REVIEW DlAGRflffiS. *fr Ml * LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ©§njt + - Oqajn^i f Shelf ...A\AZ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. REVIEW DIAGRAMS Revised and Enlarged. THIFRID E: EDIT" ION. AN OUTLINE — OF U. S, History, Civil Government, Geography, Grammar, Readiqg, Orthography, Theory and Art of Teaching, Arithmetic, Physiology and Peqrrjarrship. BY J .W. HUMPHREY, Author of '-Manual of Reading." WAYLAND, MICH. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. 1888. Copyrighted 1883 and 1888 BY JAMES W. HUMPHEEY. L. B. STANTON & CO., PRINTERS, GRAND RAPIDS. * PREFACE. TO FIRST EDITION, HIS BOOK is intended for the use of those who desire to review, and, at the same time, to offer to the young teacher black- board work which, if intelligently handled, cannot fail of good results. The "Diagrams" have grown out ot the belief that " illustration is the basis of successful teaching," and that what is seen is best understood. They were prepared for my own class work, but, by the request of many of my fellow teachers and pupils, I have consented to have them published, with the hope that they may assist in making the recitation hour both pleasant and profi table. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. The reception given the first edition, and the many kind words for the "Diagrams" by successful teachers, is our apology for offering the public a second edition. The latest and most reliable authorities have been consulted in compiling and revising this work. May the hope that it will facilitate the labors of both teacher and student not be in vain, is the wish of the author. PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. To this edition the subjects of Orthography and Theory and Art of Teaching have been added. The subject of Reading entirely re- written, and in other subjects some important changes have been made. We are indebted to many of our fellow teachers for valuable suggestions. With the hope that this little book may be found useful and worthy a place on the true teacher's table, the author submits it to the public. UNITED STATES HISTORY PERIODS— Aboriginal, to 980. Voyage and discovery, 98G to 1607. Colonial, 1607 to 177.5. Revolutionary and Confederation, 1775 to 1789. National, 1789 to 1888. ABORIGINAL, to 986. Mound Builders —Indians —Esquimaux. Name. Origin. Tribe. Customs. Language. Implements. Writing. Number. VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY, 986 to 1607— Norsemen. Spanish. English. French. Dutch. NORSEMEN— Iierjulfson, 986. Leif Erickson, 1001. Thorvvald Erickson, 1002. Thorstein Erickson, 1005. Thorfinn Karlsefne, 1007. SPANISH— Columbus, 1492, 1493, 1498, 1502. Vespucci, 1499, 1501. UNITED STATES HISTORY. SPANISH— Continued. Ponce de Leon, 1512. De Balboa, 1513. Cortez, 1519-1521. Magellan, 1520. De Soto, 1541. Melendez, 1565. ENGLISH— The Cabots, 1494-1497. Drake, 1579. Gilbert, 1583. Raleigh, 1584. Grenville, 1585. Gosnold, 1602. Pring, 1603. FRENCH— Denys, 1506. Verrazzani, 1524. Cartier, 1534. Roberval, 1542. Laudonniere, 1564. De Gourges, 1566. La Roche, 1598. Champlain, 1603, 1605. De Monts, 1604. DUTCH— Henry Hudson, 1609. COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. SPANISH— Isthmus of Darien, 1510. St. Augustine, 1565. Santa Fe, 1582. San Diego, 1769. ENGLISH— Jamestown, 1607. Plymouth, 1620. Salem, 1629. Rhode Island, 1636. FRENCH— Port Royal, 1605. Quebec, 1608. Detroit, 1701. UNITED STATES HISTORY DUTCH— New York, 102:3. Ft. Orange or Albany, 1624. COLONIAL EVENTS. VIRGINIA- Name; London Company, 1600; Jamestown; Wing- field; Smith; Pocahontas; Powhatan; "Starving Time; 1 ' Delaware; Slavery; Argal; Opechanca- nough; Berkley; Bacon; Charters; Royal Gov- ernment. MASSACIIUSETTS- Name; Plymouth Company, 1606; Roger Williams; John Winthrop; Carver; Miles Standish; Anne Hutchinson; John Robinson; Five Nations; Witchcraft; George Burroughs; Harvard College, 1637; Charters; Royal Governments; Pine Tree Money, 1052; Paper "Money, 1090. NEW YORK— Name; Dutch Governors; Peter Stuyvesant; May; Minuit; Wouter Yan Twiller; Andros; English Rule ; Fletcher ; Leisler ; Melborne ; Sloughter ; Negro Plot; Columbia College; Government. CONNEC I ICUT— Name; Three Colonies; Lord Say-and-Seal; Lord * Brooks; Hampden; Winthrop; Yale College, 1702; Charter Oak; Charter; Royal Government. MARYLAND— Name; Lord Baltimore; Josiah Fendal; Clayborne; Calvert; Religious War; Charter; Ro} r al and Pro- prietary Governments. RHODE ISLAND— Name; Roger Williams; Clark; Coddington; Henry Bull; Brown Universiiy; Charters; Governments. CAROLINAS— Name; Three Colonies; Raleigh; Amidas; Barlow; Seth Sothel; Lord Clarendon; Sayle; Indian Mas- sacre; Indian War; Rice Culture, 1094; Separation, 1729; Proprietary and Royal Governments. UNITED STATES HISTORY NEW JERSEY— Name; New Netherlands; East and West Jersey; Duke of York; Berkley; Carteret; Sale of West Jersey (1674) and East Jersey (1682) to the Qua- ers; ^Governments PENNSYLVANIA— Name; Penn.; Benj. Franklin; Swedes; Quakers; Philadelphia; Charter of Liberties; Treaty with the Indians; Charter; Government. DELAWARE— Name; Swedes; Gustavus Adolphus; Peter Minuit; " The Territories ; " Charter; Government. GEORGIA— Name; Territorial Claims; Oglethorpe; John and Charles Wesley; Whitefield; Hostilities with Spaniards; Trustees; Government. NEW HAMPSHIRE— Name; Laconia; Ferdinand Gorges; Mason; Wheelwright; Conflicting Land Claims; Indian Wars; Government. FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS. King William's War. 1689 to 1«»7. CAUSE— English Revolution of 1688-1689; King William versus Louis XIV., and James II. EVENTS— Dover, N. II., massacre, June 27, 1689; Schenectady, N. Y., massacre, Feb. 9, 1690; Salmon Falls, Maine, massacre, March 28, 1690; Casco Bay, Maine, massacre, May 21, 1690; Nova Scotia ex- pedition, May 1H90; Canada expedition, October, 1690; Oyster 'River, N. H. massacre, July 25, 1(^94; Haverhill, Mass., massacre, March 25, 1697. RESULT— Confirmation of King William to English Throne; Territory in U. S. to remain unchanged; Treaty of Ryswick, Sept. 20, 1697. UNITED STATES HISTORY Queen Anne's War. 1702 to 1713. CAUSE— Spanish Succession; England versus France; Queen Anne versus Louis XIV. EVENTS— St. Augustine expedition, May, 1702; Appalachian expedition, December, 1702; Attack against Charleston, 1700; Tuscaroras war, 1712; Yamas- ses war, l7i:>; Port Royal expedition, 1710; Canada expedition, 1711. RESULT— Confirmation of Phillip V to the Spanish throne; Acadia ceded to England; treaty of Utrecht April 11, 1713. King George's War. 1744 to 174*. CAUSE— Austrian Succession; England versus France; George II versus Louis XV. EVENTS— Capture of Louisburg, 1745; D'Arville expedition, 1746. RESULT— Confirmation of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne; territory in U. S. restored; treaty of Aix la Chapelle, Oct. 18, 1748. French and Indian War. 1754 to 1703. CAUSE— Territorial dispute; George II and Colonies versus Louis XV. EVENTS— Washington's journe} r , 1753; Ft. Du Quesne built, 1754; Battle of Great Meadows, 1754; Ft. Neces- sity captured, July 4, 1754; Braddock's defeat, July 9, 1755; Shirley's expedition, 1755; battle of Lake George, 1755; capture of Oswego, 1756; capture of Ft. Wm. Henry, 1757; capture of Louisburg, 1758; capture of Ft. Du Quesne, 1758; Capture of Quebec, Sept. 18, 1759; Pontiac war, 1763. UNITED STATES HISTORY RESULT— Treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, in which France cedes all territory east of Mississippi to England — west of Mississippi to Spain; Spain cedes Florida to England. British. Wolf, Braddock, Washing- ton, Shirley, Johnson, Ab- ercrombie, Winslow. French. Montcalm, Dieskau, Jumon- ville, Villiers, St. Pierre, Pontiac, M. Levi. COLONIAL UNIONS. United Colonies of New England. 1643. ORGANIZED— May 29, 1643. PLACES OF MEETING— Boston, Hartford, New Haven, Plymouth. LASTED— Forty years. OBJECT— Protection against Dutch, French, Indians. COLONIES— Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut. re presentation- Two from each colony ; qualification, church mem- bership. MET IN- Assembly of New York. 169©. New York ; lasted seven years. OBJECT- Protection against French and Indians. UNITED STATES HISTORY. COLONIES— New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut. Colonial Congress. 1765. MET IN— New York, October 7-24, 1765. CAUSE— Stamp Act. COLONIES— New York, New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Connec- ticut, Massachusetts. PROCEEDINGS— Petition to King and Parliament. RESULT— Repeal of Stamp Act, March 18, 1766. First Continental Congress. 1774. MET IN— Philadelphia, September 5 to October 26. CAUSES— Mutiny Act; Revenue Act on Teas, etc.; British troops in Boston; Boston Massacre; Boston Port Bill. COLONIES— All except Georgia. PROCEEDINGS— Declaration of rights; petition to King and Parlia- ment; agreement not to use British imports; agreed upon another Congress, to meet in May, 1775. Second Continental Congress. 1775. MET IN— Philadelphia, May 10, August 1, Sept. 5, 1775, and Dec. 12, 1776. 12 UNITED STATES HISTORY. CAUSE— British aggression. COLONIES— New York, New Jersey, Delaware, South Carolina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Connecti- cut, Massachusetts, Virginia, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Georgia. PROCEEDINGS— Voted to raise an army of 20,000; chose Washington commander-in-chief, July 15, 1775; authorized an issue of $3,000,000; organized P. O. Department, July 26, 1775; appointed committee to draft Declaration of Independence and Articles of Con- federation, June 11, 177(5; Declaration of In- dependence adopted July 4, 177(5. CONTINENTAL PRESIDENTS— Payton Randolph, Henry Middleton, John Hancock, Henry Laurens, John Jay, Samuel Huntington. Thomas McKean, John Hanson, Elias Boudinot, Thomas Mifflin, Richard Henry Lee, Nathaniel Gorham, Arthur St. Clair, Cyrus Griffin. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. CAUSE— Taxation without representation; obstinacy of King; growth of Colonies; had Royal Governors; re- moteness of Colonies; love of liberty. BATTLES- 1775 — Lexington, April 19; Bunker Hill, June 17; Crown Point, Mav 12; Quebec, Dec. 31. 1776— Boston, March 17; White I'lains, Oct. 28; Trenton, Dec. 26. 1777 — Bennington, Aug. 16; Brandywine, Sept. 11; Saratoga, Oct. 1 7. 1778 — Monmouth, June 28; Wyoming, July 3 177'.»— Flamboro, Sept. 23; Savannah, Oct. 9. 1780 — Hanging Rock, Aug. 6; King's Mountain, Oct. 7. 1781— Cowpens, Jan. 17; Hobkirk's Hill, April 25; Yorktown, Oct. 19. UNITED STATES HISTORY. RESULTS— Independence secured; Treaty of Paris, Sept. 3, 1783. OFFICERS. American. British. Washington, Gates, Lee, Howe, Clinton, Burgoyne, Greene, Warren, Putnam, Cornwallis, De Heister, Schuyler, Montgomery, Grant, Prescott, Knyp- Sullivan, Arnold. hausen, Prevost, Arnold. PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. George Washington, Virginia. 17K9-1797— 8 Years. Born February 2«. 1732: Vied December 14.11799. VICE-PRESIDENT— John Adams. CABINET— Secretaries of State, Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph and Timothy Pickering; Secretaries of Treasury, Alexander Hamilton and Oliver Wolcott; Secretaries of War and Navy,* Henry Knox, Timothy Pickering and James McHenrv; Attorneys-General, Edmund Randolph, William Bradford and Charles Lee; Postmasters-Generalf, Samuel Osgood, Timothy Pickering and Joseph Habersham. IMPORTANT EVENTS— First national bank; Genet trouble; whisky insur- rection; capital selected; treaty with Spain; first census, 3,929,214, Northwest territory organized, 1789; Southwest territory organized, 1790. STATES ADMITTED— Vermont, 1791; Kentucky, 1792; Tennessee, 1796. INVENTIONS— Cotton gin by Eli Whitney, 1793. * The War Department, as created by Act of Congress, August 7, 1789, had also the superintendence of Naval Affairs. A separation took place in April, 17118, when a Navy Department was established. t From the organization of the Government down to 182'.) the Postmasters-General were not recognized as members of the Cabinet, but are herein printed as such for the sake of uniformity. UNITED STATES HISTORY. John Adams, Massachusetts. 1 797- 1 8©1 -4 Years. Born October 30, 1735; Died July 4, 1S2G. VICE-PRESIDENT— Thomas Jefferson. CABINET— Secretaries of State, Timothy Pickering and John Marshall ; Secretaries of Treasury, Oliver Wolcott and Samuel Dexter ; Secretaries of War, James McHenry, Samuel Dexter and Roger Griswold ; Secretaries of Navy, George Cabot and Benjamin Stoddert ; Attorneys-General, Charles Lee and Theophilus Parsons ; Postmaster-General, Joseph Habersham. IMPORTANT EVENTS- Alien and sedition laws, 1798 ; capital moved to Washington, 1800 ; death of Patrick Henry ; quasi French Avar ; navy department established ; death of Washington : 12th amendment. Thomas Jefferson, Virginia. 1801-1809-8 Years. Born 1743; I>ie«l 1820. VICE-PRESIDENTS— Aaron Burr ; George Clinton. CABINET— Secretary of State, James Madison ; Secretaiies of Treasury, Samuel Dexter and Albert Gallatin ; Secretary of War, Henry Dearborn ; Secretaries of Navy, Benjamin Stoddert, Robert Smith and Jacob Crowninshield ; Attorneys-General, Theo- philus Parsons, Levi Lincoln, Robert Smith, John Breckenbridge and Caesar A. Rodney; Postmasters- General, Joseph Habersham and Gideon Granger. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Lewis and Clark's expedition, 1803-1806; Louisiana purchase, (115,000,000); Hamilton shot, July 11, 1804 ; Webster's dictionary ; war with Tripoli, 1801-1803 ; slave trade abolished, Jan. 1, 1808. STATES ADMITTED— Ohio, 1803. UNITED STATES HISTORY INVENTIONS— Steamboat bv Robert Fulton, ISO 1 ; James Madison, Virginia. 1*0!>-1*17— H Vears. Born 1751 ; Died 183«. VICE-PRESIDENTS— George Clinton; Elbridge Gerry. CABINET— Secretaries of State, Robert Smith and James Mon- roe; Secretaries of Treasury, Albert Gallatin, George W. Campbell, Alexander J. Dallas and Wm. II. Crawford; Secretaries of War, Wm. Eustis, John Armstrong, James Monroe and Wm. H. Crawford; Secretaries of Navy, Paul Hamil- ton, William Jones and Benjamin W. Crownin- shield ; Attorneys-General, Caesar A. Rodney, Wm. Pinkney and Richard Rush ; Postmasters- General, Gideon Granger and Return J. Meigs, Jr. STATES ADMITTED— Louisiana, 1812 ; Indiana, 1816. IMPORTANT EVENTS— First savings bank; war of 1812; Hartford conven- tion; treaty of Ghent; Algerine war, 1815; first ocean steamer; burning of capitol Aug. 24, 1814. War of 1812-1814— 2 v; Years. CAUSES— Impressment of American seamen ; Orders in coun- cil : Milan decree ; Embargo. BATTLES— 1812 — Land: Brownstown, Aug. 5 ; Queenstown, Aug. 13. Naval: Off Newfoundland, Aug. 13 ; Off Massachu- setts, Aug. 19 and Sept. 7 ; Off North Carolina, Oct. 18 ; West Canary Islands, Oct. 25 ; Off San Salvador, Dec. 29. 1813 — Land : Massacre of Frenchtown, Jan. 22 ; York, April 27; Fort Meigs, May 5; Sackett's Harbor, May 29 ; Thames, Oct. 5. Naval: Off Demarra, Feb. 24 ; Massachusetts Bay, June 1 ; Coast of Maine, Sept. 5 ; Lake Erie, Sept. 10. UNITED STATES HISTORY. BATTLES— Contin ued. is 14 — Land: Chippewa, July 5; Lundy Lane, July 25; Fort Erie, Aug. 15; Plattsburg, Sept. 11; Fort McHenry, Sept. 13; Fort Erie, (Sortie) Sept. 17. Naval: Off Florida, April 29; near Africa, Sept. 1; Lake Champlain, Sept. 11; Lake Borgne, Dec. 14. 