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LIFE AND ADVENTURES 
 
 FRICS ONLY ONE SHILLING. 
 
THE 
 
 LIFE AND ADYENTURES 
 
 OF 
 
 PAUL TONES. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 WILLIAM H. GRAHAM, 
 
 TKIBU:riE BUILDIJJGS. 
 
 1 840. 
 
 I * 
 
REMARKABLE LIVES 
 
 IN 
 
 A M E \l i C A N 
 
 lLi« '" 
 
 o 
 
 r () Pl Y 
 
 r A U L J () N 5-: s . 
 
 In Beloctiiip; n ntunn to l(!ii(l in u H(Mi(»s 
 of Llstoriciil and biof^rapliiciil iioticoH, huoIi 
 as wo havo uii(l()rtiik(!U, thori) apixsars to 
 UH to bo no (loiiljt, as l,o tlio inan u|)()ri wliom 
 our choico sliould full, (.'onimoiloro I'aui, 
 .loNKH, (ho would novor loi'^ivo u.s if wo 
 wore to omit his woll-ournod tillo,) in our 
 opinion, cornos inoro procisoly under iho 
 hciid of " Rcmarluil>lo," than any otyior 
 y)orson who han ovor figured in our history. 
 'J'h(!ro inif^ht ho di.s})Uto on tho Hulijuct if 
 wo Hhould duini for our horo tlio tillo of 
 " Ciroal" man— truly {;r(!at mun do not f^row 
 on hlackhorry hushiiH; — hut a.s a man ovory 
 way " rcmaritahlo," wo aro willing to turn 
 out l*aul Jones against anything that can 
 bo produced from tho hiiHtory of any coun- 
 try. His very namo — on tho j)rin(:i|)lo iucus 
 a non lurrndo — stamps him at onco as a 
 romurkal)i(5 man, whilo it would bo iiripos- 
 siblo that a Mr. Joncts should ovor bo a 
 groat man. 
 
 What ('ummodord .Io,m;s lucks of hoing 
 a truly groal, triim, it would bo an invidious 
 and ungratfiful task to dosigtiato in words? 
 and it is far from biiing ono of our obj<!cts 
 to detract froin thf) rrujiil or hontjis of llio 
 individuals who will come under our notice 
 in prosecuting tho labors wo havo under- 
 taken. Tho whole subject of American 
 IJiography has heretofore lacked every- 
 thing Hke a stringent and enlightened judg- 
 ment in tho dispensation of historical jus- 
 
 tice; ami allliough we do not mean If) be 
 HO prosum|)tuous as to claim any advance 
 upon the laI)orH of otliers in this resp(!ct, 
 yet our renders may be porloctly certain of 
 receiving our own sincffre ojiinions resj)ect- 
 ing those of whom wo writ*;. If we some- 
 times ai)|)ear too bold in the expression of 
 our sentiments, we liope it will be imputed 
 rather to an oarnest desire to avoid that 
 fulsome flatt(»ry which forms tho stajjle of 
 so many biograpliies, iVuiii froni any de- 
 sire to withhold praise where it is truly 
 \ncr\U'A. 
 
 In the first jjlace, then, alllioiigli many 
 of tho achievements of Commodore .lon<is 
 were in tho cause of American liberty, and 
 were undoubtedly conceived and executed 
 with strictly pat riolic motives, yet sucJi was 
 not the leading character of (Umm\w\orn 
 Jones's exploits. He seems by nature and 
 education to have been one of those rest- 
 less, impatient, ambitious, and selfish indi- 
 viduals whoso destiny it is to bo a terror 
 to olhorH, whatever they may bo to them- 
 selves; who oflfin do good, and oven gl(jri- 
 ous dee(is, because they foilunately find 
 occasions in which they can unite patriotism 
 witli s(!lf-intorest — but who, if no such occa- 
 sions had arisen, would inevitably hiavo run 
 th(! same career of daring and reckless ad- 
 venture. Such m(!n, in short, jnake tho 
 achievement of pfsrsonal lienors and fame 
 as tho chief end and aim of thoir existence ; 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OK TAl'L JONES. 
 
 and li", in llio acquisition of tlieso objoets, a 
 firood iinil noblo deed can be nccouiplished, 
 tliey aro iiir from rt^joctinu; the opportunity, 
 but embrueo it with luToic idacrity — dis- 
 ])lnyiag, for the linic, an enthusiasm and 
 courageous devotion ajiparently overtopping 
 the calm, consistent, unalierablo i>atriutism ' 
 of tlioso god-like men who live for their i 
 country, tJieir race, and i)osterily : — their 
 age, and not themselves. 
 
 We will be perfectly frank with, our 
 readers in the outset, and confess that we 
 never have been able to bestow any great 
 share of veneration or idolatry upon those 
 monstrosities of humanity who now usurp 
 those places in the temple of immortality, 
 which herealler true and noble men will 
 occupy. The whole race of inaguilicent 
 barbarians, of gorgeous tyrants, unparalleled 
 cut-throats, and gigantic robbtMs — wliose 
 names stand embla/.oned side by side, or 
 rather over those of tlie real benefactors 
 of mankind, the true lights and saviours of 
 their fellow-creaturtis — have never been 
 id)le to fix our devotion. To us, the hum- 
 blest nvtizan who plied unknown and unre- 
 corded his rusty musket at Bunker 11 ill, 
 was 11 far greater man, and nuich more 
 worthy the honors of Heroism, than the 
 mightiest of all tlie mere Conipierors and 
 despoilers who have swept like bloody and 
 liery comets over the earth — whose path 
 was desolation, and whose breath destruc- 
 tion. To our view, human life is a ver}' 
 sacred and precious thing — indeed, the most 
 precious of all things ; the very breath, as 
 it were, of (uul himself. And it is a part 
 of our religion to believe, that whoever 
 risks or sacrifices it to the mere purposes 
 of personal aggrandizement or glory, is a 
 legitimate child of the Devil, and bears 
 tmquestionable tokens of his lineage in all 
 the leading features of his public career. 
 If a warrior by education anil profession, 
 and instigatetl by the biooily instincts of his 
 calling, he deserves, simply, detestation ; 
 but if II statesnaui, who in cold blood offers 
 up the lives of his fellow-beings for personal 
 or political aggrandizement, he deserves the 
 deei»est execration of mankind ; and the 
 
 eternal exclusion of his name from out that 
 temple where the dead mc honored of the 
 nations. 
 
 We believe most fervently that the time 
 is coming, when there will be some extra- 
 ordinary commotions among the nuu'ble in- 
 habitants of the silent Past : some excliang- 
 ing of jiedesta!s by the old statues of men 
 whom time has bronzed to moumnents, as 
 will make the angels smile with joy and 
 laugh with miith. We shall yet see such 
 men as Fulton exchange places with Alex- 
 ander ; and in ovu' present century, we do 
 not despair to set> our own Morsti contend- 
 ing successfully fiir the lienors of mankind 
 with the Hutcher of Italy, the Incendimy 
 of JNIoscow, the Tyrant of Kgypt, or tlio 
 Fugitive of Waterloo. 
 
 It is oidy so long as the brutal instincts of 
 humanity predominate, that the cutter of 
 throats, the demolisher of prosjterous cities, 
 the desolator of happy farms lu^id smilitig 
 villages, can receive apotheosis at the hands 
 of his fellow-creatures. Already the ques- 
 tion begins to fly from heart to heart, and 
 lip to lip, IVIij/ should all this blood be shed, 
 this horror and despair be accumulated upon 
 the heads of thousands, that one slioukl 
 become great and powerful .' When this 
 question is fairly answered, we will agree 
 to woiship all the Alexanders and C'asars 
 and I^apoloons that the earth thereafter 
 produces. 
 
 If any of our readers thiidi that we aro 
 disposed to disi)arage our liero in the o\it- 
 set, they will ilo triple injustice, — first to 
 themselves, next to Commodore Paul Jones, 
 and lastly to his' biographer. Let them 
 stand by us, thert^fore, to the end, and wo 
 promise to give tJiem a clear idea of the 
 actions, natives, and exploits of ono of tlia 
 most renuirkable men whom the present 
 remarkable era in luiman history has pro- 
 duced. 
 
 There are several biographies of Commo- 
 dore Jones extant ; and although he has not, 
 we believe, quite as many ** Lives" as a cat, 
 yet the publication which we aro now in- 
 dicting is the foui'th or fifth time that the 
 gentleman who took care of Lady Selkirk's 
 
LfFK AND ADVENTURHS OK I'Ai;i- JONKS, 
 
 phiU: liiis \ii:im in print. 'I'lioic, m u. " lAi'ti 
 of J'liul Jones," published in 1820; another 
 fjuljlirtlied lit Edinbijrj,'li, in 18:50; another 
 in tlio Hfimo yetii' puhlinliod in New-Vork; 
 and liiHlly, \i\it not (inuliy, iho vmj irnpiir- 
 tidl Lir<5 of I'aol .\i)t>cH, r.oWuU'A \iy (U>m. 
 Aloxatni«ir Slidoll Miu.kon/.iii, und published 
 ))y th(3 JliupotM. It is tlii« lu«t to wificli 
 wo havo niaiidy inlhorod upon dinputod or 
 doubtful points of .Irjocs's history — bocauso 
 wo think that a naval man, atid on(3 who, 
 like Com. Mackenzie, is distinguished also 
 in the world of lotterH, ix better quidified 
 to do jUHtiee to HUi:h aHubJ<!(;t tbijfi iinolb<-r 
 possibly could be. 
 
 It lias seemed to us for a lonj^ time, that 
 a cheaj) and universally accessibJe series of 
 biographies of our distinguished military 
 aud naval heroes, was a great desideratum 
 
 in (*ur National Literature; imd in utidei- 
 taking tlie editoriiil conduct of the present 
 enterpiise, we mean to pi-oduce, as far aa 
 is possible, a moral and literary symme- 
 try betwee/i the vai'ious cliaracters, and a 
 uniflinnity of spiiit in the t<jne in which 
 tiiey are ti'e.jted. I'y this we mean exactly 
 the rriverse of the prevailing method o( 
 pufiing one's hero indisciiininateiy, who- 
 e,ver he may be. Whfit we aspire Uiis, an 
 understanding of the virtues and fault* in 
 our subject, and a frank and candid method 
 of expressing the result of our investiga- 
 tions into character and conduct. There 
 can be no fjuewtion that a series of works 
 of this kind, done vjdl, will bo invaluoljle 
 and eageily s<jughn after. The only qu(jry 
 is, Can wc do it ? Reader, your answer U} 
 this is awaited with great equanimity by 
 
 Your sincere friend, 
 
 THE EDITOR. 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES 
 
 PAUL JONES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 BIRTH, PARENTAGE, AND KARLY EUUCA- 
 TrON OF PAUL. 
 
 John Paul Jones was, whnt is not gen- 
 erally known, a Scotchman — having been 
 born on the (itli of July, 1747, at Arbigland, 
 Parish of Kirkbeau. The original name 
 of the faiuily was Paul; and the father of 
 our hero, John Paul, was a gardener. 
 Our hero, however, in tho course of his 
 after-life, took it into his head to append to 
 his name the ouphoneous and very original 
 appellation of Jones ; to which distinguish- 
 ed cognomination lie added a lustre that 
 many truly aristocratic names might well 
 en.vy. Wo must not forget that, after our 
 hero began to occujiy a large space in pub- 
 lic attention, eflbrts were made, (whether 
 secretly encouraged by his own vanity or 
 not, we will not pretend to say,) to prove 
 that Commodore Jones was the illegitimate 
 son of the Earl of Selkirk, and we believe, 
 in turn, of one or two other distinguished 
 personages. Wo are entirely of Com. 
 MaokenzLe's opinion — " that this stoiy is 
 best disproved by tlu) virtue of Jones's mo- 
 ther, and the well-known happiness with 
 whicli she lived with her husband." 
 
 This mother was one of those Scottish 
 lassies, whom Sir Waiter loved so well to 
 portray, in his own inimitable and truthful 
 style of word-painting. She was Jean 
 Macdutf, the daughter of a small farmer of 
 New-.\bbey, which adjoins Kirkbean, and 
 where tho MacduHs had lived in honorable 
 obscurity since the woods of Duasinane took 
 tliat celebrated journey described by Will 
 Shakspeare. John Paul and his wife had 
 
 seven cliildren, of whom John Paul Jodob, 
 our hero, was the youngest, except two 
 who died in infancy. 
 
