S 597 .W62 Copy 1 -ETIN No. 1 1. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF SOILS. Tobacco Soils of the United States A PRliLIMIN.ARY REPORT UPON THE SOILS Oi- THI-: PRIXCILVL TOBACCO DISTRICTS. BV MILTON WHITNEY, CHIEF OF DIVISION OF SOILS 59t WASHINGTON: (lOVKRNM KN 1 PRINTIN'G OFFICE. 1898. Qass. Book_ '^ 3iX- Bulletin No. 1 1. / U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF SOILS. / SB* Tobacco Soils of the United States : A PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON THE SOILS OF THE. PRINCIPAL TOBACCO DISTRICTS. BY MILTON WHITNEY, CHIEF OF DIVISION OF SOILS. WASH INGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING O F K I C E , 1898. 'V \0 LF;rTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of AtiiiicrLTiTKE, Division of Soils, Washington, 1>. 6'., November 1, ls97. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith and to recommend for pub- lication a preliminary report upon tlie jnincipal tobacco soils of the United States. It has not been possible, with the time and means at our disposal, to make an exhaustive study and mai) accurately the areas of the tobacco lands, but trips of recounoissance have been taken over most of the important tobacco districts and a large amount of material has been examined. The results show a very marked difference in the texture and physical pro[)erties of the soils adapted to tbe diflerent classes, types, and grades of tobacco, and give a basis for the classitica- tion of the soils and their mapping upon any desired scale. A recom- mendation has been made in my annual report that a more detailed study of these soils be undertaken aiul that reliable maps be prepared showing the area and distribution of the soils. Kespectfully, Milton Whitney, Chief of iHcision. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Atjriculture. CONTENTS Page. Introdnrtion 5 Statistics of tobacco culture 6 Tobacco produced in four census years 7 Estimates of tobacco production in 1896 8 Principal tobacco districts 8 Changes in production of tobacco from 1879 to 1889 9 Counties constituting the tobacco districts of the United States 10 Influence of <-limate on tlie distribution of the difterent classes of tobacco 12 :Muteor(dogical conditions in the great tobacco regions 12 Experience the only .safe test of climate for tobacco 14 Soils of the tobacco districts 14 Tlic texture of tobacco soil 15 Soils of the Northern cigar tobacco districts 16 Soils of the Southern cigar tobacco districts 21 Uright toljacco lands - 24 Manufacturing tobacco lands of Virginia and North Carolina 25 The white hurley tobacco lands of Kentucky and Ohio 26 Export tobacco lands of Kentucky and Tennessee 27 The relative water content of tobacco soils 28 Mean water content of the Northern cigar tobacco soils 29 Water content of the Florida tobacco soils 30 Water content of the soils of tiie luanufacturing and export tobacco dis- tricts 30 Tables of the water content of tobacco soils 32 Tables of the mechanical analyses of tobacco lands 40 LIST RAT IONS, Plate 1, Diagram showing comi)arison of climatic conditions for four tobacco districts 12 II. Diagram showing comparison of climatic conditions ibr four tobacco districts 12 III. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Massachusetts 18 IV. Texture of cig:ir tobacco land in Connecticut 18 V. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Pennsylvania 20 VI. Texture of cigar tobacco land in New York 20 VII. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Ohio 20 VIII. Texture of cigar tobacco land in Wisconsin 22 IX. Texture of bright tobacco land in Virginia 24 X. Texture of manufacturing tobacco land in Virginia 26 XI. Texture &f white hurley tobacco land in Kentucky 26 XII . Texture of export tobacco land in Kentucky 28 XIII. Diagram showing relative proportions of sand, silt, and day in tobacco soils 28 4 mmi} SOILS OF tub rNiiEi) states: a prelimixary report upon THE SOILS OF THE PRINCIPAL TOBACCO DISTRICTS. INTRODUCTION. In 1802, when tbe tobacco exhibit was being prepared for tlie Colnm- bian Exposition, it was proposed to make a very coinpreliensive study of the soils of the priiicipai tobacco areas of the country. This idea could not be carried out in full at the time, but a beginning was made aiul quite a large collection of typical tobacco soils secure, 368, 395 28, 956, 247 19, 389, 166 12, 356, 838 9, 424, 823 9, 316, 135 8, 874, 924 7, 710, 297 3, 042, 936 2, 794. 848 2. 602, 021 954, 640 470,443 263, 752 222, 898 175. 706 162. 430 86, 593 74, 396 70, 518 62, 083 61, 51 1 46, 845 33, 855 29, 680 23, 285 12, 907 11, 984 tl, 049 7,040 3,325 1,415 Total 434,291,913 262,732,755 1 471,655,305 This table gives the yield of States according to the jjroduction in 1889, the lirst group comprising those States in which the production exceeded 1,000,000 pounds, the second group cominisiiig those States in which the production is between 100,000 and 1,000,000 jiounds, the third group embracing the States i^roducing less than 100,000 pounds. 8 ESTIMATES OF TOBACCO PRODUCTION IN 1896. The following' are the final estimates of the Divitsion of Statistics of this Department for the year 1890 : Area, yield, and value of tohacco in 1896. Kontucky North Carolina Virjiinia Tennessee Ohio Mar viand Peiuisylvauia . Indiana Missonri Conncclicut West Virginia Wisconsin Illinois New York Arkansas Alabama Massafhustitts other States... Total.... Area culti- vated. icres 196, 134, 92, 53, 32, 15, 13, 11, 10, G, 5, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 3, 594, 749 Yield. Pounds. 143, 623, 850 68, 629, 170 57,961.260 35,211,660 23, 68x, 880 9, 277. 100 16, 244, 280 8, 130, 760 7. 406, 000 10, 197, 450 3, 685, 680 5, 088, 000 2, 497, 280 3, 389, 360 1,327,500 1, 009, 090 3, 199, 500 2, 437, 500 Value. $6, 032, 5, 490, 3, 013, 2, 464, 1, 060, 398, 1, 209. 365, 606 1, 325, 313. 279, 237, 271. 146, 161, 383, 341, 202 334 986 816 0;)0 915 .542 884 540 668 283 840 242 149 025 454 940 250 403, 004, 320 24, 258, 070 PRINCIPAL TOBACCO DISTRICTS. The Department is constantly in receipt of letters asking for infornia tion and advice in regard to the growing of tobacco. The main points of inquiry seem to be in regard to the kind of tobacco which should be grown and the method of curing the product. Climate and soil conditions should determine the kind of tobacco raised. The tobacco plant readily adapts itself to a great range of climatic conditions, will grow on nearly all kinds of soil, and has a comparatively short season of growth. It can, therefore, as a matter of fact, be grown in nearly all parts of the country, even where wheat and corn can not be economically produced. But while tobacco can be so universally grown, the flavor and quality of the leaf are greatly influ- enced by the conditions of climate and soil. The industry has been v^ery highly specialized and there is only demand now for tobacco possessing certain qualities, adapted to certain specific i)urposes. A nondescript tobacco is not worth growing and should not be grown, as it lowers the price of really good types of tobacco, to the detriment alike of the grower and the consumer. It is inii)ortant, therefore, to under- stand what kinds of tobacco are in demand and what the climatic and soil conditions are which will most easily produce the qualities desired. The principal kinds of tobacco grown in this country are the cigar tyi)es, for our domestic supply of cigars; the manufacturing types, for smoking and chewing, for our domestic use; the bright yellow tobacco, for cigarettes, smoking, and plug wrappers; White Burley, for smok ing and chewing, both for domestic and export trade; and the export types proper, which are not suited to our domestic use, but which are mainly exported to foreign countries to be used both for cigar and mamiractiiriiig ])urposes. The question is often asked, Whicli of these classes of tobacco should be "rownf CHANGES IN PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO FROM 1879 TO 1889. The following- table, couipiled from the Eleventh Census, shows where these different classes of tobacco are produced, the acreage of the dif- ferent tobacco districts in 1879 and 1889, together with the increase or decrease in acreage and yield in 1889 as compared with the acreage and yield of 1879. The plus sign in the table indicates an increase j the minus sign indicates a decrease. Couiparlson of a.creuije and i/iild for lS7f> and ISSO, hy dhtricts. Districts. Keliition ofacreage in each district to total acreage in 1889. Cigar leaf: Sei^dleaf, 111 AlassacliUHctts Connecticut Indiana Pen nsyl van ia Seed leaf, Ohio New York AVisconsin riorida Per cent. 0.3 2.2 6.9 9.2 29.2 23.2 9.1 18.6 .04 Total. 98.74 Mannfacturing and ex]>ort: Ked and spangled, W. Va .05 Manufacturing, Mo .4 Sun and air cured fill- ers, Va .8 Maryland 5. 4 Spangled. Ohio 1.1 Green iiiver, Ky .9 Red shipping, Ya 1.1 Heavy tobacco, Mo 2.0 Cuiulierland Kiver. Ky . . 8 Upper (ireen River, Ky. 4.3 ( )hio River, Ky 4.2 Ujiper Cumiierlaiid River, Ten n 1.6 Piiducali, Ky 8. 4 Lower (Ireen River, Kv. 14. 9 Clarlisville, Ky .'. . 13. 7 Export. Ill .9 Benton County, Ark ... .3 West Teniie-s'ee, Tenn . 3. 7 Ciarksville. Tenn | 8. 8 Dark shipping, W. Va. . .5 Korth Carolina n 22. 3 Acreage. Acres. 7.52 3, 358 8,666 9, 859 26, 347 15, 017 4,264 8,509 35 Acres. 329 2,012 6, 331 8,378 26, 746 21,224 8, 289 17, 000 1,100 76, 807 568 2,977 6,285 37, 741 7, .581 6,419 6,516 10,018 3,844 17, 676 18, 297 5,421 28, 205 ,50, 313 45. 756 2, 999 844 10,103 22, 912 1,' 342 a 48, 005 91, 409 187 1,205 2,616 17,778 3, 604 3,123 .3, 721 6, 862 2, 729 14, 440 14,203 5,398 28, 188 50, 088 45, 753 3, 029 940 12,432 29, 652 1,819 t 74, 848 Change in each dis- trict. Per cent. — 56.2 — 40.1 — 26.9 — 15.0 + 1.5 -f 41.2 + 94.3 -f 99.8 +3042. 8 Yield. Total I I 348,665 | 334,941 Brigbr yellow: Virginia West N'irginia . Noi'th Carolina. Total White hurley : Ohio ...1.. Kentucky. ?)40. 2 1.1 58.8 h 52, 565 1, 169 h 48, 005 />51,281 1, 390 6 74,848 101,739 ! 127,519 1,5.3 84.7 11.258 53, 475 17, 250 95, 563 Total 64,733 1 112,813 -i-74. 26 +76.99 68.0 59.5 58.3 52.9 52.4 51.3 42.8 31. 5 29. 17.9 .4 .1 .0 .0 1.0 11.4 23.0 29.4 35. 5 55.9 Per cent. — 62.7 — 92.1 — 36. 8 — 7.0 — 19.4 + 5. 9 + 56. 1 + 83.3 + 3570.5 Change in whole area. Yield. Per cent. — 0.58 — 1.84 — 3.20 — 2. 03 + ..54 + 8.52 + 5.52 + 11.66 + 1.32 Per cent. — 0.68 — 2.67 — 4.93 — .53 — 7.24 + 1.04 + 3.33 + 9.05 + .44 + 21.91 2.19 72 3 — 59 4 _ 69 9 52 6 51 6 — 51 54 3 1 — 26. 2 — 2.4 + 10.3 + 55.9 53.2 78.7 27.5 12.9 26.4 14.2 14.0 1.2 4.1 9.2 1.1 13.2 37.3 30.7 24.4 — 24.1 + 17.0 + 24.4 — .10 — .50 — 1.05 — 5.72 — 1.14 — .91 — .80 — . 90 — .31 — .92 — 1.17 -^ .01 .00 .00 .00 + .01 + .02 + .66 + 1.93 + .13 + 7.69 — .11 — .42 — 1.29 — 5.73 — 1.41 — .91 _ .98 .28 — .65 — 1.47 „ .27 — 1.26 + .21 + .55 + .07 .00 + .41 + 2. 53 + .18 + 2.34 37.4 86.3 — 1.26 + .21 + 30.31 —13.31 + .20 + 10.98 +29. 26 + 9.25 + 65.01 + 7.02 + 69.97 a There ia no way of estimating separately the acreage in yellow and in manufacturing in this State It is gcuerallv believed the acreage in iiinnufacturiug is greatly decreased and that in yellow ha: increased. This estimate is but approximate ilucluding also flue-cured tillers. has 10 A glance at the table shows that in this period of ten years the acre- age and yield of the cigar tobaccos have been very considerably increased. The manufacturing and export districts can not be sharply separated, as both kinds of tobacco are frequently grown in the same district and the same kind is frequently used for both purposes. It will be seen that on the whole there has been a considerable decrease in the acreage and yield. With the bright yellow and burley tobaccos there has been a large increase in both acreage and yield. This table gives an idea where the different kinds of tobacco are raised in such quantities and of such commercial imiaortance as to constitute a dis- trict. Since 1880 there has been considerable change in many of these districts, while other new districts, notably Texas and California, are coming into considerable prominence both as to the area under culti- vation and the excellent quality of the product raised. The acreage in Florida has also been very greatly increased since 1889, but there are no reliable statistics to show the extent of the changes in the counties making up the tobacco districts. COUNTIES CONSTITUTING THE TOBACCO DISTRICTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The following are the counties in each State making up the different tobacco districts of the country. This gives only a very approximate idea of the area of the districts, as the boundaries follow geological and soil formations rather than county lines, and consequently only small portions of some of the counties are included in the districts. The counties are given in the order of their acreage in 1889, those having the largest acreage being given first. The numerals immedi- ately after the names of the States show the percentage of the total tobacco acreage of the State in 1889 included in the counties named. Only those counties producing notable «iuaii titles of tobacco are here mentioned. DistricI of c'mar iypes. states and varieties. Product of State. Counties. Illinois : Per cent. 7.9 100 100 89.4 99.2 47.8 96 98.6 92.4 Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll. Hanii)shire, H.'jnipdcn, Franklin, Berk.ll, Gibson, Hi'nderson, Hardeman, Decatur. Illinois: Export 72.0 Saline, Williamson, Franklin, Hamilton. Arkansas .'