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J T >^» ' >> ' >^ > > > > > > j > r> > >> > > >> > > =^ > y>'.^ > > -»» >'> ^ > > , » >>■>.■ -. -> > > > > • > • ) > > > o - 5 > .> "> > > > >> o :>> > > :> y > > > > • » >3 v > '^ 5> > > ' -■> > > ■■ ) 3> - -> > >> 3 S > > » ^* _> Tfc , -> >> '.*• Tk T» ^>> x *> > - > ^» r> > > -> > > - :T> > x^ ""> v ?>> > > >>> > > > >^» > ^O ■s CO » » > * ^ 1> > .> >. > >~x-> > -> > > ^»' i > •» • ^- 2> > X> ■ » •5J» » >:x p s^> » >x> >. >» ^> >>3 >- ■ -o> y> »> r : >>^ »> > ■ £ S ■ x? 1 > >^> »■•■=- > > > > }> ^ REMARKS o:s A DANISH RUNIC STONE FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, FOUND IN THE CENTRAL PART OF LONDON. BY CHARLES CHRISTIAN RAFN. rHMMHHH. A, OHSffllfflS Jft f /i fa ■/<(** aJp REMARKS o \ A DANISH HUNK STONE FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, FOUND IN THE CENTRAL PART OF LONDON. CHARLES CHRISTIANSEN. PUBLISH i:i> BY THi; ROYAL SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES. COPENHAGEN, 4 IT.IMLI* BY BEBLliSG It ROTH BBS. 1854. <$ ; DANISH RUNIC STONE, FOUND IN THE CENTRAL PART OF LONDON. TOTETTiTO 7 -U m m k '•Lu.NDUiNAUOUC or allra borga most ok agaezt of oil Nordrlond:" The city of London is of all cities the lar- gest and most distinguished in all the Northern countries: is an expression which we find already in the Saga of Kagnar Lodbrok 1 . Visits paid by Northmen to king Athelslanc residing in London are mentioned in the Egils Saga- and in the Sagas of the kings of Norway* 1 . At that time the Danish dominion in Norlhumberland and other pails of England 1 more particularly in Norfolk and Suffolk, had tor some centuries been of great importance. Alter Canute the Great had taken London and subsequently established himself as supreme ruler, this dominion became equally important lor the whole of England and remained unshaken for many \ears. A great many Northmen, and more par- ticularh Danes, ;it that lime, no doubt, settled in England, and occupied high stations, in London, of course, as elsewhere. ') Fornalilar So^ur Nordrlanda cd. C. C. Rafu, I, p 289. -j Egil* Sag* Skallagrimssonar c 65 p. 407. Olafs sa?a Trygg- tasonar <• s-«> ») Korn manna S6»ur I, p. 16- 17. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND JIN LONDON. 5 ll is a monument undoubtedly erected by two such men which here comes under our consideration. A Fellow of our Society residing in London — and who with great zeal watches o\er the Society's interests — Mr. John Brown, has enabled us to describe this object of antiquity with great accuracy. As soon as its discovery had become known in Loudon, he applied to Mr. James T. Knowles Ju.n., the architect who had the superinteudance of the works, by means of which the stone was brought to light; and the latter genlleinan did not only, with the greatest readiness, communicate to us a circumstantial report about this cu- rious monument, but made the Society a most welcome present of a cast of the stone, which enables us to exa- mine the inscripiion with greater accuracy and certainty. Along with a letter dated the 11th Dec. 1852 he sent to our Society the cast of this very interesting Runic Monu- ment, which was dug up . in the last month of August in the central part of London (or as he expresses it ut in the heart of the city of London"). In his letter he adds: '"Should the course of my profession — (an architect's) bring me into contact with more such relics as the one which forms the subject of this communication, 1 shall feel proud in any way to further the object of Scandina\ian archaeology — by transmitting some notice of them to you." London was in ancient times dhided in two parts by a pretty brook of excellent water, and running from North to South. The water was gathered from the fields lying to the North of the city. This brook had a passage through the city wall and ran through the centre of the city into the Thames. Down to the 13th century London was di- vided into 24 wards, of which 13 lay to the East and 11 to the West of the said brook which on account of its passage through the city wall was named "'Wallbrooke". Q v |»AMSU RUNIC BTONR POUND irs LOISUO.Y I he wards on i*i«' Wesl side increased in extent much more rapidl] than those on the East, and on that account the one of i hem Farringdon, which had been considerably en- larged also by buildings without the gates, was in the scar 139,% by an Act of Parliament, divided into two wards, the one called Farringdon without (the wall") and the other, which was older, Farringdon within. In the latter ward. Farringdon within, was situate the church of St. Paul, with the Monastery and other buildings there- to belonging, in the same place which still is occupied by this Church and its nearest environs. The church was sur- rounded, as it still is, by St. Paul's churchyard, but in modern limes this is a churchyard only in name, for it is nothing but an open space surrounded on both sides by an oval or elliptical row of houses. This row of regularly num- bered houses is what now is called a St. Paul's churchyard", which appellation at present, accordingly, is but the name of a street. The foundation of this cathedral was first laid about the y«*ar 010 by Ethelred, king of Kent, who endowed St. Paul's Monastery with landed estates. Among the kings, who at a subsequent period most munificently en- dowed this church, Athelstane, Edgar, Canute the Great, Ed- ward the Confessor, and William the Conqueror are mentioned. In the year 1086 the church of St. Paul was burnt down in the great fire which at the same time destroyed the greatest part of the city. The Bishop Mauricius then laid the foundation of a new Church of St. Paul, a build- ing of so vast an extent that many at that time believed it never would be finished. For the purpose of securing it against fire it was erected on arches of Stone, a mode of architecture till then unknown in England, which was introduced from France: even the stone was brought from Caen in Normandy. Riehard Beamor, the successor to A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 7 Mauritius in the Bishoprick, enlarged the territory of the church, by adding to it, at his own expense, several large streets and lanes. In the 14 th century the church-yard was surrounded by a wall. In the middle of the church- yard the celebrated Cross was erected, with the Pulpit be- side it. This was considered as one of the most remark- able as well as also one of the most sacred and solemn places in England. Here the most renowned Divines, and Scholars of the highest distinction, had preached during the course of centuries; and here business of stale had been solemnly transacted. According to a resolution of Parlia- ment the cross and pulpit were taken down in the year 1643. The Cathedral of St. Paul was again destroyed in the great fire of London 166§, and was rebuilt in a style fully equalling its former magnificence in the years 1675 to 1710. The new church of St. Paul is the largest and most magnificent in the protcstant world, and in the list of the churches of Europe it is always placed imme- diately after the Church of St. Peter in Rome. Numerous monuments recorded the names of those buried in the ancient church. Erkenwalde, Bishop of London, was buried in the ancient church about the year 700, and his body was translated into the new church in the year J 140. Sebba, king of the East Saxons, was also buried in the ancient church and translated to the new, and also Elhelred king of the West Saxons *. Both in the Saga of Harald the Severe and also in that of Edward the Confessor it is stated that the latter died in London and was buried in the Church of St. Paul (var jardadr i Pals kirkja), and the *) See "The history and antiquities of London, by Thomas Allen, vol. III., Loudon 1828" and ' 4 A Survey of London, conteyning the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate and Description, writ- ten in the year 1598 by John Stow J a new edition by William J. Thorns, London 1842." 8 A DANISM HUMC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. historian adds that immediately after his death he was glori- fied b) miracles, and he lay in the earth till St. Thomas, the Archbishop of Canterbury, removed him and caused him to be laid in a magnifieent sarcophagus. In the Saga of Harald the Severe, it is further stated that Harald, the son of Godwin, who at the decease of Edward was proclaimed king, was anointed and crowned the eighth day of Christmas in the Church of St. Paul (var vigdr konungs vigslu i Pals kirkju') J . These preliminary observations may be deemed suffi- cient to establish the locality, which, although the citizens of London and even Englishmen in general may be suffi- ciently convinced that the church of St. Paul still stands where it has stood these thousand years, is, in treating of matters so ancient, by no means superfluous, since the truth of the popular tradition thus is fortified by the testimony of ancient authors, English as well as Northern. And we shall now insert Mr. Knowles's communication concerning this relic: Clapham Park, December 1852. Runic Grave Stone frdmSt. Paul's Church- Yard, London. The stone, of the monumental portion of which the accompanying cast is a fac- simile, was discovered in the process of excavating for the foundations of a new ware- house for Messrs. Cook Sons & Co. on the South side of St. Paul's Church-Yard, in the month of August this year. At the depth of rather more than 20 feet from the surface the natural ground level was attained, consisting of a compact dark yellow gritty sand, overling gravel. Upon the surface of this sand the sculptured stone was •) I* Saga or Harald the Severe c. 112, Fornmanna Sogur M, p. 806; Bass Jutvardar Konungs hins helga c. 6, Annaler for nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie 1852, p. 30. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 9 found; and to the North of it, a rude long hollow was scooped out, dipping from South to North at an angle of from 16° to 20°, containing the skeleton of a human being. The skull, with almost the whole of the bonis, was thrown into the new excavation, and reburied; but the femur and tibia of one leg, with the tibia of the other, fortunately preserved, are in my possession, and at the service of the British Museum. The stone slab itself is of a rather friable oolite, pro- bably Balh. The dimensions, when complete, were 1 foot 10| inches wide by 2 feet 4£ inches long; 10^ inches of the lower part being buried in the soil; the thickness was 4 inches at the upper, and 5 inches, at the lower, imbedded, and roughly finished end. The exact size of the sunk panel containing the sculpture is 18J inches by 13^ inches. The faces of the sculpture itself are flat, and come up to the general surface plane of the slab; the interstices are sunk out to a depth of barely ± of an inch, giving of course a relief to that amount. The only inscription is found on the left hand edge of the slab, and extends from the top to a little below the bottom of the sculpture panel. The characters , which are Runic, are deeply incised, and indicate great antiquity of execution for the relic. It may be remarked that although the Runjc inscription is considered incomplete by several English scholars — yet that no trace whatever of any farther writing is to be dis- cerned upon the slab — the finish and entire preservation of which lead to the certain inference that no additional inscription did at any time exist upon it. And as to the missing fragment — as has been already noticed — it must have been entirely rough, and buried out of sight. 1 would direct attention moreover — as settling this doubt — to the terminal line upon the edge of the slab, 10 A DANISH HUIHIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. which, being I continuation of the curved line on the face of the stone , appears to indicate a completion of the writing in that direction. It will be perceived that the slab is broken into 4 fragments, a fifth was thrown into one of the concrete trenches, but its loss is unimportant, as all the lower portion of the stone is but roughly hewn in the very rudest manner, and was evidently inserted in the ground. The remainder of the slab is neatly squared. The edge of the slab displays by the method of ter- minating its tooled surface — (i. e. all of the stone which was not buried) — the angle of inclination at which this antique head-stone was pitched. This was of about 30 °; the sculptured panel and front face of the stone making an obtuse angle of nearly 60 ° with the ground-surface. The faces of the sculpture have been coloured with a uniform deep tone of an almost black blue, still very per- ceptible in the original; slight traces of red are also visible, but are possibly stains of iron oxide. The cast which accompanies this communication may be relied upon as a faithful transcript of so much of the interesting monument as it includes. The remainder will be clearly and sufficiently understood from the subjoined sketch. From The Illustrated London News vol. XXI, p. 157. "The extraordinary figure of the animal filling the panel will be understood by the drawing. I would call attention particul- arly to the horned head and spurred claws, the combination of which seems eminently fantastic. A smaller head on the model of the principal one will be observed towards the upper right hand of the panel. The meaning of the scrolls and details surrounding the main figure I am quite at a loss to conjecture. The whole composition looks very mytho- logic, or possibly heraldic." James T. Knowles, jun. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 11 From the cast presented by Mr. Knowles we have made a draft of the Stone (tab. I) exhibiting a side view of it, so that the Runic inscription on the edge becomes plainly visible. As for the rest this draft shews the whole face of the stone as it was found, on a scale of */ 6 of its real size. Only the upper part of the front is sculptured with figures in basrelief, surrounded by a frame which in both the top corners is ornamented with Arabesques. The face of the stone exhibits the figure of a fantastic quadruped. The head with antlers backward bent has two tusks and a protruded tongue. The claws have a peculiar curvature. Fanciful volutes and flourishes are observed over the hinderpart of the animal and also across and between ils tail. A smaller Dragon figure is placed before the larger one, and its hinder part ending in a divided tail is coiled up between the crossed forelegs of the larger animal. Similar representations of animals we find on a great many Runic stones here in the North, engravings of which may be seen in Bautil n° 383, 595, 639, 642, 644, 758, 760, 956, 968, and with regard to the volutes, more particularly in n° 560, 649, 653, 660 etc. We recognise the same themes and the same taste as is exhibited in the Iellinge monuments, as well in the relics found in the tomb of Queen Thyre, chiefly consisting of curved work, as more especially on the tomb-stone of King Gorm, sur- named the Old. The Runic inscription is placed on the edge of the stone on the left, equalling in vertical extent the sculpture on the front, from which its completeness may be inferred. It is sculptured in two lines, divided by a transversal line, so that the latter line begins just below the last Rune of the first line, and we must turn round to the opposite side in order to read it aright. On ancient Greek monuments such inscrip- tions are said to be written (lovGzQOCffiddv. The subjoined 12 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON* engraving shews the place and character of the inscription: Written with Latin letters the inscription reads as follows: KONA : LET : LEGIA : ST Uflni -MV :iSN3c| 'NI Kona: The first Runic letter is somewhat damaged, but it still can clearly be made out to be a K, in as much as the root of the oblique stroke is plainly visible: of the second Rune only the stem remains, but on the left-hand side of it a piece of the stone is broke off, so that it appears probable that an jj was sculptured there. An [\ it could not be, since the stroke or perpendicular line which is preserved, and which certainly is the hind- most part of the letter, goes up to the very edge of the inscription. Kona, which as a noun appellative denotes a woman or wife, might indeed, as Rana on a few Runic stones of Sweden (Liljogren's n° 431, 1317) be a woman's name; nevertheless I think it more probable that the h of the subsequent word here is to be redoubled in reading, so that the one f v thus is added to the preceding word, and we accordingly are to read the nameKoNAL, or rather Konall. It was, indeed, a rule, commonly observed in Runic inscrip- tions, not to put the same letter twice, or the one imme- diately after the other, but only once and then read it, according to circumstances, as if it had been put twice. Perhaps it may be supposed that it had been preferable to give the h to the name, and omit it in the subsequent verb let, the imperfect tense of lata; but the sculptor has probably considered the method, which he adopted, as the most distinct. As parallels we shall only mention the A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 13 Vedyxe stone (L « 211, B * 404): KIM> • *MM .*W+M\ Yl\t>H YhMA, kuJ3 : hjalbi : hos alu kuj}s muj)ir, i.e. kuf> hjalbi hons salu uk kujjs mu{)ir; the Lofstad stone (X 141, B 477): K+RD+fc • +hK • htlfclK, Kar{>ar: auk: utirik i. e. Karjsar auk Kutirik; the Tiursaker stone (L 441, B 99):M£|: hfc&lf\K+ : +hK : +hTK, Purbiurn : auk: nutr, i. e. furbiurn auk Knutr; the Hogelby stone (L 816, B 685) : +ftK . IM>YIM>, auk: ujjinuj), i. e. auk KuJ.>mu|). legia: we have here indeed a Y fand not a F) but the cast will shew that that part of the stone which lay between the vertical stroke and the crane stroke is broke off, and in that part most probably a point or dot was inserted, whereby the breaking off of the piece of the stone might more easily be occasioned. When the Y is redoubled, we have leggja according to the usual Icelandic orthography. SUN instead of stein, the accusative case of steinn, a parsimonious Runic mode of spelling of frequent occurrence. j>ENSi, a form of the pronoun which also occurs very often instead of the accusative case penna of the norainat. pessi, e. g. on the Soderby stone (L 1356), the Larfs- stone (L 1390). auk: thus this conjunction is commonly spelt in Runic inscriptions. Tuki, a Northern man's name of frequent occurrence, more particularly in Denmark. This inscription accordingly will read as follows, when spelt in the usual Icelandic manner which in modern times has been employed for Old Danish: Kona'll let legcja stein I>ensi Qenna) ok Tuki i. e. Konal and Tuki caused this stone to be laid. i) J. G. Liljegien, Runurkunder, Stockholm 1833. s ) Bautil with notes by Goransson, Stockh. 1750, 14 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. Konall is in Icelandic or Old -Northern man's name of Irish origin. u Oct Conaill", eight Conalls, were killed in the battle of Magh Hath in the year 637. The narrative of this battle is from the close of the 12th century. The Editor, Mr. O'Donovan, adds in a note: u Conall is still in use among a few families as the proper name of a man, but most generally as a surname, though it does not appear that the surname O'Connell is formed from it, that being an Anglicised form of the Irish O'ConghaiF. i The family ofConall are descendenls of Conall Gulban , who was a son of Niall of the Nine Hostages, monarch of Ireland in the fourth century. 3 One of the Saints which were worshipped on the Scottish isle of Arran was Saint Conall. 