 Many m«n liave had their birthplaces 
 become Meccas in little to attract the feet 
 of pilgrim lion-hunters ; but few spots aro 
 adorned with a ntore simple or more touch- 
 ing m.omoriul than tlie birthplace of Com- 
 modore Paul Jones. In the summer of 
 1831, Lieut. Alexander B. Pinkhani, of 
 the United States Navj', visited the place, 
 and ft)und the cottage where Jones was 
 born, in a state of complete dilapidation — 
 almost a total ruin. He immediately em- 
 ployed an architect to repair it, and it is 
 now as neat and tidy a cottage as one would 
 wish to see. The " Dumfries Courier" 
 thus speaks of it : " The site of the cot- 
 tage is a glade in a tliriving wood, on the 
 shores of the Solway, with a green in front 
 fancifully niilod in, a!id tastefully ornament- 
 ed with evergreens, flowers, and flowei-iug 
 shrubs. Inside and out it is a trim cot- 
 tage, which may vie with similar buildings 
 in England; and, as the walls are annually 
 whitened with the finest lime, it is become 
 a sort of landmafk to every sail that enters 
 tlie Solway. The widow of a fisherman, 
 who died under highly distressing circum- 
 stances, and who owes much to the human- 
 ity of Mr. Ciaik, tenants it rent-free, and 
 will j)robably dose her eyes under its hon- 
 ored roof; and as this fact is generally 
 known, almost every tar, in passing the 
 spot, doffs his bonnet in token of gratitude, 
 and says, ' (led bless the kind Lieutenant 
 Pinkham !'"'* 
 
 •This oxtnxct we copy from Coiamodore Mack- 
 enzie's boolc 
 
LIFR AND ADVr-NTURKS OK PAUL JONICR. 
 
 Wo aro Hinj:(iilurly (loHlituUi ofinforirmtion 
 rogurtlirif; tluj oducution, iisHOciiitions, wrid 
 moral dovoloprnont ol" Commodore Juno», 
 and oven roHpccting his boyish habilH and 
 proponsitioH — usually cotisidonjd suhjciotH of 
 tho frroatoKt ititcrost, in llio lji<)^ra|)liy of ro- 
 iiiarluiblo rrnin. VV<» do nol know wlu-lhor 
 ho sludiod tho alpliulK:!. with tho Hpoliiiici;- 
 book u[).sido-down, or road from loft to rij^lil;, 
 «jr loarnod tho lottors from tho hottoiii up- 
 wards — boginning at & and ending at A — 
 or whothor ho lournod thoqi in tl>o ordinary 
 way. liowovor thid may bo, our acoounls 
 ail agroo that \m oducatioii vva:s very im- 
 poifect and inrompiot*!, but (hat by his own 
 industry and iiiluitivo(|ui(;kn(5Hs Ikj Huppliod 
 thin lack, and nevor was at fault, in what- 
 ever society he found himself. In truth 
 thifl, or something vory like it, gonorally 
 happens in tho case of all mon who bocoino 
 romarkablo. '['ho mons amount of school 
 Knowlodf^o which tlioy may acrpjiro in 
 boyhoijd, has very littlo to do with llio (thar- 
 uctor or loi'co of th<;ii" iritolloctual dovolop- 
 rnont in manhood. It i« a fact of general 
 application, that an intelligent journey- 
 mun print<3r — ay, or cobbler either — knows 
 nioro of tho claBsics, and picks up a !)ottor 
 idea of tho hlstoiy of tho woild and the 
 various branches of hutrian knowlodgo, than 
 tho student who graduates with " ail tlifs 
 honcjrs." In the clho of Jones, this was 
 eminently true. Idoafl Hoenied to flow into 
 his brain naturally — or, rathor, attracted 
 thither by his active and eager organiza- 
 tion. In regard to his early habits, there is 
 no douljt that they, as also his aspirations, 
 wore greatly tinged with the spirit of the 
 wild, romantic 8ci;n<;ry among which ho 
 WHH born and bred ; having evcsr tho sea on 
 one Bide, and an amphitheatre of broken, 
 picturesque and sublime mountains on tho 
 other. We aro told that he was vory fond 
 ill childhood of rambling about tho woods 
 and mountains, of swimming in tho sea, and 
 of sailing mimic ships about, made of a 
 fthinglo, a stick, and a piece of pa|)er. IJut 
 VM those propensities have frequently muni- 
 fcsttid tliemsolvefl in boys who nevor " came 
 to any tiling," wo do not dwell upon them. 
 
 as being of any very spcciul impoitiuico in 
 estimating tho early cluiracter of our hero. 
 
 I'ut the strong, governing characteriHtic 
 of I'aul Jones's mind wu«, the inclination 
 to attract attention from, and exort influ- 
 ence upon, others. In this tlioro is no 
 mistaking tlio bent of his organi/.alion. At 
 the ago of twelve young I'aul, with tho 
 consent of his parents, crossed over to 
 Whitehaven, and apprenticed himself to 
 Mr. Vounger, a merchant engaged in tho 
 American trade. He made his first voyage 
 (1759) in the Fncndiili.i/>, of Whitehaven, 
 under the command of (Juptain Benson. 
 The vossrd was bound for Iviippahunnock ; 
 and i'aul anticipated much ))l(;a8uro in 
 mooting his brother, who liad boon iiir 
 some time living at Kredericksburgh, Va., 
 whore ho had married, and become a very 
 re[)utable citi//en, and was reputed to have 
 ac(purod considerable wealth. Arriving 
 hero witliout accident, ho found his bro- 
 ther, and spent a vory agrerMiblo time with 
 him, whc-re lirj continued his studios with 
 great perseverance, applying himself dili- 
 gently U) navigation, and tho accompanying 
 branches of mathematics. This fact, of 
 wliich there is no. doubt, speaks higldy in 
 favor of tlie natural desire for learning (jf 
 y(jung i'aul; and is a striking illustration 
 of the fact, that ho who eagmly pursues 
 knowledge can always manage, in some 
 way or other, U> lay fast hold of lier gar- 
 ments and win h(?r to liis arms. 
 
 At this time tho conduct of our hero 
 appears to have bofsn highly exemplary, so 
 much so as strongly to iiavo locomfiionded 
 him to tho favor of Mr. Younger, his em- 
 ployer. i>ut liore began that unfortunuto 
 concaUmation of circumstances which am- 
 bitious men are apt to call their " bad luck," 
 and which too frequently causes them to 
 think that fate is in league against them — 
 that there is no use in trying — and that they 
 may as-well abandon the,ms(!lvos to reckless 
 and dishonest courses, as to withstand no- 
 bly the petty accidents of life, and at last 
 bend vexatious and discouraging events to 
 high and striady purposes. Mr. Younger, 
 who was apparently vary prosperous, sud- 
 
LlFi: AND AnVKNTl'RKS OF PVl'L JOM'.S. 
 
 denly ioiiiul his aiVairs so nuuh tMiibar- 
 iiissed, tlmt ho wns obligoil to give up Paul's 
 indentures, ami loii\ o him to work his own 
 way in ti»e worlii. Hut Paul had already 
 actiuirod a good rojnitation as a seaman, 
 and tound little diliirully in securing a sit- 
 uation — obtaining the berth of tliird mate 
 on a slave-ship called the Kiiiii' George. 
 
 It would no doubt, however, have been 
 .better tor the young seaman, it" ho liad not 
 liave obtained this situation. The atro- 
 cious tralhc in human llesh then tolerated 
 by the civili/.ed nation oi' Ureat IVritain, 
 nnd the cruel and int'amous manner ot" 
 treating its unfortunate viotiius, necessarily 
 exercising n strong intluence over the youth 
 and inexperience of young Paul ; making 
 him cruel, inconsiderate of justice, and re- 
 gaitUess of the sutVi>rings of olhei"s. lie 
 continued in this degrading nnd brutalizing 
 tnvtVic until 17(iS, when he gave up his re- 
 sponsible situation of tirst mate in the slaver 
 Two PrienJs, and sailed from Jamaica in 
 the brigt^ntine John of Kirkoulhright, for 
 Scotland, lie was at. this time twenty-one 
 years old, and the position he had alreaily 
 acquired in his profession was exlremely 
 honorable to his energv' and enterpri^se ; 
 although we cannot help thinking that his 
 employment at tins susceptible age in the 
 inhuman business of slave-trading, exerted 
 a powerful intluence over his character, 
 and served to give tone and direction, al- 
 though perhajis imconsciously to himself, 
 to his whole atler lite. 
 
 It is stated that, after being engjiged for 
 several years in this business, Paul aban- 
 doned it voluntarily on account of the strong 
 distnsto he had acquired for its inhuman 
 cruelties ; and that he deserves so much 
 the more credit for this, because it was at 
 that time very hicnnive. and public opinion 
 imhesitatingly gave it sanction. This latter 
 observation is true enough; but it would 
 cany greater weight had he yielded to his 
 disgust at an earlier period, nnd w^hen it 
 must have been at least as active as it was 
 five or six years later. 
 
 On the homeward pas^^age in the John, 
 tlie master and mute both died of the yel- 
 
 low fever, which they had probably con- 
 tracted while in Jamaica; aiul Paul, who 
 had embarked nu>rely as a passenger, \ook 
 conuuand o\' the vessel and brought her 
 safely into jiort ; l\>r which the owners were 
 so grateful, that they placed him on board 
 their vessel as master and supercargo. 
 
 Diu'ing his second voyage in this vessel 
 to the West Indies, a most unfortunate 
 atVair occurreil between liim, and tlu> car- 
 penter of the vessel, iSluugo ISIaxwell. 
 Maxwell having, in the course of n mis- 
 understanding on some trifling point, made 
 use of language which the funy nature of 
 Paul could not brook, the latter perverteil 
 the power which then was unwisely vested 
 by law in masters of vessels, and caused to 
 be intlictod upon Maxwell a severe wliii>- 
 ping upon the back. They were unfortu- 
 nate blows, every way ; and the cruel yoimg 
 tyrant w ho caused them to be inflicted, had 
 cause to renu-tmber them to the latest hour 
 of his lile. A short time after the John 
 reached port, the whipped carpenter was 
 discharged, and shortly after shipped in the 
 Banrlona Packet, where he took a fever 
 and died. A report, however, was set 
 afloat, at first secretly and then more bold- 
 ly, by Paul's rivals and enemies, (ami such 
 a man ns he was likely to have enough of 
 them.'y that Maxwell had died from the 
 eftects of the punishment he received on 
 the John. Though we have carefully consi- 
 dered the facts and piobaliilities in this case, 
 and have arrived at the conclusion that tlie 
 death of Maxwell was not ile])endent upon 
 the flogging, yet it might still have been so, 
 as injuries upon'tho back often affect tlie 
 spine, nnd thus all the organism of health, 
 and more or less imdermine nnd destroy 
 the system. At any rate, we cannot but j 
 augur unfavorably of tlie temper and heart 
 of a young man of twenty-two, who could 
 [ bear to resort to so fiendish a nutans of tor- 
 turing a fellow-creature. That such things 
 were, or are tolerated in military and naval 
 life, is horrible, and disgraceful to civiliza- 
 tion to the last degree ; but that they should 
 have been n common resort in the ordinary 
 dirticulties between master nnd men, in 
 
LIFE AND ADVr:.STr;RK.S or PAUL JONKS. 
 
 9 
 
 irwlinif vf;Hii<;l», maUcH the wjul revolt and i ral prBJiif]ice« which ran against me; bat, 
 fc!iu(lri<-r with h'/rror. aft/jr all, none of rny ac<;u»erM ha/J the 
 
 'J'Jiin fJ/'air, which wa<« afUsrwar'Jn br</ught } cjmntf^c, to r;orifr<rt)t me. Yet J arn willing 
 up ill a new xhape, and Jonen'-i own nephew | to convince the world, if rea.wn» and f;ict» 
 tfuUtitiited for the carpf;nt<;r fi» the victim, ! will do it, thfit they have hjul no i/nmdatum 
 wan, in the former irwtance, of (umrm the i for their harch treatment. I mean to send 
 vvoi'k of enewjien ; of whom Paul through Mr. Oaik a copy properly fn-oved, fw hin 
 life never lacked, in the laat HhJipe, the j nice feeli:jg« will rKrt, pertiiijw, be r/therwi-io 
 filory Wfw a«ed for supplanting Commodore «ati*fied ; in the mean time, if you plca»e, 
 .lone» in the command of a fleet, which had you may show hirn that ancht^A. IVm un- 
 heeti w^nferred upon him by the Kmpre»<j i graciouH cjmthvX to me, hf.-fore I left .Scot- 
 rjiitharine, of fiuHHtn. Tito affair, however, i hind, I have not yet been able t/^ get the 
 wa« ever a source of keen annoyance, if ! better of Kvery person f;f feeling muift 
 Tifji of reinorhe, to him ; and hi« feelingn think meanly of arlding t/j the load f/f the 
 
 niJiy be gathered from the fjjlowing \cA,U;r, 
 v/hich >io wrote two years after the occur- 
 rence : 
 
 " f/OXDOjf, SM< fl'jptembcr, 1772. 
 ' My i>rA« MoTiiKJi ajjo Kistrwi — 
 
 '• I orJy arrived hereJast night, from the 
 firenadas. I have ha/1 but pf)or health 
 during the voyage; and my wuutcm in it, 
 not himri% erjualled my fir»t sanguine ex- 
 f^ectfttions, has julded very much to t>ic as- 
 perity of my misfortunes, and, I am well 
 insured, was the cause of rny loss of health 
 
 afflicted. It i» true I bore it with seeming 
 unconcern, bnt Heaven can witness for me 
 tk'it I suffered the more on that account. 
 But enough of tbi/s." 
 
