Class JlS_3JX_^ Book.___J CDpyrightN ./VsZ^5^ C.OEKRIGHT DEPOS1E U. S. SERVICE RECORD 'Ike "HONOR ROLL" ana OUR FAMILY'S PART IN THE WORLD WAR • • • Cheers for the living Tears for the dead. THE HONOR ROLL OUR FAMILY'S PART IN THE GREAT WORLD WAR TOGETHER WITH A DETAILED SUMMARY, OFFICIAL AND GENERAL, OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS FROM 1914 TO 1919 A BOOK FOR REFERENCE A BOOK TO REVERENCE A Souvenir and Personal Record of Our Contributions at Home and Abroad to Make the World Free; with a CONDENSED HISTORY of the MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS 2 ©CI.A570604 ipotratpo to tlje r-ra, Htnra auo !§>utr*%artB of "GDur tBoya" auo to all oiljrr Stoopra of our (Country. wljo did tljrir butg at Home or Abroad MAJOR A. M. WHEELER Nashville. Tennessee 1919 PREFACE This souvenir collection of valuable war facts was originally designed as a family or personal record to be filled either by the family or by its representative abroad. The Armistice made it advisable to add to it attractive and interesting official facts and general information not contained in the war histories, but valuable now for reference and especially so for those who are to come after us. A very careful examination of the contents will assure the reader that it is a work that should be preserved in every home and library, especially by every one that had a friend or representative in war work, but more especially by every loyal family. It also contains General Pershing's reports of the operations and battles in France, the most attractive summary of the statistical division specially pre- pared for the War Department covering America's entrance, its immense prep- arations, organization, successful battles, the results of the war, losses, etc., to all nations engaged, including what we did in war work at home. A NEW MAP OF EUROPE, IN COLORS, GIVING OLD AND NEW BOUNDARIES OF ALL NATIONS, WILL ACCOMPANY EACH BOOK. TABLE OF CONTENTS 3-8 Dedication, Preface, Photographs Personal Record of our Family's Representatives, Discharge and Our Creed 12 Why We Went to War 12 13 Why All Church Forces Were Active During the World War . .14 Selective Draft 15 Men Furnished By Each State 16 Training Camp Locations 17 .. .19 Organization in France 19 Combat Divisions and Losses 21 Other Divisions and Casualties 22 Casualties Classified By Arms 23 Airplanes and Other Items . .23 Interesting Facts From Official Reports... 25 25 Army Health, Medical Service 27 Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech, "In Flanders Field" by Col. McCrea.'... 28 29 Marine Corps 30 35 Interesting Official Events and Summary of all Battles. . . .36-48 Casualties of all U. S. Wars, from the Revolution to the Worl War, Inclusive 3 48-49 if .50-52 Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Rumania, Canada, German Official Reports, Casualties, Expenses, etc World's Indebtedness, Damages, Boy Scouts, Home Guards 52-53 .54-60 Salvation Army, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare, Red Cross of America Humor in Letters Received at War Department 61 Awards, Allotments, Insurance 61 Food for Starving Europe — Hoover 62 Curious Names On Army Rolls 62 Chronology — Events of Entire War, from 1914 to 1919 63 General Pershing's Complete Report of Army Operations in France, Commanders of Corps, Divisions, Brigades (A. E. F.) 75 Our Dead in Foreign Cemeteries 77 Summary of Casualties of American Expeditionary Forces 78 30 Blank Pages for Clipping and Writing, Personal Experiences, Etc. The following prepared before the Armistice for the exclusive family record of those having representatives in the Army or Navy may be of service now . Everyone in service, or his or her friends, should obtain and preserve the history of the organization to which they belonged. This Souvenir Record of Your Family Contribution to the Great World War should be filled carefully and correctly, because in future years you and others will refer to it with pride and satis- faction that you performed your duty whatever may have been your sacrifice, failure or success. The blank pages should be filled not only with names in full, age, sex, residence, of those at the front, but of those at home working for the U. S. and the Allies, their parents, sisters and brothers and ancestors might be included. The cantonment or camp, or place of service originally entered, with date, names of officers, or comrades, company, battalion, regiment, division, etc., may be of future value. The dates and places of entraining, names of railroads, steamers used in traveling to and in service, arrival at destinations, etc., should be noted. Assignment to duty, experiences in the trenches or in different battles or kinds of service, with names of engagements (location if possible), officers, comrades, or friends, should be obtained and entered. Contributions or purchases by any of the family of Liberty Bonds, War Savings Stamps, etc.. and all work in war organizations will be found interesting now and of service in the future. This record may be of great value to you or yours and also to the Government in settling claims, dif- ferences, insurance, pensions, or losses. Clippings from newspapers, extracts from letters, memoranda, special histories of events refer- ring to you or yours, promotions, photos, etc., added will make a priceless souvenir and history of your loved heroes fighting abroad, or working for the freedom of the world in any place or capacity. No other souvenir or history will be so highly prized as this personal one by your descendants. // will become a family heirloom for generations. Write everything plainly with good ink, without erasing, so that it may endure. If you have no relatives or descendants to leave this history with, donate it to your local library. Should you change your present residence, see that your address is left behind or thi9 souvenir safely kept. Many public libraries are contemplating giving space for genealogical records and will be pleased to receive it. The U. S. will doubtless in the future have a registration of every person, when this little book may be of value and service. In filling it out, read carefully the foregoing and omit nothing of importance. Remember that rolls and lists of the U. S. employees are frequently destroyed or lost. After this War there will be a great organization formed of survivors— greater than the Grand Army of the Republic, the Loyal Legion, the United Confederate Veterans, the Woman's Relief Corps, the Daughters of the Confederacy, the D. A. R., the Colonial Dames and similar patriotic organizations combined, when this little souvenir may be, if properly kept, evidence of your eligi- bility for membership. Many large volumes by various historians, with hundreds of maps, will be required to fully describe the Great World's War. Thousands of books of stories and incidents are being written and will be printed. Novels of every variety will be issued. But none will so appeal to you and yours, or stir your hearts and arouse your interest and pride, as this true record of those near or dear to you, fighting or working for the freedom of the world. Collect all the records possible to fill these pages, in order that they may be a precious object of reverence and reference for you and those that come after you. U. S. SERVICE RECORD OF Name . Residence when entering service. Occupation Age Where Born . Copy or paste here the original of any official cards or notices referring to the selective draft. Father RELATIVES Age, where born, etc. Wife. Maiden name, parents and date of marriage Mother ■_ Maiden name, parents and date of marriage Residence _ Birthplace- Grandfather. Grandmother Maiden name and parents OTHER RELATIVES Name Residence If any relatives served in other Wars, mention that fact. 10 OFFICIAL DISCHARGE Copy here original Discharge from Service or attach it to this sheet. The original may be lost or destroyed. A copy may be valuable in the future, cer- tainly interesting and prized in coming years. A photograph of it, reduced size, would be advisable. SOLDIER'S BATTLE RECORD Official Order, A. E. F., January 4, 1919 A record of all engagements participated in will be entered upon the service record of each enlisted man. This record will be transferred to the soldier's discharge certificate. Combat activities are classified under two general headings: Major opera- tions, during war of movements, and other participations in battle operations. Major operations, during war of movement: This class of operations con- sists of the concerted action of several large units in offensive or defensive warfare. The following is a list of thirteen recognized major operations in which Americans participated. A pproximate Number of A mericans West Front, Campaign of 1917: Engaged Cambrai Nov. 20th to Dec. 4th West Front, Campaign of 1918: German Offensives Mar. 21st to July 18th Somme Mar. 21st to April 6th 2,200 Lys April 9th to April 27th 500 Aisne May 27th to June 5th 27,500 Noyon, Montdidier June 9th to June 15th 27,000 Champagne, Marne July 15th to July 18th T.. 85,000 Allied Offensives, July 18th to Nov. 11th, 1918: Aisne, Marne July 18th to Aug. 6th 270,000 Somme Aug. 8th to Nov. 11th 54,000 Oisne, Aisne Aug. 18th to Nov. 11th 85,000 Ypres, Lys Aug. 19th to Nov. 11th 108,000 St. Mihiel Sept. 12th to Sept. 16th 550,000 Meuse, Argonne Sept. 20th to Nov. 11th » 12,000 Italian Front, Campaign of 1918: Vittorio, Veneto Oct. 24th to Nov. 4th _ 12,000 Every soldier present for duty with division in above battles will have his name recorded and record also placed upon the back of his discharge officially. Entries of the above operations will be made on the service record, titles being used exactly as given above with dates during which the organization was engaged. A soldier is considered to have taken part in a major operation if he was present for duty with his organization, division, or separate unit while the organ- ization was engaged in the operation. In the case of army or corps troops the entry will be made in the same man- ner with the additional words "Army Troops" or " Corps Troops " in parentheses after the designation of the engagement. All other participation in battle operations consists of defense of a sector and local engagements. Participation in the defense of a sector will be shown on the soldier's service record by giving the name of the sector with dates following. Local engagements are encounters with the enemy which are local in charac- ter. They consist of minor operations, raids, repulse of local attacks, etc., and will be shown on the service record by the name of the sector followed by the name of the locality and whether defensive or offensive, with dates. 11 OUR CREED I believe in the United States of America as a government of the people, by the people, for the people ; whose just powers are derived from the consent of tne governed; a democracy in a republic ; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign states; a perfect union, one and inseparable; es- tablished upon those principles of freedom, equality), justice and humanity for which Amer- ican patriots sacrificed their liv*es and fortunes. I therefore believe it is my duty to my coun- try to love it, to support its constitution, to obey* its laws, to respect its flag and to defend it against all enemies. WHY WE WENT TO WAR The United States went to war for humanity. She championed the cause of every nation. She espoused internationalism as against nationalism, and waged war on war. She fought for the conviction that morality is an obligation for nations no less than individuals, and that, if the world is to be free, God's law must be kept sacred and inviolate. 12 WHY WE FOUGHT We fought because we could not avoid war and preserve national honor. We fought because an arrogant power challenged our freedom on the sea, and, without warning and without reason, sank vessels carrying American men, women and children across the open highway of the ocean. We fought to save for those we love the priceless boon of liberty for which our fathers fought in days long past. We fought to keep unpolluted and holy the American Home. We fought to make this old world worth living in for those dear to us and for those who are to follow after our day is spent. We fought to protest to the death against barbarism and cruelty such as have prevailed and are prevailing in the conquered territories of Belgium, France, Russia, Armenia and the Balkan States. We fought to protect the just rights of weaker nations against the iron and unscru- pulous might of the strong and powerful. We fought for the sake of outraged women of many lands; for helpless children striken down in sacred youth; for men maimed and slaughtered beneath the juggernaut of Imperial ambition; for the old and the young of those hapless nations crushed by Teutonic ruthlessness. We fought because we could not endure such things and still retain character and manhood. We fought because our enemies seek to despoil and destroy the sacred land of our heritage; to bind free-born Americans in fetters of serfdom and to drag us captive in the train of their triumphant procession. We fought without hunger for indemnity and without unholy longing for terri- tory ; anxious only to bear our share of the heavy burden of saving civiliza- tion from the blight of so-called Kultur. We fought because God has called us and we have heard His call summoning men of every nation and creed to serve Him in this, the testing day of nations. For reasons unselfish and exalted, our country entered this war to remain in it until her victorious sons return with her flag bathed in new glory. We won because the courage of a just cause mastered our souls; because our nation in this day appraises righteousness more than comfort and because a free people prefer death to slavery. WHY THE CHRISTIAN AND ALL CHURCH FORCES WERE ACTIVE DURING THE WORLD'S WAR. The Christian forces in America made a very definite contribution towards the winning of the war. In numerous ways the churches and allied agencies rendered most effective services. Everywhere ministers of the gospel, laymen, women of the churches, boys and girls of the Bible schools were among the most enthusiastic in the war activities. Scarcely a church in the land that did not have an honor roll hanging upon its walls inscribed with the names of the mem- bers of the church in active service. The service flag, with a star for every member in service, and the National Emblem were both conspicuously dis- played. Prayers for the success of the Allies were offered at practically every service. Religious organizations, which in the years gone by were rarely asso- ciated, were found working and planning together for the common cause. The Master had taught that there were great duties which Christians owed their Government. Patriotism and piety had been closely linked together in the Master's teaching as set forth in the sacred Scriptures. What God had thus joined together the churches of Christ had no desire to put asunder. The motives moving America to enter the conflict were indeed high and holy. America had to enter to save herself. The very existence of her free institutions and the democratic ideal were imperiled. The most sacred rights of non-combatants had been grossly violated. In such a time there was need of the most hearty co-operation on the part of every citizen to save the nation. The Christian forces were glad to have their part in this battle for existence. The issues at stake were far more than national issues. They were funda- mentally religious issues. The great question of autocracy on the one side and the question of democracy on the other touched in a most vital way the in- dividual responsibility of the soul to God. Was the individual to be forgotten? Were the rights of the weak to be violated? Was the liberty of conscience with reference to the worship of God as the individual felt was right and proper to be denied the people in this world? Were the people of God to have the privileges so long enjoyed in America, or were these privileges to be denied under autocracy? These and other great religious issues were at stake. When the issue was forced upon this country there was but one course left for the people of God. Putting their trust in the God of the ages, they went forward with full faith in Him. Church members were not unmindful of the great issues presented them so faithfully and so clearly. Those who had gone into the conflict felt that never in the days of old when the Lord of Hosts led His people on to victory was there a time when God's presence could be counted upon, and his blessings expected, more than in the conflict which has now been so gloriously won. Our sword was drawn in its own defence and in the defence of inalienable rights and privileges which were dearer than life itself. Right has won over might; the cross has triumphed over cruelty. The years to come will but confirm the conviction of the people of God that the Lord of Hosts has been with them. 14 SELECTIVE DRAFT The draft law, approved May 18th, 1917, applied to men 21 to 30 years of age, inclusive, commenced June 5th, 1917. Supplementary drafts August 24th, 1918. A later amendment extended the ages from 18 to 45 years, inclusive. The first registration, June 5th, 1917, brought in nearly 10,000,000 young men. The second, June 5th, 1918, 745,000 men; third, August 24th, 1918, 160,000 men; the fourth (18 to 45 years, inclusive), about 13,000,000 men. Total, about 24,000,000 men of military age. From these, 2,810,296 were se- lected for service. Local draft boards were appointed for each locality, and appeal boards for each Congressional District. The selective draft worked smoothly. At first the draft met with considerable opposition, but as finally worked out, proved to be fair and equitable — working the minimum of hardship, pre- venting favoritism and making no distinction as to classes, native and foreign born citizens, race or color. Notwithstanding many objections raised against compulsory military service and a draft the standing of the selected men was square to the volunteers and their records were as good. The plan proved superior to the Civil War method. With the splendid material furnished, an army was sent 3,000 miles in 19 months and proved its superiority over the much-lauded German military ma- chine of forty years' making. Its success was all the more striking because we have heretofore taken little interest in military matters. Its success and perfec- tion in every way was and is still looked upon in the United States and abroad as one of the greatest achievements and wonders of the war. The most remarkable feature of the draft was the fact that it was enforced by the people themselves. Men of different countries, some over age and some entitled to exemption, desired to be drafted as the draft proceeded. On September 12, 1918, 773,000 men registered in New York City; 15,000 registrars entitled to $4.00 per day and not one demanded it. Thousands else- where refused pay for their services. 3,000 New York city lawyers gave their time to help the men fill out their question cards without charge. Physicians and surgeons of the highest professional standing and training gave their time gratis, and gave us their best skill. Men and women, also, in all walks of life, work and service, in every branch of draft activity. It was inspiring to note that claims for exemption gradually disappeared as the war necessities became known and understood — even in districts where there had been great opposition. The same condition prevailed all over the United States. At the second registration opposition had entirely ceased. Many who had claimed exemption withdrew their claims and finally there were no claims pre- sented for exemption. 15 ENLISTED MEN FURNISHED THE ARMY BY STATES The enlisted strength of the Regular Army on March 31, 1917, was 121,797. The table below covers the period from April 1, 1917, to November 11, 1918, and includes: (1) enlistments, (2) accessions through the National Guard, August 5, 1917, (3) draft inductions. Sources of information: Provost Marshal General's Office and the A. G. O. New York 367,864—9.79% Pennsylvania 297,891—7.93% Illinois 251,074—6.68% Ohio 200,293—5.33% Texas 161,065—4.29% Michigan - 135,485—3.61% Massachusetts 132,610—3.53% Missouri 128,544—3.42% California 112,514—2.98% Indiana 106,581—2.83% New Jersey 105,207—2.80% Minnesota 99,116—2.64% Iowa - 98,781—2.63% Wisconsin 98,211—2.61% Georgia 85,506—2.28% Oklahoma 80,169—2.13% Tennessee 75,825—2.02% Kentucky 75,043—2.00% Alabama , 74,678—1.99% Virginia (a) 73,062—1.94% North Carolina 73,003—1.94% Louisiana 65,988—1.76% Kansas 63,428—1.69% Arkansas 61 ,027— 1 .62 % West Virginia 55,777—1.48% Mississippi 54,295—1.44% South Carolina 53,482—1.42% Connecticut 50,069—1.33% Nebraska 47,805—1.27% Maryland 47,054—1.25% Washington 45,154—1.20% Montana 36,293 - .97% Colorado 34,393— .92% Florida 33,331— .89% Oregon 30,116— .80% South Dakota 29,686— .79% North Dakota 25,803— .69% Maine 24,252— .65% Idaho 19,016— .51% Utah 17,361— .46% Rhode Island 16,861— .45% District of Columbia 15,930— .42% New Hampshire 14,374— .38% New Mexico 12,439— .33% Wyoming 11,393— .30% Arizona 10,492— .28% Vermont 9,338— .25% Delaware 7,484— .20% Nevada 5,105— .14% Not allocated 1,318—1.04% Porto Rico 16,538— .44% Hawaii (b) 5,644— .15% Alaska 2,102—1.06% Philippines 255—1.01 % A. E. F 1,499—1.04% Total 3,757,624 (a) — Not including 394 enlisted men of Virginia National Guard federalized Nov. 8th, 1918. (b) — Not including 2,422 enlisted men of Hawiian National Guard federalized June 1st, 1918. 25% of the drafted men from the following States were rejected: — North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wyoming, Iowa, Nebraska, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, Arkansas (12). 33% from North Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, Montana, West Virginia, Maryland (13). 38% from Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Oregon (9). 45% from Colorado, Arizona, California, Washington, Michigan, New York, Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachussetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island (12). FIGHTING FAMILIES The army rolls contain 51,000 Smiths, 29,000 Johnsons, 22,500 Jones, 22,500 Greens, 9,000 Browns, 4,500 Cohens, 74 George Washingtons and Ulysses S. Grants (some without middle name), and 77 Robert E. Lees. The loyalty of aliens and descendants of foreigners is evidenced by the fol- lowing names taken from Army rolls: DuBois, Smith (spelled in various ways), O'Brien, Caska, Hancka, Pappoudrikopolous, Andressi, Villotto, Levy, Turovich, Kowalki, Chreczancoicy, Knutson, Gonzalez. 16 TRAINING CAMPS 37 Army Camps for Men Bowie _Fort Worth, Tex. Beauregard Alexandria, La. Custer Battle Creek, Mich. Cody Deming, N. M. Devens Ayer, Mass. Dix Wrightstown, N. J. Dodge Des Moines, la. Eustis Fort Monroe, Va. Fremont Palo Alto, Cal. Forrest Chickamauga Park, Ga. Funston Fort Riley, Kan. Greenleaf Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. Gordon Atlanta, Ga. Grant Rockford, 111. Hancock Augusta, Ga. Jackson (*) Columbia, S. C. Johnson Jacksonville, Fla. Las Casas Porto Rico Logan Houston, Tex. Lee Petersburg, Va. Lewis American Lake, Wash. MacArthur Waco, Tex. McClellan Anniston, Ala. Meade Admiral, Md. Merritt Hoboken, N. J. Pike Little Rock, Ark. Sevier Greenville, S. C. Sheridan Montgomery, Ala. Shelby Hattiesburg, Miss. Sherman Chillicothe, O. Stuart Newport News, Va. Syracuse Syracuse, N. Y. Taylor Louisville, Ky. Travis San Antonio, Tex. Upton Yaphank, L. I., N. Y. Wadsworth Spartanburg, S. C. Wheeler Macon, Ga. (*) Camp Jackson was Quartermasters' Training Corps. The average number of men sent to each of the 37 camps was about 40,000. Cost of these camps was about $200,000,000. The first series of Reserve Officers' Training Camps, May 14, 1917, to Aug. 15, 1917. Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y. Madison Barracks, N. Y. Fort Niagara, N. Y. Fort Myer, Va. Fort Sheridan, 111. Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind. Presidio of San Francisco, Cal. Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. Fort McPherson, Pa. Fort Logan H. Roots, Ark. Fort Snelling, Minn. Ft. Riley, Kan. Leon Springs, Tex. Second Series, Aug. 27, 1917, to Nov. 26, 1917. Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y. Fort Niagara, N. Y. Fort Myer, Va. Fort Oglethorpe. Ga. Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind. Fort Sheridan, 111. Fort Snelling, Minn. Leon Springs, Tex. Presidio of San Francisco, Cal. Third Series — Held in divisions while in camp training for overseas. Fourth Series Camp Grant, 111. Camp Lee, Va. Camp Pike, Ark. Camp Gordon, Ga. Camp MacArthur, Tex. Camp Hancock, Ga. Camp Zachary Taylor, Ky. School of colored candidates, Fort Des Moines, la., June 18, 1918, 639 infantry officers were commissioned. About 100,000 men received instructions in the four series at Officers Train- ing Camps and about 80,000 were commissioned. About 175,000 students were enrolled in other training camps. April 6, 1917, Congress declared war, and authorized an army of 500,000; increased later to 5,000,000. At this time the army numbered less than 8,000 officers and 180,000 men. July 1, 1917, 480,000 men were in training and 20,000 had been landed in France. The following figures show the number at home and abroad November 1, 1918: In American Expeditionary Forces, 1,993,000. Total 3,665.000. 17 SOMETHING FOR AMERICAN PARENTS AND CITIZENS TO THINK ABOUT Are We to Become a Decaying Nation? The examination of drafted men showed a marked deficiency in health and physical condition. 40% of the rejected were for diseases that could have been prevented by intelligent treatment in early life; 62,000 had tuberculosis and were refused admission to the national army; 20,000 others who reached camp were discharged for same cause; after the war closed more than 6,000 were being treated for the same. The army in France was freer from all diseases than any other on record. History shows that without exception the decline and fall of every great nation has been caused by drink and venereal diseases. These facts and the ina- bility of the many (700,000 of draft age) to read and write, demand attention. Many thousands of the soldiers were taught in the numerous army schools. "There are 3,700,000 persons in the rural districts who can neither read nor write." FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS, 1910 "Illiterates, 5,516,163. Of these 2,227,731 were negroes. Persons in penal institutions, 111,498. (Negroes, 37,874). Paupers, 84,198. Insane, in hospitals, 234,855. Blind, 57,272. Of these, 8,849 were negroes." EVERYBODY'S DUTY We are today the most favored of nations; to preserve, to improve or to change our conditions, peaceful and lawful methods only must be adopted. Majorities must rule and minorities must submit. This Government (either party controlling) with many able and honest patriotic men and women, organizations and corporations are now awake to the requirements and the necessities of the times; are united in desire and effort for increased prosperity, comfort, health and happiness of every citizen and for peaceful conditions. The terrible conditions in Europe are entering the United States and rapidly growing; are becoming powerful while we sleep. They must be stopped and guarded against. Education, moral, mental and physical improvement are sadly needed. Ignorance, disease, intemperance, excesses of various kinds, idleness and wrong- doings must be checked. Foreigners generally cannot understand our Government and institutions; they misunderstand freedom and democracy. They should not enter the United States except under more and greater restrictions, nor become citizens with voting privileges until they have resided here a longer time, with no intention of re- turning to their native country. Special instructions must be given them and special qualifications required. With all our cares, troubles and misfortunes we have now the best govern- ment and the best country on earth. Much is demanded and much will be required of us personally, individually and as a nation. Protect and support it, right or wrong. Avoid partisanship and sectionalism. Remember there are two sides, sometimes several, to every question. Insist upon hearing all, and compromise only with honest differences, but never with known evils. A PARTIAL REMEDY Join at once the American Legion, if eligible, or the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., The Salvation Army, Knights of Columbus, the Loyal Jewish Organ- ization, a church or any loyal organization whose first obligation and duty is loyalty to Uncle Sam, obedience to every law, the peaceful solution of all differ- ences, compulsory employment for the idle poor and the idle rich. No better present can be made to the veterans and war workers, their fami- lies or parents than this personal souvenir and record. "BOYS," JOIN THE AMERICAN LEGION. It is pure loyalty itself. 