3 In the ancient writings of the North, and more parti- cularly in those of Iceland, Kona'll is a name which fre- quently occurs. The Landnamabok alone mentions six persons of that name. The sons ofBerse or Brese, Thormod the Old and Ketil, set out from Ireland to Iceland, and took possession of the whole of Akranes, in the West part of Iceland, between Aurridaa and Kalmansa; they were Irishmen; Kalman who gave his name to the river was also an Irishman, and had formerly resided in Kalanes. Thormod was the father of J) See The Banquet of Dun na n'gedh and the Battle of Magh Rath, an ancient historical tale, edited by J. O'Donovan, publish- ed by the Irish Archaeological Society, Dublin 1842, p. 290-291. 2 ) Cinel Conaill, the race of Conall, is mentioned in "The Circuit of Ireland, by Muircheartach Mac Neill, Prince of Aileach; a poem, written in the year 942 by Cormacan Eigeas, chief poet of the north of Ireland, edited by J. O'Donovan," publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc. Dublin 1841, p. 50. 3 ) See Chorographical description of Weil or H-Iar Connaught, by OTlaherty, edited by J. Hardiman, publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc. Dublin 1846, p. 75. "Castle Connell" j<- mentioned in Jacobi Grace, Kilkennicnsis, Annates Hiberniae, ed. by the Rev. R. Butler, publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc. Dublin 1842, p. 83. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 15 Rerse and Geirlang, who was married to Anund Breidskegg (Broad-beard) ; their son was the renowned Odd of Tunga. Kctil's son was Jorund surnamed the Christian ; he resided in Jorundarholt, subsequently named Gardar. Edna was Kelil Bersason's daughter, she was married to an Irish- man of the name of Konall; their son was Asolf Alskik; he emigrated to Iceland and landed in Osar in the Eastern Firths. He was thoroughly Christian and would have no in- tercourse with heathens, and not receive food from them. With eleven companions he set out from the East, and journeyed westward till he came to the residence ofThorgeir Bardarson from Hordaland (hinn hbrdski) at Holt at the foot of the mountains of Eyafjoll, and there they pitched their tent. There Asolf built himself a cabin fskali) at the foot of the mountains of Eyafjoll at the place which now is called the Easlermost Asolf's Cabin. The neighbours were curious to know what his nourishment might be, and they discovered a great many fishes in the cabin. A river ran close by Asolfs Cabin; at that time it was the beginning of winter; the river was immediately most plentifully stocked with fish. Thorgeir complained of Asolf making use of his fishery. Asolf then removed from thence and built himself an other cabin, which afterwards was, called the Middle Cabin, further West close to an other river, which was called Ika (i. e. Ira «, the river of the Irish) because they were Irishmen. As soon as they came to this river, it was immediately full of fish, and the people said they had never seen such a wonder; but now all fish had deserted the Eastern river. The inhabitants of the district then expelled Asolf from thence, and now he removed to the Westermost of the three cabins which he built, and still the result was the same. The country-people believed that Asolf and his companions must be wizards, although Thorgeir maintained that they were very good people. In the spring they departedj and 16 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. journeyed westward to Akranes to Jiirund Asolf's relative. Jorund invited him to stay with him; but in as much as Asolf did not like to reside with other people, Jorund caused a house to be built for him at Innra-Holm; thither they brought him victuals, and there he remained as long as he lived. There he was also buried, and a church is now erected over his grave. lie was considered to be a very holy man, and legends are told concerning him 1 . The above named Kalman was ofHebridian origin; he emigrated to Iceland and landed in the Whale.irth (Hval- fiord) in the Western quarter of that country and first set- tled near Kalmansa; but subsequently he took land in pos- session to the West of Hvita (The white River) between that river and the river Fljot viz the whole of Kalmans- tiinga fthe Doab of Kalman), and there he made his do- mestic establishment. The brother of Kalman was called Kylan; his son was Kare who had a quarrel with Karle of Karlastad, a freed-man of Rolf of Geitland; the father of this Karle was called Konall and he, no doubt, was also an Irishman-. The name may doubtless be supposed to have been brought from Ireland to Iceland, where there were several owners of it, both during the time the occupa- tion of Iceland was going on, and subsequently. Thus the grandson of Olver Barnakarl was called Konall whose daugh- ter Alfdis from Barey married Olaf Feilan , a grandson of that celebrated settler lady Auda the Vastly -Wealthy , this Olaf being a son of her son Thorstein the Red, who had been king over a part of Scotland and was killed in a battle which he fought against the Scotch g . By the same name was also called a son of Ketil of Hordaland in Norway and the grandson of that Konall, or the son of his son Sokke ') Landr:amab6k I, 15, Istendinga Sogur 1, p. 49-52. 2 ) Landn. Ill, I, Islcnd. Sogur 1, p. 64-65. 3 ) Landn. II, 19, V, 11, Islend. Sogur 1, p. 116, 309. A BANISH RUMC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 17 was again named Konall. The founder of Ihe family, Ketil Thorsteinson, resided at Reykiadal in the Northland of Ice- land, where Natlfari, a Dane who in the year 803 had ac- companied the first discoverer of Iceland, Gardar Svavarson, had settled ten years before the Norwegian Ingolf came to that country, and had indicated his occupation of the district by marks on the trees; but he was expelled from thence by Einar, the brother of Kelill, and he was thus obliged to repair to another place, since called Nattfaravik £ the Bay of Naltfare) after his name, and settle there. The name Konall is thus found both in the Western Quarter and also in the Northland of Iceland , at the period of the occupation of that country, and in subsequent ages it has also there been preserved. In the very curious clergy list of 1143 which had been drawn up on account of an approaching election of a Bishop, and which contains the names of some distinguish- ed parsons who were natives of Iceland , we find in the Northland Biarne Conalsson 1 . In the account of the battle of Vidanes which in the year 1208 was fought by the Bishop Gudmund Arason against Rolbein Tumason , Konall Sockason is mentioned as one of the followers of the Bishop who fought with great bravery on his side, and, no doubt, judging from the names, which often were preserved in the families, he was a descendant of the aforementioned man of the same name 3 . In the account ofEyulf Thorsteinson's attack on Gissur Thorvaldson of Flugumyre 1253 the sons of Ragnhild Brynjuhall and Konall are mentioned among the comrades of Eyulf 3 . Also here in Scandinavia the name of Konall is found in earlier ages; thus it occurs in an inscription on a Runic stone in Upland, on the Trockhammar stone in the parish *) Isl. Sogur 1, p. 384 the facsimile tab. iij. 2 ) Sturliinga Saga II, p. 5, 6, 12. 3) sturl. Saga III, p. 184. 18 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. of Ska. the district of Farentuna (L 35G, B 286): Kiu- l.ikr: lit : raisa: slain : iflir : kvih svain sin: Kunal (KIM^+h), which in the usual orthography would read as follows: Kjulakr let reisa stein eftir kviksvein sinn Kunal, i. e. Kjulak caused this stone to be erected after (i e. in memory of) his page Kunal. The name of Toki frequently occurred in ancient times in Denmark as well as in other parts of the North. Among the warriors of Harald Hildetonn in the battle of the Field of Bravcllir one Toki is mentioned in the Fragment of Skioldunga Saga *, and among the many whom Saxo com- mends as very distinguished in that battle, this same "Toki Jumensi provincia orlus" (probably from Jum or Jom in Pomerania) was one. Saxo as well as other historical authors, both at earlier and later periods mention several persons of this name. The same name does also very frequently occur in Runic inscriptions in Denmark as well as in Sweden, and in these it is some limes spelt 'MM, but most frequently quite as in the stone of London, TftKI, which in modern Danish has been transformed into Tyge (latinized Tycho). The variations ThKlR and fchHfc are more rare. We shall here only mention three Runic stones in Sweden where this name occurs. In the parish of Angarn, the district of Vallentuna, in Upland there is a stone (L 969, B 94) commemorative of one Tukir, who lost his life in Greece. In the parish of Hogby, district of Gostring, in East Goth- land we find a stone (L 1180, B 882), which a certain 1'ukir (read Thookir) placed here in memory of his cousin Asur, who also died in Greece. On the Kaga stone, district of Hanekind, in East Gothland (L 1145, B 850) we read J j See the editions of this fragment (Sogubrof) by C. C. Rafn in Fomaldar Sogur NorSrlanda I, p. 379 and in AntiquitesRusses I, p. 79. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 19 (he following inscription: Ru{)r : risli : stin : Jjansi : eftir : Tuki : brujjur : sin : sar : varf) : tribin : a : I lati : trikr : ar[>a : ku{)r, which in the usual way is spelt thus: Rutr risti stein J)enna eftir Tuka , brodur sinn , sa er vard drepinn a iKlanti (a Englandi or a EYlandi), drengr harola goor i. e. "Rutr (Hrutr) carved this stone after fi. e. in memory of) his brother Tuki, who was killed in England , being a right good gentleman." On the Runic stones of Denmark this name is still more frequent, and on these "ThM is the most common spelling. On the Hiarup stone, parish of Upakra, district of Bara, in Scania (L 1439, W 154) we read : u Nafni : risjji : stin : |>isi : iftir : Tuka : brojiur sin .... han : varJD : vistr : tupr : arf" i. e. "Nafni carved this stone after his brother Tuki ... he died in the Western countries, viz. in the British isles." In the churchwall of Hellestad, district of Torna, also in Scania, the name of Tuki occurs fTuka in Gen. and Accusat.) on three stones five limes (X 1440-1442, B 1164, 1172), and one of the persons named is called f[\KI KhRTh : MM*, Tuki Kurms sun i.e. Toke Gormsson. On the Bregninge stone, district of Musse, in Laaland (L 1490, W 262) two Tukes are mentioned. The Aars stone in the county of Aalborg has two inscrip- tions, (one being in the ancient metre called Forntjrdalag^ over the chieftain Valtoke, h+M^K'T" (accus.), a name which is formed from valr, a hawk or a battlefield, and Tuki, in the same way as Valbrandr, Valborg 2 . The Thordrup stone, district of Hundborg, county of Thisled (L 1507, W 293) mentions a certain Tuku 'NM'Tl (arcus.): the same name is, also in accus., spelt Tuko, ThK^, on the Falsberga stone, parish of Valby, district of Trogd in Upland. On the Til- lidse stone, the South district in Laaland (L 1609, W l ) 0. Worm, Monumenta Danica. s ) See the disquisition of Finn Magnusen in Antiqu. Tidsskrift 1843-45., p. 182-85, tab. V. 20 A DANISH RUMC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 252-3), as also on Ihc Staby stone, parish of Oslmo in S5dermanland (X 834, B 673), the name of Toki, T^KI, occurs exactly as in the ancient Mss. and on a censer (T, I960) in the Museum of Northern Antiquities at Copenha- gen we find Toke. Elsewhere Tuki is common. That TI\K| hYI&fc, Tuki smith, which is mentioned on the Runic stone near the churchdoor at Grendsleen ; county of Viborg, (L 1513, W 313) may possibly be the same person as he from whom we have a lately discovered Runic stone found in the field of Horning, county of Skanderborg, where we read: Tuki: smijjr : ri|) : slin : ift : furgisl : KuJ>mutar ; sun: is: hanum : kaf: ku}) : uk : frialsi ; spelt in the or- dinary way it runs thus : Toki smidr reit stein eftir Por- gisl Gudmundarson, er honum gaf gu6 ok frjalsu: i. e. Toke the smith carved the Runes on the stone after Thor- gils Gudmundson who gave him god (converted him to Christianity) and liberty. Besides those monuments which already for some time have been pretty well known, the name of ThM also occurs an two monumental stones lately found, the one in the village of Gylling, near the town of Horscns, the other in the field ofFiellerad, parish ofGun- derup, county of Aalborg. However, among the Danish Tokes the most remark- able in history are those of the renowned Fionian fami- ly *. Toki a Fj6ni, Toke of Funen, had by his wife Thor- vor two sons Aki (mod. Dan. Aage) who was killed by the warriors of Harald Blatonn (Blue-Tooth) because the king was jealous of his power, and Palner or Paine. Palne's son was the renowned Palnatoke of Funen, one of the mightiest men of Denmark at that period. About the year 950 he made an expedition to England, and arrived as far as Bretland (Britain) or Wales, where he married Olof, a daughter 'J See Jtfmsvfkfnga Saga c. 14 sq., Fornmanna Stigur 1 J, p. 43 sq. A DANISH RUMC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 21 of the Earl Stefner; he thereby obtained the title of an Earl, and one half of the dominions of the Earl Stefner, the government of which he committed into the hands of Biorn surnamed the Briton, who was a fosterbrother to Olof, and by his counsels had promoted the marriage. By this wife he had a son called Aki, who was a fosterbrother to Svein Tiuguskegg (Double-Beard), the son of King Harald, whom Palnatoke supported in his rebellion against his father. Palnatoke paid frequent visits to his father-in-law in Bri- tain; but for a long time he had his chief residence in Denmark. After the death of Styrbiorn he became chief of Iomsborg and a lawgiver to the Iomsvikings (i. e. the loms- borg Warriors). Having in the year 985 killed Harald Blue- Toolh, and after Svein Double-Beard (or Split-Beard) was proclaimed king, he returned to Britain, where his father- in-law was dead, and he now took his dominions into his possession. When, accompanied by Biorn the Briton, at the invitation of Svein Double-Beard, he was present at the arval which this king in the year 988 made in memory of his father, one half af Palnaloke's suite were Danes and (he other half Britons. At this arval Palnatoke publicly pro- claimed himself to be the slayer of king Harald, and then he immediately returned to Britain, and after the death of Olof he in several summer seasons made war on Scotland and Ireland. His grandson, the youthful Vagn Akason, was received in the company of the Iomsvikings, and fought along with them in the battle of Hidrungavag, in the year 995, where he was taken prisoner, but his life spared. He had a son called Aki who died as a chieftain in Bornholm in 1020; the last mentioned had a son called Vagn who died about the year 1050, and his son Aki who also was a chief in Bornholm died in the year 1080. Count Pallig or Paling, which no doubt means Palne^ who had married Harald Blue-Tooth's daughter Gunnhild, 4 2'3 A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. came from Denmark to England, where he with his wife embraced Christianity. He supported sometimes the one and some times the other of the parlies at that time contending in England. King Ethel red made him a large present of landed properly and of gold and silver, but as the king haled all Danes that were in the country, Paine was prevailed upon to support the parly of his countrymen. King Ethelred's order, issued to the different provinces of England, of putting to death all Danes residing there, without any respect to rank, age or sex, was executed in the frightful massacre on the day of St. Bricrius the 14th Nov. 1002. Amongst those who were slain on this occasion was also the count Paine, his spouse Gunnhild and their son, being slill of tender age. This Paine, most likely was a son of Palnatoke, to whom he had given his father's name, and Suhm is also of this opinion 1 . The name, the matrimonial connection, and the great respect paid to this man immediately on his arrival in England, seem to support this supposition, and he, or his brother, can scarcely have omitted, in compliance wilh the general custom of the age, to give to one of his sons the name of his renowned parent. That such a Toke is not mentioned in our Northern Mss., may naturally enough be accounted for by the circumstance, that he has been educated in England, and, grown up to man's estate, resided there. If we now suppose such a Toke to have been born in 990, and a son of him (called by the name of Aki, which frequently occurs in the family) 30 years later, viz in 1020, the father would in the year 1050 be 60 years old, and the son 30 years. Of such a date, or at all events from one of the years 104G-10G0 is a deed of gift of the Bishop Ealdred (Wi- gornensis Ecclesiae Episcopus) to the friars of the church *J Hislorie af Danmark 3 p. 337, 350-351. A DANISH BUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 23 of St. Mary at Worcester (Uuigornaceastre) by which he gives to the said church a landed estate (rus) called Deo- linctun, together with a village belonging to it called #llf- sigestun. This estate had, for his life-time, been in the possession of the king's very mighty and wealthy courtier (praepotens et dives minister regis) Toke, who had enjoyed it free of all taxes, excepting such as were payable to the crown, but before his death he had by testament given it to the Bishop on account of the friendship established between them and for the peace of his own soul; but his son Akf\ a mighty man and also a king's-courtier, wished to set aside his father's testament as invalid, and he claimed the estate as belonging to him by right of succession. However, when the King and the Earl Leofric and the principal men of the province sanctioned the gift by their approbation and consent, Aki, on receiving a compensation of 8 marks of fine gold, made it over to the Bishop, free of his own and every other claim, which might be founded on a right of succession, and by a written deed confirmed by witnesses, it was settled that the Bishop might without let or hin- drance give or sell the estate to whom-soever he pleased. This remarkable deed is signed by King Edward and the Queen Eadgid, by the Bishop Ealdred himself, by the chieftains Leofric, iElfgar and Odda, and by the courtiers Owine, Wagen, Berthric iElfgarson, Atsor and Osgod. Of the witnesses here mentioned Wagen (i. e. Vagn) probably was of the same kindred, and, as well as Odda, Adzer (OzurJ and Asgaut, of Danish descent. It doubtless is the same Toki, as the one here men- tioned, whose name also occurs in other deeds from the age immediately preceding, e. g. in a document of Canute the Great from the year 1019., where he is called Toga minister; in another of the same king from the year 1033, where he is stiled Tokig miles; in another by the Bishop 24 A DANISH RUISIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. iEdelnod of 1033, who calls him Tokig-, in another of Hardi- canutc 1042, who stiles him Tokig miles; in another by Edweard 1042: Tokg minister, and in one of Edweard 1043: Dokig minister. Three sons of Toke, (no doubt the same as the one we here have before us), named Care (Kdrf), Ulf and Askylj are mentioned in deeds from the years 1046 and 1060 3 . We accordingly here have a Toke of that period which reasonably may be ascribed to the Runic stone found in London, and it is by no means unlikely that it is he and no other person, who is mentioned in the inscription. The dotted Runes which are used in this inscription, as the I, which occurs three times, and the K, which in all likelihood is so to be read in the third word , mark a some- what later period than that, to which the oldest Runic inscriptions belong that have been preserved, and this tallies well with the period here alluded to. A peculiarity in these Runes are also the dots or points made on the transversal strokes. Exactly the same we find on one of the Sionhem stones in Gothland (L 1592) according to a drawing lately made by Mr. P. A. Save and kindly communicated to me by his brother, Mr. Charles Save, and this inscription, which mentions a man who had been killed in Walachia, may probably also be supposed to have been made in the same century. On these Sionhem stones