 CJ/ AFTER 11. 
 
 Bkixo honorably discharge'! from the 
 .John, on the dissolution of the firm who 
 owned her, our hero fojjnd himself now 
 I am now, however, better, and I trui^ I free, and thrown upon the world — a full 
 Prwidence will soon put rtw in a way t<i grown, active, ambitious man, completely 
 get bread, and, which is by far my greatest i master of an important, arduous, and dan- 
 liappimjss, be serviceable to my pow, but geroas profession, and rearjy t/j push, work. 
 
 much valued friends. I am able U) give no 
 account of my future proceedings, as they 
 depend ufion circumstances which are not 
 fully fletermined. 
 
 " 1 have enclosed you a copy of an affi- 
 davit made bfd'ore Governor Young, by the 
 judge of the court f/f Vice-fif]miralty of 
 Tobago, by which you will see with how 
 / little reason my life has been thirsted after, 
 and, which is much dearer to me, my 
 honor, by maliciously loading me with ob- 
 
 cut, and carve his way through the world 
 fw circumstances might offer. lie felt that, 
 whatever else he might be, he [wssessed 
 powers and energies above the ordinary 
 sort of men l/y whom he was surrounded, 
 and that in some way power, fJime, and 
 distinction, were necessaries of his very 
 existence. The trade tn the Isle of Man, 
 which waij then mostly contraband, offered 
 great facilities for n^wking money. The 
 romantic life, the wild adventure, and the 
 
 lofjijy and vile aspersions. J believe there dangerous hazard of smuggling, were ex- 
 are few who are hard-hearted enough to I actly calculated to enlist yll the ardor tnd 
 
 tljink 1 have not long since given the world 
 every satisfaction in my power, being con- 
 scious of my innocence before Heaven, 
 wr;ich will one day judge even my judges. 
 I staked my honor, life, and fortune for six 
 long months on the verdict of a J'ritish jury. 
 
 enthusiasm of such a spirit ; and it is not 
 strange if he yielded to the temptation, and 
 engaged heart and soul in smuggling — an 
 act which, among a large class of men, ha? 
 never been held criminal, but simply ille- 
 gal. .Tones in after life strenuously denied 
 
 notwithstanding I was sensible of the gene- 1 that he ever was a smuggler; but it is on 
 
 2 
 
10 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURKS OF PAUL JONF.S. 
 
 record, that tho first entry of a cargo of 
 morchiimlise after tho annexation of that 
 ishuul, and the inducements for smuggling 
 were thus destroyed, is in the name of our 
 hero; showing that at Uiast ho was in tlie 
 practice of trachng to that island. There 
 are at the present day several Manx fami- 
 lies whoso predecessors, in the last gene- 
 ration, distinctly remembered Jones; but 
 whether as a smuggler or a regular trader, 
 we do not know. 
 
 We next hear of Paul in the West India 
 trade, and in private speculations on his 
 own account to Tobago and Grenada, in 
 •which he was engaged until 1773, when 
 he was called to Virginia, to settle up the 
 alVairs of his brother William, who had 
 died, leaving no will and no heirs. The 
 estate was of considerable value ; and Paul, 
 taking complete charge of everything on 
 behalf of the other relatives, formuily aban 
 doned the sea, and declared his intention 
 of devoting himself to agriculture for the 
 remainder of his days — a project whicli he 
 actually began carrying intoetlect : planted, 
 studied, wrote, rend, made love, smoked, 
 and grew indolent, until the keen and fiery 
 spirit within grew too turbulent to be longer 
 contented with this inactive and ignoble 
 life ; and his whole soul was in arms for 
 excitement and adventure. 
 
 In a worldly point of view, Paul had not 
 prospered. His brother's fortune, either 
 through mismanagen>ent or neglect, slipped 
 through his hands, and he gradually had 
 sunk into a stale of poverty and destitution 
 which nearly led him to despair; when 
 
 not, therefore, strange, that he embraced 
 eagerly, and no doubt sincerely, the cause 
 of the rebellious provinces. 
 
 Assuming tho addendum of Jones to his 
 family cognomen, he inmiedintely offered 
 his services to Congress, which were ac- 
 cepted ; and Lieutenant John Paul Jones 
 received a commission in the Navy, by re- 
 solution of Congress, i)assod December 22, 
 1775. At the same time of his appoint- 
 ment, tho following olficers also received 
 commissions: E. l[o{)kins. Commander of 
 tho fleet; Dudley Saltonstall, Captain of 
 the AltVed ; Abraham Whip])lo, Captain of 
 the Columbus ; Micholas IViddle, Captain of 
 the Andrew Doria ; John B. Hopkins, Cap- 
 tain of tho Cabot. Rhodes Arnold, 
 
 Stansberry, Hersted Hacker and Jonathan 
 Pitcher, were appointed First Lieutenants 
 with Jones; Benjamin Seabury, Joseph 
 Oluey, Elislia Warner, Thomas Weaver, 
 
 and McDougall, Second Lieutenants; 
 
 and John Fanning, Ezekiel Burroughs, and 
 Daniel Vaughan, Third Lieutenants. 
 
 The American navy at this time consist 
 ed of the following vessels : 
 
 Guns. Ms'n. 
 
 Alfred 30 300 
 
 Columbus 128 300 
 
 Andrew Doria . . Ui 200 
 
 Cabot 14 200 
 
 Providence 12 150 
 
 Hornet 10 120 
 
 Wasp 8 100 
 
 Fly, despatch vessel. 
 This was truly a formidable force to 
 commence a contest against tho greatest 
 
 the breaking out of the American Revolu- naval power in the world ! But the gallant 
 tion sounded once more the alarum of hope officers and men went bravely and hope- 
 in his heart, and ho re;1ppoared, as if by fully to work; and Jones, who had been 
 
 magic, upon the stage of active life. Al- 
 though of British birth, he hated — as all 
 ambitious and aspiring men born under a 
 jnonarchy must hate — the political institu- 
 tions, tho aristocnicy, the tyranny of his 
 native land. Besides, he had now been for 
 two years a resident of the Colonies, had 
 spent a fortune there, had struggled in 
 poverty there; and was, withal, by nature 
 
 appointed first lieutenant of the flag-ship 
 Albert, hoisted with his own hands the first 
 American flag that ever waved over Llie 
 sea. Its device was a pine-tree, and a rat- 
 tlesnake coiled at its root in the act of strik- 
 ing; which remained the national insigna 
 until 1777, when the present standard was 
 adopted. The command of the sloop Pro- 
 vidence was tendered to Lieutenant Jones, 
 
 a brave, liberty-loving, chivalric soul. It is 1 but ho declined, choosing rather a subordi- 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OK PAUL JONES. 
 
 n 
 
 nato position in tho Hag-sliip, On tlio 
 ]7lh of Folji-uniy, 177G,ytho first American 
 squadron sailed for tlio Ijiiliunias, tho ori- 
 giuul purpose of openiUng against Loi'd 
 Dunmore, off tlie coast of Virginia, hav- 
 ing been abandoned, on account of llm 
 freo/.ing up of tJ)o Dolavvaro. An account 
 of this expedition was subsoquontly drawn 
 11]) by Jones himself, for Louis XVI. 
 
 Having captured a couple of small vessels 
 on tho voyage, tho squadron anchored on 
 tho first of March at Aijaco, vvlunui prepa- 
 rations wore inunediatoiy mado to carry 
 out a plan which had been loriried for an 
 expedition against the island of Now Pro- 
 vidence ; where it was undm'stood a large 
 quantity of ammunition, and military and 
 iiaval stores had been deposited by the ene- 
 my, and where it was undcistood tho for- 
 tificat ions were weak and inofficiont. Tho 
 ent(M'priso succeeded, and tho island was 
 captured, the govoinor taken prisoner, and 
 H hundred cannon and a largo amount of 
 stores fell u)to possession of our forces. 
 
 This was on the 17th of March; and on 
 the Gth of A])ril, while our squadron was 
 proceeding witli its trophies and jjrisoner, 
 it foil in with tho British sliip (ilasgow of 
 twenty guns, off I'lock Island. A kind of 
 skirmish inmiediately connnonced, which 
 continucid for several hours, and in which, 
 riotwithstfrnding tho great numerical superi- 
 ority of the American force, the Glasgow got 
 the best of the bargain, and came pretty 
 clear off, having indicted serious damage 
 ii()on tho fleet, .lones, during the wliole 
 of this inglorious action, was stationed at 
 tho lower battery of tho Alfred, where ho 
 e\lnl)itod all that coolness, bravery, and 
 decision which so eminently distinguished 
 liim. But tho circle of his duties and in- 
 fluence was small, in the position which 
 was then assigncid to first lieutenants, and 
 his superior officers by no means conducted 
 lluimselves in a similar spirit. Indeed, so 
 shabbily did Captain Hazard of the Provi- 
 donco behave on tlio occasion, that Con- 
 gross, upon investigating the circumstances, 
 thought proper to dismiss him from the 
 navy, and Jones was ordered to tuko his 
 
 command in tho Providence. This vessel 
 mounted twelve long fours, and at that time 
 had a crew of seventy men. 
 
 After several months of fruitless cruising 
 aiiout between Boston and tho Delaware, 
 .lones was orthired o(V on a six months' 
 cruise against tlio conunorco of the enemy, 
 and sailed from Delaware Bay on the 21st 
 of August. On tho 1st of September, 
 when in tho latitude of tho Bermudas, ho 
 espied a largo vessel which he supposed to 
 bo a merchantman, and immediately gave 
 chaso. liis anticipated prize, however, 
 seemed astonishingly willing to be caught, 
 and Jones soon found that he was in chase 
 of a Britisli frigate. The pursuit now 
 changed hands, and .Tones put all his wits 
 to work to escape that which he had boon 
 so anxious to overtake. The frigate, how- 
 ever, which proved to be tho Solebay, gave 
 ardent chaso, and in tho course of four 
 hours, over a heavy sea, had got within 
 musket-shot, coming up on the lee-quarter 
 of tlio Providence, and reminding her of 
 his peaceable intentions by a continued dis- 
 charge from his bow-chasers. 
 
 At this critical moment Jones executed 
 ono of those auda(;ious movements for 
 which he afterward became so celebrated, 
 and whose very boldness contributed tho 
 princiiial element of its success. Almost 
 imperceptibly edging away, until his foi'mi- 
 dable enemy was on his weather-quarter,' 
 he suddenly put up his helm and stood 
 away dead before the wind, jiacking on 
 everything t;hat would draw ; and being, na 
 it fortunately turnod out, a better sailer 
 before a wind than the frigato, ho escaped. 
 
 A few days after this, while lying to off 
 the Islo of Sable, for the purpose of fishing, 
 the British frigate Milford was seen bear- 
 ing down upon him. Having ascertained 
 ill a lew minutes that ho could outsail his 
 Iumb(!ring antagonist, he shortened sail, 
 and p(!rmitted hor to come near enough to 
 throw away any quantity of ammunition 
 in useless firing. This she failed not to do, 
 every now and then rounding to and pour- 
 ing a tremendous broadside — into tho sea. 
 This sport lasted as long as Jonos choso, 
 
12 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 who then made sail and stood away, elud- 
 ing his clumsy assailant with the greatest 
 ease. On the next day he destroyed the 
 fishery at Causo, and then ran over to the 
 island of Madam, where he destroyed the 
 shipping. He then returned to Newport ; 
 having made sixteen prizes, and been ab- 
 sent forty-seven days. 
 