1815 — Land: New Orleans, Jan. 8. RESULTS— Permanent treaty of Ghent, Feb. 18, 1815; recogni- tion of American naval power. American. Hull, Miller, Winchester, Dearborn, Hampton, Har- rison, Brown, Winder, Croghan, Jackson, Deca- tur, Lawrence, Rodgers, Jones, Perry. British. Brock, Tecumseh, Proctor, Prevost,Ross,Drummond, Packenham, Dacres, Car- den, Broke, Hayes, Lock- yer, Lambert, Barclay. James Monroe, Virginia, 1817 to 1825—8 Years. Born, 1758: Died, 1831. VICE-PRESIDENT— D. D. Tompkins. CABINET— Secretary of State, John Q. Adams; Secretary of Treasury, William H. Crawford; Secretaries of War, Isaac Shelby and John C. Calhoun; Secre- taries of Navy, B. W. Crowninshield, Smith Thompson, John Rogers and Samuel L. Southard: Attorneys-General, Richard Rush and William Wirt; Postmasters-General, Return J. Meigs and John McLean. STATESf ADMITTED— Mississippi, 1817; Illinois, L818; Alabama, 1819; Maine, 1820; Missouri, 1821. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Florida purchase, ($5,000,000); Missouri comprom- ise, Monroe doctrine; visit of La Fayette; election of J. Q. Adams by^ House of Representatives. UNITED STATES HIS TOBY. John Quincy Adams, Massachusetts. 1885-1820— 4! "Wars. Born 1767; Died 1848. VICE-PRESIDENT— John C. Calhoun. CABINET— Secretary of State, Henry Clay; Secretary of Treas- ury, Richard Rush ^Secretaries of War, James Barbour and Peter B. Porter; Secretary of Navy, Samuel L. Southard; Attorney-General, William Wirt*; Postmaster-General, John McLean. STATES A DM I TIE D— None. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Erie Canal; American Tract Society; Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, on the fiftieth anniversary of Independence; Protective tariff. INVENTIONS— Railroad by George Stephenson. Andrew Jackson, Tennessee. l*80-l*37-*»ars. Born ii 1767 ;!!l>ied 1S45. VICE-PRESIDENTS— John C. Calhoun; CABINET— Martin Van Bui Secretaries of State, Martin Van Buren, Edward Livingston, Louis McLane and John Forsyth; Secretaries of Treasury, Samuel D. Ingham, Louis McLane, William J. Duane, Roger B. Taney and Levi Woodbury; Secretaries of War, John H. Eaton and Lewis Cass; Secretaries of Navy, John Branch, Levi Woodbury and Mahlon Dick- erson; Attorneys General, John M. Berrien, Roger B. Taney and Benjamin F. Butler; Postmasters- General, William T. Barry an d_ Amos Kendall. STATES ADMITTED— Arkansas, 1836; Michigan, 1837. UNITED STATES HISTORY. IMPORTANT. EVENTS— Black Hawk war ; First asylum for blind ; Abolition of U. S. Bank ; Fifth census (12,856,165 ;) Nullifi- cation, 1832 ; Clay's tariff compromise. Martin Van Buren, New York. 1*37-1*41-4 Years. Born 1782; Died 1*G2. VICE-PRESIDENT— Richard M Johnson. CABINET— Secretary of State, John Forsyth ; Secretary of Treasury, Levi Woodbury ; Secretary of War, Joel R. Poinsett; Secretaries of Navy, Mahlon Dickerson and James K. Paulding ; Attorneys- General, Benjamin F. Butler, Felix Grundy and Henry D. Gilpin ; Postmasters-General, Amos Kendall and John M Niles. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Financial panic ; Osceola captured ; Lovejoy mur- dered by mob ; First secession ; Sub-Treasury bill. INVENTIONS— Vulcanized rubber by Charles Goodyear, 1839. "William H. Harrison, Ohio. 1841-1 Month. Born 1773: Died April 4. 1841. VICE-PRESIDENT— John Tyler. CABINET— Secretary of State, Daniel Webster ; Secretary of Treasury, Thomas Ewing ; Secretary of War, John Bell ; Secretary of Navy, George E. Badger ; Attorney-General, John J. Crittenden ; Postmas- ter-General, Francis Granger. UNITED STATES HISTORY. John Tyler, Virginia. L841-1845— 3 tears, 19 Moiitht Born 17JM>: IHetl 1S02. CABINET— Secretaries of State, Daniel Webster, Hugh S. Legare, Abel P. Upshur, John Nelson and John C. Cal- houn ; Secretaries of Treasury, Thomas Ewing, Walter Forward, John C. Spencer and George M. Bibb ; Secretaries of War, John Bell, John C. Spencer, James M. Porter and William Wilkins; Secretaries of Navy, George E. Badger, Abel P. Upshur, David Henshaw, Thomas W. Gilmer and John Y. Mason ; Attorneys-General, John J. Crittenden, Hugh S. Legare and John Nelson; Postmasters-General, Francis Granger and Chas. A. Wickliffe. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Anti-Mormon excitement ; Treaty of Washington ; Free Soil party ; Bankrupt law. STATES ADMITTED— Texas, 1845 ; Florida, 1845. INVENTIONS— Magnetic telegraph by Samuel F. I>. Morse, 1844. James K. Polk, Tennessee. 11 *45- 1 849—1 Years. Kuril 1795; Died 1W-19. VICE-PRESIDE NT- George M. Dallas. CABINET— Secretary of State, -lames Buchanan ; Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker; Secretary of War, Wm. L. Marcy ; Secretaries of Navy, George Bancroft and John Y. Mason ; Attorneys-General, John Y. Mason, Nathan Clifford and Isaac Tou- cey ; Postmaster-General, Cave Johnson. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Mexican war ; Naval Academy established ; Smith- sonian Institute ; Independent treasury ; Gold dis- covered in California ; Department of Interior established ; Slavery prohibited in territories. UNITED STATES HISTORY. STATES ADMITTED— Iowa, 1846; Wisconsin, 1848. INVENTIONS— Sewing machine by Elias Howe, jr. Mexican War 1845-1848. • CAUSE— Annexation of Texas, March 1, 1845. EVENTS— Taylor's campaign, April, 1846, to February, 184V; Fremont's conquest of California, March, 1846 to January, 1847; Kearney's conquest of New Mexico, June to", August, \l 846; Doniphan's ex- pedition, New Mexico, November, 1846, to June, 1847; Scott's campaign in Mexico, March, 1847, to September, 1848. RESULTS— Annexation of New Mexico, Utah, and California; Treaty of Gaudalupe Hildago, Feb. 2, 1848. American. Taylor, Scott, Kearney, Worth, Lane, Thornton, Walker. Mexican. Santa Anna, Arista, Am- pudia, Morales, Valencia, Alvarez, Bravo. Zachary Taylor, Louisiana. I*4»— 1 Year. 4 Months. Born 17S4: Died 1*50. VICE-PRESIDENT— Millard Fillmore. CABINET— Secretary of State, John M. Clayton; Secretary of Treasury, William M. Meredith; Secretary of War, Geo. W. Crawford; Secretary of Navy, William 15. Preston; Secretary of Interior, Thomas Ewing; Postmaster-General, Jacob Col- lamer; Attorney-General, Reverdy Johnson. UNITED STATES HISTORY. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Squatter sovereignty; Death of Calhoun; Clay' Omnibus bill; Nashville secession convention. Millard Fillmore, New York. 1850-1853— 2 Years, S Months. Born 1800; Died 1*74. CABINET— Secretaries of State, Daniel Webster and Edward Everett; Secretary of Treasury, Thomas Corwin; Secretaries of War, Wintield Scott, ad interim, and Charles M. Conrad; Secretaries of Navy, William A. Graham and John P. Kennedy; Sec- retary of Interior, Alexander II. II. Stuart; Postmasters- General, Nathan K. Hall and Samuel D. Hubbard; Attorney-General, John J. Critten- den. STATES ADMITTED— California, 1850. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Fugitive slave law; Kane's Arctic expedition; Death of (May; Death of Webster. Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire. 1 853- 1 S57— 4 Years. Born 1804; Died 1869. VICE-PRESIDENT— William R. King. Died April 18, is;,.; CABINET— Secretary of State, William L. Marcy; Secretary of Treasury, James Guthrie; Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis; Secretary of Navy, J. C. Dob- bin; Secretary of Interior, Robert McClelland; Postmaster-General, James Campbell; Attorney- General, Caleb Cushing. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Know-Nothing party; Gadsden purchase ($10,000,- 000); Second Kane expedition; Kansas- Nebraska bill; Disruption of American party; Sumner as- saulted by Brooks; Republican party organized; Martin Koszta affair; Treaty with Japan. UNITED STATES HISTORY James Buchanan, Pennsylvania. 1857-1861—1 Years. Born 1791; Died iHilH. VICE-PRESIDENT— J. C. Breckenridge. CABINET— Secretaries of State, Lewis Cass and Jeremiah S. Black; Secretaries of Treasury, Howell Cobb, Philip F. Thomas and John A. Dix ; Secretaries of War, John B. Floyd and Joseph Holt ; Secre- tary of Navy, Isaac Toucey ; Secretary of Inte- rior, Jacob Thompson ; Attorneys-General, Jere- miah S. Black and Edwin M. Stanton ; Postmas- ters-General, Aaron V. Brown, Joseph Holt and Horatio King. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Dred Scott decision ; Treaty of Denmark ; War with Brigham Young ; Atlantic Caltle laid, 1858 ; Exe- cution of John Brown, Dec 2, ls.-,<»; Secession begun ; Seceded states — South Carolina, Den. 20, I860; Mississippi, Jan. 10, 18(51; Florida, Jan. K), IStil ; Alabama, Jan. 11, L861 ; Georgia, Jan. 18, 1861 ; Louisiana, Jan. 2tf, L86] ; Texas, Feb. 1, L861 ; Crittenden compromise; Southern Con- federacy. STATES ADMITTED— Minnesota, 1858 ; Oregon, 1859; Kansas, 1861. Abraham Lincoln, Illinois. 1W«1-1S«5— 1 Years, I Month. Born. 180»: I>i«Ml. 18«5. VICE-PRESIDENTS— Hannibal Hamlin ; Andrew Johnson. CABINET— Secretary of State, William II. Seward ; Secretaries of Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, William P. Fes- senden and Hugh McCulloch ; Secretaries of War, Simon Cameron and Edwin M. Stanton ; Secretary of Navy, Gideon Wells ; Secretaries of Interior," Caleb B. Smith and John P. Usher ; Postmasters-General, Montgomery Blair and William Dennison ; Attorneys-General, Edward Bates, Titian J. Coffey and James Speed. UNITED STATES HISTORY STATES ADMITTED— West Virginia, 1863 ; Nevada, 1864. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Civil war, 1 so 1-1 805 ; Secession completed — Vir- ginia, April 17, 1861; Arkansas, May 6,1861; North Carolina, May 20, 1861 ; Tennessee, Jnne 8, 1861 ; Confederacy recognized by England, May 13, 1861 ; France, June 10, 1861 ; Spain, June 17, 1861 ; Portugal, July 20, 1861 ; Legal- Tender Act; Lee surrendered, April 9, 1865; Lincoln assassinated, April 14, 1865. Civil War. CAUSE— Slavery. EVENTS— 1861 : Surrender of Ft. Sumpter, April 13 ; Balti- more mob, April 19 ; Ellsworth shot, May 24 ; Rich Mountain, July 11; Bull Run, July 21 ; Trent affair, November 8. 1862; Ft. Henry, Tennessee, captured, February 6 ; Ft. Donelson, Tennessee, captured, February 16; Nashville, Tenn., February 23; Battle of Shi loll, April 6-7 ; Yorktown, Ya., taken, May 4 ; Memphis captured, June 6 ; Second Bull Run, August :.".) ; Antietam, September IT. 1863: Emancipation proclamation, January 1; Gettysburg, July 1-:: ; Surrender of Vicksl urg, July 4 ; Chickamauga, September 19-20 ; Am- nesty proclamation, December 8. L864 : Atlanta campaign, May "> to September 2 : Nashville campaign, October 1 to December 20 ; Sherman's march to the sea, November 17 to December 17. L865 : Surrender of Lee to Grant, April 9 ; Lincoln assassinated by Booth, April 14; Jeff Davis cap- tured at Irwinsville, Ga., May 10 ; Army dis- banded, August 1. RESULTS— Slavery abolished ; Union restored. OFFICERS. Union. Grant, Sheraian, Sheridan, McClellan, Banks, Buell, Burnside, Rosecrans, Mc- Dowell, Hooker, Meade, Can by. Conjederate. Beauregard, Johnston, Lee, Jackson, Bragg, Pember- ton, Early, Hood, Forrest, Ewell, Taylor, Buchanan. UNITED STA TE8 HISTOR] Strength of U. S. Army During Rebellion. Date of Call. April 15, 1861 May 3, 1861 June 22 and 25, 186 May and June, 1862 July 2, 1862 August 4,1862 June 15, 1863 October 17, 1863... Februarj 1. 1864... March li, 1864 April 28, 1864 July 18, 1864 December 19, 1864. Total numbeb numbeb Called. Obtained. v.-,, 82,748 I :,niu inn i :;i in, in in -nil. i 1011,01111 300, I 200,000 \ 'iiio.ooo 85, .-.iiii.ni o 3(111,000 •2, '.142.74* 2,690,41 f,32fi 1,231 431,! 87,1 L6,i Length of Sebvice. Three months. Three years. Three months. iree years. Nine mouths. Six months. Two years. Three years. ■ hundred c B, two or th One, twoorth Andrew Johnson, Tennessee. 1M»5-1M>»— » Years. 11 IE on His. BornlSOS; Died 1*75. CABINET— Secretary of State, William H. Seward; Secretary of Treasury, Hugh McCulloch; Secretaries of War, Edwin M. Stanton* and John M. Schofield; Secretary of Navy, Gideon Welles; Secretaries of Interior, John P. Usher, James Harlan and O. H. Browning; Postmasters-General, Wm. Dennison and Alexander W. Randall; Attorneys-General, James Speed, H. F. Stanbury and William M. Evarts. IMPORTANT EVENTS— International ocean telegraph; Amnesty proclama- tion; Thirteenth amendment (prohibiting Slav- ery;) Civil Rights bill; Impeachment;*Uepartment of Education; Bankruptcy Act; f Fourteenth amendment; Alaska purchased (17,200,000). STATES ADMITTED— Nebraska, 1807. * Suspended August 12, 1SC.7, and Gen. I!. S. Grant appointed ad interim, but by order of the Senate, Mr. Stanton was reinstated in the War Ot'fiee, January 1). lscs. February 21, 1868, Mr. Stanton was removed from office, and Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, the Adjutant-General, was appointed Secretary of War. ad interim ; but the Senate did not concur,. and Mr. Stanton continued in office. May 2c, lscs, the Senate, as a Court of Impeachment, having failed, Mr. Stanton voluntarily retired from the War Office. UNITED STATES HlSTORl, Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois. 1869-1877—8 Years. Born 1823; Died 1885. VICE-PRESIDENTS— Schuyler Colfax; Henry Wilson. CABINET— Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish; Secretaries of Treasury, G. S. Bontwell, W. A. Richardson, Benj. U. Bristow and Lot M. Morrill; Secretaries of War, J. A. Rawlins, W. \Y . Belknap, Alphonso Taft and James I). Cameron; Secretaries of Navy, Adolph E. Borie and G. VV. Kobeson; Secretaries of Interior, J. 1). Cox, C. Delano and Zachariah Chandler; Postmasters General, J. A. J. Cres- well, Marshall Jewell and James N. Tyner; At- torneys-General, E. R. Hoar, A. T. Ackerman, G. II." Williams, Edwards Pierrepont and A. Taft. IMPORTANT EVENTS— . Pacific railroad; Reconstruction completed; Fif- teenth amendment; Ku-Klux Klan; Chicago fire; Alabama claims ($15,500,000); Centenniaf Expo- sition. STATES ADMITTED— Colorado, ]*7f>. Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio. 1*77- 1 SHI— 4 Years. Born 1 *•*•>. VICE-PRESIDEXT— William A. Wheeler. CABINET— Secretary of State, William M. Evart; Secretary of Treasury, John Sherman; Secretaries of War, George W McCrary and Alexander Ramsey; Secretaries of Navy, Richard W. Thompson and Nathan Goff, jr.; Secretary of Interior, Carl Schurz; Postmasters-General, David M. Key and Horace Maynard; Attorney-General, Charles Devens. 26 UNITED STATES HISTORY. IMPORTANT EVENTS— Railroad strike ; Remonetization of silver ; Resump- tion Act ; Yellow Fever epidemic ; Resumption of specie payment. James A. Garfield, Ohio. 8MHl_tt Months. 15 I»a.ys. Born 1*S1 : R»i4; Indian war, ]7'.'4; Barbary war, 1803; Tecumseh war, 1804; War of 1812; Al- gerine war, 1815; First Seminole war, is 17; Second Seminole war, 1835; Toledo war, 1835; Patriot war, 1837; Dorr's rebel- lion, 1842; Mexican war, 1 84-i; The Great Rebellion, 1861. UNITED STATES HISTORY. Settlement of the States. SETTLED •6 § s STATES. Where. By Whom. President. Virginia 1607 1614 1620 1623 Jamestown New York Plymouth Little Harbor English Dutch.. English Swedes English Dutch.. English French a "So ■c a H 1791 1 1792 1796 l 1803 1812 1 1816 1 1817 | 1818 1819 | 1821 1 1836 i 1837 | 1845 18451 1846 y 1848) 1850 1858 / 1859 1861 1 1863 | 1864 t 1867 1876 Massachusetts New 1 [ampshire Maryland Rhode [sland Delaware 1634 St. Mary's 1636 Providence 1638 Wilmington ... 