18 THE EMBARKATION SERVICE This surpassed anything in the military history of the world. It transported over-seas over 2,086,000 men, and over 6,000,000 tons of cargo; over 1,800,000 men and 4,700,000 tons of cargo were shipped in the last ten months of the war. Material and equipment to construct and operate over 600 miles of railroad, including over 1,100 locomotives of the 100 ton type, 350 of which were shipped set up and ready for service within ten hours after landing in France; 17,000 standard gauge freight cars; over 35,000 motor trucks shipped at the rate of 10,000 per month. Over 50,000 horses and mules were shipped, at the rate of 20,000 per month. Only about 80,000 tons of cargo were lost at sea. Submarines had taken a heavy toll of merchant ships. The largest number of men sent over- seas in one month was 300,000 — none were lost. Engineers of the American army erected in France storehouses covering hundreds of acres; giant refrigerator plants, to provide cold storage for food, and ice for the troops, hospitals, etc. ; hundreds of miles of railroad siding. They dredged thousands of cubic yards of ship channels, to enable vessels to dock at the miles of wharfage created by them to avoid lightering cargoes. The French were amazed at the work of the American Engineers. Forests were cleared, swamps were drained, and in their places housing quarters for the American forces, complete in detail — running water, the best of sanitary con- veniences, shower-baths, electric lights, heating apparatus — were quickly in- stalled. On June 1st, 1917, only seven troopships were in service and six cargo ships, a total of less than 100,000 tons burden. About 450,000 tons of interned German ships could be used for transports. These were placed in service as soon as the parts destroyed or damaged by former German crews had been replaced and were in use in the Fall of 1917. Early in 1918 300,000 tons of Dutch shipping, to- together with a number of Scandinavian and Japanese boats, were acquired. The War Trade Board restricted non-essential imports, thereby releasing a large number of vessels from import trade. Eventually a great transatlantic fleet was developed. By November 1st, 1918, the Government was operating: Tonnage 39 Troop Ships 310,000 38 Animal Transports 375,000 18 Refrigerator Ships 95,000 4 Tankers 31,000 228 Cargo Ships 1,810,000 327 2,621,000 ORGANIZATION IN FRANCE About the time of the Armistice the combat divisions were as follows : First Army : — Composed of the 1st, 3d, 5th and 7th American Corps and the Second French Colonial Corps. Second Army : — Composed of the 4th and 6th American Corps and the Second French Colonial Corps. These two armies about this time included the combat divisions, 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, Regulars; 26th, 28th, 29th, 32d, 35th, 36th, 42d, National Guard; 77th, 78th, 80th, 81st, 82d, 88th, 90th and 92d National Army and a few French Divisions served with them. The Second Army Corps was with the British Army throughout the war — the 27th and 30th divisions fought with them. Corps and Divisions were transferred from one Army or Army Corps to another when necessary or required. The Third American Army formation was not completed at the Armistice, but it com- menced the march into Germany several days later with the 3d and 4th Army Corps. Additional Army Corps were assigned to it. The 27th and 91st divisions fought in the Argonne with the First Army Corps, but at the time of the Armistice were serving with the Sixth French Army in Belgium. General Headquarters (G. H. Q.) controlled all, directly, as well as detached units, includ- ing the Service of Supplies. 19 ARMY ORGANIZATION, FEBRUARY 1, 1919 9 Corps — a Major-General commanding each, with a Brigadier-General, Chief-of-Staff. 32 Divisions — a Major-General commanding each. 62 Divisions — a Brigadier-General commanding each. 29 Artillery Brigades — a Brigadier-General commanding each. 3 Coast Artillery Brigades — a Brigadier-General commanding each. MACHINE GUN COMPANY Is composed of six officers and 172 men. It consists of headquarters, 3 officers and 21 men; 3 platoons each, 1 officer and 46 men; a train, 13 men. It has 12 machine guns, heavy type, and 4 spare guns. Officers and Men 1 Headquarters and Headquarters Company 303 3 Battalions of four rifle companies each 3,078 1 Supply Company 140 1 Machine Gun Company 178 1 Medical Detachment 56 Total 3,755 INFANTRY REGIMENT Each rifle company has 250 men and 6 officers, composed of a company headquarters (2 officers and 18 men) and 4 platoons, each platoon including: Officers and Men 1 headquarters 2 1 section bombers and rifle grenadiers 22 2 sections riflemen, 12 each 24 1 section auto riflemen (4 guns) 11 Total 59 Transportation equipment of a regiment: 22 combat wagons, 16 rolling kitchens, 22 baggage and ration wagons, 16 ration carts, 15 water carts, 3 medical carts, 24 machine gun carts, 59 riding horses, 8 riding mules, 332 draft mules, 2 motorcycles with side cars, 1 motor car, 42 bicycles. New fighting equipment each regiment, in addition to rifles, bayonets, pistols, etc., includes 480 trench knives (40 to each company), 192 automatic rifles (16 to each company), and 3 one-pounder cannon, manned by the one- pounder cannon platoon of the regimental headquarters company. REGIMENTAL HEADQUARTERS COMPANY This is composed of 7 officers and 294 men. One headquarters platoon (93 officers and men), including one staff section (36 officers and men), one orderly section (20 men), one band section (28 men). One signal platoon (77 officers and men), including one telephone section (51 men), one section with headquarters (10 men), one section with 3 battalions (16 officers and men), one sappers and bombers platoon (43 officers and men), including one section sappers (9 men for digging and special work), one section bombers (34 officers and men), one pioneer platoon (55 officers and men) for engineer work, one one-pounder cannon platoon (33 officers and men). BRIGADES An infantry brigade is a tactical organization commanded by a brigadier- general, and is made up of brigade headquarters, two infantry regiments and a machine-gun battalion, with a total strength of 232 officers and 8,210 men, of which 17 officers and 202 men are noncombatants, i. e., the Chaplain and the Medical Corps. 20 A brigade of field artillery consists of brigade headquarters, two regiments of light artillery, one regiment of heavy artillery and a trench mortar battery, with 72 guns, 12 trench mortars and the necessary transportation supplies, etc. It has a total strength of 185 officers and 4,781 men. A cavalry brigade is composed of headquarters and three cavalry regiments, and has a strength of approximately 181 officers and 4,575 men. DIVISIONS Each division comprises: 1 Division Headquarters 164 1 Machine Gun Battalion of four Companies 768 2 Infantry Brigades, each composed of two Infantry Regiments and one Machine Gun Battalion of three Companies 16,420 1 Field Artillery Brigade, composed of three Field Artillery Regiments and one Trench Mortar Battery 5,068 1 Field Signal Battalion 262 1 Regiment of Engineers 1,666 1 Train Headquarters and Military Police 337 1 Ammunition Train 962 1 Supply Train 472 1 Engineer Train 84 1 Sanitary Train, composed of four Field Hospital Companies and Four Ambulance Companies 949 Totai 27,152 COMBAT DIVISIONS Initials: R. A. — Regular Army. N. A. — National Army (drafted men). N. G. — National Guard. Official March 8, 1919 Division Division Symbols Casualties 2nd R. A. Indian 24,429 1st R. A. . 23,974 3rd R. A. Marne 16,356 28th N. G. Pennsylvania Keystone 14,417 32nd N. G. Michigan, Wisconsin Arrow 14,268 4th R. A. Ivy 12,948 42nd N. G. Rainbow 12,252 90th N. A. Texas, Oklahoma Alamo 9,710 77th N. A. New York Metropolitan 9,423 26th N. G. New England Yankee 8,955 82nd N. A. Ga., Ala., Tenn. All American 8,300 5th N. A. Regular Ace of Diamonds 8,280 78th N. A. Western N. Y., N. H. Lightning 8,133 27th N. G. New York New York 7,940 33rd N. G. Illinois Prairie 7,860 35th N. G. Missouri, Kansas 7,745 89th N. A. Kan., Mo., S. D., Neb. Middle West 7,093 Colo., N. M., Arizona 30th N. G. Tenn., No. C, So. C. Old Hickory 6,893 29th N. G. N.J.,Del.,Va.,Md.,D.C. Blue and Gray 5,972 21st N. A. Ala., Wash., Ore., Cal., Idaho, Nev., Montana, Wild West 5,838 Wyoming, Utah. 80th N. A. Va., W. Va., W. Pa. Blue Ridge 5,133 37th N. G. Ohio Buck Eye 4,303 79th N. A. Pa., Md., D. C. Liberty 3,223 36th N. G. Texas, Oklahoma Lone Star 2,397 7th R. A. Regulars 1,546 92nd N. A. Negro Buffalo 1,399 81st N. A. N. C, S. C, Fla., P. R. Wild Cat 1,062 6th R. A. .Star 285 88th N. A. N.D., Minn., Iowa, West- 63 ern Illinois. See page 40 for later detailed official report of killed and wounded. Total — 7 Divisions Regulars, 11 Divisions National Guard and 11 Divisions National Army. 21 OTHER DIVISIONS NOT COMBAT Division Division Symbols Killed Wounded Total 8th R. A. Pathfinder 6 29 35 10th R. A. 11th R. A. LaFayette 12th R. A. Plymouth 14th R. A. Wolverine 18th R. A. Cactus 19th R. A. Twilight 31st N. G. Ala.,Ga.,Fla. flm'e 34th N. G. Iowa, Minn., Sandstone Neb., N. D. 38th N. G. Ind., Ky. Cyclone 39th N. G. La., Minn., Ark. Bull's Eye 40th N. G. Cal., Nevada, Sunshine 79 81 160 Utah, Ariz. 41st N. G. Washington, 154 263 417 Oregon, Ida., Sunset Mon., Wyo. 76th N. A. Liberty Bell 83rd N. A. Ohio Ohio 113 319 432 85th N. A. Custer 142 395 537 86th N. A. Ind., 111., Ky. Black Hawk 87th N. A. Acorn 2 30 32 13th R. A. 93rd N. A. Negroes 584 2,582 3,166 Other Units 1,214 3,935 5,149 2,294 7,634 9,928 As casualties occured in the Combat Divisions, drafts were made upon some of the above divisions (replacement and supply divisions) and many thousand men were sent to the fighting lines. Many went to the front (absent without leave), and were killed, wounded or missing. The U. S. Army was composed of: Regulars 13%, National Guard 10% and drafted men 77%. Regular Army Divisions were numbered 1 to 25, inclusive. National Guard Divisions were numbered 26 to 50, inclusive. National Army Divisions were numbered 51 to 100 inclusive. THE NATION'S HONOR ROLL Official Washington Sept. 1, 1919. Casualties Army and Marine Corps: This does not include former report of army deaths in U. S. of 34,912, making a grand total of 356,994. Total killed in action 35,585 Total died of wounds 14,742 Total died of disease 58,073 Total died of accident and other causes 8,092 116,492 Wounded 205,590 Total (missing all corrected) 322,082 PRISONERS LOST The War Department reports a loss of 4,765 military prisoners and 287 civilians (4,376 of the military prisoners reported released, 233 died in German prison camps). Of the captured there was one Lieutenant-Colonel, four Majors, twenty-seven Captains and 363 Lieutenants. PRISONERS CAPTURED BY UNITED STATES ARMY They captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench mortars and 9,650 machine guns. Out of 49,010 men killed in battle or died of wounds, the following shows the classification by arms: Officers Men Infantry 1,699 41,420 Tank Corps 10 72 Signal Corps 9 303 Artillery 98 1,915 Medical 68 698 Engineers 60 1,260 Cavalry 2 52 Ordnance 3 67 Air Service 180 235 Quartermaster 6 220 Other 29 604 Totals 2,164 46,846 Battle deaths among the commissioned officers in the infantry were 173 per thousand ; for officers and men the rate was 139.7 per thousand. Average for the entire army 61.2 per thousand for officers, and 61.6 for officers and men. BATTLE DEATHS IN THE WORLD WAR Men killed in action or died of wounds compiled by the United States General Staff, March 1st, 1919, 7,461,000. Russia 1,700,000 Bulgaria 100,000 Germany 1,600.000 Rumania 100,000 France 1,400,000 Serbia and Montenegro 100,000 England 800,000 Austria-Hungary 640,000 Italy 460,000 United States 50,000 Turkey 400,000 Greece 7,000 Belgium 102,000 Portugal 2,000 Total 7,461,000 AIRPLANES On November 11th, 1918, the Aviation strength was over 163,000 men and about 19,000 officers. Total, 144,000 men. About one-half of this number were overseas. Appropriations amounted to $1,578,304,758. Of this amount, $478,000,000 has been returned and a cancellation of contracts will amount to about $50,000,- 000 more. CASUALTIES Killed in action 172 Died of accidents 396 Died of Other Causes 505 Missing in action on land and sea 264 Prisoners (all classes) 163 Wounded (all classes) 251 Total 1,751 Returned to duty 62 PLANES BUILT IN THE U. S. Planes built in the United States 13,300 Planes built for United States by Allies 5,000 Total 18,300 On hand in United States, January 3, 1919 7,900 On hand in A. E. F. in France, November 11, 1919 3,300 Consumed by the A. E. F. in France 3,000 Consumed by United States 3,000 Total 17,200 On sea and docks in France 1,100 Total .18,300 Planes of various types in commission in U. S., Jan. 1, 1919 7,900 Planes of various types in France 3,300 Total .11,200 23 From Report of Chief of Statistics' Branch of the General Staff, War Department, May 10th, 1919 Number of battle airplanes in each army at the date of the Armistice: French 3,321 Italian 812 Belgian 153 German 2,730 American 740 British 1,858 Austrian 622 Washington, December 22, 1918 — Official. American air-men in France brought down a total of 854 German airplanes and 82 German balloons, against an American loss of 271 planes and 45 balloons, according to a report cabled by Major-General Harbord on December 15th and made public today by the War Department. Destruction of 354 of the enemy planes and fifty-seven of the balloons have been officially confirmed. Total casualties air service in action, 442 (including 109 killed, 103 wounded, 200 missing, twenty-seven prisoners and three interned). When the Armistice ended fighting, there were 39 American air squadrons at the front, including twenty pursuit, six day and one night bombing squadrons and five army, twelve corps and one night observation squadrons. The total personnel, 2,161 officers and 22,351 men at French front with an additional 4,643 officers and 28,353 men in the service of supply. Eight American flying officers were detailed with the British army and forty-nine officers and 525 men with French forces. The total strength of the American air service in France was 58,000, of whom 68,861 were officers. (This was exclusive of the air service mechanics regiment with the French army, numbering 109 officers and 4,744 men.) In addition to these trained men, the air service had eight separate schools in France where 1,323 pilots and 2,012 observers were under instruction and graduations up to November 11 included 6,069 pilots and 2,045 observers. Up to November 16, Gen. Harbord said, a total of 6,472 planes of all types had been received by the American air service in France, including 3,337 pursuit planes for combat work and ninety for schools; 3,421 observation for service and 664 for schools; 421 day bombers with eighty-five additional for schools and thirty-one night reconnaissance machines. There were in addition 2,285 training, thirty experimental and 108 miscellaneous machines. The eight American air schools in France had a capacity of training 3,800 officers and 11,700 men. The largest was the General Flying School at Issoudun, where 2,175 officers and 6,100 men could be cared for. The others were at Tours and Chatillon-Sur-Seine for observers; at Maucon and Coetquidan and Souge for artillery fire spotters; at St. Jean-de-Monte for aerial gunnery and at Clermont- Ferrand for bombers. 24 INTERESTING FACTS FROM OFFICIAL REPORTS CONSTRUCTION DIVISION Formally called cantonment division. Employed 130,000 persons. CHEMICAL WAR-SERVICE DEPARTMENT Nov. 1, 1918, employed 1,654 officers and 18,027 enlisted men. GAS DEFENSE Masks produced, 5,500,000. Sent abroad, 4,500,000. Used in the army, 4,000,000. QUARTERMASTER'S CORPS Oct. 15, 1918, 11,256 commissioned officers; 200,354 enlisted men; 84,435 civilian employees. SIGNAL CORPS Outbreak of the war had 2,585 officers and men. At the time of Armistice it had over 50,000. Every fighting division at the front had 500 of these men. AIR SERVICE Commencement of the war had 65 officers and 1,120 men. At close of war 190,000. (20,000 commissioned officers, 6,000 cadets in training and 164,000 enlisted men. MOTOR TRANSPORT CORPS Officers, 2,717; men, 76,917. Training School capacity, officers, 300; men, 23,300. Production of trucks, 82,490; other motor vehicles, 65,482. Estimated ex- penditure, $731,908,462. Estimated balance, $501,698,824. Up to Dec. 5, 1918, constructed for the army 82,500 trucks, 16,000 motor cars, 27,000 motorcycles, 22,000 bicycles and a large number of trailers for trucks. 20th ENGINEERS IN FRANCE Nov. 1st, cutting timber, etc., 564 officers, 12,685 men. ENGINEERS CORPS April, 1917, 230 officers, 1,825 men. Nov. 1, 1918, 10,000 officers, 284,000 men. MILITARY RAILROAD DEPARTMENT Beginning of war, United States railroad men numbered, Dec, 1918, in France, about 60,000 men. The cost of railroad service for army, $400,000,000. COLORED TROOPS 1,078,331 colored men were registered under the draft law; 367,710, or 13.8 per cent of the total number were called to the colors. The approximate num- ber of colored officers commissioned is 1,200, consisting of captains and lieu- tenants. About 650 of this number were commissioned at Ft. Des Moines Training Camp, others were commissioned at Camp Taylor (Artillery), Camp Pike (Infantry) and others at various camps and cantonments in connection with which Officers' Training Camps were conducted. Over 400,000 colored 25 men served in the Army and Navy of the United States during the war, performing splendid service both in camps at home and upon the battle field in France. Four entire negro regiments were brigaded with French troops and received the Croix de Guerre given by the French Government, aside from numerous individual citations for gallantry in action, Distinguished Service Medals, etc. Total number of colored soldiers participating, nearly 400,000. Number serving abroad, France, Germany, Italy, etc., over 200,000. Colored commissioned officers, over 1,200, many of them college graduates. Colored men served in all branches of the military establishment, cavalry, infantry, artillery (field and coast), signal corps, (radio or wireless telegraphy), medical corps, aviation corps (ground section), ambulance and hospital corps, sanitary and ammunition trains, stevedore regiments, and as regimental clerks, draftsmen, etc. Colored soldiers fought with especial distinction in France in the Forest of Argonne, at Chateau Thierry, in Belleau Wood, St. Mihiel District, Champagne Sector, Metz, Vosges, etc., winning praise from French and American command- ers. Colored troops were nearest the Rhine when the Armistice was signed. Entire regiments of colored troops were cited for exceptional valor and dec- orated with the French Croix de Guerre — 369th, 371st and 72nd ; groups of officers and men of the 365th, 366th and 370th were likewise decorated; first battalion of the 367th also decorated with the Croix de Guerre. Many individuals were awarded the "Croix de Guerre" and "Distinguished Service Cross," and scores of officers earned promotion in their military units. Sixty colored men served as chaplains; over 350 as Y. M. C. A. secretaries; numerous colored men were attached to the War Community Service in cities adjacent to army camps. Colored nurses were authorized by the War Department for service in base hospitals at six army camps. Colored women served as canteen workers in France and in charge of hostess houses in the United States. One colored man was named as an accredited war correspondent, attached to the staff of General Pershing. Another was sent on special mission to France by President Wilson and Secretary Baker. Provision was made for the training of 20,000 colored young men in military science and tactics, in conjunction with their general education, through Students' Army Training Corps and Vocational Detachments, established in upwards of twenty leading colored schools. Provision was also made for the formation of units of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps for colored men in a number of colored institutions, North and South. A colored woman was named as a field worker to mobilize colored women of the country for war work. Colored women rendered exceptionally valuable service in the industries and on the farms, maintaining production in the mills and promoting the food supply through agricultural pursuits, releasing men for duty at the front. Colored people bought millions of dollars worth of Liberty Bonds and War Savings Stamps and contributed most generously to the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A. and other war relief agencies. INDIAN TROOPS Out of 33,000 Indians eligible for service, 7,500 entered the Army and Navy, and about 600 more performed war work of various kinds. The whole-hearted manner in which they purchased Liberty Bonds and aided in the increase of pro- duction of foodstuffs was evidence of their loyalty. 26 THE ARMY'S HEALTH Prior to September 1, 1918, the death rate from diseases in the Army was 6.4 per 1,000; in the American Expeditionary Force it was 4.7, an average of 5.9 per 1,000; 65 per thousand in the Union Army in the war between the states; 27 per 1,000 in our Army during the Spanish war. By November 1, 1918, 80 fully equipped hospitals with a capacity of 125,000 patients were established in the United States, which cared for 1,407,200 patients during the war. In the American Expeditionary Force, 104 base hospitals, 31 evacuation hospitals, a special hospital for head surgery, an optical unit and 8 auxiliary units were established, and cared for 755,360 patients. About the middle of September the epidemic of influenza appeared. By November 10th over 310,000 cases and over 55,000 cases of pneumonia had been reported among the troops in the United States, with over 19,000 deaths, which practically equaled the battle fatalities during the 18 months of the war up to September 30, 1918. ARMY MEDICAL SERVICE The Medical Department of the Army has an enlisted personnel of over 70,000 men, compared with the 6,600 just before the outbreak of the war. Over 13,000 officers have accepted commissions in the Medical Reserve Corps; the Dental Reserve Corps has over 2,600 commissioned officers and the Sanitary Corps over 250. In organizing for war work the Surgeon-General's office has added sections on internal medicine; medical officers training camps; medical military instruction; psychology; neurology and psychiatry; surgery; infectious diseases and laboratories; head, eye, ear, mouth, and brain; military orthopedics; office development and filing system. The Surgeon-General's office now has over 500 clerks and messengers and more than 100 officers, comparedjwith 140 clerks and messengers and 10 officers which made up its personnel in March, 1917. The regular Nurse Corps numbers over 300 members, with about 1,600 members in the Reserve Nurse Corps, as compared with the 230 in the regular corps and 227 in the reserve corps in March, 1917. About 31,000 physicians were commissioned from civil life. General Pershing stated, "The United States was in the war a compara- tively short time, but her Medical Servive was not exceeded by any nation. 442 DOCTORS WAR VICTIMS 46 killed in action; 22 died of wounds; 12 of accident and other causes; 100 of disease; 4 lost at sea; 88 taken prisoners, 212 wounded. Americans decorated by foreign Governments about 10,000. 27 iCmrnln'H (iipttgaburg £pmtj Fourscore and seven years ago our fatkers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now We are engaged in a great civil -War, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceited and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that War. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, We cannot dedicate — we cannot consecrate — we can- not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can nev'er forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work -Which they* who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead We ha-Ce increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that We here highly resolve that these dead shall not hav"e died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall ha-Oe a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the peo- ple, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Wt §>f?aU Hot ^l«p The following most beautiful lyric of the war was written by Lieutenant- Colonel Dr. John McCrea, of Montreal, Canada, while the second battle of Ypres was in progress. The author's body noW lies buried in Flanders fields. IN FLANDERS FIELDS In Flanders Fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place ; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amidst the guns below. We are the dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders Fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from falling hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders Fields. IN FLANDERS FIELDS (an answer) _ By R. W. Lillard Rest ye in peace, ye Flanders dead ! The fight that ye so bravely led We've taken up! And we will keep True faith with you who lie asleep, With each a cross to mark his bed, And poppies blowing overhead Where once his own life blood ran red ! So let your rest be sweet and deep In Flanders Fields! Fear not that ye have died for naught ; The torch ye threw to us we caught! Ten million hands will hold it high, And Freedom's light shall never die! We've learned the lesson that ye taught In Flanders Fields! 28 UNITED STATES NAVY— PERSONNEL AND STRENGTH OFFICIAL APRIL 6, 1917 The enlisted personnel (regular), 62,667; naval reserve force, less than 900 officers, a neglible quantity. Official Strength, November 1, 1918 Naval Reserve Force Permanent Rear Admirals 34 Temporary Rear Admirals 36 Permanent Captains 85 Temporary Captains 102 Line Officers 5,765 Staff Officers 2,604 Warrant Officers 2,040 Enlisted Personnel 216,968 Total 227,634 Line Officers 15,466 Staff Officers 3,602 Warrant Officers 2,554 Enlisted Personnel (including over 8,000 women) . .289,639 Total .311,261 Grand Total 538,895 April 6, 1917, the total number of ships in the navy did not exceed 350. Officially Reported on November 1, 1918 Battleships 40 Monitors 8 Destroyers 125 Submarines 68 Tenders to Destroyers and Submarines 15 Yachts on patrol duty 56 Naval Supply Vessels 51 Hospital Ships 3 Cargo Transports 232 175 Total 773 Cruisers 32 Gunboats 33 Torpedo Boats 17 Submarine Chasers 303 Mine Planters and Sweepers 79 Tugs on patrol duty 53 Naval Transports 4 Troop Transports 50 Patrol Vessels 640 Total _ 1,984 This great increase was accomplished with little confusion, which has been attributed to the fact that almost the entire personnel was from voluntary enlistments. Naval Camps of Instruction Gulfport, Mass. Pelham, N. Y. Hampton Roads, Va. Newport, R. I. Philadelphia Mare Island, Cal. New Orleans, La. Cape May, N. J. Puget Sound, Wash. Santiago, Cal. Charleston, S. C. Hingham, Mass. New York, N. Y. Pensacola, Fla. Norfolk, Va. Great Lakes, 111. Key West, Fla. THE NAVY War was declared April 6th, 1917. May 4th, 1917, a detachment of destroy- ers was in European waters. On arrival there, the commander was asked by the British Admiral how long they would require to get ready for action. The reply was prompt and surprised the admiral. It was: "We are ready now, sir." On the first of January, 1918, 113 vessels were there, and three times that number by October. The Navy, aided by British, French and others, conveyed overseas over two million American troops, without the loss of a single man. Also millions of tons of shipping with a mere fraction of loss. United States Naval port officers were stationed at twenty seaports of Great Britain, France and Italy. Fifteen Naval bases were established. The American patrol force with a base near Key West operated in the Gulf of Mexico and Carribean Sea to protect fuel oil transportation. To avoid the submarine menace around the north of Scotland the engineers built a pipe line across Scotland, reducing the distance and danger of supplying the fleet with gasoline and oil. 29 NAVY STRENGTH, MAY, 1919 United States Navy 179,608 United States Naval Reserves 136,391 Coast Guard, about - 1,000 Many officers were commissioned during the war. MARINE CORPS April 6, 1917, when war was declared, consisted of, Regulars 13,266 Reservists 13,302 26,568 Nov. 11, 1918, at the Armistice, Regulars 63,716 Reservists 6,758 70,474 April 8, 1919, Regulars - 51,807 Reservists 6,468 58,275 NAVY Troop transports were always manned by naval crews when possible. During 1918, 355 of the 110-foot submarine chasers were completed. During 1918 contracts were let for four battleships, 1 cruiser, 2 fuel ships, 1 transport, 1 gunboat, 1 ammunition ship, 228 destroyers, 112 fabricated patrol vessels, 92 submarine chasers, 25 mine sweepers, 25 sea-going tugs, 46 harbor tugs, and a large quantity of harbor craft. Henry Ford, who made great efforts to secure peace before the United States went to war, very early in 1917 offered his great plant and staff to the War De- partment and undertook to construct anti-submarine patrol boats and placed his great force and organization in the work. He constructed his first steel chaser, the Eagle, one of the 100 contracted for by the Navy Department. It was com- pleted and successfully tried on Lake Huron, October, 1918; the second on Nov. 8th and the third a few days later. The Italian Government also ordered 12 of them. They were of steel and sea-going, and had a displacement of several hundred tons. An electrically propelled battleship, the first and only one in the world, was built and proved its superiority. The United States now leads all nations in methods of propulsion. Electric welding on an enormous scale placed 103 large German ships in commission again, and very quickly after they had been greatly damaged by their crews in American ports. A year's time and $20,000,000 was saved by this. High-power radio service: It is now possible to transmit simultaneously messages from four high-power stations to European stations, and at the same time receive messages from several European stations. Cruiser and transport service was gradually but quickly increased to a great fleet. 