■>0. 1 Benton, W^ashington, Boone, Madison, Carroll, Xewton, Izard, Ran- dolph. Korth Carolina 77.1 Rockingham, Granville. Stokes, Caswell, Pers(m, Madison, Vance, Forsyth, Buncoiul)e, Suirj-, Durham, Guilfoid, Alamance. (In- cluding also Bright yellow.) District of bright tjellow type. State. I'roiluct of State. Counties. Per cent. 46.3 29.9 Pittsylvania, Halifax, Henry. Franklin, Patrick. Fayette, Mercer, Summers, 'Monro(\ Raleigh. (See counties under export tobacco.) - West Virginia District of whit hurley type. State. Product of State. Counties. Ohio Per cint. 38.9 34.8 Fleming, Harrison, Shelby, Booue, Nicholas, Carroll, Woodford, Montgomery, Franklin, Kenton, Lewis, Trimble, Robertson, Campbell, Gallatin, Oldham. 12 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENT CLASSES OF TOBACCO. It is a curious aud iuterestitig fact that tobacco suitable for our douiestic cigars is raised iu the latitude of Sumatra, Cuba, and Fk)rida, aud then passing over our middle tobacco States, the cigar type is found again iu Massachusetts, Connecticut, Peunsylvauia, Ohio, Indiana, Illi- nois, and Wisconsin. The tobacco which we use only for chewing and smoking and which we send abroad is raised in the intervening States, the very best locality lying just below the latitude of southern Ohio. This is undoubtedly a matter of climate, although the ordinary meteoro- logical statistics do not shou any good reason for the facts. (See Plates I and 11.) METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE GREAT TOBACCO REGIONS. The following table gives a summary of the meteorological conditions in a number of the tobacco districts of our own country, and from an eight years' record in Habana and from several years' record in the Island of Sumatra aud the adjacent coast: ilea it VI on fill 11 finipcrdiiircs. District. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. OF. 44.80 49.90 .')7. 50 60.60 56.00 58.20 83.05 °F. 56.50 62. 00 05.00 08. 10 65.80 67.00 82.90 °F. 65.90 71.80 75.30 77.00 74.00 75.80 82. 35 ° F. 70.20 75. 90 77.20 79. 50 77.80 78.70 82.45 OF. 67.70 73.30 75.30 77.93 75.40 76.00 81.35 OF. 61.11 65. 63 69. 63 Tennessee - 70.53 69.00 70.10 81.45 District. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 78.60 75.40 72.50 72. 00 73.60 75.20 Mean maximum temper at 11 res. District. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. OF. 56.70 60.90 70.40 70.50 66. 00 69.80 89.35 °F. 69. 00 71. 20 79. 80 78.80 76.20 78.30 88.80 ° F. 78.00 81.60 84.80 86.10 83.60 86.10 87.50 OF. 82. 10 84. 50 84.50 89.60 87.20 87.00 87.80 OF. 78.90 82. 80* 81.30 87.20 84.20 84.00 86.90 °F. 71.23 74.98 78.90 80. 7.^ 78.20 78.30 87.15 District. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. 82. 40 79.90 77.00 77.40 79.00 80.80 Bull. No. 1 1 , U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Soils. May June July Au^. Sept. 85 Plate I. May June July Au^. Sept. Mean Monthly Temp. Mean Max. Temp. Mean Min. Temp. ,^ / 10 \ -X \ 'l- J J- Av. MonthljEainfall Conn. VaTlev Term. 25 20 15 10 5 Mean Daily Range 85 80^:^ 7^ 70 65 / > IZ^'"^. / / 7- fift Mean HeLitive Humitlity BJabana-'--"- Sumatra - — Bull. No. 11 , U. S. Dept. Agr., Div, Soils. May June July An;^. Sept. Plate II. May June July Aug. fc>ept. Mean Monthly Temp. Meaii Miix . Temp. Mean Mm. Temp. Mean Daily Range 10 Av. MontUy TlainfaJl. Mean Tfelative HiuniJity. Kentucky Tennessee Vireiinia North CarolinO'—-—:, ST-S'lsu^m,/^" 13 Meon minimum temperatures. District. Apr. Connecticut Valley i 35. 40 Pennsylvania ' 39. 50 KentiiVky 47. 90 Tt-niiessec 51. 50 Vir- \)er leaves are the best on the plant, the binders are second quality, while all the other leaves are used for filler i)urposes. The one i)lant, therefore, is supposed to produce the filler, binder, and wrai)per for the complete cigar. As a matter of fact, this is seldom satisfactorily accom- plished with the same ])lant except in Cuba and our Southern States. In the Northern tobacco States a plant which will produce a good wrapper leaf does not, as a rule, make a very good filler. Good domes- tic wrapper leaf is worth anywhere from four to twenty times as much per pound as a filler leaf, but as the filler leaf is grown on heavier soil, with closer planting, the yield per acre is much larger and, as the cul- 17 tivation and treatment of the tobacco is less ex])ensi\e, the return ])ei' acre, even at the low price per pound at which it is sold, can be made as profltable as the wrap])er. The Pennsylvania tiller is seldom wrapped now with its own leaf. It is wra])i)ed with either a Cuban, Sun)atra, Connecricut \'allcy, or Wis- consin wra])per. A Connecticut wrai)i)cr seldom wiai)s its own leaves, but is used on a Cuban, Pennsylvania, Ohio, or AVisconsin Idler. The present prevailing .<>rade in the Connecticut Valley is a wrap])er h'af, t'he second quality being used as binder. In Pennsylvania at the ])resent time the quality is a filler leaf, excei)t on the river lands, where a light, thin-textured leaf is produced, which makes wrappers of a superior quality. The New York lands produce a good type of wra])per, and the crop at present is mainly a wrapper and binder grade. The Ohio tobacco is essentially a filler, and is covered with a Cuban, Sumatra, Connecticut Valley, or Wisconsin wrajiper. The tobacco lands of Wis- consin appear to be nearly an average of the other States, ainl to pro- duce in nearly ecpial excellence a wrapper and a filler leaf. It is commonly called a binder State. THE OONNECTICUT VALLEY SOILS. The tobacco soils of the Connecticut Valley are confined at ])resent to the light, allnvial, sandy terraces and plains l)ordering the Connec- ticut Iliver from northern Massachusetts down to within aiew miles of the Sound. (See Plates III and IV.) These soils are the general type of the early truck soils of the Atlantic Coast. As a rule the lighter the texture — thatis,thelessclay they contain — the thinnerthetextureof the tobacco leaf and the more elastic, i)liable and better the wrapi)er it will make. The yield per acre, however, on these very liglit soils is very small, and the care necessary to keep the plant growing and to ])rotect it from the occasional di-ought is exi)ensive: so that there is a liinit of profitable i)roduction. On these light soils the plant nmst be kept growing at all hazards, for if the growth is retarded by too great a deficiency of water at any time, the i)lant will be small and the leaves thick and harsh. With continuous and rapid growth, such as is secured on these soils in favorable seasons, the leaf is of very thin tex- ture, silky, pliable, light-colored, and admirably adapted for a cigar wrai)]ier. Unquestionably some form of irrigation could be ])rofital)ly ado])ted on these soils. It is the ex])eriin(e in Florida that if the idant can be kept growing by frecpient rains or by judicious irrigation, the maturity of the crop can be greatly hastened; so that the growing- season is only about hall" as long as it would be under unfavorable weather conditions. Every possible means siiould be taken to secure a continuous growth, and any check, however slight it may seem, must be regarded as a positive injury to the quality of the ])roiluct if it is to be used as a wrapper leaf. The wrapper should have little body and but little flavor. 8564— No. 11 li 18 The binder is a low-grade wrapper wliicli. fiom its quality or appear- ance or both, is not suitable for the outside covering' of the cigar. The filler leaf, being worth much less per ]>ound than the wrapper, is too often neglected in this country, and when cured is but little better than dried leaves or has a very rank, strong flavor. This is a very great mistake, as the filler, forming the main bulk of the cigar, should give it character and flavor. Too much care and attention could not be given to the growing and fermenting of the filler leaf^ were it not for tlie fact that the market demands a good-looking cigar above all else. The quality is a very much smaller factor in determining the market value. The filler should always be a leaf of good body and much stronger and richer in its flavor than the iiresent type of wrapper. The rich, heavy clay soils of Pennsylvania and Ohio are admirably adapted to produce a rich, heavy filler leaf. Unfortunately, the methods of curing and fermentation are not so controlled as to develop the best (quality of the leaf, as is done in Cuba. The accomiianying table gives the average results of the mechanical analyses, showing the texture of a number of subsoils of the Northern cigar tobacco lands: Mechanical analyses of suhsoils. m Ci ^ '^ . -a X 73 ^ ^ +3 ^ .A "p. Principal grade .2 ft C3 ^ . id n d -§ o ~^ "3 District. of leaf produced at the present yme. |i .2 S3 K in ei 1 1^ &2 ^1 in ^2; P.ct. o p.ct. ^ O ^^ P.ct. P.ct. M Pro o° p.ct P.ct. p.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. 9 Connecticut . . . Wrapper and binder. ..do 0.76 2.53 1.03 3.26 9.9'J 22.62 45.47 10.41 1.36 2.32 r^ ISIassacliiisetts . New York .61 1.06 2.20 2.82 .00 1. 94 .04 2.80 .71 9.02 10,09 24.47 49.26 32. 52 30.89 15.09 2.71 3.09 3 31 10 do 7.43 5 Peunsvlvania,a do 2.03 .t. 23 .67 1.23 5.87 6.62 37.18 23.41 5.21 13. 80 10 Wisconsin Oliio 4.70 3.05 2.93 2.67 .59 .39 1.09 .76 4.98 2.25 10.34 Ifi (iS 31.04 37.60 6.01 9'^ 7fi 4 Filler 5.04 15.36 6.41 27.52 Penusylvauia b do 3.61 4.47 .68 .78 .91 2. 47i 13.89 34.23 9.791 29.27 a River land and slialy limestone. h Trenton limestone. It will be seen from the table that the tobacco soils of the Con- necticut Valley, both in Massachusetts and in Connecticut, contain on the average considerably less than 5 per cent of clay. These soils are too light in texture for any of the staple farm crops. They are adapted to the quick-growing spring vegetables, but are not used to any great extent for these crops, except immediately around flie cities and larger towns. The conditions seem to be peculiarly adapted to this particular grade of wrap])er leaf tobacco. FASHION AS A FACTOR IN THE VALUE OF TOBACCO SOILS. It must not be forgotten, however, that fashion has much to do in the consuin])tion of cigars. »lust at present the demand is for light wrappers and mild-snioking cigars. A few years ago the demand was for heavier cigars, and these light soils of Connecticut had little or no Bull. No. 1 1, U S Dept Agr., Div, Soils Plate III. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION ar SOILS. THE TEXTIRG OF A TYPICAL CKiAR T()15 \CC() LAND OI CON.NFiCIICl I. Gravs!. 1.03 Per Cent of Gravel. Sand. Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Subsoil. Ciar^'! samf. Met/mm ianti- Fine snnii. Very fine santJ. Silt Fine sift. 3.26 9.92 22.62 45.47 I0.4I 1.36 m_ Cliif. 2.32 m DIAVIETEH OF THE GH.-\INS IN M I LLI M E lEI-JS. Bull. No. n , U. S Dept Agr , Div. Soils. Plate IV. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS. IHl; TE.VIl WE OF A TVS'ICAI. CKiAR TOBACCO LAND Ol- M ASSACHtSI; IT ! Per Cent of Ciavel. Sand. Silt, and Clay in 20 Crams of Subsoil. Oratel Coarse sand Uejnim san.l. Fine siiiii/ Ver) line sum/ Sill FiiK sill O.OO 0.O4 0.71 10.09 49.26 30.S9 2.71 J3 ■ ft *~ .25-.! .l-.OE .05-.01 .01 .Oi>5 DIAMETEH OF TH K G H A 1 NS l.\ ,V1 11 ..L I .VI L rKf-iS. Chir ■i.