1650 Chowan River. 1664 Elizabeth ;670 Ashley River... n-,s-j Philadelphia... 17.;:! Savannah 1775 Boonesboro.. 1757 Fort Lou.h.n... 1788 Marietta 1699 Iberville I7:iu Vincennes lTKi Natchez. New Jersej Smith Carolina Pennsylvania Georgia Vermont Washington. Jefferson. Louisiana Indiana Madison. Alabama 1711 1625 Mobile Bristol Arkansas Michigan Florida 1685 1670 1565 1692 is:;:; 1669 1769 1846 1811 1774 1850 Arkans's Post.. Jackson St. Augustine. San Antonio Burlington Green Hay San Diego St. Paul Spaniards. . English..'.'. French Spaniards. . Americans . Tyler. Polk. Vvis: llf.lll California Minnesota Fillmore. Nevada Nebraska Wheeling < renoa English. Alneric; US Lincoln. Johnson. Grant. English Sovereigns. From 1485-1888. Henry Vll . Henry VIII. Edward VI.. Ma abeth Stuart Commonwealth Stuart Orange Stuart James 1 Charles 1 Oliver Cromwell.. . Richard Cromwell, Charles II •billies 11 William and Mary William III . Anne I George I George II Georgelll G gelV ! WilliamlV I | Victoria UNITED STATES HISTORY. CO W H CO Q W H i— i & W a H ft O B W P n CO W K ft W W H w R . i .S3 =• . / ". ,? | o a Eh T • io >. / ^ • -^ " P. . u -X ft 1 " 3^ "P.y^y M^ft^^pqo^PO^Jftlzij : ■ : : : : : \ '. i. : ' -n o '■■- In '■ ■ / ' ,- ?l ' '3 • ' o : :| . : -/| ; ; 5 *| : |a c : ;»h . g H . . — ■ la H 2 Sj-i t / ,- ■ / / / • ~ '.; a >. >. >. >> >' >. >. >. a j. r -r x x x> ■* oc t<^-t — ri^-ti-eir » -* «c « ■iniiji: x 7r. = ~ ■-< ~> ?i '- 5 ^r U ^ ." .-: !- ; ; i ; ! : x r X t- i- x x x -r t ) i / x x x x "/ x x x x x y. r -.nirsiiiMij :':::£.:::::::::::::::: H -• • 3 ft _•;:„:: ^ ■ 3 S H ^ — • •> : t: . * . &%*i.B%££z*z iz~ Z.-aa%'il& ft emxft^fti^ftftwScxS'J.SftisSft w 1 j i i ; ;§ 1 1| I ; II ■: ; ; ; ;|: ; ; ^ :g : :^ a g'£ : : : » :§5 G -x? S^: '- " -r - ,> = K — ~ - ;; ~ - .i ^ a ^ " "i. ^Hhb4^^bN'S^5^5fHb55 rtHHrtW 30 UNITED STATES HISTORY. Chronological Table ; of U. S. History. 986 Herjulfson discovered eastern coast of N. A. loot Leif Erickson discovered Vinland. 1 192 Columbus discovered West Indies, Oct. 12. 1493 Columbus makes his second voyage. 14!>7 Cabots discover ihe coasts of N. A. 14!>8 Columbus discovered continent of S. A.; 3rd voyage. 1499 Vespucci discovered Guiana and Venezuela. 1501 Vespucci explored Brazil; 2nd voyage. 1 502 Columbus explored the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. 15()(> Denys explored the St. Lawrence. 1512 DeLeon discovered Florida. 1513 DeBalboa discovered the Pacific Ocean. 1510-21 Cortez conquers Mexico. 152«) Magellan discovered a passage to Pacific Ocean. 1524 Verrazzani explored coast of U. S. 1534 Cartier visits Canada. 1535 California discovered by Cortez. 1541 DeSoto discovered the Mississippi River. 1562 The Huguenots settled in South Carolina. 1564 The Huguenots settled in Florida. 1565 St. Augustine founded by Melendez. 15R4 Raleigh explored the coast of N. C. 1598 Planted a colony on the Isle of Sable. 1603 Champlain visits the New World. 1606 London and Plymouth companies organized. 1607 Jamestown founded. 1609 Hudson River discovered. 1614 N. Y. settled by the Dutch. 1 6 1 9 Negro Slavery introduced. 1620 Landing of the Pilgrims. 1623 New Hampshire settled. 1626 Maine settled. 1633 Connecticut settled. L634 Maryland settled. 1636 Roger Williams settled in R. I. 1637 Harvard College founded. 1638 Delaware settled by the Swedes. 1643 Union of New England Colonies. 1656 Quaker persecutions in Mass. Kit; 4 N. Y. surrendered to the English. 1675-6 King Philip war. 1676 Bacon's Rebellion. 1680 Charlestown founded. 1689-97 King William's War. 1692 Witchcraft in Mass. 1702-13 Queen Anne's War. 1704 First Colonial Newspaper. UNITED STATES HISTORY. Chronological Table— Continued. 1 718 New Orleans founded. 1732 George Washington born; Feb. 22. 1733 Georgia settled. 1744-48 King George's War. 1754-63 French and Indian War. 1 755 Braddock'e defeat, July 9. 1758 Capture of Louisburg, July 27. 1759 Battle of Quebec, Sept. 13. 1763 Treaty of Paris. 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act, Mar. 8. Colonial Congress met in N. Y., Oct. 7. 1766 Stamp Act repealed, Mar. 18. 1767 Parliament taxed tea, glass, lead, etc., June 29. 1711 s Mass circular letter. British troops arrive in Boston, Sept. 27. 1769 California settled. 1770 Boston massacre, Mar. 5. Parliament abolished all tax except tea. 1773 Boston Tea Party, Dec. 16. 17 74 First Continental Congress met in Phila., Sept. 5. 1775 Second Continental Congress met in Phila., May 10. Battle of Lexington, April 19. 1776 Declaration of Independence was adopted, July 4. 1777 Battle of Brandywine, Sept. 11. 1 77s Treaty with France. Battle of Monmouth, June 28. 1779 British driven from the Northwest. 1 780 Treason of Arnold. 1781 British defeated at Cowpens. Cornwallis surrender at Yorktown. 1 783 Treaty of Paris. L787 Adoption of the Constitution, by Convention. 1788 Settlement of Ohio. 1789 Washington inaugurated, April 30. 1791 Vermont was admitted into the Union. I79ii Kentucky was admitted into the Union. 1793 Invention of the Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney. 1794 Wayne defeats the Miami Indians. L795 Jay's Treaty. 1796 Tenn. admitted into the Union. 1799 Death of Washington at Mt. Vernon, Dec. 14. 1K00 Capitol removed to Washington. Treaty with France. 1801 Jefferson inaugurated. 1803 Louisiana purchased. 1804 Duel between Hamilton and Burr, July 11. 1805 Treaty of Tripoli. Lewis and Clark expedition. 1807 First Steamboat. Embargo Act. UNITED STATES HISTORY Chronological Table— Continued. 1809 Madison inaugurated, Mar. 4. 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 1. 1812 War declared against Great Britain, June 19. Michigan surrendered to British, Aug. 16. L813 Perry's victory, Sept. 10. 1814 Burning of the Capitol. L814 Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24. 1819 Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8. War declared against Algiers, Mar. 2. 1816 Indiana admitted into the Union, 1819 Florida purchased, Feb. 22. 1820 Missouri compromise passed, Mar. 3. 1823 Monroe Doctrine announced, Dec. 2. 1824 LaFayette visited the U. S., August 15. i826 John Q. Adams inaugurated, Mar. 4. 1826 Death of Adams and Jefferson, July 4. First Railroad in the U. S. 1831 First locomotive engine. 1832 Black Hawk War. Nullification in S. C. 1835 War with Seminole Indians, began Dec. 28. 183*7 Michigan admitted into the Union, Jan. 26. 1842 Dorr Rebellion. Boundary treaty with England. 1844 First telegraphic line. 1845 Florida and Texas admitted. 1846 Battle of Palo Alto, May 8. Battle of Resaca de la Palrna, May 9. Declaration of war, May 11. Oregon boundary treaty with Great Britain, June 1. 1847 City of Mexico surrendered, Sept. 14. 1848 Gold discovered in California. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2. 1850 Omnibus Bill. 1853 Gadsden purchase, Dec. 30. 1854 Treaty with Japan, Mar. 31. Kansas-Nebraska bill. 1857 Died Scott decision. 185U John Brown's raid, Oct. 16. 1860 South Carolina seceded, Dec. 20. 1861 Confederate constitution adopted, Feb. 8. Lincoln inaugurated, Mar. 4. Fort Sumpter tired upon, April 12. Mason and Slidell taken, Nov. 8. 1862 Capture of Ft. Donaldson, Feb. 16. Engagement of Merriraac and Monitor. Capture of Island No. 10, April 1. New Orleans captured, April 25. Lee's invasion of Maryland, September. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 33 Chronological Table— Concluded. 1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued. Lee's second invasion of the north, June. Battle < f Gettysburg, July 1-3. Surrender of Vicksburg, July 4. Draft Riot in N. Y., July 13-16. Battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20. 1864 Grant made Lieutenant-General, Mar. 3. Alabama and Kearsarge, June li>. Atlanta captured, Sept. 2. Battle of Nashville, Dec. 16. 1805 Petersburg and Richmond surrendered, April 3. Lee surrenders to Grant, April 9. Lincoln assassinated, April 14. 1st;? Purchase of Alaska, Mar. 30. 1868 President Johnson impeached, Feb. 24. Treaty with China. 1869 Union Pacific railroad in operation. 18*71 Washington treaty (Alabama claims,) May 8. Chicago fire (18,000 houses destroyed,) Oct. 8-10. 1873 Modoc War. 18*76 Centennial Exhibition, May-November. 1ST 7 Electoral commission. 1879 Specie resumption. 1880 Treaty with China (Emigration,) Nov. 17. 1881 President Garfield assassinated, July 2. Death of Pres. Garfield at Elberon, N. J., Sept. 19. L882 Guiteau hanged, June 30. L8H3 Burning of the Newhall House, Jan. 10. 1885 Death of Gen. Grant, July 23. Death of Thomas A. Hendricks, Nov. 25. Completion of the Washington Monument, height 555 ft. L886 Hay market Riot in Chicago. Death of Gen. W. S. Hancock, Feb. 9. Death of Samuel J. Tilden, Aug. 4. L887 Hanging of the Anarchists. 1 888 Death of Roscoe Conkling. # 34 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. Kinds of Government. PATRIARCHAL. THEOCRATIC. MONARCHY— Absolute; Limited; Hereditary ; Elective. ARISTOCRACY. DEMOCRACY— Pure democracy ; Republic. National Government. Constitution Ratified, July »6, 1788. DEPARTMENTS— Executive ; Legislative ; Judicial. Executive Department. President. TERM— Four years. ELIGIBILITY— Native-born citizen ; Thirty-five years of age Fourteen years a resident of the United States. HOW ELECTED— Electors ; House of Representatives. OATH. IMPEACHMENT. SALARY— $50,000. CIVIL GOVE R XMENT. POWERS AND DUTIES- MILITARY : (a) Army and Navy ; (b) Militia. Civil: (a) Cabinet ; (b) Reprieves; Pardons; (c) Treaties ; (d) Appointments; (e) Messages; (/) Legislative ; (g) Convene or adjourn Congress ; (//) Receive foreign ministers ; {%) Execute the laws : (./') Commission U. S. officers. Vice -I'resi dent. TERM— Four years. ELIGIBILITY— Native-born citizen ; Thirty-five years of age ; Fourteen years a resident of the United States. HOW ELECTED— Electors ; Senate. OATH. IMPEACHMENT. SALARY— $8,000. POWERS AND DUTIES— President of Senate ; President of United States. Cabinet. COMPOSED OF— Secretary of State ; Secretary of the Treasury ; Secretary of War ; Secretary of the Navy ; Secre- tary of the Interior; Postmaster-General; Attor- ney-General. SALARY OF EACH— $8,000 per annum. Legislative Department. Vested in Congress. COMPOSED OF— Senate and House of Representatives. MEETS— First Monday in December each year. 36 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. COMPOSED OF— Two members from each State. ELIGIBILITY— Thirty years of age ; Citizen of the United States nine years ; Inhabitant of State. TERM— Begins March 4 ; Lasts six years. ELECTED— By Legislatures of the several States. VACANCIES FILLED— By Governor ; Legislatures. POWERS AND DUTIES- LEGISLATIVE: With House. Elective: (a) Officers; (b) Vice-President; Try impeachments ; Executive. SALARY— $5,000 per annum ; Mileage, twenty cents per mile each way, 1125 for stationery. SENATORS FROM MICHIGAN— Thomas W. Palmer, 1889 ; Francis B. Stockbridge, 1893. House of Representatives. COMPOSED OF— Three hundred and Twenty-five members. ELIGIBILITY— Twenty-five years of age ; Citizen of the United States seven years ; Inhabitant of State. APPORTIONED— One for every 151,912 persons ; Each State one. TERM— Begins March 4 ; Lasts two years. ELECTED— By the people ; First Tuesday after the first Mon- day in November. VACANCIES FILLED— By special election. ; * CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 37 POWERS AND Duties- Legislative : (a) WitbJSenate;_(£) Revenue ; Im- peachment. Elective : (a) Officers ; (b) President. SALARY— Same as in Senate. Expressed Powers of Congress. FINANCIAL— Raising Monet: (a) Taxes; (b) Duties; (c) Im- posts ; (d) Excises ; (e) Borrow. PURPOSES— (a) Payment of United States debts; (b) Common defence ; (c) General welfare. REGULATE COMMERCE— Foreign nations ; Among States ; Indians. NATURALIZATION AND BANKRUPTCY- COMMERCIAL— Coin money. Regulate Value: (a) Domestic; (b) Foreign. Fix standard of weights and measures. CRIMINAL— To define and punish : (a) Piracies ; {b) Felonies on the high seas; (<•) International offenses. To provide f G 1 'ERNMENT. Judicial Department. VESTED IN— One supreme court ; inferior courts. Judiciary of the United States. Supreme Court. Chief Justice Melvin R Fuller. . . Justice Samuel F. Miller. . Justice Stephen J. Field.. Justice Joseph P. Bradley. Justice John M. Harlan.... Justice Stanley Matthews. Justice Horace Gray Justice Samuel Ulatchford. APPOINTED FROM. Illinois, 1888. Iowa, 186'i. California, 1863. New Jersey, 1870. Kentucky, 1877. Ohio, 1881. Massachusetts, 1881. New York, 1882. Justice Lucius Q, C. Lamar [Mississippi, Circuit Courts. First... Second. Third.. Fourth. Fifth... Sixth. . . Seventh Eighth. Ninth.. . Me., Mass., N. H., R. I Vt., Conn., N. Y N. J., Pa., Del Md\, W. Va., Va.,N. C, S. C (In., Flor., Ala., Miss., La., Tex.... Mich., O., Ky ., Tenn 111.. Ind., Wis Ark., Col., la., Neb., Kan., Minn., M Cal., Oregon, Nevada LeBarron B. Colt .. Win. .1. Wallace.... Wm. McKinuan Hugh L. Rend Don A. Pardee Howell E. Jackson. Walter Q. Gresham David J. Brewer. . . Lorenzo Sawyer Appointed Feom. R. I., 1884. N. Y., 1882. Pa,, 1878. Md., 1870. La., 1881. Tenn., 1886. 111., 1884. Kan., 1884. Cal., 1870. Court of Claims. Name. Appointed Fbom. Illinois, 1883. Dist. of Columbia L885 JUDGES— Appointed by President and Senate ; Tenure of office during good behavior. Salaries : (a) Chief justice, $10,500 ; (b) Associate Justices, $10,000 ; (c) Circuit Judges, $6,000 ; (d) Judges of Court of Claims, $4,500 ; (e) District Judges, $3,500-$5,000. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 39 JURISDICTION— Original ; Appellate. Prohibitions of Congress. WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS— Rebellion ; Invasion. COMMERCIAL— Export duties ; Preference of ports. FINANCIAL— Paying money without appropriation. Receiving from foreign power: (a) Present; (b) Emolument ; (c) Office ; (d) Title. Criminal— Bill of attainder ; Ex-post facto law. On States. COMMERCIAL— Import duties ; Export duties ; Tonnage duties ; Law impairing contracts. CRIMINAL— Bill of attainder ; Ex-post facto law. MONEY— Coin ; Bills of credit ; Legal tender. WAR— Letters of marque and reprisal ; Troops or war ves- sels ; Engage in war. NOBILITY- AMENDMENTS - First : Liberty of speech ; of press ; of religion ; Of right to petition. Second : Right to keep and bear arms. Third : Quartering soldiers. Fourth : Search Warrants. Fifth and Sixth : Rights in criminal cases. Seventh : Jury trial where controversy exceeds twenty dollars. Eighth : Excessive bail ; Fines ; Punishment. Ninth : Rights retained by people. Tenth : Powers reserved to states or people. Eleventh : Judicial jurisdiction. Twelfth : Election of President and Vice-Presi- dent. Thirteenth : Slavery :' Involuntary servitude. Fourteenth : Civil Rights ; Representatives ; Disabilities ; Debt. Fifteenth : Suffrage. 