24 cruisers and 42 transports, 3,000 officers and 41,000 men, augmented four French men-of-war and thirteen foreign merchant vessels, a total of 83 vessels. This fleet averaged 70% of their time at sea, summer and winter. Destroyers, converted yachts, and anti-submarine craft, cooperated with them in the East Atlantic. Not one American troop ship, with troops, was torpedoed in going to France, and only three returned empty. Only three fighting ships lost by enemy's action. The Coast Guard Tampa, lost by mine or torpedo in English Channel, all on board perished. The great collier, Cyclops, 19,000 tons, with 20 officers, 213 men and 57 passengers, disap- peared; no trace ever being obtained; a great mystery. She left Barbadoes, British West Indies, when last heard from. 30 U. S. NAVY GUARDED MOST OF TROOPS ON THEIR WAY TO FRANCE They furnished 82%% of escort. American ships carried 952,581 soldiers abroad, British 1,075,233 and French and Italian 52,066— official figures. With the consent of the Navy Department, the office of Vice Admiral Gleaves, commander of the cruiser and transport force, made public figures showing exactly the proportionate share of troops conveyed to France in Ameri- can vessels. Of the entire army of 2,079,880 men taken over, the statistics show 4634% were carried in American ships, 48J^% in British and the balance in French and Italian vessels. Of the total strength of the naval escort guarding all these convoys, the United States furnished 82%%, Great Britain U}&% and France 3#%. It was felt that these official figures should be made public owing to the dis- crepancies in the statements of many public speakers as to the relative shares taken by the different naval forces enabling American troops to reach the battle line in sufficient force to turn the tide against Germany. In actual numbers of men transported, 912,082 were carried in American transports and 40,499 in other American ships; 1,006,987 were carried in British bottoms and 68,246 in British leased Italian ships; and 52,066 by French and Italian ships. From May, 1917, to November 11, 1918, there were 391 sailings of American naval troop ships, and 123 of other American troop ships, 546 of British ships and 82 of other ships. Not a single soldier of those carried in United States naval transports was lost. Washington, D. C, February 15, 1919 — Official There were 575,000 officers and men in the Navy and Marine Corps. The selective draft did not originally include the Navy and Marine Corps. Nearly all of the 505,000 men in the Navy and 70,000 Marines were volunteers. MERCHANT FLEET— WAR RESULTS England now (1919) has five million tons less than she would have had but for the war, the German fleet three and one-half million less and the United States fleet is greater by seven million tons. NAVY Official summary of deaths from casualties in action by Surgeon-General, Navy Department, October, 1919: Navy Marine Corps Total Lost at Sea 408 408 Wounds, Battle 58 1,791 1,849 Poison, War Gas 1 49 50 Total 467 1,840 2,307 Wounded Officers and Men 329 10,195 10,524 Killed and Wounded, Total 796 12,035 12,831 NORTH SEA MINE BARAGE The plan to close the North Sea, and thereby denying enemy submarines access to the Atlantic, had its inception in the Bureau of Ordnance in April, 1917. No suitable type of mine suitable for the Scotland-Norway line, where the depths of water are as great as 900 feet, had been devised. As the result of con- ference with the British authorities, the magnitude of the operation required 100,000 mines, which were manufactured and about 85,000 were shipped abroad. Two mine bases were established with a capacity for assembling and issuing 1,000 mines a day. The manufacture of the large number of mines was a work 31 of unprecedented magnitude and necessitated unusual methods. The mine was divided into many component parts and were separately produced in a large number of industrial factories throughout the United States. 140 principal contractors and over 400 sub-contractors were engaged. The parts were as- sembled into sub-assemblies and the sub-assemblies were shipped to Europe, where the complete assembly was made just prior to issue to the mine-planters. The number of submarines sunk or disabled in the barrage probably never will be definitely known, it being impossible to keep close observation on a line 350 miles long, but ordnance officers report that at least ten submarines had ended their career before the middle of October. The Commander of a German battleship stated : "It was the deadly menace of the North Sea being rapidly filled with mines so delicately adjusted that they went off if a ship came anywhere near that so worked on the imagination of our (German) sailors that they ultimately refused to put to sea even to protect our mine sweepers. I take off my hat to the Yankees for the last six months of their mining campaign and I wish them joy in their task of taking up the infernal things." A large portion of the United States fleet was united with the British in patrolling the North Sea and participated in the honors given the British Navy at the time of the surrender of the German fleet and its submarines. LIST OF SHIPS SURRENDERED TO ENGLISH AND AMERICAN FLEETS The surrender of the German fleet to the British and American fleets was the greatest naval capitulation in history. The fleet surrendered comprised nine battleships, five battle cruisers, eight light cruisers and fifty destroyers, aggregating more than 450,000 tons and, in- cluding the submarines interned at Harwich, made up practically 60 per cent, of Germany's modern battle strength. The dreadnoughts, battle cruisers and light cruisers involved in the surrender in accordance with the date at which they were laid down and their tonnage constitute the elite of the German sea force and are designated as follows: Nine Battleships, Cost $89,000,000. N ame Laid Down Tonnage Kronprinz Wilhelm 1913 30,000 Bavern 1913 30,000 MaVkgr'af".';;:::::::::::::::::::::::.:.... 1911 24,700 Grosser Kurfuerst 1911 24,700 Kaiser 1909 24,700 KtiserinZ::z:::z:z:::::zz:: 1910 24,700 Prinzregent Luitpold 1910 25,000 Koenie Albrecht 1910 24,700 FHed^rich der Grosse 1909 J^TOO 233,200 Eight Light Cruisers, Cost $12,200,000. Name Laid Down Tonnage Brummer 1914 4,000 Bremen 1914 5,400 KarlsruheT.: 1913 5,500 Pillau 1913 4,500 Frankfurt 1914 5,400 Nuernberg 9 4 5,400 Koeln 1914 5,400 Dresden.'.".'.':."::... 1906 3,000 38,600 Five Battle Cruisers, Cost $75,000,000. N ame Laid Down Tonnage Derfflineer 1911 28,000 HhSur g :::: 1913 28,000 Sevdlitz 1910 25,000 Moltke 1909 23,000 vonderTann::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1907 19,000 123,000 Grand Total (not including Destroyers and Submarines) 394,800 32 After the Armistice and before the "Treaty of Peace" was signed this fleet while in British waters and in British possession, but under German care-takers, was dishonorably sunk by the German care-takers under orders from Germany, About the same time Germans destroyed French flags captured in 1870 that they had agreed to return. GERMANY SUBMARINES The Commander of the Submarine Base in Flanders reported that the Lusilania (sunk May 7th, 1915; loss, 1,198 — 755 passengers, balance crew; 124 Americans; 35 infants), also the Laconia, were sunk by two German U-Boat Commanders, both of whom were lost later with their submarines. This Base Commander denies that any of their submarines destroyed small boats attempt- ing to escape from their vessels when torpedoed. He reports Lord Kitchener was lost on a boat that struck a submerged mine. London reports that out of 203 German submarines lost, 120 were sunk with all on board. Of the others about sixty per cent, of the crew were lost. Of 59 English submarines lost, 39 were destroyed by Germans, 4 interned, 7 were blown up, 4 lost by accident and 5 in collisions. THESE NATIONS WON S oldiers For Democracy Population Inihe War United States 103,600,000 4.000 000 British Empire 434,287,000 7,500,000 France 39.602,000 7.570,000 Italy 36.546,000 5 500.000 Belgium 7,571,000 500,000 Serbia 4,548,000 250,000 Russia 171,060,000 20,000,000 Rumania 7,508,000 250,000 Portugal 5,958,000' 50,000 Japan 55,968,000 50,000 Total 866,648,000 45,671,000 THESE NATIONS LOST Soldiers For Autocracy Population In the War Germany 67,812,000 10.500,000 Austria-Hungary 49.882,000 7,000,000 Bulgaria 4,753 000 1,000,000 Turkey 21,274,000 2,500,000 Total 143,721,000 21,000,000 China, Greece, Liberia, Panama, Cuba, Siam, Montenegro, Hayti also de- clared war on Germany. Statistics are not available for the armies of these nations. Brazil, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Peru, Uruguay and Egypt severed diplomatic relations with Germany. GERMAN AIR RAIDS "Altogether, from Dec. 25, 1914, to the last raid, July 20, 1918, the Germans made sixty-one attempts on Britain by airplanes, in which they lost fifty-nine planes, by gunfire, accident or collision, killed 766 and injured 2,001. From April, 14, 1914, to July 5th, 1918, Hun Zeppelins visited Britain fifty-six times, killed 517 and injured 1,153. Their own losses during these raids were at least thirteen airships." SHIPS SUNK BY GERMAN SUBMARINES AND MINES Official Report, Navy Department, covers sinkings from August, 1914, to November 1, 1918: 33 Ships Tonnage Great Britain (Merchant) 2,475 7,774,935 Great Britain (Fishing) 672 71,935 Norway 781 1,178,335 France 528 907,168 Italy 565 852,121 United States 125 385,967 Greece 162 337,545 Denmark 225 239,922 Sweden 185 201,733 Holland 105 199,976 Russia 124 183,852 Spain 79 167,793 Japan 29 120,784 Portugal 71 92,382 Belgium 34 81,408 Total 6,160 12,795,856 The great Naval Battle "Jutland," May 31, 1916, between British and German Fleets, won by British. MARINE CORPS Official From Headquarters Marine Corps, May 8, 1919 On April 6th, 1917, when war was declared, the U. S. Marine Corps consisted of 13,266 regulars and 36 reservists, making a total of 13,302 men. On November 11th, 1918, when the Armistice was declared, there were 63,716 regulars and 6,758 reservists, a total of 70,474. On April 8th, 1919, the force consisted of 51,807 regulars and 6,468 reservists, a total of 58,275. From March 17th to May 5th, 1918, the Marines were in the Verdun sector and the subsector of Molainville, with posts of command at Toulon and Moscow. From June 1st to July 6th they fought in the Chateau-Thierry sector, fighting in the Bois de Belleau from June 6th to 27th, with post of command at Ferme-la- Lage. From July 17th to July 23d, they occupied the Soissons sector, attacking on the front between the Aisne and the Ourcq rivers between July 17th and 21st, with posts of command at Viviers and Vierzy. August 1st to 17th found them in the Marbach sector, in the front line during the first nine days of the month, with post of command at Scarponen. From August 25th to 31st they were in training and entered the St. Mihiel sector on September 12th, leaving there on the 18th, having fought the battles of Thiaucourt, Bois de Minorville and Xammes Joulny. They rested at Toul the week of September 18th to 25th and entered the Cham- pagne on September 30th. The next day they went into the front line between the communication trenches of Bomberg and Custrine, fighting the battle of Blanc Mont Ridge on October 3d. Their post of command at this time was at Suippe. From October 10th to the 14th they rested at Somme Suippe, and spent from the 14th to the 23d in changing position. On November 1st they entered the Argonne sector, in the offensive west of the Meuse, leading in the attack on Foret de Julnay on November 5th. They remained in this sector until the Armis- tice was declared. Casualties were as follows : Among the officers there were 238 wounded and 98 killed in action or died of wounds and disease. Among the enlisted men, 8,438 were wounded, 2,496 were killed in action or died of wounds or disease and 77 were taken prisoners, all of whom have been released. The entire Fourth Brigade, consisting of the Fifth and Sixth Regiments and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion of Marines, was cited as follows: ' This Brigade was thrown into battle on a front which was being violently attacked by the enemy. It gave proof at once of being a unit of the first order. From its entry into line, in liaison with French troops, it broke up a violent enemy attack on an important point of the posi- tion, and immediately undertook, on its own account, a series of offensive operations. In the course of these operations, thanks to its brilliant courage, its vigor, its push, the tenacity of the 34 men, who did not allow themselves to be disheartened either by fatigue or by their losses; thanks to the activity and the energy of the officers; and thanks, finally, to the personal action of its chief, General James G. Harbord, the Fourth Brigade saw its efforts crowned with success. In close liaison with each other, the two regiments and the machine gun battalion effected, after twelve days of incessant strife (from the second to the thirteenth of June, 1918), in a very difficult terrain, an advance varying between 1,500 and 2,000 meters, on a front of four kilometers, captur- ing a large amount of material, taking more than 500 prisoners, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy, and wresting from him two strong points of first importance: the village of Bouresches and the organized position of the Bois de Belleau." The Fifth and Sixth Regiments were cited as follows: "Engaged unexpectedly in the offensive of July, 18, 1918, in the middle of the night, on a terrain which was unknown and very difficult, displayed during two days, without allowing them- selves to stop by fatigue and the difficulties of obtaining food and water, a remarkable ardor and tenacity, driving back the enemy 11 kilometers, capturing 2,700 prisoners, 12 cannon and several hundred machine guns." Of individual decorations, incomplete reports show that the men and officers of the Marine Corps received 2 Congressional Medals of Honor, 22 Distinguished Service Crosses, 433 Croix de Guerre, 1 Legion of Honor, 39 Croix de Guerre with palm, 9 Croix de Guerre with silver star, 55 Croix de Guerre with bronze star and 29 Croix de Guerre with gold star. Each unit of the brigade was decorated with the Croix de Guerre with palm, the entire brigade being decorated once, the Fifth and Sixth Regiments twice each, and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion once. Official: A revised report of casualties in the Marine Corps up to and in- cluding March 19th, 1919, issued, shows the total to have been 11,309 officers and men. WHY THE MARINES WERE SO SUCCESSFUL DURING THE LAST GREAT GERMAN RUSH TO PARIS 250,000 men of the Navy and Marines, most of whom never before handled a rifle, were trained. 54,147 qualified as marksmen. 23,222 qualified as sharp- shooters and 11,867 qualified as expert riflemen, besides a large number of quali- fications in the army courses. Today practically every combat ship is able to organize a landing force of as many men as it can send ashore, with every man a trained rifleman and many of them thoroughly trained machine-gunners. During the war the Marine Corps was assigned to and fought with the Army. LIBERTY LOAN HISTORY The First Liberty Loan was announced May 2nd, 1917. The campaign began May 15th. The issue was for $2,000,000,000 at 3^% and carried a con- version privilege. There were 4J-£ million subscribers who subscribed to over $3,000,000,000. Allotment, $2,000,000,000. The Second Loan, bearing 4% interest, with a conversion privilege, opened October 1st, 1917, and closed October 27th, 1917. Nine million people sub- scribed, aggregating $4,617,532,000. Of this amount, $3,808,766,150 was allotted. The Third Loan, bearing 4J4%, with no conversion privilege, opened April 6, 1918, and closed May 4th. The amount asked was $3,000,000,000. Seventeen million subscribers took $4,170,019,650, all of which was allotted. The Fourth Loan, bearing 4}^% interest, started September 28th and ended October 19th, 1918. Twenty-one million subscribers brought total subscriptions up to $6,866,416,300— an oversubscription of more than $866,000,000. The Fifth Victory Liberty Loan 4%% Convertible Gold Notes of 1922-1923. 3%% Convertible Gold Notes of 1922-1923. Authorized by Act of September 24, 1917, as amended April 4, 1918, July 9, 1918, September 24, 1918 and March 3, 1919. Issued under De- partment Circular No. 138, dated April 21,1919. Date of issue, May 20, 1919. Date of maturity, May 20, 1923. Redeemable on June 15 or December 15, 1922. Interest payable December 15, 1919, thereafter June 15 and December 15, and on May 20, 1923. Amount offered, $4,500,000,000. Amount subscribed, $5,- 249,908,300. Amount allotted, $4,500,000,000. The estimated number of subscribers to the Victory Liberty Loan was approximately 12,000,000. Over-Sub- Subscriptions Subscribers scriphom Boston $ 425,159.950 817,822 113.38% New York 1,762,684;900 2,484,532 130.57% Philadelphia 422,756,100 984,975 112.73% Cleveland 496,750,650 1,253,834 1 10.39% Richmond 225,146,850 500,000 107.21% Atlanta 143,062,050 320,699 99.34% Chicago 772,046,550 2,267,411 118.32% St. Louis 210,431,950 367,444 107.91% Minneapolis 176,114,850 931,767 111.82% Kansas City 197,989,100 680,967 101.53% Dallas 87,504,250 200,000 92.60% San Francisco 319,120,800 994,994 105.84% Treasury 11,140,300 Grand Total $5,249,908,300 Quota 84,500,000,000 Victory Loan Oversubscription, $749,908,300—16.66%. Each District but two over-sub- scribed its quota. About 60% was subscribed for in sums of $10,000 and less. The Five U. S. Loans Rale Callable Due zy 2 % 1932 1947 4% 1932 1947 4% 1927 1942 4M% 1932 1947 4M% 1927 1942 4M% 1933 1938 4J4% 1933 1928 l%% 1922 1923 $50, $100, $500 and $1,000 denominations. Finances of the War Total cost estimated $25,000,000,000 Loans to eleven nations 9,000,000,000 Raised by taxation in 1918 3,694,000,000 Raised by Liberty Loans 21,345,202.100 Raised by War Savings Stamps 900,000,000 War Relief Gifts, about 4,000.000,000 INTERESTING AND VALUABLE OFFICIAL STATISTICS NOT CONTAINED IN ANY OTHER WAR HISTORY SUMMARY Prepared by Col. Leonard P. Ayres, U. S. A., Chief of the Statistical Branch, War Dept., for the Sec'y of War Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France took part in battle. The number who reached France was 2,084,400, and of these 1,390,000 saw active service in the front line. American combat forces were organized into divisions, which consisted of some 28,000 officers and men. These divisions were the largest on the Western front, since the British numbered about 15,000 and those of the French and Ger- mans about 12,000 each. There were sent overseas 42 American divisions and several hundred thousand supplementary artillery and service supply troops. Of the 42 divisions that reached France 29 took part in active combat service, while the others were used for replacements or were just arriving during the last month of hostilities. The battle record of the United States Army in this war is largely the history of these 29 combat divisions. Seven of them were Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized from the National Guard and 11 were made up of National Army troops. American combat divisions were in battle 200 days, from the 25th of April, 1918, when the first Regular division after long training in quiet sectors, entered an active sector on the Picardy front, until the signing of the armistice. During these 200 days they were engaged in 13 major operations, of which 11 were joint enterprises with the French, British and Italians, and 2 were distinctively American. At the time of their greatest activity, in the second week of October, all 29 American divisions were in action. They then held 101 miles of front, or 23 per cent, of the entire allied battle line. From the middle of August until the end of the war they held, during the greater part of the time, a front longer than that held by the British. Their strength tipped the balance of man power in favor of the Allies, so that from the middle of June, 1918, to the end of the war the allied forces were superior in number to those of the enemy. The total battle advances of all the American divisions amount to 782 kilometers, or 485 miles, an average advance for each division of 17 miles, nearly all of it against desperate enemy resistance. They captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench mortars, and 9,650 machine guns. In June and July they helped to shatter the enemy advance toward Paris and to turn retreat into a triumphant offensive. At. St. Mihiel they pinched off in a day an enemy salient which had been a constant menace to the French line for four years. In the Argonne and on the Meuse they carried lines which the enemy was determined to hold at any cost, and cut the enemy lines of communication and supply for half the western battle front. In January, American troops were holding 10 kilometers, or Q}4 miles, of front in quiet sectors. In April their line had lengthened to 50 kilometers. In July this figure was doubled and in September tripled. The high point was reached in October, with 29 divisions in line, extending over a front of 162 kilometers or 101 miles, nearly one-quarter of the entire western front. On November 11, 1918, the Italians held 14 kilometers, or 2% per cent of the west- ern front. Another measure of American participation is the effect caused by the rapid arrivals of American troops on the rifle strength of the allied armies. One of the best indexes of effective man power is the number of riflemen ready for front-line service. For example, there are 12,250 rifles in an American division and smaller numbers of those of other armies. On the first of April the Germans had an actual superiority of 324,000 rifle- men on the western front. Their strength increased during the next two months but began to drop during June. At the same time the allied strength, with the constantly growing American forces, was showing a steady increase, so that the two lines crossed during June. From that time on allied strength was always in the ascendancy and since the French and British forces were weaker in October and November than they were in April and May this growing ascendancy of the Allies was due entirely to the Americans. By November 1st the allied rifle strength had a superiority over the Germans of more than 600,000 rifles. THIRTEEN BATTLES American troops saw service on practically every stretch of the western front from British lines in Belgium to inactive sectors in the Vosges. On October 21, 1917, Americans entered the line in the quiet Toul sector. From that date to the Armistice American units were somewhere in the line almost continuously. It is difficult to cut up the year and 22 days which intervened into well- defined battles, for a sense of the entire war on the Western front was a single battle. It is possible, however, to distinguish certain major operations or phases of the greater struggle. Thirteen such operations have been recognized in which American units were engaged, of which 12 took place on the western front and one in Italy. 37 The first major operation in which American troops were engaged was the Cambrai battle at the end of the campaign in 1917. Scattering medical and engineering detachments, serving with the British, were present during the action but sustained no serious casualties. The campaign of 1918 opened with the Germans in possession of the offen- sive. In a series of five drives of unprecedented violence the Imperial Great General Staff sought to break the allied line and end the war. These five drives took place in five successive months, beginning in March. Each drive was so timed as to take advantage of the light of the moon for that month. The first drive opened on March 21, on a 50-mile front across the old battle field of the Somme. In 17 days of fighting the Germans advanced their lines beyond Noyon and Montdidier and were within 12 miles of the important railroad center of Amiens with its great stores of British supplies. In this battle, also known as the Picardy offensive, approximately 2,200 American troops, serving with the British and French, were engaged. The attack upon Amiens had been but partially checked when the enemy struck again to the north in the Armentieres sector and advanced for 17 miles up the valley of the Lys. A small number of Americans, serving with the British, participated in the Lys defensive. For their next attack (May 27th) the Germans selected the French front along the Chemin des Dames, north of the Aisne. The line from Rheims to a little east of Noyon was forced back. Soissons fell, and on May 31st the enemy had reached the Marne Valley, down which he was advancing in the direction of Paris. At this critical moment our Second Division, together with elements of the Third and Twenty-eighth Divisions, were thrown into the line. By blocking the German advance at Chateau-Thierry, they rendered great assistance in stop- ping perhaps the most dangerous of the German drives. The Second Division not only halted the enemy on its front but also captured from him the strong tactical positions of Bouresches, Belleau Wood and Vaux. The enemy had by his offensives established two salients threatening Paris. He now sought to convert them into one by a fourth terrific blow delivered on a front of 22 miles between Montdidier and Noyon. The reinforced French Army resisted firmly and the attack was halted after an initial advance of about 6 miles. Throughout this operation (June 9-15) the extreme left line of the salient was defended by our First Division. Even before the drive began the division had demonstrated the fighting qualities of our troops by capturing and holding the town of Cantigny (May 28). There followed a month of quiet, during which the enemy reassembled his forces for his fifth onslaught. On July 15th he attacked simultaneously on both sides of Rheims, the eastern corner of the salient he had created in the Aisne drive. To the east of the city he gained a little. On the west he crossed the Marne, but made slight progress. His path was everywhere blocked. In this battle 85,000 American troops were engaged — the Forty-second Division to the extreme east in Champagne, and the Third and Twenty-eighth to the west, near Chateau-Thierry. ALLIED OFFENSIVE The turning point of the war had come. The great German offensives had been stopped. The initiative now passed from Ludendorff to Marshal Foch, and a series of allied offensives began, destined to roll back the German armies beyond the French frontier. In this continued allied offensive there may be distinguished six phases of major operations in which the American Expeditionary Forces took part. In four of the six operations the American troops engaged were acting in support of allied divisions and under the command of the generals of the Allies. 38 The moment chosen by Marshal Foch for launching the first counter-offen- sive was July 18, when it was clear that the German Champagne-Marne drive had spent its force. The plane chosen was the uncovered west flank of the Ger- man salient from the Aisne to the Marne. The First, Second, Third, Fourth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-eighth, Thirty-second and Forty-second American Di- visions, together with selected French troops, were employed. When the opera- tion was completed (August 6) the salient had been flattened out and the allied line ran from Soissons to Rheims along the Vesle. Two days later the British struck at the Somme salient, initiating an offen- sive which, with occasional breathing spells, lasted to the date of the Armistice. American participation in this operation was intermittent. From August 8th to 20th elements of the Thirty-third Division, which had been brigaded for train- ing with the Australians, were in line and took part in the capture of Chipilly Ridge. Later the Twenty-seventh and Thirtieth Divisions, which served through- out with the British, were brought over from the Ypres sector and used in company with Australian troops to break the Hindenburg line at the tunnel of the St. Quentin Canal (Sept. 20-Oct. 20). In the meantime, simultaneous assaults were in progress at other points on the front. On August 18th General Mangin began the Oisne-Aisne phase of the great allied offensive. Starting from the Soissons-Rheims line, along which they had come to rest August 6th, the French Armies advanced by successive stages to the Aisne, to Laon, and on November 11th were close to the frontier. In the first stages of this advance they were assisted by the Twenty-eighth, Thirty- second and Seventy-seventh American Divisions, but by September 15th all of these were withdrawn for the coming Meuse-Argonne offensive of the American Army. The day after the opening of the Oise-Aisne offensive the British launched the first of a series of attacks in the Ypres sector, which continued with some in- terruptions to the time of the Armistice and may be termed the "Ypres-Lys offensive." Four American Divisions at different times participated in the opera- tion. The Twenty-seventh and Thirtieth were engaged in the recapture of Mount Kemmel (August 31 to September 2). The Thirty-seventh and Ninety- first were withdrawn from the Meuse-Argonne battle and dispatched to Belgium, where they took part in the last stages of the Ypres-Lys offensive (October 31 to November 11). With the organization of the American First Army on August 10th, under the personal command of General Pershing, the history of the American Expe- ditionary Forces entered upon a new stage. The St. Mihiel (Sept. 12-16) and Meuse-Argonne (Sept. 26-Nov. 11) offensives were major operations planned and executed by American Generals and American troops. In addition to the 12 operations above mentioned, American troops partici- pated in the Battle of Vittrio-Veneto (Oct. 24-Nov. 4), which ended in the rout of the Austrian Army. THE BATTLE OF ST. MIHIEL The first distinctly American offensive was the reduction of the St. Mihiel salient, carried through from September 12th to September 15th, largely by American troops and wholly under the orders of the American commander-in- chief. In the attack the American troops were aided by French colonial troops, who held a portion of the front line. The Americans were also aided by French and British air squadrons. The attack began at 5 a. m., after four hours of artillery preparation of great severity, and met with immediate success. Before noon about half the distance between the bases of the salient had been covered and the next morning troops of the First and Twenty-sixth Divisions met at Vigneulles, cutting off the salient within 24 hours from the beginning of the movement. 