-.M 19 value then for tobacco and were lying out as waste land. At that time the tobacco was i,rown mainly on the heavier soils and on tlie "meadow lands" of the Connecticut A'alley. Strangely enough, there is little or no difference in the texture of these meadow soils compared with the light, sandy soils now used for tobacco, except that they usually con- tain a larger i)roportion of silt. They are, however, probably by reason of their structure, very reten- tive of moisture and contain upwards of from 23 to 27 percent of moist- ure, while the finest types of tobacco land in the Connecticut Valley contain only about 7 per cent. These meadow soils are therefore not used for tobacco at present, but if in the course of events the style should change and dark wrappers come into vogue, these lands will again be taken n\) and the present tobacco lands will have to be aban- doned or used for other crops. PENNSYLVANIA (^IGAll TOHACCO LANDS. The tobacco soils of Pennsylvania are confined mainly to the com- paratively narrow belt bordering the Susquehanna IJiver and to the broad expanse of limestone soils typically developed in York and Lan- caster counties. The better class of tobacco lands in I'ennsylvania, and those which produce by far the finest wrapper leaf, are the light, alluvial soils along the river, many of them similar in texture to the tobacco soils of the Connecticut Valley. The main crop, however, of the Pennsylvania tobacco has been grown on the limestone soils of York and Lancaster counties. This is a continuation of the great limestone valley extend- ing down through Maryland and Virginia and to the great area of the Trenton limestone formation in Ohio and Kentucky, tbrming the great blue grass region of these States upon which the white burley tobacco is at present grown. This limestone soil, as it is exposed in the tobacco districts of Penn- sylvania, is a strong clay soil, well adapted to grass, wheat, and corn. It forms one of the most productive areas in the State of Pennsylvania, and in this respect it is markedly different from the tobacco lands of the Connecticut Valley. There is considerable variety in the texture of the soils, as the limestone itself is not i)ure, but is mixed with shale. The amount of clay, therefore, in these Pennsylvania lands varies from about 1.3.8 percent in the river soils and in the very shaly limestone soils to 20.27 per cent on the average in the pure limestone soils. (See Plate V.) The former grade of soils is preferred Just at present to the very heavy ones, as they produce a better grade of wrai)per leaf. By proper cultivation, close planting, and especially by pro])er fermenta- tion and grading of the leaf, the (][uality of the tiller grown oh the heavy limestone soils could unquestionably be greatly improved. It has not been feasible for agents of this division personally to examine the soils of the tobacco districts of Kew York. (See Plate \' I.) A large number of soil samples were collected, however, through rep- 20 resentative growers, whose names were furnished by the Tobacco Growers' Association. The samples were accompanied by full notes upon the character of the soil, the native vegetation, and the quality of the tobacco grown. A number of these soils have been analyzed, and the results show on the average that the soils contain rather more clay than the soils of the Connecticut Valley. They are much lighter in texture than the Pennsylvania tobacco soils. OHIO CIGAR TOliACCO LANDS. The cigar tobacco district of Ohio is situated in the southwestern part of tlie State and includes the country bordering the Miami liiver, INIoutgomery, Darke, and Preble counties fonuiug the center of the district. The Miami Valley, in the tobacco area, is from 2 to .5 miles wide, level, and extremely fertile. Bordering the valley are upland rolling hills. Broad terraces extend back from the river in a number of places, giving second bottoms, beyond which come the great rolling red lands upon which tobacco is raised with great success. These soils are well drained, with numerous streams flowing out from between hills. Farther back on the level prairies the land is inclined to be wet and needs thorough underdrainage to be profitably cropped. Through- out the whole tobacco area, underdrainage is i)racticed to a large extent. The soil is derived from drift material which has been worked over and modified by subsecjuent action of water. (See Plate VII.) The underlying rock is the Lower Silurian limestone shale, but it forms no feature of the surface, as it is covered by the drift material. There is quite a variety in the character of the soil, owing to the heterogeneous nature of the material from which it has been derived. The bottom soils are, as a rule, much lighter in character than the upland soils. The second and third bottoms, in cases where they occur, are level ter- races. The soils vary much, the black i)rairie soil and the red silty soil j)redominating. The soils of the rolling uplands are more unitbrm in character. The timber is mainly sugar tree, and on this sugar-tree laud the finest type of tobacco is produced. The sugar-tree soil is a thin, uniform, silty soil, with red clay or silty subsoil. The lower levels of this upland contain considerable areas of black land, which is con- sidered the best land in the district for general agricultural purposes, but which ])roduce too heavy a leaf and one of poor flavor, so that it is not desirable for tobacco culture. Wheat, corn, hay, and tobacco con- stitute the staple crops of the district, although on the sandy river lands truck and fruit growing are carried on to a large extent. Three types of cigar leaf are raised in this district. The most ])opu- lar at jiresent is the Zimmer Spanish. This has small leaves about lii inches long, of very fine texture and flavor. It produces about 1,000 pounds per acre. The old Ohio seed leaf is a very large, heavy leaf, 20 inches or more in length, and produces from 1,500 to 2,(>00 ]>*'i^"tls per acre. This is little grown in the district at the present time. The Bull. No. 1 1 , U. S Dept Agr., D,v. Soils Plate V. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT nE ACHIIJiLTIlRE, DIVISION OF SOIL-S. nil: IKMlRIi Ol- ,\ IM>IC.M. CUiAk' lOliACCO LAND Ol ^>I!^N>^ lA \M\ Per Cent of Gravel. Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grains of Subsoil, ^ ]iz^ U— ,J ?F DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETEI £t Bull. No 1 1, U, S Dept Ag.., Div, Soil Plate VI UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS. THE TEXTl'RE OF A TYPICAL CKiAH TOBACCO I.ANr) OF NKW SOVk, Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Cran\ft of Subsoil. Grave/. Coarse son'' ¥e'i'tim santl. Fine sand Very fine sanii Si/f. fine silt. 1.94 2. SO 9.02 24.47 32.52 15 09 3.09 mi^ Chif. 7.43 I .5- 25 .25-.! .1-.05 ,05-.01 DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN M III .1 M f-. lEI iS. Bull. No. 1 I, U. S Dept. Agt., Div Soils Plate VII. II 21 Little Dutch lias a thick, short, narrow leaf which produces about 1,200 pounds i)er acre and was at one time very extensively grown. These tobaccos are grown aluiost ex(dusively for tiller i)urposes. It will be seen from the table already given that these soils have a large i)ercentage of clay. WISCONSIN 'I OBACCO SOTTAS. The Wisconsin tobacco is used both as a wrap[»er and filler leaf to some extent, but it is known in tiie markets as a binder State. The character of the leaf is midway between the Connecticut wrapper and the Pennsylvania filler. The tobacco is grown in the southern part of the State on the prairies and oak openings. The prairies are a dark, rich loam, resting on a rather heavy silt or clay. The oak openings have a loam lighter in color but about the same in texture. Both are gently rolling and, as a rule, have good surfa<;e and under drainage. In texture the Wisconsin lands come between the Couuecticut and the heavier limestone soils of I'enusylvauia. (See IMate VIII.) SOILS OF THE SOUTHERN CIGAR TOBACCO DISTRICTS. Tobacco has been grown for many years in Florida, esj^ecially in the western i>art of the State. The tobacco grown there is mainly the Cuban type of cigar wrapi)er and filler, with some Sumatra lately intro- duced. The recent scarcity of Hat)ana tobacco has given a great im- ])etus to the cultivation of the crop in Florida, and very extensive arrangements have been nnide to introduce it to a large extent in the central part of the peninsula. The accom[)anying table gives the average texture of the cigar tobacco soils of the Southern States: Miclniincdl (UUili/scs of siilisoils. Locality. 29 Florida, peu- iiisiila 4 I Florida, (Jad.s- (Icn Couutv. 4 do .'. Gradti of loaf. Texas California Sumatra Cuba (Vuelta Aba.io). Cuba (Keme- dios). ^lBiii-(io]i wrap- jier, hinder tiller. 'Sucker- crop lilk-r. Same, grades rt. .. Same g r a de s, subsoil. Same grades Wrapper and filler. Wrapper Wrapper and tiller. Same, heavier. . . en { 3 P.. 41 j 1.44 .74 3.80 ; 4.06 5.17 llO.Ol I 1.31 :^2. 1 h,= I'.Cf. I P.ct. P.ct. 2.60 18.94 r)].53 4.5. 53 35. 15 6.58 5.49 4.39 4.62 24.55 19.44 37. 05 27. 33 16.15 21.67 P.ct. 18.95 14.93 13. 39 14.16 12.85 17.17 43.01) d o - li p.ct. P.ct. 1.33 0.59 4.15 .80 3.37 1.07 8.90 1.59 13.37 I 2.18 19.11 ! 4.35 6.53 1.82 ia p.ct. 3.21 5.15 29. 30 4.70 10. 77 5. 00 5.69 11.24 I 9.37 32.32 a A ligbt loam, averagiug 12 to 18 inches deep, overlying tbe red clay. 22 OiaAR TOBACf'O SOTLS OF WESTERN FLORIDA. Tlie soils of the older (iadsden County district in the western part of the State are very different from any others which occur in Florida. They are tlie characteristic " red-land'' soil of the Lafayette formation, similar to those found at Wedgetield and Aiken, S. C, which extend south through Georgia and form some of the western counties of Florida, with (Juincy as a center. The soil is a light loam resting" on a very strong red clay. The clay is exposed in all cuts and in the washings of the land, and is usually found from 8 to J 8 inches below the surface. The country is quite rolling, well wooded with hard-wood trees, and in the early spring it has the fresh green appearance of the country in the Vall'ey of Virginia and in the tobacco area of Pennsylvania. Both the Cuban and Sumatra types of tobacco are grown here, and both are used for wrappers as well as fillers. Unlike the imported Sumatra tobacco, the tobacco grown in Florida from Sumatra seed loses much of its bitter taste, while the sucker crop and inferior leaves are cured up with more body and are much better adapted to filler purposes. A single plantation in Gadsden County had last year 000 acres in tobacco and, with the crops bougJht of the farmers in the surrounding country, the com[)auy owning the plantation cured and packed upward of 2,r)00 bales. The season is so long that two crops of tobacco can be produced in the same year, or two or three sucker crops can be grown after the main cutting has been taken. The sucker crop is stronger, heavier, and darker, and is used only as a filler. It will be seen from the table that these red subsoils contain about 30 per cent of clay, and therefore compare in texture with the soils of the Ohio seed leaf district and with the stronger soils of Pennsylvania. The top soil, however, is quite a light loam, and the character of the land as a tobacco soil depends largely u^jon tJie depth and character of the red-clay subsoil. These lands are notable in another resi)ect, which seems to be characteristic of this formation generally, namely, they maintain on an average only about 8 or 10 per cent of moisture against 20 to 22 per cent maintained by the Pennsylvania and the Ohio lands. CIGAR TOEACCO SOILS OF THE FLORIDA PENINSULA. Outside of this area in western Florida most important developments have recently been made around Ocala, Bartow, and Fort Meade. At Fort Meade particularly there is a well organized company, managed by Cubans, with a large area in tobacco. The first crop was made last year. This was cured and fermented according to the Cuban processes, and without waiting to mellow with age, as is necessary to bring out the finest qualities of a tobacoo, the crop was sold at Tampa for a very satisfactory f>rice. Tobacco growing on the peninsula is essentially a new industry, and comparatively little experience has been available except what has Bu:l. No. 1 1, U. S Dept A^r , Div Soils. Plate Vlll. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOIi_S. THE TEXTURE OF A TYPICAL CIOAR TOBACCO I \M) or WISCONSIV. Per Cent of Gravel, Sand. Silt, and Clay in 20 Cr.ims of Subsoil. Gritrtl. C&arsf sand Mei/ium sand. Fine sand Vei-y iint sand. $>■; f-f:e njit 0.59 1.09 4.98 10.34 15.68 31.04 6.01 m^y Ur" ^. ill 11 II .05-.OI .01.005 005.0001 DIAMETER OF THE GRAIN.S IN :M 1 L.LI .M ETER; 23 been collected (luring the past year. The industry has been developed ui)on the post-oak lands around Ocala, which are considered the best type of tobacco lands in that locality, and u])on the hammock lands at Bartow and Fort Meade. There are large areas of these soils in the State which can be developed through the tobacco interest, and there is every reason to believe that the venture will be very successful. There is no reason to doubt that many of the pine lands are well suited to tobacco. There is very little difference in the texture of the post-oak lands, the hammock lands at Fort Meade, and the pine lands. The difference in the soil which causes the distribution in the forest growth api)ears to be nuiinly due to the difference in the water content of the soils, a^ will be explained in another |)lace. The soils are all very light and sandy. It will be seen from the table that tliey contain on an average less than 4 per cent of clay and less than (5 per cent of silt, fine silt, and clay. They contain over 50 per cent of "fine sand," so that they are relatively rather coarse and open. jSTotwithstanding this open texture, the hammock soil at Fort Meade contains on an average about 8 per cent of water throughout the season, which is about as much as the tobacco lands of the Connecticut Valley contain. This water con- tent, moreover, is for some reason more uniform, and Ihe laud can go for some time without rain with no serious injuiy to the crops. Never- theless, the planters have been greatly benefited by Judicious systems of irrigation through overhead sprays. By thus keeping the plants continually and rapidly growing the crop will mature in forty-five days from the time the i)lants are set out. On account of the length of the season tobacco can be grown almost continually through the year, and crops can be set out almost every month in the year. Usually two or three crops are made and two or three sucker crops are produced. There is undoubtedly a vast area of land in Florida suited to tobacco, and the climate is unquestionably favorable for the production of a very fine quality of leaf. A very intelligent method of growing and fermenting is being practiced, and there is no reason why the industry should not be successful. For a great commercial success there nuist be a large quantity of tobacco for the manufacturers to depend on in maintaining particular brands of cigars. The method of curing and sweating can be more eco- nomically and successfully done in large bulk than in small quantities. The experience of the growers in Cuba and Sumatra, that the tobacco grown near the water has an inferior burn, nuist be given due con- sideration in extending the industry toward the coast and developing it in the lake regions of the State. It has not been fea.sible for agents of the Department to make a per- sonal investigation of the soils of the new tobacco districts which are being developed in Texas and in southern California. A number of samples of soil have been received from prominent growers from both 24 States and have been analyzed in the Division. The results as given in the table show that the soils agree very well with the liner grade of cigar to])acco lands. The general climatic conditions, however, are dif- ferent, and great care and judgment should be used in selecting suitable locations for the industry. BRIGHT TOBACCO LANDS. The bright yelloAV tobacco used for cigarettes, plug wrappers, fillers, and cutting is grown mainly in Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro- lina, and East Tennessee. (See Plate IX.) It is, however, produced in smaller quantities in several of the other Southern. States. Wherever it is grown the industry is confined to a certain type of soil. The con- ditions in Granville and Buncombe counties, X. C, and around Danville, Va., are typical of the conditions upon whicli the imlustry is based. The typical bright tobacco land consists of a loose, porous sand, con- taining not more than 8 or 10 per cent of clay. This sand must be at least 1-5 inches deep. Manj^ areas are cultivated in which the sand extends to a depth of 5 or 10 feet or more, and a very fine quality of tobacco is produced. As a general rule the less clay the soil contains and the deeper the sand the finer the (piality of tlie tobacco, providing it keeps growing continuously. The trouble with such very light soils is that they produce but a small yield per acre and there is danger of drought, which would check the growth of the plant and cause the leaves to thicken. It is for this reason, therefore, that it is preferred to have the sand underlaid at a depth of 18 to 22 inches by a heavier clay, which tends to conserve the moisture sui)ply of the soil and ren- ders the plant less subject to the injurious etfects of what would other- wise prove a severe drought. Tlie clay which underlies the bright tobacco lands of Virginia and North Carolina is the same as that upon whicli the heavy manufactur- ing and export tobacco is grown. Where this clay is exi)oscd to the surface the heavy type of tobacco is produced ; where it is covered from 12 to 20 inches with fine-grained sand the bright tobacco is produced the most profitably. The country throughout these regions is generally quite rolling, with numerous "draws," or natural ditches, and streams, so that the land is well drained. The sandy covering is usually found on the ridges or slightly elevated ])lateaus, while the heavy clay may be exi)osed within a few feet, and the two ty{)es of tobacco success;ully grown upon the same farm. For this reason it has never been easy to define the areas of the two types of tobacco, for they are botli grown in the same coun- ties and frequently on the same farm. The accompanying table shows an average of 44 samples of the sub- soils of the bright tobacco lands which have been examined, and they contain about 8 ])er cent of clay. This is (]uite uniform, the extreme rangv for profitable tobacco culture being i)robably between and 12 Bull. No, I 1, U. S Dept Ag,,, D'v Sons Plate IX. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS. THE TEXIURE OF A TYPICAL BRIGHT TOBACCO LAM) OF VIR(jlMA AM) NOI^TH CAkOI i.NA. Per Cent of Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay in 20 Grams of Sub.soil. Gravel. Coarse sand. Metfium sand. Fine sand. Very tine sand. Silt. fine silt. Cln^ 2.57 6.39 13.67 22.02 23.45 14. OS 5.43 S.23 W>^ ■-:S3L": l^p^.^^MsSS- !-.5 .5-, 25 .25-.! .1-.05 .05-.01 .01-.005 .005-.OOOI DIAMETER OF THE GRAINS IN MILLIMETERS. 25 per cent. The cliaraeter of the red chiy subsoil is also shown for mauufacturiug tobacco district of Virginia: Mechaubal anahjSiS of siibsoih. the Locality. Yircinia aud Noitli Caro- lina. Kentucky and Tennessee. Kentucky and Ohio. Virarinia l)oscri])tion. I g I s ,S I O O ^ r. ct. r. ct. p. ct. p. ct. r. ct. Britiht yellow...' 1.10 2.24 ' 2.57 6.39 13.67 Export 2. 23 3. 00 I .39 . 56 1 .73 White Innley... 3.48 4.42 .64 1.63 ^ 1.44 Manufacturing . 5. 55 | 7. 87 I 1. 22 2. 05 i 3. 47 a 3 S5 o 1 o ^ 2.9 © = U= o a Sm «§ PhS (>ii in ^ P.ct. P.o;. P.ct. P.ct. 22.02 23.45 14.08 5.43 1.93 9.50 52. 50 6.28 \. 22 7.04 39. 77 9. 36 6.94 9.45 11.29 7.67 P. ct. 8.23 22. 59 31.62 44.38 As the relation of the phj^sical properties of the soil is not thoronghly understood or i)ractically recognized by the growers, a large amount of land is now cultivated in bright tobacco which is not suited to this plant and which does not produce a good grade. On the other hand, there are large areas not at i)resent under cultivation which could be developed into very fine tobacco lands. The typical bright tobacco soil is of little value for any of the staple farm crops, although, when suit- ably located near transportation lines, it is admirably adapted to the production of early vegetables, watermelons, and sweet i)otatoes. MANUFACTURING TOBACCO LANDS OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA. T>efore the deve]o])nient of the white buiiey industry the strong red-clay soils around Charlottesville, Lynchburg, and Danville, Va., and in Granville and neighboring counties of North Carolina were extensively used lor the production of the typical Virginia, manufactur- ing and export tobacco. These areas are located mainly on the gabbro, gneiss, and Lafayette clays. The material is quite uniform, the subsoils containing from 30 to oO ])er cent of clay. (See Plate X.) They are very productive and are well suited to the stajde farm crops, such as grass, wheat, and corn. Since the introduction of the White Bnrley tobacco, however, there has been a very noticeable decrease in the acreage in Virginia, especially of the soil adapted to the heavier types of tobacco, and the cultivation of tobacco on these lands has been almost abandoned. Tlie industry is confined now principally to small areas along rivers, streams, or creeks and upon recent deposits which can not well be referred to any of the older geological formations and which can not well be examined without a detailed examination of the larger part of the State. The same remark holds true in regard to the tobacco industry in North Carolina. A great change has taken place very recently, and the acreage devoted to the heavier type of tobacco has been consider- ably reduced. These heavy clay lands are being used for other crops, 26 aud tlietobarco is grown upon limited areas in certain districts where the quality of the tobacco produced is such as to make it reasonably profitable. Here, again, it is iinjiossible to make any statement in regard to the tobacco district without making a detailed study of the soils of the State. There seems to be no general type of soil. The tobacco grown upon the soil which was formerly cultivated most exten- sively is no longer profitable. The table shows that these soils, which a very few years ago would have been considered the typical manufacturing tobacco land, contain on an average over 40 per cent of clay and have thus a larger content of clay than the soils of any other tobacco district. THE W^HITE BURLEY TOBACCO LANDS OP KENTUCKY AND OHIO. The white burley tobacco is confined to the well-marked type of soil of the Lower Silurian limestone in central and north central Kentucky and the adjacent counties of Ohio. This embraces the blue grass region of Kentucky, and it is upon these tine, fertile, blue grass soils that the white burley is grown. (See Plate XI.) The country has the general appearance of an old limestone region, generally rolling and with frequent depressions, sinks, and caves. The hills, 400 to 500 feet high, bordering the Ohio River and extending from C to 10 miles back, are generally steep, and fields are often culti- vated in tobacco with slopes as great as 45 degrees. The valleys are narrow, winding, and V-shaped, and no bottom lands are found except- ing along the larger rivers and streams. The country back from the hills on the Ohio side is generally rolling. The drainage is excellent. The tobacco lands on the Ohio side are all within the hills on the Ohio Eiver and confined to two kinds of soil, popularly known as the "sugar-tree land-' and "beech land." The beech lands lie low in the valley and are inclined to be wet, and do not produce the finest (luality of leaf. The sugar-tree lands lie well up in the valleys and are consid- ered the typical white burley soil. Back from the hills, in Ohio, the soil becomes white, wet, and "crawfishy " and does not produce a fine quality of burley. These fiat lands are of drift origin, timbered with white oak, and usually need to be underdrained in order to produce well. In Kentucky the tobacco area is confined to the Trenton and Hudson Eiver limestones. Phosphatic limestone is frequently met with, while chert occurs only si>aringly through the area. The soils are all heavy clay of a uniform deep red color. The depth of the soil varies considerably, the rocks outcropping in many places, especially on the hillsides. Around Lexington the rock is on the average about C feet below the surface, while in the northern counties it is at a greater depth than this. The top soil is of light, loamy char- acter, not inclined to form into clods when properly cultivated. The soil is adapted to grass, wheat, and corn, and has made famous the world over the blue grass region of Kentucky. It is seen from the table (page 25) that the subsoil contains on an average about 30 per cent of clay. Bull. No. I 1 . U, S Dept Agr., Div Sons, Plate X. UNITHn STATES UHPAHTMENT OF ACHICIILTUHE, OIVISION OF SOILS. THi; in.xnKi: or \ rvpicvi m-wi i ach wr.N(i iouacco i .\Nr) <>i \ip(,im,\. p. . C.I.; of Cr.ivel. SanU, Silt, and Clay in 20 Gram-, of Subsoil. '1 ■■• , -.1 sanrf. fine sanil l/ery /me sort./ S:ll f,„, >- 2 05 3.74 6.94 9.4.'5 u 29 67 44.38 •?«? f^- li Q IN I l)IAMErt:H OF Illl,. ,,(,' -\ : \ -^ \ Bull, No. 1 1, U, S. Dept Agr., Div. Soils Plate XI. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOILS. THE TEXTUKK Ol- A TYPICAL I5LKLHY TOBACCO LAND OF KENTICKY AM) OHIO. Per Cent of Crrtvel, Sand. Silt, and Clay in 20 Crams of Subsoil. Cl'Cirif .'Uf.,/ UeOwia sanil. fun 5ii/i./ Vtirr line snnrf. Silt. Finf silt Claji. 1.63 1.44. 