40 < 'IYIL GOVERNMENT. CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES— 1st, 1790 S 3,929,328 ; 2d, 1800, 5,305,925 ; 3d, 1810, 7,239,814; 4th, 1820, 9,638,131; 5th, 1830,12,- 866,026 ; 6th, 1840, 17,069,453 ; 7th, 1850, 23,191,- 876 ; 8th, 1860, 31,443,321 ; 9th, 1870, 38,558,371 ; 10th, 1880, 50,152,866. Time for Holding- State ami Territorial Elections. States and Teekitokies. Alabama Arizona Territory Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Territory Illinois Indiana Indian Territory Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiar a Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Territory. . . Nebraska Nevada' New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico Territory New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Utah Territory Vermont Virginia Washington Territory West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territory.. $ 3,(100 2,600 3,500 6,000 3,000 2,000 2,600 2,000 3,500 3,000 2,600 6,000 5,000 2,600 3,000 3, 5,000 4,000 2,000 4,500 5,000 1, 3,800 4,000 5,000 •2,(1011 2,500 6,000 1,000 5,000 2,600 10,000 3,000 4,000 4,500 10,000 1,000 3,500 4,000 4,000 2,600 1,000 5,000 2,600 2,700 5,000 2,600 Time of Geneual Election. Firsl Monday in August. Tuesday after first Monday in November. First Tuesday in September. Tuesday after first Monday in November. First Wednesday in October. Tuesday after first Monday in Novemb First Monday in August. Tuesday after third Monday in April. Second Monday in September. Tuesday after firsl Monday in November. First Monday in June. Tuesday after first Monday in November. First Wednesday in April. Tuesday after first Monday in November. First Monday in August. First Tuesday in September. Tuesday after first Monday in November. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. DIPLOMATIC MINISTERS— To Franco, German Empire, Great, Britain, Russia, salary $17,500 ; to Austria, Brazil, China, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, salary $12,000 ; Chili, Peru, Central American States, salary $10,000; Argentine Republic, Belgium, Columbia, Ha- waiian Islands, Norway and Sweden, Netherlands, Turkey, Venezuela, salary, $7,500 ; Bolivia, Ilayti, Switzerland, Denmark, Paraguay and Uruguay, Portugal, Liberia, salary $5,000. Pay of the Army and \avy of tin* United State**. General $13,500 Admiral utenant- General . jor-General eadier- General.. . ,000 Vice-Admiral . ,500 Rear- Admiral. jnant-Co ptain imountedl ptain (not mounted) gimental Adjutant gimental Quartermaster rst Lieutenant (mounted) rst Lieutenanl (nol moui Bond Lieutenanl (mounted i rend Lieutenant mot ti i< m i r i ' . •■ I Lieu Lieu' Mast LllSl! .-!:», 9,000 . li. . 5,000 4,500 . 3,500 . 2, SI 10 L,5()0 Issistant-Surgei 1,400 Midshipman... . 1,500 Gunners 1,800 1,200 2,500 •j, si 10 2,800 1,700 Tin* Electoral Vote. States, Votes. States. Votes. St ltes. Votes. * 10 7 3 4 15 13 8 6 14 s 13 '•' 16 i 5 :: !l 36 23 3 Massai husetts Maryland Pennsylvania.. . Rhode Islaml... . South Carolina . . Tennessee Texas Vermont 30 4 Colorado Connecticut Michigan Mississippi Missouri 13 Florida. .. Minnesota New Hampshire. Nebraska i 12 West Virginia. - Wisconsin Total. . . (I 11 [owa New Jersey 401 North Carolina. ... ANNUAL SALARIES— Emperor of Russia, $8,250,000; Sultan of Turkey, »6,000,000 ; Emperor of Austria, 14,000,000 ; Em- peror of Germany, $3,000,000 ; Queen Victoria (G. B.,) $2,200,000 ; President of the United States, $50,000. * CIVIL GOVERNMENT. CIVIL GOVERNMENT OF MICHIGAN, Departments. EXECUTIVE— Governor ; Assistants. LEGISLATIVE— Senate, 32 ; House of Representatives, 100. JUDICIAL— Supreme court ; Inferior courts. Executive Department. Governor. ELIGIBILITY— Age 30 years ; Citizen of the United States five years ; of State, two years. SALARY— I J, 000. Assistant State Officers. ELECTIVE— Secretary of State, salary $800 ; State Treasurer, salary $1,000 ; Auditor-General, salary $2,000; Commissioner of Land Office, salary $800 ; Attor- ney-General, salary $800 ; Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction, salary $1,000. State Boards. elective- Regents : Eight members ; term, 8 years. Education : Three members ; term, 6 years. EX-OFFICIO— Auditors : Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Commissioner of Land Office. Equalization : Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor-General, State Treasurer, Commis- sioner of Land Office. Canvassers : Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Commissioner of Land Office. (717/. GOVERNMENT. OtlHM- State Officers and Clerks Title. 5 DC 81, i. in in l.-juii .■.,,,, 1,200 2,500 1,800 Ul 1,801 Title. ■a CO Secretary Board of Agriculture Deputy Sup'1 Public Instruction.. . Private Si ■rivtary "f Om ernoi- .... DiaiiL'ljtsinan State Land Oflire... Bookkeeper Stat.- Land Office Bookkeeper State Treas. Office Bookkeeper A.ud. -General's Office Clerk .if Attorney General Clerks of A.ud.-Gen., four, each. . . Clerks nf Seeivtar\ nf Stan- Clerks- Of Com'r of Land Office.... 81,800 Swamp Land Slut.- Road Com'r Commissioner of Insurance Deputy Com'r of Insurance Railroad Commissioner Deputy State Treasurer 1,000 1 III HI Legislative Department. now COMPOSED— One from each district. ELIGIBILITY— \ Citizen of the United States; Qualified elector; In- habitant of county or district. NUMBER OF MEMBERS— Thirty-two. BY WHOM ELECTED— The people. WHEN ELECTED— Tuesday following tirsi Monday in November of every even year. SALARY— Three dollars per day during regular session and for first twenty days of extra session, and nothing thereafter ; also ten cents mileage each way, and $5 for stationery. QUORUM— Majority of Members, but a lesser number may adjourn from day to day, and compel the attend- ance of absent members. SENATE POWERS— Legislative — with House ; Judicial — impeachment ; Elective — Senate officers ; Executive. 44 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. House of Representatives. 1I()\V COMPOSED— One from each legislative district. ELIGIBILITY— Citizen of the United States; Qualified elector; In- habitant of district. NUMBER OF MEMBERS— One hundred. BY WHOM ELECTED— The people. WHEN ELECTED— Tuesday following first Monday in November of every even year. SALARY— Same as in Senate. QUORUM— Same as in Senate. HOUSE POWERS— Legislative— with Senate ; Inquisitorial — impeach- ment ; Elective — House officers. Judicial Department. Supreme t'onrt. CHIEF JUSTICE— Thomas R. Sherwood, term expires Dec. 31, 1889. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES— John W. Champlin, term expires Dec. 31, 1891. Allen B. Morse, term expires Dec. 31, 1893. James V. Campbell, term expires Dec. 31, 1895. Charles D. Long, term expires Dec. 31, 1897. SALARY— #5,000. OFFICERS AND THEIR SALARIES— Clerk, fees ; Reporter, #1,500 and expenses, and a sum not to exceed $600 per year for clerk hire; Attorney-General, #800 ; Crier, #2 per day and Ires ; Sheriff, fees ; Attorneys, fees. TERMS F.mr annually, commencing on first Tuesday after first Monday in January, April, June and Octo- ber. CI \ T IL O YERNMEX T. 45 County. EXECUTIVE— Sheriff, fees ; Clerk, salary and fees ; Treasurer, salary and fees ; Register of deeds, fees; Prose- cuting attorney, salary ; Surveyor, $-4 per day and fees; Coroners (2), fees; School examiners (3), $4 per day; Superintendents of poor (3), sal- ary fixed by board of supervisors. JUDICIAL— Circuit Judges, $2,500 ; Circuit Court Commission- ers, fees; Probate Judge, salary according to population of county. LEGISLATIVE— Board of Supervisors, $3 per day and mileage six cents each way. Township. EXECUTIVE- Supervisor, $2 per day and fees; Clerk, $1.50 per day and fees; Treasurer, percentage; School inspectors (2), $2 per day; Highway Commis- sioner, $1.50 per day; Drain Commissioner, $2 perday ; Overseersof Highway, $] per day; Con- stables (4), fees; hence Viewers, $1 perday. JUDICIAL— Justices of the Peace. LEGISLATIVE— Township meeting. ELECTIONS— March — Dates variously fixed in the different vil- lages ; April — First Monday each year ; Novem- ber — Tuesday following first Monday, even years. ELECTIONS. OFFICERS. Teem of Office. Village officers ( iue year. Ten years. Six years. One year. Two years. Two years. Two years. Two years. Four years. ! April ... .Iil'le. -s of Slipre Court .Iu.lu.-s..r Cm-wit Court Township and city officers Justicesof the peace 1 >rain Commissioners siate executive officers 1 i ( 1Y1L GO YERNMENT. CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS OF MICHIGAN— First District: County of Wayne. Second District : Counties of Monroe, Lenawee, Hillsdale and Washtenaw. Third District: Counties' of Jackson, Calhoun, Branch, Larry and Eaton. Fourth District : Counties of Berrien, Cass, St. Joseph, Kalamazoo and YanLuren. Fifth District : Counties of Allegan, Kent, Otta- wa and Luna. Sixth District : Counties of Livingston, Ingham, Oakland, Genesee and Clinton. Skventh District : Counties of Macomb, St.Clair, Sanilac, Lapeer and Huron. Eighth District : Counties of Montcalm, Gratiot, Isabella, Midland, Saginaw and Shiawassee. Ninth District: Counties of Antrim, Charlevoix, Kalkaska, Lake, Mason, Manistee, Mecosta, .Mis- saukee, Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Osceola and Wexford. Tenth District : Counties of Alcona, Aljxna, Arenac, Bay, Cheboygan, Clair, Crawford, Emmet, Gladwin, Iosco, Montmoiency, Ogemaw, Oscoda, Otsego, Presque Isle, Roscommon and Tuscola. Eleventh District : Counties of Alger, Baraga, Benzie, Chippewa, Delta, Gogebic, Grand Traverse, Houghton, Iron, Isle Royal, Keweenaw, Lelanaw, Mackinac, Manitou, Marquette, Menominee, Onto- nagon and Schoolcraft. Governors of Michigan. TERRITORIAL— William Hull, 1805 ; Lewis Cass, 1814; George B. Porter, L832 ; Stevens T. Mason, 1834 ; John S. Horner, 1835 ; Stevens T. Mason, 1835. STATE- Stevens T. Mason, 1837-40; William Woodbridge, 1840-41; J. Wright Gordon (acting,) 1841-42; John S. Barry, 1842-46; Alpheus Felch, 1846-47 ; William S. Greenly (acting,) 1847-48 ; Epaphro- ditus Ransom, 1848-50 ; John S. Barry, 1850-52 ; Robert McClelland, 1852-53; Andrew Parsons (acting,) 1853-55 ; Kinsley S. Bingham, 1855 59 ; Moses Wisner, 1859-6 1 ; 'Austin Blair, 1861-65 ; Henry H. Crapo, L865-69 ; Henry P. Baldwin, 1869-73; John J. Bagley, 1873-77; Charles M. Cross well, 1877-81 ; David H. Jerome, 1881-83 ; Josiah W. Begole, 1883-1885 ; Russell A. Alger, 1885-87 ; Cyrus G. Luce, 1887. GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY. DEFINITIONS— Geography — Mathematical, political, physical ; Or- ology ; Meteorology, Hydrology ; Ethnology ; Planets ; Satellites ; Earth — Proofs of rotundity of the earth ; Distance from sun, sphere or globe, diameter, circumference, earthquake, trend, lava, crater, axis ; Poles — North, south ; Revolutions — Annual, diurnal ; Circles — Great, small ; Degree, equator, parallels : Latitude — North, south, 90 degrees ; Tropics — Cancer, Capricorn; Polar Cir- cles — Arctic, Antarctic; Meridian circles, meri- dian; Longitude — East, west. 180 degrees; Isothermal lines; Horizon ; Equinoxes; Solstices ; Ecliptic ; Hemispheres — East, west, north, south ; Zones — North and South Temperate, each 43 degrees ; Torrid, 47 degrees; North and South Frigid, each 2-'C, degrees ; Earth's surface — Land and water. NATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND— Continent ; Islands — Continental, oceanic ; Atoll ; Peninsula, isthmus, cape, promontory, mountain, hill ; Volcanoes — Active, extinct ; Range or chain, peak or summit; Valleys — Longitudinal, trans verse ; Base, slopes, crest, pass or passage, moun- tain-knot, plain, prairies or savannas, llanos or pampas, selvas, steppes, table-land or plateau, desert, oasis, swamp, water shed, delta, river basin, Reefs — Fringing, barrier, encircling. NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER— Ocean, sea, gulf or bay, fiord, harbor, haven or port, road or roadstead, strait, channel, sound; Lakes — Salt, fresh ; Pond, archipelago, river, estuary, river system, icebergs, glacier, rapids, canon, falls, lagoon; Springs — Cold, thermal, artesian wells, firth, canal. <;i:<;RAPHY. STRAITS— Belle Isle, Northumberland, Juan de Fuca, Van- couver, Davis, Hudson, Florida, Yucatan. ISLANDS- CAPES Arctic archipelago, Disco, Kodiac, Sitka, Queen Charlotte, Vancouver, West Indies, Bahama, Ber- muda, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland. 'arc well, Hat hurst, Chudleigh, Barrow, Flattery, Mendocino, St. Lucas, Corrientes, Sable, Hatteras, Sandy Hook, ( !od, Race. CITIES- Reykjavik, Upernavik, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec, Sitka, Chicago, New York, Boston, Halifax, Phil- adelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Cincinnati, Si. Luui>, Vera, Cruz, Mexico, San Francisco, lla- South America. COUNTRIES CAPITALS. Rio Janeiro . . Buem i- Ayres. liii I 'a/. Form <>r Emperor. £-6 Brazil Argentine Republic Empire.. . . Republic... Dom Pedro II Presides is. Juarez Celman 1831 L886 Ecuador. .1. M. 1'. Caamano .... .1. M. Balmaceda l,xs:> Chili Santiago Caracas Bogota ism; Peru . Uruguay. \l mtevideo... . Asuncion Paraguay < reorgetown. . . Cayenne Param i M( )PN TAINS— Andes, Paiiina, Pacaraitna, Acarai, Geral, Brazilian Andes, Aconcagua (volcano,) Cotopaxi (volcano,) Pichincha (volcano,) Mt. Chimborazo. GEOGRAPHY RIVERS— Amazon, Orinoco, Negro, La Plata, Uruguay, Par- ana, St. Francisco, Paraguay, Magdalena. GULFS AND BAYS— Darien, Panama, St. George, Venezuela, St. Mat- thias, Choco. ISLANDS— Terra del Fuego, Joannes or Marajo, Chiloe, Falk- land, Wellington, Lobos, Trinidad. CAPES— Gallinas, St. Roque, Blanco, Horn, Frio, Corrientes, St. Antonio, Aguja. CITIES- Rio Janerio, Bahia, Lima, Bogota," Sucre, LaPaz, Quito, Buenos Ayres, Santiago. Europe. COUNTRIES. CAPITALS. FOKM OF Gov't. RULEHS. - - Russia St. Petersburg.. Constantinople. . Empire.. . . Kingdom. . Republic. Alexander 111 Turkey Ai 1 Hamid Khan.... Franz .Joseph I Kr<-.l.-i-j.-k Wilhelm.... Austria Germany Spain Berlin Madrid. Portugal Lisbon- Luis 1 Victoria Humbert 1 Great Britain London. [talj Rome The Hague 1 Irussels C mhagen Stockholm Christiana 1S7S Holland William III. \\< -1-111111 Leopold II. Christian IX.. s v'r" ! Oscar 11 Norway \ George I Miland Obrenovic [.... Karl 1 1863 Belgrade Bucharest Cettigne 1881 Montenegro NicholasI Presidents. M. F. Sadie-Carnot.... W. F. Hertenstein 1 SI ;n a 2 1887 Berne 1 888 MOUNTAINS— Alps, Pyrenees, Apennine, Carpathian, Balkan, Caucasus, Ural, Auvergne, Cevennes, Dovrefield, Kiolen, Sierra Nevada, Cantabrian, Sierra Mo- rena. Sierra Estrella, Mt. Blanc, Pindus. GEOGRAPHY. RIVERS— Ural, Volga, Don, Ebro, Pruth, Dnieper, Dniester, Drave, Dwina Dunn, Onega, Douro, Vistula, Danube, Oder, Guadiana, Elbe. Rhine, Rhone, Seine, Loire, Po, Tagus, Weser, Save SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS— White, Baltic, North, Irish, Adriatic, Azof, Medi- terranean, Marmora, Black, Caspian, Bothnia, Finland, Riga, Biscay, Lyons, Genoa, Taranto, Dantzic. STRAITS— Gibraltar, O Iran to, Dover, Dardanelles, Bosphorus, Yenikale, Cattegat, Skager-Rack, English Chan- nel, St. George's Channel. ISLANDS— Lofoden, Faroe, Shetland, Orkney, British, Balea- ric, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Ionian, Can- dia, Cyprus. CAPES— North, Char, Land's End, St. Matthew, Finisterre, St. Vincent, Ortegal, Matapan. CITIES— St. Petersburg, Archangel, Odessa, Astrakan, Mos- cow, Hammerfest, Berlin, Christiana, Stockholm, The Hague, Brussels, Paris, Vienna, Berne, Rome, Naples, Madrid, Lisbon, Athens, Constan- tinople, Cetl igne, Bucharest. Asia. COUNTRIES. CAPITALS St. Petersburg.. Pekin. . Jaean Burmah. '.".". *.".'