 An expedition was next got up consisting 
 of the Alfred, under Jones, and the Provi- 
 dence, under Captain Hacker ; whose ob- 
 ject was to destroy the fishery at Cape 
 Breton, capture the coal-fleet, and liberate 
 some hundred Americans said to be con- 
 fined in the mines. The enterprise sailed 
 on the 2nd of November, and when ofi 
 Louisburg, captured a brig filled with valu- 
 able dry-goods, a scow with fish, and an 
 armed ship, the JMellish, with a full cargo 
 of clothing for the British troops, with 
 which she was on her way to Canada. 
 The next day Captain Hacker in the Pro- 
 vidence, as Jones said, ran away, and got 
 back to Newport just before that place was 
 taken. Being thus left to himself, Jones 
 proceeded again to Causo, where he de- 
 stroj-ed a transport, burnt a whalehouse full 
 of oil, destroyed sevei'al other buildings, and 
 did all sorts of things — except to fulfil tlie 
 mstructions iu)der which he sailed. He 
 then turned upon his track, and when off 
 Louisburg, fell in with and captured a Liv- 
 erpool Iptter-of-marque. By this time the 
 harbor at the coal-mines was frozen up, 
 his vessel was crowded with one hundred 
 and fifty prisoners, and he began to grow 
 short of water and provisions — thus being 
 compelled to return home, without having 
 even attempted to accomplish the enter- 
 prise on which he had been sent. On his 
 way back he again encountered his old 
 friend, the Milford, who succeeded in get- 
 ting away one of his prizes. On the 15th 
 of December he entered Boston with his 
 four remaining prizes, sending the Meljish 
 to Dax'tniouth, where the clothing she con- 
 tained was a most acceptable godsend to 
 General Washington, whose ti'oops were 
 in a most destitute situation. 
 
 Upon his return home, the Government 
 
 found that, although Captain Jones had 
 made in some respects a brilliant trip, and 
 had actually been of great service by cap- 
 turing the Mellish with tlie clothing ; yet he 
 had, throughout, been wanting in that first 
 great requisite for the commander, as well 
 as for the meanest private — obedience to 
 orders. He was therefore taken from the 
 command of the Albert, and restored to 
 the Providence — an indignity against which 
 all his fiery nature rebelled, and which, to 
 the last hour of his life, he never ceased to 
 denounce. But it is too evident that it was 
 to his own haughty, imperious, impatient 
 spirit — which scorned all mei'e tame obe- 
 dience to orders, and panted for personal 
 glory and distinction — he should have 
 attributed this and the subsequent acts of 
 that Government concerning his rank. 
 
 This punishment, or this injustice^ — we 
 leave the reader to characterize it to suit 
 himself — weighed heavily upon the mind of 
 Jones, and was, through life, a constant 
 source of annoyance to him. In short, he 
 never forgave the Government fur it, and 
 from that moment felt himself an injured 
 man, wliora his country had treated un- 
 gratefully ; and who must, by the strength m 
 of his own will and character, push himself 
 to fame and glory. j| 
 
 But on account of his earnest and oft- 
 repeated remonstrances at being superseded 
 in his rank, an order from the vice-presi- 
 dent of the marine committee in Congress 
 was sent to Jones, dated the 5th of Febru- 
 ary after his suspension, (Januaiy 14, 1777,) 
 to go on an expedition against Pensacola, 
 taking under his command the Alfred, Co- 
 lumbus, Cabot, Hampden and Providence. 
 Commodore Hopluns, who was in command 
 of the fleet, refused, hovrever, to recognize 
 this order; and Jones started, post-haste, 
 for Philadelphia, v.diere Congress was in 
 session, to lay his gi'ievances before them. 
 It seems that the order either had not been 
 authorised by Congress, or that it had 
 changed its views: the expedition being 
 entirely abandoned, and Jones left in Phil- 
 adelphia, without a ship, and without any 
 prospect of promotion or active service. 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 13 
 
 His complaints to Congress, and to persons 
 in power, were incessant and importunate, 
 being prosecuted both personally and by- 
 letter. At length Congress, either wearied 
 out with his solicitations or convinced of tlie 
 justness of his demands, Jones was autho- 
 rised to proceed to Boston, and take his 
 choice of three ships which had been pur- 
 chased by the Government, and were there 
 being fitted out for service. 
 
 But while waiting at Boston, Jones re- 
 ceived orders from Congress to sail imme- 
 diately for France, in the French merchant- 
 man Ainphitrite, with a full complement of 
 officers and men for a large ship, which 
 would bo purchased for him immediately 
 upon his arrival. Appearing, however, to 
 be born forbad luck, tiie commander of the 
 Amphitrito made some difficulty about re- 
 ceiving Jones and his men, and he was 
 obliged to abandon the voyage. In the 
 month of June following. Congress com- 
 pensated him for his many disappointments 
 by conferring upon him the command of 
 llie new ship Ranger, at Portsmouth. He 
 immediately commissioned the new ship, 
 and hoisted for tlie first time the new flag, 
 (the stars and stripes,) which had just been 
 settled ujKjn by Congress. With great dif- 
 ficulty and delay Jones managed to get his 
 ship, carrying eighteen guns, fairly afloat 
 during the month of October ; and on the 
 1st of November, 1777, set sail from Ports- 
 mouth : made two prizes on the voyage — 
 chased a fleet of ten sail, and arrived at 
 Nantes December second. From this place 
 he immediately forwarded the following let- 
 ter from his Government to the American 
 Commissioners at Paris : 
 
 " PiiiLADELPiiiA, 9tli Miiy, 1777. 
 "Honorable Gentlemen — 
 
 " This letter is intended to be delivered 
 to you by John Paul Jones, Esquire, an 
 active and brave commander in our navy, 
 who has already performed signal services 
 in vessels of little force ; and, in reward for 
 his zeal, we have directed him to go on 
 board the Amphitrite, a French ship of 
 twenty guns, that brought in a valuable 
 cargo of stores from Messrs. Hortalez & 
 
 Co.,* and with her to repair to Franco. He 
 takes with him his commission, and some 
 officers and men, so that we hope he will, 
 under that sanction, make some good prizes 
 with the Amphitrite ; but our design of 
 sending him is, with the aj)probation of 
 Congress, that you may purchase one of 
 those fine fi'igates that Mr. Deane writes 
 us you can get, and invest him with the 
 command thereof as soon as possible. We 
 hope you may not delay this business one 
 moment, but purchase, in such port or place 
 in Europe as it can be done with most 
 convenience and dispatch, a fine, fast-sail- 
 ing frigate, or larger ship. Direct Captain 
 Jones where he must repair to, and he will 
 take with him his officers and men toward 
 manning her. You will assign him some 
 good house or agent, to supply him with 
 everything necessaiy to get the ship speed- 
 ily and well equipped and manned ; some- 
 body that will bestir himself vigorously in 
 the business^ and never quit it until it is 
 accomplLshed. 
 
 " If you have any plan or service to be 
 performed in Europe by such a ship, that; 
 you think will be more for the interest and 
 honor of the States, than sending her out 
 directly. Captain Jones is directed to obey 
 your orders ; and, to save repetition, let 
 him lay before you the instructions we 
 have given him, and furnish you with a 
 copy thereof. You can then judge what 
 will be necessaiy for you to direct him in ; 
 and whatever you do will bo approved, as 
 it will undoubtedly tend to promote the 
 public service of this country. You see by 
 this step, how much dependence Congiess 
 places in your advices ; and you must make 
 it a point not to disappoint Captain Jones's 
 wishes and expectations on this occasion." 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 No man had a keener eye nor a quicker 
 judgment than Jones. His views of the 
 
 * A fictitiouB house, undor tlic name of which tho 
 CommiBsioners sent out military etores. 
 
14 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 wai* and the best moans of carrying it on 
 at this time, were eminently sound and ju- 
 dicious ; being, to avoid open contests with 
 the fleets and armed vessels of the enemy 
 whenever possible, and to capture his mer- 
 chantmen, destroy his weak and unprotect- 
 ed towns — in short, to establish a vigorous 
 and efficient system of pi-ivateering ; which 
 he in fact accomplished, and carried out 
 more extensively than any other command- 
 er, either before or since. 
 
 On leaving the United States, it had 
 been the hope of Captain Jones to obtain 
 command of the frigate Indien, which was 
 being built at Amsterdam, for Congress. 
 But on his arrival in Paris, (the Commis- 
 sioners having sent for him immediately 
 upon the receipt of the letter quoted above,) 
 he found that he was doomed to another 
 disappointment. The British minister at 
 the Hague had found out for whom the 
 Indien was being built, and made so much 
 opposition that the Commissioners had been 
 induced to sell her to France. Thus again 
 baflled, he returned to Nantes in no very 
 agreeable mood, and fitted up the Ranger 
 as well as he could — determined, at all 
 hazards, to remain no longer in inactivity. 
 He also, it is claimed, wrote a letter to Mr. 
 Deane, one of the Commissioners, respect- 
 ing the best manner of em})Ioying the fleet 
 of Count D'Estaing, then just ready to op- 
 erate against the English, in which he 
 showed his usual sagacity and foresight. 
 Indeed his biographers generally assert that 
 his was the plan which was eventually, to 
 some extent, adopted ; and that, had it been 
 entirely followed, it would have put an im- 
 mediate end to the war. Jones himself 
 thus speaks of his plan in his memoir to 
 the French king, where, speaking of him- 
 self as of a third person, he says: " On 
 receiving agreeable news of affairs in Ame- 
 rica, and the position of Lord Howe's fleet, 
 he wrote a letter to Mr. Deane, one of the 
 Commissioners of Congress at Paris, con- 
 taining the plan that was adopted ; which 
 would have ended the war, had it been im- 
 mediately pursued." And afterwards, in a 
 letter to the French Minister of Marine, 
 
 (he had a passion for corresponding with 
 persons in authority,) he says : " Had 
 Count D'Estaing arrived in the Delaware 
 a few days sooner, he might have made a 
 most glorious and easy conquest. Many 
 successful projects may be adopted from 
 the hints which I had the honor to draw 
 up ; and, if I can still fui^ish more, or ex- 
 ecute any of those already furnished, so as 
 to distress and humble the common enemy, 
 it will aflord me the truest pleasure." 
 
 Jones now proceeded in the Ranger, ou 
 an expedition pretty much upon his own ac- 
 count, and having fallen in with a French 
 convoy under Admiral La Motte Piquet, 
 from him he succeeded in obtaining the 
 first salute to the American flag upon the 
 seas. A vessel (probably a piivateer) call- 
 ed the Independence, being temporarily 
 under Jones's charge, he arranged and car- 
 ried out his exchange of salutes — at that 
 time a matter of importance — according to 
 all due ceremony, as will be best seen from 
 his own account of the matter, contained 
 iu a letter to the Minister of Marine, dated 
 February 22, 1778 : 
 
 " I am happy in having it in my power 
 to congratulate you on my having seen the 
 American flag, for the first time, recognized 
 in the fullest and completest manner, by 
 the flag of France. I was off" their bay 
 the 13th instant, and sent my boat in the 
 next day, to know if the admiral would 
 return my salute. He answered, that he 
 would return to me, as the senior Americaa 
 Continental officer in Europe, the same 
 salute which ,he was authorised by his 
 Court to return to an admiral of Holland, 
 or any other republic, which was four guns 
 less than the salute given. I hesitated at 
 this ; for I had demanded gun for gun. 
 Therefore, I anchored in the entrance of 
 the bay, at a distance from the French 
 fleet ; but, after a very particular inquiry 
 on the 14th, finding that he had really told 
 the truth, I was induced to accept of his 
 offer, the more so, as it was in fact an ac- 
 knowledgment of American independence. 
 The wind being contrary and blowing hard, 
 it was after sunset before the Ranger got 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 15 
 
 near enough to salute La Motto Piquet 
 with thirteen guns, which ho returned with 
 nine. However, to put the matter beyond 
 a doubt, I did not sulTor the Independence 
 to salute till next niornin,';:, when I sent the 
 admiral word that 1 would sail through his 
 fleet in the brig, and would salute him in 
 open day. He was exceedingly pleased, 
 and he returned the compliment also with 
 nine gurss." 
 
 In another part of the same letter he 
 says: '•! have in contemplation several en- 
 terprises of some importance. When an 
 enemy thinks a design against him impro- 
 bable, he can always be surprised and at- 
 tacked to advantage. It is true, I must run 
 great risk ; but no gallant action was ever 
 performed without danger. Therefore, 
 though I cannot insure success, 1 will en- 
 deavor to deserve it." 
 
 Tims Captain Jones, a young nuui in his 
 thirtieth year, had not only displayed with 
 his own hands the American flag for the 
 first time upon the sea, but had been the 
 first to obtain for it the acknowledgment 
 of a foreign nation. 
 
