norwich, where the cathedral and monastery were burn- ed, the king went himself and saw the ringleaders executed, 1271 ; a riot at London, in June 1628, and Dr. Lamb killed by the mob ; another under pretence of pulling down a brothel, four of the ring- leaders hanged, 1688 ; another at Guildhall, at the election of sheriffs, 1692 — several considerable persons were concerned : they seized the lord mayor, but the city lieutenancy raised the militia and released him ; the rioters were fined; — at Edin- burgh and Dumfries on account of the Union, 1707 ; — in London, on account of Dr. Sacheverel's trial; several dissenting meeting-houses broken open, the pulpit of one pull- ed down, and with the pews burnt in Lincoln's-inn-fields, 1709; — of the Whig and Tory mobs, called Or- mond and Newcastle mobs, 2 Geo. L, 1715, great mischief was done by both pai'ties in London ; the Mughouse riot in Salisbury- court between the Whigs and Tories, one person shot dead by the mas- ter of the house, quelled by the guards, 1716 ; rioters in Hereford- shire demolished the turnpikes, quelled after a smart engagement with the posse comitatus, 1735 ; of the Spitalfields weavers, on account of employing workmen who had come over from Ireland, the mili- tary and civil power joined to quell them, and some lives were lost, 9 Geo. II., 1736; between Irish, Welsh, and English haymakers, 1736 ; — at Edinburgh the mob rose, set fire to the prison door, took out Captain Porteus (who had been reprieved for letting his soldiers fire and and kill one of the mob at a former riot), hanged him upon a sign-post, and then dispersed, 1736; of the Cornish tin-miners, on ac- count of the dearness of corn, 1737 ; of the nailers in Worcestershire, who marched to Birmingham, and obliged all the ironmongers to sign a paper allowing them an advanced price on nails, 1737 ; of some sail- ors, who were robbed and ill-used at a brothel in the Strand, being assisted by a large body, they pull- R I O 572 RIO ed down that house and destroyed the furniture of several others, turn- ing the women naked into the streets, 1749 ; again in Southamp- ton-street, in the Strand, on a similar occasion, 1757 ; of the Spi tain eld weavers, the Duke of Bedford narrowly escaped being killed, 1765 ; of the people in all parts of England, on account of the dearness of provisions, 1766 and 1767 ; a mob in St. George's Fields, to see Mr. Wilkes in the King's Bench prison, the military aid in- discreetly called for by the justices of the peace, and several innocent persons, particularly young Allen, fired upon and killed by the soldiers, 1768 ; £200,000 damage done to the public prisons and private build- ings in London, June 1780, for which many were hanged ; at Glas- gow, amongst the cotton manufac- turers, when several were killed by the soldiers, Sept. 4, 1787 ; at Bir- mingham, on account of commemo- rating the French revolution, July 14, 1791, when several houses were destroyed ; in various parts of Scotland, on account of the militia act, Aug. and Sept. 1797, when several were killed ; at Maidstone, at the trial of Arthur O'Connor, and others, May 22, 1798, the Earl of Thanet, Mr. Ferguson, and others, were active in endeavour- ing to rescue O'Connor, for which they were tried and convicted, April 25, 1799 ; in -different parts of England, owing to the high price of bread, Sept. 1800 ; of weavers, near Manchester, May 24, 1808 ; at Liverpool, occasioned by a quarrel between a party of dragoons and a pressgang, June 27, 1809; O. P. at Covent-garden theatre, Sept. 1809 ; terminated June 4, 1810 ; in Piccadilly, in consequence of the House of Commons committing Sir F. Burdett to the Tower, April 6 and 9, 1810 ; O. P. riot at the Liver- pool theatre, July 1810 ; of weav- ers, under the name of Luddites, Nov. 1811; at Sheffield, during which 800 muskets belong-ina: to the local militia were destroyed, April 14, 1812 ; in various parts of the North of England by the Lud- dites, during 1811 and 1812; among the sailors at Lynn, quelled without bloodshed, Dec. 9, 1814; at St. Ives, Huntingdonshire, on account of a proposed increased assessment of the property tax, which was appeased by the commis- sioners relinquishing their purpose, Dec. 13, 1814 ; in Westminster, on account of the corn bill, which lasted several days, March 6, 1815 ; at Bishopwearmouth, near Durham, by the keelmen, who destroyed an expensive waggon road, and set fire to an immense pile of coals, March 20, 1815 ; at the depot at Dartmoor among the prisoners, in quelling which seven Americans were killed, and 35 others wounded, April 8, 1815; by the seamen of Newcastle, Sunderland, and Shields, which, after continuing several weeks, terminated without bloodshed, Oct. 21, 1815; by the miners and men employed in the iron works at Wolverhampton, on account of wages, quelled by the military without bloodshed, Nov. 14, 1815 ; by the tanners in Ber- mondsey, during which several per- sons were wounded by Mr. Timbrel, whose house they attacked, April 17, 1816; at Bridport, on account of the price of bread, which was quelled by the exertions of the principal inhaHtants May 6, 1816 ; on the same account, and in the same month, at Brandon, near Bury in Suffolk, and the city of Norwich ; at Bideford, to prevent the expor- tation of a cargo of potatoes, May 20, 1816; at Bury, to destroy a spinning-jenny, in which the rioters were defeated by the magistrates and the principal inhabitants, May 20 ; at Littleport and Ely, by a body of insurgent fenmen, on the same day, which was quelled by the mi- litary after some bloodshed, May 20 ; at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by the pitmen and others, May 28 ; at Halstead, Essex, to liberate four RIO 573 RIO persons who had been taken up for destroying machinery, May 28, 1816 ; at the village of Great Barnfield, Essex, to destroy threshing ma- chines, in which they were defeated by the spirited exertions of Mr. Spicer and his neighbours, whose house they attacked, May 31, 1816; at the Calton, one of the suburbs of Glasgow, on account of the soup- kitchens, which was quelled after several had been wounded by the military, Aug. 2, 1816 ; at Preston, on account of the diminution of wages, Aug. 17, 1816 ; at the same place, by the unemployed and dis- tressed workmen, Sept., 1816 ; among the convicts in Newgate, which was quelled by threatening to withhold their allowance of food, Aug. 26, 1816 ; at Nottingham, by the Luddites, who destroyed more than thirty frames, Oct. 12, 1816 ; at Merthyr-Tydvil, in Glamorgan- shire, by the workmen in the iron works, on account of a reduction of wages, Oct. 18, 1816 ; by the colliers at Calder iron- works, near Glasgow, on account of a suspension of wages, in consequence of arrests for debt, which continued for several days, Oct. 19, 1816 ; in the town of Bir- mingham, Oct. 28, 1816; in the town of Walsall, during which the windows of several bakers were broken, and the house and mills of Mr. Jones completely gutted, Oct. 30, 1816; in London, in conse- quence of a popular meeting in Spa- fields, for the purpose of presenting a petition to the prince regent, from the distressed manufacturers and mechanics, the shops of several gun- smiths were attacked for arms, and in that of Mr. Beckwith, on Snow- hill, a Mr. Piatt was shot in the body by one of the rioters, Dec. 2, 1816, several of the rioters were apprehended, and one of the name of Watson was tried for high trea- son and acquitted, June 16, 1817 ; — at Dundee, on account of the sud- den rise in the price of meal ; up- wards of 100 shops of various de- scriptions were plundered, and the house of Mr. Lindsav, an extensive corn-dealer, was set on fire, Dec. 7, 1816 ; in the Park, on the prince regent going to the House, in which an air-gun was fired at his royal highness, Jan. 28, 1817 ; at Rad- stock and Ponlton, near Bath, by the colliers, who assembled to the amount of 3000, threatening de- struction to the pits and buildings, but dispersed without doing mis- chief at the appearance of the mili- tary, Feb. 28, 1817; at Amlwch, in Wales, to prevent a vessel laden with flour from leaving the wharf, March, 1817 ; at Manchester, in consequence of a popular meeting, March 3, 1817 ; at Alfreton, m Derbyshire, being part of an intend- ed general insurrection ; it was, however, easily quelled, June 9, 1817, and Jeremiah Brandreth and others concerned in it were convict- ed in the following Oct. ; — at the Westminster election, in which Sir Murray Maxwell was severely hurt, June 18, 19, and 20, 1818 ; at Man- chester, in consequence of the spin- ners demanding an increase of wages, Sept. 1818 ; in Covent-gar- den, on the chairing of Mr. Lamb, who had been returned for West- minster, Feb. 13, 1819; at Liver- pool, by the Irish, in an attempt to rescue one of their countrymen, July 1, 1819 ; at Manchester, in which the military killed and wound- ed several hundreds of an unarmed multitude, Aug. 16, 1819 ; at Pais- ley and Glasgow, Sept. 14, 1819 ; among the keelmen at North Shields, Oct. 14, 1819; at Dews- bury and its neighbourhood, by the members of the clothiers' union so- ciety, Feb. 21, 1820 ; at Culrain, in Scotland, in consequence of the ex- pulsion of several tenants from an estate, March 1, 1820 ; at Greenock, Paisle3 r , and the neighbourhood, April, 1820 ; at Grange Moor, in Yorkshire, ApriKS, 1820; at Edin- burgh, on the acquittal of the queen, Nov. 19, 1820 ; at the funeral of the queen, in consequence of the mili- tary opposing the body being car- RIP 574 RIV ried through the city, Aug. 14, 1821 ; at Knightsbridge, between the mili- tary and the populace, on the fune- ral of Honey and Francis, Aug. 26, 1821 ; in the Isle of Man, on the high price of corn, Oct. 5, 1821 ; in various parts of the south of Ire- land, for several months in 1821 and 1822 ; in Norfolk and Suffolk, to destroy threshing machines, March and April, 1822 ; at Chip- penham, between the inhabitants and those of a neighbouring village, Sept. 1822; among the keelmen on the river Tyne, Oct. and Nov. 1822 ; at the Dublin theatre, called the bottle conspiracy, from a bottle hav- ing been thrown at Lord Wellesley by some Orangemen, Dec. 14, 1822 ; in the south of Ireland, 1821-22; in the north of Ireland, between the Orangemen and the Roman Catho- lics, 1822 and 1823 ; at Ballybay, Oct. 9, 1828 ; at Limerick, the plun- der of provisions by a mob, June 15, 1830 ; at Castlepollard, between the peasantry and police, at the fair, thirteen killed and above twice that number wounded, May 23, 1831 ; at Merthyr-Tydvil, South Wales, among the iron-workers, who were fired upon, and several killed and wounded, June 3, 1831 ; at the forest of Dean, June 8, 1831, when the fences and plantations were torn down ; at Bristol, Avhen great injury was done, on the recorder's becoming obnoxious, Oct. 29, 1831 ; in Kilkenny, where a number of the police were attacked by the people and killed with their inspec- tor, Dec. 14, 1831 ; at Boytton, near Canterbury, where a man named Thorns, an insane fanatic, was killed, May 31, 1838 ; riots caused by the Chartists, suppressed by proclamation, Dec. 12, 1838 ; riots by the Chartists at Birming- ham, July 15, 1839; at Newport, also by the Chartists, led by Frost, an ex-magistrate, several persons killed, Nov. 4, 1839. Ripon Monastery, Yorkshire, founded by Eata, abbot of Melrose; St. Winifred appointed abbot, 663 ; rebuilt by him ; Ripon honours his name still by an annual feast, carry- ing about his effigy ; Athelstan made the church a sanctuary, 924 ; the town and monastery burned by the Danes, 950 ; in 1069 ravaged by William the Conqueror, and lay waste 16 years ; it revived till 1319, when the Scotch barbarians burned it in one of their forays; in 1604 James I. gave a new charter to the town ; hospital at, founded by Thurston, archbishop of York, 1140 ; and one by the Nevils. Rivaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, built 1132. Rivers, Lord, found drowned in the Serpentine river, Hyde park, June 23, 1831. River Lea, act passed to make it navigable, the first passed for an in- land river, 1425. River, the New, brought to Lon- don 1614. Rivers in England began to be made navigable, 1135 ; the Lea, 1425; Thames to Oxford, 1627 ; the Kennet to Reading, 1715 ; Droit- wich and Severn, 1756; Lea from Hertford'to Ware, 1739 ; Caledonian, through the lakes, begun 1803 ; Norwich and Lowestoft navigation opened, 1831 ; the canals of England are 2800 miles in extent, and there are 2500 miles of rivers made navi- gable ; in Ireland the canals are 300 miles, but the rivers made navi- gable are 150 miles, exclusive of the Shannon, which is at present being rendered navigable, from Lough Al- len to its mouth: 500,000Z. had been expended up to 1849, and the dis- tance of 190 miles is now available for steams-boats. Rivers, Navigable, some of those are so to a pi'odigious length ; in 1814, the first steam-boats on the American rivers were navigated from Pittsburg to the Mississippi, 1132 miles, and then 1009 miles more to New Orleans, which is still 108 miles from the sea, a navigation in all of 2229 miles, and a seventy-four gun-ship might be built that distance from the sea, and floated down when BOA 575 ROA the waters are high, without the smallest difficulty. Rizzio, David, an Italian musi- cian, assassinated March 9, 1566, by Lord Darnley, the husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, in her pre- sence. Roads, Roman, four in England, made between the year 1 and 150 Roads between market towns wid- ened by an act passed 1235 ; en- larged, 1555 ; made in the Highlands of Scotland by General Wade, 1746; first repaired by act of parliament, 1524; M'Adam'd plan of making adopted about 1815 ; between this year and 1829, the roads were in- creased above 1000 miles ; in 1820, the number of the roads existing was in England and Wales, Turnpike roads and paved Miles, streets, ----- 19,725 Other public highways, - 95,104 Total 114,829 The returns were made from sur- veyors of the roads, and were 16,956 in number: in 1829, there were in England and Wales 20,875 miles of turnpike ; and in Scotland 3,666. Total 24,541 miles. Yorkshire had 1448 miles of turnpike in 1829: Rutland, 18. There were 1,116 turn- pike trusts, of about 22,000 miles in all, in 1840. Number of toll-gates and side-bars are about 7,796. The officers employed consist of treasu- rers, clerks, and surveyors; of the former, 1,120 ; the number of clerks, 1,135; that of surveyors about 1.300; total, 3,555. The average extent of each turnpike trust about 19 miles, 5 furlongs, 28 poles, and 1 yard. The number of local turnpike acts about 3,800. On an average of five years, the money expended on ac- count of repairs, &c, of the turnpike roads, including manual labour, &c, was 989,545?. per annum, or 45?. per mile per annum; and the money expended on account of manage- ment, consisting of the sakmes and law charges, about 129,124?. per annum, or 61. per mile per annum. The money expended in manual labour, team labour, and carriage o materials , and for materials for sur- face repairs, is about 36?. per mile per annum, and in improvements 91. per mile per annum. The annual amount of the repair of turnpike roads and management of trusts, 51?. per mile per annum, 1,122,000?. The amount of the mortgage debt in 1829 was 6,578,815?. ; in 1834, 7,068,275?.; in 1835, 7,116,792?. ; in 1836, 7.187,543?.; in 1837, 7,262,962?. ; and in 1838, 7,260,993?. A sum of 263,259?., included in the amount, is unpaid interest converted into principal. The number of mortgages 42,637 ; and the number of assign- ments of mortgages, 18,519. The amount of money belonging to charities, invested on the security of turnpike bonds, appears, from the report of the charity commissioners, to be 62,959?. 3:2; the unclaimed dividends in the hands of the trea- surers of fturnpike trusts were, on Dec. 31, 1839, 39,530?. 1 : 11. The money paid for interest on account of the mortgage debt, from |1834 to 1838, averaged about 300,000?. per annum. In eighty-two trusts in England, and two in Wales, no in- terest had been paid for several years. The amount of tolls received in the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, and 1838, was, on an average, about 1,458,285?. per annum; and the funds arising from fines and other inciden- tal profits (not including statute duty, or composition in lieu thereof, and money borrowed), was about 32,232?. per annum: total, 1,490,517?. per annum. Road into Italy, new one opened from Worms in the Valteline, de- scending into the Tyrol, 1824. Roads, Telford's report for mail roads through South Wales, by which three hours in the arrival of the mail at Milford would be saved. April, 1826. Roads, Income of, per mile, aver- age of 1818- 19-20 ; 61. Cardigan, Merioneth, and Radnor ; 10?. Pem- broke ; 11?. Carnarvon ; 11?. Kirk- cudbright ; 13?. Montgomery ; 15?. ROxV 576 ROC Glamorgan ; 18?. Carmarthen, Mon- mouth ; 19?. Banff, ; 20?. Peebles ; 21?. Brecknock, Ayr, Dumfries, Wigton, Shropshire. Westmore- land ; 251. Hereford, Rutland : 261, Northumberland ; 271. Cornwall ; 281. Denbigh, Aberdeen, Roxburgh ; 291. Dorset ; 30?. Flint, Kincardine ; 30?. Cumberland ; 31?. Elgin ; 33?. Hants; 341. Haddington, Suffolk; 37?. Devon ; 381. Clackmannan, Nor- folk ; 391. Anglesea, Berwick, Dum- barton, Derby, 40?. Selkirk; 41?. Forfar; 41?. Leicester; 42?. Not- tingham ; 44?. Edinburgh, War- wick ; 46?. Stafford; 47?. Lin- coln ; 48?. Berks, Northampton, Worcester ; 52?. Sussex ; 53?. Perth, Durham ; 55?. Huntingdon, Wilts ; 56?. Somerset ; 57?. Bucks, Glouces- ter ; 58?. Cheshire; 60?. Oxford; .61?. Cambridge; 61?. York; 72?. Stirling, Bedford; 74?. Lanark, Renfrew ; 89?. Kent ; 110?. Essex ; 121?. Lancashire ; 131?. Herts , 134?. Linlithgow; 157?. Surrey; 608?. Middlesex. Roads, Expenditure on, per mile, 1818-19-20—3?. Kirkcudbright; 5?. Merioneth; 61. Cardigan, Radnor ; 8?. Carnarvon, Pembroke ; 10?. Banff ; 12?. Glamorgan ; 13?. Pee- bles ; 14?. Kincardine ; 19?. Car- marthen, Elgin; 21?. Westmore- land; 22? Brecknock, Wigton, Shrop- shire ; 23?. Hereford; 24?. Aberdeen, Cornwall ; 25?. Monmouth ; 26?. Ayr, Norfolk, Northumberland ; 28"?. Roxburgh, Selkirk, Cumber- land; 29?. Denbigh, Dorset; 31?. .Dumfries, Derby, Suffolk ; 32?. Flint, Montgomery, Rutland ; 33?. Hants; 35?. Gloucester, Warwick; 36?. Nottingham ; 37?. Devon ; 39?. Dumbarton ; 40?. Lincoln ; 42?. Stirling, Stafford ; 43?. Renfrew, Durham, Leicester ; 44?. Cheshire ; 45?. Anglesea ; 46?. Worcester ; 47?. Berks ; 49?. Berwick ; 50?, So- merset, Wilts ; 51?. Haddington ; 53?. Cambridge; 54?. Perth; 561. Bucks ; 58?. Edinburgh, Oxford ; 64?. Clackmannan; 68?. Lanark, Huntingdon ; 69?. Forfar, Kent, York ; 70?. Sussex ; 71?. Northamp- ton ; 72?. Bedford; 95?. Essex; 125?. Lancashire ; 132?. Linlithgow; 144?. Herts; 149?. Surrey; 548?. Middlesex. Roasting alive Sir John Old- castle, Lord Cobham, a brave officer, charged with being a favourer of Wickliffe, and a heretic, condemned as such by the archbishop of Can- terbury ; but, escaping his fangs, he fled into Wales, where the church succeeded in getting him condemned by a bill of attainder; they first broke his legs, then hung him by the middle in chains over a fire, and slowly roasted and consumed him, 5 Henry V., 1418 ; Sevetus roasted by a slow fire at Geneva for heresy, being condemned at the instigation of Calvin, 1523 ; such was the history of the times whenever ecclesiastics of any party got the rule into their hands. Robbing Gardens made felony, 1825. Robbers first punished with death by the laws of Edward I., before which the punishment was a fine and reparation ; Claud du Val, a noted robber, executed 1670, to the sorrow of the women, with whom he was regarded as a sort of hero. Robbery of the Neapolitan am- bassador in Grosvenor square, by four footpads, while in his carriage, which was stopped, a pistol was presented to the coachman, and one to each of the footmen, while the fourth robbed the ambassador of his watch and money, June 19, 1777. Robert, Duke of Normandy, taken prisoner, and his eyes put out by his brother, 1106. Robertson, Mr., of Hopetoun Hall near Edinburgh, died 1793, aged 107. Robespierre, Maximilian, a leader in the atrocities committed during the French revolution, guil- lotined 1794. Robin Hood and Little John, lived, as supposed, 1197. Roche Abbey, Yorkshire, found- ed 1147. EOC 577 ROM Rochambeau, General, evacuated St. Domingo, which fell wholly into the hands of the Macks, Sept. 30, 1803. Rochelle, France, besieged by the duke of Anjou, before which he lost 24,000 men, 1573 ; taken, and only 5000 out of 15,000 remained alive, 1628. Rochester Tunnel completed, 2| miles in length, a canal passing through it for the transit of goods, Sept., 1829. Rochester Cathedral, discovery of the tomb of John de Skeppey at, 1825. Rochester burned, 677 ; bishop- ric founded, 604, the smallest in England; burned again, 1130, again, 1137 ; bridge built, 1400 ; cathedral built 610, repaired 1080, of Saxon architecture, 335 feet long, 68 broad; castle built, 1070; 14 persons drowned passing under the bridge, Sept. 13, 1816 ; Atterbury, bishop of, tried May 27, 1723; quitted England, June 8, 1723 ; died Feb. 22, 1731. Rock, General, the name given to a supposed leader of Irish dis- turbers of the peace, who called themselves Captain Rock's men, some were executed and others transported, March 30, 1822; a Cap- tain Rock convicted at Cork capital- ly, Aug. 24, 1822. Rocket Manufactory, Sir W. Congreve's, exploded at West Ham, Essex ; two men expired of their wounds, and others were much in- jured, June 12, 1824. Rocket, invented by Mr. Dennet of Newport, to be projected over wrecked vessels, or from the vessel to the shore, where it would fix it- self in the ground, 1828. Rockets for war purposes, used previously in the East, but improv- ed and rendered more destructive by Sir William Congreve, 1803. Rocking Stone, discovered in North America, in Savoy, Massa- chusetts, 1825, twenty-six feet long and eighteen broad. Rockingham Administration, the first, July 1765 ; the second, March 1782 ; the marquis of, died July 2 the same year ; the Shelburne ad- ministration succeeded. Rockingham Castle, Northamp- tonshire, built 1070. Rodney, Lord, great naval vic- tory of, near Cape St. Vincent, over the Spanish admiral Longara, whom he made prisoner, destroying several sail and taking four, Jan. 16, 1780; he also defeated the French, under the Count de Grasse, when he took or destroyed six sail of the line, and captured the com- mander-in-chief; Rodney's own ship fired eighty broadsides, April 12, 1780. Roketran, Bohemia, totally de- stroyed by fire, Sept. 10, 1784. Rolls' Chapel, London, founded by Henry III., 1233, for ordaining any converted Jewish rabbis, who were maintained and lodged in Rolls' buildings, afterwards the re- cords were lodged there. Rolls' House, in Chancery Lane, built Sept. 18, 1717. Rollo I., Duke of Normandy, conquered that country from France, 876. Roman Mint discovered near Wakefield, Yorkshire, 1821, on the same spot where other antiquities had been found, 1697 ; they consist- ed principally of clay moulds and matrices. Rome united to the French em- pire, Feb. 12, 1810. Rome, Empire of, and city, founded by Romulus, 750 years before the birth of Christ ; governed by kings, then a republic under consuls, next by emperors, begin- ning under Julius Cassar, his suc- cessor Augustus being emperor at the birth of Jesus Christ. The principal events which have taken place in Rome since the commence- ment of the Christian era, are as follows : — Ovid banished to Tomos 9 Tiberius retired to his debau- cheries at Capri 26 A census taken by Claudius 2p EOM 578 EOM the emperor, — the inhabit- ants of Rome found to amount to 6,900,000 48 Caractacus brought in chains to Rome 51 St. Paul arrived in bonds at Rome, about 62 Nero burned Rome, and charged the crime upon the Christians , 64 Seneca, Lucan, and others, put to death 65 Peter and Paul put to death - 67 Jerusalem taken, and levelled by Titus Sept. 8, 70 Revolt of the Parthians 77 The Dacian war continued 15 years ..., 88 Cornelia, a vestal, buried alive 92 Pliny, Junior, proconsul in Bi- thynia, sent Trajan his cele- brated account of the Chris- tians 102 Trajan's expedition into the East against the Parthians 106 Trajan's column erected at Rome 114 Adrian, during his residence in Britain, erected his fa- mous wall 121 Heresies among the Christians 141 The worship of Serapis intro- duced 146 The capitol destroyed by lightning 188 Byzantium taken; its walls razed 196 The Goths receive tribute . . . 222 Pompey's amphitheatre burnt 241 Pestilence throughout the em- pire 252 Great victory over the Goths obtained by Claudius ; 300,000 slain 269 Longinus put to death 273 The Barbarians obtain Dacia. 274 The era of the Martyrs 284 The Pranks settled in Gaul ... 287 Constantius died at York ... 306 Four emperors reigned at one time 308 Constantine the Great, in con- sequence of a vision, placed the cross on his banners, and arrived at Rome 312 He began to favour the Chris- tians 319 He tolerated the Christian faith 323 Constantine convoked the first general council of Chris- tians at Nice 325 The seat of empire removed from Rome to Byzantium. . . 328 Constantine ordered the hea- then temples to be destroyed 330 Revolt of 300,000 Sarmatian slaves from their masters... 334 Death of Constantine; — suc- ceeded by his three sons, Constans, Constantius II., and Constantine II •.. 337 The army proclaimed Julian emperor 360 Julian abjured Christianity, and opened all the heathen temples 361 Julian killed in battle 363 Jovian restored Christianity... 363 Pound dead, supposed to be poisoned 364 The Roman empire divided between Eastern and Wes- tern, by Valentinian and Valens, brothers ; the for- mer had the West 364 The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace ; 376 They enter the Roman terri- tories 382 Valentinian deposed by Maxi- mus, who restores Paganism 387 Arcadius and Honorius, em- perors 395 Two hundred thousand Goths defeated 405 The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, permitted to settle in France and Spain, by Ho- norius 406 Rome taken and pillaged, then burned, by Alaric ... 410 The kingdom of Thoulouse begun 411 The Vandals begin their em- pire in Spain 412 Pharamond commenced the empire of the Franks 420 The Vandals go over into Africa 427 ROM 579 ROM Genseric took Carthage 439 Attila the Hun ravaged Eu- rope 447 The Vandals enter and ravage Sicily 454 Valentinian dishonoured the wife of Maximus 454 He was killed hy the soldiers on the. side of Maximus, who married his widow, Eudoxia 455 Eudoxia, to avenge Valenti- nian and punish Maximus, invited Genseric and the Vandals into Italy 455 Rome plundered, July 12 ; Maximus stoned to death, and Eudoxia and her fami- ly, with thousands more, sent captive to Africa 455 The emperor Majorianus fixed his residence at Ravenna . . . 455 The Vandals expelled from Sicily 464 The Goths defeated in Gaul 466 Great eruption of Mount Ve- suvius 472 Odoacer entered Italy, took Rome and the title of King of Italy, terminating the Western Roman empire 476 Rome recovered for Justinian by Belisarius 537 Retaken by the Goths 547 Recovered again by Narses, for Justinian 553 The papal usurpation estab- lished 606 Rome revolted from the Greek emperors 726 Pope Stephen II. got tem- poral rule. Charlemagne became emperor of the West 800 Such have been the principal incidents and vicissitudes of this once mighty empire. Ruled by nine kings, then a republic, it be- came subject to Caius Julius Caesar, as dictator, forty-eight years be- fore Christ ; Caesar was assassi- nated March 15, forty-four years before Christ, and succeeded by Octavius Caesar, as emperor of Rome, thirty-one years before Christ ; this emperor's succes- sors were, subsequent to the Chris- tian era, to 1850, as follow : — Tiberius Claudius Nero 14 Caius Caligula ; murdered by a tribune 37 Claudius, poisoned by his wife, Agrippina 41 Claudius Nero ; deposed, — put himself to death 54 Servius Sulpicius Galba ; slain by the Praetorian band 68 M. Salvius Otho; stabbed himself 69 Aulus Vitellius ; deposed by Vespasiau, and put to death 69 Titus Flavius Vespasian 69 Titus Vespasian, his son 79 Titus Elavius Domitian, bro- ther of Titus ; last of the Twelve Caesars, — assassi- nated 81 Cocceius Nerva ...*. 96 Trajan 98 Adrian, or Hadrian 117 Antoninus Titus, surnamed Pius 138 Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus, his son-in-law ; the latter died in 169 161 Commodius (L. Aurelius An- toninus), son of Marcus Aurelius ; poisoned by Mar- tia 180 Publius Helvius Pertinax ; put to death by the Praetorian band 193 Lucius Septimius Severus ; died at York, in Britain, in 211 ; succeeded by his sons 193 M. Aurelius Caracalla, and Septimius Geta ; Geta mur- dered the same year by his brother, who reigned alone until 217, when he was slain by his successor 211 M. Opilius Macrinus, prefect of the guards ; beheaded in a mutiny 217 Heliogabalus, M. Aurelius Antoninus, a youth, put to death for his follies and en • ormities 218 ROM 580 ROM Alexander Severus nated by some soldiers cor- rupted by Maximinus 222 Caius Julius Verus Maximi- nus; assassinated in bis tent 235 M. Antonius Gordianus, and his son ; the latter having been killed in a battle with Maximinus, the father strangled himself at Car- thage, in his 80th year 237 Balbinus and Pupienus; put to death 237 Gordian, junior, grandson of the elder Gordian, in his 16th year ; assassinated by the guards 238 Philip the Arabian; assassi- nated by his own soldiers ; his son Philip murdered at the same time, in his mo- ther's arms 244 Metius Decius ; perished, with his two sons and their army, in an engagement with the Goths 249 Gallus Hostilius, and his son Volusianus, both slain by the soldiery 251 iEmilianus ; put to death after a reign of four months 253 Valerianus and his son, Gal- lienus : the first taken pri- soner by Sapor, king of Per- sia, and flayed alive 253 Gallienus reigned alone 260 Claudius II. (Gallienus having been assassinated by the officers of the guard) suc- ceeded : died of the plague 268 Quintillus, his brother, elected at Rome by the senate and troops ; Aurelian by the army in Illyricum. Quin- tillus, despairing of success against his rival, marching against him, opened his veins, and bled to death ... 270 Aurelian : assassinated by his soldiers in his march against Persia, in Jan. 275 270 Interregnum of about nine mQ&ths 275 Tacitus, elected Oct. 25 : died at Tarsus, in Cilicia, April 13, 275 Florian, his brother, the title not recognised by the se- nate 276 M. Aurelius Probus : assas- sinated by his troops at Sirmium 276 M. Aurelius Cams : killed at Ctesiphon by lightning ; succeeded by his sons 282 Carinus and Numerianus : both "assassinated 283 Diocletian : who associated as his colleague in the govern- ment 284 Maximilianus Hercules : the two Emperors resign in fa- vour of 286 Constantius Chlorus andGale- rius Maximianus: the first died at York, in Britain, in 306, the troops saluted, as emperor, his son 305 Constantine, afterwards styled the Great : whilst at Rome the Preetorian band pro- claimed 306 Maxentius, the son of Maxi- mianus Hercules. Besides these, were 306 Maximianus Hercules, who endeavoured to recover his power 306 Flavius Valerius Severus, murdered by the last named 306 Flavius Valerianus Licinius, the brother-in-law of Con- stantine 307 Of these Maximianus Hercules was strangled in Gaul in 310 ; Galerius Maximianus died wretch- edly in 311 ; Maxentius was drowned in the Tiber in 312 ; and Licinius was !|put to death by order of the emperor Constantine in 324. Constantine the Great reigned alone : died on Whitsun- day, May 22, 337 324 Constantine II., Constans, and Constantius II, sons of Constantine : divided the EOM 581 ROM empire between them : the first was slain in 340, and the second murdered in 350, when the third became sole emperor 337 J ulian, the Apostate, so called for abjuring Christianity, having been educated for the priesthood : mortally wounded in a battle with the Persians 361 Jovian ; reigned 8 months : found dead in his bed, sup- posed to have died from the fumes of charcoal 363 The Roman empire terminated here as a single dominion. In 364, Valentinian, the son of Gratian, took the Western, and his bro- ther, Valens, the Eastern Em- pire. Valentinian, son of Gratian, 361 Gratian, a youth, son of Va- lentinian, made a colleague in the government by his father , 367 Valentinian II., another son, also very young, on the death of his father, as- sociated with his brother in the empire. Gratian assas- sinated by his general, Andragathius, in 383; Valentinian murdered by one of his officers, Arbogas- tes, in 392 375 Eugenius, an usurper, as- sumed the imperial dignity : he and Arbogastes were defeated by Theodosius the Great, who became sole emperor. Andragathius threw himself into the sea, and Arbogastes died by his own hand 392 Honorius, son of Theodo- sius, reigned on his father's death in the West, and his brother, Arcadius, in the East. Honorius died in 423. John, the notary, who was defeated and slain near Ravenna, usurped the rule 395 Valentinian III., son of the empress Placidia, daughter of Theodosius the Great : murdered at the instance of his successor 425 Maximus married Eudoxia, widow of Valentinian, who, to avenge the death of her first husband and the guilt of her second, invited the African Vandals into Italy, and Rome was sacked ; Maximus stoned to death, 455 Marcus Majcilius Avitus : forced to resign, and died in his flight towards the Alps, 456 Julius Valerius Majorianus : murdered at the instance of his minister. Ricimer, who raised 457 Libius Severus to the throne, but held the supreme power. Severus was poisoned by Ricimer 461 Interregnum. Ricimer retain- ing the authority, without assuming the title, of em- peror 465 Anthemius, chosen by the joint suffrages of the senate and army: murdered by Ri- cimer, who died soon after, 467 Flavius Anicius Olybrius : slain by the Goths soon after his accession 472 Glycerius : forced to abdi- cate by his successor 473 Julius Nepos : deposed by his general, Orestes, and retired to Salonse 474 Romulus Augustulus, son of Orestes. Orestes slain, and the emperor deposed by .... 475 Odoacer, king of the Heruli, who took Rome, assumed the style of king of Italy, and completed the fall of the Western Empire 476 From 537 to 553 the empire was recovered, lost, and again recovered, by the Eastern emperoi's — it finally revolted from the Greek emperors in 756, and became, from that time, subjected to the most degrading rule of the popes, of whom 176 ROM 582 ROM succeeded Pope Stephen II., the first of the number. Thus, the popes made independent, continued in possession of this renowned city and its territories, called the ecclesiastical states, till 1798. — St. Peter's Cathedral was built by Pope Julius II., who died 1512 ; Bramante was the architect. — The inhabitants of Rome, on the 4th June, 1780, amounted to 155,184, of whom 36,485 were housekeepers. — In this number were included 3847 monks, 2327 secular priests, 1910 nuns, 1065 students, 1470 paupers, 7 ne- groes, and 52 persons not Ro- mans. — Reduced by the French to a republic, and the Pope Pius VI sent from Rome, 1798. A new pope, Pius VII., being restored to the government, went to Paris to crown Bonaparte emperor of the French, and performed that cere- mony, 2nd Dec, 1804. — Revolution in the form of its government, 1809. ■ — United to the French empire, 3rd Dec, 1809. The regnant pope, Pius IX. The imperial city gar- risoned by foreign troops. The pope witnessed a revolution when Count Rossi, his prime minister, was assassinated, Nov. 15, 1S48. The people demanded a democratic ministry — the pope delayed to reply — the Romans surrounded the pa- lace, when a conflict ensued between the papal and civic guard. The troops invested the Quirinal, and placed cannon against the en- trance ; and the pope was forced to accept a popular ministry Nov. 16, 1848 Cardinal Palma, the pope's secretary, was shot in the conflict. The pope escaped in dis- guise from Rome to Gaeta. Nov. 24, 1848 M. de Corcelles left Paris for Rome, a French armed expedition having preceded him, to afford protection to the pope Nov. 27, 1848 Protest of the pope against the violence and outrage which induced him to leave Rome, and against the acts of the provisional govern- ment Nov. 28, 1848 A constituent assembly met at Rome Feb. 5, 1849 The Roman National Assem- bly declared the pope divested of all temporal power, and adopted the re- publican form of govern- ment Feb. 8, 1849 The republican flag hoisted on the tower of the Capitol... 1849 The pope protested against the decree for his dethrone- ment Feb 14, 1849 His Holiness appealed to the great Roman Catholic powers for an armed inter- vention in his behalf, Feb. 18, 1849 Civita Vecchia occupied by the French forces under Marshal Oudinot, April 26, 1849 A small French force re- pulsed from Rome, April 30, 1849 In this action the French were driven back from the city with the loss of about 700 men. Engagement between the Ro- mans and Neapolitans ; the former capture 60 prisoners and 400 muskets, May 5, 1849 The French, under Marshal Oudinot, commence an attack on Rome June 3, 1849 They made a breach in the walls June 14, 1849 The French sent storming parties through the breaches in the walls June 21, 1849 A deputation sent to Marshal Oudinot, to treat for a sur- render, and they eventually capitulated to the French army June 30, 1849 The Roman Assembly dis- solved ..July 4, 1849 An officer from Oudinot's camp arrived at Gaeta, to present the pope with the keys of the two gates of ROM 583 ROM Rome by which the French army had entered the city July 4, 1849 The re-establishment of the pope's authority proclaimed at Rome July 15, 1849 Oudinot issued a general order, stating that the pope (or his representative) now re-pos- sessed the administration of affairs, but that public security in the pontifical dominions still remained under the special guarantee of the French army, Aug. 3, 1849 His Holiness arrived at Por- tici, on a visit to the king of Naples Sept. 4, 1849 He issued from Portici a motuproprio to his subjects Sept. 12, 1849 The pope left Portici for Rome, where he arrived April 12, 1850 He issued the bull, estab- lishing a Roman Catholic hierarchy in England Sept. 24, 1850 Roman Catholic Penal Laws of ex- traordinary rigour had been passed against those of the Catholic faith, see Penal Laws- these were first passed by Henry VIII., who called himself Defender of the Faith, 1539; Catholics were forbidden to appeal at court, 1673 ; in 1685 they were restored to their privileges; they were disabled from holding offices of trust, 1689; obliged to register their names and estates, 1717; some relaxations of these hard conditions took place, 1778, and they were permitted to purchase land and take it by descent, 1780 ; yet these trivial concessions caused a riot, headed by Lord George Gor- don, 1780, and dreadful excesses followed, the riot proving, from the time it took, that plunder and devas- tation were more objects in the view than difference of creed ; more of the Catholic disabilities were re- moved, 1793 ; and final emancipa- tion followed, April 13, 1829. Divisions in the House of Commons, 1829,— March 6, Majority for going into Committee — , 188 " 18, " for second readng 180 " 30, " for third reading 170 In the House of Lords, March 31, No division April 4, Second reading for, 217 ; against, 112 " 10, Third reading for, 213 ; against, 109 The royal assent took place, April 13, 1829 : Mr. O'Connell, the first Catholic member, took his seat for Clare, July 5, 1829; the first English Catholic member Avas the Earl of Surrey, for Horsham, May 4th, 1829. Roman Catholic Faith ; the pre- cise date of the foundation of this creed is uncertain : some give it to the time when Constantine made such an adroit use of the Christians to aid in his conquests, or a. d. 323. Others date it from Boniface III., 606, when he assumed the title of universal bishop; this, however, only applies to the title of its head. The .reformation first shook its power. Of 225 millions of Christians, the Catholics are estimated to be 160 millions. Roman Catholic Association, a society established in Ireland to remove the disabilities to which the Roman Catholics were subjected in regard to their civil rights : there had been other societies previously, to promote the same object; but an act of parliament was passed to suppress it, March 5, 1829, after the disabilities which it was its object to remove were no more : the society had previously voted its own disso- lution, Feb. 12, 1829. Roman Catholic Clergy and Peo- ple in Ireland : In 1841, the popu- EOS 584 EOS lation being 8,175,000, those of the Eoman Catholic church were esti- mated at 6,550,000; the number of their clergy was not known, but in 1704 there were 1060 registered at the council office; in Dublin castle ; it must be many times more at present. Eomfobd Barracks destroyed by fire, May 27, 1745. Bomney Man-of-war lost off the Texel, Nov, 19, 1804. Eoncesvalles lost by Marshal Soult, with 8000 men^ when attack- ed by the Duke of Wellington, 1813, Eooke, Admiral, destroyed and captured the Spanish galleons at Vigo, Oct, 12, 1702 ; received the thanks of parliament, and was sworn in of the privy council, Nov, 12, 1702; captured a very rich French East India ship. May 6, 1703 ; died Jan. 24, 1709.' Eoof of a church at Fearn, in Scotland, fell in during service, and killed 60 persons, Oct. 19* 1742. Eosamond the Fair f and Bosa- mond's Bower; the lady was the favourite of Henry II. of England, against whom the queen and others conspired for her destruction : she dwelt in a building that was a sort ofiabyrinth, at Woodstock, where Queen Eleanor, finding means of getting to her by a clue of silk, poi- soned her ; she was the beautiful daughter of Lord Clifford: her remains were buried at Godstow church, whence a pampered priest, Hough, bishop of Lincoln, removed them under circumstances of great indignity, 1191. Eosart, an office of the Catholic church, made up of beads to a cer- tain number, of which a pater-nos- ter must be said on counting them. One Guyman was the inventor of this decree, 1202, according to some; others say, 1093. Eosbach, Battle of, between the French and the Flemings, under the duke of Burgundy : the king of France, Charles IV., fell in this bat- tle, Nov. 17, 1352 ; a battle so named between the Austrians and French, and the Prussians under Frederick the Great, in which the former were signally defeated, Nov. 5, 1757 : town of, totally dis- appeared, supposed by an earth- quake, Oct. 17, 1792. Eose, the queen of flowers, first cultivated in England, 1522; the damask rose came from the south of France, in the sixteenth century; the Provence rose from the same country about 1596 ; the Moss rose about 1724 ; the Thornless rose from North America in the beginning oi the sixteenth century ; the China rose from China 1789 ; the sweet- scented Guelder from China, 1821. Eoses, the Wars of the White and Eed, which were the symbols of the houses of York and Lancaster ; the Yorkists carried the white and the Lancastrians the red: the first battle in that sanguinary contest was fought May 22, 1455, at St. Albans : the union of the roses took place by the marriage of Henry VII. with the princess Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., 1486; first placed over confessionals as marks of secrecy 1526 ; hence the phrase " under the rose." Eosetta, in Egypt, taken by the French, 1791 ; by the English and Turks, April 19, 1801 ; the English repulsed here by the Turks, 1807 ; this place stands near where Nelson combated the French in the battle of the Nile, 1791. Bosecrucian Philosophers first appeared in Germany, 1302, and again in the seventeenth century; they wrote in hieroglyphics, and swore fidelity to each other, declar- ing that the ancient Magi and Egyptian philosophers taught the same doctrine as they professed. Eoscommon, Ireland, chapel at, one of the pillars of a gallery gave way, by which 14 persons were killed, and many injured, April 14, 1804. Eosillo the bandit chief and ter- ror of Grenada and Malaga, in Spain, shot by the civic guards, July 4, 1850. ROY 585 ROY Ross, Battle of, in Ireland, when the rebels were defeated, and left 2,600 men on the field of battle, June 4, 1798, Ross, bishopric of, Ireland, found- ed in the seventh century, united to Cork, 1340, and Cloyne added to the others by the act 4 William IV., 1833. Ross, Major-General, killed in an attempt on the town of Baltimore, United States, Sept. 12, 1814. Rota Club established, a political society that met in the Palace yard, temp. Oliver Cromwell, 1659. Rotherhithe, Collier Dock pro- jected at, 1825, by Mr. Brunei. Rothesay Castle, isle of Bute, Scotland, built anterior to 1363 ; steamer of the same name, from Liverpool to Beaumaris, wrecked near the latter place, when 180 per- sons perished, Aug. 17, 1831 ; not more than 20 were saved out of 200. Rottenden surrendered to the Prussians, Feb. 1758. Rotterdam, Bank of, established 1635. Rouen, noble cathedral of, struck by lightning, and considerably in- jured, Aug. 5, 1822. Rouen, city of, taken 1562, by the king of Navarre. Rougemont Castle, Exeter, built 750. Round Towers of Ireland, above 100 of which are either entire, or are to be traced at the foundation, sup- posed to be built in the earlier years of the introduction of Christi- anity into the island, or to have been attached to religious purposes. Some give their construction to the 6th century. Round Table, order of the knights of, began 516. Royal Assent, a term generally applied to bills that require only the consent of the crown to become law ; statute 33 Henry III., 1541, permits the royal assent to be given by letters patent. Royal Academy of Art, charter granted to, Jan. 26, 1765, as the Incorporated Society of British Ar- tists ; afterwards, and in conse- quence of some dispute, and a sepa- ration of parties, the title was changed, Dec. 10, 1768. Royal Adelaide steamer, wreck- ed on the Tongue sand, off Margate, March 30, 1850, and all on board, 200 in number lost, just at the con- clusion of their voyage from Dublin and Cork, to Plymouth and London; not a soul survived to tell the mourn- ful tale of one fellow passenger's loss. Royal Circus, St. George's Fields, burned Aug. 12, 1805. Royal Exchange Assurance office, incorporated 1716. Royal Exchange. See Exchange. Royal Exchange, Dublin, began 1769, and completed in ten years, the expenses defrayed by a lottery scheme ; accident at, by which nine persons were killed, owing to the parapet giving way, being pressed by a crowd, April 24, 1815. Royal Family, marriages of, restrained through the dislike of George III. to the marriage of his brother the Duke of Gloucester to Lady Waldegrave, all other con- siderations and consequences being sacrificed to the royal pique, 1771-2. Royal George, of 100 guns,lostby heeling her over too far at Spithead, by which Admiral Kempenfelt and several hundred persons perished, June 28, 1782. Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, founded 1799 ; a professor- ship created at, 1833. Royal Lodge, Windsor, court held at, Jan. 26, 1828. Royal Military College, Chelsea, first stone laid, June 19, 1801. Royal Miners Company, incor- porated 1564. Royal Naval Asylum, Greenwich, commenced in 1801 ; transferred to Greenwich, 1807. Royal Navy of England, first so denominated 1512. Royal Society of Arts instituted 1754 ; removed to the Adelphi, 1774. Royal Society instituted Dec. 30, EUP 586 BUS 1660; incorporated, 1663; apart- ments granted to, at Somerset House, 1776. Royal Society of Musicians, formed 1785. Royal Observatory, Greenwich Park, built 1675. Royal Records of England began to be kept 1101, Royalists' forfeited estates sold by Cromwell, Aug. 4, 1652. Royalists, English, beaten by the Irish rebels, and retreated to Ark- lone, June 2, 1798. Royalty Theatre, in Well-street, Rosemary-lane, opened April 20, 1787 ; burned down, April 11, 1826. Royston, Cambridgeshire, 36 houses burned at, May 31, 1802. Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, the first of Flemish artists, died 1640. Rudder, patent for a new one to Lieut. Lihou, royal navy, 1829. Ruffo, Cardinal, at the head of the Russians and Calabrian banditti, committed great cruelties on the French in Naples, June 20, 1799. Ruffs first worn, temp. Edward VI., 1551. Rufus, William the Second of England, so named from his red hair, 1087. Rugen ceded by Sweden to Den- mark, 1814 ; and by Denmark to Russia, 1815. Ruling Machines invented, 1782 ; improved, 1803. Rum, a pure spirit distilled from molasses or sugar, the produce of the West Indies ; 3,300,000 gallons imported 1789 ; in 1796, 4,196,198 gallons ; in 1848, 5,653,840 gallons imperial were imported ; or 6,784,608 old gallons. Rump Parliament, 41 members seized by Col. Pride belonging to the Presbyterian party, and 160 more excluded, 1611 ; the members admitted, who werethe Independents, were called the Rump. Rupert, St., order of knighthood began in Germany, 1702. Rupert, Prince, arrived in Eng- land, Dec. 1635; visited Oxford with the king and his brother, Aug. 29, 1636 ; defeated the parliament forces at Worcester, Sept. 23, 1642 ; took Doncaster, Feb. 2, 1643 ; Bir- mingham, April 1643 ; Lichfield, April 21, 1643; Bristol and 3000 men, July 22, 1643; defeated by Cromwell at Marston-Moor, where 10,000 were killed or taken, July 1644 ; ordered by the king after his defeat at Bristol to quit England, Sept. 19, 1644; reconciled to the king, and quitted England, July 15, 1646; attempted to land in Eng- land, but obliged to return to France, March 1654; commanded the English fleet, Oct. 4, 1664 ; had a severe fight with the Dutch, June 4 ; defeated the Dutch, July 25, 1665 ; made lord high admiral, April 6, 1673 ; died in Spring gar- dens, Westminster, Nov. 22, 1682. Ruppin, in Brandenburgh, burn- ed to the extent of 600 houses, Sept., 1787. Ruremond taken by Marlborough , Oct. 6, 1702. Russell Institution commenced 1808. Russell, Lord John, proposed the repeal of the test and corpora- tion acts ; passed by a majority of 44 in the House of Commons, Feb. 26, 1828 ; finally passed, April 26. Russell's, Lord John, adminis- trations ; entered upon office, July, 1846, upon the resignation of Sir Robert Peel, and resigned Feb. 21, 1851 ; but returned to power on the failure of Lord Stanley to form an administration, March 3, 1851 ; remained in office until April, 1852, when he again resigned, and was succeeded by the ministry of the Earl of Derby. Russell, Lord William, beheaded in Lincoln's Inn Fields, July 21, 1683, for pretended participation in a ridiculous plot, called the Rye- house plot ; his attainder reversed, 1 Will. III., 1689. Russia offered to mediate between England and France ; the offer de- clined until France evacuated Ha- nover, which George III. insisted was not concerned in the disputes KITS 587 RUS of England, Aug. 19, 1803; the emperor had abandoned the coali- tion against France, Dec. 1800, and had advocated Napoleon's conti- nental system. Russia, Government of, issued a severe ukase against the press, and the printing-offices were shut up, July 12, 1798. Russia, Paul, emperor of, ordered all his subjects to wear cocked hats and bags to their hair, Jan. 3, 1797. Russia, Emperor of, and King of Prussia, arrived in London, June 7, 1814. Russia and England declare war, Nov. 1, and 19, 1807; embargo laid on English vessels and goods in Russia, Nov. 10. Russian commerce, the returns of late years are vague ; the whole produce of the Russian manufac- tures in 1824, was 117,625,734 paper roubles ; in 1835, the tonnage en- tered inwards under the national flag, was 142,634 tons ; under the foreign 507,860 ; the tonnage cleared outwards is not known either na- tional or foreign. Russia, incidental history of, the origin of the nation obscure as to its early records ; Novogorod and its grand dukes are mentioned in the earliest attainable accounts of the country, in the year 882 ; the first Christian ruler is said to have been Waladimir, 981 ; Moscow was founded by a *king called Audrey, 1156 ; the Tartars conquered Rus- sia in 1200, and held possession of it down to 1440, when their yoke was thrown off by Ivan Basilovitz. Silesia was added to the Rus- sian rule in the sixteenth century. The present monarchy is said to have had its foundation laid about 1474, while it was yet under the Tartars. Ivan, successful in restor- ing his country to its own rule, took the title of czar ; he drove out the Tartars entirely, between 1534 and 1550; the principal incidents since that period embrace all that can be relied upon in relation to this great empire. England discovered the navi- gation to Russia, through Robert Chancellor 1554 TheTartars surprised Moscow, and killed 30,000 of its in- habitants 1571 The people of Novogorod intrigued with the Poles, and Ivan ordered the chief inha- bitants to be cut to pieces in his presence 1581 The Rurick race became ex- tinct 1590 The Poles placed Ladis- las, the son of their own sovereign, on the throne of Russia 1610 Michael Eedorovitz, of the Romanof family, mounted the throne 1613 The Russians revolt from the Polish rule 1613 Finland ceded to Sweden 1617 Reign of Peter I., called the Great 1682 Visited England, and work- ed in the dockyard at Deptford 1697 Orders of St. Andrew, and of St. Alexander Nevskoi, instituted 1698 The Russians begin their new year from Jan. 1 1700 Peter built St. Petersburgh... 