we also find figures of serpents and flourishes res- embling those which we observe on and round about the beasts sculptured on the stone of London. As afore ob- served, similar designs are found on the monumental stone *) See Codex diplomatics aevi Saxonici; opera Johannis M. Kemble, Londini t.I.V, 1846, p. 75, 138—139,141-143; t. VI, 1848 p. 194, 195, 197. Cfr. The Saxon Chronicle ed. John Ingram p. 284—285 an. 1079: Tokig Wiggodes sun. A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 25 of Gorm the Old near Jellinge which is quite proper to be exhibited for the sake of comparison. In England public attention was first drawn to this monument through a communication with a xylographic illustration made by Mr. Knowles jun. to the Illustrated London News Aug. 28, 1852 (vol. XXI p. 157) wherein he mentions that he intended to have a cast made of the stone destined for the London Society of Antiquaries, "conceiving' 1 as he expresses it "that a double interest attaches to na- tional monuments of an archaic age, when discovered in the most ancient parts of our metropolis." From a Report of this Society we see that Mr. Knowles's communication was delivered to the Society at their meeting Thursday the 20 January 1853 and that a Fellow of the Society, W. D. Sawl Esq., accompanied it by some remarks on the subject- matter of the Runic inscription. He had written letters about it to two friends in Lancashire who very well under- stood the characters and language of the inscription: both of them agreed in reading the first word INA. Apparently the Society of Antiquaries of London had not observed, that the Copenhagen Correspondent of the Morning Chronicle as early as the 18th of Sept. 1852 had made some observations on the stone and its inscription, which with the exception of the first name offers no diffi- culty at all. He founded his remarks on the communica- tion in the Illustr. London News. The first name he, from the first drawing, read EINA, supposing it perhaps might mean the well known Northern name EINAR. We shall of his remarks here insert the following for the satisfac- tion of our readers: "This invaluable antiquity is a Northern Rune-stone, probably Danish, raised over the grave of some chieftain. The fantastic dragon-figure resembles some on other Scan- dinavian monuments, and is strikingly like the forms recur- 2G A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. ring on many of the ancient gold bracteates occasionally found in the northern countries. u This monument is unique in its kind, the only Danish Rune-stone known to exist in England, and owes its pre- servation to its long inhumation. The stile of the Runes etc., shows that it is not of the very earliest class, and still less of the very latest. I should be inclined to place it in the tenth or eleventh century. Perhaps further diggings would have brought out similar treasures, or at least the contents of the tomb itself. It is to be hoped that the original will immediately be presented to our noble national Museum, where it will worthily commence the series of inscribed British grave-monuments. The Danish must have been a powerful element in our old English race, when its chiefs could lie in our metropolis unharmed, and with their native memorials about them. There is nothing in the stone which would lead us to suppose the deceased or his friends to have been Christians. Should the British Museum be refused this magnificent memorial, which I cannot bring myself to believe, it should at least secure a perfect cast, before the surface is injured by accident or the action of the air." The hope here expressed by the correspondent seems not to have been fulfilled, in as much as a Report of the meeting of the Archaeological Institute on the 4lh February 1853 states that an "application had been made in vain to ob- tain this remarkable relic for the British Museum; the pre- sent possessor having resolved to have it fixed up in his warehouse, an object of attraction, probably, to customers.'' As to the above remark, that "there is nothing on the stone which would lead us to suppose the deceased or his friends to have been Christians", it is with regard to the sculptured figures perfectly just; but here we ought at the same time to observe that the same taste which pre- vailed in the North during the last period of paganism was A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 27 preserved during the earliest times after the introduction of Christianity, as may be proved by numerous relics and even by some that had been made use of in divine service. But as to the inscription on the contrary the matter stands somewhat differently, in as much as we are entitled to suppose that the use of the dotted Runes mark a period, in which Christianity was propagated in the North, or at least the Latin alphabet known in these parts. From the above observations it will appear, that it is owing to the interest evinced by Mr. Knowles for Northern Archaeology that not only the London Society of Antiquaries, but also our Society here in Copenhagen have obtained very accurate casts of this Dano- British monument. A few remarks on this Runic Stone by Mr. Thorleif Gudm. Repp, a Fellow of our Society, we here insert, supposing them to be of some interest on account of the additional illustration, which they afford of the matter in question. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE END AND OBJECT OF THE LONDON RUNIC STONE. The Runic Inscription on this stone is very clear and distinct excepting only the two first letters , the stone being broken in this place. At the out-set i. e. as long as I had nothing to found an opinion upon except the drawing in the Illustr. Lond. News, I was indeed inclined to sup- pose that the reading of the Correspondent of the Morn. Chron. mighty even with regard to these two letters, be correct, although the circumstance that the name of Eina, which scarcely will be found in any Northern or Celtic language, certainly is not favourable to it; but now I think it may be considered as certain, that Charles C. Rafn has, by means of the cast, which of course is more accurate than the drawing, discovered the right reading, viz. RONA : LET: 28 A DANISH RUMC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. etc., which owing to the well known niggardliness in letters prevailing in Runic inscriptions, must be understood as if there had been written KONAL or even KONALL : LET : etc. No kind of doubt can be entertained about any of the other letters, not even about the Runic letters I in the word bE!\si although the stone seems to be a little damaged in this place. As the Inscription contains a complete sentence or proposition , so it also manifestly is quite entire, and there is no part of it missing: It begins at the limit of the stone's sculptured part, and the reverting line almost reaches the same limit again. There is not room for a word more nor for a third line. Mr. Knowles's assertion : that the Inscription is entire, is fully proved. But concise, and clear, and even entire as our In- scription is, it materially differs as to its stile from all Runic inscriptions hitherto known. Its place and posture render it in the highest degree probable that it is in some way or other monumental, and the human skeleton found to the North of it still further confirms such a supposi- tion ; yet the person whose memory it was to preserve is not at all mentioned or in any way alluded to. This is as much contrary to custom as it would indeed be contrary to reason , if we suppose that this was the only inscription exhibited on this tomb. The ordinary stile of Runic tomb- inscriptions is quite simple and has in the most essential part of the inscription but few variations. It generally runs as follows: U N. raised this stone after (i. e. in memory of) N.'', and if it is a Christian monument the prayer: l4 God help his soul!" is commonly added. In every case the name of the person entombed is mentioned, and this seems to be so rational , that we cannot easily conceive how it ever could be omitted; such an omission A DANISH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 29 would make what was intended to be a monument, no monument at all. The word lekia — which means leggia, to lay — is also unusual, though I shall not venture to say that it is an ancC% AsySfisvov in Runic tomb -literature: one thing however is quite clear viz. that if this verb "lay" is supposed to refer to that self same stone, which bears the inscription, it would be quite inappropriate, as appears from the sloping posture of the stone described by Mr. Knowles. Our an- cestors would not have said that such a stone was laid, but rather raised. If in spite of such improbabilities as we here have hinted at, we still were determined to consider this stone with its inscription as an independent monument, we would have to suppose that Konall and Tuki (or may be, Tuki and his wife — although this would be very quaint) in their life time caused the stone to be laid or raised to mark a burying ground which they had appropriated to themselves. But such a supposition is the more improbable since the inscription, such as we find it, would be insufficient for such a purpose. Besides it would be difficult to shew in ancient times any example of a similar description. Autopsy often suggests correct notions, which do not so readily present themselves to the minds of persons placed at a great distance. Autopsy has clearly suggested to Mr. Knowles the idea of calling this stone a head stone; and here we probably have the clue to the true history of the same. It is not at all uncommon, at the present day, neither in England nor in other countries to place a white marble slab at the head of the grave, on which some short inscrip- tion is ingraven, and this being put up in a slanting po- sture, is called a head stone; but then there generally is a tomb-stone beside, which is placed horizontally on the top of the grave and covers its whole length. On this 30 A DAMSH RUNIC STOKE FOUND IN LONDON. tomb-stone the real epitaph, the dale of the deceased one's birth and death etc. are ingraven. But on the white slab there often is sculptured a rhymed verse, and some-times averse from the Bible. The object of this head-stone clearly is to draw attention to the tomb, lest passengers should pass by it without noticing it. It is highly probable that this is a very ancient custom in Christian church-yards, and that head-stones in London perhaps may be a thousand years old or upwards. The white marble slab, of course, is of more modern date, but the slanting posture of the ancient head-stone and the sculpture on the face of it, probably was deemed sufficient to mark it out for attention. Here thus we most likely have the true explanation of the origin of this stone. It merely is a head -stone and the verb lay refers to the horizontal tomb -stone below, which in the course of eight centuries most likely has been broken into many pieces, and then mouldered to atoms. The position of the inscription on this head-stone, moreover, shews that it was considered to be of a subordinate interest. It is most unobtrusively placed on the edge of the stone, and not very easily observed except on closer inspection. No doubt, those who erected the monument in the first place wished to draw public attention to the epitaph on the tomb- stone of their friend, and in the second place to record in a manner as modest (we might almost say, as concealed), as possible their own merit in causing the tomb-stone to be laid. This supposition, I believe, may satisfactorily account for the end and object of the London Runic stone. Thorl. Gudm. Repp. From the paper here inserted it will appear that Mr. Repp as well as also the Correspondent of the Morning Chronicle at Copenhagen coincide with me in the opinion^ which the A DAMSH RUNIC STONE FOUND IN LONDON. 31 sculpture on the stone and a careful examination of the Inscription both with regard to palaeography and language have led me to, viz. that we here have a Danish monument from the 11th century, or perhaps, more precisely from the time of Canute the Great. The ground of this opinion however will gain both ampler solidity and clearness by a comparison with an ana- logous Danish monument, the age of which may be deter- mined with tolerable certainty, and with other Danish inscriptions of the same class. In the Society's "Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Hislorie" for the year 1852 I have communicated some observations on the tomb-stones of King Gorm the Old and of his Queen Thyre Danabot at Jellinge, and in the Society's Archaeological Journal i; An- tiquarisk Tidsskrift 1852-1854" on some other Runic stones of the same age. Referring those who seek a more precise information on the subject to those papers, I shall here confine myself to a short abstract of them. The modern village of Jellinge, situate about seven miles to the North of Yeile in Jutland, is one of those places which are very early mentioned in the ancient writ- ings. Frode, the son of Fridleif, commenced his reign in Denmark at the time when the Emperor Augustus establish- ed peace all over the world: then Christ was born. But Frode being the most mighty and puissant of all kings in the Northern countries ("# Nordrlbndum^ the peace was, as far as the Danish tongue was spoken, named after him, and the Northmen call it Frode's peace. * No one did then any injury to another, nor was there in those days any thief or robber, so that a gold-ring lay many years untouched on the high-road of Jalangr's heath. Later, viz. in the 2d *) Snorra Edda, skaldskaparmal, c. 43, ed. Arna-Magn. 1, p. 374-376$ Fornmanna Sogur 11, p, 413. 32 THE RUMC TOMB-STONES AT JELLINGE IN JUTLAND. century, King Vermund, the son of Frode, lived at the manor of Jalang. l In the historical age Jalang still was a royal manor; at the close of the 9lh century and during the former half of the 10th King Gorm the Old who first united the Danish states under one sceptre, resided here, and with him his no less illustrious Queen Thyre, who obtained the significant cognomination of Danabot i. e. Danes' boot, or blessing, because she by her foresight and good advice saved the country in years of scarcity. Here also after their death both of them were entombed, or rather incairned accord- ing to the heathen rile; for Christianity was first introduced during the reign of their son Harald Blue-Tooth. The two cairns, which are of unusual dimensions, corresponding to the rank of the persons over whom they are erected, are still speaking witnesses of yon distant age. They are si- tuate on each side the church of Jellinge: Gorm's cairn on the south of the church -yard, and that of Thyre to the north of it. Some works executed in the year 1820 occasioned a closer examination of the Queen's cairn, which led to very interesting antiquarian discoveries. The diameter of the cairn was found to be 180 feet; in the middle of it was found a grave -chamber built of wood, whose length was 21 f. 6 inch., the breadth every-where fully 8 feet and the height 4 f. 6 inch. The side-walls were made of oaken planks, the ceiling of round oaken stems of varying thick- ness, on which the bark partly still remains, and below was a lining of ploughed oaken boards. Behind the side- walls and also below the floor some stamped clayey mould was observed. The floor is made of oaken boards of the thickness of one inch. The inner part of the grave- i) Saxonis Hist. Dan. ed. P. E. Miiller p. 163. THE RUNIC TOMB-STONES AT JELLINGE IN JUTLAND. 33 chamber where the boards lie length -ways, is divided exactly in the middle, by means of an oaken plank raised on its edge. Thus it seems that the grave chamber was destined to receive two coffins, which were to be placed the one beside the other. It was manifest that the chamber had been opened at some earlier period. There was, how- ever found a chest resembling a round trunk almost entirely consumed by rottenness; this was supposed to have been an outer coffin, and nothing was found in it. Further there was found a silver beaker, two inches high, lined with gold on the inner side, and on the outer side decorated with dragon coils inlaid with gold; two figures of birds made of copper, covered with thin plates of gold; two ornaments of thin copper-plates cut through, with a cross in the middle whose limbs were of equal length; the plates had been gilt on the outside; several things of wood and among these some carved objects in the same taste as the spiral ornaments on the stone of Gorm, which will be men- tioned hereafter: these wooden things are painted in black dusky brown and yellow oil colours *. On the two cairns there formerly stood the two monu- mental stones, which we here shall consider more atten- tively, and which now, for the purpose of being more securely preserved, have been brought over to the church- yard. According to the inscription on the tomb-stone of the Queen, her cairn must under Gorm's direction have been built during her lifetime, and the stone even placed thereon for the honour of the Queen, and as a memorial of her in time to come, since, according to historical writings, she survived her husband by some years. It is supposed that he died, aged nearly a hundred years, in the year 935, and she, aged seventy years, four years later, viz. in 939. That King Gorm, as many similar examples are to be found x 3 See Antiquariske Annaler IV 1 p. 64 sq. 34 THE RUNIC TOMB-STONES AT JELLINGE IN JUTLAND. in ancient as well as modern times, has caused the grave chamber and cairn to be erected in the queen's life-time, will appear to be the more likely, when we consider the high old age which he attained. Olaus Worm has in the Monumenta Danica ed. 1643 (p. 331 — 341) exhibited drawings of both the stones, and added an interpretation of the inscription, which however stood in need of further correction, towards which the draft executed by S. Abildgaard in 1771, and the copy sub- sequently made in 1811 by M. F. Arendt may be con- sidered as valuable contributions. Finn Magnuson who in the year 1821 visited the place in person, and examined the inscriptions, has in "Antiquariske Annaler" L communi- cated very valuable information respecting them, and also rcspecling two others which have a reference to these monu- ments; and E. Rask who at a subsequent period (July 1823) also personally inspected the inscriptions, added some fur- ther remarks on the same. This apparatus supplies us with an excellent guidance. I have also made use of the beautiful drawings executed on a large scale by Adam Miillcr, which are intended to embellish that edition of Saxo which was prepared by his father P. E. Miiller, late Bishop of Sealand. These drawings were kindly lent to me by Prof. Vclschow, who has undertaken the completion of this edition. Besides I have, in order, if possible, to complete the interpretation of the Inscription, corresponded with the parson of the place The Rev. Charles E. Kemp, who has compared the copy, which had been made, with the In- scriptions themselves, and endeavoured, guided by the hints which I in the course of our correspondence communicated to him, to discover some of the traits, which had been omitted in the draft. His communications have supplied materials to a fuller information respecting these monuments. ») IV 1 p. 100-123, 267-271. T1IE RUNIC TOMB-STOKES AF JELLIIVGE IN JUTLAND. 