 Having put into the port of Brest, he 
 sailed thence on the 10th of April, in prose- 
 cution of his enterprises, and on -the 14th 
 captured a brigantine off Cape Clear, bound 
 to Iceland with a cargo of llax-seed. This 
 vessel he burnt, and proceeded on his way 
 — falling in, on the 17th, with a ship bound 
 for Dublin, which he captured and sent to 
 Brest. Being now off the Isle of Man, 
 and the wind fair for Whitehaven, he 
 formed the plan of the celebrated descent 
 upon, and burning of the shipping at that 
 place ; — a plan which, however, he was 
 obliged, on account of the weather, to 
 abandon at that time. On the 19th he took 
 a schooner, which he sunk ; and on the 20th 
 a sloop, which shared the same fate. On 
 the next day, being off Carrickforgus, he 
 ascertained that the British sloop-of-war 
 the Drake, of eighteen guns, was at anchor 
 in Belfast Loch. Ho formed a plan for 
 running in upon and overlaying her cable, 
 and thus capturing her decks ; but in at- 
 tempting to execute it, liis anchor hung a 
 
 moment, and the Ranger drifted past the 
 true position. Cutting his cable, he man- 
 aged to just work his way out of the Loch 
 without being molested — the Drake not 
 suspecting anything but a piece of awk- 
 wardness in such a daring manoeuvre. A 
 gale coming on, Jones took refuge under 
 the south coast of Scotland, and on the 
 next day, the wind having abated, he saw 
 the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 
 before him covered with a light snow. He 
 now determined to renew his attempt upon 
 Whitehaven ; and having worked his ship 
 as near the town as he thought advisable, 
 two boats, containing thirty-one men and a 
 plentiful provision of combustibles, left tho 
 Ranger, and reached the outer pier just at 
 daybreak. Jones connnanded the first boat 
 in person, and the other was intrusted to 
 Lieutenant Wallingsford ; the latter being 
 charged with firing the vessels on the norh 
 side of the harbor, where were about seven- 
 ty vessels, while he undertook all the rest, 
 amounting to about one hundred and fifty, 
 chiefly of two hundred to four hundred 
 tons burthen. There were two batteries 
 at Whitehaven, the first of which Jones 
 scaled at once, taking the soldiers prison- 
 ers, and spiking the guns. He then started, 
 off a quarter of a mile to the other battery, 
 which he secured in the same way ; and 
 on returning was met by Lieutenant Wal- 
 lingsford, who stated to him that he had 
 great reluctance thus to destroy the unde- 
 fended proj)erty of i)oor people ; and had 
 hesitated until his candles had burnt oui, 
 and he had found it impossible to execute 
 his part of the enterprise. It w<'is now 
 growing late, (or rather early,) and many of 
 Jones's own candles had gone out, and the 
 dismayed inhabitants were beginning to 
 collect, and run in affright through the 
 streets. Jones saw that his darling scheme 
 must be abandoned on the veiy eve of its 
 accomplishment; but being determined to 
 treat his vexation to a little burning, at all 
 hazards, he with his own hands kindled a 
 fire in the poop of a large vessel, surround- 
 ed thickly by others, sought a barrel of tar 
 i which he rolled into the (lames, and thea 
 
10 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OK I'Al'L JONES. 
 
 stood on tlio wliiirr kcopiii"; the terrified 
 ])Poplo at bay with a pistol, iirilil tlio vessel 
 WHS in 11 sheet of flame. Ho then entered 
 his boat and quietly ro^ved out of the har- 
 bor, while the astonished inliabitants now 
 ran to the fort, to vent their revenge, but 
 found their guns all spiked and useless. In 
 a slioi-t time, however, they got some ship- 
 guns inlo operation; but the sliot fell so 
 wide and sliort that Jones and his crow 
 returned tho salute with their pistols, and 
 went laughing back to their ship — while 
 the citizens now began collecting their wits, 
 and making arrangements to arrest the fire 
 in the shipping. 
 
 It was ebb tide, and the sliipping all lay 
 out of water — the ebl)in!]; having retarded 
 Jones's boats at least two hours beyond tho 
 time he had calculated on. Had the tires, 
 however, boon kindled according to Joni:s's 
 orders, it is almost certain that, late as it 
 was, every ship in the harbor would have 
 been destroyed, and probably even the town 
 itself. It was' afterwards ascertained that 
 one of Jones's sailors, named David Free- 
 man, had been left behintl— or ratlujr had 
 descried and sta3'ed behind of his own ac- 
 cord — having on first going on shore taken 
 advantage of Jones's absence at tho forts to 
 escape, and inform some of the citizens of 
 what was going on. 
 
 Jones was bitter and sarcastic in his re- 
 port, upon Lieutenant Wallingsford, whom 
 ho termed liis " wise officer," and to Avhose 
 chickon-hearted fastidiousness ho attributed 
 the failure of his somewhat magnificent 
 scheme of incendiarism and arson. But 
 Lieutenant Wallingsford nobly i)roved his 
 courage and ))atriotism, as well as his phi- 
 lanthropy, l)y dying in battle the next day; 
 and connnon hunamity should therefore 
 have protected him from tho insults of his 
 superior officer — who, on this occasion, had 
 shown himself rather the brigand and the 
 pirate, than the warrior and the ol'ficer. 
 
 This scheme was undoubtedly one of the 
 most audacious ever conceived ; and was 
 conducted throughout with an indomitable 
 coolness and courage seldom ecjualit^d, cer- 
 tainly never surpassed, iu the annals of 
 
 civilization ; but we are called upon, at the 
 same time, to denounce it as an atrocious 
 aud c(tld-l)loiid(!d plan of plunder and incen- 
 diarism, totally witliout excuse, and which 
 fixes a. deep and lasting stain upon tho 
 memory of Paul Jones. When we con- 
 sider the barbarous deeds of burning, pil- 
 lage, and slaughter, enacte^d by the refined 
 and accomplished Lord Howe upon out' 
 own coasrts, however — and for which ho 
 ought to have boon tried by a criminal tri- 
 bunal and imprisoned for life — we do not 
 say that, according to the law of retidiation 
 which has so long governed nations and in- 
 dividuals, the American Government would 
 not have hiul a right to have set on foot a 
 project of burning, murder, and devastation, 
 hon'iblo as t!io exercise of such "rights" 
 always has been, and illy calculated as they 
 are to restore jjcaco, or lead to the dispen- 
 sation of justice. But in the case of Jones 
 and his descent upon Whitehaven, it is en- 
 tirely did'erent. The enterprise was of 
 Jones's private seeking — neither Govern- 
 ment nor anybody but himself kne\v aught 
 of the project. Whitehaven was the scene 
 of his boyhood — of his education — of his 
 promotion; and much of the private pro- 
 perty he sought to destroy undoubtedly be- 
 longed to his former employers, from wdioin 
 ho had never received aught but kindness. 
 Within a few miles of the port slept peace- 
 fully the cottage where he was born, and 
 his father and brothers, and the jjlaymates 
 of his cliildhood, would all have been more 
 or less deeply injured by the destruction h© 
 attempted. What, then, could have been 
 the n)otive that sot him so fiercel}' to show- 
 ing his i)rowess and reckless courage here? 
 Lot us avow it : the childish, the womanish 
 vanity of playing the hero before those who 
 had known him as the boy — the humble, 
 the unknown apiJrentice. Yes ; he would 
 stand on the veiy wharf which had wit- 
 nessed the ignoble drudgery of his appren- 
 ticeship, and with pistol in hand proclaim 
 to the timid and afirighted inhabitants. Be- 
 hold the boy you once jiermitted to be a 
 mere conuuon apprentice, now returned asi 
 a hero ! So, we must mingle coutempJ 
 
LIFR AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 17 
 
 with the indignation wo fool for thiH, tho 
 first great naval achievement of Comuio- 
 doro Paul Jones. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 We now corno to the second great ex- 
 })loit of our lioro — the robbery of Lord 
 Selkirii's plate during the absence of liis 
 lordstiip, ami wliile the house was defended 
 by only Jjady Selkirk and the astonished 
 butler. Jones felt soinewhat ashamed of 
 this valiant enterprise, and after leading Jiis 
 men near the castle, and Jiscortaining that 
 Lord Selkirk was not at home, he took liis 
 station under tlio trees within a short dis- 
 tance of tho house, and gave his lieuten- 
 ant, Simpson, particular instructions to bo 
 careful about not injuring the lady's feelings 
 nor bruising the plate. They found the 
 lady at brcakflist, emptied the teapot, wiped 
 out tho cream -jug, seized tho spoons, and 
 •sent t^c butler packing after the rest of 
 the service, while Lieutenant Simpson (he 
 was not the fiitlicr of our wortliy Mr. Simp- 
 son) made bows and apologies to tho lady. 
 
 The estate of Lord Selkirk was situated 
 •on a promontory near Kircudbright, which 
 was about a mile below the town, on the 
 Doe, and called St. ftlary's Isle. Jones 
 was intimately acquainted with every foot 
 of ground, and it is said that his original 
 project was to get possessi(jn of the person 
 of Lord Selkirk himself, for the purpose 
 of a contingency of an exchange of prison- 
 ers ! but that, on finding that his lordship 
 was from home, he permitted the alfair to 
 subside itjto a sort of romantic robbery — a 
 ■kind of burglary witli trimmings. 
 
 Jones certainly seemed afterwards to re- 
 gi'et this mad enterpiise, and to be sincere- 
 ly anxious to restore the plate to its owner; 
 but nothing short of a great obliquity of 
 moral vision could have caused a mere com- 
 mander of a vessel, acting on his own sug- 
 gestions, and without orders from any (jov- 
 ernment, thus to hover round the scenes 
 of hLs biith and childhood, burning and pil- 
 
 laging. For our own part, allliough we are* 
 fully sensible of the excuses war furnislies 
 for all sorts of atrocities, yet we will not 
 consent to pretend to believe, that any 
 rules of warfare called for or autliorised 
 such acts. 
 
 It may well be conceived, that deeds of 
 sudi unparalleled audacity ns these set tho 
 worthy burghers of Kircudbright in a fer- 
 ment of consternation, and that tlie notes 
 ol' alarm were re-echoed throughout the> 
 Scottish shore. Some of the valiant Kir- 
 <udl<rightians, aft(;r tho alarm had some- 
 what subsided, and the enemy disap[)eared, 
 al)out dark dragged an old rusty twenty-four 
 poundt-r to the beach, and continued blazing 
 away all night at what ono of them declared 
 was the enemy's ship. At daylight, liow- 
 ever, they discovered, to tlieir mingled joy 
 and mollification, that what they had taken 
 for a ship was a large gray rock ! 
 
 On the 24th of April, Jones had his first 
 regular sea-fight- with an armed enemy. 
 In the morning, finding himself again oil" 
 Carrickfergus, he saw the Drake coming 
 out of tlie harbor, and running out into 
 mid-channel, quietly waited f(>r her — hav- 
 ing first captured her small-boat, which had 
 been sent ahead to reconnoitre and gain 
 information. From the officer of this boat 
 Paul learned that news of liis recent ope- 
 rations had been }"eceived from Whiteha- 
 ven, and that the Drake was coming out to 
 punish him, having a great many volunteers 
 on board, amounting, with her ordinary 
 crew, to one liundred and sixty men. He 
 also saw, from several points on either side 
 of the channel, the smoke of alarm-firei* 
 rising; and perceived, with a feeling of 
 pride wliich he cfjuld not repress, that ha 
 had «;(fectually aroused the attention and 
 tlie fears of the whole country. 
 