39 Two comparisons between this operation and the Battle of Gettysburg em- phasize the magnitude of the action. About 550,000 Americans were engaged at St. Mihiel; the Union forces at Gettysburg numbered approximately 100,000. St. Mihiel set a record for concentration of artillery fire by a four-hour artillery preparation, consuming more than 1,000,000 rounds of ammunition. In three days at Gettysburg, Union artillery fired 33,000 rounds. The St. Mihiel offensive cost only about 7,000 casualties, less than one-third the Union losses at Gettysburg. There were captured 16,000 prisoners and 443 guns. A dangerous enemy salient was reduced, and American commanders and troops demonstrated their ability to plan and execute a big American operation. THE BATTLE OF THE MEUSE-ARGONNE "The object of the Meuse-Argonne offensive," said General Pershing in his report of November 20,1918, was "to draw the best German divisions to our front and to consume them." This sentence expresses better than any long de- scription not only the object of but also the outcome of the battle. Every avail- able American division was thrown against the enemy. Every available German division was thrown in to meet them. At the end of the 47 days of continuous battle our divisions had consumed the German divisions. The goal of the American attack was the Sedan-Mezieres railroad, the main line of supply for the German forces on the major part of the western front. If this line were cut, a retirement on the whole front would be forced. This re- tirement would include, moreover, evacuation of the Briey iron fields, which the Germans had been using to great advantage to supplement their own iron supply. The defense of the positions threatened was therefore of such importance as to warrant the most desperate measures for resistance. When the engagement was evidently impending the commander of the German Fifth Army sent word to his forces, calling on them for unyielding resistance and pointing out that defeat in this engagement might mean disaster for the Fatherland. On the first day, the 26th of September, and the next day or two after that, the lines were considerably advanced. Then the resistance became more stub- born. Each side threw in more and more of its man power until there were no more reserves. Many German divisions went into action twice, and not a few three times, until, through losses, they were far under strength. All through the month of October the attrition went on. Foot by foot American troops pushed back the best of the German divisions. On November 1st the last stage of the offensive began. The enemy power began to break. American troops forced back their way to the east bank of the Meuse. Toward the north they made even more rapid progress, and in seven days reached the outskirts of Sedan and cut the Sedan-Mezieres railroad, making the German line untenable. In the meantime (Oct. 2 to Oct. 28) our Second and Thirty-second divisions had been sent west to assist the French, who were advancing in Champagne beside our drive in the Argonne. The liason detachment between the two armies was for a time furnished by the Ninety-second Division. In some ways the Meuse-Argonne offers an interesting resemblance to the Battle of the Wilderness, fought from May 5th to 12th, 1864, in the Civil War. Both were fought over a terrain covered with tangled woods and underbrush. The Wilderness was regarded as a long battle, marked by slow progress, against obstinate resistance, with very heavy casualties. Here the similarity ends. The Meuse-Argonne lasted six times as long as the Battle of the Wilderness. Twelve times as many American troops were engaged as were on the Union side. They used in action ten times as many guns and fired about one hundred times as many rounds of artillery ammunition. The actual weight of the ammunition fired was greater than that used by the Union forces during the entire Civil War. Casualties were perhaps four times as heavy as among the Northern troops in the Battle of the Wilderness. The Battle of the Meuse-Argonne was beyond compare the greatest ever fought by American troops, and there have been few, if any, greater battles in the history of the world. Some of the more important statistics of the engage- ment are presented here: Days of battle 47 American troops engaged 1,200,000 Guns employed in attack 2,417 Rounds of artillery ammunition fired 4 214,000 Airplanes used 840 Tons of explosives dropped by planes on enemy lines 100 Tanks used 324 Miles of penetration of enemy line, maximum 34 Square kilometers of territory taken 1,550 Villages and towns liberated 150 Prisoners captured 16,059 Machine guns captured 2,864 Trench mortars captured 177 American casualties 120,000 RECORD OF 29 COMBAT DIVISIONS Twenty-nine combat divisions achieved the successes and bore the losses of active operations. The story of their achievements can not be told within the limits of this account. The First Division was the first in line and the first to enter an active sector. It reached France in June, 1917, went into line in October and into an active sector in April, 1918. The next three divisions in order of length of service all reached France in 1917. Three of the 29 divisions were still serving their apprenticeship and had not seen much severe battle service at the time of the signing of the Armistice. They were the Sixth, the Eighty-first and the Eighty-eighth. It is interesting that of the total of 2,232 days which American Divisions spent in line, four-tenths were in active sectors. Days spent by each division in quiet and active Kilometers advanced against the enemy by each sectors: division: Division Quiet Active Total Division Kilometers Per Cent. 1st 127 93 220 77th ny 2 9.14 26th 148 45 193 2nd 60 7.67 42nd 125 39 164 42nd 55 7.03 2nd 71 66 137 1st 51 6.52 77th 47 66 113 89th 48 6.13 5th 71 32 103 3rd 41 5.24 82nd 70 27 97 80th 38 4.86 35th 92 5 97 26th 37 4.73 32nd 60 35 95 32nd 36 4.60 3rd 86 86 33rd 36 4.60 89th 55 28 83 91st 34 4.35 29th 59 23 82 37th 30 3.83 28th 31 49 80 30th 29^ 3.77 90th 42 26 68 5th 29 3.71 37th 50 11 61 90th 28}^ 3.64 33rd 32 27 59 4th 24^ 3.13 27th 57 57 78th 21 2.68 30th 56 56 36th 21 2.68 92nd 51 2 53 79th 19H 2.49 79th 28 17 45 82nd 17 2.17 4th 7 38 45 35th 12X 1.60 6th 40 40 27th 11 1.41 78th 17 21 38 28th 10 1.28 7th 31 2 33 92nd 8 1.02 81st 31 31 29th 7 .89 91st 15 14 29 81st 5V 2 .70 88th 28 28 7th 1 .13 36th 23 23 6th 80th 1 17 18 88th Total 1,329 905 Total 782M 41 The Seventy-seventh National Army Division, composed largely of troops from New York City, made the greatest advance — a total of 71}^ kilometers, or nearly 45 miles. This was more than 9 per cent, of the ground gained by the divisions. If the advances are turned into miles the total advance is 485 miles, and the average gain for each division 17 miles. The total number of American prisoners taken by Germans was 4,343. The price paid for these achievements was 286,000 battle casualties; a heavy price when counted in terms of the individuals who gave their lives or suffered from wounds ; a small price when compared with the enormous price paid by the nations at whose sides we fought. The figures given above were corrected to March 1st at the office of the Adjutant-General of the Expeditionary Forces. Battle deaths include both killed in action and died of wounds. Under wounded are included many slightly in- jured, and there is probably some duplication between wounded and died of wounds. Artillery brigade losses are included in the figures of the divisions to which they were originally assigned. The troops not in divisions were largely artillery, headquarters, train and other special services attached to groups of divisions operating together in corps and armies. German prisoners captured by each division Casualties suffered by each division: Division Men Captured Per Cent. Division Battle Deaths Wounded Total 2nd 12,026 19.07 2nd 4,419 20,657 25,076 1st 6,469 10.26 1st 4,204 19,141 23,345 89th 5,061 8.02 3rd 3,102 15,052 18,154 33rd 3,987 6.32 28th 2,531 13,746 16,277 30th 3,848 6.10 42nd 2,713 13,292 16,005 26th 3,148 4.99 26th 2,168 13,000 15,168 4th 2,756 4.37 4th 2,587 11,596 14,183 91st 2,412 3.82 32nd 2,898 10,986 13,884 27th 2,357 3.74 77th 1,990 9,966 11,956 5th 2,356 3.74 27th 1,791 9,427 11,218 3rd 2,240 3.55 30th 1,652 9,429 11,081 29th 2,187 3.47 5th 1,908 7,975 9,883 32nd 2,153 3.41 33rd 1,002 8,251 9,253 90th 1,876 2.97 89th 1,419 7,394 8,813 80th 1,813 2.87 82nd 1,338 6,890 8,228 37th 1,495 2.37 78th 1,359 6,800 8,159 42nd 1,317 2.09 90th 1,387 6,623 8,010 79th 1,077 1.71 35th 960 6,894 7,854 28th 921 1.46 79th 1,396 6,194 7,590 82nd 845 1.34 80th 1,141 5,622 6.763 35th 781 1.24 91st 1,390 5,106 6,496 77th 750 1.19 29th 940 5,219 6,159 36th 549 .87 37th 992 4,931 5,923 78th 432 .68 36th 591 2,119 2,710 81st 101 .16 7th 302 1,516 1,818 7th 59 .11 92nd 185 1,495 1,680 92nd 38 .06 81st 250 801 1,051 6th 12 .02 6th 97 479 576 88th 3 63,079 .00 88th Total 27 63 90 Total 46,739 230,664 277,403 Other units 2,170 6,471 8,641 Gr'd total 48,909 237,135 286,044 The Ninety-third Division is worthy of special mention. It has not been listed among the combat divisions because it was always incomplete as a division. It was without its artillery and some other units, and was brigaded with the French from the time of its arrival in France in the spring of 1918 until the sign- ing of the armistice. Its service in the line was fully as long as that of many of the so-called combat divisions. This is indicated by a comparison of its casual- ties with those in other divisions. The division was made up of colored soldiers from National Guard units of various States. Its casualties were 584 killed, 2,982 wounded — total 3,106. 42 Casualties in replacements and depot divisions are partly accounted for in two ways. In the first place the artillery of a number of these divisions went into action separately. Secondly, some replacement units joining combat di- visions suffered casualties before the papers involved in their transfer had been completed. Hence they were reported in their original organizations. Among the 8,641 casualties occurring among "other units "there is one most interesting and not inconsiderable group, some of the members of which are in- cluded in "troops not in division," and the rest among the casualties of replace- ment and depot divisions. These are the men who deserted to the front. They went A. W. O. L. (absent without leave) from their organizations in the zone of supplies or in the training areas, and found their way up to the battle line where many of them took part in the fighting and some of them were killed or wounded. These cases were so numerous that General Pershing made special arrangements by which trained men who had rendered good service behind the lines could, as a reward, secure opportunity to go to the front and take part in the fighting. SUMMARY The number of men serving in the armed forces of the nation during the war was 4,800,000, of whom 4,000,000 served in the Army. In the war with Germany the United States raised twice as many men as did the Northern States in the Civil War, but only half as many in proportion to the population. The British sent more men to France in their first year of war than we did in our first year, but it took England three years to reach a strength of 2,000,000 men in France, and the United States accomplished it in one-half of that time. Of every 100 men who served, 10 were National Guardsmen, 13 were Regu- lars and 77 were in the National Army (or would have been if the services had not been consolidated). Of the 54,000,000 males in the population, 26,000,000 were registered in the draft or were already in service. In the physical examinations the States of the Middle West made the best showing. Country boys did better than city boys; whites better than colored; and native born better than foreign born. In this war twice as many men were recruited as in the Civil War and at one- twentieth of the recruiting cost. There are 200,000 Army officers. Of every six officers, one had previous military training with troops, three were graduates of officers' training camps and two came directly from civil life. TRAINING The average American soldier who fought in France had six months of train- ing here, two months overseas before entering the line, and one month in a quiet sector before going into battle. Most soldiers received their training in infantry divisions which are our typical combat units and consist of about 1,000 officers and 27,000 men. Forty-two divisions were sent to France. More than two-thirds of our line officers were graduates of the officers' training camps. France and England sent to the United States nearly 800 specially skilled officers and non-commissioned officers, who rendered most important aid as instructors in our training camps. SENDING TROOPS OVERSEAS During our 19 months of war more than 2,000,000 American soldiers were carried to France. Half a million of these went over in the first 13 months and a million and a half in the last six months. 43 The highest troop-carrying records are those of July, 1918, when 306,000 soldiers were carried to Europe, and May, 1919, when 330,000 were brought home to America. Most of the troops who sailed for France left from New York. Half of them landed in England and the other half landed in France. Among every 100 Americans who went over 49 went in British ships, 45 in American ships, 3 in Italian, 2 in French and 1 in Russian shipping under English control. Our cargo ships averaged one complete trip every 70 days and our troop ships one complete trip every 35 days. The greatest troop-carrier among all the ships has been the Leviathan, which landed 12,000 men, or the equivalent of a German division, in France every month. The fastest transports have been the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific, which have made complete turnarounds, taken on new troops, and started back again in 19 days. The problems of feeding and clothing the Army were difficult because of the immense quantities involved rather than because of the difficulty of manufac- turing the articles needed. Requirements for some kinds of clothing for the Army were more than twice as great as the pre-war total American production of the same articles. To secure the articles needed for the Army the Government had to comman- deer all the wool and some other staple articles in the United States and control production through all its stages. The distribution of supplies in the Expeditionary Forces required the creation of an organization called the Services of Supply, to which one-fourth of all the troops who went overseas were assigned. American Engineers built in France 83 new ship berths, 1,000 miles of standard-gauge track and 538 miles of narrow-gauge track. The Signal Corps strung in France 100,000 miles of telephone and tele- graph wires. Prior to the armistice, 40,000 trucks were shipped to the forces in France. Construction projects in the United States cost twice as much as the Panama Canal, and construction overseas was on nearly as large a scale. The Army in France always had enough food and clothing. SMALL ARMS When war was declared the Army had on hand nearly 600,000 Springfield rifles. Their manufacture was continued, and the American Enfield rifle de- signed and put into production. The total production of Springfield and Enfield rifles up to the signing of the armistice was over 2,500,000. The use of machine guns on a large scale is a development of the European war. In the American Army the allowance in 1912 was four machine guns per regiment. In 1919 the new Army plans provided for an equipment of 336 guns per regiment, or eighty-four times as many. The entire number of American machine guns produced to the end of 1918 was 227,000. During the war the Browning Automatic Rifle and the Browning machine gun were developed, put into quantity production and used in large numbers in the final battles in France. The Browning machine guns are believed to be more effective than the cor- responding weapons used in any other army. American production of rifle ammunition amounted to approximately 3,500,000,000, of which 1,500,000,000 were shipped overseas. 44 ARTILLERY When war was declared the United States had sufficient light artillery to equip an army of 500,000 men, and shortly found itself confronted with the problem of preparing to equip 5,000,000. To meet the situation it was decided in June, 1917, to allot our guns to train- ing purposes and to equip our forces in France with artillery conforming to the French and British standard calibers. It was arranged that we should purchase from the French and British the artillery needed for our first divisions and ship them in return equivalent amounts of steel, copper and other raw materials so that they could either manufacture guns for us in their own factories or give us guns out of their stocks and replace them by new ones made from our materials. Up to the end of April, 1919, the number of complete artillery units pro- duced in American plants was more than 3,000, or equal to all those purchased from the French and British during the war. The number of rounds of complete artillery ammunition produced in Ameri- can plants was in excess of 20,000,000, as compared with 9,000,000 rounds se- cured from the French and British. In the first twenty months after the declaration of war by each country, the British did better than we did in the production of light artillery, and we excelled them in producing heavy artillery and both light and heavy ammunition. So far as the Allies were concerned, the European war was in large measure fought with American powder and high explosives. At the end of the war American production of smokeless powder was 45 per cent greater than the French and British production combined. At the end of the war the American production of high explosives was 40 per cent greater than Great Britain's and nearly double that of France. During the war America produced 10,000 tons of gas, much of which was sold to the French and British. Out of every hundred days that our combat divisions were in line in France they were supported by their own artillery for 75 days, by British artillery for 5 days, and by French artillery for \ x /i days. Of the remaining \% x /i days they were in line without artillery, 18 days were in quiet sectors, and only one- half of one day in each hundred was in active sectors. In round numbers, we had in France 3,500 pieces of artillery, of which nearly 500 were made in America, and we used on the firing line 2,250 pieces, of which over 100 were made in America. EQUIPMENT On the declaration of war the United States had 55 training airplanes, of which 51 were classified as obsolete and the other 4 as obsolescent. When we entered the war the Allies made the designs of their planes available to us and before the end of hostilities furnished us from their own manufacture 3,800 service planes. Aviation training schools in the United States graduated 8,602 men from elementary courses and 4,028 from advanced courses. More than 5,000 pilots and observers were sent overseas. The total personnel of the Air Service, officers, students and enlisted men increased from 1,200 at the outbreak of the war to nearly 200,000 at its close. There were produced in the United States to November 30, 1918, more than 8,000 training planes and more than 15,000 training engines. The De Haviland-4 observation and day bombing plane was the only plane the United States put into quantity production. Before the signing of the Armistice 3,227 had been completed and 1,885 shipped overseas. The plane was successfully used at the front for three months. The production of the 12-cylinder Liberty engine was America's chief con- tribution to aviation. Before the Armistice 13,574 had been completed, 4,435 shipped to the Expeditionary Forces and 1,025 delivered to the Allies. The first fliers in action wearing the American uniform were members of the Lafayette Escadrille, who were transferred to the American service in Decem- ber, 1917. The American air force at the front grew from 3 squadrons in April to 45 in November, 1918. On November 11 the 45 squadrons had an equipment of 740 planes. Of 2,698 planes sent to the zone of the advance for American aviators, 667, or nearly one-fourth, were of American manufacture. American air squadrons played important roles in the battles of Chateau- Thierry, St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne. They brought down in combat 755 enemy planes, while their own losses of planes numbered only 357. Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France took part in battle. The number who reached France was 2,084,000, and of these 1,390,000 saw active service at the front. Of the 42 divisions that reached France, 29 took part in active combat service. Seven of them were Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized from the National Guard, and 11 were made up of National Army troops. American divisions were in battle for 200 days and engaged in 13 major operations. From the middle of August until the end of the war the American divisions held during the greater part of the time a front longer than that held by the British. In October the American divisions held 101 miles of line, or 23 per cent, of the entire western front. On the 1st of April the Germans had a superiority of 324,000 in rifle strength. Due to American arrivals the allied strength exceeded that of the Germans in June and was more than 600,000 above it in November. In the battle of St. Mihiel 550,000 Americans were engaged, as compared with about 100,000 on the Northern side in the Battle of Gettysburg. The artil- lery fired more than 1,000,000 shells in four hours, which is the most intense concentration of artillery fire recorded in history. The Meuse-Argonne Battle lasted for 47 days, during which 1,200,000 American troops were engaged. The American battle losses of the war were 50,000 killed and 236,000 wounded. They are heavy when counted in terms of lives and suffering, but light compared with the enormous price paid by the nations at whose sides we fought. CASUALTIES Of every 100 American soldiers and sailors who served in the war with Germany, two were killed or died of disease during the period of hostilities. The total battle deaths of all nations in this war were greater than all the deaths in all the wars in the previous 100 years. Russian battle deaths were 34 times as heavy as those of the United States, those of Germany 32 times as great, the French 28 times and the British 18 times as large. The number of American lives lost was 122,500, of which about 10,000 were in the Navy and the rest in the Army and the Marines, attached to it. In the American Army the casualty rate in the Infantry was higher than for men. For every man killed in battle seven were wounded. Five out of every six men sent to hospitals on account of wounds were cured and returned to duty. 46 In the Expeditionary Forces battle losses were twice as large as deaths from disease. In this war the death rate from disease was lower, and the death rate from battle was higher than in any other previous American war. Inoculation, clean camps and safe drinking water practically eliminated typhoid fever among our troops in this war. Pneumonia killed more soldiers than were killed in battle. Meningitis was the next most serious disease. Of each 100 cases of venereal disease recorded in the United States, 96 were contracted before entering the Army and only 4 afterwards. During the entire war available hospital facilities in the American Expedi- tionary Forces have been in excess of the needs. The war cost the United States considerably more than $1,000,000 an hour for over two years. The direct cost was about $22,000,000,000, or nearly enough to pay the entire cost of running the United States Government from 1791 up to the out- break of the European war. Our expenditures in this war were sufficient to have carried on the Revolu- tionary War continuously for more than 1,000 years at the rate of expenditure which that war actually involved. In addition to this huge expenditure, nearly $10,000,000,000 have been loaned by the United States to the Allies. The Army expenditures have been over $14,000,000,000, or nearly two- thirds of our total war costs. During the first three months our war expenditures were at the rate of $2,- 000,000 per day. During the next year they averaged more than $22,000,000 a day. For the final 10 months of the period from April, 1917, to April, 1919, the daily average was over $44,000,000. Although the Army expenditures are less than two-thirds of bur total war costs, they are nearly equal to the value of all the gold produced in the whole world from the discovery of America up to the outbreak of the European war. The pay of the Army during the war cost more than the combined salaries of all the public-school principals and teachers in the United States for the five years from 1912 to 1916. The total war costs of all nations were about $186,000,000,000, of which the Allies and the United States spent two-thirds and the enemy one-third. The three nations spending the greatest amounts were Germany, Great Britain and France, in that order. After them come the United States and Austro- Hungary with substantially equal expenditures. The United States spent about one-eighth of the entire cost of the war, and something less than one-fifth of the expenditures of the allied side. WHO AND WHAT WON THE WAR? LITTLE BELGIUM'S heroic, gallant, but hopeless fight delayed the Germans until England and France could organize. OLD ENGLAND, by intelligent and desperate fighting, against overwhelming odds, prevented the capture of the channel ports. Also by her Naval forces and the blockade of German ports. FRANCE, with desperate fighting under Marshal JofTre at the first battle of the Marne, prevented the capture of Paris, and by her defense of Verdun. RUSSIA, by constant fighting, with enormous losses, held large German armies in the East and prevented them from going to the Western front, where the Germans would have largely outnumbered the Allies. UNITED STATES, who sent 2,000,000 across the sea in ten months in time to stop the last German effort and rush, and drove to a complete defeat and practical surrender Germany's ambition to conquer the world, and byshipping 40% of all the munitions used by the Allies. 47 ITALY, by her last great rush upon the Austrian army prevented them from going to the assistance of the Germans in the last days of the war. The failure of any one of these might have given the Germans the victory. However, the Almighty hand is plainly visible, through all, and to Him must be given all praise and thanks. THANKSGIVING DAY, 1918 "God has given us Peace. It has come as a great triumph of right." "Thanks for the swiftness and superb spirit with which the army prepared for and finished their great task. It surprised our country and amazed the world." "Thanks to our Navy for its proud achievements, and to our Marines for gallantry unsurpassed." "Thanks to the ship-builders, the farmers, the railroaders and ammunition workers, who made possible the ships, the food, and ammunition, that kept our boys supplied — they are deserving of every possible credit." "Thanks to the millions of laborers who were steadfast and loyal in mines, factories and fields. The country is grateful to them." "Thanks to the five and a quarter million of war gardeners, mostly women, boys and girls, who produced over $525,000,000 of food." "Thanks to the purchasers — poor and rich — of bonds and stamps, who made success possible; and thanks to the food conservers who saved many lives." "Thanks to the church, fraternal, social, insurance and other organizations and people, old, middle-aged and young, business men of all kinds (who con- tributed liberally) and worked for our glorious cause." UNITED STATES CASUALTIES IN FORMER WARS Prior to 1817 the United States engaged in 110 wars, and 8,600 battles — big and little. Casualties in all wars, from War of Independence to Armistice with Germany, reached 1,280,000 men. About 595,000 were killed, died of wounds or disease, or other causes. The balance of 685,000 were wounded. Figures for the War of Independence, and over 100 little wars, are not re- corded. It is estimated that the killed, wounded and missing amount to 100,000. No records of any kind survived the War of Independence. Adding the probable casualties to those of which record has been kept the number will approximate 1,500,000, of which 700,000 lost their lives in battle or causes due to war. REVOLUTIONARY WAR General Washington failed to keep a record of the casualties. The number of men in the Revolutionary War totaled 356,000; 231,770 were Continental forces; 145,000 were militia from the Colonies, but of these many were duplica- tions, many men having served three different enlistments. No record exists of casualties of many little wars in Indian troubles, between 1775 and the war of 1812 with Great Britain. THE WAR OF 1812 Regular Army, 60,000 officers and men. Volunteers, 471,000 enlisted, in- cluding 31,210 officers. The Regular Army casualties were 65 officers and 1,235 men. Volunteer casualties, 577 officers and 2,985 men. Regular Army wounded, 2,985, and 1,015 volunteers. No record was kept of death from diseases, but they are known to have greatly exceeded those due to battle. MEXICAN WAR— 1846 May, 1846, Congress declared war on Mexico. The Regular Army consisted of 637 officers and 5,925 enlisted men. During the war additions were made — officers, 1,635, and 40,934 enlisted men. In addition, the volunteer army num- bered 3,131 officers and 70,129 men. Total of 115,847 men. The casualty list was 43,299 (killed in battle, 1,777, died of wounds, 954, of disease, 16,054, dis- charged for disability, 12,308, accidents, 550, executed sentence of court-martial, 34. Balance lost through desertion, rejection and other causes). WAR FOR THE UNION— 1861-1865 Nearly 3,000,000 troops fought in this war. On the Union side, 2,324,516. This includes many re-enlistments. On the Confederate side, about 700,000. There is no complete data as to Confederate figures; their losses are estimated to be about 100,000 men killed in action and died of wounds; about 60,000 from disease; the wounded, missing, prisoners, etc., nearly 300,000. Union casualties. Killed in battle and died from other causes — officers, 9,584; enlisted men, 349,944. Total, 359,528. Wounded, 275,175. Total, 634,703. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR— 1897-'98 A total number called for Cuba and the Philippines, 280,564; 45,600 of these saw actual service; deaths due to battle and wounds, 1,851 ; disease, 3,730. Total, 5,581. The Philippine war lasted three years. 122,400 men were sent there. Losses, 7,152. 