35 THE TOMB-STONE OF THYRE DANABOOT AT JELLINGE. Thyre Danaboot was according to Icelandic authors a daughter of Klack-Harald, who was an Earl over Jutland * or Holstein 2 , but in all probability more particularly over Angein. But Saxo, on the contrary, says that she was a daughter of the English King Ethelred QAnglorum regis Edelradi fiUci). P. F. Suhm has endeavoured to reconcile these statements, by supposing her father IJarald to have been a son of Gurmund or Gulhrum, a Danish king in East- Anglia, whereby the English descent of Thyre would be established 3 . Ancient historical records agree in praising her excellent qualities, her beauty, her prudence, and ma- sculine firmness. Svein Akason's description of these 4 com- pletely agrees with the statements of the Icelanders. Saxo calls her in his quaint language: u Danue majcstatis caput 11 and Svein Akason u regni dccusf or u decus Dacicp." The annals call her by that name, by which she still is most commonly distinguished, Danabot, the Improver of the Danes, as her oldest son Canute obtained the cognomina- tion of ^Dana-dst" the Danes' Love. But again in the Icelandic Sagas, as well with Snorre, as in the Saga of Olaf Tryggvason and in the Jomsvikinga Saga she bears the same cognomination as on the tomb-stone of Jellinge ^Danmarkarbot" i. e. The boot OV improvement of Denmark. The tomb-stone of Thyre Danaboot is of granite, 5 feet in height and 3 in breadth. The foremost side being flat x ) Fornmanna Sogur 1 , p 2, 115 — 116. 2 ) Jomsvikinga Saga c. 2, Fornm. S. 11 p. 3-8. — 3 ) Kistorie af Danmark 2 p. 438. More probable it is that the father's name, with Saxo, has arisen from a misunderstanding of the word Angli, which he has under- stood as if it meant Englishmen instead of Angles (in South Jut- land). This mistake of the word's meaning has been the cause o Edelradi being substituted for Haraldi. 4 ) Svea Agg. hist. reg. Daniae. Langebek, Script, rer. Dan. 1 p. 23. 36 THE TOMB-STONE OF THYRE DANABOOT AT JELLIWCE. has Ihrce Runic lines, the other is convex, and has, as it were, three surfaces, and on the middle one of these we find the conclusion of the Inscription, being one line in a broad frame. The drafts here subjoined exhibit the Inscription com- plete on both sides 1 : Written in Latin uncial letters this Inscription has the following appearance: KURMR : KUNUKR : KARl>l : KUBL : t>AUSI : AFT: t>URVI : KUNU : SINA : TANMARKAR : BUT, which exhibited in the usual Icelandic orthography would read as follows: u Gormr koniingr gerdi kumbl j)elta (jjessi) eftir fcyri, konu sfna, Danmarkar bol" i. e. King Gorm made this cairn in memory of Thyre Denmark's boot, his wife. *) On the foremost side some traits are now damaged. Such a damage did not exist in Worm's time, whose drawing gives these Runes quite entire. THE RUNIC TOMB-STONES AT JELLINGE IN JUTLAND. 37 THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. King Gorm's tomb -stone is also made of granite; its basis forms a triangle; and the breadth of the one side, containing the chief part of the inscription, has at its base a breadth of 8 feet 10 inches; the other, exhibiting a fan- tastic figure of an animal, is 5 f. 2 inch, broad; and the third containing an image of Christ 5J f., the entire stone accordingly has a periphery of 19 feet at the bottom. The stone, the height of which above the ground is 8 f. 2 i. tapers towards the top after the manner of a pyramid. On the first side we find the greatest part of the In- scription in four lines, which are separated from each other by double horizontal strokes, and at the ends of the lines these are transformed into flourishes, which are continued even above the inscription. The draft exhibited here in the text shews this side of the stone, together with the chief part of the inscription which is continued and completed on the other two sides. On the second side, whereof a draft is exhibited here tab. II, we see a fantastical quadruped, which has some resemblance to that which is represented on the London monument, although the claws of the latter, in other re- spects similar, are somewhat better executed. It has like the London animal a protruding sideward bent tongue with antlers raised on high. The tail is at the end divided into four branches: about the neck and body and tail of the beast there is twisted a complete figure of a serpent with head and tail. The second side is separated from the third by a kind of a double Gothic column, which is formed of two twist- ings. These further develop themselves in continuous wind- ings and twistings, which serve as a frame for the sculp- ture exhibited on the two sides. Below this frame the 38 THE TOMB-STO.XE OF CORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. Inscription is continued in one line on the second side and it also concludes by one line on the third. On the third side, of which a drawing is exhibited lab. IIF, there is represented a bearded figure of a man, with a cruciform glory round his head. This unquestion- ably is an image of Christ; the open arms seem not to be extended but only indicative. The image is dressed in a close fitted short tunic, and the legs seem to be uncovered. Twistings which resemble the twislings of a serpent, al- though here no serpent's head is visible, surround the figure on all sides and inclose the body as well as the arms. The taste in which these representations are executed is the very same that prevails in the several objects found in the tomb of the Queen Thyre. The execution of these monumental stones thereby indicates the same age as that in which the funeral exequies were performed. The inscription on the first side has by earlier inquirers been almost quite satisfactorily explained. The words (\H or) lih KJsA in the fourth line have been subject to a variety of interpretations. Finn Magnuson, with whom Rask seems to have agreed, makes h^-k, sor, an imperfect tense of sverja : who swore, viz. who made an oath that he would introduce Christianity into the country. N. M. Petersen l supposes that this word must be s.ER, ser, sibi; and P. A. Munch 3 that as is the verb w, er and not the relative pronoun. The mode of expression in these various interpretations does not however appear to me to be very probable. When we consider the first letter I, we are led to believe that in this place there is an error in the carving, so that we here ought to read +H; this probably has occasioned that the Rune- carver, for making *) Danmarks Historie i Hcrienold, 2, p. 153. 2 ) Kortfattet Frem- slilling af den aeldste nordiske Runcskrift, p. 38. THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. 39 the sense more plain, repeated the relative, and added h^/k, sar, viz set er. The inscription in the line below the animal figure on the second side has been read before, and is subject to no doubt. But of the concluding line on the third side below the human figure only the first word, the first letter of the second word, and the last word have been exhibited; of the 8 or 9 Runes in the middle only some faint traces were observed, which however did not afford any basis for a true reading. Our first Runoldgist, and after him our first Northern Linguist, have, as afore observed, made the monument itself a subject of a careful examination; but neither of them ventured to fill up the blank, and, as far as I know, nobody else either before or after them. An experiment therefore to find out what there must have been carved was likely to turn out very hazardous, and to afford but a small hope of a satisfactory result. At the same time it appeared to me, more particularly since this monument is one of the most important in Denmark, that this inscription ought not to be exhibited without making a new attempt. Erudi- tion and acumen in interpreting a difficult text, is not always combined with an eye that is capable of discerning half worn and antiquated tracings; add to this that by a continual and often repeated survey of such an inscription which is almost half effaced, in a variety of light, not only when the light of the sun falls upon it, but also after sunset, we may possibly have the satisfaction to discern a few before undiscovered traces. In this respect mouldering lapidary inscriptions resemble the bleached and worn out writing in membranes and in old paper volumes, where, by frequently repeated attempts, we sometimes can read much even with certainty, which at first was deemed entirely illegible. Following this rule I desired the Rev. Charles E. Kemp 1845-1849. 21 40 THE TOMB-STONE OF CORM THE OLD AT JELLIINGE. lo make repeated attempts at discovering some traces. With the greatest readiness he afforded me this very important assistance, which I greatly appreciate. He surveyed the inscription at different hours of the day, and in different light, also after sunset, and then he communicated to me such traits as he imagined he had discovered with certainty. Before I had not ventured on any conjecture, but supposing that the second word, which with certainty could be dis- cerned to begin with a T, must be a verb, I next requested him to examine whether this word might not be TI\K; I supposed that the word must be tok in case it could not be read NT (^0* H e described very exactly every visible trace, and made it manifest that this conjecture could not be right, and I was since, by the drawing and descriptions of the traces, led to another interpretation. The inscription of this line was partly seen and partly faintly discerned to be as follows : 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 'After these statements it does not appear to be a very hazardous conjecture to fill up the places 10 — 12 by VY\ and to read the whole line thus: AUK : TANAFULK : AT : KRISTNO If we suppose that kristno is the pres. tense infin. of the verb , we are led to an interpretation , which in, my opinion seems probable. This supposition is strengthened by the circumstance that such an infinitive actually occurs in another Runic inscription, viz on the Froso stone in Jaemteland (L 1085, B 1112, W 522), where it is stated about Austmod Gudfastson (/UViTYJshk KIW'lH'M/k h\\V) *f*K NT KKhTht* I^THMsK-T : hon let kristno Jota- lo.nt, where accordingly |a occurs in more words than one instead of the usual + or A: u he caused Jamtaland to be christened." But it is not at all uncommon that ^ in THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLIISCE. 41 Danish as well as in Swedish Runic inscriptions is used instead of + for denoting the sound of a or «, and this is no doubt here the case as in the word h^A above, if my interpretation is adopted. If this reading is approved, it will be observed that no verb occurs in the final line by which the infinitive AT : kristino can be governed; we are thus sent back to the verb vann, the last which occurs on the chief- side af the inscription; vinna denotes to vanquish, to conquer, to get into one's power, superare, occupare, potiri^ and in this sense it here has the two accusatives u Danmaurk ala" and u Nurviag" (thus on a Runic stone in Gestrikland, it is stated about Ibiurn that he u vant Selalant ala"); but it also denotes to effect, to obtain, to accomplish, efficere, as- sequi; and in this sense it is here used with the concluding infin. vann at kristna is quite the same as kristnadr\ exactly as in Vegtamskvida in the older Edda (IV 5-6) vann at vinna eid means the same as vann eid , did make an oath, and in the Skaldhelga rimur which are among the oldest poems in this kind of verse: vann leita is the same as leitadi In Rekstefja, a poem which the bard Hallarsteinn in the 11th century composed about the king Olaf Tryggvason, he says of that king "vann kristnat Is- land^ Grcenaveldi ok Eyjar" i. e. succeeded in christening Iceland, Greenland and the Isles, where the verb vann is found with the participle in the very same sense. It is credible that the Rune-carver wished to make use of the participial form, which we thus find has been used in the same connection and sense in or near his own age; but for this there was no room in the line, and he has therefore been obliged to limit himself to express the same thing by the infinitive. Having premised these observations I shall subjoin a drawing of the chief-side of the inscription on a reduced scale, and below it on the same scale the two concluding 21* 42 THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. lines from the other sides , in order thai the whole of this Iremarkable inscription may be seen collected in one place: wm / v^ The entire inscription, I, with reference to the afore- written statements, do read as follows, substituting uncials for Runes: HARALDR : KUNUGR : BAf> : GAURUA : RUBL : £AUSI : AFT : GURM : FAfcUR : SIN : AUK : AFT : EIURUI : MUEUR : THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. 43 SINA : SA : HARALDR : [AS : SA'R : VAN : DANMAURK : ALA : AUK : NURVIAG : AUK : DANAFULK : AT : KRISTNO. This spelt in the ordinary Icelandic way reads as fol- lows, and at the same time it may be observed that in many of the oldest Icelandic Mss. the words u baf) , fabur, Danmaurk" are spelt quite in the same way as in this inscription: Haraldr koniingr bao gorva kumbl bessi eftir Gorm, fodur sinn, ok eftir $>yri, modur sina, sa Haraldr es (sa er) vann Danmork alia ok Norveg ok DanafoJk at kristna. "King Harald caused these cairns to be made after (in me- mory of) Gorm his father and after Thyre his mother, that Harald who conquered the whole of Denmark and Norway and (executed that work) to christen the Danish people. My aforewritten observations on the tomb-stone of King Gorm and more particularly the reading by which I, assisted by Mr. Kemp, have endeavoured to fill up the blank in the line on the third side, have afforded Mr. Repp an opportunity of publishing his reading and interpretation of the inscription, he having previously communicated the same to me. It is only in the latter part of the inscrip- tion that Mr. Repp's reading differs from those which have be§n published before; this latter part Mr. Repp reads as follows: sa Haraldr as sori * uan Danmaurk ala auk Nur- uiag auk Danafulk (or Danakun) at kristna, i. e. "that Harald who made an oath the whole of Denmark, and Nor- way, and the Danish people to christen. I shall here observe that in the word Danafulk (or J ) This | Mr. Repp supposes to be transposed from its right place by the stone-carver's blundt* and to have been put after the first [^ in the line instead of the second: at the same time he does not deny, that there may be such an ancient form of the noun as S0R or SiER, without any I; but he demonstrates that some such noun here is absolutely necessary. 44 THE TOMB-STONE OF GORM THE OLD AT JELLINGE. Danakun) my reading DANA which 1 consider as certain, is the main point : the latter part may as well be read KUN as FULK, unless FULK be preferred. Worm has in his draft a Y and not an Y. In considering the language of these inscriptions, we ought to observe that the scanty Runic alphabet, wherein one character is used for several kindred sounds, which otherwise are distinguished, e. g. Y for Iv and G, t for T and D, gives to the words at first sight an appearance greatly deviating from the usage of ordinary orthography. When the inscriptions are transscribed according to the rules of orthography more particularly prevailing in the most ancient MSS, we will easily discover that the lan- guage in Denmark has at yon period been the very same as that which through the Eddas and the Sagas has been transplanted to Iceland, and there preserved through centu- ries till the present time, the same words, and, excepting a few varieties of dialect, the same grammatical forms. This language which in ancient times extended over (Saxland,) Denmark, Sweden, Norway and over a part of England, 1 the Icelanders, as is well known, in remotest antiquity called the Danish tongue (donsk tunga), subsequently also very often Norse or the Northern language (norrTQO(ft]ddv lengthways in the stone, beginning at the bot- tom and proceeding upwards: MRMU ' * #J'TO^Y!«»I«y» RmnKt»tHT!»tFirrntit« with Latin uncials: RAFNUnGA : TUFI : AUK : FUnDINn : AUK : KNUBLI : f>AIR : £RIR : GAr^U : f>URVIAR : HAUG : spelt in the ordinary Icelandic way: Rafnunga-Tofi ok Fund- inn ok Knubli, JDeir prir gorou ^yrviar (/^yrar) haug, i.e. a Rafnunga-Tofi and Fundinn and Knubli (Knyfli), those three made the cairn of Thyre". These are names of three men who erected the cairn of Thyre, no doubt of Thyre Danabot. !) See the inquiries of Finn Magnuson and Rask respecting the stones of Bekke and of Laeborg in Ant. Annaler IV, 1 p. 114- 119, 268-269, also the drawing tab. II, fig. VI, VII. 46 THE RUNIC STONE OF LjEBORC T6fi is a very ancient name here in the North, and a warrior of the nameofTovi is mentioned even among the champions of Sigurd Ring at Bravellir. It occurs on se- veral Runic stones. The name is also found among the Danes in England in the age of Canute and of the imme- diately subsequent kings; several times it occurs in diplomas of that age, being spelt in different ways 1 as: Tofi, Tobi, Tovi, Tofig, Tofyg; among these we find Toui whita, Toui reada and Toui pruda. Rafku'ingar is the name of a race or lineage from the founder Rafn, just as Ynglingar from Yngvi, Skjoldungar from Skjoldr, Gjukungar from Gjuki, Knytlingar from Knutr, Sturlungar from Sturla. The Tofi here mentioned must have belonged to this line or been their servant. On the next mentioned stone the name Rhafnungar is spelt with an aspirate after the R , while the root, according to the ortho- graphy commonly used, has the aspirate before the R : Hrafn. The word K+t>h must be completed by an fc, and read K+Kt>h; the liquids are sometimes omitted, and must be inserted. THE L^BORG STONE. L^eboRG is situate about 3 3 / 4 Danish miles WNW from Kolding. The Runic stone has been blasted from the top of a larger rock, which is 12 feet long, and more than 3 feet broad, and lies a little way to the North of the church. As in the case of the Runic stone itself which has been brought to the churchyard, orders have been issued that the rock also should be preserved. The inscription is cut in two lines to be read (3ovGTQO(f7]- dov. At the conclusion of the first line there is the sign of Thor's hammer, as it is called, carved lengthways, and Cod. dipl. aevi Sax., op. J. M. Kemble t. IV p. 3, 31, 34, 47, 67; t. VI p. 194. THE RUMC STONE OF SONDERVISSING. 47 at Ihe conclusion of the second another cut transversally in the line. The height of the Runic letters in the first line is 8V 4 inch and of those in the second 7 V 3 inch, and the depth of the cut is proportionate to this height. These Runic letters accordingly are some of the most conspicuous we know. IWiRniUsMW* =o T ^y With Latin uncials : RHAFNUnGA-TUFI : HIAU : RUNAR : fcASI : AFT : 1>urVI : DRUTNInG : SINA : Spelt in the common way: Hrafnunga-Tofi hjo runar f>essar ({aaersi) eftir £>yri drotlning sina. This man, who, as we have seen from the Bekke stone, had had a hand in the erection of queen Thyre's cairn, has been desirous of also doing honour to her memory by an inscription on the large rock lying near Lseborg. Worm and some others have, no doubt led by this inscription, supposed that this large rock has been the same as that, which, according to the statement of Saxo, * Harald Blue-tooth caused by the joint powers of men and oxen to be removed by the crew of his fleet from the shore of Jutland, with the intention of placing it on his mother's tomb. The distance of thirty four English miles from the shore of Koldingfiord to Jellinge seems, however, to be rather long. THE SONDERVISSING STONE. Sondervissing is situate 2 3 / 4 Danish miles to the west of Skanderborg, and at a distance a little longer to the NW of Horsens. The stone is 8 feet high, 4 feet broad, and 7 feet thick. The inscription consists of three *) Historia Daniae, ed. P. E. Muller p. 489. 48 THE RUNIC STONE OF SONDERYISSING. complete lines, with a fourth supplementary and final line 1 ; it runs as follows : LtnN"rAt< M TiHtiniti • tntuinrt « *r wwmv**wi*rm*YtM In Roman capitals it reads thus: TUFA: LET: GAURVA : KUmBL : MISTIVIS : DUTtIR: UFT: MUEUR: SWA: KUNA: HARAlDS : HINS: GUi>A : GURMSSUNAR , and in the ordinary Icelandic spelling: Tofa let gorva ku?? : InGLAnEI : GU£ : HIALBI : SALU l Styrkar and Hjorvardr letu reisa £>enna stein at fodur sinw Feira, sera vestr sat a Ewglandi; gud" hjalpi salu: u Styrkar and Hior- vard caused this stone to be raised after their father Feiri, who resided westward in England; God help the soul." The name Feiri is uncommon (KtlKI, Geiri?). This man has been resident in England , and his sons Sterkar and Hiorvard must, after his decease in that country, have erected him this monumental stone for the preservation of his memory at home. 2. ( — , district of Vaksala, parish of Old Upsala) : in the church, on the altar. The inscription forms a ser- pentine band, surrounding a large erect double cross. The head of the serpent is visible, but not the tail, because a piece of the stone is broken off. (L 184, B 387). RUNIC STOISES MENTIONING THE WESTERN TARTS. m?