 The Drake, as she slowly drew out of 
 Belfast Loch against a heavy tide, was ac • 
 companied by several small vessels, filled 
 with spectators, who came out to enjoy thft 
 spectacle of the fight. I'ut it was late be- 
 fore they apinoached the lianger, and they 
 concluded to return to shore. Tlio Han- 
 ger now stood over toward the Drake, aud 
 
18 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 iaauled up her courses — laying to with her 
 main-topsail to the mast. At last the Drake 
 came out, and the Ranger filled away and 
 ran out into mid-channel, with the Drake 
 following closely, and soon coming within 
 hail. The Drake made the usual sum- 
 mons, "What ship is that?" to which the 
 sailing-master of the Ranger was ordered 
 to reply, " The American Continental ship 
 Ranger ! We are waiting for you — come 
 on !" The national tiag was floating Irom 
 either ship in the broad iaeams of the level 
 sun, now not more than an hour from set- 
 ting, and Jones, ordering his helm up, ran 
 across his enemy's bow, pouring in his 
 broadside. The compliment was returned 
 at the Drake's earliest convenience, and the 
 two vessels now ran broadside and broad- 
 side, rapidly exchanging tires, for more 
 than an hour. At the end of this time the 
 Drake found his feathers awfully ruffled, 
 and some of them pulled out. The fore 
 and main-topsail ties were shot away, the 
 guards coming down on the cap ; the fore- 
 topgallant yard and mizzen gaft hung along 
 the masts, his colors towing in the sea 
 astern, as was the jib-sail and jib-stay, 
 having been shot away. Nearly all the 
 other sails were cut up very much, and the 
 spars and hull greatly injured and shattei'ed. 
 At this critical juncture the captain of the 
 Drake received a musket-ball through the 
 brain, which felled him on the spot, and 
 the crew cried for quarter. They had 
 forty-two killed and wounded, and Captain 
 Burden died in a few moments after Jones 
 boarded his sliip. The first lieutenant had 
 also been fatally wounded, and died two 
 days after. On the Ranger, Lieutenant 
 Wallingsford and one seaman were killed, 
 and six seamen wounded. On board the 
 Drake Jones found the anchor he had left 
 in the Loch a short time before, and which 
 the Drake had fished up. 
 } This was ceitainly a brilliant victory, 
 and one that most deservedly conferred 
 fame upon its hero. It was a treble victo- 
 ly : — First, over an enemy of superior 
 numerical and physical force ; next, over a 
 numerous and augmented crew, who had 
 
 made every possible preparation and greatly 
 outnumbered their adversaries ; and thirdly, 
 over the moral force accustomed to conquest 
 and established as the master of the seas, 
 and over the weakness and timidity which 
 the first imperfect effort under a flag yet 
 unaccustomed to the dazzle of the water, 
 was so w^ell calculated to pi^oduce. 
 
 On the 5th of May, while off Nahant 
 with his prize in tow, a strange sail hove in 
 sight, to which Jones immediately gave 
 chase in the Ranger, having cut the cable, 
 and left the Drake in command of Lieu- 
 tenant Simpson. It seems, however, that 
 Simpson had caught something of the 
 eccentric sj^irit of his superior, and instead 
 of standing on towards Brest, according to 
 Jones's orders, he steered off to the south- 
 ward. When Jones had overhauled his 
 chase, the Drake was nearly out of sight. 
 After a good deal of difficulty and annoy- 
 ance, Jones overtook the Drake, and imme- 
 diately placing Lieutenant Simpson under 
 arrest, conferred the command of the Drake 
 on Lieutenant Hall. Both vessels arrived 
 safely at Brest on the 8rh of May, and 
 Jones immediately wrote the following ex- 
 traordinaiy, bombastic, apologetic letter to 
 Lady Selkirk. It is about the queerest 
 piece of epistolaiy composition extant : 
 
 "3Iadam, — It cnnnot be too much la- 
 mented, that in the profession of arms, the 
 officer of fine feelings, and real sensibility, 
 should be under the necessity of winking 
 at any action of persons under his command 
 which his heart cannot approve ; but the 
 reflection is doubly severe, when he finds 
 himself obliged, in appearance, to counte- 
 nance such actions by his authority. This 
 hard case was mine, when, on the 23d of 
 April last, I landed on St. Mary's Isle. 
 Knowing Lord Selkirk's interest with his 
 King, and esteeming as I do his private 
 character, I Avished to make him the happy 
 instrument of alleviating the horrors of 
 hopeless captivity, when the brave are over- 
 poweied and made prisoners of war. It 
 was perha])s fortunate for you. Madam, 
 that he was from home ; for it was my in- 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 19 
 
 tention to have taken him on board the 
 Hanger, and detained him until, througlj his 
 means, a general and fair exchange of pris- 
 oners, as well in Europe as in America, 
 had been effected. 
 
 " When I was informed, by some men 
 whom I met at landing, that his Lordship 
 was absent, I walked back to my boat de- 
 termined to leave the island. By the way, 
 however, some officers who were with me, 
 could not forbear expressing their discon- 
 tent, observing that in America no delicacy 
 was shown by the English, who took away 
 all sorts of moveable property, setting fire 
 not only to towns and to the houses of the 
 rich, without distinction, but not even spar- 
 ing the wretched hamlets and milch-cows 
 of the poor and helpless, at the approach of 
 an inclement winter. That party had been 
 Avith me the same morning at Whitehaven ; 
 some complaisance, therefore, was their 
 due. I had but a moment to think hov/ I 
 might gratify them, and at the same time 
 do your Ladyship the least injury. I char- 
 ged the officers to permit none of the sea- 
 men to enter the house, or to hurt anything 
 about it; to treat you. Madam, with the 
 utmost respect ; to accept of the plate 
 which was otTered, and to come away with- 
 out making a search, or demanding anything 
 else. I am induced to believe that I was 
 punctually obeyed, since I am informed 
 that the plate which they brought away is 
 far short of the quantity expressed in the 
 inventory which accompanied it. I have 
 gratified my men ; and when the plate is 
 sold, I shall become the purchaser, and will 
 gi'atify my own feelings in restoring it, by 
 such conveyance as j'ou may please to direct. 
 *' Had the Earl been on board the E.an- 
 ger the following evening, he would have 
 seen the awful pomp and dreadful carnage 
 of a sea engagement ; both affording ample 
 .subject for the pencil, as well as melancholy 
 ' reflection for the contemplative mind. Hu- 
 . inanity starts back from such scenes of hor- 
 ror, and cannot sufficiently execrate the 
 vile promoters of this detestable war : 
 
 ' For they, 't was they unsheathed the ruthless blade, 
 And Heaven shall ask the havoc it has made.' 
 
 " The British ship of war Drake, mount- 
 ing twenty guns, with more than her full 
 complement of officers and men, was our 
 opponent. The ships met, and the advan- 
 tage was disputed with great fortitude on 
 each side for an hour and four minutes, 
 when the gallant commander of the Drake 
 fell, and victory declared in favor of the 
 Ranger. The amiable lieutenant lay mor- 
 tally wounded, besides near forty of the in- 
 ferior officers and crew killed and wounded ; 
 a melancholy demonstration of the uncer- 
 tainty of human prospects, and of the sad 
 reverses of fortune which an hour can pro- 
 duce. I buried them in a spacious gi'ave, 
 with the honors due to the memory of the 
 brave. 
 
 " Though I have drawn my sword in the 
 present generous struggle for the rights of 
 men, yet I am not in arms as an American, 
 nor am I in pursuit of riches. My fortune 
 is liberal enough, having no wife nor family, 
 and having lived long enough to know that 
 riches cannot secure happiness. I profess 
 myself a citizen of the world, totally un- 
 fettered by the little, mean distinctions of 
 climate or of country, which diminish the 
 benevolence of the heart and set bounds to 
 philanthropy. Before this war was begun, 
 I had, at an early time of life, withdrawn 
 from sea service in favor of 'calm contem- 
 plation and poetic ease.' I have sacrificed 
 not only my ilivorite scheme of life, but the 
 softer affections of the heart, and my pros- 
 pects of domestic happiness, and I am 
 ready to sacrifice my life also with cheerful- 
 ness, if that forfeiture could restore peace 
 among mankind. 
 
 "As the feelings of your gentle bosom 
 cannot but be congenial with mine, let me 
 entreat you. Madam, to use your persua- 
 sive art with your husband, to endeavor to 
 stop this cruel and destructive war, in which 
 Britain can never succeed. Heaven can 
 never countenance the barbarous and un- 
 manly practice of Britons in America, which 
 savages would blush at, and which, if not 
 discontinued, will soon be retaliated on Bri- 
 tain by a justly enraged people. Should 
 you fail in this, and I am persuaded you 
 
20 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 will attempt it, (and who can resist the 
 power of such an advocate?) your endea- 
 vors to eflfect a general exchange of prison- 
 ers will be an act of humanity, which will 
 afford you golden feelings on your death- 
 bed. 
 
 " I hope this cruel contest will soon be 
 closed ; but should it continue, I wage no 
 war with the fair. I acknowledge their 
 force, and bend before it with submission. 
 Let not, therefore, the amiable Countess 
 of Selkirk regard me as an enemy ; I am 
 ambitious of her esteem and friendship, and 
 would do anything consistent with my duty 
 to merit it. The honor of a line from your 
 hand in answer to this, will lay me under 
 singular obligation ; and if I can render you 
 anj' acceptable sei^vice in France or else- 
 where, I hope you see into my character 
 so far as to command me, without the least 
 grain of reserve. I wish to know the ex- 
 act behavior of my peoi)le, as J am deter- 
 mined to punish them if they have exceed- 
 ed their liberty." 
 
 This is a funny letter, but it exactly illus- 
 trates the character of Paul Jones — vain, 
 egotistical, chivalric, avaricious and Quix- 
 otic ; truly a strange mixture, and one which 
 never was elsewhere imitated. Suffice it 
 to say, that his " amiable countess" did not 
 condescend to answer this extraordinary 
 epistle ; and that after a deal of difficulty 
 and delays, principally of his own making, 
 the plate was finally restored to its owner, 
 some seven or eight years after it was 
 taken. 
 
 The arrival of Jones at Brest with his 
 prize, and the news of his daring cruise in 
 the Channel, of course created great excite- 
 ment, and Jones was greeted by the Amer- 
 ican Commissioners with the utmost cordi- 
 ality. Jones was not backward in descri- 
 bing the cruise in the most glowing terms, 
 and he was everywliere received and flat- 
 tered as the hero of the hour. He drew 
 up an able report, in which the extraordi- 
 nary events of which he had made himself 
 the hero, were related at length, and with 
 great power. The French Government 
 
 was just then on the eve of embracing the 
 American cause, and united in overwhelm- 
 ing Jones with congratulations upon achieve- 
 ments which had taught Great Britain that 
 her ocean supremacy w.as to be boldly con- 
 tested, and that even her merchant-ships 
 were not safe at her own wharves, and 
 under the protection of powerful batteries — 
 that her infamous burnings and spoliations 
 upon our coast might be retorted upon her, - 
 and that even her ships of war could be met 
 and captured in fair fight, by an inferior 
 force. These were undoubtedly brilliant 
 achievements, and deservedly placed the 
 fame of Paul Jones beside that of the great 
 naval heroes of the day. He enjoyed this 
 brief ray of glory in the most intense fashion, 
 and almost began to imagine that his bad 
 luck was over, and that fortune thencefor- 
 ward had nothing but smiles in store for 
 him. 
 
 But Paul Jones, and hot water, were 
 synonymous terms ; and it was not long 
 before our hero found himself up to his 
 eyes in trouble. In the first place, he had 
 drawn a letter of credit for twenty-four 
 thousand livres on the American Commis- 
 sioners, which was dishonored, his letter of 
 credit being for only half that sum. He 
 had run in debt for the amount in fitting up 
 the Pk-anger and Drake for sea, and was 
 really reduced to distress in providing for 
 his two hundred prisoners, curing his sick 
 and wounded, etc. etc. His energy and 
 kindness were alike manifested in this tiy- 
 ing emergency ; and by using his private 
 credit with tlie Count d'Orvilliei's, the 
 Duke de Chartre.s, and the Intendant of 
 Brest, he managed to carry things through. 
 Another source of serious annoyance was 
 his first Lieutenant Simpson, whom he had 
 placed under arrest for disobeying his orders 
 while on board the Drake. Simpson being 
 in daily intercourse with the men, fomented 
 a mutiny that had like to have had a very 
 serious termination. Another of his annoy- 
 ances at this time was in regard to the 
 safe keeping of his prisoners, from which 
 (according to the authority of Commodore 
 Mackenzie,) he was relieved by the assist- 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 21 
 
 ance of the authoiuties at Bi'est, whom he 
 had interestod in his behalf. Doctor 
 Franklin was engaged at the time in nego- 
 tiating for an exchange of prisoners, which 
 he soon after effected. Jones greatly con- 
 tributed by his captures to this result, which 
 he had much at heart; — partly, no doubt, 
 from those philanthi'opic views which he 
 puts forward, and partly because he was 
 personally interested in establishing a set- 
 tled system of exchanges, on account of 
 his peculiar position as a native of the coun- 
 try he was making war against, and his 
 gr*at liability to capture on account of the 
 reckless intrepidity with which he exposed 
 himself. 
 
 The interest which he took in securing 
 kind treatment to his prisoners, whilst he 
 watched over their safe keeping, is most 
 creditable to his feelings. In a letter ad- 
 dressed to Franklin, enclosing a memorial 
 of the prisoners, he thus expresses him- 
 self, with characteristic wax*mth, concern- 
 ing the person who suppfied them. " The 
 fellow who holds the rod over their wretched 
 beads, has menaced them if they dare to 
 complain, and would have intercepted their 
 memorial, had I not prevented it. This 
 Riou is the scoundrel, who by his false- 
 hood promoted discord in the Rangei-, and 
 got the deluded people to appoint him their 
 particular agent. Before that time, he 
 never could call twenty louis his own, and 
 now he is too rich for his former profession 
 of King's interpreter. He does not deny 
 that he is a scoundrel, for so I have called 
 him more than once before witnesses, and 
 so every person of sense thinks him at 
 Brest." 
 