1703 Peter II. deposed, and the crown given to Anne of Courland 1730 Elizabeth, daughter of Peter I., reigned, in prejudice of Ivan VI., an infant, impri- soned for life 1741 Peter III. dethroned and murdered ; succeeded by Catherine his wife 1762 The young prince, the rightful heir, immured to be out of Catherine's wav, now put to death .'. T763 The dismemberment of Po- land commenced by Cathe- rine 1772 This crime completed 1795 Catherine gave her subjects new laws'; abolished torture of criminals; and died 1796 BUS 588 BUS Murder of the emperor Paul March 23, 1801 Defeat of Alexander at Au- sterlitz, by Napoleon Dec. 2, 1805 Alexander visited England June 6, 1814 The grand duke Constantine renounced the right of succession Jan. 26, 1822 The Emperor Nicholas crown- ed at Moscow Sept. 3, 1826 Russian war against Persia Sept. 28, 1826 Nicholas invested with the order of the Garter, July 9, 1827 Peace concluded between Rus- sia and the Persians Eeb. 22, 1828 War between Russia and the Ottoman Porte ...April 26, 1828 The war for the indepen- dence of Poland against Russia Nov. 29, 1830 War closed with the capture of Warsaw, and the total overthrow of the Poles, Sept. 8, 1831 Cracow, which had been erect- ed into a republic, and its in- dependence guaranteed by the Congress of Vienna, in 1815 is occupied by a Rus- sian and Austrian army, and the other powers make no reclamation of the breach of treaty Feb. 13, 1836 Failure of the Russian ex- pedition against Khiva Jan 3, 1840 Treaty of London ....July 15, 1840 The emperor Nicholas visited England June 1, 1844 The grand duke Constantine arrived at Portsmouth in the Ingermanland, of 74 guns June 9, 1846 Russia demanded the expul- sion of the Hungarian refu- gees from Turkey... Nov. 5, 1849 This demand, which had inter- rupted the diplomatic re- lations between Russia and the Porte, induced the latter to send the Hungarian and Polish refugees to Koniah, in Asia Minor Jan., 1850 Conspiracy against the life and policy of the emperor detected Jan. 6, 1850 To the above events, scanty for so mighty an empire, may be added the list of Russian rulers, from the dukes to the czars, and lastly, to the emperors, 862 878 945 972 980 1015 1054 1078 1093 1114 1125 1132 1138 1139 1146 1154 1155 1157 1177 1213 1238 1245 1263 1270 1277 1284 1294 1302 1305 1320 THE DUKES OF KIOF WERE Rurick Igor Olga, regent. Swiatoslaw or Spendoblos Jaropalk I Vladimir, Wladimir, or Wal- dimir I., styled the Great... Jaraslaw, or Jaroslaf I Isjidlaw I Wsewolod I Swiatopalk Vladimir II .. Mtislaw, or Michael I Jaropalk II Wiatschelaw Wsewolod II Isjidlaw II Rotislaw Jurie, or George I Andrew I. until 1175 ; first grand duke. Michael II.... WsewolodHI Jurie, or George II. Con- stantine, until 1218 Jaraslaw II.; succeeded by his son Alexander Nevski, or New- ski, the Saint Jaraslaw III Vasali, or Basil I Dmitri, or Demetrius 1/ Andrew II Daniel Alexandrovitz. . . Jurie, or George III deposed Michael III Vasali, or Basil II Jurie, or George III. restored Ivan, or John I., first grand duke of Moscow Simon, surnamed the Proud... Ivan, or John II O 1325 1328 1340 1353 BUS 589 BUS Demetrius II., prince of Sus- dal 1359 Demetrius III., Donskoi 1362 Vasali, or Basil III., Tern- noi 1389 Vasali, or Basil IV.. . ; 1425 Ivan (Basilovitz) or John in 1462 Vasali, or Basil V 1505 CZARS OF MUSCOVY. Ivan (Basilovitz) IV., first tzar or czar, in 1547 ... 1533 Feoclor or Theodore I.: sup- posed to have been poi- soned, and his son, Deme- trius, murdered by his suc- cessor 1584 Boris-Godonof usurped the throne 1598 Demetrius, the impostor, put to death 1606 Vasali- Chouiski, or Zouin- ski 1608 Interregnum 1610 Michael-Fedorovitz, of the house of Romanof. 1613 Alexis, son of the prece- ding, the Father of his country 1645 Feodor or Theodore II 1676 Ivan IV., and Peter I., brothers of Theodore 1682 Peter I., the Great, alone: who took the title of em- peror in 1721, and founded St. Petersburgh 1689 Catherine I., his consort : at first the wife of a Swedish dragoon, said to have been killed on the day of their marriage 1725 Peter II., 'son of Alexis-Pe- trovitz, and grandson of Peter the Great : deposed, 1727 Anne, duchess of Courland, daughter of the czar Ivan... 1730 Ivan VI., an infant, grand-ne- phew to Peter the Great : immured in a dungeon for 18 years; murdered in 1762 1740 Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, reigned during Ivan's captivity 1741 Peter III., son of Anne and of Charles-Frederick, duke of 1762 1762 Holstein-Gottorp : deposed, and murdered by the conni- vance of her paramour, Orloff July 9, Catherine II., his consort : she extended the Russian ter- ritories on all sides ; died in 1796 Paul, her son, found dead in his chamber ; murdered by Pahlen, the brothers San- bow, and Benningsen the general ; they then placed Alexander on the throne, who had consented to his fa- ther's deposition, only they were not to do any thing to affect his life — but he took the crown, and the chief as- sassin became his minister 1796 Alexander, his son ; who, after many adverse battles, and a forced alliance with France, at length aided in the overthrow of Napoleon Bonaparte 1801 Nicholas, brother to Alexan- der : succeeded to the throne, Dec. 1, 1825. The regnant Emperor of Russia 1825 Russia, Youths from, sent to England to be instructed in English manufactures, Jan. 27, 1718. Russia, a throne of silver made for the court of, in England, 1732 : canal in, from the lake of Ladoga to the Volga, made a navigable carriage for 2000 miles, 1730 ; relinquished her Persian conquests, 1733 : invaded Krim Tartary, Aug., 1738: encouraged Finland to throw off the yoke of Sweden, April 17, 1742. Russia Company established, 1555. Russian Ambassador's celebrated entertainment, given at Somerset House, Feb. 5, 1755. Russians commenced their new year from Jan. 1, 1700. Russians seized upon Hamburgh, March 19, 1810; Dresden taken by them and the Prussians, March 21 ; they published an official document of the loss of the French armies in BUS 590 KUS the expedition to Moscow in the winter of 1812, so fatal by its frost to Napoleon's fine army, viz., 24 generals, with 2000 staff and other officers, with 204,400 men $ pri- soners, 43 generals, 3441 staff and other officers, and 233,222 men ; above 200,000 bodies had been burned in three Eussian pro- vinces. Kussian Literature, between the year 1553, when printing was first introduced into , Russia, to 1823, there were 13,249 publications printed in the Russian and Slavonic languages. Russian Empire. — The following is an accurate view of the progres- sive aggrandizement of the Russian empire : — Surface in sq. miles. Population above. 1462 1505 1584 1645 1689 1725 1762 1796 1825 1851 At the accession of John III At his death, 295,900 594,200 2,007,400 4,069,800 4,222,400 4,413,000 5,112,600 5,309,300 5,879,900 6,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 12,000,000 15,000,000 20,000,000 25,000,000 36,000,000 53,000,000 65,000,000 At the death of John IV At the death of Michael Romanof, At the accession of Peter I At his death, inclusive of the Per- sian conquests, At the accession of Catherine II. At her death, At the death of Alexander Little more than half a century has sufficed to extend the sway of Russia from the Gulf of Bothnia to the banks of the Pruth, and from the Araxes to the Vistula. An enumeration of her territorial acqui- sitions during the last sixty years will establish the assertion. Inhabitants. 500,000 1770. Bessarabia 1771. The Crimea (incorporated 1783) 460,000 1785. Georgia (Ditto 1831) 400,000 1793. Little Poland and the Ukraine 6,500,000 1794. Western Russia, including Lithuania, Podolia, &c. 8,500,000 1795. Courland 400,000 1803. The Lesghis and other Caucasian tribes 300,000 1813. Schirwan 140,000 1809. Finland 1,400,000 1815. Kingdom of Poland (incorporated 1832) 4,000,000 1827. Erivan and districts adjacent 150,000 1829. Turkish Armenia, and other cessions by Turkey ... 500,000 Russian Population, return for 1828, gave as follows : — Births— males 952,673 females 892,106 Deaths — males females 1,844,779 600,162 577,889 1,178,051 23,350,000 Excess of births, 666,728 ; number of marriages, 388,377; among the male deaths were 1644, aged from 95 to 100 ; 604 aged from 100 to 105; 141 aged from 105 to 110; 104 aged from 101 to 115 ; 46 aged from 115 to 120. Russians crossed the Pruth, May 7, 1828; declarations of war by, against the Turks, May 12 ; arrived before Shumla, July 21. SAB 591 SAC Russians invade Moldavia and Wallachia, Nov. 23, 1806; again, 1828, and 1853. Ruti, Battle of, in which General Pepe was repulsed by the Austrians, and his army dispersed, in attempt- ing to resist the enslavers of his country, March 7, 1821. Ryan, Mrs., the wife of a convict executed opposite Newgate, sen- tenced to imprisonment for attempt- ing to effect his escape, to the public disgust, May 2, 1817. Rye burned by the French, 1377; again, 1666. Ryecaut, Oxfordshire, the seat of Lord Abingdon, burnt to the ground, with Lord Norrey, his son, Nov. 12, 1745. Rye -house plot, a pretended con- spiracy to assassinate Charles II. and his brother James, afterwards king, at a place called the Rye- house, between London and New- market, March, 1683 ; the plot said to have been discovered, June 12, afterwards : — the probability is, that it was a scheme to get rid of per- sons obnoxious to the Stuarts; for among those who, it was pretended, were directly involved, was Lord William Russell, whose arraign- ment, it was evident, took place under a pretence of his participa- tion in an act that the prosecutors did not themselves credit. Ryswick, peace of, between England, France, Spain, Holland, and the Emperor of Germany, Sept. 20, 1697. Saalfeldt, near Saltzburgh, de- stroyed by fire, with the whole pro- duce of its harvest, July 28, 1811. Sabbatarians, a name once given to the English Puritans, who held that Sunday was the Sabbath ; Bra- boume, a clergyman, published his declaration, that the seventh day was the only Sabbath, 1628 ; and many, as usual for opinions not held by the many, were much persecuted ; there are said to be few congre- gations of Sabbatarians in England in recent times. Sabbath, an institution of Moses, observed, in commemoration of the creation of the world, by the Jews ; Christians observe the first day of the week, because it was that of the resurrection, and was ordered to be kept holy in England from Satur- day at 3 p.m., to Monday at day- break, 4 Canon, Edgar, 960 ; James L, 1606, levied a shilling on every one absent from church on Sunday ; an act was passed restraining amuse- ments on Sundays, 1 Charles I., 1625; restraining from various acts under forfeiture of 5s., 1677, temp, Charles II. Sabbath Schools first opened in America, 1740 to 1747, by the Seventh-day Baptists ; in England, by Robert Raikes, 1781. Sabbatical Year of the Jews, the first a.c. 1451 ; it was every seventh year. Saba, Island of, planted by the Dutch, 1690. Sacrament, the ordinance of the Lord's Supper, administered in the modes in which the supper actually occurred in the first years of the church, but since altered according to the taste of the popes ; the table changed to an altar, and the wine laid aside to the laity from the time of Pope Urban II., 1096. Sacramental Wine poisoned by the gravediggers of: Zurich, by which many lost their lives, Sept. 4, 1776. Sacramentarians, a. sect that appeared in 1048, and opposed the doctrine of the real presence they afterwards were accused of teach I rsg: SAL 592 SAL that their women were to be held in common. Sacred Majesty, first used in Eng- land at the time of the acces- sion of James I. Saddles, first used of leather, 304; in England, 600; side-saddles for ladies introduced 1388, by the queen of Eichard II. SADDLE-Horse duty levied, 1784 ; increased, 1808. Saddler's Wells Theatre ; 18 persons trodden to death there, Oct. 19, 1807. Safety Lamp, for mines, invented by Sir H. Davy, 1815. Saffron Plant, first brought into England by a pilgrim, 1389 ; culti- vated here first, 1582. Saffron Walden, Essex, received its first charter from Edward VI., 1550; the best saffron is grown near this place. Sage, an herb of early date in England ; the Mexican sage intro- duced in 1724; the two African varieties from the Cape of Good Hope, 1731. Sailcloth first made in Eng- land, 1590 ; encouraged by Queen Anne, and the manufacture sup- ported by bounties, 1713. Sailors first registered in France, 1670; afloat of the British navy, in 1852, 38,295. Salamanca, Battle of, between Wellington and Marmont, July 22, 1812 ; 7141 prisoners, with 11 pieces of cannon, were taken, and 7000 killed on the side of the French ; theEnglish lost 6000 men killed and wounded ; this victory laid open the road to Madrid, where 2500 prison- ers, and a large quantity of military stores, fell into the hands of the English. Salaries of English Judges in- creased, 1772 and 1779. Salaries of Diplomatists in the British service, 1853, amount of, £117,955; with £9900 for house rent, and £7679 for special services in Persia. Saldanha Bay, Cape of Good Hope ; here five Dutch line-of-battle ships and nine frigates surrendered to Admiral Elphinstone, Aug. 17, 1796. Saldanha Frigate, lost in Lough Swilly, Ireland, and all on board perished, Dec. 4, 1811. Salem, New England, United States, settled 1628. Salique Law, which excludes females from inheriting, confirmed in France, 424 ; also by Clovis, 511 ; abolished in Spain, March 25, 1830. Salisbury Cathedral begun, April 28, 1220, finished 1258, at a cost of 40,000 marks ; built in the Gothic 'style, 473 feet long, 99 broad — the spire 400 feet high — the nave 81. Salisbury Plain, 300 English nobles massacred on, by Hengist, May 1, 474. Salop, new county infirmary at, opened Sept. 24, 1830. Salt Office, established 1694 ; salt duties exacted, June 15, 1702 ; renewed 1732 ; reduced 1723, when from 15s. to 20s. per bushel ; subsequently abolished, though at one time burthened to the extent of £30 per ton ; in 1785, these duties produced £361,670, in 1790, £416,000. Salt consumed and made : — Bushels. Consumed. 1810.. .11,929,728. 1,999,486. 1815... 15, 084, 644. 2,136,912. The duty repealed altogether, 1825 ; the home consumption was — 1827 9,219,535 bushels. 1830 10,833,102 „ 1838 12,171,698 „ 1844 12,647,616 „ Besides this increase of home con- sumption, the exported quantities have been : — 1827 7,475,025 bushels. 1830 10,499,778 „ 1838 11,398,662 „ 1844 13,476,884 „ 1848 18,959,322 „ Of these, America takes 7,000,000 bushels ; Russia, Prussia, and our own American colonies, about 2,000,000 each. Salt Mines and Springs ; those of Staffordshire and Worcestershire, SAN 593 SAN discovered 1670 ; rock salt first no- ticed in 950 ; the rock salt mines of Cheshire alone, furnished 553,112 tons in 1844 ; the famous salt mines of Wielitska in Poland, worked for 600 years without approaching ex- haustion, 1289. Salt Herrings, after the Dutch fashion, first cured here, 1416. Salt Tax in France, called the gabelle, considered a grievous bur- den, established there 1344. Saltpetre first made in England, 1625. Saltwood Castle, Kent, said to have been built in the Roman time. Saltash, Cornwall, incorporated by 35 Charles II. Saltzburg Forest, 10,000 acres in, burned Aug. 1800. Salute at Sea ; this is generally by firing a certain number of guns, the ship that returns firing the fewest ; mercbantmen lower the mainyard ; men of war strike their topsails: the English claimed the right of being first saluted in all places as sovereigns of the seas ; the Venetians in the Gulf of Venice ; the honour yielded by the Dutch to the English, 1673. Samaritans, the inhabitants of Samaria, in the Holy Land; the parable of the woman of Samaria has attached the term to societies for charitable acts ; one of these commenced in the London Hospital, 1791. Sampach, Battle of, between the Swiss and Leopold, duke of Aus- tria, in which the Swiss obtained a great and glorious victory over the duke, who fell in the battle, July 9, 1386, and thus achieved the liberty of their country. San Joseph, a vessel so named, wrecked near Gibraltar, and only two persons saved, Jan. 29, 1813. Sancroft, Archbishop of Canter- bury, committed to the Tower, tried and acquitted 1688 ; deprived 1689 ; died 1693. Sanctuaries, places privileged for the refuge of criminals ; St. John's of Beverley, Yorkshire, was one from the time of the Saxons ; St. Burian in Cornwall, so privileged by Athelstan, 935 ; Westminster by Edward the Confessor; and St. Martin's le Grand, London, 1529 ; limited, 1534; totally abolished, 1548. Sandal Castle, Yorkshire, built 1317. Sandeman, Robert, the founder of the sect called Sandemanians, born 1723, at Perth ; died in New England, 1771 ; he asserted that justifying faith meant no more than a simple assent to the Divine mis- sion of Christ ; he administered the Lord's Supper weekly, and his fol- lowers washed each other's feet. Sandford Castle, Dorset, built 1540. Sandgate Castle, Kent, built 1540. Sandhurst, military college founded at High Wycombe, 1799; removed to Great Marlow, 1802, and to Sandhurst, 1812 ; it will ac- commodate 400 cadets and 30 stu- dents in the senior department, which last prepare themselves for the staff. Sandown Castle, Deal, erected by Henry VIIL, 1539. Sandwich, built 957; the port destroyed by an earthquake, 1580 ; bridge at, built 1756. Sandwich Islands discovered by Captain Cook, 1770, eleven in num- ber ; the capacity of the natives was found not to be beneath the com- mon standard of man; at one of these islands Cook was killed, Feb. 14, 1779 ; king and queen of, died in London of the smallpox — the former, July 8 ; the latter, July 14, 1824. Sandwich, the seat of Lord, burned Jan. 22, 1830. Sanhedrim, a Jewish council of the highest order, of seventy members ; a sanhedrim was summoned by the emperor Napoleon to meet at Paris, July 23, 1806 ; it assembled there accordingly, Jan. 20, 1807. Santa Cruz, Isle of Tenerine, 2Q SAE 594 SAR Admiral Blake in 1657, April 20, destroyed here 16 Spanish ships that were protected by the forts ; the exploit one of the most wonder- ful in the annals of any naval war ; Lord Nelson repulsed in an attack on, losing his right arm, and 141 men, July 24, 1797. Santa Casa, the holy house of our Lady of Loretto, which it is pretended was brought from Pales- tine into Illyria, 1291, and thence to Loretto ; the French plundered the image of its decorations, and carried the idol to Paris, Feb. 12, 1797 ; it was afterwards sent back bereft of its ornaments. Sapphire, Thomas Kouli Khan possessed one valued at £300,000, 1733. Saracens, an Eastern people of Arabian descent, professing Maho- metanism ; they conquered Spain, 713 ; were defeated with the loss of 70,000 men, by Ramirus king of Spain, 844 ; their power terminated by the capture of Bagdad by the Tartars, 1258. Saragossa, in Spain ; 400 of the inhabitants perished in a fire in the theatre, Dec, 1778 ; taken by the French, Feb. 13, 1809, after a noble defence under General Palafox. Saratoga, surrender of General Burgoyne and his army at, in the American war, when nearly 6000 men laid down their arms to General Gates, Oct. 17, 1777. Sardinia, an island subject to the crown of Piedmont, with a po- pulation of 466,000, in 1790 ; it is supposed to have been anciently subject to the Etrurians, and after- wards to the Gauls, having subse- quently had many masters ; the Romans held possession of it before the Christian era; taken by the Moors about a.x>. 728 ; reduced by the Genoese 1115 ; the pope granted Sardinia to the Pisanese, who were too weak to expel the Saracens, 1132; Alphonsus IV. of Arragon became master of Sardinia, 1324; taken from the Spaniards by the English naval forces, 1708; reco- vered by the Spaniards, 1717 ; they lost possession of it, 1719; ceded to the duke of Savoy, as an equivalent for Sicily, 1720; Victor Amadeus, having the title of king, abdicated in favour of his son, 1730 ; attempt- ing to recover Sardinia, he was taken, and died in prison, 1732; the court was kept at Turin till 1796, when the dominions were overrun by the French arms, and afterwards annexed to the French empire ; the king resigned his crown to his brother, duke of Aoust, June 4, 1802; Sardinia annexed to Italy, and Bonaparte crowned king of the whole, Dec. 26, 1805; re- stored to its rightful sovereign, with Genoa added to it. Dec. 1814 ; the king, Charles-Albert, openly es- poused the cause of the Italian re- generation against Austria, March 23, 1848 ,• defeat of the Austrians by the Sardinian army at Goito, May 29, 1848 ; the fortress of Pes- cheira surrendered to the Sardinian troops, May 30, 1848 ; the Sardi- nian army, which had fought with the greatest bravery for many weeks, forced to retreat towards Milan, July 27, 1848; the Sardi- nians, who had retreated to Milan, capitulated to the Austrian field- marshal Radetsky,' Aug. 4, 1848; armistice between Sardinia and Austria, Sept, 21, 1848 ; the Sardi- nians resumed hostilities against Austria, March 12, 1849 ; Radetsky defeated a division of the Sardinian army, and occupied Mortara, March 21, 1849 ; the Sardinian army rout- ed by the Austrians at No vara, March 23, 1849; Charles- Albert abdicated in favour of his son, the duke of Savoy, and left his domi- nions, March 23, 1849 ; the Aus- trians occupied Novara and other places, March 25, 1849; another armistice between Austria and Sar- dinia, March 26, 1849 ; the duke of Savoy proclaimed king of Sardinia, under the title of Victor-Immanuel II., March 26, 1849; death of Charles-Albert, the ex-king, at Oporto, July 28, 1849; treaty of SAR 595 SxVV Milan, between Austria and Sardi- nia, signed Aug. 6, 1849. The sovereigns of this island date as kings from 1730 only ; before which it was only a dukedom. Victor- Amadeus I., king (II. as duke), 1718 ; resigned in 1730, in favour of his son ; died in 1732 ; Charles- Emmanuel I., his son, 1730; Victor- Amadeus II., his son, 1773; Charles-Emmanuel II., son of the preceding, resigned his crown in favour of his brother, 1796; Victor- Emmanuel L, 1802; Sardinia merged in the kingdom of Italy, of which the emperor Napoleon was crowned king, May 26, 1805 ; Vic- tor-Emmanuel restored, 1814; re- signed in March 1821, and died in 1824; Charles-Eelix, 1821; suc- ceeded by his nephew, Charles-Al- bert, 1831 ; this prince provoked a war with Austria, was defeated in battle, and abdicated in favour of his son, March 23, 1849 ; died at Oporto, July 28, 1849 ; Victor-Em- manuel II., present king of Sardinia, 1849. Sardinian Ambassador's chapel burned by accident, Nov. 4, 1759; again, in Lord George Gordon's riots, June 2, 1780. Saek, one of the Channel islands, dependent upon Guernsey, six miles in compass ; it has the benefit of a commodious haven, which the Erench observed in 1557; it was without men to defend it but a few hermits, whom the privacy of the place had invited. The island begirt with rocks, lying aloft above the sea, having only one strait pas- sage or ascent up to it, scarcely capable of receiving two abreast. Of this island the French easily possessed themselves, dislodged the hermits, fortified the upper part of the ascent with some pieces of ord- nance, and settled a small garrison in it. They had not nestled there long, when by a gentleman of the Netherlands, one of the subjects of King Philip, it was regained. The Flemish gentleman in a small bark came to anchor in the road, and pretending the death of his mer- chant, besought the French that they might bury him in the chapel of that island, offering a present to them of such commodities as they had on board. To this request the French were easily entreated, upon condition that they should not come on shore with any weapon. The Flemings rowed on shore with a coffin in their skiff filled with swords and arquebusses. They were permitted to draw the coffin up the rocks ; some of the French, rowing back to the ship to fetch the present, were soon made fast enough. The Flemings in the mean time who were on the land, had carried their coffin into the chapel, and having taken thence their weapons, gave an alarm. The French, caught upon the sudden, and seeing no hopes of succour from their fellows, yielded themselves. Taken by the English, as part of their old Nor- man dominion, 1589. Satellite, Sloop of War, sup- posed to have gone down in the Channel with all her crew, Dec. 20, 1810. Satellites of Saturn discovered ; his ring, 1634, by Huygens, and his sixth satellite, 1655 ; his first and second satellites by Herschell, 1789 ; the others, between the time of Huygens and Herschell ; Jupiter has four satellites, discovered by Galileo ; Uranus six, all, with the planet, discovered by Herschell. Savage, Richard, the adulterous offspring of the countess of Maccles- field by Lord Rivers, whom his unnatural mother shamefully per- secuted ; he was a writer of consi- derable talent ; tried for murder and condemned, 1727; pardoned, 1728; died, 1743. Savannah, United States of America, a city of Georgia on a sandy plain, founded 1733 by Gen- eral Oglethorpe ; taken by the English, 1778 ; given up, 1782 ; no less than 463 buildings burned at, 1820. Savaky, Duke of Rovigo, one of SAV 596 S.AV the celebrated soldiers of Napoleon, and minister of police in France, died June 1, 1833. Savings' Banks established in England, 1817; but they are said to have been suggested by the Rev. J. Smith of Wendover, 1799; a species of savings' bank established 1804, at Tottenham, by Mrs. P. "Wakefield, called the Charitable Bank ; an establishment of a similar character tried at Bath, 1808, prin- cipally by ladies for female ser- vants; in 1817, the present system being established, and 70 banks in operation — four in Wales, and four in Ireland ; there was received from the 6th of August that year, when the banks opened, to Jan. 5, 1818 £328,282 1819 1,567,667 1820 1,019,612 „ 1825 2,586,219 1830 450,137 In England, Wales, and Ireland, there were, on the 20th November 1830, four hundred and seventy- seven savings' banks ; from twenty- three no returns have been made. The remaining banks contain : — Depositors under £20 each... ,, 50 each... „ 100 each... „ 150 each... 200 each... Above 200 each... Total number of Deposi- tors. Increase or Decrease since 1829. Total Amount of Investments. Inc. or Dec. on Total Investments since 1829. Average amount of each Depositor. 210,247 116,940 54,059 18,557 8,009 4,405 8,926 inc. 4,039 inc. 602 dec 339 inc. 534 inc. 554 dec 1,509,820 3,595,952 3,687,919 2,271,884 1,354,030 1,087,960 £7 30 68 122 169 247 Total Depositors ... Friendly Societies ... Charitable Societies. 412,217 4,449 2,092 12,682 inc.;13,507,565 103 decj 690,823 442 inc. 168,579 32 155 80 Total Accounts 418,758 13,021 inc. 14,366,967 I32,290in. ! . - 1 34 the statements showed as follows : — No. of Banks. No. of Depositors In 1840 Country. England 401 Scotland 39 Wales 31 Ireland 79 Amount. 627,443 £19,818,673 44,628 471,338 15,927 542,476 78,356 2,228,367 The first twenty thousand depositors : — Domestic servants 7245 1 Friendly and charitable Persons in trade, mechanics, &c. 7473 societies 58 Labourers and porters 672 | Persons not classed, viz., Miners 1454 I widows, teachers, sail- I ors, &c 3098 Depositors and amount, at the close of 1848 : — Country No. of Banks. Accounts opened Total Amount. England & Wales 481 909,336 £25,371,176 Scotland 40 85,472 1,080,191 Ireland 61 50,119 1,358,062 Jersey and Guernsey 2 9,736 236,710 Grand Total 584 1,054,663. .£28,046,139 SAW 597 SCA At the commencement of 1850, the gross amount of all stock and an- nuities was, for Great Britain, £26,623,635. For the kingdom of Ireland, £1,031,588. On account of friendly societies in the united king- dom, £1,952,300; total, £29,607,523. The number of individual deposi- tors was 1,065,031. The charitable institutions and friendly societies were 22,323. The amount of the funds of military savings' banks, was £99,666; belonging to 6747 depositors. Savoy, part of Gallia Narbonen- sis, which submitted to the Romans, 118 b.c. The Alemans seized it in 395; the Franks, 196. It shared the revolutions of Switzerland till 1040, when Conrad, emperor of Germany, gave it to Hubert, with the title of earl. Amadeus VIII., earl of Savoy, solicited Sigismund, emperor of Germany, to erect his dominions into a duchy, which he did at Cambray, Feb. 19, 1417. The last duke, having taken Sicily in 1713 by the assistance of the English, was made king of that country, but by the peace of Utrecht changed for Sardinia, 1718. The dukedom of Savoy is now possessed by the king of Sardinia ; but a great part of the country ceded to France in 1796 ; seized by the French, Dec. 1798, who were repulsed, 1799, but subjugated it again the year following. Restored to Sar- dinia, 1816. Savoy Palace, Strand, London, built 1245 ; converted into an hos- pital, 1549 ; burnt down, March 2, 1776. Sawtree, Sir William, burnt alive on account of religious opi- nions, in England, Feb. 19, 1401. Sawley Abbey, Yorkshire, built 1147. Sawmills erected at Breslau, 1427 ; in Norway, 1530 ; in Italy, 1556; in England their introduc- tion violently opposed, — one erected near London, 1633, but afterwards demolished by the prejudice of the mechanics against it. Saxo Grammaticus, Danish his- tory, written 1170. Saxon Green in dyeing, invented 1744. Saxons, the Ancient, lived by piracy near the mouth of the Elbe, and on the Baltic shores ; first ap- pearance of, in England, 449. Saxony, for many years an elec- torate of Germany; formed into a kingdom 1807, consisting of the marquisates of Lusatia and Misnia, the larger part of Thuringia, and parts of Monspied and Houneberg, with other cessions from Prussia; in 1815, the congress of Vienna re- duced these territories to a popula- tion of no more than 1,237,000; Frederick Augustus was the first king, 1807 ; he was succeeded by his brother Anthony, May 5, 1827 ; then Frederick Augustus II., who ascended the throne June 6, 1836 ; Upper Saxony was ceded to Prus- sia, 1815. Scaffold, one fell down on Tower Hill, at the execution of Lord Lovat, 1746, when a number of persons were killed, and many maimed. Scales for Weighing hung in such a manner in the time of Henry III., that the buyer had an advan- tage of 10 or 12 in the 1121bs. Scandalum Magnatum, an act to punish all who gave out any re- ports, false or true, to the disadvan- tage of peers and public functiona- ries, by act 2 Richard II., 1378. Scarborough Castle, built 1140 ; rebuilt 1190. Scarborough, cliff at, sunk, and spa removed, Dec. 18, 1237. Scarborough, New England, United States, much injured by a dreadful fire, Sept. 11, 1762. Scarcity Root, a species of pars- nips, introduced into England by Dr. Lettsom, 1787. Scarlet, the colour extracted from the kermes insect, called co- chineal, 1518 ; the first dyehouse for this colour in England estab- lished at Bow, by one Kepler, 1643. SCO 598 SCO Scenes first introduced into thea- tres, 1533. Screen, in Norway, totally de- stroyed by fire, Dec. 5, 1777. Schism Act passed, 1714. Schomberg, the Duke of, killed at the battle of the Boyne, 1690. Schools, Charity, established in London to prevent the poor children from entering Catholic seminaries, 3 James II., 1687 ; Charter Schools established in Ireland, 1733; in 1847, there were 13,642 schools for the education of the poor, in which were received 998,431 children ; in Scotland 4836, and 181,467 chil- dren; in Wales 841, and 33,164 children ; in Ireland 13,327 schools, and 774,000 children, not including Sunday-schools in either country. Schdltz, the eminent orientalist, put to death in Kurdistan, 1829. Schwartz, Berthollet, invented gunpowder in the 13th century. Scilla, in Upper Calabria, 4 men, 5 women, and 24 girls, killed by an explosion of gunpowder, fired by lightning, Jan. 15, 1815. Scilly Isles, Cornwall, the an- cient Cassiterides that traded with the Phoenicians in tin ; shipwreck of Sir Cloudesley Shovel there, with his two sons, and four men-of-war lost, Oct. 22, 1707. Scio, the ancient Chios, sold by the Greek emperors to Genoa ; oc- cupied by the Turks, 1566. Scone Abbey, near Perth, Scot- land, founded 1114 ; burnt by the populace at the period of the Re- formation, but afterwards rebuilt; Charles II. the last king crowned there ; made the residence of the notorious Count d'Artois, 1798. Scotch gold and silver prohibited from passing current in England, 1393. Scotch Corporation, began 1655. Scotchmen, upon an inquisition taken by Queen Elizabeth, only 58 were found in London, 1562. Scotland, or North Britain ; the early part of its history deemed fa- bulous ; James VI. of this country became heir to the throne of Eng- land as James I. The principal events in the history of the country were as follows : — The capital of the Picts taken by Kenneth II., and every living creature put to the sword 843 The feudal system established by Malcolm II 1004 Divided into baronies 1032 The Danes are driven out of all parts of Scotland 1040 Duncan I. murdered by his kinsman Macbeth, by whom the crown is seized 1040 Malcolm III., aided by Ed- ward the Confessor, meets the usurper at Dunsinane ; Macbeth is killed by Mac- duff 1057 The Saxon-English language introduced into Scotland by fugitives from England, escaping from the Normans 1080 Siege of Alnwick ; Malcolm III. killed by the governor 1093 Reign of David I., who com- piled a code of laws 1124 Scotland invaded by Hacho, king of Norway, with 160 ships and 20,000 men ; the invaders- defeated by Alex- ander III., who recovered the Western Isles 1263 JohnBaliol and Robert Bruce contended for the throne... 1290 Edward I. of England, as um- pire, decided in favour of John 1290 John Baliol, king of Scotland, appeared to a summons, and defended his own cause in Westminster-hall against the earl of Eife 1293 Edward, wishing to annex Scotland to England, de- throned John, ravaged, the country, destroyed the mo- numents of Scottish histo- ry, and seized the prophetic stone 1296 William Wallace taken by the English, and executed on Tower-hill as a traitor, Aug. 1305 SCO 599 SCO Robert I. recovered the crown, and defeated the English at Baunockburn 1314 David II. taken prisoner at the battle of Durham, by- Queen Philippa of Eng- land, and detained in capti- vity 11 years 1346 Battle of Chevy Chase, be- tween Hotspur Percy and earl Douglas 1388 St. Andrew's university found- ed 1411 James I. captured by the Eng- lish near Flamboro' Head on his passage to France ... 1406 Detained 18 years a prison- er in England; married a daughter of the earl of So - merset ; and obtained his liberty , 1424 Assassinated in his bed by the friends of those whom he had punished for mal-ad- ministration during his im- prisonment 1437 James II. commenced his reign at seven years of age 1437 The university of Glasgow founded by bishop Turnbull 1451 James II. killed at the siege of Roxburgh by a cannon bursting 1460 James III. addicted to judi- cial astrology, by which he was seduced to cause the murder of his brother John, and commit other crimes ; killed in an insurrection of his people at Bannockburn- field 1488 University of Aberdeen found- ed by bishop Elphinstone... 1494 Battle of Flodden Field, where James IV. was slain, and his army, comprising the flower of the Scotch nobi- lity, was cut to pieces 1513 James V. established the court ofSession 1532 Order of St. Andrew, or the Thistle, revived 1540 Mary, afterwards queen of Scots, born Dec. 8 1542 Succeeded her father, James V., when but a few days old, Dec. 13 1542 Married the dauphin of France, afterwards Francis II , 1558 Francis II. died, leaving the young Mary a widow 1559 The Reformation took place in Scotland during the mino- rity of Marv, between 1550 and 1560 The Reformation consummat- ed by John Knox 1560 Mary, after an absence of 13 years, arrived at Leith from France Aug. 21, 1561 Upon an inquisition, which was officially taken by or- der of Queen Elizabeth, only 58 Scotsmen were found in London 1562 Mary married her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darn- ley July 27, 1565 David Rizzio, who had ob- tained the confidence and favour of Mary, and her secretary, was murdered by Darnley, in her presence, March 9, 1566 Lord Darnley blown up by gunpowder, in his house, Feb. 10, 1567 Mary accused of conniving at his death, either in resent- ment for the death of Rizzio, or to gratify an illicit passion for Bothwell ; James Hep- burn, earl ofBotkwell, seiz- ed on the person of the queen, who married him, May 15, 1567 Mary imprisoned by her nobles 1567 Her infant son crowned as James VI., and the earl of Murray appointed regent, July 22, 1567 Mary escaped from prison, and collected a large army, which was defeated by the regent Murray at the battle of Langside .." May 15, 1568 The carl of Lennox appoint- ed regent of the kingdom, July 12, 1570 SCO 600 SCO The earl of Mar chosen regent of Scotland Sept. 6, 1571 Death of the great reformer, John Knox Nov. 24, 1572 The university of Edinburgh founded ; . 1582 Mary, having taken refuge in England, was thrown into confinement by queen Eliza- beth, and after 18 years' cap- tivity, in different fortresses, was beheaded at Fotherin- gay castle Feb. 8, 1587 Gowrie's conspiracy 1600 Union of the crown of Scot- land with that of England, by the accession of James VI. to the throne of the latter kingdom March 24, 1603 Charles I. of England be- trayed by the Scottish ar- my into the hands of the English 1647 Marquis of Montrose put to death at Edinburgh 1650 Scotland united to the Eng- lish commonwealth by Oli- ver Cromwell 1651 The commonwealth destroy- ed, and royalty restored with Charles II. 1660 Assassination of Ai'chbishop Sharpe, who was dragged from his carriage near St. Andrew's, by a party headed by John Balfour of Burley, and despatched with swords in the presence of his daugh- . ter May 3, 1679 Eevolution in favour of Wil- liam III., and establish- ment of presbytery 1688 Massacre of the Macdonalds at Glencoe 1691 James II. of England, of the Stuart line, died in exile, Sept. 16, 1701 Union of Scotland with Eng- land, forming together the kingdom of Great Britain, May 1, 1707 Bebellion in Scotland in fa- vour of the son of king James II., called the Pre- tender 1715 The partisans of the Pretender defeated at the battle of Sheriffnruir 1715 Again defeated at the bat- tle of Preston Nov. 12, 1715 Captain Porteous hanged by the mob, on a dyer's pole, in the Grassmarket of Edinburgh Sept. 7, 1736 The last effort was made by the Stuart family to recover possession of their ancient kingdom ; the young Pre- tender gained the battle of Prestonpans Sept. 21, 1745 And Falkirk Jan. 18, 1746 Completely defeated at Cullo- den April 16, 1746 Lords Kilmarnock and Bai- rn erino executed for high treason on Tower-hill, Aug. 18, 1746 The Highland dress prohibit- ed by act of parliament; the act was afterwards re- pealed 1746 Simon Fraser, lord Lovat, executed at the age of 80, April 9, 1747 The Old Pretender, the "Chevalier de St. George," died at Rome, in his 88th year Dec. 30, 1765 Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, died at Rome, March 3, 1788 Cardinal York, the last of the Stuart race, died Aug. 19, 1807 The Court of Session divided 1807 The establishment of a Jury Court under a chief com- missioner 1815 Visit of George IV. to Scot- land Aug., 1822 Seven ministers of Strath- bogie deposed by the Gene- ral Assembly of the Church of Scotland, for obeying the civil before the ecclesiastical law May 28, 1841 This deposition protested against by the minority of ministers. The General Assembly by a great majority condemned SCO 601 SCO church patronage as a griev- ance to religion ...May 23, 1842 Queen Victoria and her con- sort visited Scotland, Sept. 1, 1842. The Queen embarked for Woolwich Sept. 13, 1842 Secession of the non-intrusion ministers of the Church of Scotland, about one-third of the whole, at the General Assembly May 18, 1843 The sovereigns of Scotland, as is the case with most nations in times of barbarism, claim an antiquity almost equal to the Irish, who talk of their alliance with Pharaoh of Egypt, in the time of Moses ; the Scotch reckon sovereigns many centuries before the Christian era, no doubt to rival the legend of Bruti in Eng- land. The following list from 404, is sufficiently early for the present purpose. Sovereigns of Scotland : — Fergus : killed fighting against the Romans 404 Eugenius or Evenus, son of Eergus : who reigned 31 years 420 Dongardus, brother of Euge- nius : drowned 451 ConstantineL, brother of Don- gardus, assassinated by Du- gal, whose daughter he had deflowered 457 Congallus I., nephew of Con- stantine 479 Goranus, brother of Congal- lus : murdered 501 Eugenius III. : succeeded Go- ranus 535 Congallus II., brother of Eu- genius III 558 Kinnatellus, brother of Con- gallus 569 Aidanus or Aldan, son of Goranus 570 Kenneth or Kennett I., son of Congallus II. : reigned one year 605 Eugenius IV., son of Aidanus 606 Eerchard or Ferquhard, son of the last : confined for mis- deeds to his palace, where he laid violent hands upon himself 621 Donald IV., brother of Eer- chard : drowned in Loch- Tay ., 632 Eerchard II., son of Ferchard I., " the most execrable of kings : " died from the bite of a mad wolf 646 Malduinus, son of Donald IV. : strangled by his wife for his supposed infidelity, for which crime she was imme- diately burnt 664 Eugenius V., brother of Mal- duinus 684 Eugenius VI., son of Fer- chard II 688 Amberkeletus, his nephew : fell by an arrow from an unknown hand 698 Eugenius VII., his brother : some ruffians, designing the king's murder, entered his chamber, and, he being ab- sent, stabbed his queen, Spontana 699 Mordachus, son of Amber- keletus 715 Etfinus, son of Eugenius VII. 730 Eugenius VIII., son of Mor- dachus : put to death by his nobles, and his parasites strangled 761 Fergus III., son of Etfinus : killed by his queen in a fit of jealousy: she immediately afterwards stabbed herself 764 Solvathius, son of Eugenius VIII 767 Achaius 787 Congallus III 819 Dongal or Dougal, son of Solvathius : drowned in the Spey 824 Alpine, son of Achaius : ta- ken prisoner and beheaded, with many of his nobles, by the Picts 831 Kenneth II., son of Alpinus, and surnamed MacAlpine : defeated the Picts, and slew their king ; united the Picts and Scots under one sceptre, SCO 602 SCO and became the first sole monarch of all Scotland, 843 834 Donald V., brother of Ken- neth : dethroned, and termi- nated an inglorious reign in prison, dying by his own hand 854 Constantine II. , son of Ken- neth : taken in battle by the Danes, and beheaded 858 Eth or Ethus, surnamed Light- foot : died of grief in prison, having been thrown into confinement 874 Gregory, called the Great : distinguished for his bra- very and justice 876 Donald VI., second son of Constantine 893 Constantine III., son of Ethus : resigned in favour of Malcolm, and retired to a monastery 904 Malcolm I., son of Donald VI. , treacherously murdered in Moray 944 Indulfus or Gondulph : kill- ed by the Danes in an am- buscade 953 Duff, or Duffus, son of Mal- colm : murdered by Donald, governor of Forres castle... 961 Culien or Cullenus, son of In- dulfus, avenged the murder of his predecessor : assassi- nated at Methven by a thane whose daughter he had dis- honoured 965 Kenneth III., brother of Duf- fus : murdered by Fenella, the lady of Fettercairn 970 Constantine IV., son of Cul- lenus: usurped the throne 994 Grimus or the Grim, son of Duffus : routed and slain in battle by Malcolm, the right- ful heir to the crown, who succeeded 995 Malcolm II., son of Kenneth III., assassinated on his way to Glamis ; the assas- sins in their flight crossing a frozen lake, were drowned by the ice giving way ; Mal- colm succeeded by his grand- son 1003 Duncan I. : assassinated by his cousin Macbeth, who as- cended the throne 1033 Macbeth, usurper and tyrant : slain by Macduff, the thane of Fife, and the rightful heir succeeded 1039 N.B. — Up to this reign, in the number of kings, the succession, and the circumstances narrated, no account can be taken as accu- rate. Malcolm III. (Cean-Mohr or Canmore), son of Duncan : killed while besieging Aln- wick Castle 1057 Donald VII., or Donald Bane, brother of Malcolm, usurp- ed the throne : fled to the Hebrides 1093 Duncan II., natural son of Malcolm : mux dere d 1 094 Donald Bane, again : depo- sed 1094 Edgar, son of Malcolm, right- ful heir ; Henry I. of Eng- land married his sister Maud, who had taken the vows, but not the veil 1098 Alexander, surnamed the Fierce, brother of Edgar ... 1107 David, brother of the two preceding kings 1142 Malcolm II., grandson to Da- vid 1153 William the Lion . . 1165 Alexander II., son of William, married to Joan, daughter of John, king of England... 1214 Alexander III. married Mar- garet, daughter of Henry III. king of England, and broke his neck hunting 1249 Margaret, the maid of Norway ; grand-daughter of Alexan- der III., died on her pas- sage to Scotland when a child, 1285; thence arose the dispute about the succes- sion, which was decided by Edward I. of England in fa- vour of John Baliol, 1292 ; after an interregnum, Robert SCO 603 SCO (Bruce) I. mounted the throne, 1306; overcame the feeble Edward II. of Eng- land at Bannockburn, 1314 ; David (Bruce) II., son of Bobert, with whom Edward Baliol disputed the crown 1329 Edward Baliol, son of John, resigned 1332 David II. again ; eleven years a prisoner in England ; suc- ceeded by his nephew 1342 Bobert (Stuart) II. ; succeed- ed by his son 1371 Bobert III., whose proper name was John, changed on his accession 1390 James I., second son of the preceding ; imprisoned 18 years in England ; set at lib- erty in 1423 ; assassinated in his bed-chamber, Feb. 21, 1437-8 1406 James II., son of James I., whom he succeeded when 7 years of age ; killed at the siege of Boxburgh Castle by a cannon bursting 1437 James III. succeeded his fa- ther ; killed in a revolt of his subjects, at Bannock- burn field 1460 James IV. married Marga- ret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII. of England; killed at the battle of Flod- den 1513 James V., son of the last king, succeeded when little more than a year old 1513 Mary, daughter of James V., succeeded in her infancy ; put to death in England ... 1542 James VI., son of Mary ; in 1603, on the death of Queen Elizabeth, he succeeded to the throne of England, and the kingdoms became united 1567 Scotland, Ecclesiastical Statistics of, 1853 ; the following is a list of the different sects in Scotland, and their congregations : — Established Churches 956 Parliamentary Churches 3S I Chapels, or unendowed churches in connection with the Established Church ... 183 Free Church 766 Chapels or stations in con- nection with the Free Church 107 United Presbyterian Church 448 Original Secession Church... 24 The Beformed Presbvterian Church 40 Congregational Church 98 Do., not in connection with the Union 46 Evangelical Union 10 Wesleyan Methodists 29 Baptist Church 96 Scottish Episcopal Church... 186 Episcopal Churches not in connection with do 15 Boman Catholic Chapels 92 Total 3084 The number of churches en- dowed (including the Par- liamentary Churches) is ... 994 Churches and Chapels not en- dowed 2090 Scotland, General Beturn of Schools and Endowments, 1820: — Population (1811) ...1,805,688 No return of Poor . . . Parochial Schools ... 942 (With 54,161 scho- lars, and a revenue of £20,611) Endowed Schools 212 (With 10,177 scho- lars, an d a revenue of £13,679) Unendowed Day Schools 2479 With Scholars 112,187 Sunday Schools 807 With Scholars 93,443 Scott, Sir Walter, list of his works, with the date of each as published; Goetz of Berlichingen, with the Iron Hand, a tragedy, translated from the German, 1799 ; Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border^ vols. 1 and 2, printed by Ballantyne at Kelso, 1802; Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, vol. 3, 1803 ; Sir Tristram of Ereildoune, 1804 ; Lay of the Last Minstrel, 1805; Mc- SCO 604 SEA moirs of Sir Hemy Slingsby, Ballads and Lyrical Pieces, 1806; Dry den's Works and Life, Marmion, Captain George Carleton's Me- moirs, Strutt's Queen-hoo Hall, a romance, Ancient Times, a drama, 1808 ; Sir Ralph Sadler's State Pa- pers and Letters, Lord Somers' Collection of Tracts (completed in 1812 ) ;' Memoirs of Sir Robert Carey, 1809 ; Lady of the Lake, Miss Se- ward's Poetical Works, 1810; The Vision of Don Roderick, Secret History of the Court of King James I., 1811 ; Rokeby, 1813 ; Swift's Works and Life, Lord of the Isles, Border Antiquities, Illustrations of Northern Antiqui- ties, published by Mr. Jameson, Waverley, 1814 ; Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolks, The Field of Water- loo, Guy Mannering, 1815; Anti- quary, Tales of My Landlord, 1st series, Black Dwarf, Old Mor- tality, and the Edinburgh Annual Register (historical department) for 1814, 1816; Edinburgh Annual Register for 1815, 1817; Tales of My Landlord, 2nd series, Heart of Mid-Lothian, Rob Roy, Communi- cations to Mr. Jameson's edition of Captain Burt's Letters, 1818 ; Pro- vincial Antiquities, Account of the Regalia of Scotland, Tales of My Landlord, 3rd series, Bride of Lammermuir and Legend of Mon- trose, 1819; Trivial Poems and Triolets, by P. Carey, Ivanhoe, Monastery, Abbot, The Visionary, Miscellaneous Poems, including Harold the Dauntless, and Bridal of Triermain (formerly published anonymously), now forming volume X. of his Poetical Works, 1820; Kenilworth, 1821; Fortunes of Nigel ; The Pirate ; Halidon Hill, a Dramatic Sketch ; Gwynne's Memoirs of the Great Civil War, 1653-4, 1822 ; Peveril of the Peak, Quentin Durward, 1823; St. Ro- nan's Well, Redgauntlet, 1824; Tales of the Crusaders, the Be- trothed, the Talisman, 1835; Wood- stock, Letters from Malachi Malagrowther, 1826; Chronicles of the Canongate, 1st series, The Two Drovers, Highland Widow, Sur- geon's Daughter, Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, Tales of a Grandfather, 1st series, Preface to Memoirs of La Rochejacquelin, for Constable's Miscellany, a republication of the Lives of Dryden and Swift, Bio- graphical and Critical Notices of eminent Novelists, Memoirs of Sir R. Sadler, Miss Seward, Dr. Ley- den, Duke of Buccleuch; Lord Sommerville, King George III., Lord Byron, Duke of York, Essays on Chivalry, Romance, and the Drama (originally published in Supplement to Encyclopedia Britan- nica), and Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk, &c, 1827 ; Chronicles of the Canongate, 2nd series, St. Valen- tine's Day, or the Fair Maid of Perth ; Two Religious Discourses, Tales of a Grandfather, 2nd Series, Anne of Geierstein, Waverley, with corrections, additions, and illustra- tive Notes. 