\n MH-imtH-rtw ^tlR»nmK6 y "HH1R"HN; SIHVIfcB : reistI : STAIN : £INn A : InGLAnTS : FARI : AFTIR : VITARF : FA]?UR SInn : Sigvidr reisti stein J)cnna, Englandsfari eftir Vidarf fodur s'mn: "Sigvid, the England seafarer raised this stone after Vidarf his father." The name Sigvior (the gainer of victory , or the con- queror) is found on many Runic stones, most frequently spelt as here with an #, but also very often hi KIM PR.. Here it may he observed, that in Old Upsala stones are found which exhibit curious glyptical representations of ships (B 380, 382). On one of these, said to be fixed in the churchdoor in 1138, a large cross may be seen, sculp- tured in the ship. Sigvid who has resided at this place, has on account of his voyages to England obtained the sig- nificative surname of Englandsfari, as many Northmen were named after the places which they visited,^ when these were remarkable or very far remote, e. g. the Norwegian king Sigurd Jorsalafari (traveller to Jerusalem) and in a subsequent age the Icelander Biorn Jorsalafari (Gronlands hist. Mindesma3rker I p. 110-122); also Vidbiurn Grikfari (traveller to Greece) in the Vedyxe stone in the parish of Danmark, Upland (L 211, cfr. L416); but more particularly after the places which they were in the habit of visiting for commercial purposes , as for example the Icelander Rafn IHymrcksfari, so called on account of his voyages to Limerick (Antiquitates Americana? p. 211), and also Rafn Holmgarosfari, who resided at Tonsberg, on account of his visits to Holmgard or Novgorod (Anliquites Russes et Orien- tals t. II, p. 221-223); |>attr afGunn- ari I>iorandabana, sec Laxdaelasaga , ed. Arna - Magnaeana p. 364, 370). RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 53 3. (Attundaland, district of Bro, parish of Bro) : in the church wall without the western door. The inscription forms two curved bands, and these have a zigzag shape be- low. There is an outer and an inner band; within the inner there is a cross in a slanting posture. (L 312, B 267, cfr. N. R. Brocman, Undersokning om vare Nordiske Runstenars Alder, after Saga af Ingyari vidforla, Stockholm J 762, p. 105-125). \\\/l 10 I '■*• ; 4v WRnwwnr-MLM.-N t M4* }( MM wA-i+wH-WA-nu-n mm * ti^ • rai \w \m\ - m [< GINLUG : HULMGIS : DUTIR : SUSTIR :SUGUR£AR : AUK £AIRA : GAUtS : HUN : LIT : GEARA : BRU : t>ESI : AUK RAISA : STAIN : f>INA : EFTIR : ASUR : BUNDA : SINn that which follows is cut in the inner band: SUN HAKUNAR : JARLS : SA'R : VAR : VIKInGA : VAURDK MIfc : GAETI : GUE : 1ALBI : hANS : AUnD : UK : SALU. Gwnnlaug Holmgeirs dottir, systir Sugruoar (Siguroar) ok peirra Gaufs, hun let gora brii jjessa ok rcisa stein {jenna eftir Asur bonda sinn , son Hakonar jarls , sa er var vikiwgavordr med Gazdi; gud //jalpi hans ond ok salu; "Gunnlaug, the daughter of Holmgeir, sister to Sigurd and to Gaut fand his brothers), she caused this bridge to be made, and this stone to be raised after Asur her husband, the son of the Earl Hakon, who was fwent out as) a viking- 54 RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. guard (i. e. protector against vikings) together with Gaut; God help his spirit and soul!" Gaetr, no doubt, is an other spelling, or misspelling for Gautr. This Gaut, who accordingly derived his origin from this place , the parish of Bro, we find by the Gosinge stone, (which see below sub n° 14,) has made an expedition to the Western countries, in which beside that Asur, who is mentioned here, Svein of Gosinge and probably also Ubbe or Ubber from the parish of Ludgo in Sodermanland and likewise Thialfe of Landaryd in Eastgotland accompa- nied him. As that Gaut who is mentioned twice in the inscription must be one and the same person, Asur must have been his brother in law. In Gaut's expedition Asur had a peculiar command as viking avbrdr , i. e. one who was to take care of vikings , search out vikings or corsairs. To find out who the Earl Hakon mentioned here may have been, demands a separate inquiry. The erection of a bridge enhanced the importance of the monument, and it has also been of some sacred import. On several Runic stones (e. g. L 644, 645) we find it expressly stated, that such a bridge was made for the soul of the departed. Possibly the name of the parish of Bro derives its origin from this very bridge, which was erected in memory of a man of distinction in the place. 4. £ — , district of Langhundra, parish ofNartuna): in the fields ofUdby; the inscription forms a curved band, and above it is placed a cross standing upright. (L 587, B 216, Peringskiold, Notae in vitam Theodorici p. 458). H+flR ■ H\ .1 )jo mm : RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 55 KITILFASTR : RISTI : STIN : frINA : IFTIR : ASGUT : FAfrUR : SIN : SA'R : VAS : VISTR : UK : USTR : GUD : IALBi : hAnS : SILU : : Ketilfastr rchii stein fjenna eftir Asgrcut, fodur sin??, sa er vas veslr ok «ustr; gud //jalp? Jtans salu: "Ketilfast raised this stone after Asgaut his father, who made voyages westward (i. e. to England) and eastward (i. e. to Gardarike or Greece); God help his soul!" 5. £ — , district of Lyhundra, parish of Husby) : at the south-west corner of the church. (L 608, Acta lit. Svecia?, Upsaliae 1730, 3 p. 85.) «'i * /» nin-riK-i ■mittYA"M/k«BRni>R--ltlA-Mtn-RI>it- Htli-N^-irm^lW-BRnMR-Hli-H R^-tn^R-i-intMtl-W-hKnWWRI' IN*^MttBKt¥Jt* If "111 nKnHYIIMABIfR-WnKiRMW- TIARFR : UK : GRIMr : UK : VIKI : UK : IUGIR : UK GIRhJALMR : t>IR : BRUfrR : ALlIR : L1TU : RISA : STIN UNA : IFTIR : SV1N : BRUfrUR : SIN : SA'R : VARt>: DUt>R A : JUTLAnDI : ON : SKULDI : FARA : TIL : InGLANDS GU|) : IALBI : hANS : AnD: UK: SALU : UK : gUi>S:MU[>IR BITR : t>AN : hAN : GARfcl : TIL : Tjarfr (Djarfr) ok Grimr ok Viki Q Vigi) ok Jogeir (or J6/g«?ir) ok Geir/zjalmr, JDeir braedr al/ir lelu reisa stein j)en??a eftir Svein brodur sin??, sa ex vard d«u6r a Jotlawdi en skyldi fara til I??glands ; gud //jalpi /*ans o??d ok salu ok guds modir betr enn /?ann gorch" til: "Diarf and Grim and Vigi and Jogeir (or Jo/geir) and Geirhealm, all these brothers caused this stone to be raised after Svein their 56 BUMC STORES MEMIONLNC THE WESTEB.N PARTS. brother, who died in Jutland, but was going lo England; God and the mother of God help his spirit and soul better than his deeds deserved.' , (cfr. L 949, B 724.) This Svein, whose five brothers erected this monument to his memory, died in Jutland, being then on his travel to England. In the armamentary of the same church there is a monumental stone over a man who died in Greece. 6. (FjerdhUiNDRalakd, district of Lagunda, parish of Hjellstad): in the church wall; the inscription in a complete serpent with head and tail, surrounding a cross which stands upright. The beginning is probably rut on that side of the stone which is hid in the wall. (L 764, B 625.) : FAt>UR : SIN : SA'R : VARt> : DAUt>R : : EaGLOisDI : foour sin« sa er vard daiuV a E/?gla//di: "bis father who died in England." 7. SODERMAXLAND. (district ofRono, parish of Lud- gou) : Aspa, between the Thing hill (Assize hill) and the bridge. The first eight words are cut in a band on one side of the stone; the rest is placed on the other side in three bands, and in the two first of these the inscription is cut (iovaroorrrjdor. (L 81)8, B 807.) [m-ikmi'Mmnmrnimmim /) iu mil'HI^KMtMtft hBM:WKHtiM:ft: ° -NcM/l l*/l RMWN^juimmj^u t>URA : RAISty : STIN : \>\SSl : AT : CB1 : BUANDa : SIX : STAIN : SIR : SI : STAXdR : AT : LBI : : UkGSTAN : AT : DURU:VAR:MAN:VISTARLA:VAKTI:KARLA....MIRG... RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 57 f ora reisti stein f)enna at "Thora raised this stone Ubb'i bonda sinn: over Ubbe her husband' 7 : Stein?2 f)ersi "This stone stendr at Ubbi stands at Ubbi a f>mgslaoi in the assize-place at f)6ruvar; at Thoruvar; hanrc vestarla he westward vakti karla, roused warriors (er hann) medr G(auti) (when he) along with G(aut) (gunni hadi). (waged war)." In the third band only three complete Runic letters are legible in the drawing of Bautil, but it is indicated by strokes that several could not be read at all, and this band has in all probability contained a complete distich, and the whole has made a stanza of eight lines fornyrdalag. It is very likely that after tl/k in the third line K-HYT I (Gauli) has followed, and that this Ubbe has been one of the men who followed Gaut in his expedition to the Western countries. The name Thoruvar may have denoted the landing- place of Thora (var being the same as the Iceland, vor, gen. vnrar)) which perhaps got its name from Ubbe's widow. I have corresponded with the parson of the place, the Rev. Charles R. Graff, about this stone, and he has furn- ished me with a new copy of the inscription, adding the information that it appears from incontrovertible signs, that the Baltic in limes of yore has been conjoined with those lakes which now lie between the coast and the place, and that there accordingly was navigable water all the way up to Aspa, which satisfactorily explains the local name Thoruvar, or Thora's landing-place. Thura in the fourth line might also be taken as the name of a locality only, and var be referred to the words that follow. 8. ( — , parish of Raby): atSponga; the inscription in a curved band with a crossband below, which surrounds 58 RUNIC STOISES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. a decorated cross, resting on a ship, below which there are some Runic signs; but these it will be difficult to in- terpret. (L 884, B 822). fiMIM:nt|:MIA:MIHM:htlfcMtNI KnmR:rfl>nR:HI$:Htni>:tWKI Httri ° HKI 4^ ma GUDBIRN : auk : UDdI : |)AIR : RAIS&U : STIN : t>ANSI : AT : GUt>MAR : FA|>UR : SIN : STUD : TRINGILIca : I : STAF . . : SRIPI : LIGU : VISTARLA : Gudbjorn (Gunnbjorn) ok Odrfi, J>eir reistu stein fjenna at Gudmar (Gunnmar), foour sin?*, er stod drengilijpa i stafrai i skipalegu vestarla: "Gudbiorn and Qdde, they raised this stone after Gudmar their father who stood trustily at the poop in the harbour westward (much doubtful in the latter part)." 9. (district of Jonaker, parish ofBarbo): Tackham- mar; a part of the inscription in a band which forms a cross, and an other part without the same. (L 892 ; I. H. Schroder, Ad Runographiam Scandinaviae Accessiones novae p. 2-5.) '"IWWHM: M hi °°f' w A\ f° 1 m ,A% N • AUBIRN : RAISfrl : STAIN • t>ANSl : AT : KARI : HAN : VAR|> : DAU|>R : A : inGLAnDI : I LI|)I. Eybjorn reisti stein jienna atKari; hann vard dauflr d Eng- lawdi i lidi(Lioi): u Aubiorn raised this stone after Kar; he died in England onboard the ship (or inLcilli? cfr. p. 352). 10. f — , parish of Nykyrke): in the fields of Hiirmesla; the inscription forms a curved band, and sur- rounds an upright standing cross, the upper part of which RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 59 is furnished with serpentine decorations; the last part of the inscription, containing the name of the man who built the cairn, runs along the perpendicular pole of the cross. (L 895, B 771.) Mil mm'Wm'Hfm' WHI : it: BRhMIR ■ W \ HIIIW: W : MM 4^ 1 o mn 4v( On the cross: mm\\mmbm\tMU ESKIL : AUK : KNAUJJlMANR : RAISTU : STAIN : frANSI : AT : BRUfrUR : SIN : SV1RA : AS : VARD : DAUt>R : : ENGLAND!. KUML : GIARM : DATSI : KITIL : SLAKR : Askel/ ok Knaudimanr reistu stein {jenna at broour s'inn Sverri, es varo dauor a E??glandi: "Eskill and Knaudimanr (or Gnaudimanr) raised this stone after their brother Sverre, who died in England.'' On the cross: Kuml gordi J^atsi "This cairn made Kelil/ slakr. Ketil the Yielding." 11. (district of Oppunda, parish of Bettna): Hval- stad; the stone is placed in a ship-formed enclosure or stone- grouping made in the form of a ship; the inscription forms a curved band. (L 899, B 794.) *FR-WlHM-HtW-M*HI:irtU-Hnmi "!int:mt:*n-nw:nMR:wni>R LAFR : RAIS|>I : STAIN : t>ANSI : 1FTIR : SULKU : SUN : SIN : HAN : VARfr : VASTR : DAU|)R. Leifr reisti stein J>enna eftir Sulka , son sin?*; hann 60 RUMC STOKES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. vard vestr daudr: "Leif raised this stone after his son Sulke; he died in the Western parts." 12. (— ) parish of Lerbo): in the fields of Hasslo ; the inscription forms a curved band surrounding an upright standing decorated cross with a smaller cross in the middle. (L 904, B 772.) Mht|:MWMttl:* KWU°°m /K GUNnI : RA1STI : STAiN : |>ANSI : At : RAGNA : SUN : SIN : IR : DANI[VA]G : VArJ> : DAut>R : VASTR. Gunm reisti ste/n |)enna at Ragna, son sin??, er J>an«ig vard dawOr vestr: "Gunni raised this stone after Ragne his son, who died there (yonder) in in the Western parts." 13. (district of Villallinge, parish of Ardala) : on the hillock of Sannerby; the inscription forms a curved band with a cross-band below, surrounding a cross, around which the concluding part of the inscription runs. (L 912, B 824). w mm i rm h lABinMWWM^WWItt tR FIXIfrR : GIARt)l : KUML : >AUSI : AFTIR : GAIRBJURN : FAJ>UR SIN : HAN : VARJ> : DAU|)R : VISTR. Finnv'ibr gortii kuml Ipessi eftir Geirbjorn, fodur sinw ; hanrc varo daudr vestr: u Finnvid made this cairn after Geirbirn his father; he died in the Western parts." 14. (district ofDaga, parish of Gasinge): in the door of the armamentary; the inscription forms a coiled up serpent, RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 61 and the concluding part is placed within the same; there is a cross between the curvatures; a small part of the stone is broken off. (L 925, B 718.) Ff< i° ■> HRt°HMi HWhrnr-Mfimw-n-hin n° w Nil twni RAGNA : RAISTI : STAIN : t>ANSl : AT : SU1N : BUnDa : sin : AUK : SIFA : AUIv : RAGNBURG : AT : SIn : FA|>UR : GU|> : HJALBI : AnD : HANS . sYIn : IAK : t>IT : IVARs : SYIT : VESTR . MIt> : GUTI : Ragna reisli stein |)ansi (ijenna) at Svcin bonda shin, ok Sifa ok Ragnborg at sinn fodur; guo" hjalpi uwd hans! Sveinn jok \)hlt Ivar* sv/iit vestr med G«uti: u Ragna raised this stone after Svein her husband, and Sifa and Ragnborg at their father; God help his spirit! Svein was a brave follower in the troop of Ivar in the Western parts along with Gaut. The interpretation of the concluding part of the inscrip- tion is difficult; still it does appear, that Svein, in whose memory the stone was erected , accompanied Gaut on his expedition to the Western countries, and, if I have rightly apprehended the meaning, that he has by his bravery distinguished himself in that army or squadron which was commanded by one Ivar. 15. (district of East Rekarne, par^h ofKjula): on the brow of the Kjula mountain near the assize hill; the in- scription forms two long serpentine bands, which terminate in a cross in the middle. (L 979, B 753; Verelii Runographia p. 87; Peringskiold , Notse in vitam Theodorici p. 475.) RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. trRIKAsWIHtlsHttH^HM Hit • n\m ■ HBikt* htA-nihttRM--nY- MAit-wrM-BnRr-nYBRntw:w nYWRM»rll»-« «K+ R IV ALRIKR : RAISTI : STAIN : SUN : SIRIfrAR : AT : SIN • FAf>UR : SPJUT : SA'R : VISTARLA : UM : VARIT : HAF|>I: BURG : UMBRUTNA : AUK : UMBARDA : F1R|> : HAN : KARSAR:GUtI: AU1R : "Alrek raised this stone: the son of Sigrid Alrekr reisli stein: son Si^ridar, at sinn fodur Spjut, sa er vestarla urn varit hafdi borg urn brotna ok um barda, (for) han?i (ok) garsar (mcd) Gauti al//r. at his father Spiot, who in the Western parts had in the spring-time broken a castle and beaten eke, he and all his lads went with Gaut." After the first line in prose here also follows a complete stanza of eight lines in the ancient metre (fornijrdalag). Sukrudr on the Bro stone (n° 3 above p. 335-336) we must suppose to be a man's name Sigurdr or Sigraudr, and it may be inferred from a stone in the Mora mountain opposite to the garden of Sundbyholm in the neighbouring parish of Jader, that this has been the husband (bondi) of Sigrid, the daughter of Orm and mother of Alrik (L 984): u Si#ridr gordi bru Cesser, modir Alriks, dottir Orms, fur salu Holm- gars, fodur Sukrudar buanda sins". This Sigraud has been named Sigraudr spjot, after the same manner as Siguror bildr, one of Olaf Tryggvason's champions in the sea-fight of Svolder (see Fornmanna Sogur 2 p. 252). This man RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 63 has died long before Sigrid, and from this may be explained that Alrik is called the son of Sigrid. The explanation of the last distich is difficult. The penultimate word may perhaps be read Guti rather than kum. Karsi occurs as a man's name on two Runic stones (L 506, 515), and it means probably the same as gdsse, a lad in modern Swedish ; it is analogous to Finnish koss?\ French gargon^ Cellish gas, a young boy. 16. (district of West Rekarne, parish of Tumbo): above the door of the church; the stone has been put in in such a manner that the Runic letters turn topsy-turvy; the inscription forms a band with serpentine coils below; the beginning is wanting. (L 987, B 761.) m»i:1lri hAN : DRUKNAfrl : I EkGLANdS : HAfi : harm druknadi i Er?glan^/s ha/?: "he drowned in the Eng- lish ocean ( the North Sea)." 17. VESTMANLAND (district of Norrbo, parish of Skul- tuna): the stone lay in the cellar, with its back resting on the floor, and the one end passing trough the wall was visible on its outside; it was removed and placed in an upright posture in a place called Jacobsberg near the bmssworks of Skultuna. The inscription forms a serpent-coil, and its conclusion is placed without the same. (L 1002; N. H. Sjoborg, Samlingar for Nordens fornalskare 1 fig. 141.) ♦nmtR- fflt-RM° wii'NM • irti M o u wmn°my Mk n urBi-KhMttn-N IHNVALDR : LIET : R1SA : STAIN : fclNSA : IFT1R GERFAST : SUN : SIN : DRIjnG : cUDAN : AUK VAS FARIN : TIL : EnGLANdS : HJALBI : GUD : SALU : HANS 64 RUNIC STOISES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. Ingvaldr let msa stein [>enna eftir Ge/rfast, son si nil, drewg ^rodan, ok vas faring til E/AUt>R : A EnGLAnDI : GU|> : JALBI : HAnS : AND: AUK : SILU. Gisl let gera bru eftir Osl, son sin?*; hanw varj dauor a Ewgla?*di; gud Zijalpi haws ond ok salu: Cl Gisl caused this bridge (and burial-cairn) to be made after Osl his son; he died in England; God help his spirit and soul!" 19. ( — , parish of Dingtuna) : the stone lay in Vendeleby within the hostelry, where it was used as a seat. The inscription, in the form of serpents, was partly worn away and illegible, and a part of the stone at the top broke off and missing. These are the observations made by 0. Celsius who examined the stone the 27 th July 1727. The inscription makes five lines, and a part of the conclusion is missing. (L 1021 ; 0. Celsii Svenska Runstenar, Ms. 2 p. 417.) ♦HI - fit ■ mm ■ HHI .MH-NMWIr-lrNH-tf mm 1-2, Something of the inscription, at the top of the stone, is missing here RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 65 V\ GRAuHNaki : LIT : RESA : stain : VAS : FARIN : TIL : InGLAndS : DU : I : SBELBU |>A . . ISA|)U : HELBI : GUD : SElu hans : SIGI JUK : . . . Grahnaki let rcisa stein vas iarinn til Erag- hnds; do i Spelby (or Sperby: HfciR&h), J) a isadu; hjalpi gud sa/u hans: Sigi //jo: u Grahnakki (Greynook) caused the stone to be raised was gone to England, died in Spelby; God help his soul! Sigi carved the (Runes)." As far as I can judge, here is a proper name of a place in England, where that man of the parish of Dingtuna, for whom the stone is raised , died. Perhaps Spelby means Spilsby in the county of Lincoln. 