750 were killed in battle; 225 died of wounds; 2,701 died of disease and the balance in various ways. Total wounded, 2,820. MEXICAN NEAR WAR— 1915-'16 April, 1915, Navy occupied Vera Cruz. General Funston occupied city with about 4,000 Regulars, 3,000 Marines. Later about 20,000 were sent. Villa attacked Columbia March 8, 1916. U. S. losses, 7 killed, 7 wounded. General Pershing entered Mexico, driving Villa 400 miles; killing some 200. May 9, 1916, National Guard, New Mexico and Arizona called out. Later all the National Guard of the United States. On July 31 we had on the border 110,957 and in the States 4,139. Total, 115,096. WORLD'S WAR 1918 — United States Army strength at home and abroad 3,764,000 1918 — United States Navy strength at home and abroad 497,030 1918 — United States Marine Corps strength at home and abroad 78,017 Total 4,339,047 U. S. ARMY CASUALTIES Killed, died of wounds and missing 49,706 Died from disease 23,451 Died from accident and other causes 5,071 Wounded (80% returned to duty) 213,297 291,525 Not included above, died in the U. S., 1918 34,912 Navy losses, about 10,000 Marine Corps Casualties; Official, March 19, 1919 11,309 Total 347,746 49 OFFICAL REPORT FROM THE BRITISH EMBASSY, WASHINGTON, D. C, 1919 Total troops sent overseas or in training Country Nov. 1918 Killed Wounded Missing Total United Kingdom 5,704,416 549,969 1,649,946 253,353 2,453,268 Canada 458,218 55,175 149,733 767 205,675 Australia 331,814 55,585 151,245 3,121 209,951 New Zealand 112,233 16,132 40,749 5 56,886 South Africa 76,184 India 1,401,350 36,162 62,106 14,042 112,310 Total 8,084,205 713,023 2,053,779 271,288 3,038,090 Killed Wounded and Missing— Total 3,038,090 Sick casualties not included. OFFICIAL REPORT FROM THE ROYAL ITALIAN EMBASSY, WASHINGTON, D. C, DEC. 24, 1918. Men Reported strength of the Italian Army before the War 250,000 Called to the colors, a little less than 5,550,000 At the last offensive the total strength, including boys born in 1900, was 4,025,000 Conflicting figures have been published, but information received from our War De- partment puts losses at 1,500,000 Killed in action 350,000 Died of disease 150,000 Totally disabled by blindness, loss of limb or tuberculosis 550,000 The War Cost Italy $12,000,000,000 Italy declared War on Austria-Hungary on the 24th of May, 1915. OFFICIAL REPORT FROM THE RUSSIAN EMBASSY, WASHINGTON, D. C, DECEMBER 23, 1918 Total number of men in Russian Army and Navy before the war 1,400,000 Total during the war 20,000,000 Total number killed and died of wounds 3,000,000 Total number wounded 7,000,000 Total number of prisoners and missing . 2,000,000 Aug. 1, 1914— Germany declared war on Russia. Aug. 6, 1914 — Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary. Nov. 3, 1914 — Russia declared war on Turkey. Oct. 9, 1915 — Russia declared war on Bulgaria. Russian Indebtedness Roubles Interior Indebtedness 33,850,000,000 Foreign Indebtedness 7,471,000,000 Taxes. 7,045,520,000 Total 48,366,520,000 This indebtedness equais $24,006,o6b,000 approximately. REPORTED BY THE RUMANIAN LEGATION, WASHINGTON, D. C, MAY 12, 1919 Men Rumanian Army before the war, 5,750 officers and 124,000 The general mobilization raised a total of 810,000 Two further classes called in 1917 90,000 The maximum numerical strength was attained in September, 1916. Killed, died of wounds or disease, over 200,000 Prisoners, lost .- - -••-■ 170,000 There is no knowledge of the exact number wounded and no available exact figures as to the present national debt, nor as to the damage sustained during the war. The population in 1914 (including the province taken from Bulgaria in 1913) was 8,000,000 No estimate can be made now until Rumania's new boundaries are determined. The territory promised for her participation in the war, together with the Bessarabia, would have a population of some 8,000,000 The losses during the war due to epidemics, falling off of birth rate, etc., would somewhat diminish this total. 50 CANADA Army strength numbered before the war, about 3,000 During the four years of the war it was increased to 595,541 Official Casualties Killed inaction 35,684 Died of wounds 12,437 Died of disease . 4,087 Wounded 155,839 Prisoners ,. 3,049 Presumed dead 4,682 Missing 398 Died in Canada 2,287 218,463 Deaths during 1915 14,500 Deaths during 1916 56,500 Deaths during 1917 74,500 Deaths during 1918 73,000 218,500 Men sent overseas up to Nov. 15th 418,652 (See British report page 49.) Canadians were especially noted for fighting and gallantry, received numer- ous British awards, and lost comparatively very few prisoners. War Loans were $695,389,277. Number of subscribers were 1,104,107. About $192.00 per capita has been loaned to Canada by its citizens. Estimated debt, $2,000,000,000. It will cost the present generation annually $110,000,000. 1919 pension list is $30,000,000 and will probably increase to $50,000,000. FRANCE Losses estimated by the French Embassy, Washington, D. C, April 9, 1919. Army strength before the war 520,000 Navy 30,000 Total called during the war, including above 7,570,000 Killed 1,400,000 Prisoners 420,000 Wounded (approximate) from 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 Disabled (of above number) 1,000,000 6,820,000 Appropriations— Money Expended $23,496,238,532 Cost of War — French War Loans 1st Loan— 1915 $2,150,275,230 2nd Loan— 1916 1,849,440,367 3rd Loan— 1917 1,884,220,183 4th Loan— 1918 3,854,020,400 $ 9,737,956,180 Short Term Treasury Notes $4,978,333,027 Total War Taxes 4,464,220,182 $ 9,442,553,209 Total $19,180,509,389 In 1870 and 1871, Germany asked from France as indemnity, $1,000,000,- 000. (Special war levies exacted from different cities not included.) Later Report — French Losses Official Reported to the Chamber of Deputies July 5, 1919. Killed 1,089,700 Missing _ 265,800 This is 16.2% of 8,410,000 mobilized. Navy Losses Killed 5,521 Missing 5,214 Total 10,735 This is 4.19% of the Navy strength. .-,1 German Official Report, April 14, 1919 Casualties, killed or died of wounds 1,486,902 Died of disease 134,082 Claimed civilians died from malnutrition 562,769 Died of Killed Disease First Year .. — 481,506 24,329 Second Year 330,332 30,329 Third Year 294,743 30,190 Fourth Year 317,954 38,167 Total 1,424,535 123,015 Civilians died from disease claimed to be due to the blockade: First Year 88,236 Second Year 121,174 Third Year 259,627 Fourth Year 293,706 762,743 War Costs German revenue four years $ 4,250,000.000 War expenditures (demobilization expenses to be added) 46,500,000,000 Damages to Germany 1,112,000,000 Claims of ship owners 375,000,000 Relief of soldiers' families 1,692,000,000 Debts contracted 39,425,000,000 Upon which the yearly interest is '. 1,975,000,000 Previous annual expenses 600,000,000 Annual expenses hereafter 4,750,000,000 Taxation before the war raised 1,125,000,000 GERMANY AND HER ALLIES 1910 Census — Population 1910 Census Population Germany 64,926,000 Austria... 28,325,000 93,251,000 Hungary 20,886,000 Bosnia.. 1,898,000 22,784,000 Bulgaria 4,338.000 Turkey (approximated) 20,000,000 24,338,000 Total, Germany and her Allies 140,373,000 Amounts spent by each Nation for direct war expenses to the spring of 1919 : Germany $ 39,000,000,000 British Empire 38,000,000,000 France 26,000,000,000 United States 22,000,000,000 Austria-Hungary 21,000,000,000 Russia - 28,000,000,000 Italy 13,000,000,000 Belgium-Rumania, Portugal, Jugo-Slavia 5,000,000,000 Turkey-Bulgaria 3,000,000,000 Japan-Greece - 1,000,000,000 $196,000,000,000 Gross Debt world indeb: Aug. 1, 1914 $ 1,000,000,000 rEDNESS Jan. 1, 1919 $ 21,000,000,000 40,000,000,000 30,000,000,000 27,000,000,000 12,000,000,000 40,000,000,000 25,000,000,000 $195,000,000,000 National Wealth $220,000,000,000 3,500,000,000 85,000,000,000 France Russia Italy 6,500,000,000 4,600,000,000 2,800,000,000 67,000,000,000 16,000,000,000 German Empire and States Austria-Hungary 5,200,000,000 3,700,000,000 $27,300,000,000 52 France $15,000,000,000 United States 750,000,000 Belgium 7,500,000,000 Greece 500,000,000 Great Britain 5,000,000,000 Czecho-Slovakia 500,000,000 Russia and Poland 7,000,000,000 Japan 250,000,000 Italy 1,500,000,000 Portugal 100,000,000 Serbia - . 1,000,000,000 China, Siam, Armenia and Rumania 1,000,000,000 others, about 250,000,000 SEA-GOING MERCHANT SHIPPING OF THE WORLD July 1,1914 Dec. 31,1918 Gross Tons Gross Tons Great Britain 20,100,000 16,900,000 United States 1 ,875,000 5,719,000 Other Allies 7,675,000 6,840,000 Enemy Nations 6,325,000 4,360,000 Neutral Nations 6,640,000 5,786,000 Totals 42,615,000 39,605,000 BOY SCOUTS ASSISTED Of those between twelve and twenty-one, 350,000 enrolled. They worked for the Liberty Loans, the War Savings Stamps, in locating black walnut when it was needed, aided the Red Cross, acted as dispatch bearers and messengers on many occasions, and whenever needed. AFTERMATH More than 500 artificial arms and legs furnished in 1919. Total number of amputations, about 4,000. 125 cases of total blindness, all not yet determined as permanent. THE HOME GUARD German intrigue with a strong spy system working in the United States, the blowing up of plants and other acts of violence, made it necessary to have protection at home, and to this end the Home Guards were organized. This was extended until nearly every city, town and village had its Home Guard organ- ization. Excellent work was done in locating German sympathisers, in guard- ing bridges, water works, munition factories and other plants engaged in manu- facturing supplies for the Army. 10,000 U. S. SOLDIERS TAKE BRIDES IN FRANCE By Associated Press: — That Cupid was nearly as busy as Mars with the members of the American Expeditionary Forces and that romance bloomed in France in spite of war's alarms is shown by the fact that more than 10,000 French women have been wooed and won by American soldiers within one year. The majority of the French girls who have become Americans through marrying men and officers of the American Expeditionary Forces are stenographers, salesgirls or teachers, with a sprinkling of peasant girls and those of the middle class, or bourgeoisie. The romances are in most cases very similar. A soldier would be billeted with a French family, a member of which would be a girl of marriageable age. Together they would delve into the intricacies of the French language, foreign language being promptly superseded by a combination of Anglo-French jibberish. Official War Department Report— 1919 Per cent of front line held by each Army during September, October and November, 1918:— Belgian, about 5%; French, about 57%; British, about 18%; American, about 20%. 53 THE SALVATION ARMY It claims no denomination. Knows no creed. Preaches no dogma. Draws no line as to race or color. Its sole endeavor is to alleviate human suffering and hardship and teach a practical and straightforward Christianity. At the beginning of the war the Salvation Army entered almost unannounced on its campaign of service and mercy. By September 1st, 1918, it had efficient forces in the field, as follows: Officers _ 831 Chaplains serving under Government appointment 540 Reading and rest rooms - - 501 Members and adherents in various branches of active service for the Allies bearing arms 90,000 Ambulances supplied for service of Allies 44 Total 91,916 Raymond B. Fosdick, Chairman of the Commission of Training Camp Activities of the United States War Department, said : "Four organizations have been recognized by the American Expeditionary Forces for serving with the troops: Red Cross, Young Men's Christian Associa- tion, Knights of Columbus and the Salvation Army. To my surprise I found the Salvation Army probably the most popular organization in France with the troops. It has not undertaken the comprehensive program which the Y. M. C. A. has laid out for itself; that is, it is operating in only three or four divisions, while the Y. M. C. A. is aiming to cover every unit of the troops. But its simple, homely, unadorned service seems to have touched the hearts of our men. The aim of the organization is, if possible, to put a worker and his wife in a canteen or a center. The woman spends her time in making doughnuts and pies, and sews on buttons. The man makes himself generally useful in any way in which his service can be applied. I saw such placed in dugouts way up at the front, where the German shells screamed over our heads with a sound not unlike a freight train crossing a bridge. Down in their dugouts the Salvation Army folk im- perturbably handed out doughnuts and dished out the drinks." A United States censor wrote: " Out of 200 letters, picked up at random, 180 were from men who admonished relatives and friends in America to exert themselves on behalf of the Salvation Army because of its splendid service at the front." Field Marshals French and Haig commend most highly the good work of the Salvation Army and convey the thanks of all ranks of the British Expedi- tionary Forces in France for its continued good work. The late Colonel Theodore Roosevelt pays a glowing tribute and among other things says: "I am particularly interested to learn that 6,000 women are knitting under the direction of the Salvation Army and with materials furnished by this organi- zation here in America in order to turn out garments and useful articles for the soldiers at the front. You have done most admirable work and you have made very little appeal for funds." YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION The work of the Young Men's Christian Association was a stupendous enter- prise. In no previous war was such a project undertaken on such a scale. It soon became so useful, so indispensible, that it grew far beyond the limits planned. This form of war work was an American idea. The best proof of its value was the way the allied nations seized upon it, and France and Italy soon asked that similar work be done among their armies, as a sober soldier, a clean soldier, a contented soldier, made the best fighting man. In France the " Y" did some of its most effective work. In the most literal sense it became the saver of men. Many of the " Y" secretaries had miraculous escapes, others were wounded, and some killed. Their work in German prison camps literally saved thousands of lives. 54 In Russia the association had forces; also in Macedonia; in Albania, in Turkey, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, India and Egypt; in Palestine, Siberia and Japan, and at every place where the flags of the Allies were flying. The story of the "Y" work with the American Army may also be told in dollars and portray a notable chronicle of American big business, which reflects the striking generosity of the American people. In France there were 1,500 huts and more than 5,000 secretaries, 500 of whom were women. A hut was a hole in the hillside, a dark chamber in a cave, or hidden quarry, a little tent in a forest camp, a sumptuous hotel in a big city, a former public building, or a great chateau. The "Y" became the biggest motion picture exhibitor in the world. More than 7,000,000 feet of film a week were shown during the summer, and the winter demand was still greater. At the request of General Pershing and without the means to carry it on successfully, they took over the conduct of canteens (the grocery stores of the Army). This was done because General Pershing desired the large number of men required by him to carry on the canteen service to be released for army service at the front. By this means, nearly enough men were released to form a division of 28,000 men. There were over 600 exchanges or stores. Monthly there was shipped from America over 4,000 tons of supplies to stock them. Supplies were also purchased in enormous quantities from France and England. In France the "Y" took over eight factories, three used for making chocolate, the others biscuits and cookies. The sugar came from the United States and France provided the chocolate. The American troops in one month were eating 920,000 pounds of chocolate and 528,000 tons of biscuits and crackers. The tobacco shipments were amazing. In one single order they bought 1,337 tons of tobacco of all kinds. One single shipment included 900,000 cigars, six carloads of chewing tobacco were purchased at one time; 3,000,000 boxes of matches were sold every thirty days. Soldiers were enabled to purchase soap, safety razors, blades, shoe strings, chewing gum, candles, various kinds of brushes, shoe blacking and jams, jellies, sardines and many things not in the Army rations. These canteens have always been operated at cost. No effort was made to make any profit. Supplies were given to the men free in the front line before they went into action and when they were coming out. Nothing was sold at a hut except the supplies handed out through the Post exchanges or stores. Writing paper, envelopes, use of buildings, entertainments, paraphernalia for games, education classes, books and magazines, and many other facilities were provided free for the soldiers. It became necessary to obtain automobiles and 475 originally obtained were followed by 1,250 more — an expense of nearly $500,000. The work of the "Y" was first to increase the efficiency of the soldier for the immediate task of defeating German autocracy. Second, to prepare the men for better social relationship after the war. 120,992 soldiers, sailors and marines signed the following pledge; "I here- by pledge my allegiance to the Lord Jesus Christ, as my Saviour and King, and by God's help, to fight His battles for the victory of His kingdom." These little cards they carried in their Testaments and a copy is on the war roll at the New York headquarters. The Y. M. C. A. has stuck to its post everywhere and with the Red Cross is the only remaining representative of Western Civilization in Russia. It was not generally known that by an understanding between the Red Cross and the Y. M. C. A. the Red Cross became responsible for serving the sick and wounded in the hospital areas and the Y. M. C. A. was not at liberty to work in these areas, save on the invitation of the Red Cross. It is on record that ten "Y" workers were killed by shell fire or by gas and at least forty others were seriously gassed or wounded and 39 more died as result of wounds or accidents or as result of disease occasioned by exposure or overwork in the front line service. That ten had been cited or decorated for special bravery in their work in most dangerous positions. During the fighting in the Argonne, 700 "Y" workers, 50 of whom were women, were attached to the dif- ferent fighting units, with which they remained, frequently under fire. There were also over 200 helping the men under similar conditions in the Chateau- Thierry and St. Mihiel drives. On Christmas after the Armistice General Pershing wired to the head of the Y. M. C. A. work overseas, as follows: "With a deep feeling of gratitude for the enormous contribution which the Y. M. C. A. has made to the moral and physical welfare of the American Army, all ranks join me in sending you Christmas greetings and cordial best wishes for the New Year." THE AMERICAN RED CROSS From the beginning of its war activities the watchword of the American Red Cross has been SERVICE — emergency, relief service, supplemental to the work of the Quartermaster and Medical Corps of the Army and Navy. The object of this service was to help win the war by relieving the sufferings and discomforts of men, women and children, whether in the trenches, in camp, in the hospital, or as refugees fleeing before the enemy. In the line of military relief, the chief aim of the American Red Cross has been to furnish such service as would best safeguard the health and comfort of American soldiers and sailors, and to protect their families at home. It has ren- dered similar service to the fighting men of the Allies. In camp and on the march it has served the fighting men by the establish- ment of canteens and rest rooms along the lines of communication between the front and the rear. Millions have been fed and protected from many hardships. At the front the American Red Cross has given additional service with rolling canteens, hot drink kitchens and millions of articles of comfort which were dis- tributed in the trenches and in the billets a little in the rear. As an aid to the Army and Navy authorities it has given an emergency service, materially assisted in maintaining sanitary conditions and better health, not only among the troops, but among the people with whom they were thrown in constant contact. In many emergencies the American Red Cross has been of service to the Army hospital and ambulance corps by furnishing needed supplies, to say nothing of the millions of surgical dressings that have been so freely donated. It has served the field hospitals by recruiting nurses, and it has done inestimable service to the American nation by its care of the sick and wounded in the base hospitals and convalescent homes, both through its nursing service and by be- coming the medium of communication between the soldiers abroad and the loved ones at home. Another service has been the furnishing of food, clothing and comforts to Americans taken prisoner by the enemy, and of caring for the sick and suffering among the prisoners of other nations who passed through neutral territory on their way to their homes. The American Red Cross has served with food, shelter and supplies the thousands of refugees who were driven from their homes, either as helpless wan- derers, or interned in foreign lands. It has served humanity by caring for thou- sands and thousands of homeless, helpless, suffering children. It has served by assisting in the rehabilitation of much devastated territory and by furnishing employment and homes for thousands of dependents. The service rendered the peoples of Europe in restricting and preventing the spread of tuberculosis has been great. In short, by the service it has rendered in hundreds of ways the American Red Cross aided the allied commanders and War Councils in maintaining the morale of the armies which fought the battles of democracy. During the 21 months prior to January 1, 1919, the American people have given in cash and supplies to the American Red Cross more than $400,000,000. No value can be placed upon the contribution of service, given without stint and oftentimes at great sacrifice by millions of our people. Fully 8,000,000 women have exerted themselves in this service. From 500,000 members at the beginning of the war, the American Red Cross has now over 18,000,000 full paid members, not including the Junior Red Cross, numbering perhaps 9,000,000 school children. There were 14 divisional managements, each operating as a complete Red Cross organization, under which 3,705 local chapters worked. Nearly 370,000,- 000 surgical dressings and hospital garments were made, valued at about $90,- 000,000. There were very few paid employees, and these received merely a living pittance. It is estimated that over 20,000 men and women at home and over 9,500 abroad contributed their services and aided in this great work. It required over 6,000 Red Cross workers in France alone, after signing of the Armistice, to carry on the relief work. During the war and up to October 1, 1918, the Red Cross enrolled 30,000 nurses, the reserve of the Army and Navy Nurse Corps. 17,000 of this number were serving our soldiers and sailors when hostilities ceased, all but 1,158 being with the Army. More than half of these patriotic women are on duty abroad. About 700 nurses were assigned to the Federal Public Health Bureau or to Red Cross service in this country. The remaining 12,000 included those not available or eligible for active service, but could be used for home defense and other special purposes. About $850,000 was expended by the American Red Cross in equipping those assigned to oversea duty. About $1,500,000 was expended in equipping base hospital units. Uniforms were provided for nurses, nurses' aids, clerical help, army dietitians and reconstruction aids in service abroad. Capes were furnished to nurses in home service, cantonments and other branches of nursing work in this country. They made 371,000,000 articles valued at nearly $94,000,000. Children did one-tenth of it. The American Red Cross has shown itself to be an instrument of peculiar flexibility and adapts itself readily to promote relief of suffering humanity. Its emblem signifies human sympathy, neutrality as between nations, races, re- ligions and classes, and through it all preserves its voluntary and democratic character. Its chief effort during the war has been to care for our men in the service — to aid the Army and Navy, but it developed into an enterprise as vast as the war itself. It has done things no other agency could do. JEWISH WELFARE BOARD Organized originally as a welfare auxiliary to minister to the spiritual needs of soldiers and sailors of Jewish faith, the Jewish Welfare Board has served millions of men of all faiths in every army camp, hospital, and naval training station in this country and abroad, during the period of war and that of demob- ilization and reconstruction. It has endeavored to minister to the mind, body and spirit of the man in uniform, conducting classes, reading and discussion groups, lectures, concerts and entertainments for him, providing delicacies and comforts, 57 endeavoring to relieve as far as possible his physical discomforts, and arranging for spiritual consolation and ministration in time of need by regular weekly and holiday religious services and personal service of rabbis and lay workers. The Jewish Welfare Board organized 1,650 classes with a total attendance of 67,890; 462 clubs, with a total attendance of 24,602; arranged for 617 lectures in the camps, with a total attendance of 152,752; provided 2,320 recreational activities in towns, with a total attendance of 664,387, and 3,345 in camps, with a total attendance of 769,787. It handled in the camps 1,603,842 pieces of mail and 28,100 telegrams for the men; held 7,772 religious services, with a total attendance of over 300,000. It gave away over 6,400,000 sheets of letter paper, over 3,000,000 envelopes, over 58,000 prayer books, over 70,000 Bibles, over 92,000 religious accessories, over 323,000 pamphlets, over 155,000 magazines, over 100,000 books and over 370,000 packages of cigarettes and tobacco. In July, 1918, the Jewish Welfare Board sent to France a commission to study the situation and make recommendations as to the lines on which it should operate. It opened offices and a club-room in Paris, with a representative in charge. From this small beginning grew an important work of service, covering all important points in France and the occupied territory, including such places as St. Aignan, where 70,000 casuals are classified for return to the United States; the ports of embarkation, St. Nazaire, Brest and Bordeaux, with their neighbor- ing camps, and Tours, Nantes, Dijon, Gievres and Coblenz, where there were larger numbers of American troops. In Paris the Jewish Welfare Board rented a large house for a recreation centre and in the great Le Mans area had a number of huts, each running at full blast and catering to thousands daily. To render this service, the Jewish Welfare Board sent men and women overseas, who cooper- ated with and supplemented the work of the 14 Jewish Army Chaplains, attached to various divisions of the A. E. F. It shipped many kinds of supplies, such as writing paper, Bibles, prayer books, Yiddish books, games and various pamphlets of interest to the men. For the Passover Holydays the organization sent abroad 22,440 Haggadahs and 77 tons of matzohs. With the return of the troops the transport service of the Jewish Welfare Board was inaugurated. Workers were placed aboard the boats to help the men during the homeward journey. The Jewish Welfare Board workers con- ducted religious services for Jewish soldiers and members of the crew. They furnished information regarding civilian life and paved the way for the soldiers' readjustment. They arranged entertainments almost daily and dispensed advice and good cheer. Jewish Welfare workers met the transports with handkerchiefs, postal-cards and other gifts for the soldier, and they traveled with him to de- mobilization and debarkation camps. To relieve and aid the returning wounded the Jewish Welfare Board organ- ized its "Hospital Service Division," to assist in supervising and planning the activities at about 90 hospitals throughout the United States. Having recognized recreation as a demobilization necessity, entertainment units were sent on tour of cantonments and a successful Yiddish opera company was organized. A Jewish Welfare worker in Texas inaugurated an Agricultural School for 4,000 soldiers and successfully carried through a back-to-the-farm movement. Seder services were conducted throughout this country and in France by Jewish Welfare Board representatives. Reaching the hearts of men, serving loyally and helpfully in a nation's crisis, the Jewish Welfare Board has brought together American Jewry in a great cause, and stands as the spontaneous and whole-hearted expression of the Jewish men and women of this country. It has successfully combated the bugaboo of segregation of the Jew from his non-Jewish brother-in-arms and won the recog- nition of the United States Government as the authorized Jewish body for war welfare work. Out of the three million Jews in the United States, nearly 200,000 took part in the World War. 114,278 were in the Army, 13,386 were in the Navy, 2,160 in the Marine Corps; 8,000 were officers, including one Brigadier-General in the Marine Corps, one Rear-Admiral in the Navy, 69 Colonels and Lieutenant- Colonels in the Army, 370 Majors, 1,263 Captains and 5,524 Lieutenants; esti- mated casualties, 3,500 deaths, 11,000 to 12,000 wounded; 600 received citations, 3 obtained the Congressional Medal of Honor, of which less than 75 have been issued. — Extract from the Jewish American Report. KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS They placed at the United States Government's disposal the complete resources of their organization of over four hundred thousand men. The Board of Directors voted that their insured members should not lose by serving in the United States Army or Navy. About forty thousand members entered the service despite the double hazard of war and the great influenza epidemic. Their insurance system was not impaired. The members gave one million dollars before the campaign was extended to the Catholic public or others. Their convention decided to raise three million dollars. Men of all religious denominations and of none responded to their appeal. It was so successful that more than twelve million dollars was subscribed for war work, and they earned for the Knights of Columbus a place beside the Red Cross and other great relief