190 vols. Scriptures 'ordered to be read in the monasteries of Great Britain, 746. Scullabogue, Massacre of, in Ireland, during the rebellion of 1798 ; 184 men, women, and child- ren having sought refuge in a barn, it was set on fire, and, attempting to escape, they were shot, or killed with pikes, June 4, 1798. Scutage, the first tax levied in England to pay an army, by Henry II., 1159. Scutari, near Constantinople, 3000 houses at, wholly destroyed by fire, Aug. 12, 1797. Sea Horse Transport, wrecked in Tramore Bay, Ireland, and 365 persons drowned, being principally soldiers of the 59th regiment, Jan. 30, 1816. Seals not greatly in use in Sax- on times, they signing parchment documents with a cross, and impres- sions upon lead being affixed ; seal- ing deeds and writs practised in England, 1048 ; until the time of William I., the name was written, adding the sign of the cross ; arms SED 605 SEP used about this time, introduced upon seals ; the most ancient seal with arms on it is that of Richard I. Wax was first used, suspended at the bottom of the deed, about 1213 ; sealing-wax for letters came into use abont 1556 ; great seal of Eng- land stolen, 1784. Seas, the Sovereignty of England over the, supported by Selden, and measures taken in consequence, 8 Charles L, 1633 ; Russia and the northern powers armed to avoid search, 1780 ; again, 1800. Seamen's Wages advanced by Parliament, May 9, 1797, in conse- quence of the mutiny at Spithead. Seamen's Widows' Corporation founded, Oct. 13, 1732. Secretaries of State first ap- pointed in England in the reign of Henry III. ; two appointed in the reign of Henry VIII., Lord Crom- well and Cardinal Wolsey, 1529-30. Sects, Religious, in the world ; calculated at 373 at the end of the last century, but at present much more numerous, all differing very widely from each other, some as far as the poles asunder, independently of the grand divisions ; thus the Jews are between 2 and 3,000,000, say, Jews 2,500,000 Christians 200,000,000 Mahometans 175,000,000 Idolaters, &c 650,000,000 These ramify into numerous petty sects, commencing in the first cen- tury of Christianity. See Religious Sects. Security of the King's Person, act passed for, 1703; amended, 1785. Sedan Chairs, so called from Se- dan in France, where they were first made ; seen in England in 1581 ; one used in the reign of James I. by his profligate favourite Buckingham, against which the public exclaimed ; in fashion in London, 1634 ; in general use, 1649 ; Sir Francis Duncomb had a patent to let out, sell, or hire any number for his sole profit for 14 years. Sedgmoor, Battle of, July 5, 1685 in which the duke of Mon- mouth was defeated by the royal ar- my, and soon afterwards put to death. Sedition Bill, passed Dec. 1795 ; seditious societies suppressed by an act, June 1797 ; again in 1817 ; in Ireland, proclamations against seditious meetings, published at different times, down to 1848. Seizures at the Custom-house, London, to the extent of £26,000 in 1742. Seidlitz, Battle of, in Poland, between the Poles and their Rus sian tyrants ; the former obtained the victory, making 6000 prisoners, April 10, 1831. Selby and Leeds Railway opened, Sept. 22, 1834. Semper eadem, used as the motto for the arms of England, Dec. 13, 1702. Semincas, Battle of, between the Moors and Romirey, king of Leon and the Asturias : it is said by Spanish historians, that 80,000 of the infidels were slain 938. Senate House, Dublin, destroyed by fire, Feb. 28, 1792. Senegal taken from the French by the English, May 1, 1758. Seneschal, an officer of the royal household in France, esteemed a place of high honour and trust, 1059. Sengenneth Castle, Glamorgan- shire, built by Edward I., 1296. Septembriens, the name given to the assassins among the Parisian mob on Sept. 2> 1792, who broke open the prisons, and slaughtered their inmates indiscriminately. Septuagint Version of the Bible found in a cask, 217 ; reported by Justin Martyr to have been exe- cuted by 72 translators, shut up in 36 cells, and that, on comparison, none of the 36 copies varied a word or letter. St. Jerome states that those translators translated the Pentateuch, or law of Moses, only. The translation is said to have been nished in 72 days. Septennial Parliaments :'the sit- ting of parliaments was once in two years, in the reign of Edward I. ; SER 606 SE V the sitting was annual, 4 Edward III. to 16 Charles I., when three years was to be the duration ; the triennial act was confirmed, 1688, by 6 William and Mary, and con- tinued until 1715, when the minis- ter made the invasion of the Pre- tender an excuse for extending them to seven years, which rendered his management of them more easy ; the value of this latter term to the minister, has caused the innovation to be since retained. Sepulchre, St., Order of, insti- tuted about 1104. Seraphim, order of knighthood began in Sweden, 1334. Serapis and Isis, Temple of, re- stored after the death of Cassar; demolished by the Goths, 455. Seringapatam, Battle of, between the English and Tippoo Saib, May 15, 1791, the former being defeated ; redoubts of the city stormed by Lord Corn wallis, Eeb. 6, 1792 ; preliminaries of peace signed, Tippoo surrendering half the My- sore, and paying £3,300,000, with his two sons as hostages : war against, again, 1799 ; the city storm- ed by General Baird, May 4, when Tippoo fell, fighting valiantly for his capital. Sergeants at Law, their coif in- troduced, it is said, to conceal the tonsure of such among them as were renegade clergymen, about 1259. Servants, Male, in the United Kingdom, 1831, 211,966 ; in 1841, 529,231 ; of these last 163,657 were domestic servants of above twenty years of age ; — the female servants, 1831, were 74 in every 1000 females : total, 923,646 ; in 1841, they were 1,162,448, or 85 in every 1000 fe- males ; tax on, first laid on male, 1777 ; increased 1781, 1785, 1796-7, and 1808 ; tax imposed by Pitt on female servants, 1785 ; repealed, 1792 ; revenue from, 1830, £250,000 per annum ; in 1840 fell to £201,482; in 1812, 37,339 persons kept 1 ser- vant ; in 1849, 54,625 persons ; in 1812, 13,032 persons kept 2 ser- vants ; in 1849, 18,322; in 1812, 10,008 persons kept 3 servants ; in 1849, 12,258; in 1812, 4944 persons kept 11 servants and upwards ; in 1849, 5424 ; from 1812 to 1821 there was a diminution, 1812 giving a total of 86,093 ; 1821, 85,757 only, Erom this time the numbers increas- ed decennially, 1831, 101,808 ; 1841, 110,849 ; 1849, 112,543 : no tax on servants in Ireland. Servants' Wages taxed, 1695. Servants, Male, cost of, £60 per annum each ; women servants, board and wages, £35 ; cost of do- mestic servants in England, 1841, £38,222,620. Servetus burned at Geneva at Calvin's instigation, 1553. Session, Lords of, in Scotland, appointed by James I., 1425 ; put aside, 1502; re-constituted, 1532; court of session reinstated in Edin- burgh, 1746. Session courts appointed to be held quarterly in England, 2 Henry V., 1413; times for, regulated by 1 William IV., 1831. Sethians, a sect which contended that Seth was the true Christ, 190. Settlement of the Crown exclud- ing Catholics, passed 1 William and Mary, 1689; also the act so called, by which the crown is con- firmed to the existing family, June 12, 1701 ; Irish act of settle- ment passed, 1662; repealed, 1689. Seventh-day Baptists, the same sect with the Sabbatarians. Severn, the river, turned from its old channel by a landslip, crossing the current near Buildwas, Shopshire, 1681. Severus, Wall of, built across the island, from the river Tyne to Bowness, on the Solway Erith, 74 miles, to exclude the northern bar- barians ; it was a grand work, completed 209. Seville, the capital of Andalusia, in Spain, peace concluded at, be- tween Erance and Spain, Nov. 9, 1729 ; surrendered to the French, Eeb. 1810 ; taken by Wellington, Aug. 27, 1812 ; custom-house of, destroyed by fire, May 7, 1792. SHA 607 SHE Sewers rate assessments on pro- perty in London city: — 1771 £457,701 1801 507,372 1831 792,904 In Westminster and adjacent parts of Middlesex, 1848... 2,788,190 Holbom, Finsbury, Shoreditch, and Norton Folgate... 1,316,013 Tower Hamlets di- vision 888,596 St. Catherine's pre- cinct 12,964 Poplar 78,411 5,084,174 Sewdley Castle, Gloucestershire, built 1442. Sewin's Land, New Holland, discovered by the Dutch, 1622. Sewers, Metropolitan, receipts of, 1852, £132,999; expenditure, £122,098. Sextant revived by Tj r cho Brahe, at Uraniberg, isle of Huen, where he had his observatory, 1550 ; one be- longing to the Arab astronomers in 995, who are said to have had another of 45 feet radius. Seymour, Lady Jane — see Queen — married to Henry VIII., 1536, and died in childbed of Edward VI. Oct. 13, 1537. Shabbeare, Dr., set in the pillory at Charing Cross, Dec. 5, 1758 : he died 1788, a turbulent polemic. Shadwell Water-works destroyed by fire in 1| hour, Dec. 1797 ; they raised 907 gallons per minute. Shaftsbury, Dorsetshire, built by Alfred the Great, 897 ; incorporated by Elizabeth. Shakspeare, William, born at Stratford-on-Avon, April 23, 1564, died on the anniversary of his birthday, 1616; jubilee in honour of, Sept. 6, 1769 ; his theatre in London, the Globe, consumed 1663 ; a festival in honour of the poet held at Stratford, April 23, 1836; the house in Stratford, in which many suppose he was born, sold to a committee for £3000, Sept. 16, 1847; monument to, erected in Westmin- ster Abbey, 1741. Shamrock, the Irish name for three leaved grass, said to have been adopted by St. Patrick as an em- blem of the Trinity, 432, whose festival is kept on March 17. Shannon river, Ireland, act to improve its navigation passed, Sept. 9, 1835 ; made navigable from Limerick to Lough Allen, 143 miles, so that steam-boats may na- vigate 190 miles upon its waters, 1849 ; cost £500,000. Shanes Castle, Ireland, in An- trim, burned down, May 15, 1816. Shap Monastery, Westmoreland, founded 1189. Shark, a silver watch and chain found in one, 1787 ; had belonged to a youth named Thompson, who fell overboard near Falmouth. Sharpe, Archbishop of St. An- drew's, Scotland, shot in his coach near St. Andrew's, May, 1671, by a party of those whom he had ag- grieved by his perfidy of conduct. Sharp, Grenville, the honoured philanthropist, who founded the first anti-slavery society in England, and was the primary champion of the opponents to that nefarious traffic ; died July, 1813. Shaving of Priests first intro- duced, 169. Sheen, William, tried for decapi- tating his child ; acquitted through a legal informality, Juty 14, 1827. Sheep, number of, in England and Wales, in 1800, 19,007,507, of which 14, 854, 299were short-woolled; in 1828, these had increased a-fifth ; in 1848, the whole number in Eng- land and Wales was 25,343,476 ; imported from Ireland in 1846, 1847, 184S, and 1849 respectivelv, 259,257; 324,179; 255,682, and 241,061; number of, in Scotland and Ireland, there are no accurate returns. Sheep, said to have been first imported into Spain from England, improving the southern breed, 1467; forbidden to be exported from Eng- land 1424, previously. SHE SHI Sheebness, stables of an inn took fire there, and two horses burned, Oct. 8, 1826 ; fifty-five houses burned down at, Jan. 16, 1830. Sheffield, increase of the popu- lation of, 1811, 53,231 ; 1821, 65,275; 1831, 91,692; 1841, 111,901; Cotton manufactory destroyed at, Feb. 16, 1792, and £40,000 damage done. Shellac, 1849, 1,640,272 lbs. im- ported from India. Shelbubne Administration ; the Earl of Shelburne became first lord of the treasury, and William Pitt, chancellor of the exchequer, on the death of the Marquis of Rockingham, July 1782 j went out of office for the " Coalition minis- try," April 1783. Shepherd, the notorious John, executed Nov. 16, 1724. Shebbbooke, the ship Lady, wrecked, with 300 emigrants, off the coast of Newfoundland ; only 7 saved, Sept. 18, 1831. Shebbobne Castle, Dorset, built, 1107. Shebbobne, Town of, made a bishop's see from Winchester, Jan. 705 ; united to Wilton, 1071 ; both translated to Old Sarum, and then to Salisbury, 1218 ; church rebuilt between 1459 and 1504. Shebidan, Richard Brinsley, died 1816 ; honoured with a public funeral, July 11, 1816. Shebiffs of Counties first no- minated by William the Conqueror, 1079; first appointed in London, 1189 ; present mode followed in choosing since 1461 ; anciently ladies might be sheriffs; in 1414, there were not persons of sufficient respectability to fill the office, owing to the wars ; fifty sheriffs of London appointed in one day, 35 of* whom paid fines to be excused, July 2, 1734. Shebiffs of Dublin, first styled bailiffs, appointed in 1308 ; named sheriffs temp. Edward VI., 1548. Shebiffmuib, Battle of, between the Duke of Argyle and the Scotch rebels, in favour of the Pretender, under the Earl of Mar, Nov. 12, 1715 ; a number of persons of rank were made prisoners. Shebbard, William, founded a botanic professorship, at Oxford, 1720. Shetland Isles, nineteen fishing boats of, lost, with 111 fishermen, Oct. 13, 1832. Shillings" first coined in England, 1503 or 1505, temp. Henry VII. ; the value of the ancient Saxon coin of that name was 5d. After the conquest the Erench solid us, of 12 pence, from Normandy, got that name. Shilling, the Irish, value nine- pence, coined 1560, current at 12d. ; a base coinage in England for the service of Ireland. Ship, order of knighthood, began, 1252. Ship and Double Crescent, order of knighthood, began in France, 1269. Shipbuilding, art of, attributed to the Egyptians as the first inven- tors; the first ship (probably a galley) being brought from Egypt to Greece by Darius, 1485 b. c. — The first ship of 800 tons was built in England, 1597. — A first- rate man of war requires about 60,000 cubic feet of timber, and uses 180,000 lb. of rough hemp in the cordage and sails for it. The ground on which the timber for a 74 gun ship would require to grow, would be 14 acres ; it requires 3000 loads of timber, each load containing 50 cubical feet ; 1500 well-grown trees, of two loads each, will cover 14 acres, at 20 feet asunder ; 3000 loads of rough oak, at 2s. per foot, or £5 per load, will cost £15,000 : the Great Harry, built in England 1509, of 1000 tons burthen, cost £14,000. Before this vessel was built, there were none of more than 26 guns : port- holes were a French invention, at Brest, first adopted 1500 : in 1805, the cost of building a ship of 74 guns, and of 1706 tons burthen, waa £62,430, or £36 : 11 : 3 per ton ; in SHI 609 SHI 1836, it was only £44,748, or £26 : 4 : 7 per ton. Shipping first registered in the Thames, 1788. Shipping of the United Kingdom ; about 1750, the total British and Colonial shipping was no more than 500,000 tons; in 1830, the British empire possessed 23,721 commer- cial vessels; in 1840, 26,292; in 1830, the tonnage of the empire was 2,517,000 tons ; in 1840, it was 3,127,684 tons ; in 1849, the num- ber of vessels 34,090, tonnage 4,144,115. Shipping, British and Foreign, that entered England : — Ships. British. 1801 4,987 922,594 1810 5,154 896,001 1820 11,285 1,668,060 1830 13,548 2,180,042 1840 17,883 3,197,501 1849 23,646 4,884,210 The Irish and coasting trade not included in the above return : the foreign ships that entered the ports of Great Britain in the above years, in addition, were as follows : — Ships. Tons. 1801 5,497 780,155 1810 6,876 1,176,293 1820 3,472 447,611 1830 5,359 758,828 1840 10,198 1,460,294 1849 13,426 2,035,690 Shipping, French Mercantile, from 1820 to 1848, entered inwards : French Ships. Tons. 1820 3,730 335,942 1830 3,236 340,171 1840 7,474 658,378 1848... 8,313 919,096 the Foreign ships that entered the ports of France for the following years were : — Foreign Ships. Tons. 1820 4,337 354,556 1830 3,236 340,171 1840 17,770 1,822,884 1848 8,899 1,056,840 Shipping, Russian and. Foreign Commercial, entered inwards : — Foreign. Tons. 1830 832,626 124,110 1835 507,860 142,634 Shipping, registered in the Bri- tish Empire, on Jan. 1, 1840 i*- Country. Vessels. England 15,830. Scotland 3,318. Ireland 1,889. Guernsey, Jersey, and Man 633. British plantations 6,075. Tons. Seamen. .1,983,522 114,593 . 378,194 25,909 . 169,289 11,288 , 39,630 4,473 . 497,798 35,020 Ship-money extortedby Charles I., 1634; voted illegal, 1640; abolished, 1641 : he demanded of London 7 ships and 4000 men; Yorkshire, 2 ships of 600 tons, or £12,000 ; and a similar rate at other places. Shippen, Mr., sent to the Tower for speaking lightly of the speech of George I., Dec. 4, 1717. Shipwash, in Devonshire, burned, April 22, 1742. Shipwrecks, the number of ves- sels wrecked has been given, in the year 1800, at 365 per annum ; the total number of British commercial shipping being about 5000 ; in 1830, the number lost was stated to be 677, but this might have been an year of excess: in 1830, England possessed 13,548 vessels, and there- fore the different proportions exhibit what is due to our sea- manship in counteracting the ca- lamity. The following list and dates include some of the most remarkable shipwrecks on record : The Pietro Quirini, off the coast of Norway 1431 The Le Jacques, from Brazil, suffering horrible from famine 1558 Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in the Squirrel and Delight 1583 Fernando de Mendoza, in the Indian Ocean 1585 TheTobic, of London 1593 2b SHI 610 SHI The Francis Pyraud 1601 The Sea Venture on the Ber- mudas 1609 The New Horn, by fire 1619 The Mary, of London 1639 The William and John, of Ipswich 1648 The Speedwell frigate 1676 James II., while duke of York, in the Gloucester man-of-war off Yarmouth May 9, 1682 The De Grave East Indiaman, at Madagascar 1701 The Nottingham galley 1710 The Speedwell, at Juan Fer- nandez 1720 The Sussex East Indiaman, at Madagascar 1738 The Wager man of war, in the west of Patagonia 1741 The Inspector privateer; in the Bay of Tangier 1747 The Prince West Indiaman, by fire The Doddington, on a rock in the Indian Ocean 1755 The Duke William transport, 1758 The Lichfield man-of war, on the African coast 1758 The brig Tyrrel 1759 The famine and suffering in Dolphin sloop 1759 The Anne frigate 1760 The Utile, on Sandy Island, 1761 The Peggy, dreadful famine on board 1765 The St. Lawrence brigantine, at Cape Breton 1780 The Antelope packet 1783 The Thunderer, 74 guns; Stir- ling Castle, 64; Phoenix, 44; La Blanche, 42; Laurel, 28 ; Andromeda, 28 ; Deal Castle, 24 ; Scar- borough, 20 ; Barbadoes, 14 ; Cameleon, 14 ; Endea- vour, 14; and Victor, 10 guns ; all lost in the same storm, in the West Indies, in Oct., 1780 The General Barker, East Indiaman, off Scheveling Feb. 17, 1781 The Koyal a George (which see), when 1000 persons perished June 28, 1782 The Grosvenor Indiaman, on the coast of Caffraria Aug 4, 1782 The Swan sloop of war, off Waterford ; 130 persons drowned Aug. 4, 1782 The Ramilies, 74 guns, off Newfoundland ; 100 souls perished Sept. 21, 1782 The Hector frigate, in the Atlantic ocean ; 150 perish- ed Oct. 5, 1782 The Ville de Paris, of 110 guns, one of Admiral Rod- ney's prizes, the Glorieux, Centaur, and Ramilies, of 74 guns each, all lost in the West Indies Oct. 5, 1782 The Cato, Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, on the Malabar coast 1783 The Count Belgiosa India- man, off Dublin Bay; 147 souls perished... March 13, 1783 The Menai ferry-boat, in pas- sing the Strait ; 60 drowned Dec. 5, 1785 The Halsewell East India - man ; 100 persons perished Jan. 6, 1786 The Hartwell East Indiaman, with immense wealth on board ....May 24, 1787 The Charlemont Packet, from Holyhead to Dublin; 104 drowned Dec. 22, 1790 The Pandora frigate, on a reef of rocks ; 100 souls perished Aug. 28, 1791 The Union packet of Dover, lost off the port of Calais ; a similar occurrence had not happened for 105 years before Jan. 28, 1792 The Winterton East India- man ; many of the crew perished Aug. 20, 1792 The Boyne, by fire, at Spit- head; many perished (see Boyne) May 4, 1795 The Droits de 1' Homme British ship of the line, and Amazon frigate, lost off SHI 611 SHI Hodierne Bay ; many hun- dreds perished Jan. 14, 1797 The La Tribune frigate, off • Halifax; 300 souls perished Nov. 17, 1797 The Kesistance, blown up in the Straits of Banca, July 24, 1798 The Eoyal Charlotte East Indiaman; blown up at Culpee Aug. 1, 1798 The Proserpine frigate, in the river Elbe ; crew saved Eeb.l, 1799 The Nassau, 64 guns, on the Haak Bank ; 100 perished Oct. 25, 1799 The Ethalion frigate, 38 guns, on the coast of France Dec. 24, 1799 The Queen transport, on Tre- fusis Point ; 369 souls perished Jan. 14, 1800 The Mastiff gun-brig, lost on the Cockle Sands... Jan. 19, 1800 The Brazen, king's ship, near Newhaven ; 105 souls perished Jan. 25, 1800 The Eepulse, 64 guns, on the rocks off Ushant, March 12, 1800 The Danae, lost through a conspiracy, off Ushant March 14, 1800 The Queen Charlotte, 110 guns (which see); 700 souls perished March 16, 1800 The Queen East Indiaman, by fire, on the coast of Brazil July 9, 1800 The Marlborough, 74 guns, near Belle Isle ; crew saved Nov. 4, 1800 The Invincible, 74 guns, off Winterton ; 400 souls perished March 20, 1801 The Ambuscade (late French) frigate, in the Downs July 7, 1801 The Margate hoy, Margate, near Keculver ; 23 persons perished Feb. 10, 1802 The Assistance, 50 guns, off • Dunkirk ; crew saved March 29, 1802 The Bangalore East India- man, in the Indian Sea April 12, 1802 The Melville Dutch East Indiaman, off Dover Nov. 23, 1802 The Active West Indiaman, in Margate Eoads... Jan. 10, 1803 The Hindostan East India- man went to pieces on the Culvers. ; Jan. 11, 1803 The La Determined, 24 guns, in Jersey Eoads ; many drowned March 26, 1803 The Eesistance, 36 guns, off Cape St. Vincent, May 31, 1803 The Lady Hobart packet, on an island of ice ... June 28, 1803 The La Minerve frigate, 44 guns, grounded off Cher- bourg July 2, 1803 The Seine frigate, 44 guns, off Schelling, in Holland July 31, 1803 The Antelope, Captain Wil- son, off the Pelew Islands Aug. 9, 1803 The Victory Liverpool ship, at Liverpool ; 37 drowned Sept. 30, 1803 The Circe frigate, 32 guns, on the coast, near Yarmouth Nov. 16, 1803 The Nautilus East Indiaman, on the Ladrones...Nov. 18, 1803 The Fanny, in the Chinese Sea ; 46 souls perished Nov. 29, 1803 The Suffisante sloop of war, 16 guns, off Cork harbour Dec. 25, 1803 The Apollo frigate, on the coast of Portugal (see Apollo) April 2, 1804 The Cumberland packet, on the coast of Antigua Sept. 4, 1804 The Eomney, 50 guns, on the Haak Bank, in the Texel Nov. 18, 1804 The Venerable, 74 guns, at Torbay ; crew saved, less 8 men Nov. 24, 1804 The Tartarus, 74 guns, in Margate Koads ; crew saved Dec. 20, 18C4 SHI 612 SHI The Severn, 74 guns, on a rock, near Grouville, Dec. 21, 1804 The Doris frigate, on the Diamond Rock, Quiberon Bay Jan. 12, 1805 The Abergavenny East India- man, on the Bill of Port- land ; the captain and more than 300 persons, passen- gers and crew, perished Feb. 6, 1805 The Blanche frigate (first captured by the French) July 19, 1805 The Naias transport, on the coast of Newfoundland Oct. 23, 1805 The iEneas transport, off Newfoundland; 340 perished Oct. 23, 1805 The Aurora transport, on the Goodwin Sands ; 300 pe- rished Dec. 21, 1805 The Sidney king's ship, near Dampier's Straits, May 20, 1806 The King George packet, from Parkgate to Dublin, lost on the Hoyle Bank, 125 persons, passengers and crew, drowned Sept 21, 1806 The Athenienne, 64 guns, off Sardinia; 347 souls perished Oct. 20, 1806 The Glasgow packet, off Farm Island ; several drowned Nov. 17, 1806 The Felix, king's schooner, near Santander; 79 souls lost Jan. 22, 1807 The Ajax, by fire, off the island of Tenedos, 300 perished Feb. 14, 1807 The Blanche frigate, on the French coast ; many perish- ed March 9, 1807 The Ganges East Indiaman, off the Cape of Good Hope May 29, 1807 The Prince of Wales Park- gate packet and Rochdale transport, on Dunleary Point, near Dublin ; nearly 300 souls perished, Nor. 19, 1807 The Boreas man-of-Avar, upon the Hannois Rock, in the Channel Nov. 28, 3807 The Anson frigate, near the Land's -end; 125 persons drowned Dec. 29, 1807 The Agatha, near Memel; Lord Royston and others drowned April 7, 1808 The Astrea frigate, on the Anagada coast May 23, 1808 The Frith passage-boat, in the Frith of Dornock; 40 persons drowned, Aug 13, 1809 The Magicienne frigate : she ran aground at the Mau- ritius, 'and was abandoned and burnt by her crew Aug. 16, 1810 The Satellite sloop of war, 16 guns, upset, and all on board perished Dec. 14, 1810 The Minotaur, of 64 guns, wrecked on the Ha/ik Bank ; of 600 persons on board, about 480 were drowned Dec. 22, 1810 The Eliza, East India ship, on the coast of Dunkirk Dec. 27, 1810 The Pandora sloop of war, off Jutland ; 30 persons perished Feb. 13, 1811 The Amethyst frigate, of 36 guns, lost in the Sound Feb. 15, 1811 The Barham, of 74 guns, foundered on the coast of Corsica July 29, 1811 The Pomone frigate, on the Needle Rocks ; crew saved Oct. 14. 1811 The Saldanha frigate, on the Irish coast; 300 perished Dec.4, 1811 The St. George, of 98, and Defence, of 74 guns, stranded on the coast of Jutland, and all souls perished, except 16 seamen Dec. 24, 1811 The Manilla frigate, on the Haak Sand ; 130 persons perished Jan. 20, 1812 The British Queen packet, SHI 613 SHI from Ostend to Margate, wrecked on the Goodwin Sands, and all on board perished Dec. 17, 1814 The Bengal East Indiaman, lost in the East Indies Jan. 19. 1815 The Duchess of "Wellington, at Calcutta, by fire, Jan. 21, 1816 The Seahorse transport, near Tramore Bay ; 365 persons, chiefly soldiers of the 59th regiment, and most of the crew drowned Jan. 30, 1816 The Lord Melville and Boa- dicea transports, with several hundred of the 82nd regi- ment, lost near Kinsale, and almost all on board perished Jan. 31, 1816 The Harpooner transport, near Newfoundland ; 100 persons drowned, Nov. 10, 1816 The William and Mary packet, in the English Channel ; many passengers drowned Oct. 24, 1817 The Queen Charlotte East Indiaman, at Madras ; all on board perished, Oct. 24, 1818 The Ariel, in the Persian Gulf ; 79 souls perished March 18, 1820 The Earl of Moira, on the Burbo Bank, near Liver- pool ; 40 drowned, Aug. 8, 1821 The Blenden Hall, on Inacces- sible island; many perished July 23, 1821 The Juliana East Indiaman, on the Kentish Knock ; 40 drowned Dec. 26, 1821 The Thames Indiaman, off Beachy Head ; several drowned Feb. 3, 1822 The Drake, 10 guns, near Halifax ; several drowned June 20, 1822 The Ellesmere steam packet ; 11 souls perished... Dec. 14, 1822 The Alert Dublin and Liver- pool packet; 70 souls perished March 26, 1823 The Robert, from Dublin to Liverpool; 60 souls perished May 16, 1823 The Eanny, in Jersey Roads ; Lord Harley and many drowned Jan. 1, 1828 The Stirling steamer, on the Ardgower shore, Scotland Jan. 17, 1828 The Venus packet from Waterford to Dublin, near Gorey; 9 persons were drowned March 19, 1823 The Newry, from Newry to Quebec, with 360 passen- gers ; cast away near Bard- sey, and about 40 persons were drowned April 16, 1830 The St. George steam packet, wrecked off Douglas, Isle ofMan Nov. 19, 1830 The Rothesay Castle, near Beaumaris. (See Rothesay Castle) Aug. 17, 1831 The Lady Sherbrooke, from Londonderry to Quebec ; lost near Cape Ray; 273 souls perished, 32 only were saved Aug. 19, 1831 The Experiment, from Hull to Quebec ; wTecked near Calais April 15, 1832 The Earl of Wemyss, near Wells, Norfolk; the cabin filled, and 11 ladies and children were drowned ; all on deck escaped ... July 13, 1833 The Amphitrite ship, with female convicts to New South Wales ; lost on Bou- logne Sands; out of 131 persons 3 only were saved. (See Amphitrite) Aug. 30, 1833 The United Kingdom West Indiaman, with a rich cargo ; run down by the Queen of Scotland steamer off Northfleet, near Graves- end Oct. 15, 1833 The Waterwitch steamer, on the coast of Wexford ; 4 drowned Dec. 18, 1833 The Lady Munro, from Cal- cutta to Sydney ; of 90 per- sons on board, not more than 20 were saved, Jan. 9, 1834 SHI 614 SHI The Cameleon cutter, run down by the Castor frigate; 14 persons drowned ; the lieutenant of the Castor was dismissed the service Aug. 27, 1834 The Apollo steamer; run down by the Monarch, near Northfleet Sept. 9, 1837 The Killarney steamer, off Cork ; 29 persons perished Jan. 26, 1838 The Forfarshire steamer, from Hull to Dundee; 38 per- sons drowned. Owing to the courage of Grace Dar- ling and her father, 15 per- sons were saved ...Sept. 5, 1838 The Protector East Indiaman, at Bengal ; of 178 persons on board, 170 perished, Nov. 21, 1838 TheWilliamHuskisson steam- er, between Dublin and Liverpool ; 93 passengers saved by Captain Clegg, of the Huddersfield ...Jan. 11, 1840 The Poland from New York ; struck by lightning, May 16, 1840 The Lord William Bentinck, off Bombay ; 58 recruits, 20 officers, and 7 passen- gers perished ; the Lord Castlereagh also wrecked; most of her crew and pas- sengers lost June 17, 1840 H.M.S. Fairy, captain Hew- ett; sailed from Harwich on a surveying cruise, lost next day, in a gale off the coast of Norfolk ...Nov. 13, 1840 The City of Bristol steam- packet, 35 souls perished, Nov. 18, 1840 The Thames steamer, from Dublin to Liverpool, wreck- ed off St. Ives ; the captain, nearly the whole crew, and passengers lost. Of 61 persons three females and two men only were saved, Jan. 4, 1841 The Governor Fenner, from Liverpool for America ; run down off Holyhead by the Nottingham steamer, out of Dublin. Of 124 per- sons, crew and passengers, on board the former vessel, only the captain and mate were saved Feb. 19, 1841 The Amelia from London to Liverpool ; lost on the Heme Sand Feb. 26, 1841 The President steamer from New York to Liverpool, with many passengers on board ; sailed on March 11, and has never since been heard of March 13, 1841 The William Browne, by striking on the ice ; 16 pas- sengers who had been re- ceived into the long boat were thrown overboard by the crew to lighten her, April 19, 1841 The Isabella, from London to Quebec; struck through her bows by an iceberg, May 9, 1841 The Solway steamer, on her passage between Belfast and Port Carlisle ; crew saved Aug. 25, 1841 The Amanda, off Metis ; 29 passengers and 12 of the crew lost Sept. 26, 1841 The James Cooke of Limer- ick, from Sligo to Glasgow Nov. 21, 1841 The Viscount Melbourne, East Indiaman, Feb. 5, 1842 The MedoraWestlndia steam- packet, on Turk's Island, May 12, 1842 The Abercrombie Eobinson and Waterloo transports in Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope ; of 330 persons on board the latter vessel, 189 perished Aug. 28, 1842 The war steamer Spitfire, on the coast of Jamaica, Sept. 10, 1842 The Reliance East Indiaman, from China to London, off Merlemont, near Boulogne ; of 116 persons on board, 7onlysaved Nov. 13, 1842 SHI 615 SHO The Hamilton, on the Gun- fleet sands, near Harwich ; eleven of the crew perished Nov. 15, 1842 The Conqueror East India- man, homeward hound, near Boulogne ; of the crew and many families and pas- sengers, only one saved, Jan. 13, 1843 The Jessie Logan East In- diaman, homeward hound, on the Cornish coast ; many lives lost Jan. 16, 1843 The Queen Victoria East In- diaman, from Bomhay to Liverpool, off the Rodri- gues April 7, 1843 The Catharine trader, blown up off the Isle of Pines : most of the crew massacred by the natives, or after- wards drowned ...April 12, 1843 The Amelia Thompson, near Madras, part of crew saved, May 23, 1843 H.M.S. Fantome of 16 guns, off Montevideo ...June 25, 1843 The troop ship Albert, from Halifax, with the 64th re- giment on board, which was miraculously saved July 13, 1843 The Pegasus steam packet, from Leith, off the Eern islands ; of 59 persons, 7 only saved July 19, 1843 The Missouri United States steam frigate, by fire, Aug. 27, 1843 The Queen steamer, from Bristol, with many passen- gers on board ; nearly the whole saved Sept. 1, 1843 The Phoenix in a snow storm, off the coast of Newfound- land ; many lives lost, Nov. 26, 1843 H.M. frigate Wilberforce, on the coast of Africa... Feb. 2, 1844 The Elberfeldt iron steam- ship, from Brielle... Feb. 22, 1844 The Manchester steamer, from Hull to Hamburgh, with passengers, off the Vogel Sands, near Cuxhaven ; 30 lives lost June 16, 1844 The Margaret, Hull and Hamburgh steamer ; many lives lost Oct. 22, 1845 H.M. sloop of war Osprey, off New Zealand ...March 11, 1846 The Great Britain iron steam- ship. This stupendous ves- sel grounded in Dundrum bay, on the east coast of Ireland ; but was subse- quently got off, and. made voyages to Australia with great success Sept. 22, 1846 The John Lloyd, by collision, in the Irish sea; several lives lost Sept. 25, 1846 The West India mail packet, Tweed; 90 souls perished Feb. 19, 1847 The Exmouth emigrant ship, from Londonderry to Que- bec; of 240 persons on board, nearly all were drowned.. .....April 28, 1847 The Ocean Monarch, by fire, Aug. 24, 1848 The Caleb Grimshaw emi- grant ship, by fire ; 400 persons miraculously es- caped Nov. 12, 1849 The Royal Adelaide steamer, off Margate March 30, 1850 The Mary Florence, from London to Aden... June 3, 1850 The Orion steam ship, off Portpatrick June 18, 1850 Three Indiamen, the Man- chester, Ariadne, and Ne- riadne. July or August, date unknown ,. 1850 The Rosalind, from Quebec ; a number of the crew drowned Sept. 9, 1850. Shirts made of woollen, 1253. Shoes. — In the 9th and 10th centuries, the greatest princes of Eu- rope wore wooden shoes, or the upper part of leather and the sole of wood. In the reign of William Rufus, a great beau, named Robert, surnamed the Horned, used shoes with long sharp points, stuffed with tow, and twisted like a ram's horn. SHO 616 SHE The points continued to increase, till, in the reign of Richard II., they were of so enormous a length that they were tied to the knees with chains, sometimes of gold, some- timese of silver. The upper parts of these shoes in Chaucer's time, were cut in imitation of a church window. The high pointed shoes continued in fashion for three cen- turies, in spite of the bulls of the Popes, the decrees of councils, and the declamations of the clergy. At length the parliament of England interposed by an act, a.d. 1463, prohibiting the use of shoes or boots with peaks exceeding two inches in length, and prohibiting all shoe- makers from making them with longer peaks, under severe penal- ties. But even this was not suffi- cient ; it was necessary to pronounce the dreadful sentence of excommu- nication against all who wore shoes or boots. With points longer than two inches : they were to be cursed by the clergy, 1467. The present fashion of shoes was intro- duced in 1663, but the buckle was not used till 1670. Shoeing Horses first introduced into England 481. Shoplifting Act passed, 1699 ; since repealed. Shop Tax, levied first by Pitt in 1785; the commotion it caused forced its repeal, 1789. Shore, Jane, mistress of Ed- ward IV., no favourite of the clergy, and therefore made to do penance, 1483 ; she was imprisoned but restored to freedom by Richard III., 1484, when she married Thomas Highmore. Shoreham Suspension Bridge, opened May 2, 1833. Short-lived Administration, a term given to that of William Pulteney, Earl of Bath, which only lasted two days ; dissolved Feb. 12, 1746. Shoulder knots first worn in the reign of Charles II. Show, the Lord Mayor's of Lon- don, reft of old usages, its past sillinesses in modern eyes, have only left remaining in the present century that part: the poor men of the company to which the lord mayor belongs, habited in long gowns and close caps of the company's colour, bearing painted shields on their arms. So many of these head the show as there are years in the lord mayor's age. Their obsolete cos- tume and hobbling walk are sport for the unsedate, who from imper- fect tradition, year after year, are accustomed to call them old bache- lors. The numerous band of gen- tlemen ushers in velvet coats, wear- ing chains of gold and bearing white staves, is reduced to half a dozen full-dressed footmen, carrying um- brellas in their hands. Even the giants in Guildhall, placed on oc- tagon columns, to watch and ward the great east window, stand unre- cognized except in their gigantic capacity. Before the present giants inhabited Guildhall, there were two giants made only of wicker- work and pasteboard, put together with great art and ingenuity : and those original giants had the hon- our yearly to grace the lord mayor's show, being carried in great triumph in the time of the pageants ; and when that eminent annual service was over, remounted their old sta- tions in Guildhall, till, by reason of their very great age, old Time, with the help of a number of city rats and mice, had eaten up all their entrails. Until the reparation of Guildhall, in 1815, the present giants stood with the old clock and a balcony of iron-work between them, over the stairs leading from the hall to the courts of law and the council chamber. They are made of wood, and hollow within, and, from the method of joining and gluing the interior, are evi- dently of late construction ; too substantially built for the purpose of being either carried or drawn, or any way exhibited in the show of 1853. Shrewsbury, church of St. Chad, SIC 617 SIC destroyed by the tower falling, July 11, 1788 ; fire at, consumed 50 houses, April 1, 1774. Shrewsbury, Monastery of, built 1033 ; castle built, 1084. Shrewsbury, Battle of, between Henry Hotspur and Henry IV. Hotspur was slain and Henry wounded, 2300 gentlemen and 6000 private men fell, July 21, 1403. Shrove Tuesday, a feast of pan- cakes in Lent, when all sorts of wan- ton recreations were indulged, if the priest were obeyed, and hence came the carnival ; the festival is recognized as early as 1440. Sibyls or Sibyllas, women who delivered oracular speeches, sup- posed to be inspired by demons or spirits, consulted by the heathen world before the Christian era, 531 a,c. Subsequently some of the Christians committed forgeries in their own favour, and attributed them to the Sibyls, in order to draw towards them the attention of the Pagan world. Sick and wounded, and crowded seaman's incorporation, began June 24, 1747. Sicilian Vespers, the term given to a massacre of the French, on March 30, 1282, which began at Palermo; the inhabitants had con- ceived a bitter hatred against Charles of Anjou, and there was a conspiracy against him, which sud- denly came to a head by the acci- dent of a Frenchman insulting a bri- dal procession, and the Frenchman was at once stabbed, the populace rose to arms, and 200 of the French were instantly assassinated ; the flame of vengeance was kindled, and 8000 were put to death before they could stand on their defence, the sanctuary of the altar affording them no security. From Palermo the massacre spread throughout the island. Sicily, the Island of, first peo- pled from Italy, 1292 years before the Christian era; the Sicani and the Etruscans were supposed to be the first inhabitants of the island; the Carthaginians once possessed it, and the Gauls had colonies there ; it was held by a prince of Arragon, who formed a kingdom of it, sepa- rated from Italy about 1286. Syracuse founded a.c. 732 Gela founded 713 Arrival of the Messenians ... 668 Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigen- tum, put to death 552 Hippocrates becomes tyrant ofGela 496 Law of Petalism instituted... 466 Reign of Dionysius 405 Offended with the freedom of the philosopher Plato, the tyrant sold him for a slave 386 Plato ransomed by his friends 386 Damon and Pythias flourish 386 The sway of Timoleon 346 Usurpation of Agathocles ... 317 Defeat of Hamilcar 309 Pillage of the temples of Li- pari 304 The Romans arrived in Sicily 264 Agrigentum taken by the Romans 262 Palermo besieged by the Ro- mans 254 Archimedes flourished 236 The Romans took Syracuse, and made all Sicily a pro- vince 212 The Servile War began 135 Conquered by the Sara- cens a.d. 821 Palermo their capital, and the standard of Mahomet tri- umphant for 200 years. Driven out by a Norman prince, Roger I., son of Tancred, who took the title of count of Sicily 1080 Roger II. united Sicily with Naples, and is crowned king of the Two Sicilies ... 1130 Charles of Anjou, brother to St. Louis, king of France, conquered Naples and Si- cily, deposed the Norman princes, and made him- self king 1266 The French, becoming hated by the Sicilians, a massacre of the invaders took place, SIC 618 SID one Frenchman only escap- ing 1288 In the same year, Sicily seized by a fleet sent by the kings of Arragon, in Spain ; but Naples re- mained to the house of An- jou, which expired 1382 Jane, the sovereign, having left her crown to Louis, duke of Anjou, his preten- sions resisted by Charles Durazzo, cousin of Jane, who ascended the throne... 1386 Alphonsus, king of Arragon, took possession of Naples. . 1458 The kingdom of Naples and Sicily united to the Span- ish monarchy 1504 The tyranny of the Spaniards caused an insurrection in Naples, excited by Masa- niello, a fisherman, who, in fifteen days, raised two hundred thousand men ... 1647 Henry, duke of Guise, taking advantage of the commo- tions, procured himself to be proclaimed king ; but was, in a few days, deli- vered up to the Spaniards by his adherents 1647 Ceded to Victor, duke of Savoy, by the treaty of Utrecht 1713 Ceded by him to the emperor Charles VI., Sardinia being given to him as an equiva- lent 1720 The Spaniards having made themselves masters of both kingdoms, Charles, son of the king of Spain, ascend- ed the throne, with the ancient title renewed, of king of the two Sicilies 1734 Order of St. Januarius insti- tuted by king Charles 1738 The throne of Spain becom- ing vacant, Charles, the heir, vacated the throne of the Two Sicilies in favour of his brother Ferdinand, according to treaty 1759 Dreadful earthquake at Mes- sina, which destroyed 40,000 persons 1783 Naples preserved Sicily from the power of the French, through the British forces under Admiral Nelson 1799 Sicily occupied by a British force, under Lord William Bentinck 1803-4 The French invaded Naples, deposed kingFerdinandlV., and gave the crown of the Two Sicilies to Joseph Bonaparte, brother to the emperor of the French ... 1806 Joachim Murat raised to the throne of Naples 1808 Ferdinand restored 1815 Ineffectual attempt of the Sicilians to limit the royal prerogative, caused much Woodshed at Palermo and other towns 1820 SOVEREIGNS OF THIS ISLAND. Victor Amadetis, duke of Savoy ; he resigned it to the emperor Charles VI., in 1718, and got Sardinia in lieu of it 1713 Charles VI. emperor 1718 Charles, second son to the king of Spain, resigned in 1759 1734 Ferdinand IV., third son of the former king 1759 Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte 1806 Joachim Murat shot, Oct. 13, 1815 1808 Ferdinand I. ; formerly Fer- dinand IV. of Naples, and intermediately Ferdinand III. of Sicily : now of the united kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1815 Francis 1 1825 Ferdinand II Nov. 8, 1830 Sidon, an ancient and well- known town of Syria, recently taken from the Pacha of Egypt by the Turks, assisted by a British force under Admiral Stopford, Sept. 27, 1840. Side Saddles first used in Eng- land in 1399. Sidney, Algernon, the celebrated SIE 619 SIE patriot, put to death by Charles II., Dec. 7, 1683, under pretence of being concerned in the plot for which Lord William Eussell also suffered. Sidney, Sir Philip, killed at Zutphen, Sept. 22, 1586. Sidney, Maroon Negroes con- veyed there from Jamaica, 1792; the governor, Sir Charles McCar- thy, embarked for Cape Coast Castle, owing to a war with the Ashantees, and was killed in battle with them, Jan. 21, 1824; revenue of the colony, 1832, £9697 from colonial duties ; ,£7050 grant from England; population 1833, 29,764; between 1819 and 1833, the number of emancipated slaves was 27,697 ; the captured slaves in 8 years, be- tween 1819 and 1826, were 9502 in number. Sieges, Memorable; — Acre, 1192, by the commanders under Richard I. ; 1799, by Bonaparte, who had no artillery, it being taken at sea, was baffled by Sir Sidney Smith and his seamen, who aided the Turkish garrison in its defence ; by the British naval forces under Ad- miral Stopford and Sir Charles Napier, Nov. 3, 1840, when it was battered and stormed; Algesiras, 1341 ; Algiers reduced by Blake ; bombarded by the French, 1691 ; by Lord Exmouth 1816; surren- dered to the French, July 5, 1830 ; the Dey deposed ; Almeida, Spain, Aug. 27, 1810; Amiens, 1597; Ancona, 1799; Angouleme, 1345 ; Antwerp, 1576 ; use of infernal machines, 1583, 1585, 1706, 1792, 1814; Arras, 1414; Ath, 1745; Avignon, 1226 ; Azoff, 1736 ; Ba- dajoz, March 11, 1811; besieged by Wellington ; siege raised ; again raised, June 9; taken, April 6, 1812 ; Bagdad, 1248; Banbury, Oct. 27, 1642 ; Bangalore, March 6, 1791 ; Barcelona, 1697, 1714; Bayonne, 1451 ; Beauvais, 1472 ; Belgrade, 1439, 1455, 1521, 1688, 1717, 1739, 1789; Bellegarde, 1793, 1794; Belle-Isle, April 7, 1761 ; Bergen - op-Zoom, 1588, 1622, 1747, 1814 ; Berwick, 1293; Besancon, 1668, 1674 ; Bethune, 1710 ; Bois-le-Duc, 1603,1794; Bologna, 1512,1796; Bommel, 1794; Bonifacio, 1553; Bonn. 1587, 1689, 1703 ; Bordeaux, 1451, 1653 ; Bouchain, 1676, 1711 ; Boulogne, 1445; Brannau, 1744, 1805; Breda, 1590, 1625, 1793; Brescia, 1512, 1796, 1799 ; Breslau, Jan, 8, 1807; Brisac, 1638, 1703; Brussels 1695, 1746; Buda, 1526, 1541, 1686; Burgos, Sept. 19, to Oct. 22, 1812, by Wellington un- successfully; the French in their retreat blew up the works, June 13, 1813; Cadiz, 1812; Caen, 1346, 1450; Calais, 1347; cannon used at Cressy, 1346, and here in 1347 ; here in 1388, 1558, 1596; Calvi, 1794; Campo-Mayor, March 23, 1811 ; Candia, the largest cannon used here by the Turks, 1667 ; Ca- pua, 1501 ; Carthagena, 1706 ; Castillon, 1452, 1586 ; Ceuta, 1790 ; Chalons, 1199 ; Chaleroi, 1672, 1677, 1693, 1736, 1794 ; Chartres, 1568, 1591; Chaves, March 25, 1809; Cherburgh, 1450; Chichester, 1643; Chinchilla, Oct. 30, 1812; Ciudad Roderigo, 1706; July 10, 1810; July 19, 1812; Colburg, 1760, 1807 ; Colchester, 1645 ; Compeigne "by Joan of Arc, 1430 ; Conde, 1676, 1792, 1794; Coni, 1691, 1744 ; Constantinople, 1453 ; Copenhagen, 1700, 1801, 1807; Corfu, 1715 ; Coutray, 1302, 1794 ; Cracow, 1772 ; Cremona, 1702 ; Dantzic, 1734, 1793, 1807, 1813 to Jan. 12, 1814 ; Dendermonde, 1667; Dole, 1668, 1674; Douay, 1710; Dover, 1216 ; Dresden, 1745, 1813 ; Drogheda, 1649; Dublin, 1500; Dunkirk, 1646, 1793; Edinburgh, 1093; Figueras, Aug. 19, 1811; Flushing, Aug. 15, 1809; Fonte- noy, 1242 : Frederickshal, — Charles XII. killed, 1718; Frederickstein, Aug. 13, 1814; Furnes, 1675, 1744, 1793; Gaeta, 1433, 1707, 1734, 1799, July 1806, 1815; Genoa, 1747, 1800 ; Gerona, Dec. 10, 1809 ; Ghent, 1576, 1708 ; Gibraltar, 1704, 1779, 1782 ; Glatz, 1742, 1807 ; Gottingen, 1760 ; Grantham, 1643 ; Graves, 1602, 1674, 1794; Grave- SIE 620 SIL lines, 1644; Grenada, 1491, 1492; Groningen, 1580, 1672, 1795; Guastella, 1702; Gueldres, 1637, 1640, 1703 ; Haerlem, 1572, 1573 ; Ham, 1411; Harfleur, 1415, 1450; Heidelberg, 1688 ; Herat, June 28, 1838; Huningen, 1815; Ismael, Suwarrow butchered 30,000 men, the brave garrison, and 6000 women, in cold blood, whence he got the name of the butcher of Ismael, Dec. 22, 1790; Kehl, 1733, 1796; Landau, 1702, 1713, 1792 and 1793 ; Landrecis, 1543, 1712 ; Laon, 991, 1594; Leipsic, 1637, 1813; Lem- berg, 1704; Lerida, 1647, 1707, 1807; Leyden, 1574; Liege, 1468, 1702; Lille, 1667, 1708, 1792; Lillo, 1747 ; Limerick, 1651, 1691 ; Lincoln, June 1692 ; Londonderry, 1689: Louisberg, 1758; Lyons, 1793; Maestricht, 1576, 1673, whei-e Vauban first distinguished himself as an engineer, 1676, 1743, 1794; Magdeburg, 1631, 1806; Malaga, 1487 ; Malta, 1565, 1798, 1800 ; Mantua, 1734, 1797, 1799 ; Marlborough, Oct. 27, 1642; Marseilles, 1544; Mentz, attacked by Charles V., 1552; 1689, 1792, 1797; Melun, 1420, 1559; Menin, 1706, 1744; Mequinenza, June 8, 1810 ; Messina, 1282, 1719 ; Metz, 1552 ; Mezieres, 1521 ; Mid- dleburgh, 1572; Mons, 1572, 1691, 1709, 1746, 1792, 1794; Montargis, 1427; Montauban, 1621; Monte- video, Jan. 1808; Mothe, — the French first practised the art of throwing shells, 1634; Murviedro, Oct. 25, 1811 ; Namur, 1692, 1746, 1792; Naples, 1381, 1435, 1504, 1557, 1792, 1799, 1806 ; Nice, 1705 ; Nieuport, 1745, 1794; Olivenza, Jan. 22, 1811; Olmutz, 1758; Or- leans, 1428, 1563; Ostend, 1701, 1706, 1745 ; Oudenarde, 1708, 1745 ; Padua, 1509 ; Pampeluna, Oct. 31, 1813; Paris, 1429, 1485, 1594; Parma, 1248; Pavia, 1525, 1655, 1796; Perpignan, 1542,1642; Phi- lipville, 1578; Philipsburg, 1644, 1675, 1688, — first experiment of artillery a-richochet, 1734, 1795; Plattsburg, Sept. 11, 1814; Pondi- cherry, 1748, 1792; Prague, 1741 1743,1744; Quesnoy, 1794; Ren- nes, 1357 ; Eheims, 1359 ; Rhodes, 1522 ; Riga, 1700, 1710 ; Rochelle, 1573, 1627; Rome, 1527, 1798, 1849; Romorentin, 1356; Rosas, 1645, 1795, 1808; Rouen, 1449, 1562, 1591; Roxburgh, 1460; St. Sebastian, Sept. 8, 1813 ; Sala- manca, June 27, 1812 ; Salisburv, 1349; Saragossa, 1710, 1809; Sa- verne, 1675 ; Schweidnitz, — first use of globes of compression, 1762, 1807; Scarborough castle, 1643; Scio, 1822; Seringapatam, 1799; Seville, 1096, 1248; Smolensko, 1611; Soissons, 1414; Stralsund, 1713, 1807 ; Tarifa, Dec. 20, 1811 ; Tarragona, May 1813 ; Temeswar, 1716; Thionville, 1643, 1792; Thorn, 1703 ; Thouars, 1372, 1793 ; Tortosa, Jan. 2, 1811 ; Toulon, 1707, 1793 ; Toulouse, 1217 ; Tour- nay, 1340, 1352, 1581, 1600, 1709, (this was the best defence ever drawn from countermines,) 1745, 1794 ; Treves, 1675 , Tunis, 1270, 1535 ; Turin, 1640, 1706, 1799 ; Urbino, 1799; Valencia, Dec. 25, 1811; Valenciennes, 1677, 1794 ; Vannes, 1343; Venloo, 1702, 1794; Verdun, 1792 ; Vienna, 1529, 1683 ; Wake- field, 1460 ; Warsaw, Sept. 8, 1831 ; Xativa, 1707 ; Xeres, 1262 ; Ypres, 1648, 1744, 1794; Zurich, 1544; Zutphen, 1572, 1586. Sienna nearly destroyed by an earthquake, May 1798. Sierra Leone, coast of Africa, established as a colony of blacks, for the purpose of the civilisation of that race, Dec. 9, 1787 : the settle- ment of Freetown plundered by the French, Sept. 1794. Sigismond, Emperor of Germany, visited England 1419. Signals at Sea, first used syste- matically by the duke of York, afterwards James II., 1665. Silk, Wrought, brought from Persia to Greece, 325 b.c. ; from India, a.d. 274 ; known at Rome in Tiberius's time, when a law passed in the senate prohibiting the use of plate of massy gold, and also for- SIL 621 SIL bidding men to debase themselves by wearing silk, fit only for wo- men ; Heliogabalus first wore a garment of silk, 220; silk- worms were brought to Em-ope 300 years later; silk at first of the same value with gold, weight for weight, and thought to grow like cotton on trees, 220 ; the emperor Aurelian, who died in 