1.22 7.04 SS 77 9.36 31.62 *iW'? OF THE CR.X.NS ,\ 27 EXPORT TOBACCO LANDS OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE. The dark, heavy varieties of tobaeco adapted to the export trade are exteusively grown in western Kentucky and Tennessee on silty soils which are quite fertile in character. The whole area is divided into a nnniber of districts, such as Clarksville, Hopkinsville, Jackson's Pur- chase, and the Green Eiver district, but the character of the soil is quite uniform in all of these; the class of tobacco grown is generally the same. In each district the types of tobacco adapted to the foreign markets are grown, the types ap])earing to depend less upon the charac- ter of the soil than upon the character of the season, the cultivation, and curing of the cro}). The general character of the country is level or gently rolling, with broken and hilly country along the large water courses. Much of this land was formerly devoid of forest growth and called barrens. It was a prairie region, with trees only along the water courses, and prairie fires are supposed to have annually swept over the country. Since the coujitry has become settled and the large fires prevented, a luxuriant forest growth of hickory and oak has covered the land. The soils are classed by Saftbrd as "rich barrens." The term "barrens" is not to be taken literally to mean poor soil. The counties of Kentucky bordeiing the Tennessee line are generally level, with occasional stretches of rugged country along the water courses, but with a soil of quite uniform texture. The southern boundary of the tobacco area is the Cumberland River, while the northern boundary is the carboniferous hills of Kentucky. The tobacco district stretches around these hills, following the subcarbouiferous strata as far as the Ohio River on either side. SOILS ARE HALF SILT. The soils are mainly derived from the St. Louis group of the subcar- bouiferous, which are mainly limestone. (See Plate XII.) The disinte- grated material is so thick that the rock is seldom exposed, except where the material has been recently eroded. The drainage is excellent, and numerous sinks and caves are found through the country. The soil, whether upland or bottom, level or hilly, is usually of a decided silty character, closely approaching loess in texture. The subsoil has a typical bright red color, which extends to a considerable depth. Where this red color changes to a pale yellow or white, the land becomes craw- fishy and can only be profitably cultivated after underdrainage. The lack of color indicates a deficient drainage within recent times and is due to the deoxidation of the iron compound in the decay of organic matters and the absence of sufficient oxygen from other sources to provide for the proper oxidation of the organic matter. It will be seen from the table that these soils contain on an average about 50 per cent of silt. It ranges from about 40 to CO per cent, some samples exceeding even tins latter figure. With all such silty soils great care has to be taken in their cultivation. They are naturally 28 quite fertile, but deteriorate very rapidly and excessively unless tlie fertility is maintained l)y judicious methods of cultivation and of cro})- ping. Many of these tobacco soils have been run down with constant cropping- in tobacco, but some of the worst cases have recently been brought up by rotation with wheat, corn, and clover, together with a judicious application of fertilizers, especially phosphatic manures. The value of careful tillage is becoming more apparent in the whole area, and it is generally recognized now that the quality of the tobacco and the price it brings on the market can be very materially inliuenced by the kind and condition of the cultivation. The soils of the Lower Green Eiver district lie witliin the carboniferous strata along the Green lliver, and, although these are underlaid Avith sandstone, the soil proper presents the uniform silty character of the other export tobacco districts. The JacksonVs Purchase region, lying between the Tennessee and Mississii)pi rivers, is made up mainly of loess and loam, and has the same silty character as the other districts and produces essentially the same type of tobacco. The accompanying diagram (Plate XIII) illustrates graphically the relative proportion of the sand, silt, and clay in the soil adapted to differ- ent classes and types of tobacco, and shows, upon careful study, a marked relation between the texture of the soil and the grade of tobacco produced. A detailed statement of the analyses upon which these summaries are based is given in the table at the end of the bulletin. THE RELATIVE WATER CONTENT OE TOBACCO SOILS. It has been stated that a classitication can be made of the tobacco soils in accordance with their texture, as this determines to a large extent the water content of the soils and the amount of water at the disposal of the crop. The texture is not the sole factor, however, whicli determines the water content; so it has been necessary to keep actual records of the water content of some of the principal tobacco soils. Only preliminary work has been started in this, as a satisfactory method for the ready determination of the water content of the soils has only just been completed. So far as these records have been taken they show a very great difference in the soils adapted to the different classes of tobacco, and in a general way agree with the texture of the land. The earlier records were made by taking a sample of soil in a brass tube, driven from the surface of the ground to a depth of 12 inches. The sample was transported to the laboratory without any evaporation and there dried at a temperature of llO'^ C. and the amount of water determined by the loss in weight. The investigations this year have been made by the electrical method described in Bulletin No. C. These records must be maintained through a number of years before reliable data can be established to show the average water content of the soils, as well as to show the normal variations which may occur in Bull. No. 11, U. S. Depi. Agr., Div. Soils. Plate XII. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, DIVISION OF SOIL-S. THE THXTIKE Ol .\ H IMC M. E.XPOHI TOBACCO l.\M) OK KRNTICKS \M) I KNNE.^SEE. Per Cent ot Cr.ivel. Sand. Silt, ,in.l Clav m 20 Gr.iiii;; of Subsoil. arani Coa.-se stir.j Mfhum sanii. Fine sanj Viry hm sanii Siil fine siit C:u,. 0.39 0.56 0.73 1.93 9.50 52. 50 6. 28 22.59 ntr- %^ m i -?| 2-1 1 .5 .5-25 .25- 01 ,005 00.''>- DIAMETER OF THE GR.AINb 1 .\ ,M ILl.l.M ETERS. Bull. No. 1 1, U. S Dept. Agr., Div. Soils. Plate XIII. Cigar Tobacco Connecticut Massachusetts New York Pennsylvania Shale Wisconsin Oh 10 Pennsylvania Limestone Manufacturing and Export Tobacco / /IXA. WV. -^.W' Bright Tobacco ^^ IJO 210 3|0 4J0 510 6|Q 7|q ^^SAND SILT CLAY 29 tlie ^A'ater content Avitliont danger to tlie plant. At tlie same time sufficient work has been done to give an ideaof the mean rehitive water content of these different soils, under tlie meteorological conditions which have existed. This water content is sensibly the same for sev- eral of tlie soils in any one season. The amount of water a soil contains depends largely, as has been statrd, npon the texture and structure and is intiueuced of conrse by the cliaracter of the season. It varies from day to day, and these variations are exceedingly imjjortant in their effects ui)on the crop. The term "mean water content," therefore is only to be used as a meas- ure of the relative water-holding capacity of the soil under similar meteorological conditions. MEAN WATER CONTENT OF THE NORTHERN CIGAR TOBACCO SOILS. Tobacco soils of the best grade in the Connecticut Valley maiutaiu on an aveiage about 7 per cent of water throughout the season. There are many«oils cultivated in tobacco which average 10 or lU per cent, but these do not produce a tobacco leaf of the finest texture and most desirable quality for tlie present market. On the other hand, there are soils cultivated in tobacco which maintain less water than this, and while in favorable seasons, when the tobacco is kept constantly grow- ing, they produce a very fine and delicate leaf, it is not on the whole a sale or economical condition under which to grow the i)laiit on account of the small yield per acre and the injury liable to occur in dry seasons. The meadow lauds of the Connecticut A^alley, which were formerly culti- vated in tobacco when a d.irk, heavy leaf was in demand, contain on an average from L'O to 28 per cent of water. As already stated, these soils are entirely unfit for the production of the grade of tobacco necessary to meet the present market demands. The tobacco soils of Pennsylvania, as already explained, are heavier than those of the Connecticut Valley and maintain on an average about IS per cent of water. The present season has been unusually wet, and the average this year has been 4 to 5 per cent higher, but as a result of three years' observations 18 ])er cent can safely be taken as the mean water content of the average tobacco soil of the limestone area of the Pennsylvania district. Soils which produce the best wrai)]>ei- leaf in Pennsylvania are those which have the lightest texture and contain the smallest water content, while the heaviest limestone soils maintain on an average 22 to 23 per cent of Avater and produce mainly a heavy, strong filler leaf. The soils of the tobacco district of Ohio are as heavy in texture as the limestone tobacco lands of Pennsylvania. They have maintained on an average the present season rather more thau 27 ])er cent of water. It is probable that the mean water content of these soils in an average season would amount to about 23 to 24 per cent of water. The tobacco grown under these conditions is used almost exclusively as a filler leaf. 30 'No records have been kept of the water content of the tobacco soils of Kew York or Wisconsin. It is unqnestionably true that the texture of the soil and the meteor- ological conditions, with the resultant water content, determine to a marked extent the character and grade of leaf which can be produced. In this, as in all other agricultural lines, the aim should be to recognize the conditions and adopt the crop, the method of cultivation or fermen- tation, and the grade of leaf which those conditions are best adapted to produce. If the general character of the soil in a locality is adapted to the wrapper leaf, use only such soils as may be reasonably expected to give the best wrapper leaf. If, on the contrary, the soils of the dis- trict are adapted only to filler leaf, use only such of the soils as are best adapted to this grade and plant, cultivate, manure, and ferment the crop for the specific purjwse of producing a filler leaf of superior quality. Most of the tobacco soils of the Northern States will not pro- duce equally good fillers and wrappers. WATER CONTENT OP THE FLORIDA TOBACCO SOILS. Records have been kept during the present season of the moisture conditions in the soils of the (ladsden County district of West Florida and of the newer tobacco district of Fort Meade, in the peninsula. The mechanical analyses showed that the tobacco land in western Florida consisted of a light loam about 12 inches deep resting on a heavy red clay which is naturally well drained. The hammock soil of Fort Meade is, on the other hand, a very light sandy soil, extending down to a very considerable depth. Both soils produce a hard wood growth. Strange to say, in spite of the great difference in the texture of the subsoil, the soils of these two localities have maintained during the present season almost identically the same amount of moisture. The average water content of the soil at Fort Meade, for a period of four months, was 8.6 per cent, while the mean water content of the soil at Quincy for the same time was 8.26 per cent. It is a surprising thing to find that these soils maintain about the same amount of water, but this is in line with the general facts that the hammock soils of Florida maintain very much more water than would be expected from their texture, or than is main- tained by vsoils of similar texture further north along the Atlantic Coast. This matter of the relatively large amount of the water con- tent of the hanunock soils Of Florida will be discussed in a separate bulletin. No records have been kept of the moisture conditions in the tobacco soils of Texas or of California, and unfortunately none have been kept in the tobacco soils of Sumatra and Cuba. "WATER CONTENT OF THE SOILS OF THE MANUFACTURING AND EXPORT TOBACCO DISTRICTS. As in the northern cigar tobacco districts, it will be seen that the texture of the soil and the water content appear to determine the tyi^j 31 of tobacco pi'odnced. Tlie typical soils for the bright yellow tobacco of Virginia, North Carolina, and East Tennessee maintain on an average abont 7 per cent of water. Where the soils contain less than this the leaf is inclined to be thinner in texture and to have a better color, but the yield per acre is small, and the most econoujical conditions on the whole are maintained by these soils having from 7 to 8 per cent of clay and maintaining on an average about 7 or 8 per cent of water. As the soil becomes heavier in texture and the amount of water increases, other grades and types of tobacco are produced. The export tobacco lands of Kentucky and Tennessee contain about 22 or 23 per cent of clay, and as a characteristic feature they contain from 40 to (U) per cent of silt. These soils contain on an average about 15 per cent of water, although the soil at Hopkinsville, Ky., this year, which had an unusually