organizations. Their secretaries were sent into the field to serve the men with the colors as they would serve their own sons and brothers. The services of a chaplain for a regiment of 3,000 men were inadequate, and others were sent. Their services were acknowledged by the French Govern- ment and the French Government conferred the Croix de Guerre upon two chaplains at once upon their first appearance in the front line. Many have since been cited in dispatches; one for serving a machine gun all night when the crew had been shot down. General Pershing issued an order placing the Knights on a par with the Red Cross and other organizations. Hundreds of secretaries and chaplains have been sent overseas, the former under the supervision of the Knights. Also the Knights of Columbus abroad numbered approximately 1,000 chaplains, with about 650 secretaries to serve the troops at home. The Knights are now on more than 400 ships of the Navy, giving athletic and other supplies to the men. The Knights of Columbus War Camp Commu- nity has more than 1,800 Councils of different parts of the country. Every- where they rendered services similar to the Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. In a thousand smaller ways they have rendered valuable service to the men who fought and won the war. THE WELFARE LEAGUE The United States Government officially recognized the following organi- zations and liberal appropriations were made by Congress: National War Work Council of the Y. M. C. A. (raised $125,282,859). War Work Council of the National Board of the Y. W. C. A., National Catholic War Council, Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Board, War Camp Community Service, American Library Association, and Salvation Army. The field army of these agencies comprised more than 15,000 uniformed workers. Additional workers were joining at the rate of 1,000 per month when the Armistice was signed. About 4,000 buildings were either erected or rented to carry on this work. They were of every sort from great resorts at points where American soldiers 59 spent their furloughs, rest houses, to moving picture halls, huts and hostess houses — open freely to men of all faiths. Over 850 libraries and 1,600 branches with 3,600,000 books and 5,000,- 000 magazines were established and installed, exclusive of 250 libraries on ships and over 125,000,000 sheets of stationery were distributed and used monthly. Baseball, football and other outdoor games were encouraged, with the aid of over 2,000 athletic directors who were engaged. About fifteen miles of film were shipped per week for use in the moving picture shows, with a weekly attendance of 2,500,000. These great agencies extended to the front line trenches where the Y. M. C. A. and Knights of Columbus and Jewish Welfare Board distributed chocolate and cigarettes to the tired fighters. The American Library Association furnished books, and the Salvation Army passed out coffee, pies and doughnuts at the front and sewed and mended for our fighters. Special reports of the above organizations are free for the asking. Every- body should obtain them. THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION IN THE WAR Perhaps Hostess Houses will serve in a measure to illustrate what the Y. W. C. A. did during the war. It built and operated one hundred and twenty- four; sixty-two are still open in demobilization camps, and at the request of the Government two more are building at Otine and Fort Sheridan. These are two of the camps that in the future will have only base hospitals and the Hostess Houses are the only places where women relatives of men can be entertained. In fourteen houses in one year the Y. W. fed 900,000 people. Frequently one thousand a day were fed at Camp Mills. At Mitchell Field, the big aviation center which accomodates 55,000 men, often 1,500 were fed daily, and at Hazle- hurst, Long Island, with a normal camp accommodation of 2,000 men, and with a Hostess House built for 100, 27,000 people were fed in a single month. In some places where the Hostess Houses had been closed, it was necessary to reopen them, and at Camp Gordon, where all were closed, it was necessary to reopen two. In Newport News and in the Debarkation Hostess House in New York City the special care right now is war brides, over 2,000 having passed through the doors of the latter house up to September 1. The Y. W. C. A. has made permanent gift to the country since those houses that have been built at permanent army posts will become a feature of those posts, though the Y. W. will not continue to conduct them. Eight Y. W. C. A. workers recently left for work in Siberia; six for Russia, where there is already one center with five workers; a unit has sailed for Armenia; work has begin in Italy; the Polish Grey Samaritans, trained to do relief work in Poland, are on the ground, and appeals are being considered from ten other countries. Helping to correct acute living conditions brought about by war by using present housing facilities to the maximum through room registry, etc., club and recreation activities, work in social morality, religious and educational work, developing morale and leadership among students, younger girls, business and professional women — in short, post-war emergencies will absorb every penny of the United War Campaign Fund. In the industrial work war money constructed, equipped and maintained three buildings in the industrial sections of Buffalo, Detroit and Bridgeport. It rented, equipped and maintained nine Industrial War Service Centers. It paid the salaries of workers and running expenses of nine centers in connec- tion with the Dupont and Hercules plants for women munition workers. 130 It maintained the Ardsley-on-the-Hudson vacation home, and is maintain- ing 34 summer camps. It is maintaining centers in two mining town regions, in two mill villages, and in two canning and fruit picking regions of California. It trained young women; it helped to finance a course in Industrial Super- vision at Bryn Mawr; it trained and placed 300 secretaries, and it interested young girls all over the country in war work, in community service, in out-door clubs, in reading clubs, and in popularizing good health. In addition to reaching the women in industry and the girls in school, with its many International Institutes it has reached the woman secluded in the four walls of her home. HUMOR IN LETTERS RECEIVED AT THE WAR DEPARTMENT "Both sides of our parents are old and poor." "Please send me a wife's form." "Dear Mr. Wilson: I have written to Mr. Headquarters and received no reply and if I don't get one I am going to write to Uncle Sam himself." "We have your letter. I am his father and grandmother. He was born and bred up in this house according to your instructions." "I ain't received my pay since my husband went away from nowhere." "You have changed my little boy into a girl. Will it make any difference?" "Please let me know if John has put in an application for wife and child." " I am writing to ask why I have not received my elopement, his money was kept from him for the elopement which I have never received." "You have taken away my man to fight and he was the best fighter I ever had." " Now you will have to keep me, or who in Hell will if you don't." " My boy has been put in charge of a spitton (platoon). Will I get any more money now?" "My son is in Co Infancy." "Please tell me if he is living or dead and if so what is his address?" DEATH AWARDS, ALLOTMENTS AND INSURANCE Washington, May 5, 1919 Soldiers' dependents now obtain $800,000,000 and disability claims are in- creasing; 17c of every Victory Loan dollar is now required to support families of war deaths. Up to Nov. 11, 1918, monthly claims were $124,247,735. Compensation claims for disability, May 5, 1919, are $400,000 per month. Compensation death awards Nov. 11, 1918, called for $90,298.24. On May 15, 1919, they called for $450,000 per month. Insurance death awards, Jan. 1, to May 1, 1919, are now three times as great as the number in 1918, when it was $135,261. Now, May 5, the total is about $800,000. Insured men are urged to keep up the war insurance after they are discharged until the Government is ready to convert it into a permanent form of Government Insurance. In 1915 Germany introduced poisonous gases as a new method of warfare. They suddenly enveloped the British and French lines at Ypres. It was so powerful that during 1918 from twenty to thirty per cent, of the United States casualties were due to gas. At the Armistice we were prepared to supply gas more rapidly than France, Germany and England combined. 61 UNITED STATES FOOD FOR EUROPE During the last twelve months of the war we shipped seventeen million tons of food to Europe — about three times the usual amount— and larger stocks re- mained at home than ever before — this to the credit of our farmers. Of the $3,000,000,000 worth sent the same year all except $100,000,000 worth was sold to foreign governments for cash or bonds. The $100,000,000 worth was given to the destitute. $100,000,000 in money was sent to Mr. Hoover, who reported 10% of it as being used absolutely for charity and to the credit of the American people — a large American Relief Administration for European children continued to carry on relief work for children. Four of the sixteen new governments in Europe are patterned after the United States and need no assistance except moral and political education. They are: Finland, Poland, Czecho-Slovakia and Jugo-Slavia. CURIOUS NAMES ON ARMY ROLL Paris Green helped win the war. So did a Little Kittie Karr and a Dinner Bell. All of them were in the army, according to file cards in the bureau of war risk insurance. Green lives in Huntington, W. Va., Little Kittie Karr makes his home in Norfolk, Va., and Dinner Bell Page was rung into the service from Urick, Mo. Some others who appear in the bureau's files are: Asad Experience Wilson, of Van Hook, N. D.; Mih Gosh, of Chicago; Green Horn, of Statesboro, Ga. ; Velvet Couch, of Brinkley, Ariz.; Will Swindle, of Center, Tex.; Slaughter Bugg, of Oscar Tarbin, La., and E. Pluribus Brown, of Perry, Ga. Chocolate Candy Clark, Owen Money, Willie Darling, Great Briton Turner, Wiley Fox Hunter, Green Berry Anderson, Youstus Horrible Riner, George Sleeps From House, Handsome Pleasant Ayres, Green Hue Jackson, Lloyd George Parliament, Grief Grimes, Precious Eugene Grant, Free Office Graves, Huckleberry Shell, Isaac Didnot Butcher and Fine German also are listed. The broad jump record in names goes to a resident of Salmon, Idaho, who hurdles five before he reaches the tape. He is Harry Adolph Thomas Richard Eugene Bullock and the clerks in the bureau are tempted to disturb Mr. Bullock's continuity by punctuating him. The clerks have found 49 ways of spelling Aloysius and 18 ways of spelling Ignatz. There were 53,000 Johnsons, 51,000 Smiths and 18,500 Walkers in the service. Forty-seven thousand Williamses were with the colors. There were 51 Jose Rodriguez's in the 374th infantry. Abraham Lincolns, George Washingtons, Robert E. Lees and William Jenningses were in the service by the hundreds. Napoleon Bonaparte, or rather a dozen of him fought for the United States. General Grant, General Welling- ton and General Jackson also helped beat the Germans. Quite a few Virgin Marys were in the army too. These latter were largely men of Latin descent. Orange Cobb, of Norlina, N. C, and his son, Lemon Cobb were in the service. CHIEF EVENTS OF THE WAR 1914 June 28 — Francis Ferdinand shot at Serajevo. July 5 — Kaiser's War Council at Potsdam. July 23 — Austro-Hungarian note to Serbia. July 28 — Austria declared war on Serbia. July 31 — State of war in Germany. Aug. 1 — Germany declared war on Russia. Aug. 2 — German ultimatum to Belgium. Aug. 3 — Germany declared war on France. Aug. 4 — Great Britain declared war on Germany. Aug. 10 — France declared war on Austria. Aug. 12 — Great Britain declared war on Austria. Aug. 15 — Fall of Liege. Aug. 16 — British Army landed in France; Russian advance into East Prussia. Aug. 20 — Germans occupied Brussels. Aug. 23 — Japan declared war on Germany. Aug. 24 — Fall of Namur. Aug. 25 — Sack of Louvain. Aug. 27 — German victory of Tannenberg. Aug. 28 — British victory in the Bight. Aug. 29 — New Zealanders in Samoa. Sept. 2 — Russians took Lemberg. Sept. 3 — Paris Government at Bordeaux. Sept. 4 — Pact of London signed. Sept. 5 — End of retreat from Mons. Sept. 6 — First Marne battle begun. Sept. 15 — First Aisne battle begun. Sept. 10 — Russians evacuated East Prussia. Sept. 23— First British air raid in Germany. Oct. 9— Fall of Antwerp. Oct. 13 — Belgian Government at Havre. Oct. 20 — First battle of Ypres begun. Nov. 1 — Naval action off Coronel. Nov. 5 — Great Britain declared war on Turkey. Nov. 7 — Fall of Tsing-tao. Nov. 10 — Emden sunk. Nov. 21 — British occupied Basra. Dec. 2 — Austrians in Belgrade. Dec. 8 — Naval battle off the Falklands. Dec. 14 — Serbians retook Belgrade. Dec. 16 — Germans bombarded W. Hartelpool. Dec. 18 — Hussein Kamel, Sultan of Egypt. Dec. 24 — First air raid on England. 1915 Jan. 24 — Naval battle off Dogger Bank. Feb. 2 — Turks defeated on Suez Canal. Feb. 18 — U-boat "blockade" of England. Feb. 25 — Allied fleet attacked Dardanelles. Mar. 10 — British captured Neuve Chapelle. Mar. 22 — Russians took Przemysl. April 22 — Second battle of Ypres begun. First gas attack by Germans. April 25 — Allied landing at Gallipoli. May 3 — Battle of the Dunajec. May 6 — Battle at Krithia, Gallipoli. May 7 — Lusitania torpedoed. May 8 — Germans occupied Libau. May 11 — German repulse at Ypres. May 12 — General Botha occupied Windhuk, (Africa). May 16— Russian retreat to the San. May 23 — Italy declared war on Austria. May 25 — British Coalition Cabinet formed. June 2 — Italians cross Isonzo. June 3 — Russians evacuated Przemysl. June 22 — Austro-Germans recaptured Lem- berg. July 2 — Pommern sunk in Baltic. July 9 — German Southwest Africa con- quered. July 24 — Nasiriyeh, on Euphrates, taken. Aug. 4 — Fall of Warsaw. Aug. 5 — Fall of Ivangorod. Aug. 6 — New landing at Sulva Bay. Ger- mans took Warsaw. Aug. 8 — General Birdwood's advance at Anzac. Aug. 17— Fall of Kovno. Aug. 18 — Russian victory in Riga Gulf. Aug. 19 — Fall of Novo-Georgievsk. Aug. 21 — Cotton declared contraband. Aug. 25 — Fall of Brest-Litovsk. Sept. 1 — General Alexieff as Chief of Staff. Sept. 2 — Fall of Grodno. Sept. 5 — Czar as Generalissimo. Sept. 7 — Russian victory near Tarnopol. Sept. 18— Fall of Vilna. Sept. 21 — Russian retreat ended. Sept. 25 — Battle of Loos and Champagne. Sept. 28 — Victory at Kut-el-Amara. Oct. 4 — Russian ultimatum to Bulgaria. Oct. 5 — Allied landing at Saloniki. Oct. 6 — Austro-German invasion of Serbia. Oct. 9 — Belgrade occupied: Oct. 14 — Bulgaria at war with Serbia. Oct. 17 — Allied note to Greece. Oct. 22 — Bulgarians occupy Uskub. Oct. 28— M. Briand French Premier. Nov. 5 — Fall of Nish. Nov. 22— Battle of Ctesiphon. Nov. 29 — British withdrew from Ctesiphon. Dec. 2 — Fall of Monastir. Dec. 3 — General Townshend at Kut. Dec. 9 — Allied retreat in Macedonia. Dec. 13 — Saloniki lines fortified. Dec. 15 — Haig British Commander in Chief Dec. 19 — Withdrawal from Gallipoli. Dec. 25 — Turkish defeat at Kut. 1916 Jan. 8 — Gallipoli evacuation complete. Jan. 13 — Fall of Cettigne. Feb. 9 — General Smuts appointed to East Africa. Feb. 16 — Russians entered Erzerum. Feb. 18 — German Kamerun conquered. Feb. 21 — Battle of Verdun begun. Feb. 24 — Germans took Fort Douamont. Mar. 16 — Admiral von Tirpitz dismissed. April 9 — German assault at Verdun. April 17 — Russians entered Trebizond. April 24 — Rebellion in Ireland. April 29 — Fall of Kut-el-Amara. May 24 — British Conscription Bill passed. May 31— Battle of Jutland. June 4 — General Brusiloff's offensive. June 5 — Lord Kitchener lost at sea. 63 CHIEF EVENTS OF THE WAR— Continued June 14 — Allied Economic Conference in Paris. June 21 — Mecca taken by Grand Sherif. July 1 — Somme battle begun. July 25 — Russians occupied Erzinjan. Aug. 6 — Italian offensive on Isonzo. Aug. 9 — Gorizia taken by Italians. Aug. 10 — Russians at Stanislau. Aug. 27 — Rumania entered the war. Aug. 29— Hindenburg Chief of Staff. Sept. 15 — First use of "tanks" by British in battle of the Somme. Sept. 26 — British took Thiepval and Combles. Oct. 10 — Allied ultimatum to Greece. Nov. 1 — Italian advance on Carso. Nov. 13 — British victory on the Ancre. Nov. 18 — Serbians and French took Monastir. Nov. 21 — Charles I. succeeds Francis Joseph. Nov. 29— Grand Fleet under Sir D. Beatty. Dec. 1 — Anti-allied riot in Athens. Dec. 5 — Resignation of Mr. Asquith. Dec. 6 — Germans entered Bucharest. Dec. 7 — Mr. Lloyd George Prime Minister. Dec. 12 — German "peace proposals." Dec. 15— French victory at Verdun. Dec. 20 — President Wilson's peace note. 1917 Jan. 1 — Turkey denounced Berlin Treaty. Feb. 1 — "Unrestricted" U-boat war begun. Feb. 8 — America broke with Germany. Feb. 24 — British recaptured Kut-el-Amara. Mar. 11 — British entered Bagdad. Mar. 12 — Revolution in Russia. Mar. 15 — Abdication of the Czar. Mar. 18 — British entered Peronne. Mar. 21 — First British Imperial War Cabinet April 6 — America declared war on Germany. April 9 — Battie of Vimy Ridge begun. May 4 — French took Craonne. May 14 — New Italian offensive. May 15 — General Petain French Commander- in-Chief. May 18 — Selective draft law passed in United States. June 7 — British victory at Messines Ridge. June 12 — Abdication of King Constantine. June 26 — First American Troops in France. June 29 — General Allenby commander in Egypt. July 1 — Last Russian offensive began. July 14 — Bethmann-Hollweg dismissed. July 17— British Royal House styled "Wind- sor." July 19 — Reichstag "peace" resolution. July 21 — Kerensky in power in Petrograd. July 24 — Russian defeat in Galicia. July 31 — Great allied attack around Ypres. Aug. 29 — President Wilson's note to the Pope Sept. 4 — Germans occupied Riga. Sept. 15 — Russian Republic proclaimed. Sept. 28 — British victory at Ramadieh. Oct. 9 — Allied attack in Flanders. Oct. 24 — Italian defeat at Caporetto. Oct. 29— Fall of Udine. Oct. 30 — Chancellor Michaelis dismissed. Oct. 31 — British captured Beersheba. Nov. 1 — German retreat on Chemin des Dames. Hertling German Chancellor. Nov. 4 — British troops in Italy. Nov. 6 — British stormed Passchendaele Ridge. Nov. 7 — Lenine and Trotzky in power; Bol- shevist coup d'etat in Russia. Nov. 9 — Italian stand on the Piave. Nov. 16 — Clemenceau Ministry. Nov. 17— British in Jaffa. Nov. 18— General Maude's death in Mesopo- tamia. Nov. 20 — British victory at Cambrai. Nov. 29 — First plenary session of Interallied War Council. Nov. 30 — German success at Cambrai. Dec. 6 — Armistice on Russian front. Dec. 10 — British enter Jerusalem. Dec. 22 — Brest-Litovsk Conference opened. Dec. 26 — Sir R. Wemyss First Sea Lord. 1918 Jan. 8 — President Wilson's fourteen points. Jan. 20 — Breslau sunk; Goeben damaged. Feb. 1 — Germany recognized Ukraine. Feb. 9 — Ukraine peace of Brest-Litovsk. Feb. 18 — German invasion of Russia. Feb. 21 — British capture Jericho. Feb. 24 — Turks recover Trebizond. Feb. 25 — Germans at Reval. Mar. 3 — Russian peace of Brest-Litovsk. Mar. 7 — German peace with Finland. Mar. 11 — Turks recover Erzerum. Mar. 13 — Germans at Odessa. Mar. 14 — Brest-Litovsk Treaty ratified at Moscow. Mar. 21 — German offensive in France. Mar. 28 — First long-distance bombardment of Paris. Mar. 24 — Bapaume and Perronne lost. Mar. 28 — General Foch made allied Gen- eralissimo. April 5 — Allied landing at Vladivostok. April 11 — Armentieres lost. April 13 — Turks occupied Batum. April 22 — Naval raid on Zeebrugge and Os- tend. April 24 — Battle for Amiens. April 26— Kemmel Hill lost. April 27 — Turks occupied Kars. April 30 — Germans at Viborg. May 1 — Germans at Sebastopol. May 7 — Rumanian peace of Bucharest. May 9 — Second raid on Ostend. May 27 — Second German offensive. May 29 — Soissons lost; Rheims held. May 31 — Germans reached Marne. June 1 — Attacks toward Paris held. June 9 — New German assault. June 15 — Austrian offensive in Italy. June 23 — Great Austrian defeat. July 2 — One million Americans in France. July 15 — Last German offensive. Second Marne battle begun. July 16 — Ex-Czar shot at Ekaterinburg. 64 CHIEF EVENTS OF THE WAR— Concluded July 18 — General Foch's counterattack. Vic- torious Franco- American offensive on the Marne and Aisne. July 20 — Germans recrossed the Marne. Aug. 2— Soissons recovered. Aug. 8 — British attack at Amiens. Aug. 29 — Bapaume and Noyon regained. Sept. 1 — Peronne recovered. Sept. 2 — Drocourt-Queant line breached. Sept. 12 — American attack at St. Mihiel. Sept. 15 — Austrian peace note. Sept. 17 — New Macedonian offensive. Sept. 25— Bulgaria proposed armistice. Sept. 27 — Hindenburg line broken. Sept. 29 — Bulgaria surrendered. Sept. 30 — Fall of Damascus. Chancellor Hertling resigns. Oct. 1 — St. Quentin regained. Oct. 4 — Abdication of King Ferdinand. Oct. 9 — Cambrai regained. Oct. 13 — French recovered Laon. Oct. 14 — British troops at Irkutsk. Oct. 15 — British in Horns. Oct. 17 — Ostend, Lille, Douai regained. Oct. 19 — Bruges rcoccupied. Oct. 20 — Belgian coast clear. Oct. 25 — Ludendorff resigned. Oct. 26— Aleppo fell to the Allies. Oct. 27 — Austria sued for peace. Oct. 28 — Italians crossed the Piave. Oct. 29 — Serbians reached the Danube. Oct. 30 — Turkey granted Armistice. Nov. 1 — Versailles Conference opened. Nov. 2 — British at Valenciennes. Nov. 3 — Austria surrenders. Kiel mutiny. Nov. 4 — Versailles armistice agreement. Nov. 5 — Armistice powers for Marshal Foch. Mr. Wilson's last note to Germany. Nov. 6 — Americans reached Sedan. Nov. 7 — Bavarian Republic proclaimed. Nov. 9 — Foch received German envoys. Ab- dication of the Kaiser. Chancellor Prince Max resigned. Berlin revolution. Nov. 10 — Kaiser's flight to Holland. British at Mons. Nov. 11 — Armistice terms accepted by Ger- many. — From New York Times Current History 85 REPORT OF GENERAL PERSHING TO THE SECRETARY OF WAR November 20, 1918 My Dear Mr. Secretary: In response to your request, I have the honor to submit this brief summary of the organiza- tion and operations of the American Expeditionary Force from May 26, 1917, until the signing of the armistice November 11, 1918. Pursuant to your instructions, immediately upon receiving my orders I selected a small staff and proceeded to Europe in order to become familiar with conditions at the earliest possible moment. The warmth of our reception in England and France was only equalled by the readiness of the Commanders-in-Chief of the veteran armies of the Allies and their staffs to place their experi- ence at our disposal. In consultation with them the most effective means of co-operation of effort was considered. With French and British armies at their maximum strength, and all efforts to dispossess the enemy from his firmly entrenched positions in Belgium and France failed, it was necessary to plan for an American force adequate to turn the scale in favor of the Allies. Taking account of the strength of the Central Powers at that time, the immensity of the problem which confronted us could hardly be overestimated. The first requisite being an organization that could give intelligent direction to effort, the formation of a General Staff occupied my early attention. GENERAL STAFF A well organized General Staff through which the commander exercises his functions is es- sential to a successful modern army. However capable our division, our batallion, and our companies as such, success would be impossible without thoroughly co-ordinated endeavor. A General Staff broadly organized and trained for war had not hitherto existed in our Army. Under the Commander-in-Chief, this staff must carry out the policy and direct the details of administration, supply, preparation, and operations of the Army as a whole, with all special branches and bureaus subject to its control. As models to aid us we had the veteran French General Staff and the experience of the British who had similarly formed an organization to meet the de- mands of a great army. By selecting from each the features best adapted to our basic organi- zation, and fortified by our own early experience in the war, the development of our great General Staff system was completed. The General Staff is naturally divided into five groups, each with its chief who is an assistant to the Chief of the General Staff. G. 1 is in charge of organization and equipment of troops, replacements, tonnage, priority of overseas shipment, the auxiliary welfare association and cog- nate subjects; G. 2 has censorship, enemy intelligence, gathering and disseminating information, preparation of maps, and all similar subjects; G. 3 is charged with all strategic studies and plans, movement of troops, and the supervision of combat operations; G. 4 co-ordinates important ques- tions of supply, construction, transport arrangements for combat, and of the operations of the service of supply, and of hospitalization and the evacuation of the sick and wounded; G. 5 super- vises the various schools and has general direction and co-ordination of education and training. The first Chief of Staff was Col. (now Maj. Gen.) James G. Harbord, who was succeeded in May, 1918, by Maj. Gen. James W. McAndrew. To these officers, to the Deputy Chief of Staff, and to the assistant Chiefs of Staff, who, as heads of sections, aided them, great credit is due for the results obtained not only in perfecting the General Staff organization, but in applying correct principles to the multiplicity of problems that have arisen. ORGANIZATION AND TRAINING After a thorough consideration of allied organizations it was decided that our combat division should consist of four regiments of infantry of 3,000 men, with three battalions to a regiment and four companies of 250 men each to a battalion, and of an artillery brigade of three regiments, a machine-gun battalion, an engineer regiment, a trench-mortar battery, a signal battalion, wagon trains, and the headquarters staffs and military police. These, with medical and other units, made a total of over 28,000 men, or practically double the size of a French or German division. Each corps would normally consist of six divisions — four combat and one depot and one replacement division — and also two regiments of cavalry, and each army of from three to five corps. With four divisions fully trained, a corps could take over an American sector with two divisions in line and two in reserve, with the depot and replacement divisions prepared to fill the gaps in the ranks. Our purpose was to prepare an integral American force which should be able to take the offen- sive in every respect. Accordingly, the development of a self-reliant infantry by thorough drill in the use of the rifle and in the tactics of open warfare was always uppermost. The plan of train- ing after arrival in France allowed a division one month for acclimatization and instruction in small units from battalions down, a second month in quiet trench sectors by battalion, and a third month after it came out of the trenches when it should be trained as a complete division in war of movement. Very early a system of schools was outlined and started, which should have the advantage of instruction by officers direct from the front. At the great school center at Langres, one of the first to be organized, was the staff school, where the principles of general staff work, as laid down in our own organization, were taught to carefully selected officers. Men in the ranks who had shown qualities of leadership were sent to the school of candidates for commissions. A school of the line taught officers the principles of leadership, tactics, and the use of the different weapons. In the artillery school, at Saumur, young officers were taught the fundamental prin- ciples of modern artillery; while at Issoudun an immense plant was built for training cadets in aviation. These and other schools, with their well-considered curriculums for training in every branch of our organization, were co-ordinated in a manner best to develop an efficient Army out of willing and industrious young men, many of whom had not before known even the rudiments of military technique. Both Marshal Haig and General Petain placed officers and men at our disposal for instructional purposes, and we are deeply indebted for the opportunities given to profit by their veteran experience. AMERICAN ZONE The eventual place the American Army should take on the western front was to a large extent influenced by the vital questions of communication and supply. The northern ports of France were crowded by the British Armies, shipping and supplies while the southern ports, though otherwise at our service, had not adequate port facilities for our purposes and these we should have to build. The already overtaxed railway system behind the active front in northern France would not be available for us as lines of supply and those leading from the southern ports of northeastern France would be unequal to our needs without much new construction. Prac- tically all warehouses, supply depots and regulating stations must be provided by fresh construc- tions. While France offered us such material as she had to spare after a drain of three years, enormous quantities of material had to be brought across the Atlantic. With such a problem any temporization or lack of definiteness in making plans might cause failure even with victory within our grasp. Moreover, broad plans commensurate with our national purpose and resources would bring conviction of our power to every soldier in the front line, to the nations associated with us in the war, and to the enemy. The tonnage for material for necessary construction for the supply of an army of three and perhaps four million men would require a mammoth program of shipbuilding at home, and miles of dock construction in France, with a correspondingly large project for additional railways and for storage depots. All these considerations led to the inevitable conclusion that if we were to handle and supply the great forces deemed essential to win the war we must utilize the southern ports of France — Bordeaux, La Pallice, St. Nazaire, and Brest — and the comparatively unused railway systems leading therefrom to the northeast. Generally speaking, then, this would contemplate the use of our forces against the enemy somewhere in that direction, but the great depots of supply must be centrally located, preferably in the area included by Tours, Bourges, and Chateauroux, so that our armies could be supplied with equal facility wherever they might be serving on the west- ern front. GROWTH OF THE SERVICE OF SUPPLY To build up such a system there were talented men in the Regular Army, but more experts were necessary than the Army could furnish. Thanks to the patriotic spirit of our people at home, there came from civil life men trained for every sort of work involved in building and managing the organization necessary to handle and transport such an army and keep it supplied. With such assistance the construction and general development of our plans have kept pace with the growth of the forces, and the Service of Supply is now able to discharge from ships and move 45,000 tons daily, besides transporting troops and material in the conduct of active operations. As to organization, all the administrative and supply services, except the Adjutant General's, Inspector General's and Judge Advocate General's Departments, which remain at general head- quarters, have been transferred to the headquarters of the Service of Supply at Tours under a commanding general responsible to the Commander-in-Chief for supply of the armies. The Chief Quartermaster, Chief Surgeon, Chief Signal Officer, Chief of Ordnance, Chief of Air Service, Chief of Chemical Warfare, the general purchasing agent in all that pertains to questions of procurement and supply, the Provost Marshal General in the maintenance of order in general, the Director General of Transportation in all that affects such matters, and the Chief Engineer in all matters of administration and supply, are subordinate to the Commanding General of the Service of Supply, who, assisted by a staff especially organized for the purpose, is charged with the administrative co-ordination of all these services. The transportation department under the Service of Supply directs the operation, main- tenance, and construction of railways, the operation of terminals, the unloading of ships, and transportation of material to warehouses or to the front. Its functions make necessary the most intimate relationship between our organization and that of the French, with the practical result that our transportation department has been able to improve materially the operations of rail- ways generally. Constantly laboring under a shortage of rolling stock, the transportation de- partment has nevertheless been able by efficient management to meet every emergency. 