.' 01 Yeddo.. Constantinople. M,,i„[;i!;iv Bankok Arabia Muscat Persia British India Calcutta Afghanistan \ .. Calm]. Kelat Poem of Gov't. KULEKS. Colony Empire.. , Rwang Su AhiNu Hito Abdul Hamid II. ISTf. 1876 Kingdom. . Inendoonmen Chan Ta Chule Long Korn Empire - . . Despotism Yakob Khan Mir N.isa Khan 52 GEOGRAPHY. MOUNTAINS— Himalaya, Yablonoi, Altai, Khin Gan, Nanling, Hindoo Koosh, Kara-Korum, Western Ghauts, Eastern Ghauts, Elburz, Taurus, Mt. Sinai, Ml. Ararat, Mt. Everest, Tliian-Shan, Fujiyama, (volcano,) Vindhya, Kuenlun, Stanovoy. RIVERS— Lena, Yenisei, Obi, Irtish, Angara, Sihon, Amoo, Hoang-Ho, Yang-tse-Kiang, Brahmapootra, Cam- bodia, Ganges, Indus, Tigris, Euphrates, Amoor. SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS— Kara, Arabian, China, Blue, Yellow, Japan, Ok- hotsk, Behring, Red, Aral, Obi, Persian, Aden, Bengal, Siam, Tonquin, Anadir, Peehelee. STRAITS— Behring, Channel of Tartary, Corea, Formosa, Mal- acca, Ormus, Babel Mandeb, Balk, Hainan. ISLANDS— Nova Zembla, New Siberia, Kurile, Saghalien, Yezo, Hondo, Shikoku, Kiushiu, Formosa, Japan, Hai- nan, Ceylon, Cyprus, Laccadive, Maldive, Bah- rein, Nicobar, Andaman, Socotra. CAPES— Northeast, East, Lopatka, Cambodia, Romania, Comorin. CITIES— Pekin, Lassa, Seoul, Kashgar, Hue, Bankok, Man- dalay, Calcutta, Colombo, Cabul, Teheran, Riad, Muscat, Tobolsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tinman, Bar- naul, Irkoutsk, Khiva, Bokhara, Smyrna, Damas- cus, Jerusalem. Africa. COUNTRIES— Barbary States — Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli; Fez/an, Egypt, Nubia, Soudan, Abyssinia,, Zan- guebar, Upper Guinea, Sierra Leone, Lower Guinea, Barca, Mozambique, ('ape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, Orange Free States, Senegambia, Li- beria, Sahara. GEOGRAPHY. 53 MOUNTAIN S- Atlas, Kong, Crystal, Snow, Great Karroo, Kondi, Mt, Kenia, Mt. Killamandjaro, Cameroon. RIVERS— Nile, White Nile, Blue Nile, Atbara, Zambesi, Or- ange, Congo, Niger. GULFS AND BAYS— Sidra, Cabes, Guinea, False, Algoa, Delagoa. ISLANDS— St. Helena, Canary, Princes, St. Thomas, Madagas- car, Comoro, Zanzibar, Socotra. CAPES— Hun, Spartel, Blanco, Verde, Palmas, Lope/., Negro, Frio, G ] Hope, Agulhas, Corrientes, Delgado, Amber, Guardafui, Si. Mary. CITIES— Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta, Port Said, Suez, Gon- dar, Antalo, Ankobar, Zanzibar, Tananarivo, Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Pietermaritzburg, Pre- toria, Monrovia, Fez, Five Town, .Morocco, Al- giers, Constantine, Oran, Tunis, Tripoli, Mourzouk, Bengazi, Timbuctoo, Kano, Sokoto, Kuka. Oceanica. DIVISIONS— Malaysia, Australasia, Polynesia. MOUNTAINS— Line, Darling, Australian Alps, South Alps, Ash- burton, Egmonl (volcano,) Edgecombe (volcano,) Mt. Ophir, Mt. Kosciusko, Hawaii (volcano.) RIVERS— Murray, Darling, Victoria, Lachlan, Ashburton, Cooper. SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS— Botany, Coral, Carpentaria, Spencer, Java, Celebes* Cambridge, Arafura. STRAITS— Bass, Cook, Sunda, Torres, Molucca, Macassar. (SEOaRM'IIY. ISLANDS— Australia, New Guinea, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Celebes, Molucca, Philippine, Singapore, Sand- wich, New Zealand, Friendly, Society, Feejee, Tasmania, Solomon, Banca. CAPES— York, Sandy, Howe, Wilson, Leeuwin, Northwest, Datu, Farewell, West, Fast, Maria. CITIES— Acheen, Bencoolen, Batavia, Manila, Victoria, Wel- lington, Sydney, Hobart, Adelaide. Races and Religions. RACES— Caucasian, 600,000,000 ; Mongolian, 600,000,000 ; African, 250,000,000 ; Malay, 4,000,000 ; Ameri- can, 8, oou, Don. Estimated t<> speak over 3,000 different languages. RELIGIONS— Pagans, 676,000,000; Christians, 320,000,000; Mo- hammedans, 140,000,000; Jews, 14,000,000. Profess about 1,000 different forms of religion. Population of Sonic of the Principal <'ities of the World. London, 3,533,484 ; Paris, 1,988,806; Pekin, 1,650,- 000; Canton, 1,500,000; New York, 1,206,590; Berlin, L,049,663 ; Vienna, 1,020.770; Philadel- phia, 846,984 ; Tokio, 811,510 ; St. Petersburg, 667,963. 'IV ii l'i'iiH*i|>al Cities of the United States. New York, 1,206,590; Philadelphia, 846,984 ; Brook- lyn, 566,689; Chicago, 503,304 ; Boston, 362,535; St. Louis, 350,522 ; Baltimore, 332,190; Cincin- nati, 255,708 ; San Francisco, 23-'<',956 ; New Or- leans, 216,140. Seven Wonders of the World. The pyramids, temples and hanging gardens of Babylon ; Statue of J upiter < Hympus ; Temple of Diana at Ephesus ; Mausoleum of Halicarnassus ; The Pharos ; The Colossus of Rhodes. GEOGRAPHY. 55 Highest Mountains in the \\ oil. 3. OLD WORLD. Feet. NEW WOULD. Fkkt. 24,422 Elburz 18,572 Chimborazo • Ararat 1(5,960 \l ;:.; A Ihin: j Monte Rosa 15,223 \'\r Alli'tli.m 11,168 1 :,.ii(iii Kiliina Niaro 20,065 St Eli is 1 1,970 Itule for Measuring Height of Objeets. i: C Knowing distance from A to ( ', from A to 15, and from B to D to find tin- distance from C to E. RULE— Divide the distance from A to C by the distance from A to B, ami multiply the quotient by the distance from B to [). Length of Degrees of Longitude in Different Latitudes. Degree of Statute Degree of Statute Latitude. Miles. Latitude. Wiles. l 69.15 :,ii 44.43 5 68.85 .-,.-, 39.64 10 68.06 i;ii 34.56 15 66.76 65 29.21 •jii 64.94 Til 23.64 ■>r, 62.64 75 L7.89 30 59.86 Sll 12.00 35 56.62 85 6.02 411 52.94 90 0.00 ir, 18.88 Utile to Find the Length of a l>dgree of Longitude at any Lat- itude. With globe ascertain the number of equatorial de- grees — at desired latitude— between an}^ two GEOGRAPHY. ISnh to Find the Length of a Degree of Longitude at any Lat- itude—Continued. meridians, which multiply by GO and divide pro- duct by the number of degrees between the two meridians ; the quotient will be the number of geographical miles. EXAMPLE— , Find the length of a degree <>f longitude at Grand Rapids, Mich. The distance between two merid- ians at Grand Rapids is 11 equatorial degrees ; 1 1x60-:- 15=44 geographical miles; 44xl.i52§= 50.72 statute miles. Length of the Principal Rivers of the World. NEW WORLD. Miles. OLD WORLD. Miles. 4,200 3,750 3,100 2,300 2,300 2, i 1,900 1,600 1,550 1^1 120 650 100 350 330 4,000 Missouri Lena 'J, 71 10 " (i r ill Yukon 2,300 Volga 2,000 San Francisco Rio Grande Del Norta Danube 1,800 1,750 (' 1 pari Uabama Murray 1,500 SSII Hudson l-:ie\ at ion of Lakes. NAME. Feet. 15,000 15,000 15,000 12,846 A.ullagus 12,257 7,780 4,200 Itasca (Minnesota) 1,575 600 Michigan : 586 585 565 23] m GEOGRAPHY. Depression of L.ake*. NAME. Feet. 1,312 Canals. NEW WORLD. OLD WORLD. Name and Location. Length in Miles. Name and Location. Length IN MlDES. 363 1 -j 1 • , 332 291 1 108 Imperial, China Ludwig's, < M-miany Caledonia, < treat Britain 1 >u Midi, France North Holland, Holland 1, HI III Miami and Erie, Ohio St. Mary's, Mirlii^an 150 Comparative Table of Islands. In the following table Michigan, with an area of of 56,500 square miles, is taken as a unit. NAME. Areas in Square Miles. o > OS 3,000,000 300, 275,0110 200,000 130, 106, 84,000 711, HUH 51,500 16,1 1:0,200 35,000 32,500 28,000 26,200 24,500 6,500 6,000 5, 1 4,800 53.09 5.30 4.00 3.53 2.47 Madagascar Iceland Ireland. Havti. . .10 Timor.. Bahamas .08 GRAMMAR. GRAMMAR. ORTHOGRAPHY. ETYMOLOGY. SYNTAX. PROSODY. Orthography. (Sec outline of this subject.) Etymology. DEFINITIONS— Parts of speech — Noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, participle, declension, comparison, conjugation, parsing, inflection, synopsis. Nouns. COMMON— Class ; Abstract ; Collective ; Verbal. PROPER. PROPERTIES— Gender — Masculine, feminine, common, neutei ; Person — First, second, third ; Number — Singular, plural ; Case — Nominative, possessive, objective, absolute or independent. GRAMMAR. 59 GENDER OF NOUNS DETERMINED— By termination ; By different words ; by prefixes or suffixes. PLURAL OF NOUNS FORMED— By inflection ; by radical change. Pronouns. ANTECEDENT. CONSEQUENT. PERSONAL— Simple ; Compound. POSSESSIVE. RELATIVE— Simple, Compound. INTERROGATIVE. Adjectives. DESCRIPTIVE— Common ; Proper ; Participial. DEFINITIVE— .Articles ; Pronominals ; Numerals. COMPARISON— Degree — Positive; Corriparative ; Superlative Verbs. USE— Transitive; Intransitive; Copulative; Principal; Auxiliary ; Unipersonal. FORM— Regular ; Irregular ; Redundant ; Detective NATURE— Active ; Passive ; Neuter. PROPERTIES— Voice — Active, passive ; Mode, Indicative, subjunc- tive, potential, imperative, infinitive ; Tense — Present, present perfect, past, past perfect, future, future perfect ; Number and person — Same as subject. -1 GRAMMAR. Adverbs. Time ; Place ; Cause ; Degree ; Manner; Interrog- ative ; Conjunctive; Modal; Adverbial phrase. Prepositions. Simple ; Complex. Conjunctions. USE- Co-ordinate ; Subordinate. MEANING— Copulative ; Disjunctive ; Correlative. Syntax. Analysis: Synthesis. ELEMENTS— Principal — (a) Subject ; (b) Predicate ; (c) Object ; Subordinate — Adjective, adverbial. PHRASES— Classes — (a) Substantive ; (b) Adjective ; (c) Ad- verbial ; (d) Independent. Function — (a) Sim- ple ; {b) Compound ; (c) Transitive ; (d) Intran- sitive ; (e) Principal ; (/) Auxiliary ; {) Infinitive ; (c) Participle ; (d) Nominal. CLAUSES— Subject; Predicate; Relative; Appositive ; Inter- rogative ; Objective ; Adverbial. SENTENCES— Function — (a) Declarative ; (b) Interrogative ; (c) Imperative ; (d) Exclamatory. Form (a) Sim- ple ; (b) Complex ; (c) Compound. FIGURES OF SPEECH— Etymology — (a) Apheresis; (b) Prosthesis ; (c) Para- goge ; (d) Syncope ; (e) Apocope ; (f) Tmesis ; (g) Dieresis ; (/*) Syneresis. Syntax — (a) Pleon- asm ; (b) Ellipsis; (c) Parenthesis; (y applying this knowl- edge constantly in reading- and conversation. ELEMENTARY SOUNDS— Syllables and words should be distinctly uttered. ORGANS OF SPEECH — Lips, teeth, tongue and palate. VOICE— Produced by the passage of air through the larynx. ELEMENTARY SOUNDS— Are divided into vocals, sub-vocals and aspirates, VOCALS— Those tones of voice which are unobstructed by the organs of speech. SUB-VOCALS— Those tones which are modulated by the organs of speech. ASPIRATES— Those elementary sounds which are produced hy the breath alone. PRINCIPAL ERRORS IN ARTICULATION— (1) Addition of one or more elementary sounds. (2) Omission of one or more elementary sounds. (3) The using of one elementary sound for another. Syllabication. SYLLABLE— One or more elementary sounds uttered in unison. MONOSYLLABLE— A word of one syllable. DISSYLLABLE— A word of two syllables. TRISYLLABLE— A word of three syllables. READING POLYSYLLABLE— A word of four or more syllables. ULTIMATE— The last syllable of a word. PENULT— The last syllable of a word but one. ANTEPENULT— The last syllable of a word but, two. PREANTEPENULT— The last syllable of a word but three. Words have as many syllables as they contain vowel sounds. A syllable should never be divided at the end of a line. Constant use of the dictionary should be made in the study of syllabication. Accent. PRIMARY ACCENT— The more forcible stress of voice. SECONDARY ACCENT— The less forcible stress of voice. In Webster's dictionary the primary accent is indi- cated by a heavy mark, ami the secondary accent by a lighter mark. Expression. MODULATION— The variation of voice heard in reading and speaking. EMPHASIS— A special stress of voice on one or more words of a sentence. PERSONATION— The variation of the voice used to represent two or more persons as speaking. PAUSES— The cessation of voice in reading or speaking, used to add force to the expression, also to mark gram- matical construction. 64 READING. SLUR— A smooth gliding movement of the voice heard in reading and speaking. MONOTONE— A sameness of tone or absence <>!' inflection. Modulation. PITCH— The elevation of the voice, as heard in reading and speaking. DIVISION OF PITCH— (1) Low, (2) common and (:5) high. LOW PITCH— Any tone of voice lower than the common. COMMON PITCH— The tone of voice used in conversation. HIGH PITCH— Any tone of voice higher than the common. RATE— The time of utterance in reading and speaking. DIVISION OF RATE— (1) Slow, (2) medium and (3) rapid. SLOW RATE — That used in expressions of solemnity, devo- tion, etc. MEDIUM RATE— That used in common conversation, narration or de- scription. RAPID RATE— That used in expressions of joy, anger, excitement and haste. QUALITY— Refers to the kind of tone. PURE TONE — That used in common conversation. READING. ASPIRATED— The whisper, or the whisper partly vocalized. OROTUND— Thepure lone deepened and enlarged. GUTTURAL— That in which the voice seems to be produced in the throat. NASAL— Thai in which the voice seems to pass through the nose. FALSETTO— Any tone above the natural compass of the voice. PECTORAL— Any tone below the natural compass of the voice. TREMBLING— That used in excessive griei <>r pity, or to represent enfeebled acre. FORCE— Refers to the volume of sound without change of pitch. DIVISIONS <>K FORCE— (l) Subdued, (2) Moderate ami (3) Strong. SUBDUED FORCE— Is less than the common energy of the voice. MODERATE FORCE— That usually employed in conversation, narration, etc. STRONG FORCE— That greater than the common energy of the voice. STRESS- The manner of applying emphasis to one or more words of a sentence. DIVISION OF STRFSS- (1) Initial, (2) final, (3) sustained, (4) median, (5) compound and ((>) tremulous. READING INITIAL STRESS— That in which the emphasis falls upon the begin- ning of a word or phrase, ami gradually dimin- ishes. FINAL STRESS— That in which the emphasis is gradually increased. SUSTAINED STRESS— That in which the emphasis commences^ continues and ends with the same fore •. MEDIAN STRESS— That in which the emphasis is applied with the greatest force in the middle of the sound. COMPOUND STRESS— That in which the emphasis is applied with the greatest force at the initial and final parts of the sound. INTERMITTENT STRESS, OR TREMULOUS— That in which the emphasis is applied in wave like impulses. INFLECTION— The change of pitch used in leading and speaking. RfsiNC4 INFLECTION— That in which the voice glides upwards and sug- gests incomplete sense. FALLING INFLECTION— That in which the voice glides downward and sug- gests complete sense. CADENCE— The fall of the voice at I he end of a sentence. Emphasis. INDICATED BY— (1) Italics, (2) small capitals, and (!) large capitals. ABSOLUTE EMPHASIS— That which is used upon words not compared with others in the sentence. ANTITHETIC EMPHASIS— That which is used upon words contrasted with others in the sentence. READING. Pauses. GRAMMATICAL— Those used to indicate the nature or meaning of the sentence. RHETORICAI Those used to add force to the expression where the construction does not admit of a grammatical pause. Gesture. INCLUDES— (1) Altitude. (2) gesticulation, and (8) facial ex- pression. ATTITUDE— The position of the body when at rest in expressing or enforcing sentiment or emotion. GESTICULATION The movement of the body, or change of position in expressing or enforcing sentiment or emotion. FACIAL EXPRESSION— The language of the countenance with reference to feeling or emotion. Attitude. CLASSIFIED— As (1) firm, (2) relax, (3) advancing, and (4) re- ceding. A FIRM ATTITUDE— When the muscles are firm and rigid. A RELAX ATTITUDE— When the muscles are relax and loose. AN ADVANCING ATTITUDE— When the body is incline. 