wet growing season, maintained on an average about 3 per cent more than this. The characteristic soil of the limestone area of Kentucky, adapted to the white burley tobacco, as the result of several years' investigation, may be said to maintain on an average about 20 per cent of water. The present season being unusually wet, the water content in the soil at Lexington, Ky,, was about 3 per cent above the normal. Records have not been kept in the manufacturing tobacco soils ot Virginia, but from investigations which have been made on adjacent lands it is i^robable that the mean water content of these soils, having as much as 40 per cent of clay, will not be far from 20 or 22 per cent of moisture. RECORDS AS A JJASIS FOR IRRIGATION. The object of tlie daily record of moisture in the soil is not only to determine the average amount soils contain, but to determine the normal as well as the extreme variation. It is known, for example, that in the white burley limestone soil at Lexington, Ky., if the water content is maintained for any length of time above 25 per cent the land will be too wet for crops, while, on the other hand, if it falls to 15 per cent it will be too dry, and anything less than this will constitute a drought. The extent and duration of the drought will be ai)parentif the results are plotted on cross-section ])aper. It is possible from such records, therefore, to show the character of a season. The methods of cul- tivation should have for their prime object the maintenance of the water supply above the line of drought, so that the growth of the plant shall receive no check. If this can not be done by the ordinary method of cultivation, irrigation must be resorted to upon such occasions, if the crop is to be maintained in its best condition. It will reiiuire years to establish satisftictory normals for any soil, but the normal variation which may occur without detriment to the crop can probably be approximately established in a very much shorter time. This line of work is being vigorously pushed i ow. 32 TABLES OP THE WATER CONTENT OF TOBACCO SOILS. Following' are the tables showing the records of the water content of tobacco soils so far obtained. Cigar fobacco land. POQUONOCK, CONN. July, 1895. Day. July, 1895. Day. July, 1895. Day. July, 1895. Day. Mois- ture. Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a 1 Per cent. 8.8 8.7 9.0 9.6 10.5 11.1 11.2 11.4 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Per cent. 12.6 12.4 11.4 11.4 13.4 ■ 14.4 13.1 11.1 17 Per cent. 8.8 8.9 8.0 8.5 8.9- 9.4 9.6 8.5 25 Per cent. 8 2 2 18 26 9 2 3 19 27 10 1 4 20 28 10 4 5 21 29 9.5 6 22 30 31 8.9 7 23...: 8 7 8 24 a At depth 0-12 inches. WINDSOR, CONN. May, 1897. a June, 1897. a Jnly, 1897. a Day. May, 1897. a June, 1897. a July, 1897. a Day. Mois- ture. Rain. Mois- ture. Rain. Mois- ture. Rain. Moi.s- tura Rain. Mois- ture. Rain. Mois- ture. Rain. 1 .. Per et. Inch. Per et. 12.1 11.6 11.1 11.1 11.0 11.0 10.8 10.8 1.5.3 10.8 10 3 Inch. Trace Trace 0.03 Per ct. Inch. 13.3 12.5 Trace 17 ... 18... 19... 20... 21 ... 22... 23... 24... 25 . . . 26... 27 . . . 28 . . . 29 . . . 30... 31... Per ct. 14.4 14.3 14.2 14.1 16.5 15.4 14.8 15.6 14.9 13.1 12.2 12.4 12.3 12.2 13. 5 Inch. '6."32' '".'2.5" .92 ".'21 '"."5.3 Per ct. 10.3 10.7 10.6 11.6 11.0 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.8 10.7 10.7 Inch. 0.13 ".'33 Per ct. 10.2 9.9 10.1 10.1 11.1 13. 3 13.1 10.5 10.2 Inch. 2 3 12.4 12.3 12.0 11.9 11.8 0.01 ".'oi" Trace 10 4 5 .36 6 1.70 .42 8 <) 2.35 .08 .11 10 0.12 .07 .42 2.17 .15 .12 11 10.0 10.3 10.6 10.2 10.0 01 12 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.1 10.3 .18 13 .15" .04 13.7 11.0 10.4 10.1 6.27 2.57 .05 10.6 14.9 Trace .99 3.02 14 ... . 15.... 16 ... . 14.7 14.5 14.4 .04 .18 o Determined by the electrical metliod at depth 3 to 6 inches. EAST HARTFORD. CONN. [Light wrapi)ers and binder.s.] Day. May. 1895. June, 1895. July, 1895. Aujiust, 1895.' Day. May, 1895. Mois- ture, a June, 1895 Julv, 1895. August, 1895. Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a Mois. ture. a Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a 1 Per cent. Per cent. 16.6 17.5 16.2 14.8 15.2 16.4 16.8 15.2 15.3 16.2 16.6 15.7 15.3 14.9 15.0 15.6 Per cent. 15.9 14.9 15.4 17.3 16.4 15.6 1.5. 2 15.4 15.6 1.5.7 15.0 15.7 15.0 15.5 14.9 14.4 Per cent. 13.2 12.3 11.4 10.9 10.7 10.9 16.8 14.4 13.0 13.0 13.4 13.8 13.4 12.8 12.2 13.3 17 18 19 20 23:::::: 24 2') 20 27 28 29 30 Per cent. 13.9 13. 2 16.1 16.0 15.7 15.3 15.0 15. 2 16.0 19. 4 16.8 15.9 15.7 Per cent. 1.5.8 1.5.6 1,5.4 15.2 15.1 14.9 14.7 14.0 13.4 13.0 14.9 16.3 17.3 16.7 Per cent. 13.8 13.5 13.1 12.9 12.9 12.9 13.2 12.2 11.9 12.3 14.3 13.4 11.0 10.2 14.2 Per cent. 15.3 2 17.3 3 16.2 4 .. . 15.3 5 14.8 6 14.2 13.9 8 f| 10 11 12 13 14 16 4 17.9 17.7 17.1 16.6 1.5.8 15.4 14.9 16.6 13.6 13.4 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.0 12.9 15 31 12.9 16 a At depth 0-12 inches. 33 EAST HAKTFOED, CONN. [Dark wrappers and binders.] Day. May, 1895. June, 1895. July, 1895. August 1895. Day. May, 1895. Mois- ture, a Juue, 1895. Julv, 1895. August, 1895. Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a Mois- ture, a 1 . . Per cent. Per cent. 22.0 20.5 19.3 19.2 20.7 20. 2 19.3 18.3 17.7 17.2 16.8 16.6 16.4 16.2 16.0 15.8 Per cent. 26.5 26.2 25.7 25.0 24.7 24.3 23.8 23. 6 24.5 24.6 24.6 24.8 25.4 25. 4 25.2 25. Per cent. 23.0 24.1 23.0 22.9 22. 4 K5 29.0 26.8 25.0 24.7 24.9 25.9 25.5 25.0 25.5 24.6 17 18 19 20 21 23 ! ! ! ! ! ! 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Per cent. 19.7 19.3 18.6 19.7 20.2 20.5 20.2 19.7 20.0 20.3 21.9 20.6 20.1 22.7 26.1 Per cent. 15.6 15.3 15.0 14.9 14.7 14.5 14.3 J4. 6 15.1 15.7 15.4 15.0 15.1 15.3 Per cent. 24.5 23.8 23. 4 22.8 22. 2 21^4 20.5 20.0 19.4 19.2 19.3 19.8 23.7 26.8 24.3 Per cent. 29.0 9 29.7 3 28.0 4 26.7 5 25.3 6 24.9 24.5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 20.8 20.7 19.9 19.7 19.4 19.7 19.9 20.1 20.1 24.2 23.7 23.3 22.7 22.3 21.9 21.5 16 a At depth 0-12 inches. LITITZ, PA. [Fillers.] May, 1897. a June, 1897. a Day. Moisture. Kain. Moisture. Eain. Per cent. 25. 3 34.0 33.7 34.0 33.7 33.1 31.5 29.8 29.4 28. 6 29.2 28.8 .36.1 33.7 35.0 33.4 31.7 29.6 29.4 29.4 28.6 30.5 28.4 32.0 30.7 28.2 28.5 Inch. i.20 .04 .73 .03 .22 .16 1.30 .76 .28 .24 Per cent. 17. & 24. 3 22.8 22.4 36.1 34.0 32.6 31.2 33.4 36.5 30.0 29.6 28.4 28.1 27.0 26.3 24.8 24.8 22.1 20.9 17.6 13.4 17.9 15.0 13.6 13.3 11.9 11.2 11.2 11.2 Inch. ' 0.06 .03 2.25 July, 1897. a , August, 1897. a Moisture. Ttain. Moisture. Ilaiu. Per cew 11.2 11.3 11.2 11.3 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 10.2 10.2 9.6 9.5 29.2 25.8 22.5 19.6 15.7 15.1 28.4 31.3 31.5 31.0 30. 5 23. 2 20.8 17.5 22.6 Inch. .28 1.90 .03 .04 .11 .72 .24 1.81 .30 Per cent. Inch. 32, 23. ' 22.6 22. 3 24.3 i 0.59 23.8 .01 23.0 22.3 22. 3 . 01 22. 6 . 05 25.3 .81 24.3 22.8 21.9 21.3 25. 1. 34 23.4 o"). 4 2L9 .'..'.'.'..'. 21.7 .11 21.4 I 21.2 .11 21.1 I 31.0 j 1.79 29.2 I .10 27.4 I .01 25.0 24.0 22. C 21.9 21.4 al>eteruiiiuMl by the electrical method at dei)th 3 to 6 inches 8564— No. 11- 34 GERMAXTOWX, OHIO. Day. May, 1897. a June, 1897. a July, 1897. a August, 1897. a Moisture. Eain. Moisture. Kain. Moisture. Rain. Moisture. Rain. 1 .. Pii- cent. Jn.-h. J'er cent. 26.4 Inch. Per cent. Inch. Per cent. Inch. 24. 6 0. 10 2 18.2 18.3 28. 7 . 0-2 3 :;;.;;::.::;:;;;;. 24.7 25.2 24.4 23.2 0.19 29.0 4 .. 27. 5 ... Rain. 1.10 26. 4 6 7 37.4 j 36 3 23.4 • 22.9 22. 4 2l!6 25.8 25 5 8 33.5 60 31.9 30.0 28.5 28.3 .43 2.5. 1 9 i 10 31.9 .70 1 11 .20 ; 10 31.6 29.6 29.6 31.6 20.9 28.5 27,1 25.0 20.3 13 ""'.1)8 30.8 30.6 .45 14 15 .19 .56 .25 16 17 1 .37 1 30.5 19 1 1.02 29.0 26.5 34.9 27.7 27.7 27.7 27.7 30.0 28.4 28.9 26.1 25.4 25. 2 '" .m ...v.'.'.... '.so """..'.. 21 32.4 33.4 33.6 37.4 34.5 32.9 31.9 33.0 31.3 31.1 27.0 .50 22 23 .40 .62 24 18.5 18.5 18.5 18.4 18.4 18.3 18.9 25 27 29 31 i a Deterinineil l>y the electrical method at ile])th 3 to 6 inches. FORT MEADE, FLA. May, 1897. a June, 1897. a July, 1897. a Day. May, 1897. a June, 1897. July, 1897. a ])ay. Mois- ture. Rain. Mois- ture. Rain. Mois- ture. Rain. Mois- ture. Rain. Mois- tui-e. Raiu. ^;^- I^-- 1 Per ct. 10.2 10.3 8.3 7.8 7.6 7.3 7.0 7.1 7.0 6.8 C. 8 13.6 11.4 9.2 11.0 9.7 Inch. 0.12 Per ct. Inch. Perct. 7.9 7.5 10.5 8.9 10.7 9.3 9.2 9.2 10.7 9.2 10. 5 11.0 10.8 9.7 8.5 9.4 Inch. "o'.Vfi 1. 32 ".'41 .04 ".'15" .11 .07 .47 1.96 1.89 .14 "".'os' 17... Per ct. Inch. Per ct. 8.8 7.8 8.2 8.6 8.8 Inch. O.Vl' .19 .47 Per ct. 8.1 8.7 8.5 8.1 7.9 9.1 8.7 8.4 10.6 10.7 8.7 8.8 8.1 8.8 9.0 Inch. 2 18 ... 0.19 3 19... 20... 21.., 22... ° 2 .. 4 8.0 7.9 5 e 7.9 7.8 8.5 9.0 , 8.7 1 .24 1 .... i.'so' 1.90 .30 1.05 7.5 7.4 8.0 9.0 7.9 8.1 8.0 10.8 8.6 9.0 0.13 ".'55' '".'59' .67 .03 25 .. 8.8 9.0 8.9 8.7 7.4 7.9 .41 ".'36' .82 10 26 . . . 11 27 . . . 12 28 . . . 33 29 ... 14 30 ... .32 15 31 ... .18 16 ... . j a Deterniineil by tlie electrical method at depth 3 to inches. 35 ]iri .13 7. 5 7.3 7. 6.8 6. 9 .10 6.7 6.5 6.4 6.3 6.2 59 2K5 '"i.'69 19.3 18.1 , 18 4 ! .24 17.8 16.9 16.1 15.0 15. . 33 14.9 a At depth 0-12 inches. b Determined by the electrical method at depth 3 to 6 inches. 38 GREENDALK, KY. Day. June, 1895. a July, 1895. a August, 1895. a Day. June, 1895. a July, 1895. a August, 1895. a Moistiire. Moisture. Moisture. Moistui-e. Moisture. Moisture. 1 .' Per cent. Per cent. 21.4 '•'3 8 Per cent. 26.0 25.0 24.4 24.1 24.7 26.2 25.9 25. 24.8 24.3 22.4 21.5 22.8 22 2 20'.8 22.1 17 Per cent. 21.1 21.1 22.0 22.8 22. 5 21.6 22.0 24.7 24.7 19.0 13.0 12.6 13.6 15.6 Per cent. 19.3 17.0 Per cent. 21.9 22. 7 24.2 25. G 26.4 26.3 25.6 24.8 24.2 23. 8 23.6 23.8 25.5 25. 8 24.1 22.5 24.7 23.3 22.1 21.1 20.2 19.3 18.8 17.0 17.4 16.5 16.1 15.9 10.0 18.3 20. G 18 21 ■> 19 15. 5 21. 1 4 20 16.0 21.0 21 17.0 20.9 22 18. 3 20. 9 23 19. 6 20. 9 24 20.9 , 21.0 9 25 24.2 1 21.2 10 26...* 27 26.2 1 21.1 11 26.9 : 21.0 lo 28 26.7 26.6 25.9 25.2 20. 8 13 29 20.7 14 30 31 20. 5 15 21.5 16 a At (leptli 0-12 inches. E.rporl tohaccit land. HOPKIXSTILLE, KY. Day. May, 1897. ft Juue, 1897. a July, 1897. a August 1897. a Moisture. Rain. Moisture. Rain. Moisture. Rain. Moisture. Rain. I Per cent. Inch. J'er cent. IS. 17.8 17.6 17. 5 17.2 16,9 17.2 17.0 17. 3 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.5 17.3 17.2 18.1) 18.0 18.1) 19.0 20. It 19.2 19. 23.8 25.4 26. 8 26.5 25.4 20.1 18.5 19.0 Inch. 0.20 .15 .i5 "' .62' "".'03 .23 .30 .67 .40 .45 .01 .02 " .15 .03 Per cent. 18.5 18.0 17.2 17.0 18.1 18.2 18.0 18.8 17.7 17.2 16.8 16.1 15.9 Inch. "'o.'23' .03 ""'.'16' .05 .05 Per cent. 14.2 14.1 13.9 13.8 14.2 14.6 14.8 14.8 15 5 15.2 14.7 14.6 13.8 13.7 13.6 13.4 13.4 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13. 2 13.2 13.2 13.0 12.9 12.8 Inch. 2 3 t 5 . 0. 18 fi 8 .09 9 .o.> 10 .65 11 .40 12 13 14 15.7 1.-, 24.3 ' 21.3 20.8 13.8 13. G 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.7 14.6 14.8 14.7 14.6 14.8 14.9 14.9 14.8 14.8 14.6 14.3 .45 "".'63' .02 .15 "".'io" .31 .05 IG 17 18 20.1 19. 2 19. 1.S.9 18.0 19 20 21 .02 22 . 29 23 19. 0. 20 18.5 18.2 17.0 17.5 .10 17.4 18.0 .21 18.5 24 25 26 27 og ''9 30 31 18.2 a Determiued by the electrical method at depth 3 to 6 inches. 39 NEWSTEAI), KY Hay. June, 1895. a July, 1895. a August, 1895. a Day. 17 June, 1895. a Julv, 1895. a Aiiffust, 1895. a Moisture. Moisture. Moisture. MoLsture. Moisture. Moisture. 1 Per cent. 20,0 19. 8 19.5 19.6 20.0 20.5 19. 9 19.3 17.9 17.1 17.1 17.4 16.5 16.5 17.0 16.3 Per eeiit. 22. 2 21.6 20.2 18.5 17.6 18.3 20.0 21.6 21.9 21.5 20.5 20.2 19.2 18.8 17.8 17.1 Per cent. 20.9 20.7 20.0 19.3 18.4 17.6 17.0 16.5 16.1 16.7 16.4 15.8 15.2 15.0 14.5 13.8 Per cent. 15.7 15.9 15.9 15.1 14.2 14.5 15.2 15. 2 14.7 14.9 15. 9 15.3 15. 3 17.4 Per cent. 16.0 16.0 14.8 14.5 14.0 13.8 14.8 18.2 20.5 20. .3 20. 2 19.6 19.2 20.8 21.6 J'er cent. 13 3 18 13 2 3 ](» 13 3 4 20 •J] 16.0 5 15 2 6 14 7 23 14 8 9 24 25 20 13.3 12.9 10 12.8 11 .. . 12 8 ]•■> 2s r:.(> 13 :!9 i:!.8 14 ;!u 15. 15 31 14.5 16 a At depth 0-12 iuclies. Mannfavtnrinij tobacco land. KASTII.VM. VA. Day Jun.-, : 1895. « Julv, 1895. a Aufiust, 1895. a Moi.sturo. Per cent. 21! 5 21.0 20.8 20. 9 21.2 22.3 24.2 23.5 22.7 22.3 22.1 22. 3 22. 6 23. 2 24.0 Day. June, 1895. n. Julv, 189o. a August, 1895. a Moisture. Moi.sture. Moisture. M. isture. iloisture. 1 Per cent. /'(/• cent. 17 Per cent. 2'3.7 22.1 21.2 20. 8 20. 8 21.0 21.4 21.6 21.6 21.4 21.3 21.2 21.1 21.0 Per cent. 22. 4 22.9 23.4 23.3 21.3 20. 2 19.8 20. 8 20.2 23^7 23.8 25. 23.3 • 22. 2 Percent. 24.9 23.4 22.8 2i.O 23.4 21.9 20.8 20. () 23. 5 2:!. 5 22. 4 21.6 21.1 21.2 21.9 22. 8 18 24. 4 3 23. 3 23. 1 22.9 : 22.8 j 22. 7 19 23.7 4 20 23.3 21 22 .S 6 22 2Z...... ........... 22. fi 2". 8 9 1(1 : 22. 6 22. 2 '....'.'.'.'] 2'Ii ; 23. 7 '^2 2 24 25 26 21.5 20.8 20.4 11 27 20. I'' 28 . 111 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.\ 25! i) ■^7 3 29 ... ix.i 14 .. .. :u) 15 31 16 25. 