20. GESTRIKLAND (Gefle): on the fields of Hamlinge, by the road. Lieut. Colonel Westfelt who on topographical travels made drawings of several Runic stones for our Society has also furnished a new drawing of this one. The inscrip- tion forms two serpent-coils. (L 1049, B 1101; Acta lit. Sveciae II 1725-1729 p. 197- 198/) MlHIMtJtlt-IH BttM!ftBMt# wnwki>wni>Mwrw»ti**ttrnRYUi rwimim'MBitth^nKnwYnMAj inir " ii MnYW#n«MMlH! IMMtrnhMMkBltnit BRUSI : LIT : RITA : Stain : *ansi : iPTIR : 1H1L : BRUR SIN : IN : HAN : VARt> : DAUt>R : I : TAFSTALONDI HON : FUR : MIR : FRAYGIRI : GUJ> : HJALBI : HONS M RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. sALU : uK : cUt>S : MUt>IR : SVAIN :UK : OSMVNDR DAir : MARKAMJ : DO : bUUSI : FUR : TIL : ANGLANdS : IPTIR : BRUR SIN. Brusi let rita Stem jjenna eplir Egil bro'dur sinw, en han« varo dauor a Tafr/slalandi; han?z for merusi for lil England, eftir brodiir sinw: "Brusi caused Ibis stone to be inscribed after Egil his brother, and he died in Tavastaland (Finland) ; he went with Freygeir; God and the mother of God help his soul! Svein and Asmund marked, when Brusi went to England, after (in memory of) their brother." Egil, one of Bruse's brothers, died in Tafastland in Finland on an expedition probably to Gardarike, in whteh he accompanied a certain Freygeir. His two brothers Svein and Asmund added the other part of the inscription, in memory of their brother Bruse, when he set out for England. 21. EAST-GOTLAND (district of Bankekind , parish of Landeryd) : in the steeple wall; the inscription in a serpent-coil surrounds a double cross. (L 1131, B 854.) MYJk' tLMM SW Hli-mf :M*:U;nU:YIA:K*M VIR1KR : RESTI : STAiN : IFTIR : [>IALFA : BRUPUR : SIN : DRAnG : t>AN : AR : VAR : MIR : GAUTI. Virikr re/sti stein eftir J> j a I f a 9 broour sin?z, drewg |)an?i er var meR : RISTI : SUN : frANSI : 1FTIR ; TUKI : BRU|)UR : SIN : SA'R : YAR|> : DRiBIN : A : IgLAnDI : DRIgR : ARDA : GUDR : RfluSr reisti stein fienna eftir Tuki £T6k«), broSur sinw, sa ex vard dr#pin?i a Erc^landi, drewgr Aard/a godr: 4t Raud raised this stone aftrr Toke his brother, who was killed in England, being^ a very worthy man." Here we must in all probability read England, and not Eyland. 23. SMALAND. (Njudingen, East district, parish of Nafvelsio): Rosas; the stone is broke; the inscription forms three bands, and is to be read ^ov(Sx^o^r\dbv\ beside one of the lines there is a cross. The drawing of the inscription is made by M r Wallman (L 1233). 4^ mMvH iHf^K°BBmm°mnnit GUNTKEL : SATI : STEN : frANSl : EFTIR ; GUNAR : FADUR : SIN : SUN : HRUt>A • HALGI : LAGfrl ; HAN : I : STEN|)Ru : BRUDUR : SIN : A : HAnGLAnDI : I : BAt>UM. Gunnkell sat/i stem f)enna eftir Gunwar foOur sinw, son Hruda; Helgi lagdi harnz i ste/nJDro, brodur sin??, a E??g- la?*di i Baoum: "Gunnkell set this stone after Gunnar his 68 RUNIC STONES MENTIONING TIIE WESTERN PARTS. father, Ihe son of Rut; Flelge laid him in a stone-trough (i. e. stone-coffin), his brother, in England in Bath." This inscription is remarkable in as much as the name of an English city, Bath in Somersetshire, is mentioned here. Helge, it seems, was a brother of Gunnar, Gunnkel's father, and he (Helge) effected Gunnar's interment by laying him in a stone coffin. 24. ( — , the West district, parish ofSandsio): in the meadow of the manse near the road; the inscription is arranged povGrQocfrjdbv in three lines. (L 1239, B 1046.) hRil WWHtli WHI '-Wm ' Mi °. BRIM H&:'trt:nUT*n ■If VRAI : SATtI : S TIN : &ONSI : EFTIR : GUNnA : BRUfrUR : SIN : HAN ; VAR : DAU()R : I : AnGLAnDI : Vrai (Urai, Vrain, Orri?) satfi stein f)enna eftir Gunna broour sinw; hann var daudr i Englandi: u Urai set this stone after Gun/ze his brother; he died in England." 25. (Fi,\nheden (district of Westbo, parish of Berga): in the church door forming the step. (L 1255.) mklKft-MHtl i]YH VIR1KRReISTI:KUML- t>I DAfrlS : : AnGLOnDI. Virikr reisti kuml \>essi andahlst a Ewg- la?/di : u Virik raised this cairn expired in England." The name of the person who died in England is lost. 26. ( , district of Sunnerbo, parish of Berga): the mill oflngelstad near the Laga brook. (L 1262, Sven Bring Diss, de Otlingia Berga). lymiHfrhHtmtf > h Ml k : ft \» ° RUNIC STONES MENTIONING THE WESTERN PARTS. 69 VI . . ET : RISt>I : STIN : EFTTR : 1>URIR : FA>UR : SIN : SA'R : EnDANS : : InGLANDI. .... rcisli stein eftir J>6ri foour sinw, sa ex ewdadis£ a Ewglandi; u .... raised this stone after Thorir, who expired in England." 27. WEST GOTALAND, (district of Skaning, parish of Edsvara): Haraldstorp, near a brook; the inscription forms two curved bands with a cross-band below. (L 1351, B 962.) ;Hllt*- lAKMMHIfcttk W:tWK:hM1Htl>:tnM 'H fa® TULA : SATtI : STIN : |>ensi IRRR : SUN : SIN : HARt>A : GUDOX : DRONG : SA : VARfr: DU>R : I : VASTR- VAGuM:I: VIKIxGU. Tola satfi sldn \tenna eptir . . irkr, son sin?*, hard/a go^an dreng, sa vard dtf uor i Vestrvegum i vikiwgu : ;i Tola set this stone after Svirkr her son, a very worthy young man; he died in the Western parts being on a viking- or roving expedition." The man's name who died in the Western countries on a viking excursion has probably been Sverkr or Serkir. 28. SKANE (district of Bara, parish of Uppakra) : Hjarup; the inscription forms four bands, two on each side. (L 1439, W 154.) WH*RIHM-HW-WHI-*rm-t UlMllt-HIMtt- k nmtMiM NAFNI : RlSt>I : STIN : |>InSI : AFTIR : TUKA : BRU|>UR SIN : HAN : VARt> : VISTR : DUDR : ARF. 70 RUMC STO\ES BIENTIOMNG THE WESTERN PARTS. Nafni reisti stein [)cnna eftir Toka broour sinw; harm vard vestr daudr arf: u Nafne raised this stone after Tuke his brother; he died in the West." The concluding word 1W may perhaps be incorrectly copied, and it may be we ought to read I IMKIKh, i vikingu, as on the Slro stone, L 1448, W 147. 29. NORWAY (county of Bratsberg, district of Ovre Thelemarken, parish of Evie): Evie-Moe near Fennie Foss ; the inscription forms two straight bands, the one beside the other, and has a cross at the end. £L 1457, W 493; Nordisk Tidsskrift for Oldkyndighed 1 p. 310, 411-413). mm •W-MH-iniR w ML ND lil< fo rnwt-iMW-ih-KH ARNSTINN : RISTI : STIN : : ftENA : EFTIR : BJORn : SUN : SIN : SA : VAR : DUfrR : I : LIDI : IS : KNUTR : SOTtI : InGLOnD. Arnsteinn reisti stein J>enna eftir Bjorn, son sirm; sa var dfluOr i lidi, is Knutr sotri England : "Arnstein raised this stone after his son Biorn; he died in the host (or more properly: in the fleet), when Knut invaded England." Lid here and on the Tiickhammar stone (above p. 340) is probably not the name of the town (Leith), England and not Scotland being expressly named; lid signifies a ship, a fleet, see Snorra Edda I, p. 252, 544 and Hervarar saga c. 5 (my edition in Antiquites Russes et Orientales 1 p. 149). This Biorn may have accompanied Canute the Great to England; or he may have partaken in the expedition to that country of the Danish prince Canute Sveinson 1075. The sense of the words u nis go|>" is uncertain , per- haps the meaning is "have an eye upon us, oh God!" BEILERKNIXGER OM M DANSK RUNESTEEN FRA DET ELLEVTE AARHUNDREDE, FUNDEN MIDT I LONDON OG OM FLERE DANSRE RUNESTENE AP CARL CHRISTIAN RAFN. S.ERSKILT AFTRYK AF DET KONGELIGE NORDISKE OLDSKRIFT-SELSKABS ANNALER FOR NORDISK OLDKYNDIGHED OG HISTORIE. KJOBENHAVN. A TRYKT HOS J. D. QVIST , BOG- OG NODBTRYKKBR. 1854. BEM.ERKN1NGER OM EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FRA DET ELLEVTE AARHUNDREDE, FUNDEN MIDT I LONDON; ved Carl C. Rafn. Jevnfor den bag tilfiiiede Afbildning af Stenen tab. I. AJUNDtfNABORG er allra borga mest ok agaezt of oil NorSrload, London er den storste og beromteste af alle Borge i de nordiske Lande. Saaledes bedder det allerede i Ragnar Lodbroks Saga 1 . Nordboers Besog hos Kong Athelstan , som residerede i London, omtales i Egils Saga og de norske Konge-Sagaer 2 . Den Gang var alt i flere Aarhundreder de Danskes Herredomrae i Northumberland og andre Dele af England, navnligen i Norfolk og Suffolk, af stor Betydning. Efterat Knud den Store havde ind- taget London og senere tiltaget sig Eneherredommet, vandt det en lignende Betydning i hele England, der varede i mange Aar. En stor Deel Nordboer, isa?r Danske, vare naturligviis den Gang nedsatte i England i betydelige Stillinger, navnligen ogsaa i London. ! ) Fornaldar Sdgur Nor5rlanda 1 p. 289. — 2 ) Egils saga Skallagrimssonar c. 65, p. 467 ; Olafs saga Tryggvasonar c. 8— 9j Fornmanna Sogur 1, p. 16—17. 04 BH DAKSK RUNBSTBBB PINDRN I LONDON. Det er et Monument, oprcttet upaatvivlelig af tvcnde af disse , vi her naermere skulle omtale. Vi skylde vort Selskabs i London boende, for dets Anliggender saerdeles nidkjaere Medlem John Brown, at vi blive i Stand til at give en noiagtig Meddelelse om dette Fund. Han henvendte sig nemlig, strax efterat Fundet var blevet bekjendt i London, til Mr. James T. Knowles junior, Architect, ved hvis foretagne Arbeider Steneo var fremkommen, som med storste Beredvillighed ikke alene meddelte os en omstaendelig Beretning om Fundet, men ogsaa sendte Selskabet den hoist velkomne Foreering af en Afstobning af Stenen, hvorved man saettes i Stand til at foretage en sikrere Undersogelse af Ind- skriften. Ved Brev af lite Decbr. 1852 sendte han vort Selskab Afstobningen af dette hoist interessante Rune- monument, som opgroves forrige August midt i London, ( a in the heart of the city of London", som han udtrykker sig). I sin Skrivelse tilfoier han: 4t Skulde jeg ved Udforelsen af mine Arbeider som Architect traeffe flere saadanne Levninger fra Oltiden, som den der er Gjenstand for naervaerende Meddelelse, vil jeg fole en saerdeles Tilfreds- stillelse ved at oversende Beretning desangaaende til dem og saaledes at kunne paa nogen Maade fremme For- maalet for den skandinaviske Archa?olosie". EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 65 London var fra Byens forste Tider deelt, i Retning fra Nord til Syd, ved en smuk Baek med godt Vand, der kom fra de norden for Byen beliggende Marker, gjennem- skar den Staden omgivende Muur og lob midt igjennem Byen ud i Themsen. Lige til det 13de Aarhundrede var London inddeelt i 24 Ovarterer, af hvilke 13 laa paa Ostsiden og 11 paa Vestsiden af den naevnte Ba?k, der formedelst dens Lob gjennem Murene (wall) kaldtes Wallbrooke. De paa Vestsiden liggende Ovarterer til- toge meget mere end de paa Ostsiden, hvorfor det ene af dem, Farringdon, som var betydelig udvidet ogsaa ved Bygninger udenfor Portene, blev ved en Parlamentsact i Aaret 1393 deelt i to Ovarterer, det ene udenfor Murene, det andet og aeldre indenfor samme. I dette Ovarteer t4 Farringdon ward within the walls" var St. Pauls Kirke med tilhorende Kloster og ovrige Bygninger beliggende paa samme Plads, som denne Kirke og naermeste Om- givelser endnu indtage. Kirken omgaves, som den endnu omgives, af St. Pauls Kirkegaard, der dog nu for en stor Deel er tagen til Bebyggelse for Privathuse, saa at man nu ved dette Navn alene betegner en Gade eller oval Plads, der er omgiven af Huse. Cathedralkirken grund- lagdes forst omtrent ved Aaret 610 af Ethelred, Konge af Kent, som skjenkede Landgods til St. Pauls Kloster. Blandt de Konger, som i den naermest folgende Tid rige- ligst begavede denne Kirke, naevnes Athelstan, Edgar, Knud den Store, Edvard Confessor og Vilhelm Erobreren. I Aaret 1086 braendte St. Pauls Kirke i den store Ildebrand, som fortaerede, tilligemed den, den storste Deel af Byen. Biskop Mauricius lagde da Grundvolden til en ny St. Pauls Kirke, en Bygning af saa betydeligt Om- fang, at Folk den Gang troede den aldrig kunde ventes fuld- fort. For at sikkre den mod lid, opfortes den paa Steen- buer, en indtil den Tid i England ubekjendt Bygnings- 5 60 EX DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. maade, der var indfort fra Frankrig, ligesom ogsaa Stenene hentedes fra Caen i Normandiet. Mauricius's Eftermand i Bispedommet, Richard Beamor udvidede Kirkens Terri- torium ved paa egen Bekostning at laegge til samme flerc store Gader og Straeder. I det 14de Aarhundrede onigaves Kirkegaarden med eo Muur. Omtrent midt paa Kirke- gaardens nordre Deel var det beromte Kors med der an- bragte Praedikestol, som holdtes for en af Nationens maerk- vaerdigste og hoitideligste Pladse, hvor gjennem Aar- hundreder de anseteste Theologer og storste La3rde havde praediket og hvor ogsaa hoitidelige Statsforhandlinger vare foretagne. Efter en Parlaments-Beslutning nedbrodes dette Kors i Aaret 1643, St. Pauls Cathedral odelagdes atter i Londons store Ildebrand 1666 og opfortes igjen i Aarene 1675 til 1710, svarende til sin forrige Betydning. Den nye St. Pauls Kirke er den storste og pragtfuldeste i den protestantiske Christenhed og ved Opregningen af Kirkebygningerne i Europa anfores den bestandig umiddel- bar efter St. Peterskirken i Rom. Talrige Monumenter vidnede om de i den aeldre Kirke begravne. Erkenwalde, Biskop af London, var be- gravet i den gamle Kirke ved Aaret 700 og bans Legeme fortes over i den nye Kirke i Aaret 1140. Ost-Saxernes Konge Sebba begroves ogsaa i den gamle Kirke og flytte- des til den nye, ligeledes Vest-Saxernes Konge Ethelred 1 . Saavel i Harald Haardraades som i Edvard den Helliges Saga berettes det, at Kong Edvard dode i London og blev begraven i Pauls Kirke (var jardadr i Pals kirkju), J ) Jvfr. „The history and antiquities of London, by Thomas Allen, vol. Ill, London 1828" ; og isser C4 A Survey of London, conteyning the Original, Antiquity, Increase, Modern Estate, and Description, written in the year 1598 by John .Stow ; a new edition by William J. Thorns, London 1842". EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 67 og tilfoies der at han strax efter sin Dod forherligedes ved Mirakler, og han laa der i Jorden, lige til den hel- lige Erkebiskop Thomas tog ham op og lod ham laegge i et anseeligt Skriin. I Harald Haardraades Saga berettes endvidere, at Harald Godvinson, som derefter udraabtes til Konge, blev den 8de Dag i Julen 1066 sal vet i St. Pauls Kirke (var vigdr konungs vigslu i Pals kirkju) 1 . De forudskikkede Bemaerkninger ville tjene til at be- tegne Localiteten. Vi ville dernaest indfore Hr. Knowles Meddelelse om Fundet. Clapham Park December 1852. RUNE-GRAVSTEEN PRA ST. PAULS KIRKEGAARD 2 , LONDON. Den Steen, af hvis monumentale Afdeling den her- med folgende Astobning er en noiagtig Efterligning, blev opdaget ved Opgravning efter Grundvold for Messrs Cook Sooner & Co.'s nye Pakhuus paa Sydsiden af St. Pauls Kiikegaard, i August Maaned dette Aar. I en Dybde af noget mere end 20 Fod fra Overfladen, naaede man den naturlige Grundflade, bestaaende af en compact morkeguul sandsteenagtig Sand, som bedaekker et Lag af Kiselsteens-Gruus. Paa Overfladen af denne Sand fandtes den udhugne Steen, og ved- dens nordre Side var der udgravet en lang ildegjort Fordybning, haeldende fra Syd til Nord med en Vinkel af 16° til 20°, og denne indeholdt et Menneskeskelet. Hovedskallen med naesten alle Benene blev kastet i den nye Udhulning og saaledes begravet igjen ; men femur og tibia af det ene Been ') Haralds saga harSra5a c. 112, Fornmanna Sdgur VI, 396$ Saga JatvarSar konungs hins helga c. 6, Annaler f. nord. Oldk. og Hist, naerv. Bind p*30. — 2 ) Church-yard, et Navn paa en Gade, eller rettere den Raekke Huse paa begge Sider, som danne en oval Figur omkring St. Pauls-Kirken. 5* (58 K\ DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. tilligemed tibia af det andet bleve heldigviis opbevarede, og disse ere nu i min Besiddelse og gjemmes for det Bri- tiske Museum. Selve Stenen er af en meget skjor Oolith sandsynlig af Bath-Oolith. Dens Dimensioner ere: 1 Fod I0£ Tomme bred; 2 Fod 4 J Tomme lang ; da 10* Tomme af den nederste Deel vare nedgravne i Jorden, var Tykkclsen 4 Tommer ved den overste Deel og 5 Tommer ved den nederste nedgravne og kun grovt tilhuggede Ende. Den noiagtige Storrelse af den indhuggede Deel er 18J Tomme den ene Vei og 13| Tomme den anden. Det vil bemaerkes at Pladen er sonderbrudt i 4 Stykker, det femte Stykke blev kastet i en af de opfyldte Grave, men dets Tab er af ingen Vigtighed , eftersom hele den nederste Deel af Stenen er kun grovt tilhugget paa den mest kluntede Maade, og denne havde iiiensynlig vaeret nedgravet i Jorden. Kanten af Pladen viser , ved den Maade hvorpaa dens tilhuggede Overflade ender (det vil sige hele den Deel af Stenen , som ei var nedgravet) , den Heldings- Vinkel, under hvilken denne antiqve Hoved-Steen blev op- slillet. Denne var omtrent 30 °, idet Stenens indhuggede Front dannede en stump Vinkel med Jordens Overflade af naesten 60 °. Sculpturens overste Overflade har vaeret bedaekket med en meget morkeblaa Farve, som endnu er ret kjende- lig paa Orginalen. Runerne ere dybt indhuggede. Den Afstobning, som ledsager denne Meddelelse, kan man forlade sig paa som en tro Afskrift og et paalideligt Facsimile af saa meget af dette interessante Monument, som den indeholder. Det ovrige kan klart opfattes af efter- fdlgende Skitse (jfr. den her tilfoiede Afbildning af Stenen). P. S. Man kan gjore den Bemaerkning, at, hvorvel Rune-Inscriptionen bliver betragtet som ufuldstaendig af EN DANSK RUNESTEElV FUXDEK 1 L0XD0X. 60 adskillige engelske Laerde — saa opdages dog aldeles intet Spor af nogensomhelst anden Skrift paa Pladen — hvis Fuldendthed og fuldstaendige Opbevaring fore til den sikre Slutoing, at ingen videre Indskrift nogensinde for fandtes derpaa. Og hvad det tabte Stykke angaaer, saa niaa det, som allerede er bemaerket, have vaeret aldeles utilhugget — og saaledes nedgravet at det aldrig kom til- syne. Jeg vilde ogsaa hendrage Opmaerksomheden — som noget der er aldeles afgjorende — paa SIutnings-Linien, paa Pladens Kant, som, da den er en Fortsaettelse af den krumme Linie paa Stenens Front, synes at tilkjendegive Skriftens Fuldstaendighed i den Retning. James T. Kxowles. Efter den meddelte Afstobning give vi her (tab. I) en Afbildning af Stenen, seet fra Siden, saa at ogsaa den derpaa anbragte Runeindskrift bliver synlig. Iovrigt fremstiller denne Afbildning hele Pladen i en Sjettedeels Storrelse, saaledes som den forefandtes, Kun den overste Deel af Forsiden er udhugget med Forestillinger i Relief indenfor en Indfatning, der foroven i begge Hjorner er prydet med Arabesker. Der forestilles paa Pladen en phantastisk fiirfoddet Dyrfigur; det med tvende tilbage- staaende Takker forsynede Hoved er tilbagevendt og har to Hugtaender og fremstaaende Tunge; Kloerne have en saeregen krummet Form. Forunderlige Boininger og Sno- ninger ere anbragte over Dyrets bageste Deel samt tvaers over og mellem dets Hale og Bagbeen. En mindre Drage- figur er anbragt foran den storre Dyrfigur og med den bageste Deel, der ender sig i en tvedeelt Hale, snoet ind imellem det store Dyrs krydslagte Forbeen. Lignende Forestillinger af Dyr finder man paa ikke faa Runestene her i Borden; man sammenligne isaer 70 EN DAN8K RUNESTEEK FUNDEN I LONDON. f. Ex. de svenske Runestene, som ere afbildede i Bautil Nr. 383, 595, 639, 642, 644, 758, 760, 956, 968, og med Hensyn til Snoningerne isaer Nr. 560, 649, 653, 660 med flere. Vi gjenkjende de samme Motiver og den samme Kunstsmag, som Monumenteme fra Jellinge fremvise, saa- vel de i Thyres Hoi fundne Oldsager, for en stor Dee! bestaaende af Snitvaerk, som i Saerdeleshed Kong Gorm den Gamles Mindesteen 1 . Runeindskriften er anbragt paa Kanten til Venstre i samme Udstraekning som Forestillingen paa Siden, hvilket lader antage at den er fuldstaendig. Den er indhugget i to ved en Tvaerstreg afdelte Linier, saaledes at Slutnings- linien begynder ved den Ende, hvor den forste Linies sidste Rune staaer, og man maa vende sig for at laese den, hvad man i gammel grassk Skrift pleier at kalde Po\)ffTpoir; Lof- stadstenen (L 141, B 477): Kardar : auk : utirik, d. e. Kardar auk Kutirik; Tjursakerstenen (L 441, B 99): Sibi : auk : irmuntr, d. e. Sibi auk Kirmuntr ; Haringe- stenen (L 264): JJurbiurn : auk : nutr . . . hon salu kuf)S, d. e. Jiurbiurn auk Knutr . . . hons salu uk kuf>s; Hogelbystenen (L 816, B 685): auk ; ufraiij), d. e. auk Kuf)mu[). legia; der staaer egentlig K, men af Afbildningen vil bemaerkes, at her den Deel af Stenen mellem Hoved-Staven og Tvaerstregen foroven er afskallet, og har hoist rimelig en Prik vaeret anbragt i Aabningen, hvorved denne Afskalling lettere har kunnet foranlediges. Naar Y taenkes fordoblet, bliver det leggja efter almindelig islandsk Skrivemaade. stin for stein, ace. af steinn, en hyppig forekommende Skrivemaade af Ordet. *) J. G. Liljegren, Runurkunder, Stockholm 1833. — 2 ) Bautil m. Anra. af J. GOransson, Stockholm 1750. 