275, denied his empress a robe of silk, because too dear ; silk introduced into Eu- rope by certain monks, 551 ; some monks who had been in India, in 555, brought from thence silk- worms' eggs to Constantinople, where raw silk was in time pro- duced in abundance, and worked up into manufactures at Athens, Thebes, Corinth, &c. The first re- cord of silk in Britain is of a pre- sent by Charlemagne to Offa, king of Mercia, in 780, consisting of a belt and two silken vests. Silk is mentioned in a chronicle of the date 1286; some ladies wore silk mantles at a festival at Kenilworth about that period ; and, by other records, we find that silk was worn by the English clergy in 1534. Henry VIII. had the first pair of silk stockings that was ever seen in England, sent to him from Spain ; and Edward VI. had a pair of long silk hose from the same country, presented to him by Sir Thomas Gresham (who built the Eoyal Exchange), a present which was thought much of. In 1130, Greek manufacturers of silk were brought by Roger, king of Sicily, to Europe, and settled at Palermo, where they taught the Sicilians not only to breed up the silk- worms, but to spin and to weave silk, which art was carried afterwards to Italy and Spain, and also to the south of France, a little before Francis I., who brought it to Touraine ; Venice inveigled silk-weavers from Greece and Palermo in Sicily, 1207 ; silk goods were made in England from the time of Edward III., to a small extent ; silk mantles worn by some noblemen's ladies at a ball at Ke- nilworth Castle, in "Warwickshire, 1486; silk more extensively ma- nufactured in England, 1604 ; first silk manufacture in France, 1421 ; raw silk not produced there for a long time afterwards ; silk-worms and mulberry-trees propagated by Henry IV. through all France, 1589 ; silk-worms first brought to England, 1609 ; broad silk manu- facture from raw silk, introduced into England, 1620; Lombe's fa- mous silk-throwing machine, erect- ed at Derby, 1719 ; it contained 26,586 wheels; one water-wheel moves the whole, and in a day and a night it works 318,504,960 yards of organzine silk ; silk first imported from Virginia, 1730 ; from Georgia, 1735 ; from Persia through Russia, 1742 ; silk goods imported from India and China into England, 1833, 298,5801bs. ; and in 1849, 511,1301bs. ; no less than £5,000,000 supposed to be spent on silk within the united kingdom, 1849. Silk, duties on importation upon raw and thrown, wholly ceased, 1845 ; the total raw, waste, and thrown silk, imported 1849, was 6,226,1791bs. ; in 1765, only 715,0001bs. were imported, under prohibitory duties, and 20 years after, only 881,0001bs. Silk, British manufactured silk goods exported, 1849, value of, £998,334; employed in this branch of manufacture, 30,682 persons in 1835; in 1839, 33,470 persons; there were 268 mills at work, and 23 empty in the same year. Silver Mine discovered in Brit- tany, Nov. 1730 ; also in Cornwall, pure; at Huel, Mexico, 1797, and in numerous combinations with other ores ; in the lead of Cumber- land and in Devon, 1294; mines of South America, in Peru and Chili, discovered in abundance, as well as in Mexico ; in Potosi, 1545 ; at Cusco, 1712 ; in 1749, a mass of na- tive silver 3701bs weight sent to Spain ; a piece of silver dug up in Norway weighed 5601bs. Silver Plate first used in Eng- SIN 622 SKI land by Wilfred, a Northumbrian bishop, a lofty and ambitious churchman, 709; silver cups and spoons esteemed great luxuries, 1300. Silver Penny, the largest coin in England, 1302. Silver raised from 3s. 9d. to 4s. per ounce, 1544. Simnel, Lambert, set up for the crown against Henry VIII ; crown- ed king in Ireland, 1487 ; pardoned, and made a scullion of in the king's kitchen, and afterwards one of his falconers. Skippon made major-general of the city of London militia, Jan., 1642 ; ordered to attend the king at York, but declined, May 17 ; obliged to lay down his arms in Cornwall, 1644. Simonians, a sect of Christians, so called from Simon Magus or the magician, who was denominated the first heretic ; as similar leaders of new and wild doctrines are, he was vain and presumptuous; great numbers followed him, 57 ; a sect called St. Simonians appeared in France, and was lectured upon in this country together, Jan. 1834; but their leaders had not sufficient extravagance, nor were their doctrines attractive enough to secure multitudinous ignorance. Simon, St., and St. Jude's festi- vals, instituted 1090. Simplon, The, anciently called Mons Caspionis, is one of the lof- tiest of the Italian Alps. The new military road was planned by Na- poleon in 1801 ; it extends from Geneva to Milan, a distance of 47| posts, or 245 miles, and it was finished in 1805, after three years' incessant labour, upwards of 30,000 men being constantly employed in the undertaking, at the joint ex- pense of the kingdoms of France and Italy. Simpson's Hospital, Dublin, for the blind and gouty, founded 1780. Singing Psalms, a very ancient practice, which dates from the earliest ages of Christianity, and the time of the apostles ; Pope Gregory re- fined the church music, and insti- tuted singing schools in Koine, 602. Sinking Fund, this is said to have been first projected by Sir Robert Walpole ; it was carried out by Pitt, who having a surplus of £900,000 increased to £1,000,000, it was to be devoted inviolably to the reduction of the national debt, by an act pass- ed in March 1786 ; this system was pursued through the whole life of that statesman, and as long as his party remained in power, although no surplus existed, and thus the whole affair became a delusion. Sincerity, order of knighthood, founded in Saxony, 1690. Sion House or Abbey, Middlesex, built 1414. Sion College, London Wall, founded 1623, incorporated 1664, on the site of an old nunnerv ; in 1623, Dr. Thomas White be- queathed. £3000 towards a college and almshouses, and the present was erected by his executors, and held by charters of incorporation of Charles I. and II., 1630, 1664. Sir William Curtis, packet, struck the ground fifty yards outside Ostend pier-head, when Mrs. Carle- ton, her daughter, and a female - servant were drowned, Oct. 29, 1815. Six Clerks' Office, Chancery- Lane, built 1770 ; they were once forbidden to marry, but in the reign of Henry VIII. permission was giv- en without forfeiture of their places, 1533 ; they were once called Clerici, like some other lumber of that grievous court: their offices were discontinued, 1842. Sixteen, the Faction of, so nam- ed, arose at Paris, 1587. Sixtus V., Pope, originally a pig-drover, and made pope 1585. Skeleton, one dug up in the Isle of Wight, supposed to have been buried 600 years before, 1807. Skins, these raw were used in the North of England and Scotland to boil meat in, as late as 1327. SLA 623 SLA Skipton Castle, Yorkshire, built just subsequent to the Norman eon- quest. Slave, the drudge of the more powerful in the rudest ages of the world, transmitted to more civilized times and nations, who add to its justification by the rule of the strongest, that of self-interest ; the slave's injustice tainted most of the ancient nations, and the captives made in war by the Cesars and Alex- anders, were treated in the same way as the savages of Dahomey and Con- go treat theirs in the present day ; civilised nations that rank highest, have abolished slavery throughout their dominions, and those who par- tially retain it feel the stigma that attaches to a crime ; the power of life and death over the slave was exercised at Rome, under the Cesars, 50 ; the English peasantry were sold as slaves in the market in feudal times ; children were sold for ex- portation, by the lords of the land, even as late as the time of Edward VL, and the enactments regarding the treatment of the villein, by this prince, were as harsh as those prac- tised on the blacks in the West In- dies within human memory ; brand- ing on the breast or face, starvation, beating, chaining, iron rings round the legs, and perpetual slavery, were the Christian bounties on the poor peasant enacted during the reign of him, 1547, who is so much lauded as the establisher ot the faith of one who laid down the divine maxim, "do as you would be done unto ; " the law of slavery was set- tled by the Saxon Ina, 622; the Portuguese began it, 1443 ; the Eng- glish 1562 ; the latter possessed the assiento, or contract for supplying the colonies of Spain with slaves, 4800 annually, from the treaty of Utrecht to 1748. In some years the slaves from Africa reached 100,000 ; slaves obtained their freedom by ar- rival in England, 1772 ; slavery abolished in Austria, June 26, 1782 ; slave-trade debated in par- liament, 1787; regulated, 1788; debate for its abolition lasted two days, April, 1791 ; again, 1792 ; sla- very was abolished in Pennsylvania and "Massachusetts, 1793; in France, 1795, 1815 ; between 1792 and 1807 it was shown to the English govern- ment incontrovertibly, that 3,500,000 Africans had been kidnapped and ex - ported from their native shores, to perish at sea, or die of oppression, 1815 ; the freedom of all British slaves purchased under a special act, and £20,000,000 voted for the purpose by parliament, 1833 ; slavery was abolished by treaty with Spain, 1817, yet she still winks at it in Cuba ; with the Netherlands, May 1818; with Brazil, 1826 : the United States of America had previously abolished the trade, though slavery existed still in some of the States ; they were first imported into America, 1508 ; slave trade began with Eng- land, 1563 ; in South America, 1550; abolished by the Quakers, 1784 ; the whole importation is computed, by Abbe Raynal, to have been 9,000,000 of slaves, at the rate of 60,000 annually ; Abbe Raynal also says, that there are in America and the islands of the West Indies, fully 1,400,000. In 1768, Great Britain purchased 53,100 America 6,300 Prance 23,500 Holland 11,300 Portugal 8,700 Denmark 1,200 Total 104,100, at about £15 each, which amounts to £1,582,000 sterling, but bought by barter. In 1793, they sold on an average for £30 or £35 each. In 1788, the slaves in the West India Islands belonging to Great Britain, were in Jamaica 174,000 Barbadoes 80,000 Antigua 36,000 Grenada and the Grenadines 40,000 St. Christopher 27,000 Dominica 15,000 St. Vincent 15,000 SLI 624 SNO Anguilla, Tortola, , &c 14,000 Nevis 10,000 Montserrat 9,000 Total 420,000 Sir John Hawkins was the first Englishman who made a traffic of the human species ; his first expe- dition for procuring negroes on the coast of Africa, and conveying them for sale to the West Indies, was in October, 1563. In the year 1786, England employed 130 ships, and carried off 42,000 slaves ; such was the extent of British participa- tion in this crime, that at the pe- riod of slave emancipation in the British plantations in 1833, the number of slaves, which had been considerably more, amounted to 770,280 ; the slave-trade question was debated in parliament in 1787 ; the debate for its abolition lasted two days, in April, 1791 ; the motion of Mr. Wilberforce was lost by a ma- jority of 88 to 83, April 3, 1798. After other efforts, the question was introduced under the auspices of Lord Grenville and Mr. Fox, March 31, 1806, and the trade finally abo- lished, March 25, 1807 : it was un- der the auspicious reign of William IV. that the noble act of slave abo- lition was carried throughout the British empire, and under an ad- ministration of which some remain- ed who had assisted, as on this se- cond occasion, in carrying the aboli- tion of the trade : £20,000,000 ster- ling was paid, and 770,280 of our fellow- men saw the dawn of free- dom break upon them — they were slaves no more, Aug., 1834; the opponents of the measure grudged the sum, but £800,000,000 wasted in merciless and useless wars might not inappropriately afford something to the balance on the side of hu- manity. Slaves of Virtue, order of knight- hood so called in Germany, began 1662. Slippers first came into use in England, 1570. Slingsby, Sir Henry, governor of Hull, and Dr. Hewitt, beheaded on Tower Hill, June 8, 1658. Sluts, Naval Battle of, in which Edward III. vanquished the French ; 230 French vessels were taken, and 30,000 killed, with 2 admirals ; the English loss was very small, June 24, 1340. Smallpox, Hospital for, Cold- bath Fields, began Sept. 26, 1746 ; inoculation for, introduced 1718 by Lady Mary Wortly Montague. Smithfield, London, first levelled and paved, 1615. Smalcald, Treaty of, Franconia, 1529. Smolensko, Battle of, between the French and Russians ; the for- mer, three times repulsed, at length drove the Russians before them, and entered the smoking ruins of Smo- lensko, which had been bombarded ; the Russians were commanded by Barclay de Tolly, and the battle was one of the most sanguinary of modern times, Aug. 17, 1812. Smugglers' Act passed, 1736 ; mi- tigated, 1781 ; new provisions, 1784 ; revision of, 1826. Smyrna nearly destroyed by an earthquake, April, 1730 ; and by a fire, June 20, 1742 ; had the plague 1743, 1752 ; the Armenian quarter burnt, May 14, 1753 ; had the plague, 1758, 1760; dreadful fires in, 1763 and 1772 ; and earthquakes and fire, in 1778 ; in March, 1796, which destroyed 4000 shops, 2 large mosques, 2 public baths, and all the magazines and provisions, to the value of 10,000,000 crowns ; a riot there by the Sclavonians, occa- sioned the janissaries to destroy the theatre and property of the Chris- tians, to the amount of £100,000, when between 12 and 1300 persons lost their lives, May, 1797 ; dreadful fire in, June 10, 181 1. Snow for eleven days, 1762 ; re- markably deep in 1731 and 1736 ; 7000 Swedes perished in a storm of snow upon the mountains of Rudel and Tydel, in their march to attack Drontheim, in 1719; great fall of soc 625 SOC snow in every part of England, in Jan., 1814; considerable fall of snow in the counties of Cambridge and Huntingdon, by which much damage was done to the gardens, Sept. 2, 1816. Snow Hill, act of parliament pass- ed for the improvement of, June 26, 1795. Snuff-taking originated with Catherine de Medicis — it was called Herbe a laReine, 1560; large quan- tities taken at Vigo by Sir George Rooke, 1702, which introduced it into England ; 196,305 lbs. of snuff were entered for home consumption in 1840. Soap first manufactured at Lon- don and Bristol, 1524 ; soap-boilers incorporated, 1632. Soap, Consumption of, and duty in the following years; repealed 1853 :— 1801 52,947,037 lbs. 1811 73,527,700 „ 1821 92,941,326 „ 1831 103,121,577 „ 1841 170,280,641 „ 1845 190,187,163 „ 1849 197,632,280 „ In 1801 there were 624 makers ; in 1849, only 333. The duty in 1801 was ll^d. per head; in 1849, Is. 2|d. The consumption in 1801 being 4-841bs. per head ; in 1849, 9711bs. Sobkaon, Battle of, in India; the British, 35,000 men, attacked the Sikh forces on the Sutlej, in which after a hard contest they succeeded ; and the Sikhs in retreating over the bridge they had placed in their rear, it gave way, and a great number were drowned; the English army lost 2383 men. Social Improvement : — in the united kingdom, 1831, of 5,812,216 males, twenty years of age and up- wards, 5,466,182 were engaged in some calling or profession, viz. — In agriculture 2,470,111 Trade and manufac- tures 1,888,768 Labour, not agricul- tural 698,588 Domestic service 132,811 Bankers, clergy, pro- fessional, &c 275,904 There remained 346,094 unemploy- ed, or 6 per cent. In 1841, the number of unemployed persons in Great Britain was only 274,482 ; Ireland is not here included. The number of males living above 70 years old, in Great Britain only, in 1841, was 236,037, deducting those supposed to be past work, and there were only eight persons per thou- sand in England, Wales, and Scot- land, who lived without any em- ployment. Socialism, the doctrine supported by Robert Owen, the founder of the sect so called ; but the success has not been proportional to the efforts made to extend doctrines out of the common course of things, Jan. 24, 1834. Societies, or Companies, estab- lished in London, first, 1198. Society for the relief of persons confined for small debts, commenced 1772. Society, Medical, of Dublin, es- tablished 1785. Society for the relief of the wi- dows and orphans of medical men, instituted 1788. Society for bettering the condi - tion of the poor, instituted 1796. Society for abolishing the com- mon method of sweeping chimneys, commenced 1802. Society, National, for promoting the education of the poor in the principles of the established church, 1811. Society- of Ladies at Liverpool, for converting female Jews to the Protestant religion, 1812, Society for the suppression of begging, instituted at Edinburgh, 1813. . Society of the houseless in Lon- don, founded Jan. 14, 1820. Society Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, 1765. Socinus, the founder of the So- cinians, who taught that Christ was a man who had no existence as such before he was conceived of the 2s SOM 626 SOB Virgin; that the Holy Ghost was not a distinct person, and that the Father was only and truly God; that Christ died to give mankind an exalted example of virtue, and to seal his doctrines with his death ; original sin and the atonement they did not admit, 1556; Socinus died 1562. Socrates put to death 396 b.c, aged 70. Sodor and Man ; the former of these words has exercised the skill of the antiquary, hut it is said to be derived from the isle on which the cathedral is situated — Sodor holme ox peel; bishopric of, founded 447. Soil, increase of income from, between 1820 and 1830, shown by the increase of luxuries and sources of amusement, and by the articles of supply. Gamekeepers increased from 3445 to 3920: under-game- keepers, from 345 to 594; sporting dogs, from 126,446 to 131,499 ; race- horses, from 674 to 929 ; farming- bailiffs, from 858 to 1518 ; and gen- tlemen keeping for their own use twenty horses and upwards, from 1124 to 1214 ; and those having eleven men-servants and upwards, from 4202 to 4285. All these, save the latter two, appertain strictly to the soil, seeing that there are per- haps not half a dozen gentlemen throughout the whole kingdom who keep, for their own use, so many horses and men-servants, without being landed proprietors. Soissons, one -third of the town of, destroyed, and many lives lost, by an explosion of gunpowder, Oct. 13, 1815. Solar System discovered by Py- thagoras, a.c. 500, the sun being in the centre, and the planets moving round it ; Copernicus revived that system, and Newton confirmed it, 1695. Solar Year found to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, and 40 minutes, by Dionysius of Alexandria, 285 ; introduced into use by Julius Csesar, 45 years before Christ. Soldiers forbidden by act of par- liament to be quartered in private houses, Sept. 16, 1679. Solomon Islands discovered by Alvarez de Mendoza, 1527 ; sought for in vain by Captain Cook. Solebay, Battle of, between the English and the Dutch, the former under the Duke of York (James IT.) ; the Dutch were .pursued to their own coasts, and a number of ships and several thousand men destroved, May 20, 1672. Solway Moss, on the Scottish border, ten miles from Carlisle, be gan to swell owing to heavy rains, and upwards of 400 acres of it rose to such a height above the level of the ground, that at last it rolled forward like a torrent, and conti- nued its course above a mile, sweep- ing along with it houses, trees, and every thing in its way ; it then di- vided into islands of different ex- tent, from one to ten feet deep. It covered near 600 acres at Netherby, to which it removed, and destroyed about thirty small villages. It con- tinued in motion from Saturday the 4th, to Dec. 31, 1771. Sombrero Island, uninhabited ; upon. that desert rock Robert Jef- frey, a sailor on board a man-of- war, was landed by the Hon. Cap- tain M. Lake, for the offence of having tapped a barrel of beer when the ship was on short allow- ance ; the poor fellow supported himself for eight days upon limpets and water, when an American ves- sel, accidentally touching at the rock, saved him from perishing ; the man returned to England, and the case was brought before parliament ; the man had received a compensation of £600 from Captain Lake; but that officer was tried by a court- martial, and discharged the service, Feb. 10, 1810. Somerset the Black, a slave who had been brought to England, and, being in a bad state of health, was turned adrift by his master to starve ; he was found by Granville Sharpe, who succoured him, and got him restored to health, on which his sou 627 SOU master claimed him again ; Mr. Sharpe resisted, and the law courts decided there could be no slave in England, June 22, 1772. Somerset House, Strand, Lon- don, built 1549 ; pulled down 1776, < and began to be rebuilt in its pre- sent state ; the navy-office, pipe- office, victualling-office, and other public offices, removed into it in 1788; terrace fell clown, Dec. 27, 1788 ; had £306,134 : : 9| granted by parliament to defray the ex- pense of its erection to the year 1789, and £1500 additional in 1798, and £2550 in 1801 ; the east wing, called King's College, was erected in 1833. Somers' Island first named and settled, 1609. Somers, Lord, impeached,. May 13, 1701. Somerset, the Duke of, behead- ed 1531. Somerset, the Duke of, dischar- ged from court for refusing to attend the pope's nuncio, July 3, 1687. Somerton Castle, near Newark, Lincolnshire, built 1305. Sophi, the title of the Persian sovereign, so called from the name adopted by Eatima, the daughter of Mahomet, 632. Sophia, Mosque of, once -a Chris- tian church, and still the oldest ap- plied to the purpose existing, built 568. Sophia Dorothy, heiress of the house of Luneburgh and Zell, queen of George I. in England, died Nov. 2, 1726 ; separated in conse- quence of his unfounded jealousy of her. Sorbonne, Robert de, founder of the college, 1253 ; he died 1274. Sorcerers andrMagicians, a law enacted against them, 28 Henry VIII., 1541 ; again, with more se- verity, by Elizabeth, 1563 ; the of- fence of pretending to sorcery and witchcraft, or conversing with or feeding devils or evil spirits, made capital by king James I. This mi- serable monarch, the persecutor of Raleigh, the greatest drunkard of his court, and one of the most des- picable in his habits, wrote " Dia- logues of Demonologie;" a degrad- ed parliament, to flatter him, passed such an absurd and cruel law, 1603 ; the clergy in consequence became witchfinders, officers called witch- finders made themselves everywhere busy, even the populace united the ignorance of the court to its own, and sacrificed its victims without form of law; yet had Bacon and Raleigh,, and names that will ever shine in English history, long before taught better things. The victims on these absurd charges in 200 years, were estimated at 30,000. Soudan or Sultan of Egypt, the title first taken by the celebrated Salaclin, 1165. Sound flies at the rate of 1107 feet in a second,, by experiments with cannon at Paris, 1738 ; the fire of the British cannon on the land- ing of the army in Egypt, was heard 130 miles at sea. Soundings at Sea;- 900 miles weft of St. Helena, the depth was found to be 5000 fathoms ; 300 miles in another direction from the Cape, 2268 fathoms found bottom with a weight of 450 lbs. in 1840 ; another sounding in the South Atlantic gave eight miles ; and a second in a part of the sea supposed " out of soundings,"' in other words, having a depth of 400 or 500i was found to have only from 70 to 80 fathoms,, and the ship came to an anchor over the spot, to the wonder of pass- ing vessels, 1850. Sound, the passage between Swe- den and Denmark, so called from Elsineur to the other shore ; Den- mark has exacted a toll from all vessels passing into the Baltic since 134-8, a usage which it is singular is still submitted' to ; in the follow- ing years, the A r essels thus enume- rated passed from the high seas into the Baltic : — T8S1. 185°. British 2811 3902 Danish 1518 146+ Prussian 2664 2319 sou 628 SO V 1851. 1852. Dutch 2060 1691 Norwegian 2894 3020 Swedish 2255 2100 Hanoverian 661 545 Kussian 1047 946 Mecklenburgh...l077 771 French 288 283 American 134 76 Hamburgh and Lubec 202 182 Bremen and Bel- gium 40 24 Neapolitan and Greek 43 49 Oldenburg 222 183 Spanish and Por- tuguese 8 Austrian & South American 3 — 19,919 17,563 Passage of the Sound forced by Nel- son and Sir Hyde Parker, with the British fleet, April 2, 1801. Southam, Warwickshire, 40 houses burned at, March 25, 1742. Southampton old town destroyed, 1338 ; Watergate built soon after- wards ; East gate and walls built 1338; West gate, 1552; new pier opened at, July 8, 1833 ; new dock at, 1850; tonnage entered at, and vessels : — 1851 692 arrived, 176,162 tonnage 490 departed,163,007 do. 1852 821 arrived, 207,846 do. , -539 departed, 172, 658 do. Southcot, Johanna, the founder of another of those religious sects which have recently been so nu- merous in England and America, born 1753, died Dec. 27, 1814. She had many followers. Among the uneducated and credulous believers in her revelations, were one or two whose positions in life might have been expected to lead them better. South Saxon kingdom, began 391, ended 754. South Sea Bubble ; this company began May 6, 1710, incorporated bv statute, May 6, 1716 ; Aug. 17, 1720, the stock fell to 830 from 1000, and soon after to 820 ; Aug. 22, the bubbles on foot at this time amounted to £300,000,000 sterling in amount, the larger part moon- shine ; on the 26th, the stock fell to 800 : it was agreed by the direc- tors that 30 per cent should be the half-year's dividend at Christmas, 1720, and that for 12 years after- wards 50 per cent should be the annual dividend ; still the stock sank by Sept. 8, to 640, and by Sept. 19, to 400; Sept. 30, the stock fell to 150 ; thousands were ruined, and public credit shaken : the officials of the company were restrained, by act of parliament, from quitting England ; those con- nected with the crown were remov- ed ; £2000 was offered for the ap- prehension of the cashier, Knight, who had left the kingdom ; Messrs Aislabie and Sir George Caswell were expelled from the House of Commons, March 8, 1721 ; shares of £100 rose in value to £1000 during the mania ; many distin- guished persons took shares ; the estates of all the managers were seized to a large amount and for- feited : South Sea house, fire at, April 11, 1826. Southwark governed by its own bailiffs until 1327; formed into a ward of London 1556 ; the borough of, contained in 1841, 197,412 in- habitants and 16,547 electors; bridge of, began Sept. 23, 1814 ; finished March 26, 1819 ; made of iron with stone piers, cost £800,000, weight of iron, 5308 tons ; first re- gulated, 1743 ; abolished, 1762. Southwell Minster, Notting- ham, founded 630. Southwell Palace, Newark, Nottinghamshire, built 1518. Sovereign, a gold coin of 20s. va- lue, 34 Henry VII L; in temp. Edward VI. made to pass for 24s. and 30s.; the sovereigns of George III., issued from the mint 1816, made current at 20s. Sovereigns of England from William the Norman, with the du- ration of their reigns, and the total cost of each reign : — . sov 629 SOV Sovereigns. Began to Reign. Reigned Y. M. D. Cost each Year. Total Cost of each Reign. William I. 1066, Oct. 14 20 10 28 £400,000 £8,400,000 William II. 1087, Sept. 9 12 10 24 360,000 4,550,000 Henry I. 1100, Aug. 2 35 3 29 300,000 10,500,000 Stephen of Rlois. 1135, Dec. 1 18 10 24 250,000 4,750,000 FAMILY OF PLANTAGENET. Henry II. 1154, Oct. 25 34 8 11 1 200,000 7,000,000 Richard I. 1189, July 6 9 9 159,000 1,500,000 John 1199, April 6 17 6 13 100,000 1,700,000 Henry III. 1216, Oct. 19 56 28 80,000 4,170,000 Edward I. 1272, Nov. 16 34 7 21 150,000 5,250,000 Edward II. 1307, July 7 19 6 18 100,000 2,000,000 Edward III. 1327, Jan. 25 50 4 27 151,139 7,700,450 Richard II. 1377, June 21 22 3 8 130,000 2,850,000 BRANCH OF LANCASTE R. Henry IV. 1399, Sept. 29 13 5 20 100,000 1,400,000 Henry V. 1413, March 20 9 5 11 76,643 689,787 Henry VI. 1422, Aug. 31 38 6 4 61,976 2,531,064 Edward IV. 1461, March 4 ,22 1 5 100,000 2,200,000 Edward V. 1483, April 9 2 13 Richard III. 1483, June 23 2 2 100,000 200,000 HOUSE OF TUDOR. Henry VII. 1485, Aug. 22 23 8 400,000 10,600,000 Henry VIII. 1509, April 22 37 9 6 800,000 30,100,000 Edward VI. 1547, Jan. 28 6 5 8 400,000 2,400,000 Mary 1553, July 6 5 4 11 450,000 2,250,000 Elizabeth 1558, Nov. 17 44 4 7 500,000 22,500,000 FAMILY OF STUART James I. 1603, March 24 22 3 600,000 13,230,000 Charles I. 1625, March 27 23 10 3 395,819 23,199,655 Charles II. 1649, Jan. 30 36 7 1,800,090 64,800,000 James II. 1685, Feb. 6 4 7 2,001,855 8,007,420 Wm. & Mary 1689, Eeb. 13 13 23 3,342,778 72,127,502 Anne 1702, March 8 12 4 24 9,597,924 122,373,531 HOUSE OF HANOVE1 i. George I. 1714, Aug. 1 12 10 10 6,388,572 79,832,160 George II. 1727, June 11 33 4 14 8,249,247 276,349,773 George III. 1760, Oct. 25 59 3 4 39,786,000 2,357,441,262 George IV. 1820, Jan. 29 10 4 26 5,761,318 57,613,180 331,291,458 William IV. 1830, June 26 7 47,327,351 SPA 630 SPA Spa Fields Meeting, when 30,000 persons assembled to address the Prince Regent on behalf of the dis- tressed manufacturers, Nov. 15, 1816 ; a second meeting, Dec. 2, terminated in a riot, the shops of several gunsmiths were attacked, and in the shop of Mr. Beckwith, on Snowhill, a Mr. Piatt was wounded, much mischief being done before peace was restored. Space, Occupation of, by diffe- rent substances ; in 1751, Jedediah Buxton of Elmton proved, that one cubic inch contained 200 barley corns, 300 wheat corns, 512 rye corns, 180 oats, 40 peas, 25 beans, 80 vetches, 100 lentils, 2304 hairs of an inch in length. Spain, New, in America, disco- vered 1518 ; settled 1520. Spain, Old, colonized by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians ; the Romans became its masters 206 a.c. ; ancient Boetica being the modern Andalusia and Grenada, the remainder going under the de- nomination of Tarragona ; the pre- sent provinces were once indepen- dent kingdoms ; the country became one kingdom about 414. The Vandals and Suevi wrest- ed the country from the Romans a.d. 412 The Visigoths entered Spain under their leader Euric, and overturned the Roman power entirely 472 The Saracens from Arabia, invaded the country and conquered it 711 Pelagius, a royal Visigoth, proclaimed king of As- turias 718 Alphonsus II. refusing to pay the Saracens the annual tribute of 100 virgins, war declared ; Alphonsus victo- rious, obtained the appella- ■ tion of " the Chaste " 791 Inigo, first king of Navarre, &c* 830 Ferdinand I., count of Castile, took the title of king 1020 Union of Navarre and Castile 1031 The kingdom of Arragon commenced under Rami- rez 1 1035 Leon and Asturias united to Castile 1037 Portugal taken from the Sa- racens by Henry of Bour- bon 1087 The Saracens, beset on all sides, called in the aid of the Moors from Africa, who seized the dominions they came to protect, and sub- dued the Saracens 1091 The Moors defeated by Al- phonsus I. of Navarre 1118 Twelve Moorish kings over- come in one great battle ... 1135 University of Salamanca founded 1200 Leon and Castile re-united ... 1226 Cordova, the residence of the first Moorish kings, taken by Ferdinand of Castile and Leon 1236 The kingdom of Granada be- gun by the Moors 1238 Reign of Alphonsus the wise 1252 The crown of Navarre passed to the royal family of France 1276 200,000 Moors invaded Spain 1327 Defeated by Alphonsus XL with great slaughter 1340 The infant Don Henriquez, son of John the First of Castile, first had the title of prince of Asturias 1388 Ferdinand II. of Arragon married Isabella of Castile ; nearly the whole Christian dominions of Spain united in one monarchy 1474 Granada taken ; and the power of the Moors finally extirpated by Ferdinand ... 1492 Columbus sent from Spain to explore the western world . 1492 Ferdinand conquered the greater part of Navarre ... 1512 Accession of the house of Aus- tria to the throne of Spain 1516 Charles V. of Spain and Ger- many retired from the world 1556 SPA 631 SPA Philip II. commenced his per- secution of the Protestants . 1561 The Escurial began 1562 Portugal united to Spain 1580 The Invincible Spanish Ar- mada destroyed 1588 Philip III. banished the Moors and their descendants, to the number of 900,000, from Spain 1610 Philip IV. lost Portugal 1640 Gibraltar taken by the Eng- lish 1704 Philip V. invaded Naples ... 1714 Charles III., king of the Two Sicilies, succeeded to the crown 1759 Battle of Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 14, 1797 Spanish treasure ships, val- ued at 3,000,000 dollars, seized by the English, Oct. 29, 1804 Battle of Trafalgar ...Oct. 21, 1805 Sway of the Prince of Peace . 1806 The French entered Spain ... 1807 Conspiracy of the prince of Asturias against his father, July 25, 1807 Treaty of Fontainbleau, Oct. 27, 1807 The French took Madrid, March, 1808 The Prince of Peace dismissed by the king of Spain, March 18, 1808 Abdication of Charles IV. in favour of Ferdinand, March 19, 1808 And at Bayonne, in favour of his "Mend and ally" Napoleon, when Ferdinand relinquished the crown, May 1, 1808 The French massacred at Madrid May 2, 1808 Asturias rose en masse, May 3, 1808 Napoleon assembled the nota- bles at Bayonne ...May 25, 1808 Joseph Bonaparte entered Madrid as king of Spain, July 12, 1808 Retired from the capital. July 29, 180S Supreme Junta installed, Sept. 1808 Madrid retaken by the French, and Joseph restored, Dec. 2, 1808 The royal family of Spain im- prisoned in the palace of Chambery,in Savoy, Dec. 5, 1808 The Spanish Cortes assem- bled Sept. 24, 1810 Constitution of the Cortes, May 8, 1812 Ferdinand VII. restored, May 14, 1814 Spanish revolution began, Jan. 1, 1820 Ferdinand swore to the con- stitution of the Cortes, March 8, 1820 Removal of the king to Se- ville, and thence to Cadiz, March 20, 1823 The French entered Spain, April 7, 1823 They invested Cadiz, June 25, 1823 Battle of the Trocadero, Aug. 31, 1823 Despotism resumed ; the Cor- tes dissolved ; executions Oct., 1823 Riego put to death... Nov. 27, 1823 The French evacuated Cadiz Sept. 21, 1828 Cadiz made a free port Feb. 24, 1829 Salique law abolished Mar. 25, 1830 Queen of Spain appointed regent during the king's in- disposition Oct. 25, 1832 Don Carlos declared himself legitimate successor to his brother's throne should the king die April 29, 1833 Death of Charles IV. ; his queen assumed the title of governing queen, until Isa- bella II., her infant daugh- ter, attained her majority, Sept. 29, 1833 The royalist volunteers dis- armed at Madrid... Oct. 27, 1833 Don Carlos landed at Ports- mouth with his family, June 18, 1834 He suddenly appeared among his adherents in Spain, July 10, 1834 The peers voted the perpetual SPA 632 SPA exclusion of Don Carlos from the throne ...Aug. 30, 1834 Espartero gained the battle of Bilboa, and was enno- bled Dec. 25, 1836 General Evans retired from the command of the aux- iliary legion, and arrived in London, after various suc- cesses in Spain ...June 20, 1837 Madrid declared in a state of siege Aug. 11, 1837 Espartero and other Christina generals engage the Car- lists ; numerous conflicts took place with various success 1838 Madrid again declared in a state of siege Oct. 30, 1838 The Spanish Cortes dissolved, June 1, 1839 The Carlists under Marota de- serted Don Carlos Aug. 25, 1839 Marota and Espartero con- cluded a treaty of peace, Aug, 29, 1839 Don Carlos sought refuge in France Sept. 13, 1839 Madrid again declared in a state of siege Feb. 23, 1840 Surrender of Morello, May 28, 1840 Cabrera, the Carlist general, unable to maintain the war, entered France with a body of his troops July 7, 1840 The British auxiliaries eva- cuated St. Sebastian and Passages Aug. 25, 1840 Revolutionary movement at Madrid ; the authorities triumphant Sept. 1, 1840 Dismissal of the ministry, and dissolution of the Cortes, Sept. 9, 1840 Espartero, and his trium- phal entry into Madrid, Oct. 5, 1840 The queen regent appointed a new ministry, headed by Espartero Oct. 5, 1840 The abdication of the regent of Spain Oct. 12, 1840 Espartero, duke of Victory, repelled the papal nuncio, Dec. 29, 1840 The Spanish Cortes declared Espartero regent during the minority of the young queen April 12, 1841 Queen Christina's protest to the Spanish nation, July 19, 1841 Insurrection in favour of Christina, commenced at Pampeluna by General O'Donnell's army ...Oct. 2, 1841 It spread to Vittoria and other parts of the kingdom, Oct., 1841 Don Diego Leon attacked the palace at Madrid, his fol- lowers repulsed, and num- bers of them slain by the queen's guards Oct. 7, 1841 Don Diego Leon seized, and shot at Madrid Oct. 15, 1841 Zurbano captured Bilboa, Oct. 21, 1841 Rodil, the constitutional ge- neral, entered Vittoria, Oct. 21, 1841 Montes de Oca shot. ..Oct. 21, 1841 General O'Donnell took re- fuge in the French territory, Oct. 21, 1841 Espartero decreed the suspen- sion of Queen Christina's pension Oct. 26, 1841 The fueros of the Basque provinces are abolished, Oct. 29, 1841 Borio and Gobernado, impli- cated in the Christina plot, put to death at Madrid, Nov. 9, 1841 Espartero made his triumphal entry into Madrid, Nov. 23, 1841 General pardon of persons not yet tried, concerned in the events of October... Dec. 13, 1841 The strength of the army fixed at 130,000 men, June 28, 1842 An insurrection broke out at Barcelona ; the national guard joined the populace, Nov. 13, 1842 Battle in the streets between the national guard and the troops ; the latter lose 500 in killed and wounded, and SPA 633 SPA retreat to the citadel, Nov. 15, 1842 The troops evacuated the citadel, and retired to Mont- juich Nov. 17, 1842 The port of Barcelona block- aded ; the British consul re- fused refuge to any but British subjects on board British ships Nov. 26, 1842 The regent Espartero arrived before Barcelona, and de- manded its unconditional surrender Nov. 29, 1842 Bombardment of Barcelona, Dec. 3, 1842 It capitulated Dec. 4, 1842 Disturbances May 25, 1843 The revolutionary army es- tablished at Barcelona, June 11, 1843 Arrival of General Narvaez at Madrid, which surren- dered to him July 15, 1843 Espartero bombarded Seville, July 21, 1843 The siege raised July 27, 1843 The revolution completely successful 1843 The new government deprived Espartero of his titles and rank Aug. 16, 1843 Espartero,his suite and friends, arrived in London Aug. 23, 1843 Reaction against the new go- vernment at Madrid, Aug. 29, 1843 The young queen Isabella II., thirteen years old, declared by the Cortes of age, Nov. 8, 1843 The queen-mother, Christina, returned to Spain, March 23, 1844 Zurbano's insurrection, Nov. 12, 1844; he was shot, Jan. 21, 1845 Don Carlos formally relin- quished his right to the crown, in favour of his son, May 18, 1845 Narvaez and his ministry re- sign, Eeb. 12 ; they return to power, March 17; and again resign March 28, 1846 The queen publicly affianced to her cousin, Don Francisco d'Assiz, duke of Cadiz, Aug. 27 7 1846 Escape of Don Carlos and others from France, Sept. 14, 1846 Marriage of the queen ; and marriage also of the infanta Louisa to the duke of Mont- pensier Oct. 10, 1846 Amnesty granted by the queen to political offenders, Oct. 18, 1846 Two shots fired at the queen by an assassin named La Riva May 4, 1847 He was sentenced to " death bythecord" June 23, 1847 Espartero restored ...Sept. 3, 1847 The British envoy extraordi- nary ordered to quit Spain in forty-eight hours, May 19, 1848 Diplomatic relations between the two countries not re- stored until ...April 18, 1850 The queen of Spain delivered of a male child, which lived but ten minutes ...July 12, 1 50 SOVEREIGNS OE SPAIN. Alaric the Goth..... .'. 406 Ataulfo : murdered 411 Sigerico : reigned only a few weeks 415 Valia 415 Theodoric L : killed in battle 420 Thorismond : assassinated ... 421 Theodoric II. : assassinated... 452 Euric, or Evarico 466 Alaric II. : killed in battle ... 484 Gosalric, his illegitimate son... 507 Amalric, son of Alaric 511 Theutlat : assassinated 531 Theudisell : murdered in ven- geance for a rape 548 Agila : made a prisoner, and put to death 549 Atanagildo 554 Levua 1 567 Linvigildo with Levua 568, reigned sole 572 Recaredo I..,. 585 Levua II. : assassinated 601 Vitericus : murdered 603 Gundemor 610 Sisebert 612 Recaredo II 621 Suintila: dethroned 621 SPA 634 SPA Sisenando 631 Tulca 640 Cindasuinto, 641, died 642 Recasuinto : joined to the for- mer on the throne, became sole king 642 Vamba: dethroned, died a monk 672 Ervigio 680 Egica 687 Vitiza : joined to the former on the throne, sole king 701 Roderic : killed in battle 711 Pelagius : who defeated the Moors '.. 718 Favila 737 Alphonso : a Christian 739 Froila : murdered his brother, and in return was himself murdered 757 Aurelio 768 Silo 774 Mauregato : a usurper 783 Veremundo 788 Alfonso II., the Chaste : refu- sing to the Saracens the an- nual tribute of 100 virgins, war declared : Alfonso, vic- torious, obtained the appel- lation of the Chaste and Vic- torious 791 Ramiro I. : put 70,000 Sara- cens to the sword in battle 842 Ordogno or Orclono 850 Alfonso III., the Great : re- linquished his crown to his son 866 Garcias 910 Ordogno or Ordono II 914 Froila II 923 Alfonso IV., the monk : ab- dicated 925 Ramiro II. : killed in battle... 927 Ordogno, or Ordono III 950 Ordogno, or Ordono IV 955 Sancho I., the Fat : poisoned with an apple 956 Ramiro III 967 Veremundo II., or the Gouty 982 Alfonso V. : killed in a siege 999 Veremundo III. : killed 1027 KINGS OF NAVARRE. Sancho Garcias 905 Garcias 1 926 Sancho II 970 Garcias II. , the Trembler 994 Sancho III., the Great 1000 Garcias III 1035 Sancho IV 1054 Sancho Ramirez, king of Ar- ragon 1076 Peter of Arragon 1094 Alfonso I. of Arragon 1104 Garcias Ramirez 1134 Sancho VI., the Wise 1150 Sancho VII., the Infirm 1194 Theobald I., count of Cham- pagne 1234 Theobald II 1253 Henry Crassus 1270 Juanna : married to Philip the Fair of France, 1285 ... 1274 Louis Hutin, of France 1305 John : lived but a few days ... 1316 Philip V., the Long, of France 1316 Charles L, the IV. of France 1322 Juanna II., and Philip count d'Evereux 1328 Juanna alone 1343 Charles II., the Bad 1349 Charles III., the Noble 1387 John II 1425 Eleanor 1479 Francis Phoebus 1479 Catherine and John d'Albret 1483 Navarre conquered by Ferdi- nand 1512 SOVEREIGNS OF CASTILE. Ferdinand, the Great : of Leon and Castile 1035 Sancho II., or the Strong 1065 Alphonso VI., the Valiant : king of Leon 1072 Urraca and Alphonso VII.... 1109 Alphonso VIII 1126 Sancho III., the Beloved 1157 Alphonso IX., called the Noble. Leon separated from Castile, Ferdinand king .... 1158 Henry 1 1214 Ferdinand III. or Saint, an- nexes Leon and Castile... 1217 Alphonso X. the Wise 1252 Sancho IV. the Great 1284 Ferdinand IV 1294 Alphonso XI 1312 Peter the Cruel : deposed. Restored by Edward the Black Prince of England ; slain by his subjects 1350 SPA 635 SPA Henry II., poisoned by a monk 1368 John I. united Biscay to Cas- tile 1379 Henry III 1390 John II., son of Henry 1406 Henry VI 1454 Ferdinand V., the Catholic, in whom, by his marriage with Isabella, the Queen of Castile, the kingdoms of Castile and Arragon were united 1474 Joan, or Jane, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, and Philip I. of Austria. On her mother's death Joan suc- ceeded, jointly with her husband Philip ; Philip dying in 1506, and Joan becoming an imbecile, her father Ferdinand continued the reign ; and perpetuated the union of Castile with Arragon 1504 KINGS OF ARRAGON. Ramirol 1035 Sancho Ramirez 1063 Peter of Navarre 1094 Alfonso the Warrior, king of Navarre 1104 Ramiro II., the Monk 1134 Petronilla, and Raymond, count of Barcelona 1137 Alfonso II 1162 Peter II 1196 James 1 1213 Peter III. This prince con- trived the horrible massa- cre known as the Sicilian Vespers, in 1282 1276 Alfonso III., the Beneficent, 1285 James II., the Just 1291 AlphonsoIV 1327 Peter IV., the Ceremonious... 1336 John 1 1387 Martin 1 1396 Interregnum 1410 Ferdinand the Just, king of Sicily 1412 Alphonso V., the Wise 1416 John II., king of Navarre, brother of Alphonso : died 1479 1458 Ferdinand V., the Catholic, by his marriage with Isa- bella of Castile, the king- doms were united *.... 1479 SPAIN. Ferdinand V. This prince conquered Granada and Navarre, became king of all Spain : succeeded by 1512 Charles I., son of Joan of Castile and Philip of Aus- tria ; became emperor of Germany, as Charles V., in 1519 : resigned both crowns, and retired to a monastery, 1516 Philip II., his son, king of JS aples and Sicily, a bigot ; married Mary, queen of England ; died covered with ulcers, from which vermin swarmed 1556 Philip III., son of the last king, drove all the descen- dants of the Moors from Granada and the adjacent provinces, to the number of 900,000 1598 Philip IV., his son, a reign of continuous and unfortunate wars with Holland and France : he lost Portugal in 1640 1621 Charles II., son of Philip IV., the last prince of the Aus- trian line ; nominated by will 1665 Philip V., duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. of France : thence arose the war, terminated by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713... 1700 Louis I. reigned only a few months 1724 Philip V., again 1724 Ferdinand VI., surnamed the Wise 1745 Charles III., king of the Two Sicilies, brother of Ferdi- nand VI. : on ascending the Spanish throne he re- nounced the Sicilies to his third son, Ferdinand 1759 Charles IV., son of Charles III.; the influence of Godoy, Prince of Peace, reached SPA 636 SPI almost royal authority ; Charles abdicated in favour of his son and successor ... 1808 Ferdinand VII., whom Napo- leon of France forced to resign 1808 Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon: deposed 1808 Ferdinand VII. restored, suc- ceeded by his daughter 1814 Isabella II., who ascended the throne Sept. 29, 1833 Spain, exports of England to, 1849— £623,136 in value. Spain, population of ; the "Mapa de Espana," Madrid, gives the num- ber at 12,296,941. The details form- ing the groundwork of this estimate are as follows : — ■ Andalusia 2,404,132 Arragon 734,685 Asturias 434,635 New Castile.,..,, 1,373,942 Old Castile .... ees0 .... 1,262, 696 Catalonia ......1,041,212 Estremadura 547,420 Galicia 1,471,982 Leon 637,177 Murcia 474,306 Valencia 957,152 Navarre 230,925 Alava 67,528 Biscay 111,433 Guipuzcoa 108,569 Balearic Islands 239,197 The Canaries 199,950 Total... 12,296,941 Spaniards made a descent in Devonshire, 1595. Spanish Laws, the Fuero Juzgo code of laws, enacted by Ciudas- vindus, 612; that called Les Usages, formed by the Count of Barcelona, 1060 ; Fuero de Castillo, by Al- phonso LX., 1211 ; Fuero Beal, by Alphonso X., 1254 ; Siete Partidas, by Alphonso XL, 1347 ; Kecopila- cion, by Philip II., 1567 ; Nueva ditto, by Philip IV., 1665 ; Novis- sima ditto, by Philip V,, 1723. Spanish Town, Trinidad, de- stroyed by fire, March 24, 1808. Spanish Armada sailed from the Tagus, May 29, 1588 ; again, June 12 ; totally defeated with immense loss, July, August, and September, 1588. Spanish Netherlands, reduced by the allies under the Duke of Marl- borough, 1706. Speaker of the House of Com- mons, the first is said to have been Simon de Montfort, who was killed at the battle of Evesham, 1260; the first chosen by the House, 1340 ; others suppose Sir Peter de la Mare was the first, 1376 ; the king refused his assent to Sir Edward Seymour as speaker, March 6, 1678 ; Sir J. Trever expelled the chair as speaker, for taking a gratuity after the act for the benefit of orphans had passed, March 20, 1694. Speaking Trumpet, one con- structed from Kircher's description by Saland, 1652 ; brought to notice by Moreland, 1671. Spectacles, supposed to have been invented by Spina, a monk of Pisa, 1299, but this seems uncertain ; others ascribe the invention to Roger Bacon. Spence, one of the mistaken but well-meaning persons who imagine it possible to sweep away the diver- sity of human conditions — he had some followers, denominated Spen- ceans, 1809. Spencers, father, son, and grand- son ; the father hanged at Bristol, aged 90, Oct. 1327 ; the son hanged at Hereford, Nov. 24, in the same year ; the grandson beheaded at Bristol, 1400'. Spinning Jenny, invention of, the cause of England's prosperity ; Har- greaves' invented, 1767; Arkwright's improvements, patent for, 1769, worked by horses ; in 1771, worked his machinery by water, at Crom- ford; made the invention of Crompton be first used, 1779 ; this invention and that of the steam- engine alone saved England from ruin during the wasteful war of Pitt, begun to replace the Bourbons on the throne of France. Spirits and Spirituous Liquors, taxed as strong water and aqua vitas, SPI 637 SPI 1660, one penny per gallon ; every gallon of spirits made of wine or cider imported, 2d. Every gallon of strong water imported from beyond sea, 4d. ; in 1660, additional duty, varying from time to time: con- sumption increased in 1736, the gin act passed to restrain spirit drink- ing, May 5. In 1738, no less than 12,000 persons convicted under the gin act within two years, 5000 paid a penalty of 500?., and 3000 paid 10?. each, to prevent going to jail — these harsh proceedings failed : the spirituous liquors made for consumption in England, with 6,000,000 of population, were in 1723 10,500,000 gallons 1734 13,500,000 „ 1740 15,250,000 „ 1742 19,000,000 „ In 1742, there were Sh gallons drunk per head in England ; in that year 20,000 houses sold gin in Lon- don alone ; in 1842, with treble the population in England and Wales, only 9,102,472 gallons of home-made spirits were consumed : consumption for the united king- dom in 1842—18,841,890 gallons ; 1849—23,010,808, with a tripled population : a minute return for 1844, gave the quantity of spirits produced from grain in England (for home consumption) in 1844, as 8,234,440 imperial gallons, against 7,724,051 gallons in 1843, the an- nual produce of the duties being about 3,225,155?., or 3,025,253?. In 1780, the number of imperial gallons consumed in England amounted to 2,291,940, paying a duty of 498,913?. The quantity of grain spirits produced in Scotland at present amounts to 5,922,948 gallons, from which a duty of 1,085,873?. accrues annually. In 1780, the consumption of Scotch grain spirits was 194,242 gallons, and the revenue arising therefrom only 33,882?. In Ireland, the quan- tity of grain spirits annually con- sumed at present amounts to about 6,451,137 gallons, and the annual produce of the duties, in British currency, to 860,151?. The rates of duty appear to be — in England, 7s. 10d.; in Scotland, 3s. 8d.; and in Ireland, 2s. 8d. per imperial gallon. Further accounts are appended, showing the periods when distilla- tion from corn was prohibited in England (from 1796 to 1814), the quantities of sugar used in distil- leries, and the annual produce of the duties. The quantity of proof spirits distilled during the year 1844, amounted — in England, to 5,433,843 gallons, paying a duty of 3,225,155?.; and in Scotland, 8,321,306 gallons, paying a duty of 1,085,873?. These spirits were distilled from malt, and a mixture of malt with un- malted grain. The quantity of proof spirits imported into Eng- land from Scotland amounted to 1,950,758 gallons, paying a duty of 763,905?.; and the quantities im- ported into Ireland from Scotland, to 568,555 gallons, paying a duty of 75,822?. The duty was paid partly on removal from bond, and partly after the arrival at the place of destination. The number of gallons distilled in Ireland amount- ed to 6,878,243, paying a duty of 860,151? , so that the grand total quantity of proof spirit distilled in the whole of the united kingdom during the year 1844, amounted to 20,633,392 imperial gallons, and the total amount of duty paid there- on, to 5,171,181?. Spirits, Eoreign ; the total quan- tity of foreign brandy retained for home consumption in Great Britain amounted, in 1844, to 1,007,527 gallons, against 1,023,219 in the year 1843 ; and the whole quantity of Geneva, or foreign gin, to 13,119 gallons, against 12,448 gallons in 1843, imperial measure. In 1841, the consumption of brandy was only 494,716 gallons, since which period it gradually rose to 1,000,000 gallons per annum. On the other hand, the consumption of foreign gin fell off; there were 141,302 gal Ions retained forborne consumption in 1814, at present the consump- SPI 638 SPO tion is only about 1-I2th of that quantity. The amount of duty received in 1844 was — on brandy, 1,150,067*.; and on geneva, 14,989*. This revenue decreased, probably owing to the greater demand for home manufactured spirits, and to the exertions of the total abstinence fanatics. In 1814, the revenue aris- ing from brandy was 575,152*., and that on gin, 168,580*. The rates of duty on foreign brandy and geneva were, in 1844, 1*. 