 Occupied in various schemes for annoy- 
 ing the enemy, Jones received a letter from 
 Doctor Franklin in May, which led, finally, 
 to the return of the Ranger to America, in 
 command of Simpson ; Jones being under 
 the full expectation of being put in com- 
 mand of the Indien, then being finished at 
 Amsterdam. Indeed, the French Govern- 
 ment had acceded to this arrangement, and 
 Jones was on the point of realizing his 
 fondest wishes, by being placed in comnjend 
 
 of a large and efficient vessel. She was to 
 have been manned with Frenchmen, but 
 to sail under the American fllag. Before 
 the consummation of this plan, however, 
 the French Government declared war 
 against England ; and all cause for disguiso 
 being now over, it of course found use for 
 all its ships, and officered them with its own 
 sul)jects. 
 
 Thus, one after another, all his prospects 
 failed, and he found himself at the begin- 
 ning of summer without a command, and 
 with no chance of speedy employment in 
 the field of glory. This inactivity continued 
 all summer — Jones constantly struggling to 
 obtain employment, but all in vain. At 
 length, on the 13th of September he wrote 
 M. de Sartine, the French Minister, the 
 following letter : 
 
 "HoNOBED Sir: 
 
 " When His Excellency, Doctor Frank- 
 lin, informed me that you had condescended 
 to think me worthy of your notice, I took 
 such pleasure in reflecting on the happy 
 alliance between France and America, that 
 I was really flattered, and entertained the 
 most giateful sense of the honor which 
 you proposed for me, as well as the favor 
 which the King proposed for America, by 
 putting so fine a ship as the Indien under 
 my command, and under its flag, witli unli- 
 mited orders. In obedience to your desire 
 I came to Versailles, and was taught to 
 believe that my intended ship was in deep 
 water, and ready for sea; but, when the 
 Prince de Nassau returned, I received from 
 him a different account. I was told that 
 the Indien could not be got afloat within a 
 shorter period than three months, at the 
 approaching equinox. 
 
 " To employ this interval usefully, I first 
 offered to go from Brest with Count D'Or- 
 villiers, as a volunteer, which you thought 
 fit to reject. I had then the satisfaction to 
 find that you approved, in general, of a 
 variety of hints for private enterprises 
 which I had drawn up for your considera- 
 tion, and I was flattered with assurances 
 from Messieurs de Chaumont and Baudo- 
 
LIFT, AND ADVKNTURKS OF PAUL .KJNKS. 
 
 nin, 1.1ml. Ihrco of llio liuosl iVii^iili^s in 
 Fmiifo, vvilh Iwo Iciidors anil !i iiuinlKn- of 
 f mops, would he iniiiuMrmUdy piil uiiih^i- my 
 (-oiiiiniuul ; and that. 1 slionid liavo mdinii- 
 Um\ ordors, and Ijo at iVoo liborly l.o pur.siui 
 such of my own projocts as ,1 ihonghl, jiro- 
 j)i>r. Hnl. this jjlan loll to nothing;, in l.ho 
 nioniont; wIkmi I was taught to think that 
 iiothinj; was wanting but llio King's signa- 
 luro. 
 
 " AnolluT much infnior armamiMit Irom 
 L't)ri(Mit was proposod to bv put nndor my 
 command, whiidi wa.s by no moans 0(inal to 
 tho sorvices that woro oxpoctod from it ; 
 for spood and force, tliough both rcquisito, 
 wei'O both wanting, llajjpily for nio, this 
 ftlso failed, and I was th(<r(<by savod from a 
 droadfnl prospect of ruin and dishonor. I 
 had so cntiro a reliance, tliat you would 
 desire nothing of mo inconsistont with my 
 honor and rank, thai tlu" moment you re- 
 (piire<l nu( to conu' down here, in order to 
 ])ro(M>ed around to St. Malo, though I had 
 recoived no written orders, and neither 
 knew your intention respecting my d(^stina- 
 tion or connnaiid, 1 obeyed with such haste, 
 that although my curiosity loil mo to look 
 at tho armannint at L'Orient, yet I was but 
 three days from I'assy till ] reached JJrest. 
 Here, too, 1 dn^w a ijlank ; but when I saw 
 the Lively, it was no disa|)pointment, as 
 that ship, both in sailing and oqui])inont, is 
 far inferior to the Ranger. 
 
 "My only disappointment, here was my 
 being precluded fioni omburking in pursuit 
 of marine knowlodgo with Count D'Orvil- 
 liers, who did not sail until some days uflor 
 mj return. He is my friend, and express- 
 ed his wished for my company. I accom- 
 panied him out of th(( road when the lleot 
 sailed ; and lie always hnnented, that nei- 
 ther liimself, nor any Jierson in authority 
 ut Brest, had received from you any order 
 that nn-ntioned my nanH>. 1 am astonished, 
 therefore, to bo inlormed tliat you iittributo 
 my not being in tho lleet to my stay ut 
 L'Oriont. 
 
 "I am not a mere adventmer of fortune. 
 Stinui'.ated by i)rinciples of reason and 
 j)hihinthro])y, 1 laid aside my onjoymeuts 
 
 in jirivato life, and embarktul under tho flag 
 of America, when it was first displayed. 
 In that line, my desire of fame is inihiito, 
 and 1 must not now so far forgot my own 
 honor, and what J owe to my friends and 
 America, as to roniaih inactive. INly rank 
 knows no superior in tlio American marine ; 
 .1 have long since been aj)j)ointed to com- 
 mand an expedition, with five of its sliijis, 
 and I can receive ordors from no junior or 
 inferior ollicer whatcfver. 
 
 " I liavo b(>en here in the most torment- 
 ing suspense for more than a month since 
 my return ; and agreeably to your desire, 
 as mentioned to mo by M. Chiiumont, a 
 lieutenant has been appointed, and is with 
 me, who speaks the French as well as tlio 
 Knglish. Circular letters have been writ- 
 ten, and sent tho eighth of last month from 
 tlie Knglish Admiralty, because they ex- 
 pected me to pay another visit with four 
 shi])s. Therefore 1 trust, that, if tlie In- 
 dien is not to be got out, you will not at the 
 approaching season substitute a force that; 
 is nut at least eipial, both in strength and 
 .sailing, to any of tlie en(>my's cruising 
 ships. 
 
 " I do not wisli to interfere with the liftr- 
 mony of the French marine; but, if I am 
 still thought worthy of your attention, I 
 shall hoi)e for a separate command, with 
 liberal orders. If, on tho contrary, you 
 sliould now have no further occasion for my 
 sorvices, tho only favor I can ask is, that 
 you will bestow on me the Alert, wilh a 
 few seamen, and permit me to return, and 
 carry with me your good opinion in that 
 small vessel, before thw winter, to Ame- 
 rica. 
 
 " 1 am hai)py to hear that tho frigates 
 from St. iMalo have been successful near 
 Shetland. Ihid Count D'Estaing arrived 
 in tho Delaware a few days sooner, he 
 might have iiiudo a most glorious and easy 
 conquest. Many other successful projects 
 may be adopted from the liints 1 had tho 
 honor to draw up; and if I can still furnish 
 more, or execute those already furnished, 
 so as to distress and Immble tho common 
 e^gmy, it will ulVord me the truest satis- 
 
LIFK AND ADVKNTURnS OK I'AIJL JONKS. 
 
 2.t 
 
 iJiclJDri. I ;un aiiiliiliuus to lacrit, llio lionoi' 
 of your riiHtidHliij) lui'l ikvr)!- ; luid iim fully 
 porHuadod lliat I now iiddroHs a ntjido mind- 
 ed niun, wlio will not Iji; olTondud witli tlio 
 honoHt I'njodotii wliirli has alvvaya marked 
 my corroHitondcnco." 
 
 f^lIAI'Tlvll V. 
 
 AfTKR diiMj^lini^ aliout IJroHt for sov(5ral 
 more mouths, porpotually amused \>y hopoH 
 and promiHeH from tho French Minister, 
 which wore as often broken and disappoint- 
 ed, Jones at l(5nj;th, in the montfi of Feb- 
 ruary, nseoived tlio following decisive letter 
 from th(5 Minister, wliicli |)iuoed liini in 
 command of tlio iJon llomine Jiielmrd — 
 the Poor Richard — a namo upon which his 
 subsequent deeds reflected undyin;^ g'o'y- 
 The letter is dated at Veisailles, l''ebruary 
 4th, 177!). 
 
 "To Joir.v I'ai;l .Imnks, K«q., CoirimnnJi.r of tli'; 
 AincricHii Navy in Kurojx:; 
 
 " Sir — T announce to you tliat, in conse- 
 quence of the exposition I liave laid before 
 tho King, of tho distinguished manner in 
 whi(;h you have served the United States, 
 and of tho entire confidence wliich your 
 conduct has merited from Congress, his 
 Majesty has tljoiiglit pro[)er to place you in 
 command of the ship Duras oi' forty guns, 
 ut present at LTJiient. V am about, in 
 consofjuenco, to issue tiie necessary orders 
 for tho com[)lete armament of tliat ship. 
 Tho commission, wiiich was given to you 
 at your departure from America, will au- 
 thoris(} you to Jioist tiie flag of tho United 
 States, and you will likewise make use of 
 the authority which has been vested in you 
 to (jrocure a crew of Americans ; but, as 
 you may Jind difficulty in raising a sufficient 
 number, tho King permits you to levy vol- 
 unteers, until you obtain men enough in 
 
 in my power to promote the succ(?ss of your 
 eiitorprise. 
 
 " As soon as you are prepared for sea, 
 yon will set sail without waiting lor any 
 ulterior onhsrs ; and you will yoursidf select 
 your own cruising ground, either in the \iu- 
 ropean or American seas, observing always 
 to render mo an (jxact account of oadi 
 eviiiit that may tiike place during your 
 cruise, as olten iis you may enter any jmrt 
 under the dominion of the King. So flat- 
 tering a mark of the conlidenco with which 
 you are honored, cannot but encomage you 
 to use all your zeal in the common cause; 
 and 1 am persuaded that you will juwlify, 
 on every occasion, my favoxablo opinion of 
 you. l* only remains for me to recom- 
 mend to you to slir)W to those prisoners, 
 who may fall onto your hands, those stsnti- 
 nients of liumanity which the King pro- 
 fesses towards Jiis enemies, and to tako 
 tlio greatest care, not only of your own 
 crew, but also of all tho ships which may- 
 be [tiaced under your orders. According 
 to your desire, 1, consent that the JJuras 
 take tho name of the lion Ilommo Rich- 
 ard." 
 
 Tha French (JovernuHjnt seemed now to 
 enter into Joiuss's views of reprisals upon 
 Great Britain for its burnings in America, 
 with as much ardor as he himself had 
 always fi.-lt on the subject. I'esides th« 
 Bon [Jomme Jlichard, four or live smaller 
 vessels were Ut be ])lac«!fl under his com- 
 mand, together with a body of five hundred 
 men ; the object of the exfxidition being to 
 destroy Liverpool, with all its shipping. 
 Jones, upon receiving this command, leaped 
 at once from u stat:e of inactivity and repi- 
 ning, to the utmost life and energy of exer- 
 tion, lie manned his ships without diffi- 
 culty, and Jjiifayetle, having just arrived 
 from tho United States in thrs s|)Iendid fri- 
 gate Alliance, was permitted, at his own 
 request, to join the expedition with that 
 
 addition to those who will be necessary to vessel, having on board seven hundred 
 sail the ship. It shall be my care to pro- |>icked men assigned him by tho king, 
 cure the iHicessaiy officers, and you may Jones, in his journal for the king, ihuft 
 lie assured that I shall contribute every aid I .-peaks of this armament : 
 
24 
 
 Lii'i: AMJ ai)\'1';n'1"1'i;i;s ok paiu. jonks. 
 