72 ex daxsk ruxesteen funden i London. J)exsi, en Form som ogsaa jevnlig forekoramer for ace. penna af pessi, f. Ex. paa Soderby-Stenen (L 1356), Larfs-Stenen (L 1390). auk; saaledes skrives denne Conjunction saedvanlig i Runeindskrifterne. Tuki. et ofte forekommende nordisk, navnlig dansk Mandsnavn. Denne Indskrift bliver altsaa efter Olddanskens senere anvendte saedvanlige islandske Skrivemaade : Konall let leggja stein f)ensi (f)enna) ok Tiiki, d. e. Konal og Tuke lode laegge denne Steen. Konall er et islandsk eller oldnordisk Mandsnavn af irsk Oprindelse. ct Oct ConaiH", otte Konall bleve draebte i Slaget ved Magh Rath i Aaret 637 1 . Forta3llingen om dette Slag er fra Slutningen af det 12te Aarhundrede; Ud- giveren O'Donovan tilfoier i en Note: Conall er endnu i Brug blandt enkelte Familier som et Mands Egennavn, men almindeligst som et Familienavn, i hvorvel det ikke synes rimeligt at Familienavnet O'Connell udiedes fra det , efter- som dette er en angliseret Form fra det irske O'Conghail. Familien Conall nedstammer fra Conall Gulban, Son af Niall of the nine hostages, Eneherre over Irland i det 4de Aarhundrede 2 . Een af de Helgene, som dyrkedes paa den skotske Arran, hed ogsaa St. Conall 3 . a ) JvfY. The Banquet of Dun na n'gedh and the Battle of Magh Rath, an ancient historical tale, edited by J. O'Donovan, published by the Irish Archaeological Society, Dublin 1842 p. 290—291. — *) Jvfr. The Circuit of Ireland, by Muircheartach Mac Neill, Prince of Aileachj a poem, written in the year 942 by Cormacan Eigeas, chief poet of the North of Ireland, edited by J. O'Donovan, published by the Ir. Arch. Soc, Dublin 1841 p. 50. — 3 ) See A chorographical description of West or H-lar Connaught, by O'FIaherty, edited by J. Hardiman, publ. by the Ir. Arch. Soc, EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUND EX I LONDON. 73 I vort Nordeus, navnligeo Islands, Oldskrifter, er Konall et oftere forekommende Navn. Landnamabok an- forer alene sex Personer, der bare det. Berses Sooner Thormod den Gamle og Ketil droge fra Irland til Island og toge i Besiddelse hele Akranes paa Sonderlandet mellem Orrida-aa og Kalmans-aa; de vare irske; Kalman var ogsaa irsk , efter hvem Aaen er opkaldt , og boede forst paa Katanes. Thormod var Fader til Berse og Geirlaug, som var gift med Onund breidskegg, deres Son var den bekjendte Tungu-Odd. Ketils Son var Jorund den Christne, som boede paa Jorundarholt paa Akranes, senere benaevnt Gardar. Edna var en Datter af Ketil Bersason; bun var gift med en Mand paa Irland, som hed Konall. deres Son var Asolf alskik ; ban udvandrede til Island og landede i Osar i Ostfjordene. Han var vel christen og vilde ikke have Omgang med Hedningerne og ikke mod- tage Spise af dem. De droge tolv sammen ostenfra, ind- til de kom til Thorgeir den Hordskes Gaard i Holt under Ofjeldene og opsatte der deres Telt. Der byggede Asolf sig en Skaale under Ofjeldene paa ' det Sted, som nu hedder den ostligste Asolfs Skaale ; man var begjerlig efter at vide, hvad han havde til Fode, og man bemaerkede da i Skaalen mange Fiske. Der lob en Aa taet ved Asolfs Skaale; det var i Begyndelsen af Vinteren, Aaen blev strax fuld med Fiske. Thorgeir besvaerede sig over at de benyttede bans Fiskeplads. Asolf drog da bort derfra og byggede sig en anden Skaale, senere kaldet Midskaale. laengere vesterpaa ved en anden Aa, som benaevnes Ir-aa, eftersom de vare irske Maend. Da de nu kom til denne Aa, var den strax opfyldt af Fiske, saa at Folk syntes Dublin 1846 p. 75. Det bemferkes at et < t Castle Connell" omtales i Jacobi Grace Kilkenniensis Annales Hiberniae, ed. by the Rev. B. Butler, publ. by the lr. Arch. Soo. Dublin 1842 p. 83. 7-i EN DAN8K RUNE8TEEK FUNDEN I LONDON. ikke at have seet saadant Under, men nu vare alle Fiske borte af den ostligere beliggende Aa. Da joge Herredets Beboere dem bort derfra, og Asolf drog nu laengere vest paa, hvor han byggede den vestligste Asolfs-Skaale; men det gik her paa samme Maade. Bonderne ansaae dem for trold- kyndige, ihvorvel Thorgeir paastod at de vare brave Maend. Om Vaaren droge de bort og vesterpaa til Akranes til Asolfs Fraende Jorund. Denue indbod ham til at forblive hossig; men da han onskede ikke at vrere hos andre Folk, lod Jorund opfore et Huus for ham paa Indre-Holm; der- hen bragte de ham Spise, og der var han, saalaenge han levede. Der blev han ogsaa begraveo, og hvor hans Grav- sted er, opfortes en Kirke. Han holdes for at vaere en meget hellig Mand, om hvem ogsaa Legender berettes 1 . Den ovennaevnte Kalman var af syderoisk Slaegt; han udvandrede til Island, landede i Hvalfjord i Sydfjerdingen og nedsatte sig ved Kalmansaa , men tog siden Land i Besiddelse vestenfor Hvitaa mellem denne og Fljot , hele Kalmanstunga, hvor han bosatte sig. Kylan hed Kalmans Broder, hans Son var Kare, som havde Stridigheder med Karle paa Karlastad, der var frigiven af Rolf paa Geitland; denne Karles Fader hed Konall og var upaatvivlelig ogsaa en Irlaender 2 . Dette Navn kan, som ovenanfort, antages at vaere fra Irland kommet til Island, hvor saavel i som efter Landnamstiden flere bare det. Saaledes hed Olver Barna- karls Sonneson Konall , hvis Datter Alfdis den Bareyske aegtede den beromte Landnamskone Aude den Grundriges Sonneson Oleif feilan, Son nemlig af hendes Son Thorstein Rod , der havde vaeret Konge over en Deel af Skotland men var falden i et Slag imod Skotterne 3 . Samme Navn ') Landnamabdk I, 15, Isl. SOgur I p. 49—52. — ') Landn. Ill, 1, Isl. Sflgur 1 p. 64-65. — 3 ) Landn. II, 19- V, II, Isl. Siigur 1 p. H6, 309. E!f DANSK RUNE8TEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 75 bar ogsaa en Son af Ketil fra Hordaland i Norge og denne Konals Sonneson , Sokkes Son, lied igjen Konall. Starafaderen Ketil Thorsteinson boede i Reykjadal paa Nordlandet, hvor den danske Maud Nattfare, der i Aaret 863 var fulgt ud med Islands forste Opdager Gardar Svavarson , havde, et Decennium for Nordmanden Ingolf kom til Landet, nedsat sig og tilkjendegivet sin Besiddelses- tagen af Districtet ved Maerker paa Traeerne, men hvorfra Ketils Broder Einar havde fordrevet ham, saa han maatte tage sin Bopael i den efter ham opkaldte Nattfaravig. Man traeffer saaledes Navnet Konall saavel paa Sonder- og Vester- landet som paa Nordlandet i Landnamstiden , og det har ogsaa i den folgende Tid vedligeholdt sig i Landet. I den ma3rkelige Praestefortegnelse af 1143, affattet for det fore- staaende Bispevalg og indeholdende Navnene paa nogle ansete Praester , som vare indfodte i Island , forekommer paa Nordlandet Bjarne Conalsson l . I Beretniogen om Slaget paa Videnes 1208 mellem Biskop Gudmund Arason og Kolbein Tumason naevnes blandt de Maend, der under- stottede Biskoppen og strede tappert paa hans Side, Konall Sokkason , uden Tvivl , efter Navnene at domme, der gjerne vedligeholdt sig i Familien , en Descendent af den ovennaevnte Mand af samme Navn 2 . I Beretningen om Eyulf Thorsteinsons Angreb paa Gissur Thorvaldson paa Flugumyre i 1253 naevnes blandt Eyulfs Vaabenfaeller Ragnhildes Sooner Brynju-Hallr og Konall 3 . Ogsaa her i selve Scandinavien finder man Navnet Konall anvendt i en tidlig Periode; det forekommer saa- ledes i Indskriften paa en Runesteen i Upland, paa Trock- hammar-Stenen i Ska Sogn , Farentuna Herred (L 356, B 286): Kiulakr : lit : raisa : stain : iftir : kvih svain sin : 2 ) Isl. S6gur 1 p. 381 og facsimilet tab. iij. — 2 ) Sturlunga Saga II p. 5, 6, 12. — 3 ) Sturlunga Saga 111 p. 131. 76 EN DANSK RUNB8TEE.V FUNDEN I LONDON. KlYM'h (Kunal) , der efter den saedvanlige Retakrivning maatte hedde: Kjulakr let reisa stein eftir kvikan svein sinn Kunal, d. e. Kjulak Iod reise denne Steen efter sin raske Svend Kunal. Navnet Toki var allerede fra aeldgamle Tider anvendt i Danmark saavelsom i andre Dele af Norden. Blandt Harald Hildetands Kaemper i Slaget paa Brovallahede na3vnes i Sogubrot af Skjoldiinga Saga 1 en Toki og blandt de flere, som Saxo fortrinsviis anforer som ypperlige i dette Slag, var ogsaa denne tt Toki Jumensi provincia ortus (fra Jura eller Jom)'' 2 . Saavel Saxo som andre historiske Skrifter anfore baade tidligere og senere flere Personer af dette Navn. Meget hyppig forekommer ogsaa det samme Navn i Runeindskrifter saavel i Danmark som i Sverige, og skrives det derstundum T4M, men oftest, aldeles som i Londoner- Stenen, ThKI, der i nyere Dansk er gaaet over til Tyge (Tycho). Sjeldnere forekomme Formerne t^KIR. og (>hKlK. Vi ville her indskraenke os til at naevne alene tre af de Runestene i Sverige, paa hvilke dette Navn forekommer. I Angarns Sogn, Vallentuna Herred i Upland, Jigger en Steen (L 969 , B 94) til Erindriug om en Tukir , som omkom i Graekenland; i Hogby Sogn , Gostrings Herred i Ostergotland findes en (L 1180, B 882), som en Jukir har sat efter sin Faetter Asur , der ogsaa dode i Gra3ken. land. Paa Kaga-Stenen, Hanekinds Herred i Ostergotland (L 1145, B 850) la3ses : Ruf)r : risti : stin : j)ansi : eftir; Tuki : bru[)ur : sin : sar : var J) : tribin : a: I lati : tri£r: ar[)a : ku[)r:, efter saedvanlig Skrivemaade: Riitr (Hriitr) risti stein ftenna eftir Tuki, bro^ur sinn, sa er varo drepinn a Englandi (a Mlanti eller a Eylandi) , drengr harola go&r, d. e. Rut ristede denne Steen efter sin Broder Tukii , a ) Fornaldar Sfigur NorSrlanda, ed. C. C. Rafn, 1 p. 379. — u ) Hist. Danica, rec. P. E. Mliller 1. p. 379. EN DANSK RTJNESTEEN FUNDEN 1 LONDON. 77 som blev draebt i England, en meget brav Mand. Paa Rune- stene i Danmark finder man dette Navn endnu hyppigere, og er der Formen WKI almindeligst. Paa Hjarup-Stenen, Up- akra Sogn, Bara Herred i Skane (L 1439, W 154 1 ) laeses: Nafni : risf>i : stin : f)isi . iftir : Tuka : bropur sin .... han : var]) : vistr : tuf)r : d. e. Nafne ristede denne Steen efter sin Broder Tuke , han dode i Vesterleden , altsaa paa de britiske Oer. I Heilestad Kirkemuur, Torna Herred, lige- ledes i Skane, forekommer Navnet Tuki (gen. og ace. Tuka) paa tre Stene (L 1440-1442, B 1164, 1172) fern Gange og naevnes en ThKI • KhfcYh: HIM*, Tuki Kurms sun d. e. Toke Gormsson. Paa Bregninge Stenen , Musse Herred paa Laaland (L J 490, W 262) naevnes tvende Tuke'r. Aars Stenen i Aalborg Amt har tvende Indskrifter, den ene i Fornyr&alag, over Hovdingen Valtoke, |\+|^N\K+ (acc.\ et Navn dannet af valr, en Hog eller en Valplads, og Tuki, ligesom Valbrandr, Valborg 2 . Thordrup-Stenen, Hundborg Hoved, Thisted Amt, (L 1507, W 293) naevner en Tuku, TI\KI\ (ace.), ligesom Navnet anfores, ligeledes i flee, Tuko , 1^hK+ paa Falsberga-Stenen , Valby Sogn, Trogds Herred i Upland (L 688, B 615). Tillidse-Stenen i Sonder Herred paa Laaland (L 1609, W 252-253), ligesom Staby-Stenen i Ostmo Sogn i Sodermanland (L 834, B 673), har Navnet Toki 'TfcKl, aldeles som Oldskrifterne, og et Rogelse- kar (L 1960) i Museet for nordiske Oldsager i Kjoben- havn: Toke. Ellers forekommer Tuki. Den Tuki smif)r, som omtales paa Runestenen ved Kirkedoren i Grendsteen i Viborg Amt (L 1513, W 313) er mulig den samme, hvem en nylig paa Horning Mark i Skanderborg Amt funden, hidtil ubekjendt, Ruuesteen skyldes , paa hvilken laeses : Tuki : smibr : ri{) : stin : ift : Jurgisl : Ku[)mutar : ') O. Worm , Monuraenta Danica. — 5 ) Finn Magnnsens Undersogelse i Ant. Tidsskrift 1843-1845 p. 182-185 og tab. V. 78 E\ DAXSK RUNRSTFRA PUNDEW I LONDON. sun : is : hanum : kaf : ku|) : uk : frialsi , efter sa3dvanlig Skrivemaade : Toki smior reit stein eftir JorgisI Guo- mundarson, is honum gaf guo ok frjalsi, d. e. Toke Smed ristede Runerne paa Stenen efter Thorgils Gudmundson, som gav ham Gud (omvendte ham til Christendommen) og Frihed. Foruden paa tidligere bekjendte forekommer Navnet WKI ogsaa paa tvende nylig fundne , den ene i Gylling By i INaerheden af Horsens, den anden paa Fjelle- rad Mark i Gunderup Sogn , Aalborg Amt. Blandt de danske Toker ere imidlertid de, der tilhore den beromte fyenske Slagt, de i Historien maerkeligste *. Ton a Fjoni havde med sin Kone Thorvor tvende Sonner Aki eller Aage , som draebtes af Harald Blaatands Maend, fordi man frygtede hans Magt, og Palner eller Paine. Palnes Son var den beromte Palnatokei Fyen, en af den Tids maegtigste Maend i Danmark. Han gjorde, omtrent i Aaret 956, et Tog til England og kom til Bretland eller Wales, hvor han aegtede Olof, en Datter af Stefner Jarl; han (ik da Jarlsnavn og det halve af Stefner Jarls Rige, hvis Be- styrelse han overdrog til Bjorn den Bretske , Olofs Fost- broder , der havde raadet til Giftermaalet. Med sin Kone havde han Sonnen Aage (Aki), der var Fostbroder til Kong Haralds Son Svend Tveskaeg, hvem Palnatoke understottede imod hans Fader. Palnatoke besogte jevnlig sin Sviger- fader i Bretland , men opholdt sig dog i laengere Tid for det meste i Danmark. Efter Styrbjorns Dod blev han Hovding i Jomsborg og gav Jomsvikingerne Love. Efterat han (i 985) havde draebt Harald Blaatand, og Svend Tveskaeg var udraabt til Konge , reiste han igjen til Bretland , hvor hans Svigerfader var dod , hvis Rige han nu tog i Be- siddelse. Da han , Iedsaget af Bjorn den Bretske , efter *) Jvfr. J6msvikinga Saga c. 14 flg. , Fornmanna Sogur II p. 43 flg. EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. 79 Svend Tveskaegs Indbydelse, var tilstede ved det af denne (i 988) foranstaltede Gravol efter Faderen, var Halvdelen af hans Mandskab Danske og den anderi Halvdeel Britter. Paa dette Gravol vedkjendte Palnatoke sig Haralds Drab og drog derefter igjen tilhage til Bretland og herjede efter Olofs Dod i flere Somre paa Skotland og Irland. Hans Sonneson, den unge V T agn Aageson (Akason) var optagen i Forbundet i Jomsborg og deeltog med Jomsvikingerne i Slaget i Hjorungavaag 995 , hvor ban toges til Fange men skjenkedes Livet. Han havde en Son, som hed Aage og var Hovding paa Bornholm (f 1020) og denne igjen en Son Vagn (f c. 1050), hvis Son Aage ogsaa var Hovding paa Bornholm (f 1080). Grev Pallig eller Paling, upaatvivlelig Paine, som var gift med Gunnhild, en Datter af Harald Blaatand, kom fra Danmark til England , hvor han med sin Kone gik over til Christendommen. Han holdt snart med det ene, snart med det andet af de da i England stridende Partier. Han blev rigelig begavet med Jordegods , Guld og Solv af Kong Ethelred , men , da Kongen hadede de i Landet vaerende Danske, lod ogsaa denne sig bestemme til at tage sine Landsmaends Parti. Efter Kong Ethelreds Befaling, udstaedt til de forskjellige Landskaber i England, at myrde alle der boende Danske uden Hensyn til Stand, Alder eller Kjon, udfortes dette skraekkelige Blodbad paa St. Briccii Dag, den 13de November, 1002. Blandt de ved denne Leilighed myrdede var ogsaa Grev Paine og hans Hustru Gunnhild samt deres spaede Son. Denne Paine var hoist rimelig, hvilket Suhm ogsaa antager, en Son af Palnatoke, opkaldt efter dennes Fader. Derfor synes at tale saavel Navnet som Svogerskabet og den Betydning, denne Mand vandt i England strax ved hans Ankomst i dette Land; l ) Suhms Hist, af Danmark 3 B. S. 337 flg., 350-351. 80 K\ DANSK RVNB8TREM VU,\DKN I LONDON. og neppe har han eller Broderen undladt , efter den Tids almindelige Skik , at opkalde en af sine Sonner efter sin beromte Fader. At en saadan Toke ikke naevnes i vore nordiske Oldskrifter , kan have sin rimelige Grund i den Omstaendighed , at han er bleven opdragen i England og er forbleven der bosiddende. Antager man en saadan Toke fodt i 990 og en Son af ham , hvem man har givet det i Familien hyppige Navn Aage, 30 Aar derefter i 1020, saa vilde i Aaret 1050 Faderen have vaeret 60 Aar gammel og Sonnen 30 Aar. Omtrent fra dette Aar , eller i alt Fald fra eet af Aarene 1046-1060, er et Gavebrev af Biskop Ealdred (Wigornensis ecclesiae episcopus) til Munkene ved vor Frue St. Marise Kirke i Worcester (Uuigornaceastre), ifolge hvilket han skjenker til denne Kirke et Landgods (rus) 9 kaldet Deotinctun , tilligemed en dertil liggende Landsby iElfsigestun. Dette Landgods havde Kongens meget maegtige og *rige Hirdmand (proepotens et dives minister regis) Toke for sin Levetid besiddet frit for alle Afgifter med Undtagelse af de Kongelige , men han havde for sin Dod ved Testament skjenket det til Biskoppen formedelst det mellem dem bekraeftede Venskab og for sin Sjaels Fred; men hans Son ved Navn Aage (Aki) i en maegtig Mand og ligeledes Kongens Hofsinde, vilde gjore Faderens Testa- ment ugyldigt og tilbagefordrede Landgodset som sig III- horende ifolge hans Arveberettigelse efter Faderen. Da imidlertid saavel Kongen som Leofric Jarl og denne Pro- vinds's ovrige ypperste Maend bifaldt og samtykte Gaven, havde Aage mod et Vederlag af 8 Mark reneste Guld overdraget ham det, frigjort saavel fra hans Fordring som fra hvilkensomhelst Fordring , der kunde grunde sig paa Arveberettigelse, og ved et ved Vidner bekraeftet skriftligt Document bestemt, at Biskoppen skulde kunne uden nogen Modsigelse give eller saelge det til hvemsomhelst han vilde. EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FU^DEN I LONDON. 