7 a At ileptli 0-12 inches. 40 TABLES OF MECHANICAL ANALYSES OF SUBSOILS OF PRINCIPAL DISTRICTS. The following- tables give the mechanical analyses of the subsoils of the principal districts: 1039 IIU 1173 1066 959 1305 1277 831 842 1254 729 1303 1357 1279 128G 1287 1281 1353 1285 1283 1355 1289 25G8 2.314 2574 2516 2511 2570 2508 2804 1360 16 Cifiar tohaceo hind. NORTHERK DISTRICTS. Locality. Massachusetts. Hatfield AVliatelv Hatfield do do Description and dcptli. 6-30 inches C-18 inches 8-30inches Subsoil 9-30 inches Connecticut. Poquonock 12-36 inches. Windsor ' 11-35 inches. BlooMilield 11-1 2 inches . South Windsor lOinches East llartfoi-d 0-lOiiiches. . do I 10-30 inches. 9-30 inches.. do 10-18 inches. Poquonock East Haitford ... Wethersfield New York. Fulton I 11-20 Inches. Phiiiiix ! 18 inches. . .. Butler 12-14 inches. do I 18-20 inches. Soutli Granby I 6 inches Lvsander ' Subsoil Soutli Butler 9-10 i nches . . Fayetteville 6-18 inches . Cato 9-18 inches. . Baldwiusville Subsoil Averajje Permsylvania. Washington . .. Washini^ton, 2 miles east. Colundjia Washington York, 4 miles south- east. S h a 1 V limestone, 18-36 inches. S h a 1 V limestone, 12-30 inches. River land, 12-30 inches. Sli al y limestone, 12-3ii inches. Phillite Average York, 9 miles east . Wrightsville York, 3 J miles east . Lititz Marietta Lititz Average . P.ct. 0.21 .77 .,59 c I ^ P.ct. P.ct. 1.481 0.00 1. 84 . 00 711 66! 2. 15[ 82 2.90 .41 .58 .58 .84 .76 .46 .56 .49 2.18 P.ct 0.00 .20 .00 .00 .00 .04 .76 .76 .91 X. 51 .69 1.21 .93 .84 1.09 1.33 1.32 1. 30, 1.39 2. 13 4. 60! 2. 08| 1.64 2.05 6. 85' 1.33 .00 .40 .00 .82 1.05 3.22 .09 2.39 :~ , cO S-: s -• •-■ -; P.ct.lP.ct.'P.et 2.50 28.1155.78 .30 8.91 .40l 9.00 .121 2.31 .21 2.13 69.98 42.12 40. 30 i8. 11 .71110.09 49.26 30.89 2.71 3.31 1.06i 2.82 1.94 .40 21. .07 . .18 4. .16 . .391 19. . 03118. . 53'19. .30; 1. .32 8031. 36 22. 68 39. 60 1 14. 3.26 1.33 1.10 4. .57 5.88 .29 4.17 2.05 2.71 2.84 3.03 2.80 1.31 2.40 2.36 3.01 2.26i 2.64 1.87 2.69 9.02 24. 78 32. 7 52 05. 08 87 45.11 93 67. 20 47 28. 34 83:32.11 76 34.50 95 52.47 5151.66 22. 02 4.5. 47 8471, 3934. 7116, 37,15, 61137, 60 21. 67 39. 41 54 3.5 58 26. ■/I Si( S P.ct. P.ct. I\ct. 10.71 0.63 0.92 14.35 .93 1.98 3.07 4.15 4.70 38. 90 40.41 45.09 3.17 4.50 5. 98 1.74 7.46 3.82 10.93 11.88 11.31 5.92 27.73 12.94 .45 1.01 .84 1.16' 1. 20 ' 1.15 . 78 3.56 3.03 10.41 1.36 .19 1.33 1.63 1.67 2.41 2.51 2.53 4. O.t 4.65 2. 32 5.41 .52 1.36 3.32 .95i 2.58 6.44 2. 43 1 5.21 4.80 2.08 5:54 .26 42.57 4.20 6.13 . 21J19. 16 3.48 8.05 .56|18.08 3.77:10.08 .90(20.70 5.92 10.60 .02il5. 33 3.06 12.18 .16115.12 4.5112.55 24. 47 32. 52 15. 09 3. 09 7. 43 Trenton limestone, 12-30 inches. ...do Trenton limestone, 12-24 inches. Trenton limestone, subsoil. Trenton limestone, 9-30 inches. do 2.36 5.40 .36 2.03 3.23 .67 3.68 4.17 .57 4.51 4.62 .88 2.40 3.52 1.06 2.85 4.83 1.41 5.59 4.36 .12 2.63 3.61 5.30 .06 4.47 .68 .13 2.3121.77 8.92 24.77 21.57 4.4111.83 2.55 3.03 3.9012.20 29.33 22.53 6.9612.27 i I : ! .22 .30| 1.66, 9.18 52.3213.82 4.50 12.68 .11 .18 1.37 1.60 42.83 28.43 4.96 16.03 36 . 33 . 65 1. 22 36. 65 30. 68 5. 23 16. 19 67 1.23 ,5.87 6.62137.18 23.41 5.21 80 1707 IT92I8. 83 35. 58 10. 98 13.80 22. 47 .92 .96 1.3017.72 36.82 7.14 23.87 . 94 . 67 1. 15 12. 35 43. 64 8. 79 25. 23 1.38 1.55 4.98 15.54 .22 .27' .37j 7.48 . 40 . 93 5. 11 11. 45 .78 91 2.47 13 30.52 5.27 28.2816.24 30. 55 10. 35 34.23 9.79 31.90 35.80 36.30 29.27 41 Cigar tohacco land — Contiiined. NORTHERN DISTRICTS— Continued. 3(19(1 3111 3120 3121 1408 3259 3249 3245 ■3253 3257 3255 3247 3251 3254 Ohio. Miamisbiirg Gcrmantowii . .. do do Dcscriplion and d.ptli. .9 — 3 S 1 •^ ^ r^ . 1 a a B ■ a'2 I ?i gS - = g o "^ 5 _• o ■^- Average Vi'iiico>isi7i. N('\\ ark Stongliton, 5J miles oast. Kduerton, 4 miles west. ICdgerton, 4 miles northwest. Stodghton, (i miles east. Stougbtoii. 4 miles east. Stongliton, 4i miles east. Edgerton, 2 miles southwest. Edgei-ton. i miles northwest Stongliton, miles east. Average r. ct. r. ct. r. d r. <•?. p. ct.r. ct. p. ct. Glacial drift, 9-24 | 2.49 2.69 .15 .65 2.18 4.90 13.84 inehea. I i I Glacial dritt, 12-24 2.58 2.27 .03, .13 .48 .96 11.84 inches. ' ; I ' ' .. .do 3.96 3.06 .03 .20 .95 2.50 17.07 Glacial drift, 24-36 '3.16 2. 08 1.30 2.07 ,5. ,38 11. 80 18. 71 inches. i , 3.05 2.671 .39 .70 ^ «~l => 1 ^ .: d .« c lo . ■ ■■•'-' - -- ~ , in ° a o o q ®d oj. .PH M &^S P.ct.P.ct) 41.49 6.68 47.81 7. 85 25 6.08 80 5.05 /'. ct. 25. (>0 27. 40 30.35 Limestone, 7-18 inches. Oak oiiening, 9-30 inches. Prairie, 12-30 inches Oak opening, 12-36 inches. Oak oiiening. 12-30 inches. Prairie. 9-33 in<'hes . Oak opening. 36 mch.-s. Pi'airie, 12-:!0 inches Oak opening. 9-36 inches. Oak openin.i;-, 30-39 inches. 47 1. 98 1. .57J 3. 26| 3. 15 3. 06 4. 20 2. 80 3. 71 3. 70 2. 87i 3. 94 03 08 00 24 94 H4 28 05 82 5. 75, 2. 18 . ,06 . ,02 , , 05 . .15 . ,38 1. . 00 . "1.04115. 36|37. 60 6.41 27.52 13 01 5S 42 2 11 09 97 4 47 2 06 02 ii;3i S7!r!6, 96: 5 4l' 45 97 5 ):! 3 70 17 18 35 9. 44 HI. 98 17. 51 18. r,s 14. «4 17. 15 17. 15 19. DO 14. 35 1 0. 20 13. or 9. I 88 37. 79 1 35. 98 42. 30 30. 01 33. 00 35. 03 25. 97 37. 71 11.. 53 41 18.65 62 22. 60 74 23. 20 71 23. :',0 46 2:!. 75 73 23. 90 2i; 24. .53 SI 27. 40 63 2S. 70 .59 1.09 4.93 10.34 15.68 31.04 6.(11 SOUTHERN DISTRICTS. Florida. 2827 Ocala LiL;ht li:inincoek. (1. 35 1 16 Ifl) l.,59 15.63 62.87 15.70 1.25 0.48 61 0-9 inches. [ I 2819 Fort Meade Giav hammock, 0-30 inches. 1. 00 - 50 0. 80 3.81 13.77 50. 10 24.41 1 i .90 .55 99 2821 do Gray hamnioek. 20-36 inches. 1.03 - 16, .36 1 4(1 8.30 48.87 35.36 l.dO 1 ■ ■'■- 1 17 2829 Ocala Light hammock, 24-36 inelies. .30 05 (a) 1.45 19.63 62.40 11.65 1.80 .62 1 26 2828 .... do Light hammock, 9-24 inches. 22 75 (") 1.80 18.25 65.37 10,07 1.20, .55 1 39 2823 Fort Mead(i Mulatto hammock, 12-36 inches. .47 I 43 .70 2.50 14.30 53.00 24.46 .62 .34 1 58 2820 do Gra.v hammock, 0-20 inches. 1.39 2 88 .25 1.30 7.76 41.75 41.22 1.221 .70 1 58 2820 do Iligl' pine land, 0-18 inches. .47 1 eo .10 . 65 4. 58 47. 88 tO. 90 ..58 .23 1 68 2847 Silver Spring . . Light hamnioek, 12-24 inches. .19 40 .02 5. 57 28. 66 52. 71 9. 84 .38 .20 1 82 2822 Fort Meade .... Mulatto hammock, 0-12 inches. .62 1 53 .78 2. 85 14. 35 53. 51 123. 50 i I .05 .44 2 07 283.7 Ocala Mixed land, 0-12 indies. .39 1 es^ .09 4.07 32.3144.72 11.10 2. 55 . 53 - 09 2845 do Mixed land, soil . . . .31 1 34 .10 1.95 24.46 00.25 9.59 .42 .19 2 10 2838 do Mixed land, 12-36 inches. .06 49 (a) 3.15 24.94 51.10 13.47 1 t 2.33 1. 10 - 29 2830 Ocala, one-half south. nile Light hammock, 0-12 inches. .49 1 36 (a) 3.07 21.44 53.54 13.30 2.68 1.33 - 39 2841 Ocala, 2 miles south . Mixed land. 24-36 .41 1 10 (") 1.90 13.83 63.70 12.85 2.06 .94 2 48 inches. 2825 Fort Meade, miles south. H High pine land. 20-36 indies. .48 2 22 .52 3.14 17.23 49.29 23.14 .62 .30 - 62 2824 do High pine land, 0-20 inches. 1.54 3 02 .52 2. 94 16. 00 47. 95 24. 73 .86 .38 - (j2 2852 Bartow Higlipine land. 0-9 inches. a .81 Trac 3 e. 37 .35 2.2120.83 46.70 21.89 1 1 1.24 .41 83 42 Cigar fohaeco laud — Coutinned. SOUTHERN DISTRICTS— CoDtinued. 2846 2850 2831 2818 2853 2817 28:50 2851 284(1 2842 2843 Locality. Florida — Continued. Ocala De.scription and depth. Ocala, one-half mile soutli . Fort Meade Bartow Fort Meade Ocala, 2 mile.s soutli I'.artow ( tenia, 2 miles south. ()cm1;i, one-half mile cast. Ocala, li miles east. Average . 2804 'JuincY 2897 2800 .do do 2001 do .\verasre. ■ 289,') (Juincy 290(1 do Mixed land, .suh- soil. High pine land. 0-9 inches. Light hammock, 12-30 inches. Gray hammock, 20-36 inches. High ])iiie land, 9-30 inches. Gray hammock, 0-20 inches. Mixed land, 0-12 inches. High pine land, 9-30 inches. Mixed land, 12-24 incliea. Mixed land. 0-9 inches. Mixed land, 9-24 inches. o-a 3 /'. ct. .24 .5,1 1 .32 1.06 ..54 .94 .78 .36 .19! 1.11 1.41 X s E "§ H s 'Y « ^ 0! a cs_;^ I -^ [P.et. .72 .32' 2.42 -^ • '9 • •3 . C — ^3 '§ «fl «s s ^e gS ^^ dun ^0 cfl So "~* X 0^5 ^^ z^ >^ P.ct. p.ct. P.ct.\ a "= 2.44| .92 3.06 1.24, 2.13 1.56 (rt) 1. 09| . 10 .72' (O) 3.46 (a) 3.20 (a) 2.31 3.30 4.29 1.61 2.97 2.12 1.83 1.95 3. .50 3.67 27.55 57.44 6.84; . 19.74 45.32 25.71 . 22.29 55.29 10.64| 2, 19. 15[46. 70 20. 19 , 17. 01:49. 22 24. 98| , 12.92 48.99 26.691 16. 88 ,57. .57 11. 30 2 19. 57 48. 4123. fifi 13. 15 62. .53 12.35, 1 32.95 34. 15 10.641 2, 30.80 33.00 9.45 2 ct. P. ct. r. 50 .24 3. 97 .38 3. 62 1.64 3. 78 .47 3. 78' .24 3. ,74' .,30 3. 26 1.27 5. 65 .2L 4. I 81 . 87,' 5. .96; .95 9. 24; .87 14. Lafayette, 0-12 inches. do .62,1.73 .26 2.60 18,04 51,53 18.95 1.33 . 59 3. 21 .33 1.63 .13 1 61 9.48 56.71,20.82 3.75' .81 4.37 Lafayette, 0- inchcs. Lafayette, soil.. . .84 4.35 l.OI 5.35 18.33 40.86:14.49 4. 3l! .99 7.05 .71 3.32; .45,2.10 19.25 47.3715.28 4.99, .92 5.01 .43, 1.41 1.1110.33 33.07 37.18, 9.14 3.53 .49 2.65 2896 2808 22S2 ■_'-J84 2286 308 311 310 300 307 306 1958 1960 1961 do do Average . Texas. Willis . ... do do Average. California. San Rafael Cxha. Viielta Abajo .. ...do .... ...do .... ...do.... ...do .... ...do .... Average . Camajuani do do do Average . Lafayette. 12-36 inches. Lafayette. 9-30 inches. Lafayette subsoil La fayctte. 12-20 inches. 24 inches 20-24 inches . 6-24 inches.. , 6-24 inches Cigar tobacco.. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .58,2.68, .68 4.85 20.03 45.53 14.93 4.15 .80 T53J 4. 00|~8 T45 T38 46. 30 uTie 4. 70 . 88 1.31 5. sol .50 1.55 8.1134.361,5.27 3.48 .77 1.31 5.94! .51 1.24 6.00 33.4113.58 2.79 1.74 1..55 6.02 .88 3. ,>2 11.68 26. .54 10.54 2.51 .88 5 15 18.10 20.15 34. 15 35. 73 1 . 18, 5. 69: . 54 1. 94 8. 81 35. 15 13. 39 3. 37 1. 07 29. 30 .31 .53 .82 4.45 26.17 39.6011.61 8. .57 1.95 6.07 .14 .38 3. 01 12,3129. 63 30. 33 14. 70 4.93 . 84 2. Ii5 .24 .44 .46 2.9817.85 41.23 16. 1813. 19 1.97| 5. 37 .23 1.27 Remedios (cigar) tobacco. do do do .74 5.70 3.84 3.14 .46; 1.63 6.58 24.55,37.0514.16 8.90 1.59J 4.70 ^ ^ j , ] 3.91, 2.94 5.4919.44 27.3312.8513.37 2.18 10.77 3. 83 1. 70 6. 20i' 9. 40 18. 20 48. 85 8. 03 . 18 2. 60 2.46, 1.00 6.60 15.10 20.75.39.05 4.46 1.44 3.15 5.46 .13 .941 7. 02 25. .50 50. 64 4.75 2.09 4.05 2. 68 3. 45 2. 80; 4. 50 1 8. 70 55. 80 5. 11 1 . 04 5. 34 4.15 12.90 8. 15 8. 35 17. 75 28. 15 7.99 1.39 8.75 4.20 5.20 3. 03 5. 30 2.3. 15 36. 05 8.82 3.97 0.35 8.91 4.06 4.62 1.25 .41 8.62; 3.21 .41 11.29i .65 .25 8.00:11.17 .15 .38 5. nllO.Olj 1. 3l| .36 8.28 21.07 43.09 6.53 1.82 5.09 .94J 9.53 21.39 24.44 9.6619.60 . 49! 3. 85 14. 77 17. 80 7. 9034. 85 .30 3.2014.05 17.90 11.8137.10 . 36, 1. 47 9. 69 24. 80 8. 00 37. 71 . 52; 4. 51 14. 97 21. 24, 9. 37,32. 32 a Trace. 43 Bright tohacco hiiid. VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA DISTHICTS. 2032 741 751 746 745 764 760 757 754 744 2047 1663 758 748 1722 750 747 742 1667 2049 749 2028 117 2030 761 763 762 1372 1329 2052 1605 2031 694 2068 2060 1751 1668 696 2045 2027 753 789 1833 755 Localitv. Gills Strition, Vb., 2 I miles siiutli. Rock\ moiiiit, N. C . . Laucaster, S. C Oxford, N.C Pitt C(nnity,N. C... Lancaster, S. C Canton, N. C I Caua, N. C ! Rockvmoiint, N. C . . Cana. N. C [ Boyd ton, Vn., 9 [ miles east. ] Danville. Va.. near.. Pitt County, N. C. ..' Weavervilfe. N. C. . . ' Kentuek, Va., one- I halt" mile south. Joy, N. C Canton, N. C Nelson, N. C Ken tuck, Va., 1 mile south. Boyd ton, Va., 9 miles east. Alexander. N. (' Gills Station, Va Oxford, N. C, 4 mill's west. Gills Station, Va , 2 miles east Weaverville, N C. Joy, N.C Alexander, N.C Danville, \'a., near. . do Boydton. Va.,6niile.s east. Danville. Va., near. . Gills Station. Va., 2 miles soiilli. Danvil le, Va., 9 miles nortli. La\vren-18 inches. 6-12 inches 6-18iiu-iies. 10-30 inches i-'M) inches. . 0-18 inches, . 0-30 inches. 15-30 inches. do 4-12 inches. . 6-20 inches.. 6-18 inches. . Suhsoil (i-lSinclies- . 6-30 inches. . Subsoil .461 3.05, 1.251 4.74 2, 07| .15, j .38 1.41 .00 2,94 I .00 ,(10 ,00 . 00 1. 14 1.03' ; .44 i.iis .34 2.(12 .71 2.40 .70 2.40 .38 1,74 \ .42; 1.66 .30' 1.57 10. 21 6, 00 8, 20 9, 99 I . 72. 4. 60! ! .74, 1.96, . 56' 2. 241 .72} 3.40 5.13: 2.61 .96' 2.47: .56! ^.40 ,15 8, ,24' 8, ,71 1. .50 15, 56 1.5. 12 7. 19; 15. 86 24. 36 14.4514. 37 27. 90 24. 2.38 1.80 3. 10 1.88 2. 05 2.04 6.18 2.73 4.08 3.01 4.79 5.77 4.91 5. 23i 2.90 3.12 3. 33 4.00 4.05 4. 85 4.87 4.91 5. 08 5. 18 5,74 5.86 5.94 6.24 4 511 6. 27 3 02 6 07 4 46 6 90 5 SO 7 00 67 18.45 4. 65 16.67ll5. 26 22.77, 4. 25 7, r.o 71 8. '.M 20 8.30 1.19 7.03 16.77 21.83 13.20 10.22 13.74 S. .^9 .30 7, 37 8, , 93 7, . 14 . .96 0. .0111. .01' 2. . 38 8. .22 9. ( .91 9. ! .81 3. .16 . .641 1. I . 83j 8. .66' 8. .OOJ . .14; 3. .421 3. .171 3. n 9. 18 10. 89 10. 74 8, 30 10. 30 21. 29 5. 04 16. 70 5. 62 21. 47 21. 32 6. 73 6. 00 6, 70 16. 5518. 60; 1. 58 11. 31 6. 31 7. 11 10.5517. 80 13.59 20. 87 1 1. 14 15. 07 28. 26 82. .55 17. 10 29. 88 20. .52 17. 57 19. 58 33. 36,18.86 19. 53 27. 35 ;!2. 20 20.03 13. 75 20. 28 14. 