117 The Engineer Corps is charged with all construction, including light railways and roads. It has planned and constructed the many projects required, the most important of which are the new wharves at Bordeaux and Nantes, and the immense storage depots at La Pallice, Montoir and Gievres, besides innumerable hospitals and barracks in various ports of France. These projects have all been carried on by phases keeping pace with our needs. The Forestry Service under the Engineer Corps has cut the greater part of the timber and railway ties required. To meet the shortage of supplies from America, due to lack of shipping, the representatives of the different supply departments were constantly in search of available material and supplies in Europe. In order to co-ordinate these purchases and to prevent competition between our departments, a general purchasing agency was created early in our experience to co-ordinate our purchases and, if possible, induce our Allies to apply the principle among the Allied armies. While there was no authority for the general use of appropriations, this was met by grouping the purchasing representatives of the different departments under one control, charged with the duty of consolidating requisitions and purchases. Our efforts to extend the principle have been signally successful, and all purchases for the Allied armies are now on an equitable and co-oper- ative basis. Indeed, it may be said that the work of this bureau has been thoroughly efficient and businesslike. ARTILLERY, AIRPLANES AND TANKS Our entry into the war found us with few of the auxiliaries necessary for its conduct in the modern sense. Among our most important deficiences in material were artillery, aviation and tanks. In order to meet our requirements as rapidly as possible, we accepted the offer of the French Government to provide us with the necessary artillery equipment of seventy-fives, one- fifty-five millimeter howitzers, and one-fifty-five G P F guns from their own factories for thirty divisions. The wisdom of this course is fully demonstrated by the fact that, although we soon began the manufacture of these classes of guns at home, there were no guns of the calibers men- tioned manufactured in America on our front at the date the armistice was signed. The only guns of these types produced at home thus far received in France are 109 seventy-five millimeter guns. In aviation we were in the same situation, and here again the French Government came to our aid until our own aviation program should be under way. We obtained from the French the necessary planes for training our personnel, and they have provided us with a total of 2,676 pursuit, observation, and bombing planes. The first airplanes received from home arrived in May, and altogether we have received 1,379. The first American squadron completely equipped by American production, including airplanes, crossed the German lines on August 7, 1918. As to tanks, we were also compelled to rely upon the French. Here, however, we were less fortu- nate, for the reason that the French production could barely meet the requirements of their own armies. It should be fully realized that the French Government has always taken a most liberal atti- tude and has been most anxious to give us every possible assistance in meeting our deficiences in these as well as in other respects. Our dependence upon France for artillery, aviation and tanks was, of course, due to the fact that our industries had not been exclusively devoted to military production. All credit is due our own manufacturers for their efforts to meet our re- quirements, as at the time the armistice was signed we were able to look forward to the early supply of practically all our necessities from our own factories. The welfare of the troops touches my responsibility as Commander-in-Chief to the mothers and fathers and kindred of the men who came to France in the impressionable period of youth. They could not have the privilege accorded European soldiers during their periods of leave of visiting their families and renewing their home ties. Fully realizing that the standard of con- duct that should be established for them must have a permanent influence in their lives and on the character of their future citizenship, the Red Cross, the Young Men's Christian Association, Knights of Columbus, the Salvation Army, and the Jewish Welfare Board, as auxiliaries in this work, were encouraged in every possible way. The fact that our soldiers, in a land of different customs and language, have borne themselves in a manner in keeping with the cause for which they fought, is due not only to the efforts in their behalf, but much more to other high ideals, their discipline, and their innate sense of self-respect. It should be recorded, however, that the members of these welfare societies have been untiring in their desire to be of real service to our officers and men. The patriotic devotion of these representative men and women has given a new significance to the Golden Rule, and we owe to them a debt of gratitude that can never be repaid. COMBAT OPERATIONS During our periods of training in the trenches some of our divisions had engaged the enemy in local combats, the most important of which was Seicheprey by the Twenty-sixth on April 20, in the Toul sector, but none had participated in action as a unit. The First division, which had passed through the preliminary stages of training, had gone to the trenches for its first period of instruction at the end of October and by March 21, when the German offensive in Picardy began, we had four divisions with experience in the trenches, all of which were equal to any demands of battle action. The crisis which this offensive developed was such that our occupation of an American sector must be postponed. 68 On March 28th I placed at the disposal of Marshal Foch, who had been agreed upon as Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies, all of our forces, to be used as he might decide. At his request the First Division was transferred from the Toul sector to a position in reserve at Chaumont en Vexin. As German superiority in numbers required prompt action, an agreement was reached at the Abbeville conference of the Allied premiers and commanders and myself on May 2 by which British shipping was to transport 10 American divisions to the British Army area, where they were to be trained and equipped, and additional British shipping was to be provided for as many divisions as possible for use elsewhere. On April 26 the First Division had gone into the line in the Montdidier salient on the Picardy battle front. Tactics had been suddenly revolutionized to those of open warfare, and our men, confident of the results of their training, were eager for the test. On the morning of May 28 this division attacked the commanding German position in its front, taking with splendid dash the town of Cantigny and all other objectives, which were organized and held steadfastly against vicious counterattacks and galling artillery fire. Although local, this brilliant action had an elec- trical effect, as it demonstrated our fighting qualities under extreme battle conditions, and also that the enemy's troops were not altogether invincible. The German Aisne offensive, which began on May 27, had advanced rapidly toward the River Marne and Paris, and the Allies faced a crisis equally as grave as that of the Picardy offen- sive in March. Again every available man was placed at Marshal Foch's disposal, and the Third Division, which had just come from its preliminary training in the trenches, was hurried to the Marne. Its motorized machine-gun battalion preceded the other units and successfully held the bridgehead at the Marne, opposite Chateau-Thierry. The Second Division, in reserve near Mont- didier, was sent by motor trucks and other available transport to check the progress of the enemy toward Paris. The division attacked and retook the town and railroad station at Bouresches and sturdily held its ground against the enemy's best guard divisions. In the battle of Belleau Wood, which followed, our men proved their superiority and gained a strong tactical position, with far greater loss to the enemy than to ourselves. On July 1, before the Second was relieved, it captured the village of Vaux with most splendid precision. Meanwhile our Second Corps, under Maj. Gen. George W. Read, had been organized for the command of our divisions with the British, which were held back in training areas or assigned to second-line defenses. Five of the ten divisions were withdrawn from the British area in June, three to relieve divisions in Lorraine and the Vosges and two to the Paris area to join the group of American divisions which stood between the city and any farther advance of the enemy in that direction. The great June-July troop movement from the States was well under way, and, although these troops were to be given some preliminary training before being put into action, their very presence warranted the use of all the older divisions in the confidence that we did not lack reserves. Elements of the Forty-second Division were in the line east of Rheims against the German offen- sive of July 15, and held their ground unflinchingly. On the right flank of this offensive four companies of the Twenty-eighth Division were in position in face of the advancing waves of the German infantry. The Third Division was holding the bank of the Marne from the bend east of the mouth of the Surmelin to the west of Mezy, opposite Chateau-Thierry, where a large force of German infantry sought to force a passage under support of powerful artillery concentrations and under cover of smoke screens. A single regiment of the Third wrote one of the most brilliant pages in our military annals on this occasion. It prevented the crossing at certain points on its front while, on either flank, the Germans, who had gained a footing, pressed forward. Our men, firing in three directions, met the Germans' attack with counterattacks at critical points and succeeded in throwing two German divisions into complete confusion, capturing 600 prisoners. The great force of the German Chateau-Thierry offensive established the deep Marne salient, but the enemy was taking chances, and the vulnerability of this pocket to attack might be turned to his disadvantage. Seizing this opportunity to support my conviction, every division with any sort of training was made available for use in a counter-offensive, The place of honor in the thrust toward Soissons on July 18 was given to our First and Second Divisions in company with chosen French divisions. Without the usual brief warning of a preliminary bombardment, the massed French and American artillery, firing by the map, laid down its rolling barrage at dawn while the infantry began its charge. The tactical handling of our troops under these try- ing conditions was excellent throughout the action. The enemy brought up large numbers of reserves and made a stubborn defense both with machine guns and artillery, but through five days' fighting the First Division continued to advance until it had gained the heights above Soissons and captured the village of Berzy-le-sec. The Second Division took Repaire farm and Vierzy in a very rapid advance and reached a position in front of Tigny at the end of its second day. These two divisions captured 7,000 prisoners and over 100 pieces of artillery. The Twenty-sixth Division, which, with a French division, was under command of our First Corps, acted as a pivot of the movement toward Soissons. On the 18th it took the village of Torchy while the Third Division was crossing the Marne in pursuit of the retiring enemy. The Twenty-sixth attacked again on the 21st and the enemy withdrew past the Chateau Thierry- Soissons road. The Third Division, continuing its progress, took the heights of Mont St. Pere and the villages of Charteves and Jaulgonne in the face of both machine-gun and artillery fire. (','.) On the 24th, after the Germans had fallen back from Trugny and Epieds, our Forty-second Division, which had been brought over from the Champagne, relieved the Twenty-sixth and, fighting its way through the Foret de Fere, overwhelmed the nest of machine guns in its path. By the 27th it had reached the Ourcq, whence the Third and Fourth Divisions were already ad- vancing, while the French divisions with which we were co-operating were moving forward at other points. The Third Division had made its advance into Roncheres Wood on the 29th and was relieved for rest by a brigade of the Thirty-second. The Forty-second and Thirty-second undertook the task of conquering the heights beyond Cierges, the Forty-second capturing Sergy and the Thirty- second capturing Hill 230, both American divisions joining in the pursuit of the enemy to the Vesle, and thus the operation of reducing the salient was finished. Meanwhile the Forty-second was relieved by the Fourth at Chery-Chartreuve, and the Thirty-second by the Twenty-eighth, while the Seventy-seventh took up a position on the Vesle. The operations of these divisions on the Vesle were under the Third Corps, Maj. Gen. Robert L. Bullard, commanding. BATTLE OF ST. MIHIEL With the reduction of the Marne salient we could look forward to the concentration of our divisions in our own zone. In view of the forthcoming operation against the St. Mihiel salient, which had long been planned as our first offensive action on a large scale, the First Army was organized on August 10th under my personal command. While American units had held different divisional and corps sectors along the western front, there had not been up to this time, for obvious reasons, a distinct American sector; but, in view of the important parts the American forces were now to play, it was necessary to take over a permanent portion of the line. Accordingly, on August 30, the line beginning at Port sur Seille, east of the Moselle and extending to the west through St. Mihiel, thence north to a point opposite Verdun, was placed under my command. The American sector was afterwards extended across the Meuse to the western edge of the Argonne Forest, and included the Second Colonial French, which held the point of the salient, and the Seventeenth French Corps, which occupied the heights above Verdun. The preparation for a complicated operation against the formidable defenses in front of us included the assembling of divisions and of corps and army artillery, transport, aircraft, tanks, ambulances, the location of hospitals, and the moulding together of all the elements of a great modern army with its own railheads, supplied directly by our own Service of Supply. The con- centration for this operation, which was to be a surprise, involved the movement, mostly at night, of approximately 600,000 troops, and required for its success the most careful attention to every detail. The French were generous in giving us assistance in corps and army artillery, with its per- sonnel, and we were confident from the start of our superiority over the enemy in guns of all calibers. Our heavy guns were able to reach Metz and to interfere seriously with German rail movements. The French Independent Air Force was placed under my command, which, to- gether with the British bombing squadrons and our air forces, gave us the largest assembly of aviation that had ever been engaged in one operation on the western front. From Les Eparges around the nose of the salient at St. Mihiel to the Moselle River the line was roughly 40 miles long and situated on commanding ground greatly strengthened by arti- ficial defenses. Our First Corps (Eighty-second, Ninetieth, Fifth and Second Divisions) under command of Maj. Gen. Hunter Liggett, restrung its right on Pont-a-Mousson, with its left join- ing our Third Corps (the Eighty-ninth, Forty-second and First Divisions), under Maj. Gen. Joseph T. Dickman, in line to Xivray, and was to swing in toward Vigneulles on the pivot of the Mo- selle River for the initial assault. From Xivray to Mouilly the Second Colonial French Corps was in line in the center and our Fifth Corps, under command of Maj. Gen. George H. Cameron, with our Twenty-sixth Division and a French division at the western base of the salient, were to attack three difficult hills — Les Eparges, Combres and Amaramthe. Our First Corps had in reserve the Seventy-eighth Division, our Fourth Corps the Third Division, and our First Army the Thirty-fifth and Ninety-first Divisions, with the Eightieth and Thirty-third available. It should be understood that our corps organizations are very elastic, and that we have at no time had permanent assignments of divisions to corps. After four hours of artillery preparation, the seven American divisions in the front line advanced at 5 a. m., on September 12th, assisted by a limited number of tanks manned partly by Americans and partly by French. These divisions, accompanied by groups of wire cutters and others armed with bangalore torpedoes, went through the successive bands of barbed wire that protected the enemy's front line and support trenches, in irresistible waves on schedule time, breaking down all defense of an enemy demoralized by the great volume of our artillery fire and our sudden approach out of the fog. Our First Corps advanced to Thiaucourt, while our Fourth Corps curved back to the south- west through Nonsard. The Second Colonial French Corps made the slight advance required of it on very difficult ground, and the Fifth Corps took its three ridges and repulsed a counter attack. A rapid march brought reserve regiments of a Division of the Fifth Corps into Vigneulles in the early morning, where it linked up with patrols of our Fourth Corps, closing the salient and form- ing a new line west of Thiaucourt to Vigneulles and beyond Fresnes-en-Woevre. At the cost of only 7,000 casualties, mostly light, we had taken 16,000 prisoners and 443 guns, a great quantity of material, released the inhabitants of many villages from enemy domination, and established our lines in a position to threaten Metz. This signal success of the American First Army in its first offensive was of prime importance. The Allies found they had a formidable army to aid them, and the enemy learned finally that he had one to reckon with. 70 MEUSE-ARGONNE OFFENSIVE; FIRST PHASE On the day after we had taken the St. Mihiel salient, much of our Corps and Army artillery which had operated at St. Mihiel, and our Divisions in reserve at other points, were already on the move toward the area back of the line between the Meuse River and the western edge of the Forest of Argonne. With the exception of St. Mihiel, the old German front line from Switzer- land to the east of Rheims was still intact. In the general attack all along the line, the operation assigned the American Army as the hinge of this Allied offensive was directed toward the important railroad communications of the German armies through Mezieres and Sedan. The enemy must hold fast to this part of his lines or the withdrawal of his forces with four years' accumulation of plants and materials would be dangerously imperiled. The German Army had as yet shown no demoralization and, while the mass of its troops had suffered in morale, its first-class divisions and notably its machine-gun defense were exhibit- ing remarkable tactical efficiency as well as courage. The German General Staff was fully aware of the consequences of a success on the Meuse-Argonne line. Certain that he would do every- thing in his power to oppose us, the action was planned with as much secrecy as possible and was undertaken with the determination to use all our Divisions in forcing a decision. We expected to draw the best German divisions to our front and to consume them while the enemy was held under grave apprehension lest our attack should break his line, which it was our firm purpose to do. Our right flank was protected by the Meuse, while our left embraced the Argonne forest, whose ravines, hills and elaborate defense screened by dense thickets had been generally con- sidered impregnable. Our order of battle from right to left was the Third Corps from the Meuse to Malancourt, with the Thirty-third, Eightieth and Fourth Divisions in line, and the Third Division as corps reserve; the Fifth Corps from Malancourt to Vauquois, with the Seventy-ninth, Eighty-seventh and Ninety-first Divisions in line, and the Thirty-second in corps reserve; and the First Corps, from Vauquois to Vienne Le Chateau, with Thirty-fifth, Twenty-eighth and Sev- enty-seventh Divisions in line and the Ninety-second in corps reserve. The Army reserve con- sisted of the First, Twenty-ninth and Eighty-second Divisions. On the night of September 25th our troops quietly took the place of the French who thinly held the line in this sector which had long been inactive. In the attack which began on the 26th we drove through the barbed wire entanglements and the sea of shell craters across No Man's Land, mastering all the first-line defenses. Continuing on the 27th and 28th, against machine guns and artillery of an increasing number of enemy reserve divisions, we penetrated to a depth of from 3 to 7 miles, and took the village of Montfaucon and its commanding hill and Exermont, Gercourt, Cuisy, Septsarges, Malancourt, Ivoiry, Epinonville, Charpentry, Very, and other villages. East of the Meuse one of our Divisions, which was with the Second Colonial French Corps, captured Marcheville and Rieville, giving further protection to the flank of our main body. We had taken 10,000 prisoners, we had gained our point of forcing the battle into the open and were prepared for the enemy's reaction, which was bound to come, as he had good roads and ample railroad facilities for bringing up his artillery and reserves. In the chill rain of dark nights our engineers had to build new roads across spongy, shell-torn areas, repair broken roads beyond No Man's Land, and build bridges. Our gunners, with no thought of sleep, put their shoulders to wheels and dragropes to bring their guns through the mire in support of the infantry, now under the increasing fire of the enemy's artillery. Our attack had taken the enemy by surprise, but, quickly recovering himself, he began to fire counter-attacks in strong force, supported by heavy bombardments, with large quantities of gas. From Septem- ber 28th until October 4th we maintained the offensive against patches of woods defended by snipers and continuous lines of machine guns, and pushed forward our guns and transport, seizing strategical points in preparation for further attacks. OTHER UNITS WITH ALLIES Other Divisions attached to the Allied armies were doing their part. It was the fortune of our Second Corps, composed of the Twenty-seventh and Thirtieth Divisions, which had remained with the British, to have a place of honor in cooperation with the Australian Corps on September 29th and October 1st in the assault on the Hindenburg line where the St. Quentin Canal passes through a tunnel under a ridge. The Thirtieth Division speedily broke through the main line of defense for all its objectives, while the Twenty-seventh pushed on impetuously through the main line until some of its elements reached Gouy. In the midst of the maze of trenches and shell craters and under cross fire from machine guns, the other elements fought desperately against odds. In this and in later actions, from October 6th to October 19th, our Second Corps captured over 6,000 prisoners and advanced over 13 miles. The spirit and aggressiveness of these Divisions have been highly praised by the British Army commander under whom they served. On October 2-9 our Second and Thirty-sixth Divisions were sent to assist the French in an important attack against the old German positions before Rheims. The Second conquered the complicated defense works on their front against a persistent defense worthy of the grimmest period of trench warfare and attacked the strongly held wooded hill of Blanc Mont, which they captured in a second assault, sweeping over it with consummate dash and skill. This Division then repulsed strong counter attacks before the village and cemetery of Ste. Etienne and took the town, forcing the Germans to fall back from before Rheims and yield positions they had held since September, 1914. On October 9th the Thirty-sixth Division relieved the Second and, in its first experience under fire, withstood very severe artillery bombardment and rapidly took up the pursuit of the enemy, now retiring behind the Aisne. 