1 forward. A RECEDING ATTITUDE— When the body is inclined backward. Gesticulation. INCLUDES— Movements of (1) head, (■_') upper limbs, and (3) lower limbs. 68 BEADING. POSITION OF HEAD— (1) Erect, (2) inclined backward (3) inclined for- ward, and U) inclined to one side. ERECT POSITION— Indicates confidence, firmness, courage, etc. BACKWARD POSITION— Indicates mirth,. pride, etc. FORWARD POSITION— Indicates shame, humility grief, etc. LATERAL POSITION— Indicates carelessness, indifference, feebleness, etc. UPPER LIMBS— Movements of, includes those of (I) the hands, and (2) the arms. POSITIONS OF HAND— With reference to the palm are known as (I) prone, (2) supine, (:*) verticil, and (4) repelling. With reference to the fingers as (1) natural, (2) ver- tical, (3) indexical, (4) clenched, (5) extended, and (6) clasped. THE PRONE POSITION— The palm downward denoting secrecy. THE SUPINE POSITION - The palm upward, information, advice, etc. THE VERTICAL POSITION— The palm perpendicular, obligation, amazement' etc. THE REPELLING POSITION— The palm outward, repulsion, dislike, etc. THE NATURAL POSITION The fingers hanging loosely, ordinary conversation or discourse. THE VERTICAL POSITION— The fingers pointing upward, appeals to duty, sur- prise, etc. THE INDEXICAL POSITION— The forefinger extended, used in pointing. THE CLENCHED POSITION— The hand closed tightly, violence, anger, etc. READING. THE EXTENDED POSITION— The fingers extended, free, open, plain, etc. THE CLASPED POSITION— The hands united and closed, entreaty, etc. POSITIONS OF ARM— Arc (1) front, (2) lateral, (3) Oblique and (1) back- ward. FRONT POSITION— The arm directly in trout, used in emphatic assertion or direct appeal. LATERAL POSITION— The arm extended to the right or left, used in lan- guage of a general nature and appeals to the in- tellect. OBLIQUE POSITION— The arm between the front and lateral positions. BACKWARD POSITION— The arm back of the lateral position. POSITIONS OF LOWER LIMBS— Are (I) advance, 1. (2) retire, and (3) lateral. Advanced Position: The movemenl of either fool forward. Retired Position: The movement of cither fool hack ward. Lateral Position: The movement of either foot to the right or left of lirst position. FACIAL EXPRESSION— Named as (1) natural, (2) smiling, (3) averted, (4) dejected, and (5) staring. Natural Expression: Indicates satisfaction, rever- ence, etc. Smiling Expression: Indicates cheerfulness, good will, etc. Averted Expression: Indicates perplexity, dis- gust, etc. Dejected Expression: Indicates shame, sorrow, humility, etc. Staring Expression: Indicates boasting, defiance, etc. | For complete definitions to tin- almvc outlines with methods of tracliintr and selec- tions for practice, see the author's "MANUAL OF READING." Price 35 cents; sample copy '2f> cents. I ORTHOGRAPHY ORTHOGRAPHY. ORTHOGRAPHY— Treats of the style, size, sound and combination of letters. STYLE SIZE icludes the following: Roman, Italics, ( )], l», d, t, k and g. A SEMI VOWEL— Is a letter which represents a sound without the aid of a vowel. The semi-vowels are f, h, j, 1, m, n, r, s, v, w, .\, y, z, C and g, soft. : [tinay be justly question^, whether w, is ever a vowel. It certainly hicks one hi Hie i-ssi'utiai properties of a vowel, that is, of forming a syllable either alone or with consonants; which all-the other vowels do. — WrigM. oirriHwnM'UY ORGANS OF SPEECH— The lips, teeth, tongue and palate. LABIALS— Letters formed principally by the aid of the lips. The labials are b, f, in, p, v, w and wh. DENTALS— Letters formed principally by the aid of the teeth. The dentals are j, s, z, eh, sh, zh and c and g soft. LINGUALS— Letters formed principally by the aid of the tongue. The Unguals are d, 1, n, r, t, y and th. PALATALS— Letters formed principally by the aid of the palate. The palatals are k, q, x, ng, c and g hard. DIACRITICAL MARKS— Are characters used to represent the various sounds of letters. The following table gives the character, name and position of the diacritical marks: Table of Diacritical Marks. Mark. Name. Where used. Macron. < >ver a, e, i, o, u, y, 00, under e and n. Breve. Over a, e, i, o, u, y and oo. Dieresis. Over a and i, under a, and u. Period. Over a, o, g, under a, o and U. Caret. < )ver a, e, o and u. Tilde Over e, i and n. Cedilla. Under c. Inverted T. Under s and x. Bar. Across c and over g. spelling- Is the naming of the letters of a word in their proper order. A SYLLABLE— A letter or combination of letters uttered at a single impulse of the voice and composing the whole or a part of a word. A WORD— One or more syllables used as the siMAN— Letters, value, principles. ARABIC— Figures — Value of figures, how increased, how diminished ; Periods, principles. NUMERATION— Periods, principles, rules. Addition. DEFINITIONS— Sum or amount, parts, like numbers. SIGNS— Addition, equality. PRINCIPLES— Three. RULE. PROOF. * 71 ARITHMETIC. Subtraction. DEFINITIONS— Minuend, subtrahend, difference or remainder. SIGNS. principles- Two. rule. PROOF. Multiplication. difinitions— Multiplicand, multiplier, product, factors. SIGN. THEOREMS— Either factor for multiplier ; Product same name as multiplicand ; Multiplier always abstract. PRINCIPLES— Four. RULES. PROOF— Division. DEFINITIONS— Dividend, divisor, quotient, remainder. RELATION TO SUBTRACTION. RELATION TO MULTIPLICATION. SIGNS— Three. THEOREMS— Quotient an abstract number ; Dividend and divisor like numbers ; Remainder same name as dividend. PRINCIPLES— Three. RULKS PROOF. *- ARITHMETIC. Properties of Numbers. DEFINITIONS— Integer, exact divisor, common divisor, greatest common divisor, prime numbers, numbers divisi- ble by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, composite num- bers, even numbei, odd number, factors, factor- ing, multiple, common multiple, least common multiple, cancellation. PRINCIPLES— Four. RULES FOR— Multiples, divisors, prime factors. Fractions. DEFINITIONS— Unit of a fraction, fractional unit, denominator, numerator, terms, value, analysis, proper, im- proper, simple, complex, compound, similar frac- tions, dissimilar fractious, common denominator, least common denominator, mixed number, re- ciprocal. REDUCTION— Fraction to a number, number to a fraction, higher terms to lower terms, lower terms to higher terms, compound to simple, dissimilar to similar. ADDITION— Like denominators, unlike denominators. SHI !TR ACTION— Like denominators, unlike denominators. MULTIPLICATION— Number by a fraction, fraction by a number, frac- tion by a fraction. DIVISION— Number by a fraction, fraction by a number, frac- tion by a fraction. THEOREMS— Common denominator a common multiple; least common denominator, least common multiple. PRINCIPLES— Four. RULES. ARITHMETIC. Decimals. DEFINITIONS— Decimal point, mixed number, pure decimal num- ber, complex decimal, circulating decimal, nota- tion, numeration, reduction, debit and credit, debtor, creditor, an account, balance, bill of goods, footing of bill, item, receipting a bill. REDUCTION— Prefixing a cipher, annexing a cipher. ADDITION. SUBTRACTION. MULTIPLICATION— Number of decimal places in product. DIVISION— Number of decimal places in quotient. RULES. Denominate Numbers. DEFINITIONS— Concrete number, abstract number, simple, com- pound, standard unit, scale, money, coin or specie, paper money, reduction — ascending and descend- ing, weight, measure of — length, surface and solid, time. TABLES— Linear measure, square measure, surveyor's square measure, cubic measure, board measure, liquid measure, apothecaries 1 liquid measure, dry meas- ure, avoirdupois weight, troy weight, apotheca- ries' weight, measure of time. RULES— Percentage. DEFINITIONS-i- Per cent., sign, percentage, base, rate, amount, dif- ference, interest, principal, legal interest, com- pound interest, usury, promissory note, per annum, annual interest, partial payment, indorsement, maker or drawer, payee, holder, indorser, lace of a note, negotiable note, non-negotiable note, dis- count, net price, cash value, true discount, pres- ent worth, bank discount, check, proceeds or avails, maturity, profit and loss, commission, ARITHMETIC. 77 DEFINITIONS— Continued. agent, consignment, consignor, consignee, tax, real estate, personal property, assessor, assessment roll, duties or customs, tare, leakage, breakage, custom-house, company, charter, capital stock, share, certificate, par value, market, value, install- ment, bond, coupon, broker, brokerage, insurance, policy, exchange, set of exchanges, partnership, capital, resources, liabilities, deficit. Ratio. DEFINITIONS Terms of ratio, antecedent, consequent, sign, coup- lets. PRINCIPLES- Three. DEFINITIONS Proportion. Simple, compound, sign, antecedents, consequents, extremes, means, direct, inverse. PRINCIPLES— Three. Involution. DEFINITIONS— Power, root, exponent, square, cube, perfect power. PRINCIPLES. Evolution. DEFINITIONS— Root, radical sign, perfect power, imperfect power, square root, cube root. PRINCIPLES. Progression. DEFINITIONS— Progression — Arithmetical and geometrical ; Series — Ascending and descending ; Terms ; Ratio. RULES. AR1T11METK Mensuration. DEFINITIONS— Line — Straight, curved, horizontal, perpendicular ; Parallel lines ; Angle—Right, obtuse, acute ; Area; Perimeter ; Diagonal ; Altitude. PLANE FIGURES— (l) Triangles — Right, isosceles, equilateral. Base multiplied by height and product divided by 2 gives area. (•_') Quadrilaterals — Parallelogram — Square, rectangle, rhomboid, rhom- bus. Base multiplied by altitude gives area. Trapezoid — Sum of parallel sides multiplied by alti- tude and product, divided by 2, gives area. Trapezium — Divide it into triangles and find the sum of their areas. (3) Polygons — Pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octa- gon. Divide into triangles and find the sum of areas. CIRCLES- DIAMETER multiplied by- 3. It L6=circumference. .8862=side of an equal square. .8860=side of an inscribed equilateral triangle. .'7o71=side of an inscribed square. Circumference multiplied by — .3183=diameter. ,2756=side of an inscribed equilateral triangle. .2251=side of an inscribed square. .15915=radius. Area multiplied by — 1.2732=square of diameter. L2.5663=square of circumference. solids- Prism ; Parallelopipedon ; Cylinder — Perimeter of base multiplied by altitude gives volume. Pyramids and Cones — Perimeter of base multiplied by one-half slant height gives convex surface ; area of base multiplied by one-third the altitude gives volume. Spheres — Diameter multiplied by — Circumference=surface. ..">'7V 4=side of inscribed cube Surface multiplied by — 1-6 diameter=volume. PENMANSHIP. im; ENMANSHIP. By Mrs. L. F. Wallbrecht, POSITIONS— Of the person — Body, feet, arms, wrists, hands, fin- ders. At desk (ii- table, sitting or standing — Front, right, right oblique, left. Of pen— (See Penholding.) Of paper — Adjust book so that right aim will be at right angles to lines on paper. PENHOLDING— Take the pen between the first and second fingers and the thumb. The holder should cross second finger at corner of nail, three-fourths of an inch from point of pen. Cross forefinger forward of knuckle. End of thumb should touch holder opposite lower joint of forefinger. Top of holder should point toward right shoulder. Wrist should he above paper, hand resting lightly on nails of third and fourth fingers. Point of pen should come squarely to paper. M<>\ KMENT— Whole arm, forearm, finger, combined. PRINCIPLES— Straight line, righl curve, left curve, extended loop, direct oval, reversed oval, capital stem. SLANT Main, 52 degrees; connective, :! is most promi- nent, 4 ; in which reversed oval is most promi- nent, 9 ; in which seventh principle is most prominent, 13. CONSTRUCTION— Angles — Upper, lower. Turns — Upper, lower. Slants — Main ; Connective — Right curve, left curve. SPACING— One and one-fourth space between all letters except a, d, g, q, two spaces. One and one-half spaces between words. Twice as great between sen- tences as between words. PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY- IS the science of the structure of the body. Called human anatomy when applied to man, and com- parative anatomy when applied to animals. PHYSIOLOGY— Is the science of the functions of the body. Called human physiology when applied toman, and com- parative physiology when applied to animals. hygiene- Is the science of the laws of health. ORGANIC BODIES— Animals and plants — Possess organs by which life is maintained and growth is secured. INORGANIC BODIES— Minerals — Are destitute of organs, and grow only by additions to their surfaces. health- Is a natural condition of the bodily organs. disease- Is an unnatural condition of the bodily organs. PHYSIOIJ Hi)' Bones. USES— (1) Framework of the body; (2) Protection to deli cate organs ; (3) Levers upon which the muscles act to produce motion. COVERING— A fibrous membrane called periosteum. COMPOSITION— (1) Animal matter, to impart elasticity; (2) Mineral matter, solidity. PROPERTIES— (i) Porosity, to give greater si/A' lor the formation of joints and attachment of muscle ; (2) Hardness, to give strength. NUMBER AND CLASSIFICATION— Head (28 hones) — Cranium (8 hones) — Frontal, occipital, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid. T 'ace (14 bones) — 2 superior maxillary, inferior maxillary, 2 malar, 2 lachrymal, 2 turbinated, 2 nasal, vomer, 2 palate. Ear (6 bones) — 2 malleus or "mallet," 2 incus or "anvil," 2 stapes or "stirrup." Tim nk (54 hones) Spinal Column (24 hones) — 7 cervical vertejbrae, L2 dorsal vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae. Ribs (24 bones) — True, false. Stt mum. (>* Hyoids. Pelvis ( t hones) — The innominata or hip hones, sacrum, coccyx. Li mi:s (124 hones) — Upper Limbs (64 hones) — Shoulder — Clavicle, scapula. Ann — Humerus, ulna, radius. Hand — Eight wrist, or carpal, 5 metacarpal, 14 phalanges. Lower Limbs (60 bones) — Leg — Femur, patella, tibia, tihula. Foot — Seven tarsal, metatarsal, 14 phalanges. Muscles. CLASSES— (1) Voluntary, those under the control of the will ; (2) Involuntary, those not so controlled ; (3) Flex- ors, those which bend the joints ; Extensors, which restore the parts to a straight condition. PHYSIOLOGY. USES— (I) To give form and symmetry to the body ; (2) To produce its various movements. NUMBER— There are only twelve Bingle muscles in the body, while the number arranged in pairs exceeds four hundred. PROPERTIES— (l) Contractibility, the power of shortening their substance to produce' motion ; (2) Relaxation, resuming their natural form. EXERCISE— Time, not immediately after eating, nor after long abstinence from food. TENDONS— Are fibrous non-contractile tissues, in which the Hbres of muscles terminate. Digestion. DIGESTION— Includes all those processes by which food becomes converted to the wants of the system. ORGANS OF— Mouth — Cavity