2s. lOd. per imperial gallon, as during the time of the long war they were only gradually raised from 7s. per gallon upwards. In 1789, the duty on brandy was only 6s. a gallon. For Ireland, an annual stock of 15,547 gallons of brandy, and 1,744 gallons of geneva, was required, the rates of duty being the same, 1*. 2s. lOd. In March, 1844, the duty reduced to 15s. per gallon, in place of 1*. 2s. lOd. ; the consumption in- creased by this reduction from 1,172,365*. in 1847,, to l T 659,659*.,or from 1,586,038 gallons imperial to 2,214,275, in 1849; and to 2,930,967 gallons in 1851, of which 1,859,273 were for home consumption. Spirits, Revenue from Foreign, 1850— Rum £1,099,950 Brandy 1,395,110 Geneva 21,180 Other Spirit 14,007 Total £2,530,247 Spirits, Ireland, diminution of consumption in this country be- tween 1837 and 1841 : — Gallons. Population. 1837. ..11,235,635.. .8,055,771 1838. ..12,298,342... 1839.. .10,815,709... „ 1840 7,401,051... 1841... 6,485,443. ..8,179,359 1842... 5,290,650... 1846... 7,952,076... 1849... 6,973,333... There was a diminution of popula- tion between 1841 and 1851 of above 1,000,000. In a comparison with Scotland, the moderation of the Irish and English is remarkable : — ' Gallons. Population. 1838...... 6,259, 711... 2,543,961 1840 6,180,138... 1842 5,595,186... 2,620,610 1846 6,975,091... 1849 6,935,003... England consumed of home-made spirits the gallon 0.51 per head, while Scotland consumed 2.38, and Ireland 0.90. Foreign spirits consumed in England, 1841, were 0.71 per head; Scotland, 0.15; and Ireland, 0.002 per head : of colonial spirit or rum, England, 0.14, Scotland, 0.02, and Ireland 0.0015 of a gallon per head, 1841. The total consumption of the united kingdom for 1841, was : — Spirits 0.77 gal. per head Rum 0.09 „ For. spirits 0.044 „ Spires, the seat of the imperial chamber until 1689 ; the city burned by the French, and rebuilt after the peace of Ryswick, 1637 ; diet held there by Charles V., to condemn the reformation, 1529. Spitalfields' Weavers reduced to great distress from want of employ- ment, 1816 ; the sum of £5000 per week scarcely adequate to the dis- tress experienced there in 1829. Spitzbergkw discovered in 1533 by Sir Hugh Willoughby, who sup- posed it to be a part of Greenland ; afterwards visited by Barentz and Cornelius, who called it Spitzber- gen. Sponsors first appointed to in- fants at christenings, 140 ; accord- ing to some authorities, half a century later. Spooner : a Mr. Spooner of Tam- worth, in Warwickshire, died in 1775 at the age of 57 ; he weighed 40 stone 91bs., and measured 4 feet 3 inches across the shoulders. Sports allowed on Sundays, after divine service ; a declaration to that effect, constituting the first book of sports, published by James L, May 24, 1618 ; a second book of sports was published by Charles I., ST 639 ST Oct. 18, 1633; they gave rise to numerous controversies. Spots on the Sun, generally termed " macula? ;" one observed three times the earth's diameter upon the sun's centre, April 21, 1766. Spring, one suddenly hurst forth in the vicinity of Como in Italy, and caused the fall of two houses and a forge that were situated near it, 1806. Spues came into use, 1400. Spuks, Battle of the, between Henry VIII. of England and the emperor Maximilian on one side, and the French on the other, they having entered into an alliance against France, 1513; the emperor received an allowance of a hundred ducats per day from the king of England, so that Austrian or Ger- man mercenaries in the service of England, are of a more ancient date than the reign of George III. and his subsidies ; the Duke de Longueville, who commanded the French, was beaten at Guinegate, where, making more use of their spurs than their swords, they ob- tained for it the name of the " battle of the spurs." St. Agatha, Monastery of, found- ed near Richmond, Yorkshire, 1151; St. Andrew, a post-revolution Scotch bishopric, having ceased soon after the revolution of 1688 ; the year of its primary establish- ment is uncertain. St. Andrew's Festival, instituted 359. St. Asaph, Bishopric of, founded 560; the archdeaconry erected 1127; the deanery, before 1239; the sees of St. Asaph and Bangor were to have been united on the next vacancy of either, on the crea- tion of the see of Manchester, by an order in council of Oct., 1838 ; the order was annulled, 1846 ; the sees to remain separate. St. David, Bishopric of, founded 519; once the metropolitan see of Wales. St. David's Day, the festival of the Welsh, in honour of St. David their patron, 519, who removed the bishop's well from Carleon to Nenew, it being previously too near the Saxons ; in a battle with these Sax- on invaders, the Welsh wore a leek in their caps, which they recall by placing one in their hats in the present day. St. Dizier, Battle of, in France, between Napoleon and the invading armies of the allies; the latter claimed the victory, Jan. 27, 1814. St. George, Man-of-war, a 98, with the Hero and Defence, 74, lost on the coast of Jutland with nearly all their crews, Dec. 24, 1811 ; Ad- miral Carthew Reynolds perished in the St. George. St. Ives, Cornwall, incorporated 1641. St. James, Festival of, instituted 1089. St. John's Gate, London, the en- trance to the ancient monastery of the knights of St. John of Jerusa- lem, and the only remnant of that establishment, suppressed 1540. St. Jude, Festival of, instituted 1090. St. Luke, Feast of, instituted 1130. St. Maloes, France, bombarded by the English, 1693; attacked again by the English in 1758, when they burned or destroyed above 100 vessels in the port, since strongly fortified. St. Mark, Festival of, instituted 1090. St. Martin's Feast, instituted 812. St. Martin's Church, Canterbury, built 182. St. Mary's Abbey, York, built 1088. St. Mary's Priory, Thetford, built 1104. St. Michael's or Vale Castle, Guernsey, built 1100, the church 1117. St. Michael's Mount Monastery, Cornwall, built 1030. St. Osyth's Priory, Essex, found- ed 1L2'J. ST 640 STA St. Paul's Cross, London, which once stood before the cathedral ; here was a pulpit, with steps up to it, in which the city divines preached every Sunday forenoon, and they were attended by the corporation, 1259 ; it was devoted not only to polemical but political purposes ; Jane Shore, the favourite of Ed- ward IV., was dragged before it by her priestly persecutors, 1483, with every mark of degradation they could heap upon her ; it was not the worst act of the parliament that commanded its demolition in 1643. St. Peter ad Vincula, Festi- val of, instituted 317. St. Peter's Church at Pome, the noblest in the world, erected on the spot where the emperor Constantine erected a church ; it was begun un- der Pope Nicholas V. by Rosellini, in 1450, who cleared the ground, and demolished a temple of Probus there ; the first stone was laid in 1506 by pope Julius II., and un- der the architect Bramante, and after him of the sublime Michael Angelo, who amended the original plan, and erected the dome ; when he died, 1564, then Vignola suc- ceeded him as architect, and then Delia Porta ; 600 workmen were employed upon it, and the last stone was laid, 1590 ; the facade and lateral parts of the portico were not completed until 1621 ; the front has a width of 400 feet, and is 180 in height ; the dome rises to 324 feet ; the height exter- nally is 432, the length 669, and the breadth within, 442. St. Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands, the first land of America, or the islands discovered by Colum- bus, who named it Oct. 11, 1491 ; the original name was Guanhomi, or Cat's Eye, which sailors some- times call it at this day. St. Saviour's Church, Southwark, built 1098. St. Sebastian, Siege of, by the army under the Duke of Welling- ton, Aug. 31, 1813, in which the place was stormed after a severe loss, and fearful excesses committed on the inhabitants ; 2500 British and Por- tuguese were killed and wounded, to which, adding the actions before the place on the 31st of August, and the 1st and 2nd of September, the total loss was 5122 killed and wounded. St. Sebastian, Battle of, between the British auxiliary legion under General Evans, and the Carlists, May 5, 1836 ; the Carlists were defeated, and suffered considerable loss; the lines of General Evans were attacked by the Carlists at, Oct. 1, 1836, when they were re- pulsed with loss. St. Sophia, Church of, at Con- stantinople, built by Justinian, and since that city fell into the hands of the Turks, used as a mosque, 1453 ; it is 269 feet long, and 243 broad. St. Stephen's Chapel, used as the House of Commons, built 1115 ; re- built by Edward III., 1347; ap- plied to the purposes of the House of Commons, 1550. St. Thomas's Festival, instituted 1130. St. Thomas's Hospital, London, founded 1213 ; surrendered to Henry VIII., 1 530 ; purchased of Edward VI., by the citizens of London, and in 1553 incorporated with the other hospitals in the city ; rebuilt 1693. St. Vincent, Battle of Cape, be- tween the English and French fleets, under Sir John Jervis, who took four line-of-battle ships, two of 110 guns, and two of 74, with a force one third inferior ; the French ad- miral De Tourville, in 1693, when 12 English and Dutch men of war and 80 merchant vessels were taken or destroyed by the French ; Lord Podney defeated the Spanish fleet under Admiral Langara off this cape, Jan. 16, 1780 STADT-House, at Amsterdam, built 1649, but not completely finished until 1655. STADT-Holdership of the Low Countries, suppressed 1775. STA 641 STA Stafford, Sir Henry, killed at the battle of Seven Oaks, by the insurgents under Jack Cade, June 24, 1450. Stafford Castle, built 3070. Stafford, Henry, Duke of Buck- ingham, addressed the London citizens in favour of Richard II., and got him proclaimed king, June 24, 1483. Staffordshire Canal begun, July 1766. Stage Coaches, see Travelling ; new acts in relation to, 1785, 1809, 1814, Jan. 1832; duties varying from 2d. to 5d. per mile, as estab- lished at different times. Stages, Diligences, and Posts, established in France, 1464. Stamford, Lincolnshire, shock of an earthquake felt at, Feb. 27, 1792 ; castle of, built 922. Stamp Act, for levying a tax iipon America, passed 1764 ; re- pealed March 18, 1766. Stamp Duties imposed upon the administration of justice in the do- cuments for law proceedings ; those which tended to enhance their cost, and are therefore most objectionable, returned in the seven years ending respectively Jan. 5, 1818, £167,760; 1819, £152,556; 1820, £159,709; 1821, £155,552; 1822, £154,632; 1823, £149,207; 1824, £145,206. Stamp Duties generally, these were first imposed June 28, 1694 ; increased, 1756; increased again, 1776, 1780, 1789, 1797, 1801, 1802, 1808, and 1815 ; first established in Ireland, March 25, 1774 ; increased, 1801; altered 1853. Stamp Duties, 1852, then em- braced the following heads : — ad- mission to act in any court as an advocate, £50; as solicitor, agent, or writer, £25 ; as agent in supreme courts in Scotland without inden- ture, £30 in addition ; the same in inferior courts, in addition to £25, £30 more ; notary public, in Eng- land, £30 ; in Scotland, £20 ; to be fellow of a college of physicians, £25, or licence to practise physic, £15 ; each degree of M.D. in Scot- land, £10 ; to a corporation privi- leged, £1, on other grounds, £3 ; to an ecclesiastical benefice, England and Ireland, £7 ; Scotland, £2 ; agreements of £20 and upwards, with not more than 1080 words, 2s. 6d., and for every 2080 words more progressively, 2s. 6d. ; resig- nation instrument in Scotland, 5s. ; the same of any lands, 5s. ; duty on above the first 1080 words progres- sively, 5s. ; appraisements, not ex- ceeding — £50 2s. 6d. 50 and not £100 5 100 „ 200 10 200 „ 500 15 500 and upwards 20 Indentures of apprenticeship, pre-, mium under £30, duty £1, — £30 and under £50 £2 50 „ 100 3 100 „ 200 6 200 „ 300 12 300 „ 400 20 400 „ 500 25 500 „ 600 30 600 „ 800 40 800 „ 1000 50 1000 and upwards 60 Duplicate, 5s. ; if no premium, and under 1080 words, 20s., or 35s. if more than 1080 ; assignment of indenture, without new considera- tion, 20s. ; if more than 1080 words, 35s. ; indentures of parish or volun- tary apprentices to the sea service, or those of pauper children, are ex- empt ; that of clerkship in the law courts in England and Ireland, £120, in any inferior courts, £60 ; duplicate of the same, 35s. ; awards in England or Ireland, or decreet arbitral in Scotland, less than 2160 words, 35s. ; when above the number of words, then for any entire 1080 above the first 1080, a further progressive duty of £1, 5s. ; bills of lading, 6d. each; Ireland, bills of exchange and promissory notes, not exceeding 2 months or 60 days' date, — 2t STA 642 STA £2 and not above £5 5s Is. Od., longer Is. 6d. £5 5s. 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 1000 2000 £20 30 50 100 200 300 500 1000 2000 3000 1 6 2 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 8 6 12 6 15 3000 and upwards 25 2 2 6 3 6 4 6 5 6 8 6 12 6 15 25 30 Inland draft, bill, or order for pay- ment, though not to bearer or to order, if delivered to the payee, the same duty as on a bill of exchange for the like sum ; such a bill, inland bill, draft, or order for the payment of any sum of money at stated periods, if made payable to the bearer or to order, or if delivered to the payee, where the total amount of the money made payable shall be specified, or can be ascertained therefrom — the same duty as on a bill payable to bearer or order on demand for a sum equal to such total amount ; and where the total amount of the money made payable shall be indefinite, the same duty as on a bill on demand for the sum therein expressed only; bills of exchange payable out of Great Britain or Ireland respectively, and drawn in either country, if drawn singly, the same duty as on an in- land bill of the same amount and tenor ; in sets, then for every bill of each set, £100, Is. 6d. ; Above £100 & not above £200... 3s. Od. 200 „ 500... 4 500 „ 1000... 5 1000 „ 2000... 7 6 2000 „ 3000... 10 3000 15 These were established 1782, in- creased 1791, 1797, 1801, 1808, 1815. Bonds, mortgages, and war- rants of attorney, bond in England or Ireland, and personal bond in Scotland, given as a security for the payment of any definite and certain sum of money not exceeding £50, Is. 3d, ; above — £50 & not above £100 ... 2s. 6d. 100 „ 150 ... 3 9 150 „ 200 ... 5 200 „ 250 ... 6 3 250 „ 300 ... 7 6 And where the sum shall exceed £300, then for every £100, and also for any fractional part of £100, 2s. 6d. Bond in England or Ireland, and personal or heritable bond in Scotland, given as a security for the payment of any annuity, or of any sum or sums of money at stated pe- riods (not being interest for any prin- cipal sum, nor rent reserved or pay- able upon any lease or tack), for the term of life or any other indefinite period, so that the whole money to be paid cannot be previously ascer- tained : — £ s. Not exceeding £50 per annum 1 Above £50 and not above £100 2 And where the same shall ex- ceed £100 per annum, then for every £100 per annum, and also for any fractional part of £100 per annum 2 Where there shall be both a personal and heritable bond in Scotland in separate deeds of the same date for securing such annuity or sums at stated periods, and the ad valorem duty above charged thereon shall amount to £2 or upwards, the heritable bond only shall be charged with the ad valorem duty, and the personal bond shall be charged only with a duty of 1 STA 643 STA Mortgage, the same duty as on bonds. £ s. d. Instruments on the sale or mortgage of copyhold estates 2 6 Progressive duty on words ..026 Warrant of attorney, the same duty as on a bond for the like purpose, save where such payment or transfer shall be already secured by a bond, mort- gage, or other security which shall have paid the proper ad valorem duty on bonds or mortgages impos- ed by law at the date, ex- ceeding in amount the sum of 5s. ; and also except where the Avarrant of at- torney shall be given for securing any sum or sums of money exceeding £200, for which the person giv- ing the same shall then be in actual custody under an arrest on mesne process or in execution ; and in those excepted cases, a duty of... 5 Warrant of attorney not otherwise charged in this schedule 1 15 Charter of resignation, or of confirmation, or of novoda- mus, or upon apprising, or upon a decreet of ad- judication or sale of any lands or other heritable stibjectsin Scotland holden of any subject superior ... 5 And where the same shall contain 2160 words or upwards, then for every entire quantity of 1080 words contained therein, over and above the first 1080 words, a further progressive duty of 5 Charter Party, or any agreement or contract for the charter of any ship or vessel, or any memorandum, letter, or other writing between the captain, master, or owner of any ship or vessel, and any other per- son, for or relating to the freight or conveyance of any money, goods, or effects on board of L such ship or vessel '...£05 A charter party may be stamped within 14 days after the date, and the execution thereof by the party who first executes the same, on pay- ment of the duty only ; after 14 days and within one calendar month, on payment of a penalty of .£10 besides the duty ; but after a month it can- not be stamped at all. Conveyances. — Where the purchase or consideration money therein or there- upon expressed shall not £ s. d. exceed £25 2 6 Above £25, not above £50 5 „ 50 „ 75 7 6 „ 75 „ 100 10 „ 100 „ 125 12 6 „ 125 „ 150 15 „ 150 „ 175 17 6 „ 175 „ 200 1 „ 200 „ 225 12 6 „ 225 „ 250 15 „ 250 „ 275 1 7 6 „ 275 „ 300 1 10 „ 300 „ 350 1 15 „ 350 „ 400 2 „ 400 „ 450 2 5 „ 450 „ 500 2 10 „ 500 „ 550 2 15 „ 550 „ 600 3 And where the purchase or consideration money shall exceed £600, then for every £100, and also for every fractional part of £100 10 Debentures for entitling any person to receive any drawback of any duty or duties, or part thereof, of customs or excise, or any bounty payable out of the revenue of customs or excise, for or in re- spect of any goods ex- STA 644 STA ported, or shipped to be exported from Great Bri- tain or Ireland, to any part beyond the sea £0 5 Insurance, Life Policies, — When sum not above £50 2 6 Above £50 „ 100 5 „ 100 and under 500 1 When 500 „ 1000 2 „ 1000 „ 3000 3 „ 3000 „ 5000 4 „ 5000 and up wards... 5 Fire, — Duty on each policy Is., besides 3s. per cent, per annum on every insurance made or renewed. Exemptions. — Public hospitals : also agricultural produce, farming stock, and implements of husbandry, being upon any farm or farms in Great Britain or Ireland, provided the insurance shall be effected by a separate and distinct policy relating solely to such produce, &c. &c. The duties on Sea Insurances are granted by the 7th Victoria, cap 21, throughout the United Kingdom. For and in respect of every policy of assurance or insurance, or other instrument, by whatever name the same shall be called, whereby any insurance shall be made upon any ship or vessel, or upon any goods, merchandise, or other property on board of any ship or vessel, or upon the freight of any ship or vessel, or upon any other interest in or relat- ing to any ship or vessel which may lawfully be insured, for or upon any voyage whatever, the following duties, where the whole sum insured shall not exceed £100, and where the whole sum insured shall exceed £100, then for every £100, and also for any fractional part of £100, whereof the same shall consist (that is to say) — Where the premium or con- sideration for such insu- rance, and bond fide paid, given, or contracted for, shall not exceed the rate of 10s. per cent, on the sum in- s. d. sured 3 ^Exceeding the rate of 10s. per cent., and not exceed- s. d. ing the rate of 20s 6 Exceeding the rate of 20s. per cent., and not exceed- ing the rate of 30s 1 Exceeding the rate of 30s. per cent., and not exceed- ing the rate of 40s 2 Exceeding the rate of 40s. per cent., and not exceed- ing the rate of 50s 3 And where the same shall exceed the rate of 50s. per cent, on the sum insured ... 4 But if the separate interests of two or more distinct persons shall be insured by one policy or instrument, then the said respective duties, as the case may require, shall be charged thereon in respect of each and every fractional part of £100, as well as in respect of every full sum of £100, which shall be thereby insured upon any separate and distinct interest. And for and in respect of every policy of assurance or insurance, or other instrument whereby any such insurance as aforesaid shall be made, for any certain term or period of time, the following rates or sums on every £100, and also for any fractional part of £100, whereof the same shall consist (that is to say) — Where any such insurance s. d. shall be made for any term or period not exceeding 6 calendar months 2 6 Exceeding 6 calendar months 4 And for and in respect of every policy of assurance or insurance, or other instrument, by whatever name the same shall be called, whereby any insurance, commonly called a mutual insurance, shall be made, or whereby divers persons shall insure or agree to insure one another, without any premium or pecuniary consideration, from any loss, damage, or misfortune that may happen of or to any ship or vessel, or any goods, merchandise, or other property on board of any ship or vessel, or the freight of any ship or vessel, or any other interest STA 645 STA in or relating to any ship or vessel dent in the cities of which may be lawfully insurec upon London or West- any voyage whatever, and not x>r minster, city or shire any period of time. of Edinburgh, or For every sum of £100, and city of Dublin, and also for each and every shall have been in fractional part of £100, possession of office thereby insured to any per- s. d. for 3 years or up- son or persons 2 6 wards, £12 ; if not Lease of Tack of any lands, tene- so long, £6. If re- ments, hereditaments, or heritable sident elsewhere, subjects at a yearly rent, without and shall have been any sum of money by way of fine, admitted for the premium, or grassum paid for 1 he space of 3 years or same : s. d. upwards, £8 ; if not £ s. Where the yearly rent is not so long 4 above £5 6 to dealers in gold and Above £5, and not above £10 1 silver plate above „ 10 „ 15 1 6 2 oz. gold, or 30 oz. » 15 „ 20 2 silver, or upAvards 5 15 „ 20 „ 25 2 6 Do. under ditto 2 6 „ 25 „ 50 5 JJ to hawkers and ped- „ 50 „ 75 7 6 lars in England and „ 75 „ 100 10 Scotland 4 And where the same shall And if travelling with exceed £100, then for every horse, ass, or mule, £50, and also for any for every such beast 4 fractional part of £50 5 ?? to hawkers and ped- Letter of Attorney, for the lars, in Ireland 2 2 sale, transfer, acceptance, And if travelling with or receipt of dividends of horse, ass, or mule, any of the government £ s. for every such beast, stocks or funds 1 and for every ser- Letter or power of Attorney vant employed in of any other kind 1 10 carrying goods of Progressive duty above 1080 any such hawker ... 2 2 words 1 Stage-coach licence 2 2 Annual Licences : Marriage licence, special ... 5 ,, to appraisers 2 in England, not special cate of the registration K ,, to auctioneers 10 Certifi ,, to bankers 30 must of a Protes design 5 [and a separate one ts — on bill or note for d. be taken out in respect of any sum less than £20 ... 2 each town or place where £20 and less than £100 ... 3 the persons issue notes; but £100 „ £500... 5 it is not necessary to take £500 or upwards 10 out more than 4 licences. Protest of any other kind, for Vict., c. 32. sec. 22.] every sheet 5 „ to pawnbrokers in the After the first a further pro- cities of London gressive duty of 5 and Westminster Receipts — For money amount- and suburbs, also ing to Dublin and do 15 £5 and under £10 3 ,, Elsewhere 7 10 10 20 20 50 1 ,, to attorneys. If rcsi- STA 646 STA s. d. £50 and under £100 1 6 100 „ 200 2 6 200 „ 300 4 300 „ 500 5 500 „ 1000 7 6 1000 and upwards 10 For any sum said to be in full of all demands 10 Seisin Instrument 5 Progressive duty on words above 1080 5 Stamp Receipts issued — 1852 5,290,661 1851 5,178,556 1850 4,768,505 Revenue from : 1852 £194,088 1851 187,480 1850 174,694 New Act, 1853.— Receipts on £2 and upwards to be only Id. duty, given either on stamped paper, or by a stamp affixed adhesively, to be obliterated by writing the name across it. Penalty for not defacing the stamp, £10 ; for using the same twice, £20. Settlements.. — Any deed, whether voluntary or upon any considera- tion other than a bona fide pecuniary consideration, whereby any definite sum or sums of money shall be set- tled upon or for the benefit of any person or persons, either in posses- sion or reversion, either absolutely or for life, or other partial interest, or in any manner whatsoever. If the value of such articles together, shall not exceed in the whole £100, 5s. ; and if the same shall exceed £100, then for every £100, and also for any fractional part of £100, 5s. Probate of a will, and letters of administration with a will annexed, to be granted in England or Ireland, where the estate and effects for which such probate sball be grant- ed or expeded, or whereof such inventory shall be exhibited and re- corded, exclusive of what the de- ceased shall have been possessed of, or entitled to, as a trustee for any other person or persons, and not beneficially, shall be — Above the value of £20, and under the value of £ s. £100 10 Above 100 and under £200 2 200 „ 300 5 300 „ 450 8 450 „ 600 11 600 „ 800 15 800 „ 1000 22 1000 „ 1500 30 1500 „ 2000 40 2000 „ 3000 50 3000 „ 4000 60 4000 „ 5000 80 5000 „ 6000 100 6000 „ 7000 120 7000 „ 8000 140 8000 „ 9000 160 9000 „ 10,000 180 10,000 „ 12,000 200 12,000 „ 14,000 220 14,000 „ 16,000 250 16,000 „ 18,000 280 18,000 „ 20,000 310 20,000 „ 25,000 350 25,000 „ 30,000 40Q 30,000 „ 35,000 450 35,000 „ 40,000 525 40,000 „ 45,000 600 45,000 „ 50,000 675 50,000 „ 60,000 750 60,000 „ 70,000 900 70,000 „ 80,000 1050 80,000 „ 90,000 1200 90,000 „ 100,000 1350 100,000 and upwards. Letters of administration without a will annexed, to be granted in England or Ireland : where the estate and effects for or in respect of Avhich such letters of administra- tion or confirmation respectively shall be granted or expeded, or whereof such inventory shall be ex- hibited and recorded, exclusive of what the deceased shall have been possessed of or entitled to as a trustee for any other person or per- sons, and not beneficially, shall be Above the value of £20, and under the value of £ s. £50 10 Above 50 and under £100 1 100 „ 200 3 200 „ 300 8 ST A 647 STA £ s. £300 and under£450 1 1 450 „ 600 15 600 „ 800 22 800 „ 1000 30 10U0 „ 1500 45 1500 „ 2000 60 2000 „ 3000 75 3000 „ 4000 90 4000 „ 5000 120 5000 „ 6000 150 6000 „ 7000 180 7000 „ 8000 210 8000 „ 9000 240 9000 „ 10,000 270 10,000 „ 12,000 300 12,000 „ 14,000 330 14,000 „ 16,000 375 16,000 „ 18,000 420 18,000 „ 20,000 465 20,000 „ 25,000 525 25,000 „ 30,000 600 30,000 „ 35,000 675 35,000 „ 40,000 785 40,000 „ 45,000 900 45,000 „ 50,000 1010 50,000 „ 60,000 1125 60,000 „ 70,000 1350 70,000 „ 80,000 1575 80,000 „ 90,000 1800 90,000 „ 100,000 2025 100,000 and upwards, The inventory duty is paid in the first place on the whole succession, without deduction of debts ; but Act 55 Geo. III. cap. 184," sec. 51, provides for a return being given on proof of the debts being paid, so as to confine the duty to the net ba- lance. This repayment must be claimed within three years ; but the time will be prolonged on cause shown. If there be any omission in the inventory, an additional one must be lodged. Legacies, Annuities, 'Residues to children or their descendants, or lineal ancestors of the deceased, £1 ; brother or sister, or their descendants, £3 ; uncle or aunt, or their descendants, £5 ; grand- uncle or aunt, or their descend- ants, £6 ; all other relations or strangers, £10. The husband or wife of the de- ceased is not chargeable with duty. Where the testator, testatrix, or intestate, shall have died after the 5th day of April, 1805 : for every legacy, specific or pecuniary, or of any other description of the value of £20 or upwards, given by any will or testament of any person who shall have died after the 5th day of April, 1805, either out of his personal or movable estate, or charged upon his heritable estate, or out of any moneys to arise by the sale, mortgage, or other dispo- sition of his real or heritable estate, or any part, and which shall be sa- tisfied or discharged after the 31st day of August, 1815, in Great Bri- tain, or after the 9th day of Octo- ber, 1842, in Ireland ; also for the clear residue when devolving to one person, and for every share of the clear residue when devolving to two or more persons, of the personal or movable estate of any person who shall have died after the 5th day of April, 1805, after deducting charges first payable, whether the title to such residue, or any share thereof, shall accrue by virtue of any testa- mentary disposition or upon a par- tial or total intestacy ; where such residue shall be of the value of £20 or upwards, and where the same shall be paid, delivered, re- tained, satisfied, or discharged after the 31st day of August, 1815, in Great Britain, or after the 9th day of October, 1842, in Ireland ; also for the clear residue when giv- en to one person, and for every share of the clear residue when giv- en to two or more, of the moneys to arise from the disposition of any real or heritable estate, directed to be sold, mortgaged, or otherwise disposed of by any testamentary instrument, of any person who shall have died after the 5th day of April, 1805, after deducting charges first made payable there- out, if any, where such residue shall amount to £20 or upwards, and where the same shall be paid, re- tained, or discharged, after the 31st ST A 648 ST A day of August, 1815, in Great Bri- tain, or after the 9th day of October, 1842, in Ireland. Each grant of the dignity of a duke, £200; marquis, £200 ; earl, £200; viscount, £150 ; baron, £100 ; and baronet, £50. Of a conge d'elire, £20. Of the royal assent to the election of arch- bishop or bishop, £20. Newspapers.— -For every sheet en- tire, the sum of le?., begun 1713, increased 1725, 1765, 1781, 1789, 1797, 1808, 1815 ; reduced duty, 1833. Passports, 7s. 6d. ; Playing Cards, Is. per pack ; gold-plate stamped at Goldsmiths' Hall, if wrought in England, 16s. per oz., except watch cases; silver, Is. 3d. per oz., except certain small articles ; the stamp commenced 1796, the letters run from D to W : 1853 is P. Stamped Paper, for covering- walls of rooms, introduced 1555 ; flock or velvet paper, first used 1620. Stamps, total revenue from, 1801, £3,049,844 ; 1821, £6, 513,599 ; 1831, £6,947,829; 1841, £7,135,217; to Jan. 5, 1851 : Deeds and other instruments Probates of Wills and Letters of Adminis- tration Bills of Exchange and Bankers' Notes Composition for Bank of England, Bank of Ireland, and Country Bank Notes Beceipt Stamps Marine Insurances Hawkers' Licences and Certificates Newspapers and Supplements, and Papers for Advertisements Medicine Legacies Fire Insurances Gold and Silver Plate Cards and Dice Advertisement Duty Penalties and Law Costs recovered Law Fund Chancery Fund Judgments Registry Fund Civil Bill Fund Bills outstanding, and Balances in th^ hands of Collectors, on January 5, 1851... £1,191,490 14 8 973,230 3 8§ 566,894 3 7 43,470 6 6 174,744 7 7 172,673 4 4 224,316 17 6 396,514 2 11 32,263 19 5 1,313,027 18 4 1,134,539 7 3 61,212 17 2£ 11,441 4 175,094 10 8 874 16 10^ 26,969 9 5 18,032 11 8| 4,326 17 5 8,631 17 8 £6,529,049 10 8 151,839 13 7 Standard, the Metallic, of the united kingdom, first fixed by law, 1300 ; that for gold being 22 out of 24 parts pure, and the other 2 of silver or copper ; the standard of silver is 11 oz. 2 dwts. of pure metal, with 18 dwts. of copper, or 40 parts silver, and 3 parts copper ; in 1300, such 12 oz. troy were coined into 20s. ; in 1412, into 30s. ; in 1527, into 45s. ; in 1545, 6 oz. of silver and 6 of alloy were coined into 48s.; and in the following year the reigning king coined 4 oz. of silver and 8 oz. of alloy into 48s. ; Elizabeth in 1560 restored the old standard at 60s., and in 1601 into 62s., now 66s. ; the com- mon proportions of silver to gold in the mint are as 15| to 1. Standard, or Ensign, borne by military bodies, but in the singular understood as the flag of the chief; in early ages the cross was used as the standard of the Christian armies, as Constantine warily bore it to attach the Christians to him, 312. Mahomet's standard was green, and preserved by the Porte with great care, carried in a procession in 1768 ; the Turks butchered all the infidels who dared to look at it. The impe- rial standard of England, after the ST A 649 ST A union Avith Ireland, was first hoisted on the Tower in London and Castle in Dublin, Jan. 1, 1801. Standing while the &ospel is read, ordained 406. Stanislaus, the abdicated king of Poland, burned by accident, Feb. 6, 1768, aged 89. Stanislaus Poniatowski, the de- throned king of Poland, 1795, died April 11, 1798. Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, murdered in a London insurrection, 1326. Staples Inn, London, built 1415. Star Chamber, Court of the, named from the ceiling being orna- mented with stars. This court was instituted by Henry VII., 1487, as a place to try causes before the privy council ; Charles I., and his tyrannical instrument Laud, arch- bishop of Canterbury, here as else- where set the laws of the realm at defiance ; enormous fines, whip- pings of the most cruel character, slitting the noses, cutting off the ears of persons obnoxious to the court, and imprisonments of fright- ful duration, were everyday occur- rences, increasing the merited dislike to Charles and his semi- papistical tools. After proving practically, but too long, that there was no law but the will of the king and his chief minion, this court was put down when it could no longer be maintained, in 16 Charles I., 1641, but too late to make it ever be forgotten that the king was a great supporter of this disgraceful tribunal. Star Castle, Scilly Islands, built 1593. Star, order of knighthood in France, disused 1465. Stars ; the heavens were very early observed in the East ; it is said 1500 years before Christ there were many of them named ; there is a map of the stars extant in the king's library at Paris, which gives the stars 600 years before Christ, and contains 1460 stars correctly laid down. Starching of Linen, first brought into England by Mrs. Dingham ot Flinders, 1554 ; starch was heavily taxed by Pitt, but the act was sub- sequently repealed; the starch- makers were incorporated as a company, 1632. STATES-General of France, an ancient assembly of that country, last convened before the revolution of 1789, in 1614; it consisted of three orders — the nobility, clergy, and commons ; they last met May 5, 1789, when they differed about meeting in three bodies or collec- tively ; they finally met in one hall, and thence the national assembly of that eventful era. Stationers' Company had their first charter, 1556; second, 1558; again, 1667 and 1684; their first charter confirmed, 1689 ; they had a patent for the sole printing of almanacs, 1615, in aid of their poor members. Statues; the moderns have never been able to compete wfth the an- cients in statuary ; Italy has pro- duced the best since the decline of the empire ; Michael Angelo is at the head of modern sculpture. The first and best public statue in Lon- don, is that of Charles I. in Cha- ring Cross, the horse is particu- larly fine ; it was made in 1633, by Le Sueur, a French sculptor of merit ; it was buried during the commonwealth by a brazier who purchased it, and re-erected it in 1678 ; as works of art, there is yet wanting one in this department of the fine arts to which England may point as worthy of the admiration of foreigners ; there is, or was, a statue of George I. in Leicester Square; that in Soho Square, though placed there according to some authorities in 1679, passes both for Charles II. and for the duke of Monmouth ; George I. has disap- peared for more than a century from Grosvenor Square : — A. D. George I., Leicester Square... 1726 George III., Somerset house 1788 STE 650 STE George III., Cockspur-street 1836 Howard, John, first erected in St. Paul's 1796 James II., Whitehall 1687 Nelson, Trafalgar-square 1843 Pitt, William, Hanover- square 1831 Wellington, Duke of, city ... 1844 Wellington, Duke of, arch, Hyde-park corner; proba- tionary site 1846 William III., St. James's- square 1717 William IV., city 1845 York, Duke of, Waterloo- place 1834 Achilles, Hyde- park, in ho- nour of the Duke of Wel- lington June 18, 1822 Anne, Queen, St. Paul's Churchyard 1711 Bedford, Duke of, Russell- square 1717 Canning, George, New Palace- yard 1832 Cartwright, Major, Burton Crescent 1831 Cumberland, Duke of, Caven- dish-square 1770 Elizabeth, Queen, St. Dnn- stan's, Fleet-street 1586 Fox, Charles James, Blooms- bury-square 1816 Statute Mile, first ascertained in England, 1593. Statutes, the first printed in England in English, 1483 : prefix- ed titles to them, 1487 ; the more celebrated were those of Clarendon to restrain the clergy, written in French, 1267 ; Marlborough, 1269 ; Gloucester, the earliest of which any record exists, 1277 ; of Mort- main, 1279 ; Quo warranto, Oct., 1280; of Winchester, Oct. 1284; forbidding the levy of taxes without consent of parliament, 1297; of Premunire, 1306; the first printed bearing date 1483, are in English ; the statutes compiled from the ori- ginal MSS. and records, by com- missioners appointed 1801 ; the first volume appeared 1811 ; the second, 1816. SxEAM-Engine, several hints, and machines more elegant than useful, were promulgated and shown prior to that of Branca, who resided at Rome in the beginning of the 17th century, 1628, 1629; the marquis of Worcester's obscure hints in his " Century of Inventions," 1663 ; Sir Samuel Moreland's project, 1682; Papin's digester, invented 1681, being his first project; his idea of a steam-engine promulgated 1685 ; Savary, the first who raised water by fire*, 1698 ; Papin's en- gine shown to the Royal Society, according to report, 1699; Savary published an account of his engine, 1696, and his answer to objections in his " Miner's Friend," 1702 ; ex- hibited his mode to William III., 1699 ; Amonton's fire-wheel, in- vented 1699 ; Papin's new engine, 1707; Cawley and Newcomen's engine, in conjunction with Savary, 1705 ; Newcomen's engine erected at Wolverhampton, 1712; Brigh- ton's engine, 1718 ; Savary raised the ballast from rivers by steam, 1718; Leupold's engine, the first high pressure, 1720 ; Hull's patent for moving ships by steam, 1736"; Blakey's engine, 1756; Fitzgerald's attempted improvements, 1578; the atmospheric engine, introduced into the United States of America be- tween 1750 and 1760; Watt's in- vention of condensing in a separate vessel, 1765 ; his first patent, 1769; his patent renewed, 1775 ; engine to give a rotatory motion, 1778 ; Smeaton's portable atmospheric engine, 1765 ; Watt's expansion engine, 1778 ; double-acting en- gines proposed by Dr. Falck, on Newcomen's principles, 1779 ; Watt's double engine, and his first patent for it, granted 1781 ; the marquess Jouffroy constructed an engine on the Saone, 1781 ; Horn- blower's engine, 1782; Cook's ro- tatory engine, 1787 ; W. Syming- ton made a passage on the Forth and Clyde canal, 1789 ; first steam- engine erected in Dublin by Henry Jackson, 1791 ; Sadler's rotatory engine, 1791 ; Cartwright's engine, STE 651 STE 1797 ; Hornblower's rotative en- gine, 1798; Nancarrow's engine, 1799; Trevethick's high pressure engine, 1802 ; Trevethick and Vi- vian, 1804 ; Hornblower's steam- wheel, 1805 ; Woolfe, London, double cylinder, 1805 ; Miller, Lon- don, 1805; Maudsley, 1807, port- able engine ; Mead, Hull, steam- wheel, 1808; Noble, new steam- engine, 1809; Clegg, steam- wheel, 1809; James, steam-boat, 1811; Eox and Dean, 1812; Noble's improved engine, 1814; Dodd, carriages, and Stephenson, car- riages, 1814; Trevethick, rotative engine, 1815 ; Oldham, steam-boats, 1817; Congreve, steam- wheel, 1818; Rider, rotatory engine, 1820 ; Per- kins, 1822 ; Stephenson, 1822, 1823, &c, &c. ; locomotive steam car- riages on railway at Liverpool, Oct. 1829. STEAM-Ena;ines in Birmingham, in 1780 to 1815, only 42 ; in 1839, 240. STEAM-Engine burst at Provi- dence mill, in Shipney, near Brad- ford, Yorkshire, by which five young persons were killed, Feb. 4, 1811. The valves of the boiler of one in the extensive sugar-baking ware- house of Mr. Cronstadt of Well- street, Wellclose-square, burst, which destroyed the manufactory, and buried upwards of 20 persons in the ruins, Nov. 15, 1815. Steamboat Accidents, British steamers, during twenty years of the infancy of the navigation : — 1817, there were 14 steam vessels running ; one took fire and was burnt ; the boilers of another ex- ploded ; nine persons perished in this year. 1818, 19 steamers ; no accident. 1819, 24 steamers ; no accident. 1820, 34 steamers ; one burnt ; no- body suffered. 1821, 59 steamers ; no accident. 1822, 85 steamers ; no accident. 1823, 101 steamers ; no accident. 1824, 116 steamers : the boilers of two exploded ; three deaths. 1825, 153 steamers; one wrecked; two, the Comet and the Ayr, came in collision, and 62 persons lost their lives : the boilers of another exploded. 1826, 230 steamers; one burnt; explosion on another ; six suffer- ers this year. 1827, 255 steamers ; one wrecked ; explosion on another; two lives lost. 1828, 274 steamers ; two wrecked ; one burnt ; explosion on two ; one life lost. 1829, 289 steamers ; three wrecked ; explosion on one ; six lives lost. 1830, 298 steamers; three wrecked; explosion on one. The Eorly totally lost, but the number of persons on board not precisely known. The other accidents did not occasion a death. 1831, 324 steamers ; two wrecked ; two collisions ; one burnt ; 119 persons perished on the Rothesay Castle, near Beaumaris. 1832, 352 steamers ; no accident. 1833, 387 steamers ; 6 wrecked ; 1 burnt, and 73 deaths, without including the Erin, which was lost, with all on board. 1834, 430 steamers ; 2 wrecked ; 1 burnt, and one explosion. The Superb lost, with ail on board, in the North Sea ; number of sufferers unknown. The other casualties caused no loss of life. 1835, 503 steamers ; 3 wrecked ; 2 came into collision ; 1 explosion of boilers : 13 lives lost. 1836, 561 steamers ; 2 wrecked ; 4 collisions ; 2 burnt ; 1 explosion ; no life lost. 1837, 707 steamers ; 2 wrecked ; 4 ran against each other ; 3 took fire and burnt : 1 explosion ; total victims, 29. 1838, 766 steamers ; 5 wrecked ; 2 collisions; 6 explosions; 132 lives lost. The total number of lives lost, 456, not including the Erin, Forly, and Superb, estimated at 120 more. Notwithstanding twenty years' ex- perience, the year 1838 was the mos t disastrous. The Killarncy, Nor- STE 652 STE thern Jack, and Forfarshire were lost. STEAM-Engines' Materials, cost of, the following is given as the corn- Materials. Iron 80,000 kil. Sheet Iron... 110,000 Castings 275,000 parative prices in England and France, of the materials employed in the construction of marine steam- engines of 450 horse power, in 1851 : English Price, per 100 kil. 20f.— 16,000f, 44 —14,000 10 —26,500 French Price, per 100 kil. 45f.— 36,000f. 65 —71,500 29 —55,000 465,000 87,000 162,500 If we subtract the English price from the French 87,500 There is the difference of 75,000 STEAM-Engines of Lancashire, 1825, besides 500 engines in the country of 7500 horse-power, there were in the following towns follows : — PARISHES, &C. Ashton-under-Line Blackburn Bolton (and Vicinity) Burnley (and Vicinity) Bury (Township) Chorley (Parish) Clitheroe Colne (Chapelry) Haslingden (Township) Kirkham Lancaster (Township) Leigh (Parish) Liverpool (on Shore) (Afloat, in Steam Packets). Manchester Middleton (Township) Oldham (and Vicinity) Prescot Preston Rochdale (and Vicinity) St. Helen's (and Vicinity) Stayley-bridge Todmorden Ulverstone Warrington Wigan Stockport No of Engines Total 1048 23894 34 31 83 37 15 11 5 8 3 1 6 16 73 79 212 3 96 5 24 57 69 29 13 2 17 32 67 Horse Power. 840 408 1604 571 205 187 110 87 64 45 147 286 1030 3931 4875 82 2061 57 981 1048 1369 773 210 27 334 597 1965 STE 653 STE Steamboats, above 1,057,000 passengers to Gravesend and else- where, passed Blackwall, in 1836, in these boats. Steam to India, the passage of the mails from Bombay to Suez, began 1834; the communication rendered more perfect, 1837; by Falmouth and Malta, the distance, 6,310 miles, was shortened, by pas- sage overland to Marseilles, to 5,238 miles, the distance by the Cape being 10,580 miles ; in 1841, mails were conveyed between Suez, Bombay, Ceylon, and Calcutta, and then to Hong Kong ; the correspon- dence thus quickened, increased in the following ratio : — From, 1834, 158,933 ; to, 105,739. „ 1835, 167,341 ; „ 106,779. „ 1836, 179,915; „ 111,933. Since these years, the increase has been enormous : — Lettevs. Newspapers. 1843, inwards, 350,767 112,058 outwards, 370.038 429,028 Total ; 1,261,891 1845, inwards, 505,192 154,940 outwards, 448,335 686,561 Total 1,795,028 Steam- Vessels ; first experiment on the Thames, 1801 ; the experi- ment of Mr. Symington repeated with success, 1802 ; Fulton started a steamboat on the river Hudson, America, 1807; steam power to convey coals on a railway, employ- ed by Blenkinsop, 1811 ; steam- vessels first commenced plying on the Clyde, 1812 ; steam applied to printing in " The Times " office, 1814 ; there were five steam-vessels in Scotland, 1814 ; first steam- vessel on the Thames brought by Mr. Dodd from Glasgow, 1815 ; the first steamer built in England, 1815; the Savannah steamer, of 350 tons, came from New York to Liverpool in 26 days, July 15, 1819 ; first steamer in Ireland, 1820 ; Captain Johnston obtained £10,000 for making the first steam voyage to India, in the Enterprise, which sailed from Falmouth, Aug. 16, 1825 ; the Great Western arrived from Bristol at New York, being her first voyage, in 18 days, June 17, 1838; war steamers built in England, 1838 ; war steamers built at Birkenhead, named the Nemesis and Phlegethon, carrying each two thirty- two pounders, sent by go- vernment to China, 1840. The steam-vessels, not including the navy, in 1850, were of England as follows, with their tonnage : — Under 50 tons 470 11,423 tons. Above 50 tons 425 97,283 „ Of Scotland. Under 50 tons.... 38 1064 „ Above 50 tons , 131 29,763 „ Of Ireland,; Under 50 tons 12 398 „ Above 50 tons 102 27,281 „ Isle of Man &c. Above 50 tons 7 1130 „ Total 1185 168,342 „ The colonies are not included ; they had, in 1849, 147 vessels, and 17,310 tons. Steam Vessel, Frolic, lost on the Ness Sands. Glamorganshire, April 11, 1831 ; 80 souls perished. Steam Packet, the Kegent, bound for Margate, took fire and burned to the water's edge, off Whits table, July 2, 1817. Steam Vessels, coasting and foreign trade in — ST E 654 STO Vessels. Tons. 1829, 5,792; 978,981 inwards. 1839, 15,550; 2,926,521 „ 1849, 18,343; 4,283,515 „ Foreign Steam. Trade : — British. 1829, 497; 51,754 „ 1839, 2293; 356,595 „ 1849, 3353; 688,608 „ 1829, 428 ; 47,480outwards 1839, 2296; 351,361 „ 1849. 3111; 633,106 „ Total, 1829, 52,159 inwards „ 1839,427,368 „ „ 1849, 840,417 „ The largest European steam ves- sel belonged to Russia, 1848, being of 2049 tons, and 540 horse power — she possessed 65 ; Belgium had the next largest, of 1600 tons and 500 horse power — she possessed 3 ; Egypt had 8, the largest of 963 tons and 220 horse power; Turkey 14, the largest 814 tons and 300 horse power : all the other powers ranged from 842 tons downwards ; France possessed 119, none above 600 tons; Sweden, 61, the largest 841 tons ; the Danes, 15; Norway, 10 ; Holland, 38, the largest 707 tons ; Spain, 13 ; Portugal, 10 ; Sardinia, 12 ; Austria, 16 ; Brazil, 30 ; the United States (sea going), 261. Steel, iron refined and hardened; improvements in the process, 1798 ; about 8500 tons exported annually ; may be rendered 300 times more valuable than gold by manufacture, weight for weight : thus, six steel pendulum watch springs weigh 1 grain, and give the artist 7s. 6d.each, or £2, 5s. ; a grain of gold is worth only 2d. Steel- Yard Company, a company of London merchants who had the steel-yard granted to them by Henry III., 1232 ; they were only exporters of English commodities. STEEL-Yard, an ancient balance, said to have come down from the Romans, 315 a.c. ; to the present day, the vulgar in some places call them Stilliers. Steinsberg, a German, murdered Vessels. Tons. 1829, 6,875; l,006,041outwards 1839, 15,498; 2,894,995 „ 1849, 18,362; 4,203,202 „ Foreign. 1829, 3 ; 405 inwards 1839, 511 70,773 „ 1849, 811 ■ 151,809 „ 1829, 22 ; l,486outwards 1839, 479 69,560 „ 1849, 826 157,370 „ Total, 1829, 79,976 „ „ 1839,420,921 „ „ 1849, 790,476 „ Ellen Lefevre and her four children at Pentonville, Sept. 8, 1834. Stenography or short-handwrit- ing ; the inventor is unknown ; the oldest system extant was printed 1412 ; Bales, the penman, also pub- lished upon stenography, 1590; there are numerous modern systems, that of Gurney is the more general. Stephen, St., order of knight- hood of, began in Florence, 1561. Stereometer, an instrument to take the liquid contents of any ves- sel, invented 1350. Stereotype, the invention has been claimed by two Scotchmen named Ged and Tilloch, the one as suggesting, the other as carrying out the invention 40 years afterwards, in 1779 ; but the real inventor was F. A. Didot, the celebrated printer of Paris, 1779 ; it was early in use in Holland, but the English, in their usual dislike to all innovations, did not adopt it until 1809, when Wilson made use of it in London. Stews suppressed, until then li- censed, 1546. Stirrups first used in the sixth century. Stock, Night-scented. — A speci- men of a very extraordinary flower is known in the north of England by the above name. It grows in the open air in Cornwall, and flow T - ers in the summer time; but this stock is forced in the hothouse northwards. During the day this flower, which is small and delicate, S TO 655 STO has no smell, but in the dusk of the evening, and during the night, it gives forth a strong and delicious perfume. It appears to be one of the most beautiful and extraordi- nary ornaments of the flower gar- den, 1835. Stock Exchange, in Capel Court, foundation of, laid May 18, 1800. Stock Companies, act respecting, 1693. STOCK-jobbing forbidden by par- liament, March 28, 1734. Stocks, the public funds so called, which originated in Venice, and were introduced into Florence, 1340; the Stock Exchange hoax of Baron de Berenger and others, Feb. 22, 1814 ; stockholders in 1840, 337,481; consols averaged as follows in the years indicated : — 1780, £63 13 6 1785, 68 6 6 1790, 71 2 6 1795, 74 8 6 1800, £60 3 3 1805, 58 14 1810, 67 16 3 1815, 58 13 9 1820, £68 12 1825, 90 8 1830, 89 15 7 1840, 89 17 6 1845, £93 2 1850, 96 10 Stockings, Silk, first worn by Henry II. of France, 1547. Howell says, that in 1560 Queen Elizabeth was presented with a pair of black knit silk stockings by her silk-wo- man, Mrs. Montague, and she never wore cloth ones any more. He adds that Henry VIII., that magnificent and unprincipled monarch, wore or- dinarily cloth hose, except there came from Spain, by great chance, a pair of silk stockings ; for Spain very early abounded with silk. His son, Edward VI., was presented with a pair of Spanish silk stockings by his merchant, Sir Thomas Gresham, and the present was then much taken notice of; consequently the invention of knit silk stockings came from Spain. Others relate that "William Rider, a London appren- tice, seeing at the house of an Ital- ian merchant a pair of knit worsted stockings from Mantua, from thence made a pair like them, which he presented to the Earl of Pembroke, the first of the kind made in Eng- land, 1564 ; stocking-frame weaving was invented by the Rev. Mr. Lee, of Cambridge, 1587. Stockholm, Peace of, between England and Sweden,Nov. 20, 1719; between Sweden and Russia, March 24, 1724 ; treaty between England and Sweden, March 3, 1813. Stockholm, 1000 houses at,burn- ed down, 1751 : again, 250 burned, Aug. 31, 1759 ; nearly destroyed bv fire, July, 1795, and Nov. 15? 