71 MEUSE-ARGONNE OFFENSIVE, SECOND PHASE The Allied progress elsewhere cheered the efforts of our men in this crucial contest as the German command threw in more and more first-class troops to stop our advance. We made steady headway in the almost impenetrable and strongly held Argonne Forest, for, despite this reinforcement, it was our Army that was doing the driving. Our aircraft was increasing in skill and numbers and forcing the issue, and our Infantry and Artillery were improving rapidly with each new experience. The replacements fresh from home were put into exhausted divisions with little time for training, but they had the advantage of serving beside men who knew their business and who had almost become veterans over night. The enemy had taken every advantage of the terrain, which especially favored the defense, by a prodigal use of machine guns manned by highly trained veterans and by using his artillery at short ranges. In the face of such strong frontal positions we should have been unable to accomplish any progress according to previously accepted standards, but I had every confidence in our aggressive tactics and the courage of our troops. On October 4th the attack was renewed all along our front. The Third Corps tilting to the left followed the Brieulles-Cunel road ; our Fifth Corps took Gesnes, while the First Corps advanced for over two miles along the irregular valley of the Aire River and in the wooded hills of the Ar- gonne that bordered the river, used by the enemy with all his art and weapons of defense. This sort of fighting continued against an enemy striving to hold every foot of ground and whose very strong counter-attacks challenged us at every point. On the 7th the First Corps captured Chatel-Chehery and continued along the river to Cornay. On the east of Meuse sector one of the two Divisions cooperating with the French captured Consenvoye and the Haumont Woods. On the 9th the Fifth Corps, in its progress up the Aire, took Fleville, and the Third Corps which had continuous fighting against odds was working its way through Brieulles and Cunel. On the 10th we had cleared the Argonne Forest of the enemy. It was now necessary to constitute a second army, and on October 9th the immediate com- mand of the First Army was turned over to Lieut. Gen. Hunter Liggett. The command of the Second Army, whose divisions occupied a sector in the Woevre, was given to Lieut. Gen. Robert L. Bullard, who had been commander of the First Division and then of the Third Corps. Maj. Gen. Dickman was transferred to the command of the First Corps, while the Fifth Corps was placed under Maj. Gen. Charles P. Summerall, who had recently commanded the First Division. Maj. Gen. John L. Hines, who had gone rapidly up from regimental to division commander, was assigned to the Third Corps. These four officers had been in France from the early days of the expedition and had learned their lessons in the school of practical warfare. Our constant pressure against the enemy brought day by day more prisoners, mostly survi- vors from machine-gun nests captured in fighting at close quarters. On October 18th there was very fierce fighting in the Carues Woods east of the Meuse and in the Ormont Woods. On the 14th the First Corps took St. Juvin, and the Fifth Corps, in hand-to-hand encounters, entered the formidable Kriemhilde line, where the enemy had hoped to check us indefinitely. Later the Fifth Corps penetrated further the Kriemhilde line, and the First Corps took Champigneulles and the important town of Grandpre. Our dogged offensive was wearing down the enemy, who continued desperately to throw his best troops against us, thus weakening his line in front of our Allies and making their advance less difficult. DIVISIONS IN BELGIUM Meanwhile we were not only able to continue the battle, but our Thirty-seventh and Ninety- first Divisions were hastily withdrawn from our front and dispatched to help the French Army in Belgium. Detraining in the neighborhood of Ypres, these Divisions advanced by rapid stages to the fighting line and were assigned to adjacent French Corps. On October 31, in continua- tion of the Flanders offensive, they attacked and methodically broke down all enemy resistance. On November 3rd the Thirty-seventh had completed its mission in dividing the enemy across the Escaut River and firmly established itself along the east bank included in the division zone of action. By a clever flanking movement troops of the Ninety-first Division captured Spitaals Bosschen, a difficult wood extending across the central part of the division sector, reached the Escaut, and penetrated into the town of Audenarde. These divisions received high commenda- tion from their corps commanders for their dash and energy. MEUSE-ARGONNE— LAST PHASE On the 23d the Third and Fifth Corps pushed northward to the level of Bantheville. While we continued to press forward and throw back the enemy's violent counter-attacks with great loss to him, a regrouping of our forces was under way for the final assault. Evidences of loss of morale by the enemy gave our men more confidence in attack and more fortitude in enduring the fatigue of incessant effort and the hardships of very inclement weather. With comparatively well-rested divisions, the final advance in the Meuse-Argonne front was begun on November 1. Our increased artillery force acquitted itself magnificently in support of the advance, and the enemy broke before the determined infantry, which, by its persistent fighting of the past weeks and the dash of this attack had overcome his will to resist. The Third Corps took Aincreville, Doulcon and Andevanne, and the Fifth Corps took Landres et St. Georges and pressed through successive lines of resistance to Bayonville and Chennery. On the 2d the First Corps joined in the movement, which now became an impetuous onslaught that could not be stayed. On the 3d, advance troops surged forward in pursuit, some by motor trucks, while the artil- lery pressed along the country roads close behind. The First Corps reached Authe and Chatillon- sur-Bar, the Fifth Corps, Fosse and Nouart, and the Third Corps, Halles, penetrating the enemy's line to a depth of 12 miles. Our large caliber guns had advanced and were skillfully brought into position to fire upon the important lines at Montmedy, Longuyon and Conflans. Our Third Corps crossed the Meuse on the 5th, and the other corps, in the full confidence that the day was theirs, eagerly cleared the way of machine guns as they swept northward, maintaining complete coordination throughout. On the 6th, a division of the first Corps reached a point on the Meuse opposite Sedan, 25 miles from our line of departure. The strategical goal which was our highest hope was gained. We had cut the enemy's main line of communications, and nothing but sur- render or an armistice could save his army from complete disaster. In all, 40 enemy divisions had been used against us in the Meuse-Argonne battle. Between September 26th and November 6th we took 26,059 prisoners and 468 guns on this front. Our Divisions engaged were the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-seventh, Forty-second, Seventy- seventh, Seventy-eighth, Seventy-ninth, Eightieth, Eighty-second, Eighty-ninth, Ninetieth and Ninety-first. Many of our divisions remained in line for a length of time that required nerves of steel, while others were sent in again after only a few days rest. The First, Fifth, Twenty- sixth, Forty-second, Seventy-seventh, Eightieth, Eighty-ninth and Ninetieth were in the line twice. Although some of the divisions were fighting their first battle, they soon became equal to the best. OPERATIONS EAST OF THE MEUSE On the three days preceding November 10, the Third, the Second Colonial and the Seven- teenth French Corps fought a difficult struggle through the Meuse Hills south of Stenay and forced the enemy into the plain. Meanwhile, my plans for further use of the American forces con- templated an advance between the Meuse and the Moselle in the direction of Longwy by the First Army, while, at the same time, the Second Army should assure the offensive toward the rich iron fields of Briey. These operations were to be followed by an offensive toward Chateau-Salins east of the Moselle, thus isolating Metz. Accordingly, attacks on the American front had been ordered and that of the Second Army was in progress on the morning of November 11th, when instructions were received that hostilities should cease at 11 o'clock, A. M. At this moment the line of the American sector, from right to left, began at Port-Sur-Seille, thence across the Moselle to Vandieres and through the Woevre to Bezonvaux in the foothills of the Meuse, thence along to the foothills and through the northern edge of the Woevre forests to the Meuse at Mouzay, thence along the Meuse, connecting with the French -under Sedan. RELATIONS WITH THE ALLIES Cooperation among the Allies has at all times been most cordial. A far greater effort has been put forth by the Allied armies and staffs to assist us than could have been expected. The French Government and Army have always stood ready to furnish us with supplies, equipment, and transportation and to aid us in every way. In the towns and hamlets wherever our troops have been stationed or billeted the French people have everywhere received them more as rela- tives and intimate friends than as soldiers of a foreign army. For these things words are quite inadequate to express our gratitude. There can be no doubt that the relations growing out of our associations here assure a permanent friendship between the two peoples. Although we have not been so intimately associated with the people of Great Britain, yet their troops and ours when thrown together have always warmly fraternized. The reception of those of our forces who have passed through England and of those who have been stationed there has always been enthusiastic. Altogether it has been deeply impressed upon us that the ties of language and blood bring the British and ourselves together completely and inseparably. STRENGTH There are in Europe altogether, including a regiment and some sanitary units with the Italian Army and the organizations at Murmansk, also including those en route from the States, ap- proximately 2,053,347 men, less our losses. Of this total there are in France 1,338,169 combatant troops. Forty divisions have arrived, of which the Infantry personnel of 10 have been used as replacements, leaving 30 divisions now in France organized into three armies of three corps each. The losses of the Americans up to November 18th are: Killed and wounded, 36,145; died of disease, 14,811; deaths unclassified, 2,204; wounded, 179,625; prisoners, 2,163; missing, 1,160. We have captured about 44,000 prisoners and 1,400 guns, howitzers and trench mortars. COMMENDATION The duties of the General Staff, as well as those of the Army and Corps Staffs, have been very ably performed. Especially is this true when we consider the new and difficult problems with which they have been confronted. This body of officers, both as individuals and as an organi- zation, have, I believe, no superiors in professional ability, in efficiency, or in loyalty. Nothing that we have in France better reflects the efficiency and devotion to duty of Ameri- cans in general than the Service of Supply, whose personnel is thoroughly imbued with a patriotic desire to do its full duty. They have at all times fully appreciated their responsibility to the rest of the Army and the results produced have been most gratifying. 73 Our Medical Corps is especially entitled to praise for the general effectiveness of its work both in hospital and at the front. Embracing men of high professional attainments, and splendid women devoted to their calling and untiring in their efforts, this department has made a new record for medical and sanitary proficiency. The Quartermaster Department has had difficult and various tasks, but it has more than met all demands that have been made upon it. Its management and its personnel have been exceptionally efficient and deserve every possible commendation. As to the more technical services, the able personnel of the Ordnance Department in France has splendidly fulfilled its functions both in procurement and in forwarding the immense quantities of ordnance required. The officers and men and the young women of the Signal Corps have per- formed their duties with a large conception of the problem and with a devoted and patriotic spirit to which the perfection of our communications daily testify. While the Engineer Corps has been referred to in another part of this report, it should be further stated that the work has required large vision and high professional skill, and great credit is due their personnel for the high pro- ficiency that they have constantly maintained. Our aviators have no equal in daring or in fighting ability and have left a record of courageous deeds that will ever remain a brilliant page in the annals of our Army. While the Tank Corps has had limited opportunities its personnel has responded gallantly on every possible occasion and has shown courage of the highest order. The Adjutant General's Department has been directed with a systematic thoroughness and excellence that surpassed any previous work of its kind. The Inspector General's Department has risen to the highest standards and throughout has ably assisted commanders in the enforce- ment of discipline. The able personnel of the Judge Advocate General's Department has solved with judgment and wisdom the multitude of difficult legal problems, many of them involving questions of great international importance. It would be impossible in this brief preliminary report to do justice to the personnel of all the different branches of this organization which I shall cover in detail in a later report. The Navy in European waters has at all times most cordially aided the Army, and it is most gratifying to report that there has never before been such perfect co-operation between these two branches of the service. As to Americans in Europe not in the military services, it is the greatest pleasure to say that, both in official and in private life, they are intensely patriotic and loyal, and have been invariably sympathetic and helpful to the Army. Finally, I pay the supreme tribute to our officers and soldiers of the line. When I think of their heroism, their patience under hardships, their unflinching spirit of offensive action, I am filled with emotion which I am unable to express. Their deeds are immortal, and they have earned the eternal gratitude of our country. I am, Mr. Secretary, very respectfully, JOHN J. PERSHING, General, Commander-in-Chief American Expeditionary Forces. To the Secretary of War. 74 CORPS, DIVISION, INFANTRY BRIGADE AND ARTILLERY BRIGADE COMMANDERS, FEBRUARY 1, 1919 1st. Maj. Gen. Wm. W. Wright, Commanding. Brig. Gen. Wm. W. Fassett, Chief of Staff. Brig. Gen. Wm. M. Cruikshank, Chief of Artillery. 2nd. No general officers commanding. 3rd. Maj. Gen. John L. Hines, Commanding. Brig. Gen. Campbell King, Chief of Staff. 4th. Maj. Gen. Chas. H. Muir, Commanding. Brig. Gen. Briant H. Wells, Chief of Staff. 5th. Maj. Gen. Chas. B. Summerall, Commanding. Brig. Gen. Wilson B. Burtt, Chief of Staff. 6th. Maj. Gen. Adelbert Cronkhite, Commanding. Brig. Gen. Albert J. Bowley, Chief of Artillery. 7th. Maj. Gen. Wm. G. Haan, Commanding. 8th. Maj. Gen. Henry T. Allen, Commanding. 9th. Maj. Gen. Jos. E. Kuhn, temporarily commanding. Brig. Gen. Wm. K. Naylor, Chief of Staff. DIVISIONS 1st. Maj. Gen. Edw. F. McGlachlin, Jr. 37th. Maj. Gen. 2nd. Maj. Gen. John M. Lejeune. 40th. Maj. Gen. 3rd. Maj. Gen. Robt. L. Howze. 41st. Maj. Gen. 4th. Maj. Gen. Mark L. Hersey. 42nd. Maj. Gen. 5th. Maj. Gen. Hanson E. Ely. 77th. Maj. Gen. 6th. Maj. Gen. Walter H. Gordon. 78th. Maj. Gen. 7th. Maj. Gen. Edmund Wittenmyer. 79th. Maj. Gen. 26th. Maj. Gen. Harry C. Hale. 80th. Maj. Gen. 27th. Maj. Gen. John F. O'Ryan. 81st. Maj. Gen. 28th. Maj. Gen. Wm. H. Hay. 82nd. Maj. Gen. 29th. Maj. Gen. Chas. H. Muir. 85th. Maj. Gen. 30th. Maj. Gen. Edw. M. Lewis. 88th. Maj. Gen. 32nd. Maj. Gen. Wm. Lassiter. 89th. Maj. Gen. 33rd. Maj. Gen. Geo. Bell, Jr. 90th. Maj. Gen. 35th. Brig. Gen. Thos. B.Dugan (temporary) 91st. Maj. Gen. 36th. Maj. Gen. Wm. R. Smith. 92nd. Brig. Gen. Chas. S. Strong. Fredk. S. Strong. Peter E. Traub. Clement A. F. Flagler. Robert Alexander. Jas. H. McRae. Jos. E. Kuhn. Samuel D. Sturgis. Chas. J. Bailey. Geo. B. Duncan. Chase W. Kennedy. Wm. Weigel. Frank L. Winn. Chas. H. Martin. Wm. H. Johnston. Jas. B. Erwin. INFANTRY BRIGADES 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 8th. 9th. 10th. 11th. 12th. 13th. 14th. 51st. 52nd. 53rd. 54th. 55th. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Louis M. Nuttman. Francis C. Marshall. Chas. E. Kilbourne. Wendell C. Neville. Fred W. Sladen. Ora E. Hunt. Benj. A. Poore. Frank E. Bamford. Jos. C. Castner. Paul B. M alone. Wm. R. Dashiell. Lucius L. Dufree. Alfred W. Bjornstad. Lutz Wahl. Geo. H. Shelton. Chas. H. Cole. Chas. I. Debevoise. Palmer E. Pierce. Wilds P. Richardson. 56th. 57th. 58th. 59th. 60th. 63rd. 64th. 65th. 66th. 69th. 70th. 71st. 72nd. 73rd. 74th. 79th. 80th. 90th. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Humbert A. Allen. La Roy S. Upton. Frank S. Cocheu. Lawrence D. Tyson. Samuel L. Faison. Wm. R. Smedberg, Jr. Edwin R. Winans. Edw. L. King. Paul A. Wolf. Thos. W. Darrah. Brig. Gen. Pegram Whitworth. Brig. Gen. John A. Hulen. Brig. Gen. Sanford B. Stanberg. Brig. Gen. Wm. P. Jackson. Brig. Gen. Alex. M. Tuthill. Brig. Gen. Wm. O. Johnson. Brig. Gen. Edw. Vollrath. Brig. Gen. Frank M. Baldwell. 75 Infantry Brigades — Continued 84th. 153rd. 154th. 155th. 156th. 157th. 158th. 159th. 160th. 161st. 162nd. 163rd. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Douglas MacArthur. Michael J. Lenihan. Harrison J. Price. Otho B. Rosenbaum. Jas. T. Dean. John S. Winn. Evan M. Johnson. Geo. H. Jamerson. Lloyd M. Brett. Geo. W. Melver. Munroe McFarland. John J. Bradley. 164th. 169th. 175th. 176th. 177th. 178th. 179th. 180th. 181st. 182nd. 183rd. 184th. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Brig. Gen. Julian R. Lindsley. Geo. D. Moore. Merch B. Stewart. Wm. D. Beach. Herman Hall. Geo. C. Barnhardt. Jos. P. O'Neill. Ulysses G. McAlexander. John B. McDonald. Vernon A. Caldwell. Chas. Gerhardt. Albert H. Blanding. FIELD ARTILLERY BRIGADES 1st. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 6th. 7th. 51st. 52nd. 53rd. 54th. 55th. 58th. 60th. 64th. 66th. 67th. 31st. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Brig. Gen. Henry VV. Butner. 151st. Gen. Harry G. Bishop. 152nd. Gen. Edwin B. Babbitt. 153rd. Gen. Wm. C. Rivers. 154th. Gen. Edw. A. Millar. 155th. Gen. Tiemann N. Horn. 156th. Gen. Pelham D. Glassford. 157th. Gen. Geo. A. Wingate. Gen. Wm. G. Price, Jr. 158th. Gen. Lucius R. Holbrook. 160th. Gen. John W. Kilberth, Jr. 164th. Gen. Henry W. Todd, Jr. 165th. Gen. Lucien G. Berry. Gen. Ira A. Haynes. 166th. Gen. Johnson Hagodd. 167th. Brig. Gen. Richmond P. Davis. Brig. Gen. Manus McCloskey. Brig. Gen. Clint O. Hearn. Brig. Gen. Andrew Hero, Jr. Brig. Gen. Jas. H. Bryson. Brig. Gen. Andrew Moses. Colonel Harry A. Hegeman, Daniel F. Craig. Brig. Gen. Adrian S. Fleming. Brig. Gen. Guy H. Preston. Brig. Gen. Edw. T. Donnelly. Brig. Gen. Augustine Mclntyre, commanding. Brig. Gen. Beverly F. Brown. Brig. Gen. John H. Sherburne. COAST ARTILLERY BRIGADES Brig. Gen. Wm. C. Davis. 38th. 34th. Brig. Gen. Daniel VV. Ketcham. Brig. Gen. Geo. Blakely. MEDALS AND BADGES The War Department is preparing and will soon be ready to issue upon application, medals and badges for all officers and enlisted men who have served honorably in the army at home or abroad at any time between 1861 and the close of the World War, 1917-1918. Every service man or the relatives of the dead, should apply to the American Legion, the Grand Army or other recognized organization or directly to the Adjutant General of the U. S. Army at Washington, D. C, for a copy of the "Badge and Medal Circular," giving full details and instructions on how these awards may be obtained. HOW COLONIES HELPED WIN THE WAR The following figures show the number of troops contributed by the various parts of the British empire during the war: British Isles, 5,704,416; Canada, 640,886; Australia, 416,809; New Zea- land, 220,099; South Africa, 136,070; India, 1,401,350; other colonies, 134,837. The grand total was 3,654,467. The casualties of the troops of the British empire are stated as follows: British Isles: killed, 662,083; missing or prisoners, 140,312; wounded, 1,644,786. Losses of troops from India, Canada, Australia and other parts of the empire brought the total to, killed, 851,117; missing and prisoners, 142,057; wounded, 2,067,442. Prisoners repatriated are not included in the foregoing. 76 Ameriratt leao in iFrattr? NEARLY 70,000 FIGHTERS FROM THIS SIDE OF ATLANTIC BURIED IN THIRTY-EIGHT CEMETERIES American army officers believe very few unidentified bodies will lie among America's soldier dead in France when the army graves registration service completes a thorough rechecking of records now in progress. Every grave record is being checked against the army's casualty list. Each little white cross — or six-pointed star over the Jews — is having an embossed aluminum strip placed on the back, duplicating the name, rank and organi- zation already painted on the marker. This is being done as a precaution against the possibility of winter weather wearing away the stenciled in- formation. Nearly 70,000 American boys are buried in the eleven districts of France, the Belgian battlefields and the duchy of Luxemburg. There are 38 ceme- teries of 300 or more graves, cared for by discharged soldiers. The largest of these is Romagne, north of Verdun, where lie 23,000 of our men. The next in size is that at Thiacourt, with 4,500 graves. Many of those who fell in battle are sleeping in British and French military or the French communal cemeteries. A few were left where they were first put in the ground, as in the Vosges mountains. All graves are under the care of the commanding graves officer in the eleven districts, and a caretaker watches over them. Officers make periodical inspection. Where practical, grass has been sown on the battle burying grounds, and in the spring this work, previously hampered by the task of grouping the bodies, will be carried on. When the present graves service administration took over headquarters in Paris in August, the records were found to contain a list of 12,000 names of men buried, but without giving the exact location of the grave. The present check includes the compilation of a complete directory of every American grave. In the first 18,000 graves recorded, a fourth of these unlocated ones were found and properly marked. Inspections of battlefield burying grounds have been the slowest, but the American officers said they expected the work, when finished, would leave few of those tragic mounds wherein would lie an American soldier, "name unknown." Many of these are expected to be identified later, when the description of the body, marks in the clothing and sometimes a letter from home to "Dear Jim," sent back to the War Department, are seen by those who have been grieving over their boy listed among the "missing." None of the bodies may be returned to the families yet, but mothers and fathers have been coming to France to look at the graves of their boys. Welfare organizations have organized services to facilitate these visits, and at several of the American cemeteries the Young Men's Christian Association has provided rest rooms. 77 < •sa?E^s *q sjbjox t-M Ol-3 5,160 23 534 i ico SI So O MtD a oon. iO o»c t^ NO o o« re 3 N0O O (N « to © iH IH CO D •UOT^D'E u; Sujssiyj p-i « n c 3 1 ■papunoAi \v\0£ »oo » ^°° i t> NO | £§ iO OO O NO OSW 3 NO D CO ^ tow oo t» h- •sjauosud jb?ox "J? "* i-i w < O O < a B IS ill 2 Jow < J go •tj < E i 1 3 4 i Q la Sow < IS is ■ill ^ Sow u : n i§ §ow u : c gow 1 cot* t- OSN r~ s tJI M £ CO t*t* 1-1-=* t*«5 IN a" c c h- t* n TfCC no CNOS rf c ■ 10 t»C3 2 t- 1 oir> .-iTf § s§ I «c5 | ^os OS Tf O OOS -*• «-hO COO Tf © Ssco s TflS OS ,-Tf NO! 2 3® t» 3 S " ; "£? £ COt- £ TfTf GO © sg § t»o too t* CO 5 1 Tl< cso | (OCR 1 r^-Tf S t*t* Tf to t- CO 00 * W tP t^ t*>-< % •* r> Tf O s Clt^ OV Tf r* a S ! ■r- a 28 s 00 1 1 22 -t OtD it CO X ON TfCO COO Tf r; -?! rr e co •a co 8 00O T* Tf ios OS 2S 3 COM s 00 00 OS ^g t* N g "® N- ico CO woo - t»tO 3 ios OS 2| w g s no l> -8 s »o s -s to - ; - ico CO i-tCO t* <-«iO i N « 1 r - t-w Tf»C c 3 r^ •41 as »OOS <->CO tP (NO 1 t^co TP 1" CT M 8 -2 r- :t# S -s IC Is s ~ l> ice 00 N § s * - i*** rf ■* rf *JtP T# [OS e -« CO ico M -2 3 h " «gi s -2 4 is 2 a = Ico CC « -r r « - " - - 1- - h - h ~ « « it* r~ " " (IQ 10 ■ « ios • h - r « N 1 " h - COCO a "S a I" • •-I** IO -« " |tN (N ! N . « j- - eMTf a OS 03 ~" N « N 1" to [CO CO *©t* » -s r~ r»cs s <-iN 00 000s t- CON X N S S -a CO 10 8 ^r w « h- cot* «-HtO s t-t* oeo t* t^ COO CO oto rfCO CNCO 4 COO to 1 - So0 1 ^0 -3 3 ^tP kfl too s w « M c*0 s t-4U5 to t- t* OOS CO-* b- "1 O ost- © COO CO Tf 1 -a WU3 1> r-t* a •*© 0) OOS OS r-»C0 OS T*tN OS M t* 1 00 1 NO N "1 1 s i s l>t* 1 25 2 -.2^ 2 .."s 2 tOW SOW T50W oOW -ROW Sow -ow sow sow -sow 7:1 •sa^is ^Q s[bjox xc c 5 t-l/3 3,812 687 12,818 13,505 381 9,988 165 7,158 7,323 75 2,228 2,303 414 9,971 10,385 ■uoijoe ui Suissij-q; c i •papunoA\ je^oj. "S*" •s 1 ef O "3CD CO ^X 3 rHb. O t> M ON O CO CO IN** t* U3 ^H ,_ b- N — •patntuia^apun aaiSaQ 2c I s l O t*Tt< » IO00 -o """o S OO O i-ioO ft b ^CO CO * S c o U •Api^A^S t; *r IOO o O iHCO ■O ON MO iC c o 300 Oft o f --"X o | rt - 1 M ■0 » ■o cq 1 ■Anq3i[S t* r^ lOO » OcO 3 OO 1 "§ P* c o c o 5^ ' 3 00ft N 5 HO ^ ^ H "* * N N rH 1 ■siauosiid ps^oj. N ;r £ ON -0 NO 3 CO-* D 0-» 31 i-«0> O OJ c 5 2 2 3 ■paiEuiBdaH >-HTj 2 •a l-H COO ■0 (NO o <£>•-< ^- OO » rHCO i "*S o ft o 13 ■p^a -- " jc, N MiO •* :« ■o [■* •10} pa^unoDDEun ;« a H 1 •pE9p IE}0£ a S a S 3 3= Nl> < -« OCO o 10 ooo -ti D i-tao C o«j CO 1 ■pEap patunsaj^j ;« c 5 |S : c c |S 2 1 •IEi^jEai;jnoD P343U3Q— uorjnaaxg " ■ ■appimoq jo japinp^ h - r ■ # :i-h i> h | R e , ;» , -* ** J™ " "S> •appms ~« » h « , «=0 ; 5 CCCO i- H -« = — H COO ft | 1 ■pSUAVOIQ ... « h c |. = 9 -3 ; 2 :* , ' -° m 'iuappaE jo para l Xft h CM--H TJ is | rH ,- l>rH a N fe c iOt» N O i- OO o o o o B S 3 i c Sow 1 H is Sill E" 3 ■SiE'i £ gow 1 is 1 ■ c is isg| 1 ■SO i E | 1 1 1 £ : c j Is I oOW 80 a — z c r o S s - © c a £ E ~ 1 CO t"~ c a ;- - - - COO ^ tiO :f too CO ooc 00 o 3 f-t© c o-* ^ o^# 5 r»io X t» 1 ii i~ r^o 5 "S — s s *§ ~ ^M CO CO" c t- °°s =j oo 00N O CN»C © 2 S cfi TTt- s l~w 1 *o c ooo r~ © c iOO t^ b- OOl 2g % t»OJ 5 "8 © rHr- o oo co" o s Si i~ 00O f /_ ©10 t- r x 01 £ £ a o «« CO Mr- 2 OiO 2 00 * ■*eo fr*. t-co c 8 3 (H-^l E "8 S o o -« '■'- «.» 6 2S o 00 X COO 3: X »o o * -* 2^! 1^ - - - " — * »§ £ " - - ~ CO ^ : r - r» r>- - 1 " o I iftO § •8 •" OO £ - S ©00 3 CD© b- CQ 00 os CO"* c 2 I CNO o 3 -2 2 « N NO 2 s 3 "3 OS a 10 3 r N ^ 3 NN ■* 2 2 IN c c *"*» ■^ 3 3 IOOD r* 2 00 ^tD t* s H h. t- r^ t* - - "2 CO * c COO 5 a o ~ " S •* - - - - ■4* 1* « t ^s i~ O© !■ =el h ||| (2 all s 2 "sg'i h ||i h |||| (S ||| (2 (3|? s2 q|^ h |-g iSOW JOB ^OW *OM ^OW "OH 'OW £0M £OW • c ; ow ST. X 81 •sa^s *q sie^ox *" • - e» ■# t; " 3 t- '5 .i Tt 1 OJ oa - ooo coco o CS •UOpDB UI StllSSIJ^ - - c £ •papunojtt ibioj. n c a; OCN 00"* i (NO TJ N 1 ■*rR*ns i-iiti § mo i d" o 2m 1 o-* O 5 *tf r. CON oo o 1 C ■SJ3UOSUd [E30X a c M a 6 3 ■5b 8 a M 2 s S 2 N-* 3 s *p31EIj;Bd3^I 8 8 ■CO 1 OC30 o CO "s "* N | •peap painnsajj 2 2 rtTjH • <"3 ce CO " « .:<■ « t- N •pamuuaiapun asneo *3 t- rt S 2 Tt "a a ■spunoA\ jo pajQ "1 o r- N COO S -a 3 ON» t^ (ON S3 a i o "S> ■uojioe ui pajnx N 23 f, r-to CO 2S £ NO S O c »i o 1 1 3 II 3 6 H h |c £ •o W £ d 1 (2 ■B || |c ■d 1 3 i 1 i. 5° 3 I to c H 1 |0 I -a W c- 82 wc a- O 01 1 "^ 3 11 2 o 00N OS o CO •v 6^ cs SB ©o efi ;i-*3 IC CO Mi fr- l> 1--0 s 5 h. a r OSt* --*fr- r^ ^1 s ■^to 3 0 t~ IcO ec 23 2 r- t- h - OS CO HH g r- r- ~° 10 t-« 5i rtt- o M N ?, Cst* g :^ ^* 5s ~ »s b o 3 oto s ow 2 ^g 5 S5|j i 00 00 :n '' i rt " o •^^ * ^3 B 2* i °°g r- m s (N-* o s j«j IS ;"* H | "" mo 3 C0 t> ngj 3 t-oo s |os s 1" H la 00 *° I 1 d § — i c » is I T3 00 ^ 1 la to pj-s IB j»OW iOW gOW .SOW 20W „OH oOW SOW JJOW «OW S3 'S31E2S ^q SIB]OX ■**© H :r- t» " H ""■ MOO r- o CO I 9 : ■uoipE in Sujssip^ i CO ™ •g 1 •papunoA\ [eioj. wo x ;■* -f ^o = 2 i s 1-HO a o •psuiuuaiapun 33JS3Q rtrt CT ! N N -TO ^ t- t-- ■X w o o o o c o U 1 ■ApJ3A3S w« ■* jN 71 1" m "S 1 I-- "SI •*tWSllS |« N if •* fro £ Nr- o 1 & •sjauosud ib^ox ^ ; - rt s s CCt*< c ■Si -pai-euiEda^j " ! - rt 3 s r-co ■* 8 ■a "P 3 !(l ON § ■jo j paaunoDDBUQ N 2 3 5 ■d Q •pB3p IB50X ^CC *# i™ M ; rt rt s « § CNt^ 1 2 Q •pBap pauinsaij r ~ "S It o I K| •p3UIUIJ3;9piin 3STIE3 2 s ■^00 | 1 8 •SaSllBD UAVOU3I jat^O :" f * ffiCO 3 1 g 'IBpjBIUlJnOD jBjau 3Q — uoi^noaxg o o o s ■appiraoq jo aapjnj^; ™s 2 3 ■£, •appmg :"* ' S| | O 1 ■paUAVOJQ r *, t*b- o s 1 ■luappoE jo paiQ ^ : rt NX c II 5 o o o o a ■asEasjp jo paiQ |rH rt jN N i rt ""' t- r- tOts. -r "a ■spunoA\ p paiQ CCC- e I- CO § "&■ ■uoipB ui paniS ;w « i"" ~ ■P £ ^N "* ■* a *2 1 111 *> low s £ 5 ■ s •111 H : c! oOW l2 (2 ■ C IE ■B 0b H 1 i •a « J 5 H H c RICHMOND, VA. Having subscribed largely to the first edition of this "Honor Roll and Family Record" just as it was going to press the names of the city dead have been inserted. The names are those furnished the French C 'ommission who came to the United States to personally present that government's beautiful testimonial to the families of those who made the supreme sacrifice. Other cities, states or organizations may have their "Honor Roll" in future editions by addressing the publisher. RICHMOND MEN WHO DIED • Bartoun Afarian James E. Green Wm. 1.. Penney Adair Archer Merle F. Gross ( lifton L. Perkins Lawrence Allen James B. Hake John W. Parkins Newton R. Ancarrow Wm. E. Hancock- ( ieorge A. Parry Geo. W. Anderson. Jr. Walter Scott Hardy Stuart M. Pierce Joseph Lee Andrews Frank Harlow Warren A. Poitiaux Andrew W. Arnold Tillman W. Harpole Clarence H. Pollard Clarence F. Ashbrook Joseph M. Hatcher David W. Powers William S. Ashbrook David P. Harris Foster S. Powell Frank Austin Baker G. O. Harris William I. Priddy Arthur W. Bass Gilbert Lee Hawley Clarence T. Pumphrey John W. Black Dewey H. Herring David L. Powers Groves S. Blackburn Floyd J. Hetzer Richard Perry A. Beirne Blair, Jr. Joseph R. Hicks Harry M. Peaco George A. Blundy John W. Hobeck John W. Quarles Eddie R. Bohannon Robert M. Higgins John E. Rabineau Walter L. Bohannon Wm. Harry Hobson Warrick S. Rabineau Reginald St. C. Bosher Beaufort Hoen John Ralston Geo. Y. Bradley. Jr. Walter S. Hoen Raymond W. Rector R. C. Brame Fountaine S. Holmes Raymond R. Redford Claude M. Brooks George D. Hopson Robert H. Reed Clarence A. Bryce Francis L. Hord Garnet L. Rhoads Arthur Burnette Wm. K. Hughes Percy E. Rieley Malcolm Burton Frank G. Hulcher Samuel Rieley Samuel Burnwell Thomas B. Inge Samuel Robertson Herbert Cardona Charles Tasper Otis F. Robertson Albert C Cardona Wm. O. Jenkins. Jr. Joseph L. Jtobinson Joseph D. Carroll Hugh M. Jennings Cleland K. Ratcliffe George A. Cary James Eli Johnson William Ramsey Otho Cash Otis L. Jones George Rogers Robert H. Cawson Percy H. Jones Garnet L. Rose Robert L. Cecil Samuel Jones B. A. Rtlckcr Frank B. Christian Bernard Kaufman William S. Ruess James R. Cleary Carroll E. Kay Harry M. Richards Greayer Clover Patrick A. Kennedy Anthony Sanyour William S. Cobb. Jr. Charles O. Kersey Thomas B. Sale Paul Ashton Cofer Leanond S. Klutz. Charles B. Sands Jacob E. Cohen Werner Knutzen Maynard B. Satehfield James M. Conrad Louis B. Koster Thomas M. Selbe Shem B. Cooke Wm. E. Kendall William J. Selvey Wm. T. Covington Horace A. Landrum George G. Schutte Robert E. Crane t .rover Lancaster Frank Shaw Wm. R. Croswell (Juries T. Laws Julian C. Snellings Arthur S. Curran Charles H. Leber Samuel Stern Jessie M. Currie Perley G. Lewter Percy L. Stewart John V. Carrie E. L. Leucherburg Leon S. Stilson Frank Cutchins Willie McCabe Curran L. Stoneman Powhatan R. Dance John M. McClellan James R. Stover John Daney Glen R. McLaughlin Melville E. Sullivan E. Charles Day Irvin T. Mankin Edward Smith Herbert L. Didlake Robert B. Martin Howard V. Staples Leslie A. Dodge Randolph F. Mason George M. Smithcrs John E. W. Donly Harry A. Mathews Irving W. Thacker James H. Drake. Ir. Frank J. Mayo lolin C. Thurston Willie J. Dugan Claude T. Meador Frank L. Tignor John Dunn Warren H. Mercer Merrille H. Thome James R. Dunn Robert L. Merritt Oscar R. Thorpe Lloyd E. Dillon Harry B. Miles Henry S. Todd Onnie T. Dance Roger Milhiser Ix>uis Trafferi Reuben Ellett William B. Miller Philip Turner Richard A. Evans Raymond S. Moore Richard B. Todd Arthur O. Fitzhugh Lloyd S. Moore Aubrey V. Valentine Walter C. Kord Carson H. Morris George M. Waddill Ivan B. Fowler Everett B. Murray John Walder Raleigh M. Fleet Clifford E. Murphy John E. Ward Francis M. French Hubert Murphy Corby Weatherford John R. Garthright Leslie Marcuson Benjamin E. Wells Charles R. Gates Marion D. Mustain Archibald Whittle David E. Gates Clifton 1.. Melton ( i.i ftl \\ Wev Joseph B. Gatewood Harry Naples William II. White John Germon George D. Neale Edward Williams Bernard Gibbs Walter W. Newton Frank Williams L. D. Goodman Walter H. O'Conncll Harry H. Williams Edwin S. Granger Harry R. Osborne Alonzo H. Wingfield Philip T. Glennon Ira L. Payne Earnest M. Woodward Frederick M. Green Roland D. IVasl.v Win. E. Word. Jr. James M. Green Taylor Pendleton BennieG. Wright ■■■■■■■■ ■KSSS^^i