23 11.78 23. 92 14. 55 2.5. 30 22. 53 36. 90 20.25 20. 34 20. 05 19. 82 4.69 40. 75 28.96 21. 5816.39 31. 90 18.22 26. 23 31.15 f). 08 23. 18 4. 52 28.08 7. 16 13.95 5. 03 14. 99| 5. 61 9.92 .5. 13 19. 16 6. 73 11.83 10. 73 1.5. 12 5. 41 15,89 6. 41' 7.42 0. 91 17.32 9. 50 1.5.67' 8. 14.12.45 5. 92 11. 58 5. 73111.24 5. I9I3I.27I 4. 68 6.54 3. 05 15. 661 5. 49 17.58' 4. 84 8.77 78 8.85 94 8.91 11 9.17 87 9.25 30 9. .56 13 10,(10 (U II). 05 55 1.0.43 38 10.60 25 11. 11 14 :i.24 75 11.46 28 11.84 08 12. 87 1013.20 84 13. 28 62 15. 05 94 15. 98 41 16, 58 Av. 1.10 2.24 2.57 6.39 13. ,02 23.45 14, (W 5,43 8.23 44 Moniifacfuriuf/ tohaccn Ja)>d. VIRGINIA DISTPvICT. '^6 a "s^ •3_ « a c3 _: o .^ :z i ct C cs a OJ S 1 - Locality. Description and depth. o a a ' ivel(2-li arse s 1-0.5 mm in S ^1 IS 'n X 3 o ®.n oS §-^ "^ ■^O £ , ©o 6 "o~ 5 c -^ »d .-. o .' - " ■ — = a "A s o 5 o «« ^ 5^ "^ , > ~ X ^ = 5 Tiiyinia. P.et. p. cf. p. ct. p. ct. P.ct. P.ct.P.ct.P.ct.P.cf. P.cl. 649 Oliarlottesvillc, 2 miles uortli. (labbro, 8-24 inches 2.34 5.16 6.21 6.30 5.62 9,72 12,5611.5510,88 30.60 2lHi4 LawieiicevilU' ( rueiss, subsoil 2. 23 8. 68 1.14 4.40 4. 86 9. 90 20. 04 12, 41 5. 26 31.58 G4ii Cliarlcittesville, 1 mile uortlieast. Gabbro, 9-24 inehe.s 5^65 7.29 . 44 . 88 .86 .61 4.94 23.89 21.90 34. 15 f.51 Lynehliurg (yneiss, subsoil 3.94 6.99 1.66 2.87 8.96 18.0612.77 6.89 2.26 35. 06 lliliy Dniiville, 1 mile IKM-th. Lawreiieeville, 4 do 12. 33 7.85 , 45 , 40 1.01 4.10 18.3315,05 5.70 35.20 20(;0 ( ineiss, 12-30 inches 2.40 7.41 3,84 5.53 7.09 8.04 16,85 5.49 4,44 39.25 milr.s east. i c-.d Cliarldttesville, 1 mile west. ( labbro. 8-10 inches 2.78 6,74 3.84 5.61 5.43 7.7310.11 8.62 7.74 43.18 G.'iS I-'orest Gneiss, -subsoil. . -". . ( Jabbro, subsoil 8.97 8.51 6.68 8.49 1.27 1,64 .06 .17 4. 77 7. 45 7. 47 9. 20 8. 48 44. 70 017 Cliarldttesville, 2^ .19; 2.18; 5.8814.83 14.82 44,96 inili-s nnrtlienst. 1G04 Danville, 3 miles iioi-tli. Lawreiieeville, 4 (Ineiss, .subsoil 7.80 10.50 , 16 . 13 .25 .91 2.39 24.78' 7.89 45.00 2002 Gneiss, 12-30 inches 3.21 9,19 ,66 1,48 3.8210,40 18.26 4.43 3.60 45,16 miles eiist. ' C52 Lvnchburji, 'J miles 'soutli. Lviiclilmru;. 5 miles Gneiss, subsoil. ... 3.44 5 (!3 .35 1,37 5,72 14,73 10,79 6,70 4,62 45.84 054 do 4.01 7,40 ,65 4.23 8,48 12.54| 8.93 3,82 3.69 47,13 U197 'west. MoasinjrlVinl do 2.8a 8.82 1.36 2,07 3.85 6,9711,31, 9,88 5,30 47,33 053 LyiK'liImrii. 4 miles do .3. 31 7,13 , 28 . 88 7,34 9,52 5, 42| 9,48 6,66 48,20 soutli. 1 644 Cliarlottesville (labbro, 8-24 inches 9.55 7. ()7 ,56 .44 .83 1.71' 5. .5613.49' 9.55 50.11 r,.-,5 Bedlonl Si.rinss Gneiss, subsoil 5.64 8.40 .72' .87 2.05 5.51 7.32' 9.91 6.54.52.18 211.50 Boydtiiii. liiiiloeast. do 3. .5(1 9,12 .04 .02 .06 .32 6.44 17.84 11.26 52.31 042 Chariot ti'sville. one- (Jabbro,8-24inches 7.2h 6.48 . 67 . 99 1.36 2.55 5. 50;i3.76 9.82 52.46 lialf mile uortli- 1 east. ! 059 Forest, oiie-lialf'mile south. Bedford Spriiius, 1 Gneiss, subsoil 8, 2: 9.07 1.02 2.27 4,39 6.96 4,51 5,09 5.94 53.13 056 do 0.47 10.50 . l(i . 42 ' 1,,53 5,76 4.08 8,92 5,74 54,53 mile north. 1 1 Average 5.5- 7.87 1.22 2.05 3.74 0.94 9.45 11,29 7.07 44-38 JiKrlcji tobacco laud — Lower Silurian {Trciiinn and Hudson Hirer Limestone). KENTUCKY AND OHIG DISTRICT.S. Ohio. I 3091 Georgetown, 3 miles 12-36 inches. i east. 3087 I Aberdeen, 4 milea 12-24 inches, west, 3C82 Georgetown, IJ 9-24 inches.. miles southeast. 3089 Higsiiisport,6niiles 9-30in(dies. . north. Kentucky. j 3072 Germantown, 2k 0-12 inches.. milea west. 1101 Mount Sterling 6-18inches.. 1851 Winchester do 3073 (Germantown, 2i 12-30 inches miles west. 1853 Winchester 6-18 inches.. 2585 Lexington, 10 miles 6-24inches.. southeast. i 1991 Greeiidalo 13-25inches. 2583 Donerail, 1 mile 10-24 inches. south. 3. 24j 2.96 0.16 0.93 3.28' 3.67 .20' .37 I i I 4.05 3.46 ,02i .09 4.32 3.98 .011 .03 2.04 3.83| .02 I ' 2.36 3.95 1.52 1,80 2,48 6,15 .60 1.81 3.28' 2.70 .18 .67 2.38 4.60 1.59 2.71 3.08 3.69 1.73 2.66 2.22 4.68 .98 1.51 3.43 4.38 1.22 2.57 1.90 2.84 11.3147.71 6.68 22.25 .48 .80,17.4133.06, 7.78 34.63 .13 .42' 9.65 34.77 7.70 40.83 .10: .45 6.13 32.25 8,35 44.50 1.06 L 18 10. 12 56. 27 9. .58 15. 58 1. 48; 2. 4010. 07 42, 97 13. 39 18. 25 1.77 1.38 3. 17 43. 26 18. 20 22. .50 .82, .571 9.46 50.03; 8. 49 23. .50 2.03 1.36 2.74 44.6114.39 24.75 l.OOi 1. 13j 5.36 45.76! 9.47 25.71 1.17 .55' 2.80 50.55 7,97 27.30 3.03 3.00 5.77 38.59 8.75 27.61 45 Hurley tobacco land— Loirer Silurian (Trenton and Hudson Ttirer I/nncstonc)—{\n\t\\. KENTUCKY AND OHIO DISTKICTS— (oiitiiiued. 1927 3077 2588 •-'959 1849 29C() 3070 2580 287 2589 3069 2586 2957 1702 3071 2581 3071 3080 Li" alitv. Description and (l.^ptli. Kentucky — Cont'd. Lexington, 8i miles noitlieast. Cliatliani Lexington, 10 miles soiitlieast. Mays Lick, 2 miles soutli. Winchester Mays Lick, 2 miles sontli. Maysville, 4 miles west. Donerail, one-fourth mile sonth. Lexington, Ci miles north. Lexington. 10 miles southca.'it. Gerniantown, one- half mile east. Lexington, 10 mile.s soutlieast. Maysville, 9 miles feouth. Lexington Maysville, 4 miles west. Donerail. one-fourth mile south. Maysville, 4 miles west. Augnsta, 1 mile south. Suhsoil .. 12-30 inches 12-24 ini'hes p. ct. p. , 2.55; 4. 2.541 2. 2.65 3. a ' ' - 5s «a s 6-18 inches.. 24-36 inches. s> in , si. £2. •"= S = — - I o 4.55; 2.78 2.92; 5. 3.79 3. 0-9 inches 5.66 12-24 inches 3.64 4. 7-24 inches 4.68 4. 24-:m inches i 3.52 4. 12-30 inches | 3.61 3. 24-30 inches j 3.89 4. 12-.'!0 inches i 5.51 4. .ct. P.ct. I'.ct. p. .82 2.38 1.54 5. ct. P. ct. P. 73 45.90 7. ct. I'.ct. 88 27. 73 .13! , 1.23 2 89 1.26 1.35 6. 49 2.20 .97; 5. 10 47.89:10. 28 43. 31 10. 36 27. 77 18 28. 45 .98 1.10 1. 03 11. 22,43. 46; 6. 14 28. 53 .73 1. .33 . 11 . 7o' 2. 92 1.12 1. i 10 .93[ 2. 9l! .27 . 38 1.43 2. 9-18 inches. do .76 8. 4. 70 4. 24-36 inches 4.26, 4. 9-18 inches I 3.23, 5. .86 .02 (1-12 inches , 5.80, 5.10 .46 .00 .13 3.01 .05 .05 43 1.41 1.22 2. 90 1.22 1.25 7. 19 .34 .6113. 54 2.6o: 1.83 4. 82 1.37 .89 4. 35 2.07 1.12 4. 58 .94 1.16 4. 80 2.35 1.40 4. 80 .89 1.2(1 9. .11; . .44 10. 3.21 5.24 3.421 5. .13 .25| .53 10. .13 .25' .46 7. Average I ^3.48 4.42 .64 1.03 1.44 1.22 7.0439.77 9.36 31.62 23 38. 53 16, 99 46.59 4. 0131.41 10. 3136.97j 7. 34 34. 40 10. 92 36.03 8. 75 38.60, 9. 10 33.34 8. 06 34.55; 6. 97,38. 70 11 44 30.12 7 03 26.42: 5 I I 2129.22 9 67 28.731 9 31 30. 20 72 30. 70 19 31.25 69 34. 36 1 58 35. 24 1 11 35. 53 27;38.37 0,';38.62 42 38.63 i 20 38. 92 . 98 40. 17 I .94 40.88 94 42. 70 10 43.20 E.vport tobacco land. KENTUCKY AND TEXNESSEK DISTRICTS. 2611 Clarksville, Tenn., 9 miles southeast. Subcarbouifer o u s limestone, 9-18 1.32 2.83 0.62 0.87 1.15 1.62 6.65 60.68 6.4212.14 inches. . 2605 Clarksville, Tenn., 11 miles east. Suhcarboniferou 8 limestone, 6-24 inches. 1.24 2.74 2.47 4.63 6.37 7.71 10.37 45.29 4.69 14. .'52 2606 do Subcarbonifero n s 1.20 2.36 4.58 7.99 9.04 10.20 9.90 34.74 4.96 I.''.. 24 limestone, 24-36 1 inches. 1 2612 Clarksville, Tenn.. 9 miles southeast. Suhcarhonifer u s limestone, 18-27 inches. 1.33, 3.57 .28 .64 .93 1.67 5.17 60.45 9.38 15.24 3158 Hopkinsville, Ky., 2 miles south. Subcarb'niferous limestone, 0-12 inches. 2.26 2.96 .00 .05 .15 1.06 9.94 63.14 ,5. 56 I.'-). 75 3232 Henderson, Ky., 9 miles .south." Suhcarhonifer o u s limestone, 9-36 inches. 2.30, 1.80 .34 .34 .30 .66 13.83 60.2(1 4.(10 16.48 1105 Earlington, Ky Car bon i fero us 1.78 2.91 .18 .65 .94 1.74 19. 83 47. 72 6. 14 17. 03 sandstone, 16-18 inches. 2619 Clarksville, Tenn., 6 miles east. Subcarbouifer o u s limestone, 9-18 inches. 1.28 3. 06 .07 .14 .52 1.76 4.1164.43 .6.78 18.25 ! 2638 Springfield, Tenn., IJ miles north. Subcarbonifero us limestone, 9-18 inches. L17 2.35 .28 .36 .45 1.69 10.97,56.22 7.16 18.07 726 3215 2647 25'.12 46 Export tobacco land — Continuea. KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE DISTRICTS— Continued. Locality. Description and depth. * ^ ! ^ 2 ~ f-1 'w in S^ c4 a 3135 Woodbnrn, Ky., 1 mile north. 2923 I Springfield, Tenn., ; 4 miles north. 1720 I Clarksville, Tenn., 5 miles northeast. Adams Sta., Tenn . ITarmington, Ky., I 2imile.s northwest. 1099 New.stead, Ky 1880 Clark.iville, Tenn., I 8 miles northeast. 2645 I Springfield, Tenn.. I 1^ mile.s north. 2598 Clarksville, Tenn., 8 miles east. 2615 Clarksville, Tenn., 6 miles east. 264G Springfield, Tenn.. li miles north. -do 2599 Clarksville, Tenn., 8 miles east. 2609 Clarksville, Tenn., 11 miles southeast. 1711» Clarksville, Tenn., 6 miles east. 2620 do 2581 Clarksville, Tenn., 7 miles east. 3225 Corydon, Ky., three- fourths mile southeast. 1379 Allen Springs, Ky.. Clarksville, Tenn., 7 miles east. 1431 1 Bowling Green, Ky. 3217 Farmington, Ky., 2 miles west. 2630 Springfiehl, Tenn., 4 J miles north. 2633 Springfield, Tenn., 7 miles north. 2608 (Jlarksville, Tenn., 9 miles southeast. 3136 "Woodbnrn, Ky., 1 mile north. Subcarboniferous i limestone, 0-12 inches. Subcarboniferous i limestone, 9-18 inches. Subcarboniferous limestone, 6-30 I inches. Subcarboniferous limes tone, subsoil Lafayette or Colum- 1 bia, 9-27 inches. Sub(^arboniferous [ limestone, 6-18 inches. Subcarbonifero us limestone, 0-6 inches. Subcarboniferous limestone, 9-18 inches. .Subcarboniterou s limestone, 12-24 inches. Subcarbonifer on s liin(>st(>ne, il-18 inches. Subcarboniferous limestone, 18-27 inches. Subcarbonifero u s limestone, 27-36 inches. Subcarbonifero u s limestone, 24-36 inches. do -• Subsoil Subcarbonifer o u s limestone, 18-27 inches. Subcarbonifero u s limestone, 8-24 inches. Car bon i feroTi 8 sandstone, 9-36 inches. Subcarbonifero u s limestone, sub- soil. Subcarbonifero n s limestone, 24-36 inches. Subcarbonifer o u s limestone, 6-18 inches. Lafayetteon Colum bia, 9-24 inches. Subcarbonifero u s limestone, 18-27 inches. Subcarbonifero u s limestone, 9-18 inches. Su bcarbonifer o u s limestone, 6-24 inches. Subcarbonifer o u s limestone, 12-24 inches. ■^~ o ^^ A \ ^ •-.. a I o == a i T- . ^ in ^ 2 "=■ = o o s « 6 , o S -= Iff P.ct.\Pc.i. P.ct. p.ct. P.ct'P.ct.P.ct.'P.ct. P.ct. p.ct. 2.38 2.42 .02 .13 .23 3. 72j 15. 35 52. 52 5. 91 19.05 1.63 4.10. .00 .11 .15 .59 .78 4.14 .00 .04 .13, .91 1.63, 3.08 .00 2.061 2.40 .00 I 2.10 3.06 .05 .84' 4.82 .00 1.53 2.31 .15 1.52 3.44 .14 1.35 3.00 .36 1.82 2.65 .71 1.81 2.56 1.35, 2.48 1.63 2.97 .94 4.92 1.61 3.08 1.41 2.55 2.81 3.34 1.67 3.31 1.49 2.39! 1.75 2.99 4.08 2.46 1.72: 4.27 2.56' 3.75 1.59 3.08 4.02' 1.80 1.21 .05 .15 .74 . 06 .16 .34 3.54 8.46 2.04 12.10 .18 .11 -34 5.13 .00 .32 1.2910.77 .59' .50 .96| 9.33 .23 .40 1.40 7.21 .31 .70 2.62! 4.00 .81 1.20 .60; 1.09 8.f .24 .35 .59 1.471 8.31 2.77! 2.35' 2.81' 3.21! 7.35 .00| .25' ..50' 1.65: 8.27 58.4412.30 19.21 56.46 8.9819.38 61.85i0.45J20. 20 ,57.95 4. 10|20.50 63. 28 5. 19J20. 55 46.6615.12120.63 .55.27 7.79J20. 92 .57.29 6. 87J21. 18 59.33 7.O0I2I. 20 52.55 8. 24|22. 15 50.40 6.30 55.55 6.24 22.61 46.69 53.09 5. 33 22. 68 6. 99 22. 70 .01 .00 .54 .43, 1.53; 7.76,56.91 5.67 22.77 .01 .08 .39 3.03,62.02 .00 .02 .06:18.35:48.60 6. 27 22. 82 4. 29 23. 17 .20 .46 .63 .00 .01 .05 .11 .25 .50 .00 .02 .14 .93 .47 .44 .30 .41 .38 1.10 1.34 1.42 .13 .35 .36 2. 23 13.65 47.09 6.58 23.26 .26, 3.8160.9'; .46 14.00 50.50 7.20 23.43 4.56 23.60 1.0611.43 48.38 6.70 23.88 ! . 66 10. 72 48. 50: 7.9124.34 j : 2.17 7.00.51.26 6.4224.43 3.72 11.85 48.50 4.90 24.90 47 E.I port tohacco Uivd — C'ontiuiied. KENTUCKY AXD TENNESSEE DISTKICTS— Continued. 3197 2GU1 2G'J4 2G2!) 3109 2602 3137 3227 3159 3209 3128 3134 2642 2594 3139 Hopkinsville, Ky., 9^ miles south. Paducali, Ky., 15 miles south. ClMi-ksville, Tenn., 11 miles east. Siirinulield, Tenn., 4 miles north. ,Snriiii;titl(l. Teuu., 4i miles north. Hopkiusville, Ky., 5 miles south. Clarksville, Tenn., 11 miles east. AVoodburn, Ky., 1 luile north. Spriugtield, Tenn , 7 miles north. Corydou, Kv Description an 51. 91 4.08 2.3.35 1. 6o| 2.68 .03. .09 .21 .85 5. 91! 5,">. 45 0. 46i'.>5. 07 1.70 3.18 .01 .07 .13 .52 4. .".1 53. 77 9.4126.06 2.06 4.18 1.99! .81 .50 .98 7. .^7 47. in 6. 7.'2r>. 12 • ' ^ I ! :!. 88 2.88 .10, .4lj .57i 2. 08,10. ,S4 47. 19 ."i. .^0 26. 33 2.33 2.64 .02| .14, .32 .60 5.91.5.5.08 .5.89 26 85 3.34 2.48' .15' .35' . ol' G. 4615. 14 40. 46 4.40 27.00 ' I 1 I I 1.81 3.54 .88 .90: .99 2. 49'i:!. 64 41. 91 5.76 27.03 3. 64 2. 60 . 00 . 00 . 02 . 07 12. 37 52. 46 3. 62 27. 05 .03 .10 .21 .91 8.72 52. 10 4.42 27.15 4.56 2.80 2.72 3.10 .11 .16 .92 17.48 18.37 28.117 3.5127.53 Subcarbonifer o u s limestone, 12-24 inches. Subcarbonifer o u s limestone, 9-18 inches. Subcarbonifer o u s limestone, 72-96 inches. 4. 82 3. 06 .03 .03 .06 .11 12. 32 48. 6:j I. 65 28. 23 3.74 3.18 .08 .53 .44 .92; 8. :i3 49. OO 5. 77 28. .55 4.48 3.21 .00 .11 .33 .67,8.36 47.74 4. 86 ;;o. ;_i8 2.87: 3.1l' .00 .03 .04 .19:3.79 50.91 7.4331.55 2. 48! 3. 16 .35 .22 .30 . 86 6. 23 48. 08 5. 32 31. 77 3.86 3.42 .17 .87 .82 3. 94^ 8.63 38.62 4. G8 28 3.01 .41 .59 .74 1.97: 9. 37 52. 10 6.3622.88 ^ hMr'08