1802 ; city built, 1253. Stockport, England, erected into a borough, 1832. Stone, Buildings of, first erected in England, 674 ; bridge at Bow, 1087; at Crowland, 960 ; bullets of, used as late as 1514 ; church of, the first built in London, 1087 ; artificial, for statues, discovered by a Neapolitan, 1776, introduced here by Mrs. Coade ; stone paper made, 1796 ; the first stone building in Ireland was a castle, 1161. Stonehenge, near Salisbury, one of the uprights and a top stone or trilithon fell during a thaw, Jan. 3, 1797 : origin of, not known, attri- buted by some to Ambrosius, in memory of 460 Britons murdered by Hengist ; by others as a monu- ment to Ambrosius, 500. Stone, Operation for, called li- thotomy, said to have been first per- formed at Alexandria, 240 ; first successfully performed on a crimi- nal at Paris, 1474 ; a Mrs. Stevens rewarded by parliament for a nos- trum to cure, 1739. Stops in Literature introduced 1520 ; colon, 1580 ; semicolon, 1599. Store Cask for a brewery in Southwark made, 1792, to hold 8000 casks of 16 gallons each, 55 feet 6 inches in diameter, and 20 feet deep. Storms ; in Canterbury, threw down 200 houses, and killed several STO 656 STO families, 234 ; in London, which killed several people, 277 ; at Win- chester, 301 ; hailstones much bigger than hens' eggs, 344 ; 420 houses in Carlisle blown down, and many people killed, 349 ; great part of Colchester destroyed, and seve- ral people killed, 416; in York, which blew down several houses, and killed many people, 458 ; hail- stones fell in most parts of Britain above three inches diameter, killed many men and much cattle, 459 ; in London, which threw down many of the houses, and killed 250 inha- bitants, 549 ; on the coast of Kent, Sussex, and Hampshire, 566 ; at Lincoln, which threw down above 100 houses, 70JU in Wells, 772 ; at Coventry, 781 ; destroyed above 40 houses in Cambridge, 919 ; at Man- chester, 921 ; in London, which threw down 1500 houses, 944 ; Southampton nearly destroyed in a storm by lightning, 951, at Colches- ter, 996 ; near 400 houses in Lon- don blown down, 1055; storm at Edinburgh, 1064; in several parts of England, especially at Winchels - comb, Gloucestershire, when the steeple of the church was thrown down, Oct. 5, 1091 ; at London, 500 houses were thrown down, and Bow church unroofed, and at Old Sarum the steeple, with many houses, was thrown down, Oct. 17, 1091 ; in England, 1116. A violent storm desolated a great part of Denmark and Norway, 1194. Many lives were lost, and houses overthrown, and the corn in the fields destroyed, by hailstones as large as hens' eggs, 1205. One which threw down seve- ral churches, 1222. It thundered for 15 days together, with terrible tempests of thunder and rain, 1233. The chimney of the chamber where the queen of king Henry III. andher children lay was blown down, and their whole apartments at Windsor shaken ; many oaks in the parks were rent asunder and torn up by the roots, accompanied by such thunder and lightning as had not been known in the memory of man, 1251. As king Edward I. and his queen were talking together in their bedchamber, a flash of lightning struck in at the window, passed by them, killed two of their servants who were waiting upon them, but did their majesties no hurt, 1285. When Edward III. was on his march, within two leagues of Char- tres, there happened a storm of piercing wind that swelled to a tem- pest of rain, lightning, and hailstones, so prodigious as instantly to kill many of his horses and of his troops, 1339. When Kichard II.'s first wife came from Bohemia, she had no sooner set foot on shore, but such a storm immediately arose as had not been seen for many years, when" several ships were dashed to pieces in the harbour, and the ship in which the queen came over was shattered and broken ; and which was the more observable, because his second wife brought a storm with her to the English coast, in which the king's baggage was lost, and many of the ships of his fleet cast away, 1389. In different parts of England many houses were thrown down, cattle destroyed, and trees rooted up, 1382. The leads of the Greyfriars' church, and the whole side of a street, called the Old Exchange, London, beaten down, Nov. 25, 1413. St. Paul's steeple fired by lightning, and the steeple of Waltham-cross consumed, 1444. At St. Neot's, Huntingdon- shire, was a storm of hail, in 1479, when the stones measured eighteen inches round. In Italy, a storm of hail destroyed all the fishes, birds, and beasts of the country, 1510. A vio- lent one in Denmark, "which rooted up whole forests, and blew down the steeple of the great church at Copenhagen, Jan. 1, 1515. A storm of hail in Northamptonshire, when the stones measured fifteen inches in circumference, July, 1558. A storm at Leicester, 1563. Near Chelms- ford, in Essex, which destroyed 500 acres of corn, 1566. Hailstones fell at Dorchester seven inches in STO 657 STO circumference, Aug. 23, 1651. The day that Oliver Cromwell died, one was so violent and terrible that it extended all over Europe, Sep. 3, 1658. A great one in London, Feb. 18, 1662. Two hundred sail of colliers and some coasters were lost, with all their crews, in the bay of Cromer, in Norfolk, 1696. A storm of hail in Cheshire and Lancashire, which killed fowls and small ani- mals, and knocked down horses and men, some of the stones weighing- half a pound, April 29, 1697. The same year, May 4, in Hertfordshire, hailstones fell fourteen inches in cir- cumference, and destroyed trees and corn in a dreadful manner. The most terrible that had ever been known in England, attended with flashes of lightning, Nov. 27, 1703, which unroofed many houses and churches, blew down several chim- neys and the spires of many stee- ples, tore whole groves of trees up by the roots, the leads of some churches were rolled up like scrolls of parchment, and several vessels, boats, and barges were sunk in the Thames ; but the royal navy suf- fered the greatest damage. Being just returned from the Mediterra- nean, one second-rate, four third- rates, four fourth-rates, and many others of less force, were cast away upon the coast of England, and above 1500 men lost, besides those j that were cast away in the mer- chants' service ; in London only the damage was estimated at a million. The Eddystone lighthouse was de- stroyed with its architect. A snow- storm in Sweden,when 7000 Swedes, it is said, perished upon the moun- tains, in their march to attack Drontheim, 1719. Port Royal, in Jamaica, destroyed Aug. 28, 1722; again, Oct 20, 1744. Carolina was greatly damaged by storms, Aug., 1722. Cheltenham, in Gloucester- shire, received £2000 damage, June, 1731. At St. Kitt's, where 20 ships were lost, June 30, 1733. At Ja- maica, 1734. At the mouth of the Ganges, in India, when 2000 ves- sels of different kinds were cast away, eight English East India ships and 30,000 people were lost, and the water rose 40 feet higher than usual, Oct. 11, 1737. At An- tigua, Aug. 1740. A violent one on the coast of England, Nov. 1, 1740. At Canterbury, Sept. 8, 1741. In Yorkshire, where the hailstones were five inches round, May, 1745. One at Nantz, where 66 vessels and 800 sailors were lost, March 7, 1751. At Jamaica, which did £300,000 damage, August 10, 1751. At Cadiz, 100 ships, lost, December 8, 1751. At Martinico, 12th Sept. 1756, which did great damage. At Barbadoes, Aug. 23, 1758. At Charleston, South Caro- lina, where the ships lost were worth £20,000, May 4, 1761. At the Havannah, where 4048 hoxises were destroyed, and 1000 inhabi- tants perished. At Girgenti, in Sicily, where the hailstones weighed twenty ounces, April 18, 1772. At Leeds, in Yorkshire, where the hail- stones were as large as nutmegs, June 20, 1772. At St. Jago, where it did great damage, and the hail- stones were as large as oranges, July 16, 1772. A terrible one at St. Kitt's, which did immense dam- age in that and the adjoining islands, Aug. 30, 1772. In France and England, March, 1773. A most terrible one near Boston, in North America, in Aug., and at Cubs, July, 1773. In Oxford, Nov. 15, 1773. At Alencon, in France, where the hailstones measured eight- een inches round, Aug. 3, 1774. At London Sept. 30, and Dec. 5, 6, and 7, 1774, which did great damage to the shipping. In the north of Eng- land, four Dublin packets foundered, Oct. 19, 1775. Again on the south coasts, Nov., 1775. At Antwerp, &c., in Holland, where the hail- stones were as large as hens' eggs ; they weighed three-quarters of a pound, and killed several horses, &c, and destroyed the fruits of the earth, June 11, 1776. In the West Indies, the severest ever known, 2u STO 658 STO Sept. 6, 1776. At Florence and its neighbourhood, which did immense damage, Oct. 16, 1777. In all the West India islands, particularly at Savannah la Mer, in Jamaica, and at Barbadoes, Oct. 1780. At Roe- hampton, Richmond, and other places near London, Oct. 15, 1780. All over England, Jan. 1779. A violent hail-storm at Madrid, which did £6000 damage to the glass windows; some stones weighed a pound, July 26, 1782. At Surat in the East Indies, which destroyed 7000 of the inhabitants, April 22, 1782. At Dieupole, in Moravia, which totally destroyed the place, May 30, 1782. In Erance, where the hailstones weighed eight ounces, June 17, 1782. Great damage done in America, particularly in New England, 1784. At Irun, in the Pyrenees, on the borders of France and Spain, hailstones fell as large as hens' eggs, which weighed 23 ounces each, July 18, 1784. A dreadful storm on the north coast of England, Dec. 5, 1784. The same in Italy 1784. A hail-storm at Paris, the stones as large as cherries, July 1, 1785. 131 villages and farms laid waste in France, Aug. 5, 1785. In the West Indies, July 6, 1785. In the Channel, Jan. 1786, when the Halsewell Indiaman, &c, was lost. At Ferrara, in Italy, where the hailstones were as large as hens' eggs, July 17, 1786. The same month a storm at High-bick- ington, in Devonshire, removed 13 elm trees upwards of 200 yards from their original spot, and they re- mained standing upright in a flourishing state ; a rock at the same place was divided upwards of eight feet asunder, and all the poul- try and corn for several miles were destroyed by the thunder and light- ning. At Barbadoes, Aug. 11, 1786 ; and at North Shields, where the hailstones were as big as pigeons' eggs, Aug. 16, 1786. In Normandy, where the hailstones were as big as hens' eggs, Aug. 4, 1787. In differ- ent parts of England, the same month, 1787. In the West Indies, where great damage was done, par- ticularly in the French islands, July, 1787. Considerable damage to the Tower-ditch at London, where the ground on little Tower-hill was trenched nearly 12 feet deep, June 20, 1788. At St. Germain-en- Laye, in France, hail fell as large as a quart bottle, and all the trees from Vallance to Lisle were torn up by the roots, July 13, 1788. At Liverpool, June 29, 1789. Almost all over the kingdom, which did very considerable damage, Dec. 23, 1790. A violent hail-storm in Italy, June, 1791, and in several parts of England the same month. In Sept., 1791, a violent hail-storm fell in Calabria, near Naples, when some of the hailstones weighed an English pound, which destroyed all hopes of a vintage. The church of Speldhurst, in Kent, was destroyed by lightning, and the bells were melted, and other damage done at Raynam, Oct. 25, 1791. Also in Sussex, where the hailstones were four inches in circumference. At Waterford, April 4, 1792. In different parts of Kent, April 13, 1792. In the north of England, July 16, 1792. At Whitehaven, Avhich did great damage, when the tide rose six feet above its usual height, March, 1793. At Thornton, in Leicestershire, when the hailstones measured from 4 to 6§ inches in circumference, and did great damage, Aug. 3, 1793. At Savannah la Mer, in Jamaica, hailstones as large as pigeons' eggs fell, June 2, 1793. Almost univer- sal through Great Britain, by which much damage was done, Jan. 16, 1794. A most violent storm of rain in Norfolk inundated many towns, particularly Norwich, Nov. 1794. A most violent storm on the eastern coast of England, when much da- mage was done to the shipping, Oct. 6, 1794. A most violent storm in Cumberland, Dec. 2, 1794. A storm of hail in Essex and Herts, which did great damage, June 12, STO 659 STO 1795. In different parts of Eng- land, particularly in the Channel and in London, Nov. 4, 1795. At Petersburgh, upwards of 90 vessels, and a large magazine of naval stores were destroyed, June 7, 1798. The stones in a hail-storm over London an inch and a half in cir- cumference, May 8, 1797, which did great damage to the garden-grounds in the environs. Hailstones fell at Lewes, in Sussex, which measured three inches in circuit, and some weighed three ounces each, June 5, 1797. Lewes, in Sussex, received damage in glass, by a hail-storm, to the amount of £1000 ; the stones were from four to seven inches round. At Bletchingdon there were 575 panes of glass broken belong- ing to the barracks, and other da- mage done in different places. At Halifax, in Nova Scotia, £100,000 damage was done bv a storm, Sept. 25, 1798. At Hey ford, in Oxford- shire, irregular pieces of ice, the size of a hen's egg, fell, Aug. 19, 1800 ; the same storm did great damage in Bedfordshire, where hail- stones fell eleven inches in circum- ference, and killed the hares and partridges in the fields. Nov. 8, the same year, great damage was done in London, and throughout almost all England. Again, in Devonshire, and in tbe Baltic, Nov. 1801. In the north of England, Aug. 18, 1802. A violent hurricane of wind did great damage in Devon and Corn- wall, Jan. 19, 1804. Another blew down a garden wall at Shenfield place, Kent, of 300 feet in length, on Jan. 22, 1S04. A dreadful storm at Kingston-upon-Thames, July 8, 1805. A terrific thunder-storm in Somersetshire, when the hailstones measured from six to seven inches in circumference, July 15, 1808. A thunder-storm near Grimsby, by which a cottage and several other buildings were destroyed, and a vessel burnt to the water's edge, Aug. 10, 1809. A violent tempest at Cadiz, which caused great de- struction among the shipping, March 6 and 8, 1810. A violent storm in London, the effects of which were felt in most parts of England, July 1, 1810 ; a thunder- storm passed over London, doing damage in several places, Aug. 5, 1810. Another on the 14th and 15th of the same month, which did still greater damage. A very tempes- tuous one at Windsor, on the 15th. Another on the 15th, at Welling- borough. Another on the 31st, at Stamford and its neighbour- hood. ' A tremendous one at Boston, by which, and the rising of the tide, the town and country round were deluged, Nov. 10, 1810. A tremendous one at Exeter, and other places in the west of England, on the same day ; at a farm belong- ing to Captain Nowel, of Iffley, near Oxford, by which two barns, some out-houses, and 13 valuable ricks of hay and corn were destroy- ed, Oct. 12, 1810; at Worcester, by which the Severn was raised 20 feet in 24 hours, May 28, 1811 ; at Brighton, a storm of wind and rain, accompanied by lightning, by which much damage was done, and one house torn to pieces, Nov. 9, 1813; tremendous storm at Har- rowgate, July 22 ; at Bielby, near Pocklington, several persons mak- ing hay were knocked down, and a young woman killed, July 26, 1818; at Eaton Socon, Bedford- shire, a heavy storm of thunder, lightning, and hail, during which a fire-ball fell, and a barn, malting office, and stable were burnt down, Oct. 1813 ; a tremendous gale and storm prevailed throughout Great Britain and Ireland, by which much damage was done in various places, Dec. 16 and 17, 1814; violent thunder-storm in Loudon, June 15, 1814 ; so dreadful a one fell upon the town of Worschetz, in the county of Temeswar, that of 2800 buildings, none escaped withou. injury, July 2, 1816 a most tre- mendous gale, by which many vessels were lost, and much dam- age was done to the shipping in STO 660 STO general on the English coasts, Aug. 31, 1816 ; very terrible storms of wind and hail desolated various parts of Cumberland and West- moreland, — some of the pieces of ice were an inch in diameter, Aug. 31, 1816 ; tremendous gale of wind, which did considerable mischief, was experienced at Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, and other northern towns, Feb. 27, 1817 ; a very violent hurricane, which con- tinued for several hours, and levelled several houses in London with the ground, and did considerable dam- age to the shipping ; a piece of lead weighing more than two hundred weight, was blown to some distance from the roof of Surgeons' Hall, Lincoln's-inn-fields ; it extended over a great part of England, and raged every where with equal fury, destroying property to a vast amount, and causing the loss of many lives; numbers of vessels were stranded on the coast, along the whole line of the Channel ; at Loughborough the shock of an earthquake was felt, March 4, 1818 ; a water-spout burst at Stenbury, in the Isle of Wight, and did much mischief to a farm there, March 1818; a terrible thunder-storm ;e-Coach TEA 695 TEA begins on Monday the 13th October, 1712. All that desire to pass from Edinbro' to London, or from Lon- don to Edinbro', or any place on that road, let them repair to Mr. John Baillie's, at the Coach and Horses, at the Head of Cannongate, Edinbro', every other Saturday, or to the Black Swan, in Holborn, every other Monday, at both of which places they may be received in a Stage-Coach, which performs the whole journey in thirteen days, without any stoppage (if God per- mit), having 80 able horses to per- form the whole stage. Each pas- senger paying £4, 10s. for the whole journey, allowing each passenger 201b. weight, and all above to pay 6d. per pound. The Coach sets out at six in the morning." In 1825, the mail-coach did this distance in 46 hours. In 1780, the first stage- coach between London and Maid- stone left at six in the morning, and only arrived at half-past 8 p.m., a distance of 34 miles. The coaches went about 1\ miles an hour on the average, and the mail-coach charge was 52s. inside per 100 miles, and 30s. outside ; first common coaches 42s. inside, and 26s. out, exclusive of coachman and guard. The rail- way takes the passengers, without coachmen or guards, the same dis- tance for 20s. and 12s., at 30 or 40 miles an hour, 1850. Travelling post, in the time of James I., 1610, letters were con- veyed by men who rode post ; those who took government despatches were hanged in the time of Henry VIII. if dilatory ; letters were in- dorsed " Haste Post ! Haste ! " and a gallows was often sketched on the letter; in 1626, a letter was indorsed and addressed by Mr. Bagg, deputy mayor of Plymouth, to Sir Edward Conway : — " For His Majesty's especial ser- vice. " To the Eight Honourable Sir Edward Conway, Knight, one of his Majesty's principal secretaries, these, at Court. " Post hast — post hast — hast — hast — with speed. " Plymouth, 17th June, 1623, eleven o'clock in the morninge. " Ashton (Ashburton), 17 June, 1623, four o'clock in the after- noon. "Exeter at four in the morning, June 18, 1623. "Received this packet at Honyton, at eleven o'clock in the, forenoon. " Sherborne, late at night, 18 June, 1623. " At Sarum, 19 June, at six in the morning. " Andover, past nine o'clocke in the morninge, 19th day of June. " At Basing, at twelve at noon. " Hartford Bridge, half- past two in the afternoon " Staines, at past five o'clock in the afternoon. " Stroud (the Strand) at house, past eight o'clock at night." The post, riding, according to the proverbial saying, " for his life," was 17 hours on the road between Plymouth and Exeter, a distance only of 41£ miles. Seven hours were consumed from Exeter to Honiton, the distance of 16£ miles ; from Honiton to Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, 35 miles, occupied about 11 hours ; from Sherborne to Salisbury, 34 miles, 10 hours ; Salis- bury to Andover, Yl\ miles, say Sh hours. The courier, now upon the beaten line of the old Roman road, passed to Basingstoke, 19^ miles from Andover, in 3 hours; from Basingstoke to Hartford- bridge, 10 miles, occupied him 2j hours ; from Hartford-bridge to Staines, 19 miles, about 3|- hours ; the remaining 19 miles, to the resi- dence of Mr. Secretary Conway In the Strand, where he delivered his despatch, consumed nearly 3g- hours. A distance, therefore, of 212 or 214 miles was traversed in 57 hours, the average being little more than 3 ? j miles in the hour. The Defiance coach in 1835 traversed the whole distance between London and Plymouth in 27 hoars. The railway TRE >6 TR^ commission called the Treasury, with its lord commissioners; the first officer of this rank in Ireland was John de St. John, 1217. Tbeaties, the first formal Eng- lish treaty on record is dated 1217 ; the first commercial treaty, 1272, with the Flemings ; the following are among the more noted of the European treaties generally. Abo, peace of 1743 Aix-la-Chapelle 1668 Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of. 1748 Akermann, peace of. 1826 Alt Radstadt 1706 America, peace with 1783 Amiens, peace of. 1802 Armed Neutrality 1800 Arras, treaty of. 1435 Arras, ditto 1482 Augsburgh, league of 1686 Baden, peace of 1714 Barrier treaty..'. 1715 Basle, peace of. 1795 Bassein, India 1802 Bayonne, treaty of. 1808 Belgium, treaty of London ... 1839 Belgrade, peace of 1739 Berlin, peace of. 1742 Berlin decree 1806 Berlin convention 1808 Breda, peace of. 1667 Bretigny, peace of 1360 Bucharest, treaty of. 1812 Cambray, league of. 1508 Cambray, peace of 1529 Campo-Formio, treaty of 1797 Carlowitz, peace of. 1699 Carlsbad, congress of. 1819 Chateau-Cambresis, peace of. 1559 Chaumont, treaty of... 1814 Chunar, India 1781 Cintra, convention of. 1808 Closterseven, convention of... 1757 Coalition, first, against France 1792 , second, ditto 1799 , third, ditto 1805 . , fourth, ditto 3806 , fifth, ditto 1809 , sixth, ditto 1813 Concordat 1801 Conflans. treaty of. 1465 Constantinople, treaty of and peace of. 1712 Constantinople, peace of. 1833 express completes the distance in 7 hours, 1853. Travelling abroad, a licence to travel abroad required from British subjects to be paid to the crown, 10 Charles I., 1635, an open and direct infringement of Magna Charta ; gross attempts made to tax travel- lers and absentees, 1753, but all failed meritedly. Treadmill, a Chinese invention to irrigate their lands, copied in England as an instrument of pun- ishment for felons, and introduced into Brixton jail, 1817. Treason punished in England only by banishment until the reign of Henry I. ; defined by Edward III., 1349, two witnesses required to convict; the punishment san- guinary, and of the most vengeful character — to be hung by the neck, but not until dead, the bowels to be torn out before the wi'ithing suffer- er's face and cast into the fire ; the heart to be afterwards torn out and burned, the mangled body to be beheaded and quartered, the head and quarters to be stuck up in public places, for which purpose they were parboiled in caldrons with spices and herbs, to preserve them as long as possible from decay ; portions were sometimes sent to be displayed in different parts of the kingdom. Burning alive was practised for petit treason against the king's image, as in coining, or the murder of a bishop or other ecclesiastic by an inferior, of a husband by a wife, or of a master by a servant; for the reverse, a husband or master Avas hung. The last victim to this law was a woman for coining, 1787 ; she was burned at the Old Bailey 28 years after George III. had reigned, however incredible it may appear ; a bill was brought in to abolish burning, 1788. Treasury Office, Westminster, built 1732. Treasurer, Lord High, of Eng- land, the crown's third great officer ; Odo, Earl of Kent, was the first, 1069 ; the office is now filled by the TEE 697 TEE Copenhagen, peace of. 1660 (Dressy, treaty of. 1 544 Dresden 1745 Family compact 1761 Fontainebleau, peace of. 1679 - — , treaty of. 1785 , concordat at... 1813 Friedwald, treaty of. 1551 Fuesren, treaty of. 1745 Ghent, pacification of. 1576 — , peace of (America)... 1814 Golden Bull 1356 Grand alliance 1689 Greece, London, treaty of 1829 Hague, treaty of the 1659 Ditto 1669 Halle, treaty of. 1610 Hamburgh, peace of 1762 Hanover, treaty of 1725 Hamburgh, peace of. 1762 Hanover treaty 1725 Holland, peace with 1784 Holy Alliance 1815 Hubertsberg, peace of 1763 Interim 1548 Kiel, treaty of 1814 Laybach, congress of 1821 League 1576 Leipsic, alliance of 1631 Leoben, peace of 1797 Lisbon, peace of 1668 London, treaty of (Greece) ... 1829 London, convention of (Tur- key) 1840 Lubeck, peace of 1629 Luneville, peace of 1801 Madrid, treaty of 1526 Methuen treaty 1703 Milan decree 1807 Munster, peace of 1648 Nantes, edict of 1598 Naumberg, treaty of 1554 Nice, treaty of 1518 Nimeguen, peace of 1678 Noyon, treaty of 1516 Nuremberg, treatv of 1532 Olivi, peace of ..". 1660 Paris, peace of {see Paris) ... 1763 Paris, treaty of 1796 Paris, peace of (Sweden) 1810 Paris, capitulation of 1814 Paris, treaty of 1814 Paris, peace of 1815 Paris, treaty of 1817 Partition, first treaty 1698 Partition, second treaty 1700 Passarowitz, peace of 1718 Passau, treaty of 1552 Petersburgh, peace of 1762 Petersburgh, treaty of 1772 Petersburgh, treaty of 1805 Petersburgh, treaty of 1810 Peterswalden, convention of.. 1813 Pilnitz, convention of 1791 Poland, partition of 1795 Pragmatic Sanction 1439 Pragmatic Sanction 1713 Prague, peace of 1653 Presburg, peace of. 1805 Public good, league for the... 1464 Pyrenees, treaty of the 1659 Quadruple Alliance 1718 Eadstadt, peace of 1714 Eadstadt, congi'ess of 1797 Eatisbon, peace of 1630 Ratisbon, treaty of 1806 Eeligion, peace of 1555 Ehine, confederation of the... 1806 Eyswick, peace of 1697 St. Germain's, peace of 1570 St. Germain-en-Laye 1679 St. Ildefonso, alliance of Spain with France 1795 Seville, peace of 1792 Siorod, peace of. 1613 Smalcald, league of 1529 Spain, pacification of (Lon- don) 1834 Stettin, peace of 1570 Stockholm 1630 Stockholm, peace of 1719 Stockholm, treaty of 1724 Stockholm, treaty of. 1813 Temeswar, truce of 1664 Teschen, peace of 1779 Teusin, peace of 1595 Tilsit, peace of 1807 Tolentino, treaty of 1793 Toplitz, treaty of 1813 Triple Alliance 1717 Triple Alliance of the Hague 1668 Troppau, congress of 1820 Troves, treaty of 1420 Turkmauchay, peace of 18:28 Ulm, peace of 1620 Utrecht, union of 1579 Utrecht, peace of 1713 Valencay, treaty of 1813 Verona, congress of 1822 Versailles, peace of 1783 TRE 698 TBI Vienna, treaty of 1725 Vienna, treaty of alliance .... 1731 Vienna, definitive peace 1737 Vienna, peace of 1809 Vienna, treaty of, March 23, 1815 Vienna, treaty of, ...May 31, 1815 Vienna, treaty of, June 4, 1815 Vossem, peace of 1673 Warsaw, treaty of. 1768 Warsaw, alliance of 1683 Westminster, peace of 1674 Westminster^ (with Holland) 1716 Westphalia, peace of 1648 Wilna, treaty of 1561 Worms, edict of 1521 Wurtzburg, treaty of 1610 Treaties, first commenced, made with the Flemings, 1272 ; with Por- tugal and Spain, 1308. Tree, the Elm, under which William Penn made his treaty with the Indians, at Seackamaxon, in the year 1682, became celebrated from that time. When, in the American war, the British general Simcoe was quartered at Kensington, he so re- spected it, that upon his soldiers cutting down every other tree for firewood, he placed a sentinel under this memorable tree, that not a branch of it might be touched. In 1812 it was blown down, and its trunk was then split into Avood, and cups and other articles were made from it, to be kept as memorials. Tregoney, Cornwall, incorpo- rated 1620. Trematon Castle, Cornwall, built before the conquest, and quite per- fect until a Mr. Tucker pulled down a part to accommodate a dwelling- house, about 1807-8 : it belongs to the duchy of Cornwall, and existed before the conquest, 1066. Trenck, Baron, celebrated for his adventures and imprisonment, beheaded in Paris, 1794. Trent, Council of, the 18th in the Roman Catholic church, 1545 ; its decisions are considered strictly orthodox by the faithful ; the sit- tings of the councils were continued under Pope Paul III , Julius III., and Pius IV., to 1563, when the last council sat. Tria juncta in uno, the motto of the Order of the Bath, first used, it is said, by Richard II., and also by Henry IV., 1399, and on the revival of the order by George I., 1725. Trials, Remarkable, for above a century past : — of The infamous Colonel Char- teris, for the rape of Ann Bond Feb. 25, 1730 Captain Porteous, at Edin- burgh, for murder... July 6, 1736 The celebrated Jenny Diver, for felony, executed, March 18, 1740 William Duell, executed for murder at Tyburn; came to life when about under- going dissection ...Nov. 24, 1740 Lords Kilmarnock and Bal- merino, for high treason, July 28, 1746 Mary Hamilton, for marrying Avith her OAvn sex, 14 Avives, Oct. 7, 1746 Lord Lovat, 80 years of age, for high treason, beheaded, March 9, 1747 Freney. the celebrated Irish robber, who surrendered himself July 9, 1749 Amy Hutchinson, burnt at Ely, for the , murder of her husband Nov. 5, 1750 Miss Blandy, for the murder of her father, hanged March 3, 1752 Ann Williams, for the mur- der of her husband, burnt alive April 11, 1753 Eugene Aram, for murder at York, executed ...Aug. 13, 1759 The Earl Ferrers, for the mur- der of his steAvard, executed April 16, 1760 Mr. M'Naughten, at Strabane, for the murder of Miss Knox Dec. 8, 1761 Ann Bedingfield, for the mur- der of her husband, burnt alive April 6, 1763 Mr. Wilkes, alderman of Lon- don, for an obscene poem, called an " Essay on Wo- man" Feb. 21, 1764 TEI TRI The murderers of Captain Glass, his wife, daughter, mate, and passengers, on board the ship Earl of Sandwich, at sea, March 3, 1766 Elizabeth Brownrigg, for the murder of one of her ap- prentices, a female, Sept. 12, 1767 Lord Baltimore and his fe- male accomplices, for rape, March 28, 1768 The great cause between the families of Hamilton and Douglas Feb. 27, 1769 The great Valentia cause in the House of Peers, in Ire- land March 18, 1772 The case of Somerset the slave, establishing their free- dom to slaves upon British ground, after a long trial, June 22, 1772 Mrs. Herring, at Dublin, for the murder of her husband, burnt in St. Stephen's Green, in that city .Oct. 24, 1773 The two brothers, Perreau, bankers and wine-mer- chants, for forgery, hanged, Jan. 17, 1776 The Duchess of Kingston, for marrying two husbands ; guilty April 15, 1776 Dr. Dodd, for forging a bond of 4200Z. in the name of the Earl of Chesterfield ; found guilty, Feb. 22 ; executed June 27, 1777 Admiral Keppel, by court- martial ; honourably ac- quitted Feb. 11, 1779 Mr. Hackman, for the murder of Miss Reay, when coming out of the theatre royal, Co- vent-garden April 16, 1779 Lord George Gordon, on a charge of high treason ; ac- quitted Feb. 5, 1781 Mr. Woodfall, printer, for a libel on Lord Loughbo- rough, afterwards lord chan- cellor Nov. 10, 1786 Lord George Gordon, for a . libel on the queen of France, guilty Jan. 28, 178S "Warren Hastings : a trial which lasted seven years and three months, com- menced Feb. 13, 1788 The proprietors of "TheTimes" London newspaper, for a libel on the Prince of Wales : guilty Feb. 3, 1790 Renwick Williams, called the monster, for stabbing wo- men in the streets of Lon- don July 8, 1790 Barrington, the pickpocket, transported Sept. 22, 1790 Thomas Paine, the political writer, for libels in the Rights of Man ; guiltj^, Dec. 18, 1792 Louis XVI. of France ; be- gan Dec. 11, 1792 ; con- demned Jan. 20; and be- headed Jan. 21, 1793 The Queen of France, Marie Antoinette, consort of Louis XVL, guillotined... Oct. 16, 1793 Archibald Hamilton Rowan, for libel ; sentenced to two years' imprisonment, and a fine of £500 Jan. 29, 1794 Madame Elizabeth, of France, sister to the king Louis XVL, beheaded ...May 10, 1794 Mr. Purefoy, arraigned for the murder of Colonel Ro- per, in a duel ; acquitted, Aug. 14, 1794 Robert Watt and Downie, at Edinburgh, for toeason, Sept. 3, 1794 Hardy, Home Tooke, Thel- wall, and Joyce, for high- treason ; acquitted Oct. 29, 1794 The Earl of Abingdon for a libel on Mr. Serman, guilty, Dec. 6, 1794 Major Semple, Semple Lisle, for felony Feb. 18, 1795 The Rev. William Jackson, on a charge of high treason, in Dublin ; he soon after died in prison April 24, 1795 Mr. Redhead Yorke, at York, for a seditious libel, Nov. 27, 1795 Lord Westmcath v. Bradshaw, TRI 700 TRI for crim. con. ; damages, 10,000? March 4, 1796 Lord Valentia v. Mr. Gaw- ler, for adultery; damages, 2000? June 16, 1796 Daniel Isaac Eaton, for libels on kingly government ; guilty July 8, 1796 Sir Godfrey Webster v. Lord Holland, for adultery ; 6000?. Feb.. 27, 1797 Parker, the mutineer at the Nore, called Admiral Parker June 27, 1797 Bodclington v. Boddington, for crim. con. ; damages, 10,000? Sept. 5, 1797 William Orr, at Carrickfergus, for high treason ; executed Oct. 12, 1797 Mrs. Phepoe, alias Benson, the celebrated murderess Dec. 9, 1797 The murderers of Colonel St. George and Mr. Uniacke, at Cork April 15, 1798 The celebrated Arthur O'Con- nor, the barrister, and O'- Coigley, at Maidstone, for treason ; the latter hanged 1798 Sir Edward Crosbie and others, for high treason ; hanged June 1, 1798 Beauchamp Bagenal Harvey, at Wexford, for high trea- son June 21, 1798 The two Messrs. Sheares, at Dublin, for high treason ; executed July 12, 1798 Theobald Woulffe Tone, by court-martial (died on the 18th) Nov. 10, 1798 Lord Thanet, for his conduct at Arthur O'Connor's trial June 10, 1799 Sir Harry Browne Hayes, for carrying off Miss Pike, of Cork April 13, 1800 Hatfield, for shooting at George III June 26, 1800 Mr. Tighe of Westmeath v. Jones, for crim. con. ; da- mages, 10,000? Dec. 2, 1800 The mutineers at Bantry Bay ; hanged Jan. 8, 1802 Charles Hayes, for the obscene libel "The Man of Fashion" Jan. 9, 1802 The mutineers of the Teme- raire and other ships at Portsmouth Jan. 11, 1802 Governor Wall, for cruelty and murder, twenty years before Jan. 28, 1802 Crawley, for the murder of two females in Peter's-row, Dublin March 6, 1802 Colonel Despard and his as- sociates, for high treason ; hanged on the top of Horse- monger-lane jail Feb. 7, 1803 M. Peltier, for a libel on Na- poleon Bonaparte, then first consul of France ; guilty Feb. 21, 1803 Robert Aslett, cashier of the Bank of England, for em- bezzlement and frauds ; the loss to the Bank, 320,000?. ; found not guilty, on account of the invalidity of the bills July 8, 1803 Robert Emmett, at Dublin, for high treason ; executed next day Sept. 19, 1803 Keenan, one of the murderers of Lord Kilwarden ; hanged Oct. 2, 1803 Mr. Smith, for the murder of the supposed Hammersmith ghost Jan. 13, 1804 Lockhart and Loudon Gor- don, for carrying off Mrs. Lee March 6, 1804 General Moreau, and others, for conspiracy, in France May 29, 1804 The Rev. C. Massy v. Mar- quess of Headfort, for crim. con.; 10,000? July 27, 1804 William Cooper, the Hackney monster, for offences against females April 27, 1805 Hamilton Rowan, in Dublin, pleaded the king's pardon July 1, 1805 Judge Johnson, for a libel on the Earl of Hardwicke ; guilty Nov. 23, 1805 General Picton, for applying TEI 701 TRI the torture to Louisa Cal- deron, to extort confession, at Trinidad ; tried in the Court of King's Bench ; guilty Feb. 21, 1806 Patch, for the murder of Mr. Bligh April 6, 1806 Lord Melville, impeached by the House of Commons ; acquitted June 12, 1806 The Warrington gang, for un- natural offences ; executed Aug. 23, 1806 Palm, the bookseller, by a French military commis- sion, atBrennau...Aug. 26, 1806 Lord Cloncurry v. Sir John B. Piers, for crim. con. ; damages, 20,000?... Feb. 19, 1807 Holloway and Haggerty, the murderers of Mr. Steele ; thirty persons crushed to death at their execution, at the Old Bailey Feb. 20, 1807 Sir Home Popham, by court- martial; reprimanded March 7, 1807 Knight v. Dr. Wolcot, alias Peter Pindar, for crim. con. June 27, 1807 Lieut. Berry, of H. M. S. Hazard, for an unnatural offence Oct. 2, 1807 Lord Elgin y. Ferguson, for crim. con. ; damages. 10, 0001. Dec. 22, 1807 Simmons, the murderer of the Boreham family, at Hod- desdon March 4, 1808 Sir Arthur Paget, for crim. con. with Lady Boringdon July 14, 1808 Major Campbell, for killing Captain Boyd in a duel; hanged Aug. 4, 1808 Peter Finnerty and others, for a libel on the Duke of York Nov. 9, 1808 The Duke of York, by inquiry in the House of Commons, on charges preferred against him by Colonel Wardle ; from Jan. 26 to March 20, 1809 Wellesley v. Lord Paget, for crim. con.; damages, 20,000?. 1809 The King v. Valentine Jones, for breach of duty as com- missary -general May 26, 1809 Earl of Leicester v. " Morning Herald," for a libel ; da- mages, 1000? June 29, 1809 Wright v. Colonel Wardle, for Mrs. Mary Ann Clarke's furniture . . * July 1, 1809 William Cobbett, for a libel on the German Legion ; con- victed July 9, 1809 The Hon. Captain Lake, for putting Bobert Jeffrey, a British seaman, on shore at Sombrero ; dismissed the service Feb. 10, 1810 Mr. Perry, for libels in the " Morning Chronicle;" ac- quitted Feb. 24, 1810 The Vere-street gang, for un- natural offences ; guilty Sept. 20, 1810 Peter Finnerty, for a libel on Lord Castlereagh ; judg- ment Jan. 31, 1811 The King v. Messrs. John and Leigh Hunt, for libels ; guilty Feb. 22, 1811 Ensign Hepburn, and White, the drummer ; both were executed March 7, 1811 Walter Cox, in Dublin, for libels ; he stood in the pil- lory March 12, 1811 The King v. William Cobbett, for libels ; convicted June 15, 1811 Lord Louth, in Dublin ; sen- tenced to imprisonment and fine June 19, 1811 The Berkeley cause, before the House of Peers ; concluded June 28, 1811 Dr. Sheridan, physician, on a charge of sedition ; acquitted 1811 Gale Jones, for seditious and blasphemous libels ; con- victed Nov. 26, 1811 Thomas Kirwan, in Dublin, a Catholic delegate ; con- victed Jan. 23, 1812 Daniel Isaac Eaton, on a charge of blasphemy; con- victed March IS, 1812 TRI 702 TRI Bellingham, for the murder of Mr. Perceval, prime minis- ter May 15, 1812 The King v. Mr. Lovell, of the " Statesman," for libel ; guilty Nov. 19, 1812 Messrs. John and Leigh Hunt, for libels in the " Exa- miner;" convicted... Dec. 9, 1812 The Marquis of Sligo, for con- cealing a sea deserter Dec. 16, 1812 The murderers of Mr. Hors- fall, at York ; executed Jan. 7, 1813 Mr. Hugh Fitzpatrick, for publishing Scully's " His- tory of the Penal Laws " Feb. 6, 1813 The divorce cause against the Duke of Hamilton, for adul- tery April 11, 1813 Mr. John Magee, in Dublin, for libels in the " Evening Post;" guilty July 26, 1813 Nicholson, the murderer of Mr. and Mrs. Bonar ; hanged Aug. 21, 1813 Tuite, the murderer of Mr. and Mrs. Goulding; executed Oct. 7, 1813 The celebrated Mary Ann Clarke, for a libel on the Right Hon. Wm. Vesey Fitz- gerald, now Lord Fitzge- rald Feb. 7, 1814 Admiral Bradley, at Winches- ter, for frauds in ship letters Aug. 18, 1814 Lord Cochrane, Cochrane Johnstone, Berenger, Butt, and others, for frauds in the public funds ; convicted Feb. 22, 1814 Colonel Quentin, of the 10th hussars, by court-martial Nov. 10, 1814 Sir John Henry Mildmay, Bart., for crim. con. with the Countess of Roseberv; damages, 15,000?.... Dec. 5, 1814 The King v. Brider, on a charge of incest ; guilty Feb. 17, 1816 George Barnett, for shooting at Miss Kelly, of Covent- garden Theatre April 8, 1816 Captain Hutchinson, Sir Ro- bert Wilson, and Mr. Bruce, in Paris, for aiding the es- cape of Count Lavalette April 24, 1816 Captain Grant, the famous Irish robber, at Marybo- . rough Aug. 16, 1816 Vaughan, a police officer, Mack ay, and Browne, for conspiracy to induce men to commit felonies to obtain the reward ; convicted Aug. 21, 1816 Colonel Stanhope, by court- martial, at Cambray, in France Sept. 23, 1816 Cashman, the intrepid seaman, for the Span elds riots, and outrages on Snowhill ; con- victed and hanged . Jan. 20, 1817 Count Maubreuil, at Paris, for robbing the Queen of West- phalia May 2, 1817 Mr. R. G. Butt, for a libel on Lord Chief-justice Ellenbo- rough May 23, 1817 Mr. Wooller, for libels on the government and ministers June 6, 1817 Thistlewood, Dr. Watson, Hooper, and others, for treason June 9, 1817 The murderers of the Lynch familv, at Wildgoose-lodge, Ireland July 19, 1817 Mr. Roger O'Connor, on a charge of robbing the mail ; acquitted Aug. 5, 1817 Brandreth, Turner, and others, at Derby, for high treason Oct, 15, 1817 Hone, the bookseller, for pa- rodies; three trials before Lord Ellenborough ; re- markable for his extempo- raneous and successful de- fence Dec. 18, 19, 20, 1817 Mr. Dick, for the abduction and rape of Miss Crockatt March 21, 1818 The memorable appeal of murder case, Ashford, the TRI 703 TRI brother of Mary Ashford, against her murderer., Abra- ham Thornton ...April 16, 1818 The Rev. Dr. O'Halloran, for forging a frank Sept. 9, 1818 Robert Johnston, at Edin- burgh; his dreadful execu- tion Dec. 30, 1818 Sir Manasseh Lopez, for bri- bery at Grampound March 18, 1819 Bagueley, Drammond, and others, at Chester, for sedi- tion April 17, 1819 Moseley, Woolfe, and others, merchants, for conspiracy and fraud April 20, 1819 Carlile, for the publication of Paine's "Age of Reason" Oct. 15, 1819 Mr. John Scanlan, at Lime- rick, for the murder of Ellen Hanly March 14, 1820 Sir Erancis Burdett, at Leice- ster, for a seditious libel March 23, 1820 Mr. Henry Hunt, and others, for their conduct at the Manchester meeting; con- victed March 27, 1820 Sir Charles Wolseley and Rev. Mr. Harrison, for sedition ; guilty April 10, 1820 Thistlewood, Ings, Brunt, Da- vidson, and Tidd, for the conspiracy to murder the king's ministers; commenc- ed April 17, 1820 Louvel, in Erance, for the murder of the Duke de Berri June 7, 1820 Lord Glerawley v. Mr. John Burn, for crim. con. June 18, 1820 The individuals charged with high treason, at Glasgow July 25, 1820 Major Cartwright and others, at Warwick, for sedition Aug. 3, 1820 "Little Waddington," for a seditious libel ; acquitted 1820 Lieut. -colonel French, 6th dragoon guards, by court- martial Sept. 19, 1820 Caroline, Queen of England, before the House of Lords, for adultery, commenced Aug. 16 ; it terminated Nov. 10, 1820 The female murclei-ers of Miss Thompson, in Dublin ; hanged ....- May 1, 1821 David Haggart, an extraordi- * nary robber, and man of singularly eventful life, at Edinburgh, for the murder of a turnkey June 9, 1821 Samuel D. Hayward, the fa- vourite man of fashion, for burglary Oct. 8, 1821 The murderers of Mrs. Tor- rance, in Ireland; convicted and hanged Dec. 17, 1821 Cussen, Leahy, and others, for the abduction of Miss Gould July 29, 1822 Barthelemi, in Paris, for the abduction of Elizabeth Flo- rence Sept. 23, 1822 Cuthbert v. Browne, singular action for deceit ...Jan. 28, 1823 The famous "Bottle Conspi- rators," in Ireland, by ex- officio Feb. 23, 1823 The extraordinary " Earl of Portsmouth case," com- menced March 18, 1823 Probert, Hunt, and Thurtell, the murderers of Mr. Weare ; Probert turned king's evidence, but was afterwards hanged... Jan. 5, 1824 Mr. Con oily, for the murder of Grange, the bailiff. Jan. 26, 1824 Mr. Henry Fauntleroy, bank- er of London, for forgery ; hanged Oct. 30, 1824 Foote v. Hayne, for breach of promise of marriage; da- mages, 3000Z Dec. 22, 1824 Mr. Joseph Haydn, for a libel on the Marquis Wellesley; continued three days in the Court of King's Bench ; the jury discharged without coming to a verdict, Jan. 26, 1825 Mr. Henry Savary, a banker's son at Bristol, for forgery, 1825 TRI 704 TEI O'Reefe and Bourke, the mur- derers of the Franks family, Aug. 18, 1825 John Grosset Muirhead, esq., for indecent practices, Oct. 21, 1825 The case of Mr. Wellesley Pole and the Misses Long commenced Nov 9, 1825 Captain Bligh v. the Hon. William Wellesley Pole, for adultery Nov. 25, 1825 Fisher v. Stockdale, for a li- bel in Harriette Wilson March 20, 1826 Edward Gibbon Wakefield and others, for abduction of Miss Turner March 24, 1827 The Eev. Robert Taylor, for blasphemy ; found guilty, Oct. 24, 1827 Richmond Seymour, Esq., and Macklin ; for an unnatural crime March 12, 1828 Richard Gillam, for the mur- der of Maria Bagster, at Taunton April 8, 1828 Mr. Montgomery, for for- gery ; committed suicide in prison on the morning ap- pointed for his execution, July 4, 1828 Brinklett, for the death of Lord Mount Sandford by a kick July 16, 1828 William Corder, for the mur- der of Maria Marten ; exe- cuted Aug. 6, 1828 Grace, the murderer of Mr. Chadwick, at Clonmel ; hanged Oct. 28, 1828 Burke, at Edinburgh, for the Burking murders ; Hare, his accomplice, became appro- ver Dec. 24, 1828 The King v. Buxton and others, for a fraudulent marriage March 21 , 1829 Jonathan Martin, for setting fire to York Minster, March 31, 1829 Stewart and his wife, noted murderers, hanged at Edin- burgh July 14, 1829 Reinbauer the Bavarian priest, for his murders of women, Aug. 4, 1829 Captain Dickenson, by court- martial at Portsmouth ; ac- quitted Aug. 26, 1829 Mr. Alexander, editor of the Morning Journal, for libels on the Duke of Wellington ; convicted Feb. 10, 1830 Clune, &c, at Ennis, for cut- ting out the tongues of the Doyles March 4, 1830 Mr. Comyn, for burning his house in the county of Clare; hanged ...March 6, 1830 Mr. Lambrecht, for the mur- der of Mr. Clayton in a duel April, 2, 1830 Captain Moir, for the murder of William Malcolm ; hang- ed July 30, 1830 Captains Smith and Mark- ham, for killing Mr. O' Gra- dy in a duel Aug. 24 ; 1830 Captain Helsham, for the murder of Lieut. Crowther in a duel Oct. 8, 1830 Mr. St. John Long, for the manslaughter of Miss Cashin ...Oct. 30, 1830 Polignac, Peyronnet, and other ministers of France, Dec. 21, 1830 Carlile, for a seditious libel inciting to a riot ; guilty, Jan. 10, 1831 Mr. D. O'Connell, for breach of a proclamation ; pleaded guilty Feb. 12, 1831 St. John Long, for manslaugh- ter of Mrs. Lloyd, Feb. 19, 1831 Mr. Luke Dillon, for the vio- lation of Miss Frizzel; con- victed April 14, 1831 Major Dundas, for the seduc- tion of Miss Adams ; dama- ges, 3000Z May 26, 1831 Mr. Cobbett, for a seditious libel ; the Jury could not agree July 7, 1831 The Rev. Robert Taylor, blasphemy July 6, 1S31 Mr. and Mrs. Deacle v. Mr. Bingham Baring, M.P. July 14, 1831 TRI TRI Bird, a boy 14 years of age, for the murder of a child ; hanged Aug. 1, 1831 The great cause, Earl of Kingston v. Lord Lorton ; commenced Nov. 9, 1831 Bishop and Williams, for mur- der of the Italian boy, Dec. 3, 1831 The Earl of Mar, in Scotland, for shooting at Mr. Oldham, Dec. 17, 1831 Elizabeth Cooke, for the mur- der of Mrs. Walsh, by " Burking " Jan. 6, 1832 Colonel Brereton, by court- martial at Bristol ...Jan. 9, 1832 The murderers of Mr. Blood, of Apple vale, county of Clare Feb. 28, 1832 William Duggan, at Cork, for the murder of his wife and others March 26, 1832 The murderers of the five po- licemen at Ennis, April 2, 1832 Mr. Hodgson (son of the ce- lebrated Miss Aston) v. Greene July 26, 1832 The mayor of Bristol for ne- glect of duty in the Bristol riots Oct. 26, 1832 Rev. Mr. Irving, by his own (the Scots) church, for he- resy March 13, 1832 Lord Teynham and Donlan, a tailor, for swindling; guilty May 10, 1833 Mr. Baring Wall, M.P., most honourably acquitted May 11, 1833 Captain Wathen, 15th hussars, by court- martial at Cork, honourably acquitted ; his colonel, Lord Brudenell, removed from his command, Jan.