81 Dette maerkelige Document er underskrevet af Kong Edvard og Dronning Eadgid, af selve Biskop Ealdred, af Hoveds. maendene Leofric , iElfgar og Odda , og af Hirdmaendene Ovvine, Wagen, Berthric iElfgarson, Atsor og Osgod. Af de her naevnte Vidner er Wagen (Vagn) riraeligviis af selv samme Sla?gt, og, ligesom Odda, Adzer (Ozur) og Asgaut, af dansk Herkomst. Det er upaatvivlelig den samme her naevnte Toki, der ogsaa anfores i en Deel andre Documentor fra den naermest foregancnde Tid , saaledes i et af Knud den Store af 1019, hvor han na3vnes: Toga minister, i et af samme 1033: Tokig miles, i et af Biskop iEdelnod i 1033: Tokig, i et af Hardeknud 1042 ligeledes: Tokig miles, i et af Eadweard 1042: Toky minister, i et af Eadweard 1043: Dokig minister. Sonner upaatvivlelig af denne Toke: Care (Kari), Ulf og Askyl naevnes i Documenter af 1046 og 1060 2 . Vi have her en Toke fra den Tid, den i Loudon fundne Runesteen kan antages at vaere, og er det vist Ikke usandsynligt , at det er netop ham , som naevnes i dens Indskrift. De puncterede Runers Anvendelse i Indskriften, I , som forekommer tre Gange, og Y , der rimeligviis maa Iaeses saaledes i det treclie Ord , henviser til en noget senere Tid, end den de aeldste bevarede Runeindskrifter tilhore, og passer godt for den her angivne Tidsalder. En Saeregenhed ved Runerne er ogsaa de paa Bi- stavene eller Tvaerstregeme anbragte Prikker. Aldeles lig- nende findes paa den ene af Sjonhem-Stenene paa Gulland a ) See Codex diplomaticus aevi Saxonici ; opera Johannis M. Kemble, Londini t. IV. 1816, p. 75, 138-139 ; 141-113; t. VI. 1848 p. 194, 195, 197. Jvfr. The Saxon Chronicle ed. John Ingram p. 284-285 , hvor der ved Aaret 1079 narvnes en Tokig Viggodes sun. 6 82 EN DANSK RUNESTEEN FUNDEN I LONDON. (L 1592) ifolge en mig af Carl Save velvilligen med- deelt, nylig af hans Broder P. A. Save udfort Tegning; og kan denne Indskrift , som omtaler en Mand , der blev draebt i Valachiet, rimeligviis ogsaa antages at vaere fra det samme Aarhundrede. Paa disse Sjonhem-Stene findes Slangeflgurer med Slyngninger, der ligne dem, som ere an- bragte paa og ved de paa Londoner-Stenen forestillede Dyr. Som ovenanfort, findes de samme Motiver paa Gorm den Gamles Mindesteen ved Jellinge, der egner sig til at fremstilles til Sammenligning. De her ommeldte Documenter ere udgivne i u Codex diplomaticus aevi Saxonici opera Johannis M. Kemble". Da dette vigtige Vaerk er sjeldent her i Norden , har jeg troet det hensigtsmaessigt at vedfoie her fire af disse Documenter, af hvilke de tvende angelsaxiske meddeeltes med Oversaettelse af George Stephens. De to forste af disse Documenter vedkomme Donationer af Kong Knud den Store til St. Pauls Monasterium eller Kirke i London, det tredie af Erkebiskop iEdelnod anmelder en testamen- tarisk Bestemmelse af Tokigs (rimeligviis den samme Tokes) Fraende Wulfnad , og det fjerde er ovenmeldte Actstykke af Biskop Ealdred, vedkommende det Testament, hvorved Kongens maegtige og rige Hofsinde Toke over- drog Biskoppen Landgodset Deotinctun med tilliggende Landsby ^Ifsigestun. MCCCXIX. CNUT, omtrent 1033 (t. VI p. 183). "J" Ic Cnud cyng grete mine biscopes and mine eorles and ealle mine [)egenas on oan sciran ftaer mine preostas on sanctes Paules mynstre habbab land inne freondh'ce; and ic ci5e eow AUSI*: *) Paa den forreste Side ere nn ved Afstbdning enkelte Trsek beskadigede; denne Beskadigelse fandtes ikke i Worms Tid, hvis Afbildning har disse Runer fuldsttendige , men derimod i Abild- gaards 1771. Den her meddelte Afbildning viser ved fulde Streger hvad der endnu er synligt af disse Runer. For Noiagtigheds Skyld tilfuies ioviigt her Pastor Kemps Bemacrkningcr derom : , t I anden Linie cr af anden Rune Hovedstaven og c!en venstre Deel afTvser- stregen tydelig, den hoireDeel derimod naesten udslettet: den tredie Rune er saa at sige ganske udslettet, den fjerde Rune sees tydelig nok. Af tredie Lir.ies anden Rune sees Hovedstaven tydelig, Tvaer- stregerne derimod ere naesten udslettede; af den tredie Rune er den venstre Hage naesten udslettet, Hovedstaven og hoire Hage ere derimod tydelige." — 2 ) Den lite Rune i forste Sides anden Linie havde Adam Miiller givet med en Tvaerstreg paa Hovedstaven ( r), medens derimod Worm og Abildgaard her have alene n. Jeg antog denne Tvaerstreg, som maatte antyde et ^, der ikke her kunde passe, for en tilfaeldig Ridse i Stenen, og bad derfor Pastor Kemp niiie at eftersce denne Rune, om der fandtes nogen Tvaerstreg paa a*) JOO GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELMNGE. AFF: 50RVI: KUNU: SINA: TANMARKAR: BUT. Omskrcven efter saedvanlig islandsk Orthographie: Gornir komingr geroi kunibl {)etta ([)essi) eftir 5yri, konu sina, Dan- markarbot, d. e. Kong Gorm gjorde denne Hoi over sin Kone Thyre Danmarks Pryd. GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. Kong Gorms Mindesteen er ligeledes af Granit; dens Grundflade danner en Trekant, hvis ene Side med Hoveddelen af Indskriften bar forneden en Brede af 8 Fod 10 Tommer, den anden, hvorpaa en phantastisk Dyrefigur, 5' 2" og den tredie, hvorpaa en Christusfigur, 5', altsaa den hele Steen 19' i Omkreds forneden. Stenen, hvis Hiiide over Jorden er 8' 2" gaaer pyramidalsk op i en Spids. Paa den anden Side er foroven til venstre et stort Stykke borte, omtrent I' i Hoide, 13" i La?ngde og 8" i Brede eller Dybde. Paa den forste Side findes den storste Deel af Ind- skriften i fire ved dobbelte Tvserstreger fra hinanden ad- skilteLinier. Tvaerstregerne udvikle sig for Enderne i Sno- ninger, der fortsa3ttes ovenfor Indskriften. Den her i Texten p. 318 tilfdiede Afbildning fremstiller denne Side af Stenen med Hoveddelen af Indskriften, der fortsaettes og fuldfores paa de tvende andre Sider. dens Hovedstav, hvilken i saa Fald rimelig kunde vaere vendt den modsatte Led, betegnende t, ei %. Hr. Kemp bemaerker at der staaer tydelig n og aldeles sikkert at den fflrste Stav ikke har Tvaerstregen for 1*, ihvorvel man kan skjelne Grunden til at denne Rune er tegnet saalcdes, da der neden for Stavens Midte findes en tilfaeldig Ridse i Stenen. Om derimod denne Runes forreste Stav har ovenover denne tilfseldige Ridse, altsaa paa Stavens Midte, en den modsatte Vei vendende TvajrstregC'T), tflr ban ikke bekraefte og heller ikke benaegte, da dervirkelig 4 ,sees Spor af en saadan Streg". GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEElV I JELL1NGE. 101 Paa den anden Side, af hvilken en Afbildning her med- deles tab. II, sees et phantastisfc fiirfoddet Dyr, der har nogen Overeensstemmelse med det paa Londoner -Stenen fremstillede, hvis lignende Kloer dog ere noget mere ud- forte; det har, ligesom dette, en fremstaaende omboiet Tunge men opreiste Takker. Ha!en ender sig i en fiirdeelt Svands; omkring Dyrets Hals, Krop og Hale er snoet en fuldstaendig Slangefigur med Hoved og Hale. Den anden Side adskilles fra den tredie af en Slags dobbeit gothisk Soile, der er dannet af tvende Snoninger. Disse udvikle sig i fortsatte Slyngninger og Snoninger, der tjene som Indfatning af de paa de tvende Sider anbragte Forestillinger. Underneden denne Indfatning fortsaettes Ind- skriften med een Linie paa den anden Side og sluttes ligeledes med een Linie paa den tredie. Paa den tredie Side, som er her afbildet tab. Ill, forestilles en skaegget Mandsfigur med en ved Kors betegnet Giorie omkring Hovedet. Denne er upaatvivlelig en Christus- figur; dens aabne Arme synes ikke at vaere udstrakte men kun betegnende. Den er ifort en snaevert sluttende kort Kjole, og Benene synes at vaere ubedaekkede. Slyngninger, der have Lighed med Slangesnoninger , skjont dog intet Slangehoved her er synligf, omgive Figuren til alle Sider og omfatte tillige saavel Kroppen som Armene. Indskriften paa den forste Side er ved de ovenanforte tidligere Undersogelser bragt til naesten fuldstaendig Klarhed 1 . Ordene (+h eller) |+H:hhA i 4de Linie, som tidligere vare urig- tig aftegnede (hos Worm K+H V ; A), Iseste, ligesom Areudt tid- •) Ved den 16de Rune i anden Linie 9 bernserkes, at Adam Miillers Tegning her forneden har to smaae Hager, som skulde antyde A 5 disse have hverken Worms eller Abildgaards Afbildninger, og de maae derfor antages tilfoiede i en senere Tid, upaatvivlelig af en Rune-Dilettant, der ikke har forstaaet Oldsprogets Former ', de have altsaa in gen Vserd og maa udelades. 102 GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. ligere, Finn Magnusen, efterat Indskrifren var renset, upaa- tvivlelig saaledes rigtig, og Adam Miiller har ligeledes gjen- givet dem i sin Tegning, ligesom Pastor Kemp har, efter min Anmodning, netop noie efterseet disse Ord og derved gjort den Bemaeikning, at der mellem det forangaaende Navns Slutningsrune K. og Begyndelsesbogstavet I er en paa den nedenstaaende Afbildning bemaerket Udspaltning i Stenen, rimeligviis foranlediget ved et Skilletegn, som der har vaeret aubragt. Midtstregen i det andet Ords Slutningsrune A er nu aldeles usynlig, og Figuren viser sig som A. Af disse Ord gav Finn Magnusen den Fortolkning at \\H var det relative Pronomen is, es, der siden gik over til at blive er, og hMv, sor, Imperfectum af sverja, svaerge. Han formente nemlig at der sigtedes til den Ed, Kong Harald hoitidelig aflagde om at antage og befordre den christne Tro. Rask, som bemaerker: k : h+Kl> : *M>fc : + : IhTh+TI : fch : HKhhf I : Rfc* : *\l : IKh+ht>h, d. e. SA'R VARJ> TUJR A IUTLATI ON ') Hist, af Danmark 3, p. 13S. 104 GORM DEN GAMLE8 MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. SKULTI FARA TIL IKLANJS, efter almindelig Ret- skiivning: t ,sa er var5 dau5r a Jotlandi en skyldi fara til Englands". Det kunde ogsaa vaere taenkeligt at der oprindelig ikke har staaet |+4, som dog er en noget tvivlsom, neppe i aeldre Runeindskrifter forekommende, Form, uagtet man vel senere finder |+A, men alene: +4, som oftere traeffes, f. Ex. paa den ene Steen i Nykirke Sogn, Jonakers Herred i Sodermanland (L 895, B77I), som tvendeBrodre havde reist til Erindring om deres Broder Svire eller Sverre, som dode i England: +4 : |\+fc> : *+|\&fc : fc : IKN-VN d. e. AS VAR5 TAUTR O IKLA1NTI, efter almindelig Skrive- brug ( es varo dauSr a Englandi". For at betegne at det folgende Ord var en tilfoiet Forklaring af det alt staaende foraeldede Ord, har Runeristeren forlaenget Skilletegnet (:) til en Streg og udhugget et nyt Skilletegn foran, der har foranlediget den omtalte Udspaltning. Arendt allerede har laest disse to Ord 1*4 : hh/k og antager at den foregaaende Streg er en mislykket Rune, der ikke skulde medtages ved Laesningen ; han har bema3rket at dens Afstand fra den folgende Character er lidt storre end saedvanlig. Uden at antage noget Tidsforlob inden den paafolgende Slutnings Indristning kunde man ogsaa antage at den her ommeldte Misristning af 1+4 istedenfor +4 har foranlediget Risteren til strax at tilfoie 4fc/k> for at Meningen sikrere skulde kunne fatres. De 4 sidste Runer i fjerde Linies Slutningsord ere temmelig utydelige i Tegningen og have af flere vaeret an- sete for ulaeselige. Imidlertid har Hr. Kemp gjentagne Gauge under fordelagtig Belysning tydelig kunnet see disse Runer og, naar Belysningen faldt skarpt paa dem, kunnet sikkert forfolge Traekkene, om hvis Laesniog der vistnok ingen Tvivl kan vaere. GOR.H DEN 6AMLE8 MINDESTEEN I JELLIXGE. 105 Indskriften i Linien underneden Dyrefiguren paa den andeo Side er ogsaa tidligere laest og utvivlsom 1 . I Slutningslinien under Mandsfiguren paa tredie Side har man derimod alene gjengivet det forste Ord, den forste Rune af det andet Ord og Slutningsordet; af de niidterste 8 eller 9 Runer bleve kun enkelte svage Traek med Usik- kerhed bemaerkede. Vor forste Runolog og efter ham vor forste nordiske Sprogforsker bar, som ovenfor bemaerket, hver isaer under- kastet selve Monumentet en noiagtig Undersogelse, men ingen af dem har dristet sig til at udfylde Lacunen og, saavidt mig bekjendt, helier ingen anden for eller efter dem. Noget vovelig og uden stort Haab om et gunstigt Resultat syntes derfor et Forsog paa at udfinde hvad der har staaet at maatte blive. Imidlertid forekom det mig, isaer da dette Mindesmaerke borer til vore allervigtigste her i Danmark, at man ikke burde meddele denne Indskrift uden at gjore et fornyet Forsog. Laerdom og Skarpsind til at fortolke en vanskelig Text er ikke altid forenet med Oie til at skimte haM udslidle eller forasldede Traek; hertil kommer at man ved fortsat, ofte gjentageu Betragtning af en saadan naesten halvt udslettet Indskrift under forskjellig Belysning, ikke alene naar den er beskinnet af Solly set men ogsaa efter Solnedgang, dog muligen kan have den Tilfredsstillelse at skimte enkelte forhen ubemaerkede Traek. Det gaaer i den Henseende med forvittret Lapidarskrift *) Alle Runerne i denne Linie ere tydelige og den eidste har baade Worm, Abildgaard og Adam Miiller gjengivet som Y , men da den i A. Fabricius's lllustreret Danmarks Historie meddelte Ra- dering her har T med Tvasrstregen noget lavere end paa den fore- gaaende Rune, effersaae Hr. Kemp denne Linies Slutningsrune og bemaerker at der staaer u aldeles tydelig Y uden at der er mindste 8por af nogen Tvserstreg over Linien, hverken forsaetlig eller til- fjeldig". 100 GORM DEN GAMLES MINDE8TEEN 1 JELLINGE. ligesom med de udslidte eller afblegede Skrifttraek i Skind- btiger og paa ganile Papirsblade, hvor man ved oftere gjen- tagne Forsog stundum kan laese meget endog med Sikkerhed, som man forste Gang bavde anseet fuldkommen ulaeseligt. Foranlediget af saadan Betragtning anmodede jeg Pastor Kemp om at gjore gjentagne Forsog paa at spore enkelte Traek. Med storste Beredvillighed ydede ban mig denne vaesentlige Bistand, som jeg meget paaskjonner. Han be- tragtede Indskriften til forskjellige Tider paa Dagen og under forskjellige Belysninger, ogsaa efter Solnedgang, hvorefter ban nieddelte mig de Traek, som ban troede med Sikkerhed at bave opdaget. Jeg havde tidligere ikke vovet nogen Gisning, men i den Tanke, at det andet Ord, der sikkert saaes at begynde med et T, maatte vaere et Verbum, bad jeg ham dernaest at eftersee, om Ordet ikke kunde vaere 'tftK; jeg taenkte nemlig at der maatte staae tok (til), naar det ikke kunde vaere NT (let). Han beskrev noie hvert synligt Traek og bragde det til Vished, at denne Gisning ikke kunde vaere rigtig, og jeg lededes derefter ved de be- tegnede og beskrevne Traek til en anden Fortolkning. Liniens Indskrift deels saaes, deels skimtedes at vaere som den her gjengives: 12 3 4. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 og folgende. Runerne 1 — 4 ere aldeles tydelige og allerede af Worm, Abildgaard og Arendt gjengivne. Arendt bar dog kun af 4, 5, 6 gjengivet det overste Parti * li og, ligesom Abild- gaard, af de naermest folgende til Slutningsordet aldeles intet. Sogende, som ovenanfort, et Verbum i denne Linie, forespurgfe jeg mig dog, om ikke den forste Rune kunde vaere T, men fik den Oplysning at der aldeles ingen Tvivl var om at denne Rune maatte laeses +. Runen 5 havde Hr. Kemp betegnet som I Juldkommen tydclig", ligesom Worm ogsaa havde givet den; men jeg GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 107 bad ham, efter at jeg havde fattet Meningen, at eftersee, om der ikke skulde findes den antydede Tvaerstreg, og han s^arede derpaa at der kan foles og tildeels sees en svag Fordybning eller Afskygning i Stenen som en Tvaerstreg, men at Indskriften paa dette Sted ikke gaaer meget dybt ind i Stenen. Forst senere saae jeg at ogsaa Adam Muller havde paa sin Tegning svagt antydet den samme Tvaerstreg. Tvaerstregen over 6 (f) er ganske tydelig, og allerede Worm har her den selv^amme Rune. Af Runen 7 (+), som Worm har laest I, er Hoved- staven aldeles tydelig og Tvaerstregen kan temmelig sikkert baade sees og foles, saa at der om samme ikke kan vaere nogen Tvivl. Derimod skjonnes der ikke at vaere noget Skilletegn efter. Runen 8 viser sig kun som en Streg, hvoraf dog kun den nederste Deel er aldeles tydelig; ganske utydelige Spor sees eller tildeels foles af opadgaaende Tvaerstreger, saaledes som antydet. Med Sikkerhed kunde denne Rune ikke af Hr. Kemp laeses. Worm har givet den som K, har altsaa kun seet een opadgaaende Tvaerstreg, uagtet han har for- modet, at det maatte vaere Y. Runen 9 er temmelig tydelig at see; istedenfor [\ har Worm her +:, men sin Laesning af denne og de 4 naermest folgende Runer (TMlK) har han anseet for usikker. De tvende Runer, som skulde folge naermest efter, nemlig Nr. 10 og II, ere aldeles usynlige, da Stenen der kun er en tabula rasa; det er aldeles umuligt at opdage mindste Spor af nogen Rune paa Pladsen. For en tredie Rune her, Nr. I w 2, er der kun liden Plads, men en saadan Rune synes dog at vise sig som I, (eller maaskee som +, ikke som +). Runen 13 er tydelig at see som T, uagtet dog Adam Muller kun har vovet at gjengive en yderst svag Tvaerstreg til hoire h Runerne 14 og folgende ere, som tidligere bemaerket, aldeles tydelige. 108 GORM DBM GAtfLES HIHBBSTBBN I JELLINGE. For at have en Forestilling om Forholdet, bemaerkes, at hele Linien udgjor 3' 9"; fra Rune 4 til 13, begge in- clusive, 1' 8£"; fra Rune 8 til 13, begge inclusive 1' 1". Efter tie saaledes meddelte Oplysninger skulde man vist ikke ansee det for en meget vovet Gisning at supplere Pladserne 10 til 1*2 I^KI og at laese hele Linien: : AUK : TAJNAFULKIT : KRIS T NO : Kristxo kan ikke vaere Substantivet, der hedder kristni og er foeniinin; men det kunde vaere Adjectiv i Dativ neutrum, og det foregaaende Substantiv maatte da ogsaa vaere Dativ, folgelig Pladsen 10 til 12 kun udfyldes med de to Runer M', hvilket, som ovenfor bemaerket, vel kan passe efter Pladsens Brede, og dernaest maatte Slutnings- runen i Ordet ikke laeses som T men som |, uagtet den dog forekommer at vaere tydeligt 1\ Imidlertid, om man ogsaa kunde laese saa, skjonner jeg ikke at deraf kan ud- bringes nogen rimelig Mening. Antager man derimod KK.IhTKfc for Verbets Infinitiv praesens, ledes man til en Fortolkning, der, saavidt jeg skjonner, kan have Sandsynlighed for sig. Et saadantAn- tagende bestyrkes ved det selvsamme Infinitivs sikre Fore- komst i en anden Runeindskiift, nemlig paa Froso-Stenen iJaemteland (L 1085, B1I12, W522), hvor der siges om Austmod Gudfastson (Hh-ltY^A Kh^HIMAhhS) at JftS NT KfU-iTM* INT^M^KT: HOTN T LIT KRISTNO IOTA- LONT, hvor saaledes I* i flere Ord forekommer istedenfor det saedvanlige + eller 4: tc hann let kristna Jamtaland". Iovrigt bemaerkes at Runen |a i danske saavelsom svenske Runestene oftere bruges for + til at betegne samme a-Lyd, der vistnok her er Tilfaeldet ligesom i Ordet HhA ovenfor, naar den af mig foreslaaede Fortolkning antages. Naar denne Laesning hyldes, bemaerker man at der i Slutningslinieu intet Verbum findes, hvoraf Infinitivet kristno kan afh.Tngc; mail Iicnvises saahsU's til det paa Indskrillens GORM BEN GAMLES MIIVDESTEEN I JELLINGE. 109 Hovedside sidst forekommende Verbum yann; vinna be- tyder overvinde, erobre, beraaegtige sig, super are, occupare, potiri, og det bar her i denne Betydning de to Objecter u Danmaurk ala" og t4 Nurviag", Iigesom der paa en Rune- steen paa Lunds Gjerde, Valbo Sogn i Gestrikland (L 1050, B 1100) siges om Ibiurn, at ban lt vant Selalant ala"; der- naest betyder det ogsaa udrette, opnaae, fuldfore, efficere, patrare, assequi, og i denne Betydniog staaer det her med Infinitivet i Slutningen; vahh kristna er det samme som kristnadi, aldeles Iigesom, for blot at nsevne et Par Exempler af mange, i Vegtamskvica i den aeldreEdda (IV 7 5 — 6, der dog er tagen af en Papirsafskiift og maaskee mindre authentisk) vann at vinna eid er det samme som vann eid og i Skaldhelga-rimur, som hore til de aeldste Digte af denne Digtart (I 52, Gronlands historiske Mindesmaerker 2 p. 458) vann leita er det samme som leitafii. I Rek- stefja, som Skjalden Hallarsteinn i det lite Aarhundrede forfattede om Kong Olaf Tryggvason (str. 11, Scripta hi- storica Islandomm vol. HI p. 250) siger han om denne at han ti vann kristnat Island, Gr&naveldi ok Eyjar\ krist- nede Island, Gronland og Oerne, hvor altsaa Verbet vann forekommer i den selvsamme Betydning med Participiet. Det er troligt at Runeristeren netop har villet anvende denne Participform, der saaledes sees at vaere brugt aldeles i samme Forbindelse og Betydning i eller naer ved hans Tidsalder, hvortil der dog ikke har vaeret Plads i Linien, og har han derfor maattet indskraenke sig til at udtrykke det samme med Infinitivet. Efterat have forudskikket disse Bemasrkninger, vil jeg her vedfoie en Afbildning af Indskriftens Hovedside i for- mindsket Maalestok og derunderneden i samme Forhold, for at fremstille hele denne maerkelige Indskrift samlet paa eet Sted, de tvende Slutningslinier fra de andre Sider. no GORM DEN GAMLE8 MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. JIHM1 ilM Den hele Indskrift laeser jeg, ifolge hvad jeg ovenfor har forklaret, saaledes, udtrykt med latinske Versalier: HARALTR : KUNUKR : BA£ : GAURUA : KUBL 5AUSI : AFT : KURM : FA^UR : SIN : AUK : AFT JJIURUI : MUJUR : SINA : SA : HARALTR : [AS SO R : UAN . TANMAURK : ALA : AUK : INURU1AK AUK : TANAFULKIT : KRISTNO. GORM DEN GAMLES MINDESTEEN I JELLINGE. Ill Omskrevet efter den for Olddansken senere indforte almindeligste islandske Skrivemaade, bliver denne Indskrift at laese saaledes, hvorved imidlertid maa bema3rkes, at mange af de aeldste islandske Haandskrifter have Oidene t baf), gaurva, faf)ur, danmaurk" skrevne tildels eller aldeles som i Runeindskriften : Haraldr konungr ba5 gora kumbl f)etta(bessi) 1 eftirGorm, foour sinn, ok eftir 3>yri, moour si'na, sa Haraldr es (d: sa er) vann Danmork alia ok Norveg ok Danafolkit kristna. D. e. Kong Harald lod gjore denne Hoi efter sin Fader Gorm og efter sin Moder Thyre, den Harald som vandt (blev Herre over) hele Danmark og INorge og (udforte det Vaerk) at kristne (d. e. kristnede) Danefolket. Det maa ved Kong Gorms Mindesteen bemaerkes, at Forestillingerne paa dens anden og tredie Side ere udforte ganske i den samme Smag som bemaerkes i de i Thyre Danebods Gravhoi fundne Gjenstande, hvorved saaledes Runestenens Udforelse henvises til samme Tidsalder. J ) I Grougaldr i den aeldre Edda (str. 1) forekommer det sammensatte Ord „kumbl-dys"$ dys svarer i Betydning til det graeske ^U, opkastet Hiii, agger, og det persiske diz , en Hoi (jfr. det svenske dos, en Hbstak) 5 kumbl betyder vel oprindelig en Dynge [cumulus'), navnlig en Steendynge, Stecnsaetningj kumbl-dys er da en Steen-Dysse og, ligesom senere kumbl saerskilt, en over en steensat Grav opfdrt Gravhoi 5 „kumbl pausi" antager jeg her brugt i plur. med denne Betydning i collectiv Forstand, og at der ligeledcs i lndskriften paa Thyre Danebods Mindesteen (ovenfor p. 307) maa lseses (t kumbl {>ausi" og ikke Jmsi, forklaret J>usi c=j J)onsi, ace. sing. masc. , da kumbl er neutr. Paa samme Maade finder man Ordet i collectiv Foi stand anvendt i Flertal paa andre Runestene: L 1383, 12(55, 1254 og paa Lofsfalund-Stenen (ovenfor p. 237, jfr. p. 235): kubl J)ausi, f>isi, J>esi; medens det dog ogsaa stundum forekommer i sing. : L 895 , 896 : kuml J>atsi og L 334 : kubl f>ita. Tal>. I . 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