containing the organs of mastication and taste. Teeth — Organs of mastication. Tongue, — Assists in mastication. Salivary Glands — Secrete the saliva; (2) Parotid; (2) Submaxillary ; (2) Sublingual. Pharynx — Cavity in the back of the throat into which the esophagus and trachea open. Esophagus — Membranous tube through which food and drink are conveyed to the stomach. Stomach — An enlargement of the alimentary canal. It is composed of three coats and has two open- ings, cardiac from the esophagus and pylorus to the intestines. Intestine — A continuous canal leading from the stomach. Pancreas — A gland situated near the stomach which M'cretes the pancreatic juice. Thoracic Duct — A long canal which conveys the chyle to the veins of the neck. Liver — The largest gland of the body. Its office is to secrete the bile. PHYSIOLOGY. PROCESS OF— Mastication — The cutting and grinding of the food by the teeth. Lnsalivation — Mixing of the food with saliva. Deglutition — The act of swallowing. Chymification — The conversion of food into chyme, Chylification — The separation of the chyme and the formation of chyle, the nutritious part of food Assimilation — The conversion of chyle into the living tissues of the body. FOOD— Nitrogenous — Contains much nitrogen, an essential constituent «f the tissues of the body. Non-nitrogenous — Sugars and fats, essential to the formation of every organ, and aids in digestion. Inorganic — Such as water, salt, iron, etc. Respiration. RESPIRATION — Is the process by which venous blood is purified or changed into arterial blood. ORGANS OF— Larynx — A cartilaginous box at the top of the tra- chea across which are stretched the vocal cords. Trachea, or Windpipe — A straight tube which con- veys the air to the lungs. It divides into right and left bronchial fains, which also divide and sub- divide each division, and terminates in an oval sac into which the air penetrates. Lungs — The principle organs of respiration. Pleura — A delicate membrane covering the lungs. MOVEMENTS OF— Inspiration — Taking air into the lungs. Expiration — Expelling air from the lungs. OBJECTS OF— (1) To impart oxygen to the blood. (2) To relieve the blood of carbonic acid and watery vapor. Circulation. CIRCULATION— The continuous movement of the blood from the heart to repair the system, and its return to the heart and lungs to be purified b}^ respiration. PHYSIOLOGY, ORGANS OF— Heart — Is a cone-like muscular organ which keeps the current of blood in motion. It contains four cavities, right and left auricles, right and left ven- tricles. It is lined by a thin membrane called endocardium, and covered by another called peri- cardium. Arteries—^ Tube-like canals which convey the blood from the heart to nourish the system Veins — The vessels by which the blood returns to the heart. Capillaries — Minute vessels connecting the arteries and veins. BLOOD— Kinds — Arterial, a bright red, pure and fit for the support of the tissues. Venous, a dark blue, im- pure and charged with effete materials. COMPOSITION— Plasma — A colorless fluid richly charged with mate- rials derived from the food. Corpuscles — Minute solid bodies that float in the watery plasma. They are of a yellow color, but their vast number imparts a red hue to the blood. Nervous System. FUNCTIONS— The source of sensation and of all muscular motion. BRAIN— The organ of thought. Composition — Gray matter, which originates nervous power ; white, which conveys it. Divisions — Cerebrum, a mass of white fibres with a few cells of gray. It, comprises about seven- eighths of the weight of the brain, and is the (cu- ter of intelligence. Cerebellum, "little brain" — The center for the con- trol of the voluntary muscles. Medulla Oblongata — The enlarged portion of the spinal cord. It lies within the skull. Spinal Cord— A cylindrical mass of nervous tissue which occupies the cavity of the back bone. Dura Mater — A dense, firm membrane lining the inner surface of the skull. Pia Mater — A very delicate membrane, the means of entrance of the blood-vessels into the brain. PHYSIOLOGY. 85 BRAI N — Continued. Arachnoid Membrane — A serous membrane lying between these. It serves as a protecting envelope to the brain, and at the same time, by its serum, keeps it moist. Nerves — Silvery threads composed of white matter without and gray within. They connect all the organs with the brain and spinal cord, and have two distinct sets of fibres, sensory and motor. < 'ranial Nerves — Start from within the skull. There are twelve pairs. Spinal Nerves — Issue from the spinal cord. There are thirty-one pairs: 8 cervical, 12 dorsal, 5 lum- bar and sacral. Sympathetic Nerves — These extend from a double chain of ganglia on either side of the back bone to die heart, lungs, stomach, etc. Special Senses. SIGHT— The special senses by which we recognize form, size, distance and physical properties of objects. Hyperopia, long sight, and presbyopia, old sight, may be corrected by using convex glasses. My- odia, short sight, by using concave glasses. EYE- The organ o'f vision is composed of three coats: Sclerotic, which givesformand firmness ; ( 'horoid, absorbs superfluous light ; Retina, expansion of optic nerve. Orbits — The bony sockets of the head in which the eyes are situated. Eyelids — Two movable curtains which, when closed, cover the front part of the orbit. Lachrymal Glands — Secrete the tears which keep the surface clear and transparent. ('omen — The thin, transparent part of the sclero- tic coat. Iris — The colored curtain which lies back of the cornea. I'li/til — The circular opening of the iris. Crystallim Lens — Concentrates the rays of light, and is situated just behind the pupil. Aqueous Humor — A water like liquid lying be- tween the crystalline lens and cornea. Vitreous Humor — A transparent jelly-like mass lying behind the lens. Optic Nerve — The means of communication be- tween the eye and brain. 86 PJIYSIOUX;)-. HEARING— The special sense by which we appreciate sound and its qualities. EAR The organ of hearing. It consists of three parts: External Ear — Which includes the concha or shell for catching sound, and the auditory canal, a tube about an inch long closed at its inner end by the membrane of the tympanum. Middle Ear — A cavity, the tympanum, separated from the external ear by the membrane of the tympanum. It contains three little bones, "mal- let," "anvil" and "stirrup." Air is admitted to the tympanum by means of the eustachian tube, which leads to the back of the throat. Internal Ear — or Labyrinth — Consists of three parts, the vestibule, semi-circular canals and cochlea. SMELL— The special sense by which we appreciate odors. Uses of — (1) The selection of food, and (2) to warn us of impure air. Location — The location of this sense is in the mucous membrane which lines the nose. Olfactory Nerves — Or the first pair of cranial nerves, are the special nerves of smell. Nasal Passages — Two high harrow canals extend- ing from the nostrils to the top of the pharynx. The inner wall of each passage is straight, but the outer is made uneven by three small turbinated or scrool-like bones. TASTE— The special sense by which we appreciate flavors. Uses of— (1) The selection of food, and (2) excites the flow of saliva. Location — We receive impressions of taste through the gustatory nerve of the anterior portion of the tongue, or through the glosso-pharyngeal nerve. TOUCH— The special sense by which we appreciate the form, heat, cold, etc., of external objects by contact. Uses of — Assists the other senses. Location — In all parts of the body, especially at the tips of the fingers. Muscular Sense — That which enables us to estimate the weight of bodies. Thermal Sense — That which enables us to ascertain the temperature of bodies. PHYSIOLOGY. 87 Alcohol. DEFINITIONS Alcohol — The active and intoxicating principle of all fermented liquors. Stimulant — An agent that produces an increase of vital activity in the body. Narcotic — An agent that produces sleep, stupor, par- alysis, and often death. ORIGIN OF— Fermentation — The change which takes place in the elements of an organic substance under the influ- ence of a decomposing agent called a ferment. Distillation — The separation of fluids that boil at different temperatures by evavorating one and again condensing it. SOURCE OF— Sugar and starch, or any substance containing sac- charine matter. PROPERTIES OF— A colorless fluid of an agreeable odor and strong, pungent taste. Its chemical proprieties are car- bon, hydrogen and oxygen ; in commercial or ethylic alcohol, there are two parts carbon, six hydrogen ami one oxygen. It has a great affinity lor water, absorbing it from the atmosphere. It is very inflammable, burning with a pale bluish Hame without smoke. It is a powerful solvent, and employed in medicine in the preparation of tinctures and in the arts to dissolve resins, gums, oils, etc. It hoils at 173° F. and no degree of cold ever vet obtained has effected its congelation. Its antiseptic properties prevent chemical change in organic substances. EFFECTS OF— On Nervous System — Alcohol mainly selects the cerebro-spinal nervous system for its great center of action ; the nerves of motion are especially affected. The cerebrum and cerebellum become hardened by its use and the cerebral arteries in a state of fatty degeneration. On Du/estio)i — The chemical action of alcohol is to prevent change in organic substances, which is the work of digestion from first to last. It is in- digestible, and is taken up by the absorbents and carried into the blood. Its circulation through the lungs gives the one who drinks the "whiskey breath." ,svs PHYSIOLOGY EFFECT S OF— Continued. On the Stomach — It becomes congested and greatly wrinkled, as if a powerful astringent bad been taken; the mucous membrane becomes white, and thickened; or softened and covered with a muco- purulent secretion. On the Blood- -It becomes fluid and venous by the separation of the plasma, increases in carbon and hydrogen, contains less oxygen and but little fibrin, which accounts for its non-coagulating property. On the Mind — The general effects are confusion of thought, loss of memory, various mental affec- tions, varying with individual character, less power of self control ami loss of moral power. On tin- Muscular System — The influence of alcohol is to lessen the amount of carbonic acid exhaled from the lungs, and to diminish muscular forca in thi' same ratio. On the Special Senses — It produces hallucination of sight by seeing things double or a variety of ob- jecls, indicating that it especially affects that por- tion of the brain that ^ives rise to the optic nerve. Taste and smell are impaired by its influence upon the mucous membrane. On tin Brain — It hardens ami impairs its delicate texture, blunts the finer sensibilities, and man loses the power of self-control, self-respect, de- scending step by step in intellectual and moral, power. On tin Heart and Liver — The superior affinity for oxygen, which alcohol possesses, prevents the proper elimination of effete matter, thus produc- ing fatty defeneration of these organs. Transmitted Effects — The diseased condition of the system, induced by the stimulating and narcotic effects of alcoholic drinks, must reproduce in the child the characteristic tendencies of the parent. On the Temp, rat a re of the Body — "For a few min- utes after alcohol is administered, to the amount of a gill of wine or brandy, the temperature rises slightly, after which it falls several degrees below the standard of health, and remains so for hours." — W. B. Carpenter. " It is doubtful if another single agent can be named, which, introduced into the system from without, has been the occasion of a greater amount of disease, mental decay and premature death." — J. C Hutchinson, M" D. PHYSIOLOGY. 89 EFFECTS OF— Com in r ed. The alleged protection against extremes of heat and cold has been thoroughly disproved by Dr. Hayes and other Arctic explorers. The effect upon the human system, the transmission of its evil conseqm nces, and many other reasons confirm the words of the wise man. — Puov. xx. 1. Tobacco. TOBACCO— An American plant. Its poisonous property is due to the active principle nicotine, a most deadly poison. EFFECTS OF— On tin Nervous System Tobacco ads especially on the cerebro-spinal renters, affecting mainly the medulla oblongata and pneumogastric nerve. The sensory nerves are dulled, the motory nerves paralyzed, which produces a relaxation of the muscular system. On Digestion. Tobacco swallowed with saliva pre- vents change in organic substances, diminishes the desire for food, produces indigestion ami consti- pation. On tin "Blood. It becomes fluid, venous and non- coagulating. On tin Mind. The general effects are loss of will power, of memory, and the mental perceptions are impaired. The pernicious effects are especially noticed upon young people, persons of sedentary habits and to those devoted to mental pursuits. On th< Heart. The effect is to produce irregularity of action, and has a tendency to produce fatty defeneration. THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. (SELECTED AND ARRANGED.) THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING— The principles and methods of instruction. DIVISION OF SUBJECT— Will here be used as (f ) the organization and (2) the management of schools. THEORY AND ART. ORGANIZATION.