—, 1834 The proprietors of the True Sun for libels ; guilty Feb. 6, 1834 Mary Ann Burdock, the cele- brated murderess, at Bristol, April 10, 1835 Sir John de Beauvoir for per- jury; acquitted ...May 29, 1835 Fieschi, at Paris, for attempt- ing the life of the king, Louis Philippe, by explod- ing an infernal machine, Jan. 30, 1836 The Hon. G. C. Norton v. Lord Melbourne, in Court of Common Pleas, for crim. con. with the Hon. Mrs. Norton; verdict for the defendant June 22,^1836 Dr. Morrison v. proprietors of Weekly Dispatch, for libel. Feb. 10, 1837 Lord de Roos v. dimming, for defamation, charging Lord de Roos with cheating at cards; verdict for Mr. Cumming Feb. 10, 1837 James Greenacre and Sarah Gale, for the murder of Hannah Brown ; Greenacre convicted and hanged, Gale transported April 10, 1837 Francis Hastings Medhurst, Esq., for killing Mr. Joseph Alsop; guilty April 13, ]839 Bolam, for the murder of Mr. Millie; verdict, manslaugh- ter July 30, 1839 Rev. Mr. Stephens, at Ches- ter, for inflammatory lan- guage Aug. 15, 1839 John Frost, an ex-magistrate, and others, on a charge of high treason ; guilty : sen- tence commuted to trans- portation Dec. 31, 1839 Courvoisier, for the murder of Lord William Russell ; hanged June 20, 184) Gould, for the murder of Mr. Templeman ; transported, June 22, 1840 Edward Oxford, charged with attempting the life of the Queen; adjudged insaue, and confined in Bethlehem hospital July 9, 10, 1840 Madam Lafarge, in France, for the murder of her hus- band ; guilty Sept. 2, 1840 Prince Louis Napoleon, for his descent upon France, Oct. 6, 1840 Captain R. A.Reynolds, 11th Hussars, by court-martial : guilty : the sentence excited 2z r TRI 706 TRI great popular displeasure against his colonel, Lord Cardigan Oct. 20, 1840 Lord Cardigan, before the house of peers, capitally charged for wounding Cap- tain Harvey Tucket in a duel; acquitted ...Feb. 16, 1841 The Wallaces brothers, mer- chants, for having wilfully caused the destruction of the ship Dryad at sea, to defraud the underwriters ; trans- ported March 4, 1841 Josiah Mister, for attempting the life of Mr. Macreth ; guilty March 23, 1841 Bartholomew Murray, at Chester, for the murder of Mrs. Cook April 5, 1841 The Earl of Waldegrave and Captain Duff, for an aggra- vated assault on a police c6nstable ; guilty, 6 months imprisonment, and fines of 2001. and 20Z. ; judgment, May 3, 1841 Madame Lafarge again, for robbery of diamonds, Aug. 7, 1841 The great case, Allen Bogle, versus Mr. Lawson, publish- er of The Times newspaper, for an alleged libel, in stat- ing the plaintiff to be con- nected with numerous bank forgers throughout Europe, in their schemes to defraud Messrs. Glynn and Compa- ny, bankers of London, by means of fictitious letters of credit ; damages, one far- thing Aug. 16, 1841 Mr. M'Leod, at Utica, Ame- rica, for taking part in the destruction of the Caroline, commenced ; acquitted after a trial that lasted 8 days Oct. 4, 1841 Robert Blakesley, for the mur- der of Mr. Burdon of East- cheap ; hanged ...Oct. 28, 1841 Mr. Beaumont Smith, for the forgery of exchequer bills to an immense amount : he pleaded guilty, and was sen- tenced to transportation for life Dec. 4, 1841 Sophia Darbon v. Rosser ; breach of promise of mar- riage ; damages, 1600?. Dec. 8, 1841 Dr. Webster, for bribery at an election at St. Albans ; acquitted March 3, 1842 Mr. John Levick and Antonio Mattei, principal and second in the duel in which Lieut. Adams was killed at Malta, both acquitted ...March 10, 1842 Vivier, courier of the Morning Herald, at Boulogne, for conveying the Indian mail through France, contrary to the French regulations April 13, 1842 Daniel Good, for the murder of Jane Jones ; the memor- able Roehampton murder : found guilty, and sentenced to be hanged May 13, 1842 John Francis, for attempting to assassinate the queen, June 17, 1842 Thomas Cooper, for the mur- der of Daly the policeman, hanged July 4, 1842 Nicholas Suisse, valet of the late marquess of Hertford, at the prosecution of that nobleman's executors, char- ged with enormous frauds ; acquitted July 6, 1842 M'Gill and others, for the ab- duction of Miss Crellin ; guilty Aug. 8, 1842 Nicholas Suisse again ; upon like charges, and again ac- quitted Aug. 24, 1842 Bean, for pointing a pistol at the Queen ; 18 months' im- prisonment . = . Aug 25, 1842 The rioters in the provinces, under a special commission at Stafford Oct. 1, 1842 The Cheshire rioters, under a special commission before Lord Abinger Oct. 6, 1842 The Lancashire rioters, also under a special commission, 1842 TRI 707 TRI Alice Lowe, at the prosecu- tion of Lord Frankfort ; acquitted Oct. 31, 1842 Mr. Howard, attorney, v. Sir William Gossett, sergeant- at-arms Dec. 5, 1842 Mr. Egan, in Dublin, for the robbery of a bank parcel ; acquitted Jan. 17, 1843 The Rev. W. Bailey, LL.D., for forgery ; guilty : trans- portation for life ...Feb. 1, 1843 M'Naughten, for the mur- der of Mr. Drummond, secretary to Sir Robert Peel ; acquitted on the ground of insanity, March 4, 1843 The Rebeccaites, at Cardiff, under a special commission, Oct. 27, 1843 Mr. Samuel Sidney Smith, for forgery : sentenced to transportation for life, Nov. 29, 1843 Edward Dwyer, for the mur- der of his child at South- wark; guilty Dec. 1, 1843 Mr. Holt, of the Age; libel on the Duke of Brunswick ; guilty Jan. 29, 1844 Lieutenant Grant, second to Lieutenant Munroe in his duel with Colonel Fawcett ; acquitted Feb. 14, 1844 Frazer v. Bagley, for crim. con., verdict for the defendant. Feb. 19, 1844 Lord William Paget v. Earl of Cardigan, for crim. con. ; verdict for defendant, Feb. 26, 1844 Mary Furley, for the murder of her child in an agony of despair April 16, 1844 The will-forgers, William Henry Bai'ber, Joshua Flet- cher, Georgiana Dorey, William Sanders, and Su- sannah his wife ; all found guilty, April 15 ; sentenced April 22, 1844 Crouch, for the murder of his wife ; found guilty May 8, hanged May 27, 1844 Messrs.O'Connell, sen.,0'Con- nell, jun., Steele, Ray, Bar- rett, Gray, Duffy, and Rev. Thomas Tierney, at Dub- lin, for political conspiracy ; the trial commenced Jan. 15 ; lasted 24 days, and all the traversers were found guilty, Feb. 12. Proceed- ings on motions for a new trial, &c, extended the case into Easter term ; and sen- tence was pronounced upon all but the clergyman, on whom judgment was remit- ted May 30, 1844 Augustus Dalmas, for the murder of Sarah Macfar- lane; guilty June 14, 1844 William Burton Newenham, for the abduction of Miss Wortham ; guilty, June 17, 1844 Bellamy, for the murder of his wife by prussic acid; acquitted Aug. 21, 1844 John Tawell, for the murder of Sarah Hart ; hanged, March 13, 14, 1845 Thomas Henry Hocker, for the murder of Mr. James Delarue April 11, 1845 Joseph Connor, for the murder of Mary Brothers, May 16, 1845 The Spanish pirates, for the murder of ten Englishmen at sea July 26, 1845 Rev. Mr. Wetherall, for crim. con. with Mrs. Cooke, his own daughter Aug. 16, 1845 Captain Johnstone, of the ship Tory, for the murder of several of his crew, Feb. 5, 1846 Miss M. A. Smith v. Earl Ferrers ; breach of promise of marriage Feb. 18, 1846 Lieutenant Hawkey, for the murder of Mr. Seton in a duel; acquitted ...July 16, 1846 Captain Richardson, railway director, for fraud and for- gery ; bill ignored, Sept. 23, 1S46 Richard Dunn, for perjurv and attempted fraud on Miss A. Burdett Coutts, 1816 TRI 708 TBI Mitchell, the Irish confede- rate, transported for four- teen years May 26, 1848 "William Smith O'Brien, Mea- gher, and other confederates, sentenced to death : the sentence afterwards com- muted to transportation, Oct. 9, 1848 Bloomfield Rush, for the mur- der of the Messrs. Jermy, March 29, 1849 Gorham v. the Bishop of Ex- eter : ecclesiastical case : judgment given in the court of Arches against the plaintiff Aug. 2, 1849 Manning and his wife, for the murder of O'Connor ; guil- ty : death Oct. 27, 1849 "Walter Watts, lessee of the Olympic theatre,for forgery, May 10, 1850 Robert Pate, a retired lieu- tenant, for an assault on the queen July 11, 1850 The Sloanes, man and wife, for starving their servant, JaneWilbred Feb. 5, 1851 Sarah Chesham, for the mur- der of her husband by poison ; she had murdered several of her children and others by the same means ; hanged March 6, 1851 Thomas Drory, for the mur- der of Jael Denny ; hanged, March 7, 1851 The murderers of the Rev. George Edward Holiest, of Frimley, Essex : guilty, March 31, 1851 Trial by Battle, abolished in England so late as 1818, by act 59 George III., c. 46. The last appeal to this ancient custom was in the case of Ashford v. Thornton. The defendant was tried for the murder of a female. He was acquitted, tli ere not being sufficient evidence to establish his guilt. Tbe brother and next heir of the murdered wo- man appealed, in order to bring the matter again before a jury. The accused man asserted his right to | prove his innocence by battle. The judges acknowledged his right to do so ; and the legal antiquaries would have been gratified with the rare spectacle of a judicial duel, but for a voluntary abandonment of the prosecution. The law was soon afterwards passed, abolishing the wager of battle. Tribute of Wolves' heads paid in England, 971 ; by the English to the Danes, in one year, £48,000, 997. Trichinopoli, in the East Indies, blown up by the firing of a powder- magazine ; 300 of the inhabitants killed, 310,000 musket cartridges destroyed, and the whole place shak- en to its foundation, 1772. Triennial Parliaments establish- ed 1694 ; repealed, and septennial parliaments voted, because they were managed with more facility by the minister, 1715. Triers taken by the French, June 1705. Trincomalee, Ceylon, the no- blest harbour in India, taken from the Dutch, 1782; restored to the Dutch, 1783 ; taken again by the English, 1795 ; and retained by England at the peace of Amiens. Trinidad discovered, 1498 ; taken by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1595 ; by the French, 1676. Trinitarians, the term Trinity first used by Theophilus, bishop of Antioch, in the second century ; order of, founded 1594, in Spain ; an order also founded as early as 1 1 98, by Felix de Valois and others ; St. Philip de Noir founded an order of fifteen persons in Rome, 1548, under the same name. Trinity Act, to exempt persons from penalties who denied the doc- trine, 1813. Trinity College, Cambridge, founded by Henry VIIL, 1546; Trinity Hall in the same university, William Bateman, 1351 ; Trinity College, Oxford, by Sir Thomas Pope, 1554 ; the same at Dublin, founded from the Augustine mo- nastery of All Saints, by queen Elizabeth, 1 591 ; first stone laid, TEI 709 TEI Jan. 1, 1593 ; new charter given to, 1637; made a barrack of, 1689; west front erected, 1759 ; library built, 1732. Trinity House, London, founded by Mr. Thomas Spirt, 1512 ; incor- porated by Henry VIII., 1546 ; re- incorporated, 1685 ; built 1795, on Tower-hill ; three originally founded at Deptford, Hull, and Newcastle : the two last in 1537. Trithaites, a sect that believed in three gods, 560. Trinity Sunday instituted by pope Gregory IV"., the Sunday af- ter Whitsuntide, 828 ; kept by the Catholic and Protestant churches alike. Triple Alliance formed between the States -general and England against Prance, for the protection of the Spanish Netherlands ; Swe- den afterwards joined the league, Jan. 28, 1668. Tripoli nearly destroyed by an earthquake, Dec. 13, 1759. Triumphs of the British navy ; a phrase used during the last war to designate the capture of 15 sail, and the burning of 20 others, on the evacuation of Toulon, Dec. 18, 1793 : the victory of Lord Howe, June 1, 1794, when 8 sail of the line were taken or sunk : of Admi- ral Cornwallis, who, with 5 sail of the line and 2 frigates, engaged 13 French sail of the line and 7 frigates a whole day, and, beating them off, making their retreat in safety, June 17, 1795: Lord Duncan's victory, off Camperdown, over the Dutch, Oct, 11, 1797, with 14 sail of the line and 2 fifties, against 14 sail of 54 guns and upwards, and 11 of 44 guns to 18, when 9 sail of the line and 2 frigates were captured, the others escaped into the Texel : at the Cape of Good Hope, Aug. 17, 1796, when two 64, one 54, and 4 frigates, surrendered to Admiral El- phinstone : one 80 and two 74 taken by Lord Bridport, with 13 sail of the line, June 23, 1795, near I Ori- ent, part of a fleet of 12 sail of the line and 11 frigates, the others es- caping by getting close inshore : Lord St. Vincent's victory off Cape St. Vincent, Feb. 14, 1797; the English, 14 sail of the line, 4 fri - gates, and 3 sloops ; the Spaniards, 27 of the line, 12 frigates, and a brig ; two ships of 112 guns, one of 80, and one of 74 were taken : off Algesiras, July 12, 1808, Admiral Saumarez, with 5 sail of the line and 3 frigates, captured the San Antonio of 74 guns, while two of 112 took tire and blew up; the Spanish and French squadrons con- sisted of 10 sail of the line and 3 frigates : Admiral Mitchell's victory over the Dutch, 1799, August 28 and 30, when 10 vessels of 54 guns and upwards, and 14, from 44 guns to 16 each, were taken or surren- dered, annihilating the Dutch navy : Aug. 1, and 2, 1798, at the mouth of the Nile, when Nelson, with 13 sail of the line, a 50 gun ship and brig, attacked the French at an- chor, captured 9 sail of the line, burned 3, and sunk 1, five only es- caping ; the French force consisted of 13 sail of the line, two of 44 guns, and two of 38 : the destruction of the Danish line of defence before Co- penhagen, April 2, 1801 : the vic- tory of Sir J. B. Warren, off the coast of Ireland, Oct. 12, 13, and 18, 1798; the English had 3 sail of the line, three of 44 guns, and two of 36 ; the French 1 of 80, one of 46, five of 40, and two of 36 — only 3 es- caped : the battle of Corunna, in Avhich Sir Robert Calder engaged a superior force by a fourth to his own, and captured two sail of the line : July 22, 1805, at Trafalgar, where Nelson fell, having, with 27 sail of the line, engaged the com- bined French and Spanish fleets of 33 sail, and taken and destroved 19, Oct. 21, 1805: Nov. 4, 1805, Sir Richard Straclian captured five sail of the line, escaped from Tra- falgar : in the West Indies, where Sir John Duckworth captured or destroyed a French squadron of four sail of the line, in the Bay of St. Domingo, 1806. TKU 710 TUE Tristan d'Acunha, island of, dis- covered in 1651 ; in the year 1811, Jonathan Lambert, an American sailor, took possession of the deso- late island of Tristan d'Acunha, and issued a manifesto, drawn up in a strict diplomatic form, which was signed by his chief minister, another American sailor, whose name was Andre w Millet. He de- clares that, on Teh. 4, 1811, he took entire possession for himself, and his descendants for ever, of the is- land of Tristan d'Acunha, as well as of two neighbouring islands, the Inaccessible Island, and the Island called Nightingale, of which he thereby declares himself the lord and prince. When Napoleon was a prisoner at St. Helena, this island was occupied by the English, and after the emperor's death, when the party occupying was withdrawn, an English seaman remained, and, joined by one or two others, became sole inhabitants and occupiers of the island in 1825. Troppau, Congress of, the emperor of Austria and king of Prussia met here, Oct. 20, 1820, to consider of the affairs of Naples, and then ad- journed to Laybach, Dec. 20, 1820. Trot Weight, from Troyes in France, where it was first used ; the oz. troy, is said to have been brought originally from the East, in the time of the Crusaders, 1095 ; the Scotch troy weight was introduced by James I. of England, 1618. Trumpet first sounded in Eng- land before its sovereigns, in the time of Offa, king of Mercia, 790. Trumpets for Speaking, made by Talland, 1654. TRUMPET-Flowers brought from North America, 1640; the large- flowered from China, 1800 ; there are other varieties from the Cape and America. Trusty, the ship, lost between Bristol and Cork, Jan. 17, 1802. Truxillo, order of knighthood begun in Spain, 1227. Truxillo, in Peru, ruined by an earthquake, Dec, 1759. Tuam, Archbishopric of, founded 501 ; the see of Mayo annexed to Tuam, 1559 ; it ceased to be arch- episcopal, 1833, and is now a bishop- ric, to which Killala and Achonry are annexed. Tubular Bridge over the Menai Straits, the construction of which is no less novel than gigantic ; it consists of two lines of tubes, each of great length, lifted above a hun- dred feet over the level of the water ; the engineers were Stephenson and Fairbairn ; railway trains pass through them, March 5, 1850. Tuilleries, in Paris, one of the royal palaces, begun by Catharine de Medicis, 1564 ; in the revolu- tions of 1789 and 1848, it was forced by the mob, who did no mischief to the edifice. Tulips came first to England, 1578, were objects of commerce in the 16th century : in 1639, the sum of 90,000 florins was given in Hol- land for 120 tulips, with the offsets ; one called the Viceroy sold for 4203 guilders ; the tulip r tree came to England from America, 1663. Tunbridge Castle, built 1090 ; the priory, 1094 ; wells became noted as curative through Dudlev, Lord North, 1606. Tunis, City of, stands near the site of ancient Carthage, besieged by Louis IX. of France, 1270 ; taken by Barbarossa ; he was expelled by Charles V., but recovered by the Turks under Selim II.; 10,000 Christian slaves there set at liberty, 1 535 ; the bey of Tunis first ap- pointed, 1570 ; reduced by Admiral Blake on the bey refusing to give up the English captives, 1656. Tunnel, the Thames, see Thames Tunnel ; for navigation, the earliest was constructed by M. Biguet in the reign of Louis XIV., at Be- zieres in France ; the first in Eng- land by Brindley, for the Duke of Bridgwater's canal, near Manches- ter, about 1760; the Gravescnd, projected 1800; the report upon it made, 1801. Turin besieged by the French* TUB 711 TUB May 23, 1706, but their army de- feated by Prince Eugene; in 1798, seized by the French ; in 1799, the French driven out by the Austrians and Russians ; soon after reconquered by the French under Napoleon ; delivered up to the allies, 1814, and given to the king of Sardinia. Turkeys first brought to England, 1523, and to France, 1570; they were originally from America, and are met with wild there in flocks. Turkey Trade commenced in the reign of queen Elizabeth, 1550 ; the Levant company instituted by charter, 1579 ; it is now a most extensive and open trade. Turkey, Empire of, consisting of mixed Asiatic races, the greater number of whom were originally of Tartar blood, combined under the influence of the Mahometan creed and conquests. Birth of Mahomet, the pro- phet, at Mecca a.d. 571 His imposture commenced 604 The Koran written 610 Flight to Medina 622 .Era of the Hegira 622 Death of Mahomet 631 Holy wars begin 1095 The Turkish empire first formed under Othman at Bithynia. 1298 The Turks penetrated into Thrace, and take Adrian- pole 1360 Amurath L instituted the Ja- nissaries, a guard composed of Christian slaves, bred Mahometans 1362 Bajazet L overruns the pro- vinces of the Eastern empire 1389 He laid siege to Constantino- ple ; but was taken by Ta- merlane 1403 Tbe Turks, invading Hungary, were repelled by Huniades 1450 Constantinople taken by the Turks under Mahomet II., which ends the Eastern Ro- man empire 1453 Greece made subject to the Mahometans 1458 The Turks penetrate into Italy, and take Otranto, which diffused terror throughout Europe 1480 Selim I. raised to the throne by the Janissaries: he murdered his father, bro- thers, and their sons 1512 He took the islands of the Archipelago from the Chris- tians 1514 He overran Syria 1515 Added Egypt to his empire... 1516 Solyman II. took Belgrade... 1521 Rhodes taken from the knights of St. John 1522 Battle of Mohatz 1526 Solyman II., with 250,000 men, repulsed before Vi- enna 1529 Cyprus taken from the Ve- netians 1571 Great battle of Lepanto, which put an end to the fears of Europe from Turk- ish power 1571 Amurath H. ascended the throne ; strangled his five brothers 1574 The Turks driven out of Per- sia by the famous Schah Abbas , 1585 Reign of Mahomet III 1595 Reign of Achmetl 1603 Great fire in Constantinople.. 1606 Reign of Amurath IV., who strangled his father and four brothers...., 1624 The Turks defeated the Per- sians, and took the city of Bagdad 1639 The island of Candia, or Crete, taken after a 25 years' siege 1669 Vienna besieged by Mahomet IV., relieved by John of Poland 1683 Mahomet IV. deposed by Solyman 16S7 Peace of Carlovitz 1699 Mustapha III. deposed. 1703 The Morea retaken by the Turks 1715 Belgrade taken from Austria ; Russia relinquished Azof... 1739 Sea-fight in the channel of TUR 712 TUR Scio ; the English and Rus- sian fleets defeat the Turk- ish 1770 The Crimea falls to Russia Jan. 1783 Cession of Oczacow ends the disastrous war with Russia and Austria, the Turks having lost more than 200,000 men 1791 War against Russia.... Dec 30, 1806 Passage and repassage of the Dardanelles by the British fleet Feb. 19, 1807 Murder of Hali Aga. . .May 25, 1807 The sultan Selim is deposed and murdered, and Mus- tapha IV. called to the throne May 29, 1807 Treaty of Bucharest... May 28, 1812 A caravan of 2000 souls, re- turning from Mecca, de- stroyed by a pestilential wind in the deserts of Ara- bia; 20 only saved.,.Aug. 9, 1812 Subjection of the Wahabees... 1819 AH Pacha of Janina, in Greece, declares himself in- dependent 1820 Insurrection of Moldavia and Wallachia March 6, 1821 The Greek patriarch put to death at Constantinople April 23, 1821 Massacre at Scio ....April 23, 1822 Sea-fight hear Mitylene, Oct, 6, 1824 New Mahometan army orga- nised May 29, 1826 Insurrection of the Janissaries at Constantinople, June 14, 1826 Firman of the Saltan abolish- ing the Janissaries, June 16, 1826 Fire at Constantinople ; 6000 houses reduced to ashes Aug. 30, 1826 Battle of Navarino; the Turk- ish fleet destroyed by the fleets of England, France, and Russia ...Oct. 20, 1827 Banishment of 132 French, 120 English, and 85 Rus- sian^ettlers, from the Turk- ish empire ,.Jan. 5, 1828 War with Russia ....April 26, 1828 The Emperor Nicholas took the field against the Turks May 20, 1828 Capitulation of Brehilow June 19, 1828 Surrender of Anappa, June 23, 1828 The eminences of Schumla taken by the Russians July 20, 182S The Russian emperor arrived before Varna Aug. 5, 1828 Battle of Akhalzic.Aug. 24, 1828 Fortress of Bajazet taken Sept. 9, 1828 The Sultan left his capital for the camp, bearing with him the sacred standard, Sept. 26, 1828 The Dardanelles blockaded Oct. 1, 1828 Surrender of Varna.. .Oct. 15, 1828 Russians-retreated from before Schumla Oct. 16, 1828 Surrender of the castle of the Morea to the French, Oct. 30, 1828 Siege of Silistria raised by the Russians Nov. 10, 1828 Victory of the Russians at Kulertscha, near Schumla June 11, 1829 Battle near Erzeroum, July 2, 1829 Adrianople entered by the Russian troops ....Aug. 20, 1829 Armistice between the Rus- sian and Turkish armies Aug. 29, 1829 Treaty of peace Sept. 14, 1829 Fire at Constantinople ; ex- tinguished by the seamen and marines of H. M. S. Blonde , Jan. 22, 1830 Treaty with America, May 7, 1830 St. Jean dAcre taken by Ibra- him Pacha, son of Mehemet Ali Jtily 2, 1832 He defeated the army of the Sultan in Syria, with great loss July 30, 1832 A series of successes brings the army of Ibrahim Pacha within 80 leagues of Con- stantinople, and the Sultan has recourse to the aid of Russia Jan. 1833 A Russian force enters the Turkish capital A pril 3, 1833 TUR 713 TUR Treaty with Russia, offensive and defensive July 8, 1833 Office of Grand Vizier abo- lished by the Sultan March 30, 183S Treaty of commerce with Eng- land concluded by Lord Ponsonby, ratified Aug. 16, 1838 A body of Hungarian and Polish refugees, fleeing from the scene of the civil war, seek the protection of Turkey. The Turkish government re- fused to surrender them on the joint demand of Russia and Austria.......;. Sept. 16; 1849 Russia again demanded the expulsion of the Hungarian refugees, and suspended all intercourse with the Porte Nov. 12> 1849 The Porte (countenanced by Eng- land) firmly resisted this demand. The British fleet; under Sir W. Parker, anchored in Be- sikabay Nov. 13, 1849 Diplomatic relations between Russia and the Porte re- sumed, the latter sending the refugees to Koniah, in Asia Minor Jan. 1850 TURKISH SOVEREIGNS. Othman, or Ottoman, who as- sumed the title of Grand Seignior 1299 Orchan, son of Othman 1326 Amurath I. : stabbed by a sol- dier, of which he died 1360 Bajazet I., his son; defeated by Tamerlane, and died im- prisoned 1389 Solyman, son of Bajazet; de- throned by his brother and successor 1402 Musa-Chelebi; strangled 1410 Mahomed I., also son of Ba- jazet 1413 Amurath II, succeeded by his son 1421 Mahomed II., by whom Con- stantinople was taken, in 1453 1451 Bajazet II. : deposed by his son 1481 Selim I., who succeeded him 1512 Solyman the Magnificent, son of the preceding 1520 Selim II., son of the last 1566 Amurath III., his son : on his accession he caused his five brothers to be murdered, and their mother, in grief, stabbed herself to death ... 1574 Mahomed III.; son of Amu- rath ; commenced his reign by strangling all his bro- thers, and drowning all his father's wives 1595 Ahmed, or Achmet, his son : succeeded by his brother . . . 1603 Mustapha I. : deposed by the Janissaries, and imprisoned; succeeded by his nephew.... 1617 Osman I. : strangled by the Janissaries, and his uncle restored 1618 Mustapha I. again and again deposed, sent to the Seven Towers, and strangled 1622 Amurath IV. succeeded by his brother 1623 Ibrahim : strangled by the Janissaries .-. 1640 Mahomed IV., son of Ibra- him : deposed, and died im - prisoned 1649 Solyman III., his brother 1687 Ahmed or Achmet II. : suc- ceeded by his nephew 1691 Mustapha II., eldest son of Mahomet IV. : deposed, succeeded by his brother.... 1695 Ahmed or Achmet III. : de- posed, and died in prison in 1736 1703 Mahmud or Mahomed V. suc- ceeded his uncle, the pre- ceding Sultan 1730 Osman II., brother of Mahmud 1754 Mustapha III., brother of Os- man 1757 Abdul- Ahmed .• 1774 Selim III. : deposed by the Janissaries, and his nephew raised to the throne 1788 Mustapha IV. : deposed, and, with the late sultan, Selim, murdered 1807 Mahmud II. : succeeded by his son 1808 UKR 714 (JLM Abdul-Mejid, the present (1850) sultan 1839 Turnpike Roads, see Roads. Turpentine, the produce of a species of fir-tree, imported from Barbary prior to 1656 ; there are two kinds, the Venice or Venetian, and the common. Tuscan order of architecture, the simplest and most severe of all the orders ; St. Paul's, Covent-Garden, built by Inigo Jones, 1640, is the only specimen of note in London of this order. Tuscany erected into a dukedom, 1530 ; came to an Austrian family, 1737 ; seized by the French, March 24, 1799 ; recovered its indepen- dence, July 17, 1799 ; but reduced again under obedience to France the following year ; given to Louis, son of the king of Spain, as king of Etruria, Feb. 26, 1801; he died, June 30, 1803; united to France, May 24, 1808 ; restored to Austria, 1814; Leopold II. ascended the ducal seat, June 18, 1824 ; fled from Sienna in consequence of the civil war, Feb. 7, 1849 ; arrived at Gaeta, Feb. 23 ; restored by an Austrian army, May 5, 1850, and to plenary despotism, Leopold returning, July 23, 1850. Tuxford, Nottinghamshire, burn- ed down, 1702. TwELFTH-day, custom of drawing king and queen on, was borrowed from the Greeks and Romans, who, on the tabernacle or Christmas fes- tivals, drew lots for kings, by putting a piece of money in, the middle of a cake, which, whoever found, was sa- luted as king of the festival of the Epiphany, instituted 813. Twickenham, the French ambas- sador's house burned, June 14, 1734. Tyburn, London, the ancient place for the execution of malefac- tors, now covered with fine houses, at the junction of the Edge ware- road and the Bayswater, where Connaught- place stands: a German writer in 1778, speaks of it as dis- tant two miles from London. Tychfield Abbey, Hants, built 1232. Tyler, Wat, his insurrection in opposition to the pole-tax, levied 1378; killed in Smithfield by the mayor, Walworth, 1381. Tyrone, the Irish rebel, defeated the English, 1599; taken, brought to London and pardoned, 1603. Tyre, Era of, begins Oct. 19, 125 a.c. ; to reduce this era to our own, subtract 124, and if the given year be less than 125, deduct it from 125, and the remainder will be the era before Christ. u Ubiquitarians, a Lutheran sect, which at one time spread over Ger- many and through other countries; they believed the natural body of Christ to be every where present : the sect arose in 1540, but never to any considerable numbers. Udina, Giovanni da, celebrated as the reviver of stucco-work; he died 1564. Ukraine, or the Frontier, as the term imports. By a treaty between . Russia and Poland, they divided the Ukraine, 1693; Poland had the west side of the Dneiper, and Russia the east, but the borders of Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary were appropriated by Russia, 1795, ac- cording to the iniquitous treaty of partition, the same year. Ulm, Peace of, by which Frederic V. was utterly deprived of Bohemia, having been previously driven from it, July 3, 1620; taken by the French, 1796; great battle of, be- tween the French and Austrians, UNI 715 UNI in which General Mack was de- feated by Marshal Ney with great loss, and Ulm surrendered in con- sequence with 36,000 men, the flower of the Austrian army, Oct. 19, 1805. Ulvecroft Priory, Leicestershire, built 1167 Umbrella, the first person who used the umbrella in the streets of London was Jonas Hanwav, who died 1786. Unctton, Extreme, a ceremony originally of the Jews, who anointed themselves with oil upon particular occasions, and hence the imitation of the ceremony; it was in common use about 550 ; the first who received extreme unction from the pope was St. Asaph, 590 ; " extreme " unction applied only to the dying. Uniformity, Act of,. passed, 1559 ; came into first operation, 1662 ; obliging all the clergy to subscribe the same 39 articles and to use the same form of worship ; upwards of 2000 ministers quitted the church of England upon that occasion, joined the dissenters, and ranked among the fathers of the dissenting interest, 1661, 1662. Union of the Three Crowns ; Eng- land and Scotland became united by the accession of James VI. of Scotland as James I. of England, March 24, 1603 ; in 1604, the union of the two kingdoms was attempted, but failed, 1670 ; the Tories opposed the union in 1706, in the House of Commons, but it became a law, June 16, and was ratified by the Scotch Parliament, Jan. 16, 1707. Union with Ireland proposed in the Irish parliament, Jan. 22, 1799 ; rejected by the Irish Commons, Jan. 29, 1799 ; the plan of the union de- tailed, Feb. 5, 1800 ; the act passed the British parliament, July 2, 1800; the united standard of England and Ireland first displayed on Dublin castle, Jan. 1, 1801 ; the realm thence became the united kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the title to France being dropped. ■Union Packet, of Dover, lost off Calais, Jan. 28, 1792, the first acci- dent of the kind for 105 years. Union Fire- Office established 1715. Unitarians, who worship only one self-existent deity, in place of three equal deities in one, arose under Servetus, 1553 ; on his passing through Geneva, proceeding to Na- ples, in that year, Calvin incited the magistrates to arrest him on charges of blasphemy and heresy, and on his refusing to retract his opinions con- demned him to be burned ; this murder took place, Oct. 27, 1553 ; the Unitarian marriage bill passed, June 1827. United Provinces once subjected to Spain ; became a republic, shak- ing off the Spanish yoke, 1579 ; de- puties from the provinces of Hol- land, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Groningen, Overyssel, and Guelder- land, met at Utrecht, Jan. 23, 1579, and signed a treaty of mutual de- fence, appointing the Prince of Orange stadtholder, thus forming the union of Utrecht, or the founda- tion of the Seven United Provinces. In 1609 their independence was ac- knowledged ; Holland was united to France, 1796 ; Louis Bonaparte crowned king of, June 5, 1806 ; he abdicated, July 1, 1810'; Holland re- stored to the house of Orange, with Belgium annexed, Nov. 18. 1813 ; separated from Belgium, and Leo- pold of Saxe-Coburg elected king, July 12, 1831. United Ladies for the honour of the Cross, an order of female knight- hood in Germany, begun 1666. United States of America revolt- ed from the sway of England, though English colonists, originally established by voluntary exile to avoid persecution for opinion's sake, and secure civil and religious liberty to themselves and their posterity. Attemped to be taxed by George 111. against their consent, they resisted, and established their independence by a resolution of their representa- tives in congress, Sept. 9, 1776, as thirteen states free of control on UNI 716 UNI the part of England ; treated on the basis of their acquired independence, 1782; acknowledged independent by England, 1783 ; they had been pre- viously acknowledged by France, Eeb. 6, 1778; and by Holland, April 19, 1782 ; the act of parlia- ment of Great Britain imposing new and heavy duties on the goods they imported, Mar. 1 1, 1764. The Stamp Act, so distaste- ful First American Congress met June 7, English act levying duties on paper, tea, painted glass, and other imports, June 14, 1767 340 chests of tea destroyed by the people at Boston; and 17 at New York ;Nov. Boston port bill March 25, Deputies of the States meet, Sept. 5, First battle between the Eng- lish and Americans at Lex- ington April 19j 1775 Act of perpetual state union, May 20, 1775 Washington appointed com- mander-in-chief ...June 16, America declares itself "free, sovereign, and independent, July 4 ; After a war of a varying character, Lord Cornwallis surrendered with 7000 men to Washington, at York town Oct. 19, 1781 Arrival of Sir Guy Carleton to treat for peace ...May 5, 1782 Provisional articles signed at Paris by commissioners, Nov. 30, 1782 Definitive treaty of peace sign- ed at Paris Sept. 3, Ratified by congress ...Jan. 4, John Adams, hrst American ambassador, had his first interview with the king of England June 2, New American constitution proposed to the States, Sept. 17, The quakers of Philadelphia 1765 1765 1773 1774 1774 1775 177i 1783 1784 1785 1787 emancipated their slaves, Jan. 1, 178S New government for the States organised at New York March 4, 1789 General Washington declared the president April 6, 1789 Bank instituted ; capital 10,000,000 of dollars, June 7, 1791 Choice made of Washington town for the capital of the States July 8, 1792 Re-election of General Wash- ington as president, March 4, 1793 He resigned the presidency, Sept. 17, 1796 Mr Adams elected... March 4, 1797 General Washington died ; the seat of government re- moved to Washington, Dec. 14, 1799 American embargo ...Dec. 9, 1807 War with Great Britain, June 18, 1812 Action between the American ship Constitution and the British frigate Guerriere, Aug. 19, 1812 Fort Detroit taken... Aug. 21, 1812 The British sloop Frolic taken by the American ship Wasp Oct. 18, 1812 The ship United States of 54 gurts, captured the British frigate Macedonian, Oct. 25, 1812 Battle of French town, Jan. 22, 1813 The Hornet captured the British sloop of war Peacock Feb. 25, 1813 Forts Erie and George aban- doned by the British, May 27, 1813 The American frigate Chesa- peake captured by the Shannon frigate ...June 1, 1813 Battle of Burlington Heights ; the Americans defeated, June 6, 1813 H.M. sloop Pelican took the American sloop Argus, Aug. 14, 1813 Buffalo town taken by the British, and burnt, Dec. 9, 1813 American frigate Essex taken UNI 71" UNI by the Phoebe and Cherub, March 29, 1814 The British defeat the Ameri- cans in a severe conflict, July 2, 1814 Alexandria capitulated to the British forces Aug. 17, 1814 The city of Washington taken by the British forces, and the public edifices, records, and libraries burned, Aug. 24, 1814 The British sloop of war Avon, sunk by the American sloop Wasp Sept. 8, 1814 The British squadron on lake Champlain captured, Sept. 11, 1814 Attack on Baltimore by the British; General Ross killed, Sept. 12, 1814 Treaty of peace with Great Britain signed at Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814 The British ship Endymion captured the President, Jan. 15, 1815 The Ghent treaty of peace ratified Feb. 17, 1815 Centre foundation of the capi- tol of Washington laid, Aug. 24, 1818 Spain ceded Florida to the United States Oct. 24, 1820 The States acknowledged the independence of South America March 8, 1822 Treaty with Colombia, Oct. 3, 1824 Mr. Adams elected president, Feb. 4, 1825 Death of the two ex-presidents Adams and Jefferson, on the 50th anniversary of the independence of the Ameri- can States July 4, 1826 Indemnity convention with Great Britain Nov. 13, 1826 American tariff bill, May 13, 1828 General Jackson president, Feb. 16, 1829 Treaty between the United States and Ottoman Porte, May 7, 1830 Ports re-opened to British commerce Oct. 5, 1830 New tariff laws ......July 14, 1832 Great fire at New York ; 647 houses and many public edifices burnt Nov. 15, 1835 In the Canadian insurrection, many of the American peo- ple assist the insurgents, Oct., Nov., and Dec, 1837 The American steam -boat Caroline attacked and burnt by the British, near Schlos- ser, to the East of the Nia- gara, on the territory of the United States, Dec. 29, 1837 Proclamation of the president against American citizens aiding the Canadians against Great Britain Jan. 5, 1838 The Great Western steam- ship first arrived at New York June 17, 1838 The American banks suspend- ed their cash payments, Oct 14, 1839 Affair of Mr. M'Leod, charg- ed with aiding in the destruction of the Caroline; true bill found against him for murder and arson, Feb. 6, 1841 The United States bank again suspended payment, Feb. 7, 1841 Election of General Harrison as president March 4, 1841 Mr. Fox, British minister, de- mands the release of Mr. M'Leod March 12, 1841 General Harrison died a month after his inaugura- tion April 4, 1841 The presidency devolved on the vice-president, John Tyler April 5, 1841 The case of M'Leod is re- moved by habeas corpus to the supreme court at New York May 6, 1841 A party of British volunteers crossed the frontier from Canada, and carried off Colonel Grogan ...Sept. 9, 1841 Resignation of all the United States' ministers, with the exception of Mr. Webster, Sept. 11, 1841 UNI 718 UNI The President's proclamation against lawless attempts of American citizens to invade British possessions, and to suppress secret lodges, clubs, and associations... Sept. 25, 1841 Trial of Mr. M'Leod com- menced at Utica supreme court Oct. 4, 1841 Grogan given up to the American government, Oct. 4, 1841 Acquittal of M'Leod after a trial of eight days, Oct. 12, 1841 Colossal statue of Washing- ton placed in the capitol at Washington Dec. 1, 1841 Affair of the Creole, which led to a dispute with Eng- land Dec, 1841 This vessel, an American, was on her voyage to New Orleans with a cargo of slaves; they mutinied, murdered the owner, wounded the captain, and compelled the crew to take the ship to Nassau, New Providence, where the governor, considering them as pas- sengers, allowed them, against the protest of the American consul, to go at liberty. Announcement of Lord Ash- burton's mission to the United States Jan. 1, 1842 Arrest of Hogan, implicated in the Caroline affair, Feb. 2, 1842 The Warspite, with Lord Ash- burton on board, arrived at New York April 1, 1842 Washington treaty, defining the boundaries between the United States and the Bri- tish American possessions, for suppressing the slave trade, and giving up fugi- tive criminals ; signed at Washington by Lord Ash - burton and Mr. Webster, Aug. 9, 1842 The tariff bill passed, Aug. 10, 1842 Lord Ashburton left the Unit- ed States, Sept. 5 ; arriv- ed in England ....Sept. 23, 1842 War declared against the Unit- ed States by Mexico, June 4, 1845 Resolution of the senate and house of representatives for terminating the joint occu- pancy of Oregon, Apr. 20, 1846 Annexation of New Mexico to the United States, after a protracted war, Aug. 23, 1845 Treaty fixing the north-west boundary of the United States at the 49th parallel of latitude, and giving the British possession of Van- couver's Island, and the free navigation of the Columbia river June 12, 1846 Battle of Bueno Vista, Feb. 22, 1847 The Mexicans defeated by General Taylor at Bueno Vista Feb. 23, 1847 Vera Cruz taken by storm, the Mexicans every where worsted. Great battle of Sierra Gorda; the Mexi- cans defeated April 18, 1847 General Scott defeated the Mexicans, taking 6000 pri- soners April 18, 1847 Treaty between Mexico and the United States ratified, May 19, 1848 Park Theatre destroyed by fire Dec. 16, 1848 Riot at the theatre, New York, occasioned by a dispute between two actors, May 10, 1849 Proclamation of the president against the marauding ex- pedition to Cuba... Aug. 11, 1849 The French ambassador dis- missed from Washington, Sept. 14, 1849 Death of Mr. Calhoun, March 31, 1850 Destructive fire in Philadel- phia July 9, 1850 Bill passed to admit California a member of the States, Aug. 15, 1850 PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. General George Washington, first president, elected April 6, 1789 UNI 719 UNI General Washington again March 4, 1793 John Adams March 4, 1797 Thomas Jefferson.... March 4, 1801 Mr. Jefferson re-elected, March 4, 1805 James Madison March 4, 1809 Mr. Madison re-elected, March 4, 1813 James Monroe March 4, 1817 Mr. Monroe re-elected, March 4, 1821 John Quincy Adams, March 4, 1825 General Jackson March 4, 1829 General Jackson re-elected, March 4, 1833 Martin Van Buren... March 4, 1837 General William H. Harrison, March 4, 1841 (Died April 4, following.) John Tyler April 4, 1841 James Knox Polk ...March 4, 1845 General Zachaiy Taylor, March 4, 1849 (Died July 9, 1850.) Millard Fillmore sworn into office next day July 10, 1850 General Pearce 1852 Universities founded : the old- est those of Oxford, Cambridge, Paris, Salamanca, and Bologna ; the following are the principal exist- ing :— Aberdeen 1477 Abo, Finland 1640 Aix, 1409; re-established 1642 Alba Julia, Transylvania 1629 Altorf, Franconia 1581 Angers 1698 Andrew's, St., Scotland 1411 Anjou, 1349 ; enlarged 1364 Avignon, Prance 1388 Bamburg 1585 Basle, Switzerland 1458 Berlin 1812 Besancon, Burgundy , 1540 Bologna, Italy 423 Bruges, Austrian Planders ... 1665 Cahor, in Quercy, Prance 1320 Caen, Normandy 1431 Cambridge began 626, accord- ing to some oihers 900 ; re- vived 1110 Cambridge, New England, projected ■ 1630 Cologne, Germany, refounded 1389 Compostella, Spain 1517 Coimbra, Portugal, 1391 ; en- larged 1503 Constantinople 425 Copenhagen, 1497 ; enlarged 1539 1569 Cordova, Spain 968 Cracow, Poland, 700; enlarged 1402 Dijon, France 1722 Dillingen, Suabia .. 1565 Dole, Burgundy 1426 Douay, French Flanders 1562 Dresden, Saxony 1694 Dublin Trinity College 1591 Also in the Annals of Dublin there is an entry to the following tolerant effect—" 1629. The Papists erected an University in Dublin, for the education of the youth of that reli- gion, without any authority from the State, and in the face of Govern- ment, which, however, was shut up in 1632." Edinburgh, founded by James VI..... 1580 Erfurt, Thuringia, enlarged... 1390 Erlangen, Franconia 1743 Evora, Portugal 1559 Ferrara, Italy 1316 Florence, Italy, enlarged ....:. 1438 Franeker, Friesland 1585 Frankfort on the Oder 1506 Friberg, Germany 1460 Fulda, Germany 1734 Geneva 1365 Giessen, 1605 ; united to Mar- purg 1626 Glasgow, Scotland 1450 Goettingen, Hanover 1734 Granada, Spain 1537 Gripswald 1547 Groningen, Friesland 1614 Halle, Saxony ' 1694 Heidelburgh, Germany .. 1346 Helmstadt, or Jula, Bruns- wick- Wolfenbuttle 1570 Jena, or Sala, Thuringia 1548 Ingolstadt, Bavaria 1573 Inspruck, Tyrol 1672 Kiel, Holstein 1665 Koningsberg, Prussia 1544 Leyden, Holland 1575 Leipsic, Saxony 1409 London, April 13 1827 UNI 720 URS Louvain, Flanders, 926 ; en- larged 1427 Lyons, France 830 Marpurg, Hesse 1527 Mechlin, Flanders 1440 Mentz 1482 Montpelier 1196 Moscow : 1754 Munster 1491 Naples 1216 Orleans, France 1312 Oxford 886 Paderborn 1592 Padua, Italy 1179 Palencia, 1209 ; removed to Salamanca 1249 Paris 792 Parma 1599 Pavia, 791; enlarged 1361 Perpignan 1349 Perugia, Italy 1290 Petersburg, Russia 1747 Pisa, Italy, 1339 ; enlarged 1487, and 1542 Poictiers, France 1430 Prague, Bohemia 1360 Rinteln, Schaumberg 1621 Rheims, 1145; enlarged 1560 Rostock, Mecklenburgh 1419 Salamanca, Spain 1249 Salerno 1233 Saltzburgh, Germany 1623 Saragossa, Arragon 1474 Sienna, Etruria 1387 Siguenza, Spain 1517 Seville, Spain 1517 Sorbonne, France 1253 Strasburg, Germany 1 538 Toledo, Spain 1518 Toulouse, France 1228 Treves, Germany 1473 Tubingen, Wurtemburg 1477 Turin 1412 Valladolid 1343 Valence 1475 Venice 1592 Vienna 1365 Upsal, Sweden 1477 Utrecht, Holland 1636 Wittenberg 1502 Wurzberg 1402 Wirtemberg 1502 University College, Oxford, founded • 1249 ; library of, com- pleted 1669. University Statistics of France. ' The returns forwarded to the minis- ter of public instruction by the rectors of the university of Paris, from which it appears that the royal colleges throughout France con- tained in 1844, 21,890 pupils, or 1123 more than last year, and the district colleges 35,388, showing an increase over 1843 of 2291. The whole number of pupils in the royal and district colleges is consequently 57,278, or 3414 more than in 1843. This last year, likewise, exhibited an augmentation of 1984 pupils, so that in the course of two years the number of pupils following the lectures in these colleges increased by upwards of 5000, in spite of the war waged by the clergy against the university. Unknown Tongues, under a pre- tended inspiration, sundry disciples of the late Edward Irving suddenly held forth and harangued in a gibberish no one could understand, Oct. 16, 1831 ; the fact being over- looked, that the gift of tongues to the apostles was the gift of the living languages of their time, to enable them to preach to the Gen- tiles : the disciples of, and others knew not what they uttered, and others were in the same state of ignorance, yet there are still many believers in this senseless delusion, saying so little for the good sense of the age. Upnor Castle, built 1561. Uranus, the name now given by astronomers to the planet discovered by Herschel, and so unluckily named the " Georgium Sidus," discovered March 13, 1781, by Herschel, whose name is sometimes bestowed upon it. The distance of Uranus from the sun is twice that of Saturn. Urine employed in the manu- facture of gunpowder and in the woollen manufacture: a statute for its preservation to manufacture salt- petre, 1626. Uric or lithic acid obtained from, by Scheel, 1776. Ursulines, an order of nuns, esta- blished 1198. VAG '21 VAL Ushant, Battle of, between the English and French fleets, when the latter withdrew into Brest har- bour. The English were command- ed by Admiral Keppel, who was tried for his failure in obtaining a more complete result, and honour- ably acquitted, July 27, 1778. Usury forbidden by law, 1341 ; 2s. per week fixed as the interest for 20s., 1260; this limit restrained, 1275; fixed at 10 per cent., 1545 and 1570 ; reduced to 8 per cent., 21 James L, 1623, when the word " interest " was used in place of " usury ;" it was reduced to 6 per cent., 1650; continued at 6 to 1660; made 5 per cent., 1714. Utrecht, Treaty of, terminating Queen Anne's wars, April 11, 1713; town of, surrendered to the Prus- sians, May 9, 1787; taken by the French, Jan. 18, 1795. Vaccine inoculation established on the discovery of Dr. Jenner, May 1796 ; made public, 1799 ; re- ceived £10,000 for the discovery from parliament, 1802; royal Jen- nerian institution founded, Jan. 19, 1803 ; practised throughout Europe, 1816 ; act respecting adoption of, passed July 23, 1840. Vagrants and Beggars. A vast number of poor were employed or maintained in and about the mo- nasteries, and when they were seized upon by Henry VIII., the humbler dependents were turned loose to beg, starve, or thieve; they were then mercilessly punished : this ac- counts for 75,000 persons having been put to death in the reign of the royal plunderer. He passed an act that a vagrant, after being whipped, was to take an oath to return to the place where he was born, or had last dwelt for three years, 22 Henry VIII., 1530; a second time con- victed, he was to lose the upper part of the gristle of his right ear, 27 Henry VIII. ; and a third time convicted, death. Vagrants were punished by whipping, jailing, bor- ing the ears, and death for a second offence, 14 Eliz., 1571. The milder statutes were those of 17 Geo. II. ; 32, 35, and 59 Geo. III. The laws against beggars are still very severe in England. Vails to servants abolished in the world of fashion, 1764. Valencia, Spain, conquered by the MoOrs, and then lost by them, 1094; relinquished to them by the King of Castile, and then taken again by James I., king of Arra- gon, 1238; and with Arragon united to Spain,1492 ; university of, founded early, revived in 1470 ; city of, taken by the Earl of Peterborough, 1705; submitted to the Bourbons after the battle of Almanza, 1707; taken by Marshal Suchet with 16,000 men, and immense munitions of war, Jan. 9, 1812, Val de Grace, Paris, built 1666. Valenciennes taken by the French from the Spaniards, 17th March, 1677; besieged and taken by the allied armies after seven weeks' siege, in May and July, 1793; retaken, together with Conde, by the French six weeks afterwards, together with 1100 emigrants ar- rayed against their country, 200 pieces of cannon, a million pounds weight of powder, 8,000,000 florins in money, 1000 head of cattle, and large stores of provisions, Aug. 30, 1794. Valencay, Treaty of, between ^Na- poleon and Ferdinand VII. of Spain, by which that graceless monarch was put .in full possession of his 3a VAL 722 VAL kingdom, on his agreeing; to main- tain its integrity, Dec. 8, 1813. Valentine's Day. Valentine, a Eoman bishop, or, according to others, only presbyter of the church, was beheaded under Valerianus, a.d. 278, Feb. 14. It is said that on this day the birds choose their mates, whence, probably, came the custom of young people choosing valen- tines, or particular friends, on this day. Valentine's Day, remarkable events upon. In 1684, Sir Samuel Barnardiston fined =£10,000 for us- ing a few indiscreet but innoxious expressions of a political nature, in some letters. In 1779, Capt. James Cook killed at Owhyhee, one of the Sandwich Islands : he was born at Marton, in the north part of York- shire, Oct. 27, 1728. In 1780, died that illustx*ious lawyer, Sir William Blackstone, author of a celebrated Avork, entitled, " Commentaries on the Laws of England : " born in Cheapside, London, July 10, 1723. In 1793, expired Brass Crossby, a patriotic lord mayor of London, who at the expiration of his mayor- alty received the thanks of the cor- poration, and a cup of £400 value : born at Stockton-upon-Tees, in Dur- ham, in 1725. In 1797, Sir John Jervis (afterwards Earl St. Vincent) obtained a signal victory over the Spanish fleet, off Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. In 1818, a cotton manu- factory at Colnbridge, near Hudders- field, occupied by Mr. T. Atkinson, caught fire, and was entirely de- stroyed ; 17 girls, the oldest about 19 years of age, were burnt to death, only 9 persons escaping. Valle Crucis Abbey, Denbigh- shire, built 1200. Valentio, Father, so styled, was an English friar, a native of York- shire, whose name was Matthew Atkinson, called in religion Father Paul of St. Francis. Under the penal statute, 11th and 12th of Wil- liam III., he was condemned to perpetual imprisonment, in the lat- ter end of the 17th ceartury, for having exercised the functions of an ecclesiastic of the church of Rome, on the information of his maid-servant, who received the re- ward, stipulated by the statute, of £100, for betraying her master. Pursuant to his sentence he was conveyed to Hurst castle, and there confined for life. This statute was passed in the reign of a monarch who is said to have established civil and religious liberty in England ! This prisoner for worshipping God according to the custom of his fa- thers, had, as a great indulgence, the privilege of walking on the ad- joining strand, by the warden of the place, by whom he was much re- spected, and to whom he rendered himself useful, by teaching his chil- dren Latin; but certain strangers who happened to visit the castle took offence at this indulgence, which was the occasion of Mr. Atkinson's voluntarily confining himself ever afterwards to his own miserable apartment. Here he was so resigned and contented, as to persist in refus ing the offers made by powerful friends to procure his enlargement. He was buried in the Roman Ca- tholic burying-ground contiguous to Winchester The epitaph on Mr. Atkinson, inscribed on his head- stone in St. James's churchyard, Winchester, is as follows : — H. S. E. E. P. Paulus Atkinson, Fran- ciscanus, qui 15th Oct., 1729, setat. 74, in castro de Hurst, vitam finivit, postquam ibidem 30 peregerat annos. It is said — and, it must be hoped, truly — that he was the last sufferer under the infamous statutes of Wil- liam and Mary against religious liberty, no matter what creed ap- plied against. Valentinians, the followers of a priest called Valentine, who, losing a bishopric, felt so disappointed that he founded a specious idolatrous system of faith of his own, 200. He published a gospel and psalms. VAN 723 VAS Some of his followers declared for, others against, baptism. Valet, the term given to the king's eldest son; hence the valet or knave, synonymous terms, follow the king and queen in the pack of j was spared cards. Valteline, in Switzerland, cele- brated for the massacre of the Val- teline, or of the Protestants, by the Catholics, July 20, 1620 ; for three days neither man, woman, nor child VALUE IN STERLING OF THE GOLD AND SILVER RAISED FROM THE MINES IN THE FOLLOWING COUNTRIES: Mexico Panama Chili Buenos Ayres FEOM 1790 TO 1809. fsom 1810 to 1829. Gold. Silver. TotaL Gold. Silver. Total. £ 4,523 378 223,518 8*53,974 1,862,955 £ 94,429,303 ' '944*736 19,286,831 £ 98,952,681 22<,518; 1,808,710! 21,149,786 £ 1,913,075 23,603 1,904,514 2,161,940 £ 45,388,729 '878,188 7,895,812 £ 47,301,804 23,603 2,782,702 10,057,7*2 7,473,825 114,660,870 122,134,695 | 6,003,132 54,162,759 60,165,891 Russia — from 1820 to 1829 ! 3.703,743 1,502,981 5,206,724 Vandals began their ravages in Germany and Gaul, 406-414; took Carthage, Oct. 24, 439 ; overran a large part of Europe with pillage and murder in the early ages of the Christian era. Van Diem an's Land, discovered by Tasman, 1633 ; visited by Fur- neaux, 1773 ; by Cook, 1777 ; deemed the south-east part of New Holland until the Straits of Bass were dis- covered; Hobart Town, the seat of government, settled on the river Derwent, 1804. Since that time, or in half a century, to Dec. 21, 1851, its white population increased to 70,130; in 1840, it contained 40,000 souls. In the last-mentioned year — and it has vastly increased since — the increased soil in cultivation was from 25,000 to 124,000 acres; the shipping, from one vessel of 41 tons to 141 vessels containing 12,491 tons ; the imports from £62,000 to near a million ; the exports from £14,500 to £867,000, of which more than a quarter were of wool; the revenue from £17,000 to near £119,000 ; and, in addition to these vast improvements, a sum little short of £219,000 was invested in the purchase of Crown lands. Vane, Sir Henry, the vounger, beheaded by Charles II., 1662. Vanini, burned under pretence of heresy and deism, at Thoulouse, 1619, aged 33. Varennes, in France, the place where Louis XVI. was arrested on the 21st of June, 1791, and taken back to Paris, while endeavouring to pass the frontiers of France and join the Austrians and Prussians. Varna, Battles of, between the Russians and Turks, Aug. 5, 1828 ; after several attacks made by the Turks, which were repulsed, the city surrendered, Oct. 1, 1828. Vasco de Gama discovers the East Indies by Cape of Good Hope, 1529. Vassalage, or Villanage, the sla- very that existed under "the Saxons and Normans. Of those under the Normans, there were the free and the vassal serfs — the last sold with the land, the former free to labour for whom they pleased. Abolished in England, temp. Elizabeth ; in Hungaiy, 1785; in Holstein, May, 1797; and in Courland, Sept. 181*"'. VEN '24 VEN Vatican Library, founded 1448; palace of, at Rome, the residence of the pope, said to contain 7000 rooms. Vauxhall Gardens, London, opened 1738 ; in 1752, became the property of Tyers ; in 1823, 133,279 persons visited these gardens. They were sold, Sept. 9, 1841, for £20,200, but are still open in the summer season. Vauxhall Bridge, built by Ren- nie and Walker, May 9, 1811, com- pleted, 1816 ; it consists of 9 equal arches, and cost £150,000. Vegetables originally imported from the Netherlands, 1509. There were then no kitchen-gardens in England ; sugar was eaten with meat, to correct its putrescency, be- fore they were introduced. Veins, the lacteal, discovered by Asellius, 1640. Vellore, India, revolt and mas- sacre of the sepoys at, July 10, 1806 ; most of the insurgents put to the sword by Colonel Gillespie, but 800 sepoys fell before the mutiny was subdued. Velocipedes, a species of car- riage, impelled by the rider in them, now gone out of use; invented 1818. Venables' Expedition to America, Dec. 4, 1654. Venereal Disease, of uncertain origin ; reported to have first broken out in the French army, before Naples, 1494, when the term Mai de Naples ; in England and the Neth- erlands called the Mai de France ; yet in the latter country it is said to have been known so early as the 12th century ; about the same pe- riod, too, at Florence, one of the Medici family died of it. Some ima- gine it was brought by Columbus from the new world, in 1493 ; there are grounds for believing it was known to the Jews, Greeks, and Romans, long before America was discovered. Venetiano, Dom., artist of Ve- nice, who introduced the use of oil colours, there assassinated, 1476. Venetian Horses, five in number, said to have been executed by Ly - sippus; they were first on theTemple of the Sun at Corinth, and, in the first year of the Christian era, Augustus Caesar paid the weight of them in gold, the price he offered for every statue of this sculptor ; Nero placed them on a triumphal arch, and 300 years afterwards Constan- tine placed them in the Hippo- drome ; in the 12th century the Venetians took Constantinople and these horses, and placed them on the facade of the church of St. Mark, where they remained for 600 years, until Napoleon, in 1805, brought them to Paris, and placed them on the triumphal arc in the Place Carrousel ; from thence they were taken by the allied forces and returned to Venice, 1814. Venezuelans, The, declare in con- gress the sovereignty of the people, July, 1814; separated themselves from the federal union, and declared themselves alone and independent, 1830 ; their country of Venezuela was settled by the Spaniards, 1499. Venice ; the first inhabitants of this country were the Veneti ; con- quered by the Gauls, and made a kingdom about 356 ; conquered for the Romans by Marcellus, 221 b.c — The islands on which the city stands began to be inhabited by Italians about 421 ; the first house was erected on the morass by En- tinopus, who fled from the Goths ; the people of Padua took refuge there also, and were assisted by Entinopus in building the eighty houses which formed the first city, 413 ; first governed by a doge, 697 ; but its republic was not independent till 803 ; reduced to ashes, 1101 ; bank of, founded 1157 ; nearly de- stroyed by the league of Cambray, 1509 ; the arsenal was destroyed by fire, 1565 ; the conspiracy on which Otway's play is founded, 1618 ; its university founded, 1592 ; declared a free port, May 11, 1736; greatly damaged by fire, 1789 ; its senate dissolved, and its government YES '25 VIC changed by the French troops, in 1797 ; the doge omitted the cere- mony of wedding the Adriatic sea, a ceremony that had existed from 1173.— The French ceded the city, with the adjacent country, to the Emperor of Germany, Oct. 17, 1797 ; annexed to the kingdom of Ita- ly, 1805; annexed to Austria, 1814. Ventilators invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales, 1740 ; various im- provements by Triewald, Chabonne, Reid, and others, in 1741, 1819, and following years. Venus, Transit of, over the sun, June 2, 1761, observed at St. Helena by Maskelyne ; Cook's first voyage to Otaheite to observe that of 1769; the diurnal motion of Venus dis- covered by Casini, 1712 ; in 1874, this planet will appear from the earth as brilliant as in 1769. Vermeyers, a Dutch artist, whose beard touched the ground when he stood erect; he died 1559. Vernon, the largest English fri- gate till then ever built, 2082 tons, launched at Woolwich, May 1 , 1832. Verochio, Andrew, a Florentine artist, who first found out the method of taking likenesses with plaster of Paris, 1470. Versailles, Palace of, in France, built as a hunting-seat by Louis XIV, 1630 ; in 1687, enlarged by Louis XIV., and made into a mag- nificent palace, finished 1708 ; be- coming the principal residence of the French monarchs until 1789 ; it was refurnished by Louis Philippe at his own expense. Versailles, Peace of, between England and North America, Sept. 3, 1783 ; and the same day a treaty of peace between England, France, and Spain, Sept. 3, 1783. Vespasty Wing of St. Michael, order of knighthood, begun in Portugal 1172. Wingfield Castle, Suffolk, built before 1066. Winster, Derbyshire, sixty people met at a puppet-show near, when the upper floor of the house was blown up with gunpowder, and none of the people beneath hurt, Jan. 27, 1785. Wire invented in Nuremberg 1410, and mills erected for the manufacture 1563 ; the first mills for the purpose in England erected at Mortlake 1663, some say at Sheen adjoining, by a Dutchman. Gold and silver wire are made of great tenuity; 48 ounces of silver may be gilt with one of gold, and drawn into wire, of which two yards only will weigh a grain ; 8 grains of gold will cover without a flaw a silver wire of 13,000 feet long. Wirtemberg made a county of itself in 1078, a duchy at the diet of Worms 1495, a kingdom 1806 ; in 1772 the Protestant duke turned sides, and became a Catholic ; the Duke of Wirtemberg married the Princess Royal of England, May 17, 1797; in 1802 and 1805 he was made a king by Bonaparte, and proclaimed Jan. 1, 1806; the kingdom obtained a free constitu- tion, 1819. This state, like most other German ones, has been repeat- edly oppressed by Austria ; Charles V. turned the duke Ulrich out of his dominions in 1519, and seized upon them himself ; he was restored in 1534 by the assistance of France and Hesse-cassel. Witchcraft, this pretended crime the church of Rome vindictively punished ; every species of punish- ment was applied, first under the auspices of this church, and then of the reformed churches, to the victims of a most abominable persecution. It is said that the first statute against them was in the reign of Henry VIII., the persecution even increased with the reformation, that should have put it down. The 33 of Henry 1541, and the 5th of Elizabeth 1562, pronounced it felo- ny ; and James L, in the catalogue of his other vices, added that of stimulating such persecutions; his book called " Dialogues on Demon- ology" is well worthy of such a king, the act passed in consequence, 1601 ; the murders committed under this charge in England in 200 years, are said to have been 30,000 ; the martyrdom of Joan d'Arc was a specimen of the ignorant bigotry of the English in the year 1431. Sir Matthew Hale, a political sneak, but a most excellent lawyer if crediting witchcraft be proof of it, condemned two poor women to the stake for witchcraft, who were burned, 1664; on the lawyer's argu- ment, that there must be witches, because there were acts of parlia- ment to punish them, Jane Wen- ham was found guilty at Hertford in 1712, against the charge of the judge who tried her, and Avho pro- cured her a pardon ; she was com- mitted by a stupid justice to Hert- ford jail on the charge of conversing with the devil in the shape of a cat, and making a maid that could not walk leap over a five-barred gate, &c. ; the parson of the parish, the Rev. Mr. Bragge, in his evidence " on the faith of a clergyman," obedient no doubt to the feelings of the squire's justice, declared her to be a witch; "the judge told him," on 3c WIT 754 WIT the faith of a judge, he thought him "no conjurer;" hut all the judges were not so clear-minded or well informed. In 1716, two persons, Mrs. Mary Hickes and her daughter, the latter only nine years of age, were tried at the assizes at Hunt- ingdon, and executed there on Saturday, July 28, of that year. The case is thus characterised by Gough : "A substantial farmer ap- prehends his wife and favourite child ; the latter for some silly illu- sions practised on his weakness, the former for the antiquated folly of killing her neighbours in effigy; and Judge Powell suffers them to be hanged on their own confession, four years after his wiser brother had ventured his own life to save that of an old woman at Hertford." Huntingdon and Northampton were the last places that stuck to the text of witchcraft. Sir Henry Cromwell, as lord of the manor of Warboys, after the conviction of sundry witch- es at Warboys in 1593, left their property, which was forfeited to him, to the corporation of Hunting- don, on condition thet they should give 40s. every year to a doctor or bachelor in divinity of queen's col- lege, Cambridge, to preach a sermon at All Saints' church, in Hunting- don, on the annunciation of the blessed Virgin, against the sin of witchcraft, and to teach the people how they should discover and frus- trate the machinations of witches and dealers with evil spirits. This sermon continues to be preached. After the fashion was led by James I., as might have been expected, witchcraft so increased in the course of fifty years following the passing of this act, that, besides a great number of single indictments and executions, fifteen were brought to trial at Lancaster, in 1612, and twelve condemned; in 1622, six were tried at York ; 1634, seventeen condemned at Lancaster; 1644, six- teen were executed at Yarmouth ; 1645, fifteen were condemned at [Chelmsford, and hanged; in the same and following year about forty at Bury, in Suffolk ; twenty more in the country ; and many in Huntingdon ; and (according to the estimation of Addy) some thousands were burnt in Scotland, where the last murder of this sort took place in 1722, though the belief in witchcraft is scarcely yet extinct. In England it is the same, for in 1834 the mayor of Yarmouth received a letter com- plaining of a man bewitched by a woman living near St. George's chapel, Lowestofft ; that he can get no rest, night or day, sitting, stand- ing, or Avalking, and that even at church he can get no comfort. He therefore humbly implores the may- or to have his tormentor examined. The efforts continually made to re- vive these infamous persecutions by the stolid part of the population, caused the repeal of the law against witchcraft, 10 George II., March, 1736 ; in America, the colonists inherited the parent feeding for mur- dering old women ; in Massa- chusetts and Pennsylvania, the vic- tims in 1648 and 1683 were fearfully numerous ; abroad, the original edict of persecution was enforced by the successive bulls of the infamous Alexander VI., 1494, of Leo X. in 1521, and of Adrian VI. in 1522. The only effect of these commissions was to render the evil daily more formidable, till historians say Eu- rope was little better than a large outwork of Pandemonium. One- half of the population was either bewitching or bewitched. Delrio tells that 500 witches were executed in Geneva in three months, about the year 1515. A thousand, says Bartholomseus de Spina, were exe- cuted in one year in the diocese of Como, and they went on burning at the rate of a hundred per aunum for some time after. In Lorraine, from 1580 to 1595, Remiggius boasts of having burnt 900. In France, the multitude of executions about 1520, was incredible; Danseus, in the first part of his dialogue con- cerning witches, calls it, " infinitum WIT 755 WOO pene veneficorum numerum " The well-known sorcerer, Trois Echelles, told Charles IX. while he was at Poictou, the names of 1200 of his associates. This is according to Mezeray's more reasonable version of the story ; for the author of the Journal du Regne de Henry III. makes the number 3000. Grandier the parish priest of Loudun was burned, on the charge of having bewitched a whole convent of nuns, 1634 ; Maria Renata was burned for a witch at Wurtzburgh, 1749; nine old women were burned, Jan. 17, 1775, there, for rendering the land unfruitful. Witches Meetings, in 1678 seve- ral persons were tried for witch- craft, who were said to have field meetings and dances in the night, at which the devil attended, accom- panied . by a clergyman called Gideon Penman, whom the devil called his chaplain, and whose office it was to follow the dancers, and beat up those that were slow. The first thing that the devil required of them was, to renounce their bap- tism, and by putting one hand on the head, and the other on the sole of the foot, to deliver up all between the two to his service. Some preg- nant women, however, exempted the children, at which they said the devil was very much displeased. When they had done any mischief which the devil enjoined them, his way was to beat them most cruelly for their pains. To some of the ladies, however, he appeared in the shape of a proper gentleman. Witepsk, Battle of, between the French under Marshal Victor, and a Russian armv, Nov. 1812; the French lost 3000 men. Witham Priory, Essex, built 913. Witnesses, two, required to con- vict of high treason, 25 Edward III. 1352 ; no witness is obliged to an- swer a queston that may degrade himself, Dec. 10, 1802 ; acts relating to, passed 13 George III., 1773 ; and a most important one, March 30, 1831, to examine upon interroga- tion ; also an act of Victoria, 1850, by which plaintiff and defendant may be examined in certain causes. Witton Castle, Durham, de- stroyed by fire, Dec. 22, 1796. Woad first cultivated in England, 1582 ; fixing of its colour, mode of, discovered, 1753. Wolves, reward for destroying, in England, or for paying as a tribute on their heads, 961 ; man- date for the destruction of, by Edward I., 1289 ; found in Ireland as late as 1710; still much infest France, from 800 to 900 being killed there in 1828. Woburn, Bedfordshire, burned 1734 ; Abbey of, founded 1145. Wolee, General, killed on the taking of Quebec, at the moment of victory, Sept. 13, 1759. Wolverhampton, new church at, burned, Nov. 1, 1758. Wolverhampton Cathedral, built 1529. Wolverhampton, England, erect- ed into a borough, 1832. Wolsey, born 1471 ; minister to Henry VIII., 1513 ; archbishop of York, 1514 ; cardinal, 1515 ; chan- cellor, 24th Dec. following ; legate, 1516 : resigned the seals, 18th Oct. 1529 ; stripped of all his possessions, and died Nov. 28, 1530, aged 59. Wolsey College, Ipswich, found- ed 1529. Wolsely; Sir William, drowned in his coach on the turnpike road near Lichfield, by the breaking away of a mill-dam at the moment he was passing, the torrent from which swept away the vehicle, July 14, 1728. WooD-cutting, invented 1460, and wood-engraving brought to perfection, 1799 to 1840. Wood's patent for coining half- pence and farthings to be sent to Ireland, 1723. Woods, and act for the preseiwa- tion of, 1544 ; first taxed by parlia- ment, 31 Henry VI., 1452. Woodstock Park, near Blenheim, laid out, the first in England, 1123 Here stood a royal palace, the fa woo 756 WOO vourite retreat of several kings of England, till the reign of Charles I., when it was almost wholly in ruins. King Ethelred held a parlia- ment at Woodstock palace ; and there Alfred the Great translated Boetius de Consolatione Philosophies. Henry I. beautified the palace ; and here resided Rosamond, mistress of Hen- ry II., 1191. Edmund, second son of Edward I., was born at this pa- lace ; also Edward, eldest son of Edward III., 1331 ; the princess Elizabeth was confined by her sister Mary here, 1554. A splendid man- sion, built at the expense of the nation for the duke of Marlborough, was erected here to commemorate the victory he obtained at Blenheim in 1704. At that time the remnants of the ancient edifice were removed, and two elms were planted on its site. Wool. One pound of wool has been spun to the length that follows : a lee of woollen yarn measures in length 80 yards; a hank of ditto, by the custom of Norwich, consists of seven lees ; twenty-four hanks in the pound is esteemed good spin- ning in the schools, 13,440 yards ; seventy hanks in the pound is es- teemed superfine spinning at Nor- wich, 39,200 yards, or 21 miles ; one hundred and fifty hanks in the pound was spun in 1754 by Mary Powyle, of East Dereton, in Norfolk ; and this was thought so extraordinary, that an account of it is registered at the Eoyal Society, 85,000 yards, or 48 miles ; three hundred hanks in the pound has already been spun by Miss Ives ; and though this young lady has carried the art of spinning combed wool to so great a degree of perfection, she does not despair of improving it still farther, to 168,000 yards, or 95 miles. Wools, Manufacture of ; wool was manufactured in England, and is mentioned in a.d. 1185, but not in any quantity until 1331, when the weaving of it was introduced by John Kempe and other artisans from Flanders. This was the real origin of the manufacture, 6 Ed- ward III., 1331 ; the exportation prohibited, 1337; staples of wool established in Ireland, at Dublin, Waterford, Cork, and Drogheda, 18 Edward III., 1343 ; sheep first per- mitted to be sent to Spain, 1467 ; first legislative prohibition of the export of wool from Ireland, 1521 ; the exportation of English wool, and the importation of Irish wool into England, prohibited 1696 ; bill to prevent the running of wool from Ireland to France, 1738 ; the duty on wool imported from Ireland taken off, 1739 ; the export forbidden by act passed 1718 ; Wool-combers' act, 35 George III., 1794 ; the non- exportation law repealed, 5 George IV., 1824; woollen cloth made in England before 1200; greatly in- creased, temp. Edward III., 1331 ; blankets made in England about a.d. 1340 ; no cloth but of Wales or Ireland to be imported into Eng- land, 1463 ; the art of dyeing brought to England, 1608 ; med- leys, or mixed broad cloth, first made 1614; manufacture of fine cloth begun at Sedan, in France, under the patronage of Cardinal Mazarine, 1646 : British and Irish woollens prohibited in France, 1677 ; all per- sons obliged to be buried in wool- len, or the persons directing the burial otherwise to forfeit £5, 29 Charles II., 1678 ; the manufacture of cloth greatly improved in Eng- land by Flemish settlers, 1688 ; in- judiciously restrained in Ireland, 1 1 William III., 1698 ; the exporta- tion from Ireland wholly prohibited, except to certain ports of England, 1701 ; English manufacture encour- aged by 10 Anne, 1712, and 2 Geo. I., 1715;, greater in Yorkshire in 1785, than in all England at the revolution. From 1820 to 1824, the prohibition of the export of woollen goods prevailed, and the exports were 1,064,441 pieces ; the prohibi- tion removed, and from 1824 to 1830 the average was 1,505,993 pieces; froml840tol844itreached2,128.212; in 1850 it was 3,665,077; value' woo 757 WOR £6,958,122. In 1849 the weight of British sheep and lambs' wool ex- ported, was 11,200,472 lbs., of which France and Belgium took 10,000,000 lbs. : the woollen yarn exported was 11,773,020 lbs., of which nearly 10,000,000 were taken by Germany, Holland, and Belgium. The alpaca and llama wool imported in 1849, was 1,655,300 lbs., of which 126,082 were exported; the mohair, or goat's hair wool imported in 1849, was 2,536,039 lbs., and the quantity exported, 130,195 lbs. The quan- tity of atooI imported in 1749, was 76/768,647 lbs. ; the wool of home growth, 145,724,880 lbs. ; together, 222,493,527 lbs— an increase of 115 per cent, since 1800, when the short- woolled sheep were calculated at 14,854,299, and the long-woolled, 4,153,308 ; the total number of sheep now in England, is estimated at 25,343,476. Woollen Mils at work, 1839 : — England 1029 47 idle. Wales 150 11 „ Scotland 112 5 „ Ireland 31 7 „ 1322 70 Steam-engines employed in the woollen manufacture, 1839 , — Engines. Engines. Woollen. * "Worsted. England 558 284 Wales 4 Scotland 37 Ireland 5 604 284 Total horse-power, 32,803 Water-power, 1839:— Woollen. Worsted. England 778 115 Wales 159 Scotland 116 • Ireland 39 1092 115 Individuals employed, 1839, wool- len and worsted, all ages and sexes, manufactures, 86,411. Woolcombers' Festival, Feb. 3, in memory of Bishop Blaise, who landed at St. Blazy, in Cornwall, 289 ; he was Bishop of Sebastia, in Armenia ; decapitated in the above year. Woollen Goods first allowed to be exported from Ireland to a fo- reign market, June 15, 1780. Woolwich, the oldest royal dock- yard, dating June 1512. Woolwich Church, rebuilt 1732; academy at, founded 1741. Woolwich Arsenal formed, 1740 ; stores in, to the value of £2,000,000, May 20, 1802 ; white hemp store- house burned down, July 8, 1813 : four men killed by a gunpowder ex- plosion at, June 18, 1814; it is the principal station of the ord- nance, belonging both to the navy and army. Worcester, City of, built 255 ; city and castle burned, 1113 ; a stalk of chimneys fell on the court- house and killed several persons, March 15, 1757 ; greatly injured by an explosion of gunpowder, Aug. 11,1762; damaged by a fire, Nov. 1791 ; cathedral of, built between 1084 and 1218 in the Gothic style, 394 feet long, 74 wide, and 200 high ; the see founded by Ethelred, king of the Mercians 679, being taken out of the see of Lichfield ; monks settled there in place of the married priests 964 ; cathedral begun to be rebuilt 1030, under Wulfston the bishop. Worcester, Battle of, between Charles II. and the army of the parliament under Cromwell; the larger part of the king's army was composed of Scotch. Cromwell crossed the bridge at Upton, and getting between Wales and the royal army, to which he feared they would retreat, he signally defeated them ; the streets were strewed with their dead, Sept. 3, 1651 ; he made 8000 prisoners, who were sent for labour- ers to the American plantations, and the country- people falling upon the stragglers who escaped, there was not one Scotchman of the whole army ever again reached his own country. WOE 758 WOE Worcester College, Oxford, founded 1713 ; incorporated 1744. Worde, Wynkin de, the introdu- cer of printing into England ; died 1534. Workers in Cloth, 70 families from the Netherlands settled in Eng- land, on the invitation of Edw. III., and improved the woollen manu- facture. Worms, Diet of, before which Luther was summoned, April 4, 1521, which proscribed him, but he entered the city on horseback, ac- companied by 2000 persons, and appearing before the diet of princes and priests of all grades, he acknow- ledged boldly his writings and opi- nions ; he then left the city in tri- umph, but was prevailed upon to live in seclusion nearly a year after- wards, which consummated his tri- umph on his re-appearance. Worksop Abbey, Nottingham- shire, built 1103. Wormseed, the Artemisia san- tonica which comes from Barbary, the best kind from the Levant ; it is used for worms, and has been known since 1390. Wormwood, or Artemisia ab- sinthium, common in England, and once used for impregnating beer with bitter before the hop-plant came into use ; it is known to have been used for this purpose in 1402 ; the root has been used in epi- lepsy. Worship, in a religious sense, of very early date ; uncertain whether that of images was not the abuse of a pure theistical worship ; Catholic image worship first introduced into England 763 ; the Saxon worship preceded Christianity in England ; image worship forbidden in Hun- gary 1785. Worship, number of churches and chapels of the establishment, 1841, were stated to be 11,825. There are 6308 parishes in England with only an average of 120 souls ; thus the population of the parishes is very unequal, but few would find it to the extent which the following summary of the parishes and town- ships of England demonstrates, extracted from the report of the commissioners on the poor-laws. Parishes with a population of From 2 to 10 souls 54 30 „ 20 „ 145 20 „ 50 „ 511 50 „ 100 „ 1117 100 „ 300 „ 4411 300 „ 500 „ 2843 500 „ 800 „ 2042 800 „ 1000 „ 733 1000 „ 2000 „ 1409 2000 „ 3000 „ 402 3000 „ 4000 „ 199 4000 „ 5000 „ 122 5000 „ 10,000 „ 239 10,000 „ 50,000 „ 116 „ 50,000 upwards „ 10 Worship, Places of, in Scotland, 1830. Scotland is thus supplied Avith places of worship, and clergy- men of the established Presbyterian faith. Parish churches for (in Con. Min. round numbers) 900 970 Chapels of ease (ministers chosen and paid by congregation) 55 55 Chapels in the Highlands depending on the royal bounty 38 38 Chapels depending on the society for propagating Christian knowledge... 7 7 1000 1070 Of the Dissenters. The numbers of congregations and ministers, re- spectively stand thus : — 1. United Assoc. Synod Con. Min. of the Seces. church.. 328 275 2. Associate Synod 19 11 3. Original Burgher As- sociate Synod.... 46 32 4. Constitutional Presby- tery 16 10 5. Synod of Relief. 82 80 6. Reformed Presbytery.. 27 18 7. Scottish Episc. Union. 66 70 8. Other Episcopalians, not of the Scottish Episcopal Union ... 6 7 9. Independents, or the m WOK, 759 WOR Congregational Un- Con. Min. ion of Scotland 72 68 10. Roman Catholics ... 53 46 11. Other sects uncertain, but not probably ex- ceeding 50 40 770 657 In this enumeration are included 35 congregations and clergymen in England connected with the United Synod, and other five in Ireland connected with the third named class of Dissenters : about 730 dis- senting congregations in Scotland, and nearly 620 dissenting clergy- men: the difference between the congregations and ministers arises from one minister supplying two places. Worship, Places of, in England : a return dated May 20, 1812, gives the number of places of worship in the following dioceses, namely, Ban- gor, Bristol, Chester, Lincoln, Ox- ford, and Salisbury, as follows : — the returns are from parishes con- taining 1000 persons and upwards, at the above date; this abstract is from the diocesan returns — Diocese. © 00 •~ 2 .2 -a 3 » 05 00 •° 23 3 s- 3 £»« o o 8 00 V °u ^ » o 00 ft Asaph, St Bangor Bath and Wells.... Bristol Canterbury Carlisle Chester Chichester David's, St Durham Ely Exeter Gloucester Hereford Llandaff Lichfield & Coven. Lincoln London Norwich 41 40 55 41 67 29 257 41 75 14 159 36 33 11 129 129 132 70 30 17 24 83 120 40 108 104,708 52,886 129,965 83,766 175,625 58,459 568,826 73,313 298,755 32,425 362,551 87,934 82,567 28,200 430,231 213.033 661,394 135,900 36,251 34,825 105,142 142,609 371,206 75,239 591,972 49 7^2 8 58 83 49 351 47 113 22 176 46 51 21 189 165 186 78 50 20 36 134 193 66 220 45,280 27,141 57,800 40,216 67,705 25,108 220,542 34,690 63,259 14,810 152,019 46,931 39,483 12,350 122,756 104,644 162,962 64,668 35,520 19,450 25,280 72,243 115,711 36,263 149,277 96 100 103 71 113 39 439 58 173 33 234 76 42 42 294 269 265 114 38 37 44 142 165 59 392 Oxford Peterborough Rochester Salisbury Winchester Worcester York Total 1881 4,937,782 2533 1,856,108 3438 wov 760 WUE Worship, Plaecs of, in the United States of America, total 36,011 : — Methodists 12,467 Baptists 8,791 Presbyterians 4,584 The Methodists' places of worship accommodate... 4,209,333 persons, Baptists 3,130,878 „ Presbyterians 3,705,211 „ The Episcopalians, or Chnrch of England members, have 1422 places of worship, and the Catholics, 1112 ; the first will accommodate 625,213 hearers; the latter, 620,950 ;— the churches of all these different sects would accommodate 13,849,896, or more than half the population. Worsted, see Woollen, first manufactured here, 14 Edward III., 1340. Wounding maliciously, adjudged to death by all the old statutes ; by Lord Ellenborough's act, so called, persons cutting, stabbing, maiming, or disfiguring another, are declared guilty of felony, without benefit of clergy. This severe act was softened by the qualification, that .such act or acts must be done with such an intent, that if they had killed the act would have been murder; pei-sons guilty of maliciously shooting in a dwelling, acts relating to, 14 George III., 1802; George IV., June, 1828; extended to Ireland, 1829; to Scotland, 1825 ; amended, 1829. Wren, Sir Christopher, architect of St. Paul's cathedral, and St. Stephen's, Wallbrook, died 1723. Wrickenton Coal-pit, explosion at, forty-seven persons killed, and many wounded, May 9, 1833. Woven Fabrics, tbe value of the cotton manufacture in 1833 was £31,338,693, the weight of the ma- terial used being 282,000,000 lbs. ; of this £18,459,000 was exported, and the value of £12,879,693 con- sumed at home; in 1849, the 77,000,000 lbs. of cotton worked up at the preceding rate of charges, would give £86,125,840; deduct the value of goods and yarn exported, £26,775,135, there would remain for home use, £59,350,705; in 1849, 1,337,536,116 yards were exported : in 1833 and 1849, the thrown and raw silk imported, were : — 1833. , 1849. Raw ...3,883,795 lbs., 4,411,263 lbs. Waste 654,381 „ 1,375,808 „ Thrown 268,367 „ 482,108 „ Total... 4,761,543 ......6,269,179 In 1849, the consumption of silk was 4,148,540 lbs. per annum, on the average of 16 years ; fabrics of silk exported, 1833, £737,404 value ; exported, 1849, £998,334 ; the linen exported from the united kingdom, 1833, was : — British ..51,393,420 yards. Irish 9,561,277 „ Sailcloth, both countries, 2,277,812 yards. Linen in both countries, 1849, 111,259,183 yards. Wvmondham Monastery, founded 1105. Wtjrtsburg, once a bishopric, given to the elector of Bavaria, 1803 ; ceded by the treaty of Pres- burgh to the archduke Ferdinand, 1805 ; in 1814, once more transferred to Bavaria ; the city taken by the French in 1796 and 1810. Wurtzchen, tbe Battle of, be- tween Napoleon, emperor of France, and the allied Austrians and Prus- sians, in which the last were defeated with great slaughter, May 20, 1813 ; the allied armies afterwards made their retreat across the Oder. YAC 761 YAC X Xanthoxylum, or toothache- tree, brought into England from North Carolina before 1736 ; the Xanthoriza apiifolia, or yellow-root, came into England from America, 1766 ; and the Xylomelum from Australia, 1789. Xavier, St. Francis, a native of Xavier, at the foot of the Pyrenees ; he studied at Beauvais, and was the founder of the notorious society of the Jesuits, which caused so much trouble to the church itself, of which he was a learned member ; he died in China, 1552, and was bu- ried at Goa, and canonized, 1622. Xeres, Battle of, and defeat of Roderick, king of the Goths, with the conquest of Spain by the Moors and Arabs, 712. Xeres, a city of Spain, the vici- nity of which is noted for its excel- lent wines, corrupted by the English to sherries. There have been export- ed from Spain in ten months, 27,149 butts, 25,063 of which came to England, and 314 to English possessions and dependencies. 379 butts were sent to the countries formerly constituting old Spanish America ; 324 to the United States ; 28 to France ; and 1038 to all other parts. Estimating the average value at 100 dollars per butt on board, the total value of the wine exported during the ten months, is 54,298,320 reals (£542,983); of which 50,127,716 reals (£501,277) worth was sent to England, and 56,666 reals (£566) worth to France. Ximenes, a celebrated statesman of Spain, of Terrelaguna, Old Cas- tile ; in 1437, he entered holy or- ders, assumed the habit of St. Fran- cis, and persevered at court, where he got into all the austerity of his order ; in 1495, he was nominated to the bishopric of Toledo, but it made no change in his conduct ; in 1507, he received a cardinal's hat ; he died 1517 : he was the greatest prime minister and the best man that ever governed in the court of Spain. Ximera, Battle of, between the Spaniards under Ballasteros, and the French commanded by General Regnier ; the Spaniards claimed the victory, but the loss on both sides was very considerable, Sept. 10, 1811. Yachts, these elegant'vessels, a modern improvement upon the amusements of the past time, sprang up after the peace, and increased annually down to 1850. The ex- penditure of the Yacht Clubs counts No. of Yachts. by hundreds of thousands of pounds in building, fitting, wages, and vic- tualling. They employ upwards of 4000 of the smartest seamen in the world. Distinction of Clubs. Royal Yacht Squadron 102 Royal Thames Yacht Club ...146 Royal Western Yacht Club... 74 Royal Southern Yacht Club 67 No. of No. of No. of Principally Tons. Men. Guns. Brass Pds. from 9000 1600 400 2 to 9 4400 540 220 h to 6 3000 400 260 1 to 6 2800 350 230 1 to 9 YAR 762 YEA Distinction of Clubs. No of Yachts. Royal Victoria Yacht Club... 38 Royal Harwich Yacht Club... 38 Royal Cork Yacht Club 42 Royal Mersey Yacht Club ... 45 Royal Northern Yacht Club 40 Royal Eastern Yacht Club ... — Royal Kingstown Yacht Club 29 No. of Tons. 3200 900 1650 1470 1450 No. of No. of Principally Men. Guns, Brass Pds. 420 120 250 240 230 250 40 120 110 110 from 2 to 9 4 to 4 1 to 6 1 to 6 1 to 6 1380 230 70 1 to 6 621 29,250 4380 1870 The seamen are exclusive of masters, cooks, and stewards, which would give at least 800 in addition to the foregoing numbers. The wages alone for the masters and seamen exceed £120,000 per annum ; andfthe intrinsic value of the yachts, with their armament complete, is more than three-quarters of a mil- lion of money. All yachts (besides their broadside guns) are provided with small arms of every description, and the crews in most cases in- structed in the use of them. The amount of outlay with regard to provisions, clothing, and other ex- penses, can scarcely be guessed ; the greatest luxuries are found on board, regardless of cost. There are upwards of fifty yachts of large tonnage in frame : in the spring of 1846, 600 sail of yachts Avere calcu- lated to be in commission. Yard, the measure is stated by some to have be,en the length of the arm of Henty I. ; there has been no alteration in this measure since the time of Henry III. It was ordered by parliament that the old standard of 1760, in the custody of the clerk of the House of Commons, should continue to be the standard of extension, of lineal, superficial, and solid measures, 5 George IV., June 17, 1824. Yakm overflowed by the river Tees, causing great damage, Oct. 1761. Yarmouth, town of, a royal de- mesne in the reign of William I. ; it received a charter from John, and one from Henry III ; in 1348, the plague carried of 7000 persons, and it appeared again in 1579, and 1664; the theatre, built 1778; Nelson's pillar, 1817; the suspension- bridge over the Bure, costing .£4000, gave way under a number of persons who had assembled upon it, and seventy -nine lives were lost, May 2, 1845. Yarrow Monastery, Durham , built 674. Year, a term of time which varied with different countries and nations ; Julius Csesar corrected the errors of the Roman year, established b} r Romulus, 788 years before Christ : the common solar year is 365 days, 6 hours, being the time which the earth takes to pass from one tropic until it returns to the same again. The sidereal year is the time the earth takes to pass from any fixed star until it returns to the same again ; 365 days. 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9*6 seconds, consisting of sidereal days, each of which is uniformly 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 092 seconds. The true length of the solar or equinoctial year is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 51*6 seconds, or deci- mally, 365-242264 days of mean solar time : the length of the sidereal year is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 115 seconds, or 365-256383 days: the anomalistic year is 365 days, 6 hours, 13 minutes, 58-8 seconds, or 365-259708 days : the above lengths of the equinoctial and sidereal years are only mean lengths, the anomalis- tic is the true one, as it does not vary, which the others must do. The astronomical consists of 12 synodical months, or 354 days 8 hours, 48 minutes, 38 seconds, being nearly YEA 763 YOR 11 days shorter than the lunar year. The lunar civil common year is 12 lunar months, or 354 days. The lunar civil intercalary year con- tains 13 lunar months, or 384 days ; the common civil year, 365 days ; the leap year, 366 days. Year, the Jewish. This was in the earlier time of the Jewish history of very uncertain length, sometimes of three months only ; their sacred year began in March ; the Athenian in June ; the Macedonian on the 24th of September; tb^ Christians of Egypt on the 30th or 29th of August ; the Persians and Armenians on the 11th of August ; modern nations generally on the 1st of January. In the time of William I., the English began it on the 25th December, while the legal year began on the 25th of March : while the English year began on that day, the Scotch began on the 1st of January. The lunar year was in use among the Chaldeans, Persians, and ancient Jews ; the latter had a sabbatical year, it being the seventh, when the people were to suffer the ground to lie fallow ; every seventh sabbatical year was their year of Jubilee. Year, the Platonic year believed among the Chaldeans, being the time in which all the planets will return to the same point from Avhich they set out, and have the same aspects and configurations ; the du- ration according to some would be 15,000 common years, other thought longer ; this alluded to the space of time in which the equinoxes will perform a complete revolution, or the precession of the equinoxes be perfected : Tycho Brahe computed the time at 25,'816 solar years ; Cassini at 24,000 ; this retrocession some call 50 seconds of a degree, but more accurate observations state the secular retrocession to a- mount to 1 degree, 23 minutes, 30 seconds, or 50 seconds 1 degree every year. The Egyptians stated that the sun had once risen in the west, and would do so again in 20,000 years ! Year of the Eeign, first used by William I. in all public documents, 1066; the phrase of "our Lord," by Charles III., emperor of Ger- many, 879. Year, Seasons of in the north of Asia, and in Lapland, snow melts, June 28 ; gone, July 1 ; the fields green, July 9 ; plants full up, July 17 ; plants in flower, July 25 ; fruits ripe, Aug.2 ; seeds shed, Aug. 10 ; snow, Aug. 18 ; where it remains until June 23 in the following year, the summer being eight or nine weeks in all the year, and the seasons sum- mer and winter only. Yellow dye, for cotton, invented by Dr. E. Williams, 1773. Yellow Fever raged in the West Indies with uncommon mortality, 1732, 1739, 1745, 1794, 1852; in Philadelphia, Oct. 1792, 1793, 1797, 1798, and in New York ; in Spain, 1803 ; at Gibraltar, 1804 and 1814 ; in the Mauritius, 1815 ; at Cadiz, 1819 ; at Santa Cruz,Teneriffe, 1200 died of it, Feb. 1811. Yeaveing, Battle of, between the Scotch under Sir Robert Umfraville and the Earl of Westmoreland, when 430 English routed 4000 Scotch, and took 160 prisoners, 1415. Yeoman of the Guards first insti- tuted, Oct. 30, 1485 ; the Earl of Ox- ford, first captain. Yeovil, Somersetshire, fire at, which destroyed 17 houses, Sep. 21, 1815. Yezdegird, the Persian era, began June 16, 632; reformed in 1075; the difference being 112 days apart from the truth, as the year consisted of 365 days only. York-buildings Water -Works Company, incorporated 1691. York, Indiaman, lost in going into Limerick, Ireland, Nov. 14, 1758. York, Duke of, b. 1763, command- ed unsuccessfully on the continent, 1794 and 1799 ; charges preferred against him in the House of Com- mons by Mr. Wardle, member for Oakhampton, Jan. 28, 1809 ; resign- ed the commandership-in-chief of YOE 764 YOU the forces, March 18, 1809; had £40,000 annuity settled on him, 1792 ; restored to be commander-in- chief by his brother, 1811 ; died 1827. York, Admiral Sir Joseph Syd- ney, drowned by the upsetting of his boat, near Portsmouth, May 5, 1831. York, Archbishopric of, Paulinus made archbishop of, 622 ; the metro- politan see of the Scotch bishops until 1464 ; the archbishop allowed to style himself the primate of England, while the archbishop of Canterbury is primate of all England. York town, Upper Canada, taken by the Americans, April 27, 1813, but soou afterwards again occupied by the British. York, a very ancient northern city, said to be the Eboi-acum of the Romans ; the Emperor Severus made it his headquarters, 207 ; Constan- tius also resided here for a time, and his son Constantine the Great was born to him here ; both the Em- perors Severus and Constantius died here. City burned by the Danes, 1069 ; received a charter from Rich- ard II. ; Guildhall built, 1466 ; the famous petition from, to reduce the public expenditure and redress grie- vances, Dec. 1779. St. Mary's Abbey, now in ruins, built by Rufus, 1088 ; rebuilt, 1270; Ouse bridge built, 1 566 ; castle built by W illiam the Conqueror ; rebuilt, 1701 ; mansion- house, built 1728 ; cathedral set fire to by Martin, a lunatic, Eeb. 2, 1829 ; re-opened, being re-edified after the great injuries it sustained, May 6, 1832. This noble cathedral was built in the gothic style, 1327, it is 524 feet long and 213 broad : there was a church on the same site, built by Edwin, king of Northum- bria, 741 ; damaged and rebuilt, 780 ; destroyed by fire and built again, 1069; rebuilt and again burned, 1137, with St. Mary's Abbey and 39 parish churches : an accidental fire broke out, this reduced the belfry to ruins, and destroyed the roof of the nave, May 20, 1840. York and Lancaster, civil wars of the houses of, the first contest taking place 1455, and the last 1471 ; the White Roses or Yorkists were victo- rious over the Red, or house of Lan - caster ; 30 sanguinary battles were fought in this contest ; the land left untilled, produced famines, and near- ly all the head nobility of England were exterminated. York town, surrender of Lord Cornwallis at, to the American re- volted colonists, of which they took possession, Aug. 1781 ; after a siege in which his position became no longer tenable, he surrendered with 7000 men to General Washington, Oct. 19, 1781. Ypres, in Flanders, founded 960 ; taken by the Erench, 1678. Yvres, battle of, between Henry IV. of France and the Catholic League, when the latter were com- pletely routed ; Henry then advanc- ed to Paris, which he reduced to the point of surrendering through famine, when the Duke of Parma marched to the aid of the League, by his master's orders, and Henry was ob- liged to abandon the siege, March 14, 1590. YouGHAT.L, in Ireland, had its bar- racks blown up by accident, in Sept. 1793, when the face of Mr. Arm- strong, the quartermaster, was so burnt, that the whole of his skin was scorched ; but it was singular that he was much marked with the small- pox before the accident happened, and, on getting a new skin, it be- came perfectly smooth, without any remains of the smallpox marks. ZE A 765 ZIN Zante, one of the Ionian islands which, was once subjected to the republic of Venice, before the French revolution; ceded to France bj the treaty of Campo Formio, Oct. 17, 1797 ; taken by a Turco- Russian fleet, and made the republic of the Seven Islands, 1799 : sur- rendered by the French to the Russians, with Ragusa, Aug. 14, 1807 ; submitted to the English, Oct. 3, 1809 ; put by the congress of Vienna under the protection of England, Nov. 5, 1815 ; the consti- tution of, ratified by the Prince Regent of England, Feb. 22, 1817. Zanzaleans, a Syrian sect, that arose under one Zanzalea, 535 ; they taught that a baptism by water was of no effect, that it was necessary to be baptised with fire, by the applica- tion of a red-hot iron ; the sect became very numerous. Zealand, New, discovered by Tas- man in 1642 ; on the eastern coast, he entered a strait where, being attacked by the natives, he did not go ashore. From the time of Tasman, the whole country, except the coast seen by him, remained unknown, and was supposed to make part of a southern continent, till 1770, when it was circumnavigated by Captain Cook, who found it to consist of two large islands, separated by a strait. Captain Cook, in 1773, planted several spots of ground on this island with European garden-seeds ; and in 1777 he found fine potatoes, greatly improved by change of soil. New Zealand has become an important colony ; a charter, found- ed upon an act passed in 1846, created powers municipal, legisla- tive, and administrative there, Dec. 29, 1847 ; and a legislative council was opened by the governor, Sir George Grey, Dec. 20, 1848. Zecca at Venice, built 1570. Zedwitz in Germany, the Ca- tholic church of, the post-office, and 4000 private dwellings, destroyed by fire at, Dec. 12, 1814. Zelichow, Battle of, between the Poles and Russians, in the last con- test for Polish freedom. The com- bat was desperate and sanguinary. The Russians, commanded by the celebrated Diebitch, were defeated, with the loss of 12,000 killed, wound- ed, and prisoners — their commander narrowly escaping capture, April 6, 1831. Zell, the prison of the unfortu- nate and injured Queen Matilda of Denmark, who was by a right royal marriage given to a poor imbecile monarch of Denmark. She was the sister of George III. of England, and was handed over at the age of seven- teen to be the victim of the queen- dowager, who found her intrigues opposed by Queen Matilda and the Counts Brandt and Struensee, whom she contrived to sacrifice to her objects. The queen embarked May 10, 1772, for Zell, where she died at the early age of twenty-four, being removed there at the instance of her brother, the king of England. Not the slightest taint rests upon her character. She was another vic- tim to royal marriages. Zeuta, Battle of, between Prince Eugene against the Turks, fought 1697 ; it forced on the peace of Car- lovitz, Jan. 1699. Zincography introduced into Eng- land, 1817, very nearly at the same time as lithography. Zinc, a mine of, discovered near Craven, in Yorkshire, 1809. Known in China at a very remote period. Zindikites, a sect of Mahometans, who were a species of heretics from that creed. They maintained that ZOE 766 ZUR there was no God, that the four ele- ments were eternal, that man is a mixture of them, and resolved into them at his death, 950. Zinzendokf, Count Nicholas Lewis, founder of the Moravians or Hernhutters, born 1700 He be- gan his theological teaching, 1722 ; in 1736 he was forbidden to return to his native country. He visited England, becoming known to Wesley. In 1747, he obtained leave to return home to Saxony, then came to Eng- land and obtained an act of par- liament to protect his followers throughout the British dominions. He died at Hernhutt in 1760. Zisca, John, the leader of the Bohemians, and avenger of the death of John Huss, at the head of 40,000 men, whom he led to victory against his Catholic persecutors. His aim was to put down the intolerable pest of ecclesiastical tyranny. Going to meet the Emperor Sigismund at a conference, he was taken off by the plague, 1424. Zizyphus vulgaris, brought to England from the south of Europe, before 1640. The Zizyphus palenius is commonly called Christ's Thorn, and came to England from Africa about 1596. Zodiac, said to have been invented 547 a.c, and that Anaximander was the inventor. The light called the zodiacal light of recent observa- tions, sometimes observed, is thought to be electrical. Zoe, daughter of Constantine IX., emperor of the East, who caused her husband to be poisoned, and mar- ried her gallant, a low-lived money- broker, placing him on the throne of the East as Michael IV., 1034, at sixty years of age. She took for a third husband Constantine, who succeeded to the imperial crown of the East, 1042. Zoology, a science of later times, much honoured. The Zoological Gardens opened in London, March 27, 1829; the Surrey Zoological Gardens, 1832; the Zoological Gar- dens of Dublin, 1832. Zorndorf, Battle of, between the Prussians and Russians; the first under the renowned Frederick, who obtained a great victory, with the loss of 11,000 men onlv, Aug. 25- 26, 1758; the Russians' lost 21,529. Zuinglians, the followers of Zuin- glius the reformer, the Luther of Switzerland, 1519. He was killed in a skirmish against, the popish opponents of the reformed doc- trines, 1531. Zurich admitted into the Swiss confederacy, 1351. Utznach seceded from Rome, 1436, in consequence of the preaching of Zuinglius. Zurich, a sexton of, poisoned the wine used at the sacrament, by which eight persons lost their lives, Sept. 4, 1776. Zurich, Battles of, June 4, 1799, when the French were defeated by the Russians : the Russians and Austrians defeated here by Mas- sena, Sept. 24, 1799, — the former lost 20,000 men. THE END. M'CORQUOfcALE ADD CO., PRINTERS, LONDON— WORfeS, NEWTON. I Hill! Illll Hill lllll lllll ll mil mil inn mil inn mi mi. 015 809 589 ■■■■■■■I BHHt ^M MMMWQC $$«§? xosanx «a»8re SwOwflwC MSOQHM «w»