— The systematic arrangement of school work ; hav- ing for its object the instruction and control of the schools. A good organization of a school is an essential con- dition to its healthful management. DIVISION— School organization may be divided as (1) tempora- ry, and (2) permanent. TEMPORARY ORGANIZATION— Includes (1) preparatory work, (2) examination, and (3) classification of pupils. PREPARATORY WORK— Will be considered under the following: (l) The teacher, (2) the school, (3) contract, and (4) plan of work. THE TEACHER— "As is the teacher, so is the school." The great want everywhere is competent teachers. QUALIFICATIONS— (1) Health, (2) Knowledge, (3) Tact, and (4) Moral. HEALTH— The teacher should he free frem all bodily ailments. A strong, healthy, and temperate physical fiber is necessary to a healthy, growing mental condition. There is no profession so exacting, none that breaks men and women down so early as that of faithful teaching. "The cheerfulness, the vigor, the versatility, and the endurance essential to success can ohly corhe of good health." KNOWLEDGE— To teach well, one must be a master of the subject He ought also to be conversant with cognate branches. The true teacher is always a student. TACT— No word in our language expresses a greater power to the teacher than this tact. The ready power of appreciating and doing what is required by cir- cumstances. The accumulation of knowledge and experience add to this original divine power. A knowledge of the laws of culture, of right methods of teaching, and of true school manage- THEOR Y AND AR T. 91 TACT — Continued. ment quickens and deepens this gift of intuition. "The most scholarly teachers often make the most striking failures ; they know, but they cannot cause others to know. The teacher needs to ob- serve, read, think, practice. He needs to sit at the feet of Jesus, of Aristotle, of Socrates, and of Pestalozzi, and learn lessons from the masters." MORAL— High moral qualities are necessary in the teacher as they affect his power over his pupils. The teacher is the architect of the character of his pupils. The moral nature that is bound down by low and sensuous affections and purposes, lacks at all times that ready, sensitive, insinuating grace and freedom of action, which draw the youthful mind into ways of purity, temperance and personal ex- cellence. THE SCHOOL— Only engage in such schools as you can manage and hold. Do not attempt too much. You can afford to work up. The best positions await talent and well di- rected effort. Prove yourself worthy the place, and the position will seek you. Seek that place which will require all your powers and to which yon can gladly devote your best efforts. THE CONTRACT— Teaching is a business, and teachers should meet School Boards on business principles. The con- tract should be in writing, and should specify time, wages, care of house, grounds and apparatus. PLAN OF WORK— Prepare your plan <>f work carefully. Have and keep your school room clean, orderly ami cheerful. Look after the minutest details which promise suc- cess. Give your best thoughts to the course oj study and programme. See that it is well arranged before you enter upon your work. Have your plans well matured before the first day. Do your best and you will not fail. EXAMINATION— To determine the grade and class to which pupils belong, the method must be left to the judicious teacher. The natural ability and attainments of the pupil must both be considered. THEORY AND ART. CLASSIFICATION— I Ideas in examination the judgment of the teacher must determine the place, the age, ability and scholarship of the pupil must be considered. The proper place for each pupil should be found. PERMANENT ORGANIZATION— Includes (1) opening exercises, (2) programme, (3) study, (4) recitation, (5) intermission, and (<;) clos- ing exercises. OPENING EXERCISES— These should be brief, pleasing, and directed toward moral culture. Do not have stereotyped forms for opening. Call the roll by number — each pupil announcing his number in order. PROGRAMME— A carefully prepared programme should be found in every school room. STUDY— The pupil is helped more by what he thinks himself than he is by what others tell him. The teacher should never do for the pupil what he can do for himself. Teach pupils how to study. Our success as teachers depends more upon this than any other school duty. RECITATION— The object of recitation is two-fold. (J) as aids, and (2) as tests. AIDS- TESTS- The first, and most important work of every recita- tion should he to teach how to study, to train to the habit of clear and correct forms of speech, to cultivate a love for study and to impart supple- mentary knowledge. To ascertain the extent of the pupil's preparation. The certainty that the preparation will be thor- oughly tested is a powerful incentive to study. See that the lesson is well understood and remem- bered. If possible let each lesson reach back to the beginning. Study well the art of questioning. NTERMISSION— The organization of the school should provide for and the programme should show time set apart for recreation. THEOR Y AND ART. 93 CLOSING EXERCISES— These, like the opening should be brief, announce- ments should be short if any are to be made. A song, dismissal by rank, pupils inarching in order. SCHOOL MANAGEMENT— The systematic control of school work so as to pro- duce order and efficiency. DIVISION— (1) School Tactics ; (2) School Government ; and (3) School Work. SCHOOL TACTICS— A uniform system of signals and movements for school work. The appearance ami success of a school is largely dependent upon a. well digested and faithfully executed plan of" school tactics. SIGNALS— Counting, tapping the bell and naming the move- ment. The signals used should be few and simple. MOVEMENTS— These should be necessary and executed promptly and quietly. Sufficient time should be allowed be- tween signals to admit of their prompt execution. SCHOOL GOVERNMENT— Control exercised by a teacher over his school. This should always tend toward self-government. The order sought in school government should be that of activity and work. The most difficult, part of a teacher's work is the control or management of his school ami calls for experience, judgment and wisdom. DIVISION— (1) Objects and (2) Means. OBJECTS— (1) To preserve order, (2) to facilitate instruction and (3) to form correct habits. TO PRESERVE ORDER— "Order is Heaven's first law." "The fitness of con- dition and results from good government." TO FACILITATE INSTRUCTION— Good school government lessens the labor of instruc- tion and makes successful school work possible. THEORY AND ART. TO FORM CORRECT HABITS— The school is to train the pupil for life and not for school. Good character and correct habits are of more importance than good scholarship. MEANS— Classified as (1) Mental and (2) Punishments. MENTAL— Some of the mental powers used in the government of a school are culture, system, earnestness, watchfulness, will-power, self-control and tact. Each of these should be a special study for the teacher and the question asked: Do I possess these qualities which promise success? PUNISHMENTS— Are of two kinds, (1) Moral and (2) Corporal. " The best teachers punish least." MORAL— Conscience and the affections are fields in which the true teacher labors and by which he largely governs. Train the child to do right because it is right. Inculcate right motives and right actions will follow. Reproof — public and private, given in the proper spirit is an effective means for the correction of mis-doing. Restraints, such as de- priving of privileges in school or in play. Threats are unworthy the teacher. CORPORAL— The teacher is required to keep good order and if necessary he is allowed, by usage, to inflict cor- poral punishment. It should never be used ex- cept in cases of extreme necessity. When resort- ed to it should be humane and done in love, not anger. Avoid all "boxing or pulling of the ears," use the rod if you must. SCHOOL WORK— (1) Study and (2) Recitation. STU DY— Study stands at the head of educational forces. The teacher's principal work is to train pupils how to study. "Study to know, not to recite." RECITATION— Stands next in importance to study and forms the chief work of the school room and should be well understood. THEORY AND ART. 95 METHODS— (1) General and (2) Special. GENERAL— (1) By question and answer. (2) By topic— Diagrams, outlines and analysis. (3) By lectures and essays. SPECIAL STUDIES— History— In teaching- history from events— facts- trace the causes that have contributed to produce them. The teacher should have in view the cul- ture of the moral as well as mental faculties,,!' the child, and no field is more prolific in resources than history. Prepare for citizenship, use out- lines, connect events to aid the memory. Civil Government — In a Republican form of gov- ernment it is essential to have a knowledge of the fundamental principles upon which the safety and perpetuity of its institutions rest, In teaching do not attempt too much; have a well defined plan, use the outlines, omitting parts or adding to them as the advancement of your pupils demand. Geography— In the study of* geography the Pri- mary should be mastered before attempting the Advanced. Primary — In teaching primary geography the instruction should be objective. Begin at home. Teach direction, distance, boundaries. Study the vegetation, animals and minerals. Find lessons in the industries of the- world. Advanced — In the study of advanced geography begin with the world as a whole, and study from the whole to its parts, the size, form and position. Explain causes of volcanoes, earthquakes, hot springs, ocean currents, etc. Call attention to location of cities, prosperity of nations, why? Reading— This is one of the most important branches in our schools. Teach pupils to pro- nounce words at sight. "Conversation is the basis of good reading." Attend carefully to articulation and pronunciation. Study to have the expression correct. Arithmetic— (See outline.) The fundamental branches should be thoroughly taught if you ' would have after results satisfactory. Teach ac- curacy, neatness and rapidity. Prepare pupils for actual business life. INDEX. » Suggestions. Set :i good example. Make the school room pleasant and its work attractive. Do not threaten or scold. Have a well defined plan and follow it faithfully. Cultivate good morals and gentle manners. Take and read sonic good school journal. Own and read some good work on teaching. Attend Institutes and Associations. Make yours a model school. INDEX. SUBJECT. United States His torn Civil Government Geography Grammar Reading Orthography Arithmetic Penmanship Physk I logy Til HORN' and Art PAGE 5 34 47 58 61 70 73 79 80 90 For Michigan Teachers! Civil Government Of MICHIGAN, by H. R. Pattengill; Cloth. 80 pages. ( >XLY 25 CTS. PRIMER OF~¥lCHIGAN HISTORY, Accurate, Interesting and Instructive. Kill pages. Cloth. Illustrated. OXI/V FORTY C EXTS. Warrennian System of Penmanship. A COMPLETE GUIDE TO A BEAUTIFUL ART. Elegant I'lates. Bound. 50cts. MANUAL OF ORTHOGRAPHY, By H. R. Pattengill. Contains full charts and descriptions of the elementary siiinuL and diacritical marks and bow to teach them : also pronunciation tests, vocal drills, and S.oihi words commonly mispronounced. f,l pages, cloth, 80 criits or $3.00 per dozen. (Readj July 20.) MICHIGAN K(HOOL MOI>ERATOR. (Semi-Monthly during school year, i The official Kdm of the State, .inn pages - ■! i ■. siding mat'ei dur- ing the jvar. State Kxaiiiinatioti Questions, School Law Decision, Michigan Geogra- phy, History and Civil Gov eminent , State Associations and Schoolmaster's Cluh papers given in full. Methods and Devices foi every grade and variety of School Work. Send for sample. Huh rate- given with all other papers. Price per year. $1.50; with Michigan History, $1.65; with Civil Government, slate; with Warrennian Penmanship $1.75; with Orthography, h 60. Address. II. It. Pattengill, Lansing. Mich. TEACHERS' BOOKS. SPECIAL OFFER. To meet the rapidly increasing demand for Professioi al Reading anei study, we are happy to be able to present the teachers of the country a highly meritorious list of Manuals, Literary, Scientific, Historical ami Pedagogical works, designed for Eleading Circles, Summer Normal Classes. Teachers' Institutes and Home Beading, at special rates and I aig e o -, ,■ - The p II owing hooks will be senl by mail, postage prepaid, single copies, cash with order, at the following prices, viz. : Mailing Price. Mailing Price. White's I ...si 17 Williams' Parsers' Manual 76 Hewitt's Pedagogy 1 17 Irish's Analysis bv Diagrams 1 25 Payne's School Supervision 1 17 Bitter's Comparative (ieography . .. 1 17 Ogden's Scion f Kd u. 'at ion i 17 Ritter's Geographical Studies 1 17 Ogden's Art of Teaching 1 17 Andrews' Manual of Constitution. . . 1 17 Eclectic Question 1 look 58 Andrews'] entary ( og; 117 IV as i e's gradd i Seieei ions h>r Mem- G i egoi'-. 's Political Economy 1 10 orizing ."s Tlialheimer's History of England. .117 Manual of Methods 70 Tlialheimer's General History 110 Doerner's Treasury of G Thalheimer's Ancient History 1 S7 Knowledge. Part 1 58 Tlialheimer's Mediaeval and M' idem Doerner's Treasury of General History 187 Knowledge, Part II 71 Gow's Good Morals and Gentle Smart's Manual of Free Gymnastics 17 Manners 117 Smith's Studies in Eng. Literature l 40 Eclectic Physiology and Hygiene... 70 Special Rates of Discount on quantities by Express, to Teachers, Read- ing Circles, Normal Classes, etc.. or their authorized Agents. On 5 Copies or more, cash with order, 25 per cent. > T] ial rateg of discount On 10 Copies or more, cash with order, super cent. I ,,, t ,,,.,.,i onlv when the cash ac- On 'ia Copies or more, cash with orde, S3 \, per cent !» , J 2 „ ^ " U " Casm a( on .-.i Copies or more, cash with order, sr, percent, i < ■°mpames t&< order. ' Order made upon any other condition will be considered only on our regular terms, as advertised elsewhere. VAN ANTWEEP, BEAGG & CO., M. F. SCOTT, Agent, 137 Walnut St , Cincinnati, Ohio. Grand Eapids, Kieh. CALIGRAPHY or rapid writing is one of the essential elements today in all lines of business, and young ladies who learn to operate the Caligraph Type-writer are readily secur ing lucrative positions. Parents who have their daughter- learn type-writing act wisely, as thereby they furnish them with a method of earning their own livelihood. Reverses are liable to all, and the best provis- ion is that which insures a degree of indepen dence when reverses occur. Those de siring to consider the above sim-vstion should address (JUS.LCittL AGENT , Kalamazoo, Mich CIRCULARS FVRXIfcHKD OX APPMCATIOX. Eaton & Lyon, Booksellers :::: AND :::: Stationers. 20&22 MonroeS •KEEP A COMPLETE LINE OF- gcl\ool ai\d College Text Bool^s, AND SCHOOL SUPPLIES. We make a Specialty of Furnishing Township and Sunday School Libraries upon the most Advantageous Terms Teachers are Invited to make our Store a Resort when in the City. ^lS* ^iv* "WS* *5 !«♦ ' «M«. „jt^ vM<. jSV MANUAL OF READING! By J, W, HUMPHREY, Author of Review Diagrams. This little Manual is the result of a desire to furnish to Teachers and Students a work sufficiently complete for a thorough drill in all the elements of the art of Reading. A Wokk of Eighty Pages. The first half in Sixteen Lessons in ORTHOEPY, EXPRESSION ani GESTURE ! With questions and answers. The last half has hints upon Teaching Beading and Choice Selections for practice. "The following subjects are thoroughly analyzed in the lessons : Orthoepy, Syllabication, Accent, Expression, Modulation, Rate. Quality, Quantity, Stress, Inflection; Emphasis. Personation, Pauses and Gesture, together with Notes and Questions. It is a book that should be in the hands of every Teacher, and its Low Price places it within the reach of all." — Allegan Journal and Tribune. MAILED TO ANY ADDRESS ON RECEIPT OF PRICE, 35 CENTS. Address the Author, Wayland, Mich. Honesty, Industry and Knowledge BRING SUCCESS IX BUSINESS. The last is quite as important as the others to possess. A thorough PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE of Business Methods can be more surely gained from a PRACTICAL, SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS MAN than from other sources. The Grand Rapids Business College, of which C. G. SxYENSBERG is the Proprietor, offers the advantages named. SKM> FOR (OLLEtiE JOIRXAL. HOPE COLLEGE HOLLAND, MICHIGAN Two Departments:] }y g^mmar School. WITH 4 YEARS IX EACH, INCLUDING A Course of Normal Instruction, English and Mathematics, Ancient and Modern Languages, Literature, Science and Art. in Instructors: 140-150 Students. This Institution offers hue facilities for securing a Liberal Education at Moderate Expense, under Christian oversight, and in a healthy location, with pleasant surround- ings ami convenient approaches. REV. CHARLES SCOTT, D. I)., President. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 019 841 401 3