 " TIio cimnDii liiiil not iinivod for tho 
 Tion lloiiiiiio Ivuliiiid, 1111(1 Him was in i^nmt 
 liiiHlo nionnlod willi n Imltciy <il' iiididbroiit. 
 Iwolve-poiuidors. Six oid-riisliionc^d loni^ 
 i»ighteen-pound«rn wero nioiintcd in tho 
 gun-room ; and ports wuro cut to lifj,lil tliom, 
 m\ on ono nido. Thus, witli tho f^uua on 
 iho (|iiiirlor-do(di nnd rorc^ciistlw, tlio IJon 
 lioiniiK^ Kichiird iiiohiiKhI forty ^iiiiH ; and 
 wilh lh(^ Allianc.o of thiity-six, tho I'alluH 
 of thirty-two, lh(! ( Jorf of t^i^htocwi, anil tho 
 Venf^oanco of twolvo, coinposcd tlie Jittio 
 8(|iiadron. A crow was hastily procurod for 
 Ihn Hon lIoMiiiio liiidiard from anion^ the 
 lOiijuliHli pri,soii(<rH, and hy onlistinn raw 
 I'VcMirh poiiHiints iiiid voliintoors. Ciiptiiiii 
 JonoH had not moro tliiin thirty jViiirrican-.s 
 nniong tho crow. In tho Alliiinco ihoro had 
 been a mutiny on tho passai;o from America, 
 and the captain and officeis were ready to 
 cut ono iinolher's throats. The first and 
 flci'ond lieiilcnanls deserted. Tho I'alliis, 
 a mon-haiit ship, had heeii hnilt for the 
 Kiii!^, and hastily (ittod at Nantes. The 
 Venf;(ianco was hoiij;ht hy the cmnmissary, 
 jind (ittod in the same inannor. The Corf, 
 a lino cutter, was alono well lilted and 
 manned." 
 
 Everything bt^ing ready for the (txpodi- 
 tion, Jones received an excellent letter of 
 instinrtions and advice from Doctor I'^rank- 
 lin, (who had been formally r(»c(igni/.ed as 
 anibassiidor,) and also a letter from [jiifiiy- 
 ette, iinnoiincing his Hiitisfaction with the 
 arrangement of tho expedition; and Jones 
 was actually on tho point of setting sail, 
 when his evil genius again stepped in to 
 thwart his hopes, and dissipiile his dreams 
 of glory. Spiiiii had iiit imiited, at this 
 juncture, her iiilontion to join tho alliance 
 against Kngland, and it was hoped that by 
 uniting their forces, a formid invasion of 
 Kngland would bo i)iacticabl(^ Ijiifayetto 
 was therefore witlidrawu to take part in 
 currying eut this design, and the expedition 
 against Liverpool was conseipieiilly aban- 
 doned. As the iirmamenl, liow^evor, could 
 not remain in idleness, .iones was ordered 
 to drive tho British cruisers out of the Bay 
 of Biscay, and to protect coasting vessels. 
 
 lie sailed from L'Orient on the 19th of 
 JiiiK^ and on tho in^xt night the Alliance 
 and Hon liomme Ivichard got I'oiil, by 
 which the latter lost her head, cut-water, 
 jib-boom, and spritsaij yiinl, and the other 
 came o(f with her mi/,/.en-mast missing. 
 Much of tho blame of this accident has 
 been imputed, no doulit justly, to tlie incom- 
 petency and cowardice of Captain Lau- 
 dais of the Alliance — a Pistol sort of fellow, 
 who kicked up all sorts of a row when 
 coming over the Atlantic with tlio Alliance, 
 and had like to have gotten his throat cut, 
 and his ship into tho hands of the English. 
 Like all such fellows, howciv(»r, ho was 
 destined to give everybody a dtial of trouble, 
 but his ontuuies ; a destiny which, so fur as 
 Jones was conceriKvl, he strictly hillilled. 
 
 Returning to L'Orient on the last day of 
 Juno, to relit after this untoward accident, 
 he received the official instructions of J^oc- 
 tor Franklin ndalivo to Ids future move- 
 ments. The scene of his operations was 
 to be the west coast of Irelaml, wliere ho 
 was to cruise olf the Oicades, the C'ape of 
 Devoneus, and the Dogger Bank ; sending 
 his prizes to Dunkirk, Osteiid, or Bergen 
 in Norway, as might be most expeditious. 
 
 On the lllh of August tho exi^edition, 
 having been joined by two Freiic h priva- 
 teers, fii^t sail from [j'( )rii'nt, and four days 
 aller recaptured a large Dutch ship, which 
 had been a short time previous taken by 
 the English. Some dilliculty having oc- 
 curred respecting her, liowever, the cap- 
 tain of the IMonsieur said good-by to the 
 sipnidrou and tpok himsidf olf. Arrived ofl" 
 Capo CliMir, 1h(^ barge was lowered to low 
 the Bon Ilommo Kichard, so that she 
 might esciipi* falling into a diingerous bay, 
 and no sooner was night come on than tho 
 men cut the rope and rowed ashore. Mr. 
 Lunt, tlio master, went after them with 
 another boat ; but seeing tho Corf, one of 
 ihe smaller vessels of the sipiadron, coming 
 in shore uiidtH" ICnglisli colors, ho mistook 
 her for the enemy, and in trying to run 
 away, lie lost himself and boat in a fog. 
 Tho Cerf then made lier way for France,, 
 and was seen no more. 
 
LIFE AND ADVKNTIJItKS OF T'MIL .lONKS. 
 
 2& 
 
 Mr. Tiimt; uft,orwiiril.s liindod on tlin I mind jxmiids sfoiliiiij;, iiilo I'.(irc;(>n, wliicli 
 COfiHt of Krif;land, and roport Hays finiHlKnl wcirn HnhMCfjiintitly (^iviin np lo llio KngliHh 
 h'lH lifo in un English dun^oon. Tlius tlid , by iJui DiuiiHli frovornincnl . lid almi re- 
 Bon Ilonirno liiclwinl IohI two olficiMH and fuscid lo all.und a jnooUnf^ ol" (;a|)talnM o»i 
 
 twtnity of lior b«.st Hcannin. Tlio <inind- 
 villn followod tlio oxarnpio of llio ('(irl', 
 takin/; willi Ikt a pri/.o KJm liad trnid(». 
 .lont^H was thus l<d'l, with tlio I'on llornnio 
 iiiclianl, tlio Allianco, tJio I'lillas, and tlio 
 Voii^oanc.o. It wonlfl liavo boon for liiw 
 odvanta^o Iiad liis trftmdioroii.s coiidjiitor, 
 Laudais, also doHortod with liio Alliaiico. 
 
 'I^lio riif^lit ol" llio iiOth of Aiii,'iiKt was 
 stonily, and Jon(!H, yioldin^ to tlio ohjoction 
 of" Ijaiidais, lofl llio coaHt, Hlocririf^ iioilli- 
 warilly, altlion^^li Ii(» had intended to cniiHo 
 ofl" tho west coast; of lieland twelve? or fif- 
 teen dnyH. Ijandain disobeyed tho si^^nal, 
 and iiltered his courHo two pointH by tho 
 compass, and in tho morning .lonos fouii<l 
 hiinsolf aloMo with tho Vongcfanco, tho 
 Palks having carricid away h«!r lilUir during 
 llio flight. Tfio Alliaiieo Joined eornpaiiy 
 on tho .'JIhI, having a pri/,o, tli(5 Ijotftoy, a 
 West India h»ltor of uiar(|i)o, jnonntirig 
 twenty giinH. .lone.s was in tho uet of eap- 
 tnring u lottor of rnanjiw!, tho Union, bound 
 for Qiifiboc, will) NtonjH, rigging, ote. Lan- 
 duiu iiisolontly wont a boat to ask .lonits if 
 1)6 should man tho pri/o, as in that oaso 
 h(> hhoiild not Hutf(;i° a boat from the I'on 
 llommo IJioliard to approach. l''or tho 
 sake of pnaco, Jon«H yiokbnl to tho iiii|)ij- 
 df^nt demand of his inforior ofricer. This 
 man Landais 8«)oniH througliout to have 
 justified tho Hiispicion that h() was not of 
 «ano mind. In possession of a fine frigate, 
 which might havo rendined effi(;ient ser- 
 vice to tho «!x|)edition, his iiisubordiiialioii, 
 ungov<!rriablo tf)tiipr!r, and eowurdi(;(5, if not 
 treachery, hampered .lonos's ojiorations, and 
 placed at hazard tho Haf(!ty of tho whole 
 Hquadron. Iliw conduct during tho action 
 of tho Serapis, to bo siiokciii of Imroafter, 
 seems to havo iidibtd the blackest trcjacho- 
 ry to his other crimes. Ilo was tho evil 
 genius of .lotios. During tho run tfi the 
 northward, Landais continued to disobey 
 the signal of Jones, and in opposition to his 
 orders sent two prizes, valued at fifty ihou- 
 
 boaid the l'>oii lloniiiK? I'ichard, and spiikfi 
 of .lonos to (jiptniii ("'attinoau, who hail 
 joiiKid with the I'alliis, in iJio most insolent 
 maniior, and said I hut a mooting must tako 
 plac'o on slioie, resulting in the dentil of 
 Olio or tho other. Diiniig a giile on the 6th 
 of SeptfMTilier, the Allliince jiarted com 
 paiiy with the Hipiadrnii. 
 
 .loiies now mediliited jilacing the port of 
 lioitli under a contribution ol" two hundrod 
 thousand pounds, in order to teach the en- 
 tuny humanity. Me had leiirnod that a 
 ship, carrying tAvenly giiiiM, and two or 
 three cutlers, lay in Leitli luinis, mid his 
 plan was to capture these, imd ihrrariiii to 
 burn tho town and shipjiing if his deniimdH 
 were not complied with. He had anolhor 
 obj(!ctalso, which was to create a diversion 
 ill tho north lo fiivor a formidable d(;sr:ont 
 which ho exprr(;t()d would b(i iiiiido in tho 
 south, imrler cover of tho great combined 
 fleet. The temptation of two hundred 
 thousand pounds convinced the cajitainn 
 of th(» J'allas and Vongoaiic(% when other 
 arguments had failed; and the diH|iosilioiis 
 were made lotako the armed ship and cut- 
 ters, and to land tho men under the com- 
 mand of liieuleiianl-colonel (.'hamiliard. 
 Tin? summons to llm magistratfts, and a 
 lilarik form o( capitulation wore prepared, 
 ami the hhijis b(!at u\) ckise in with thu 
 coast of l''ile undffr I'higlish colors. 'V\ii> 
 summons ran as follows: 
 
 "The Ilonoralde .1. I'aul .(ones, <^'om- 
 mander-in-chiof"of tho American S(piadron, 
 now in Kurojie, to tho Worshipful I'rovost 
 of Loith, or, in his absence, to tiio f/'hief 
 Magistrate, who is now actually present, 
 and in authority tluirf-. 
 
 "Sir: Tho I'ritish marine fl)ice, that 
 has been stationed here for the [Molection 
 of your city and commen'o, being now 
 taken by the Ameri<;un arms uiidfir my 
 command, I have tho lienor to send you 
 this summons by my officer, Lieulenunt 
 
26 
 
 LIFi: AN'l) ADVICNTORKS OF PAUL JOiNES. 
 
 Colonol (1(1 ( 'hamillnnl, wlio coinmands iho 
 viiiifiiiiinl of my tnjops. 1 dd not wish to 
 clislrcs.s tlio poor iiiliuljitaiit.s ; my intontioii 
 in only to (KmhuikI your coiitiibutioii towards 
 tho I'oimhursciin'iit wliifli J>ritaiii owes to 
 the much iiijiirod' cili/.cns of tlio Uiiitcni 
 Stales; for siiviigcs would blush at llio un- 
 inaiily violation and rapacity 1 hut liavo 
 iiiailvcil tho tracks of J}ritish tyraimy in 
 Amorica, from which noithor virgin inno- 
 conco nor ]iolplt>,ss age lias bocn a ]ileii of 
 j)rotoclion or pity. 
 
 ".lj(Mtli and its jiort now lio at our nu'i'- 
 vy ; and, did not our humanity stay tho 
 hand of just retaliation, I slionld, without 
 advertistunoni, lay il in ashes. Uoforo 1 
 proceed to that stern duty as an officer, 
 luy duty a.s u man induces mo to propose 
 to yon, !)}• nu>ans of a, reasonable J'ansom, 
 to prevent sucli a scene of horror and. dis- 
 tress. Foi' this reason, 1 liave authorised 
 Lieutenant Colonel do Chainilhird to con- 
 clude and agree with you on the terms of 
 ransom, allowing you exactly half an hour's 
 rellection before you fuially accept or re- 
 ject tho terms which he shall jiropose. If 
 you accept tlie terms olfertMl within the 
 time liniit(Ml, you may rest assured that no 
 further debarkation of troops will be made, 
 but the reiimbarkation of llio vanguard will 
 immediately foUow, and tho property of tho 
 citizens shall remain unmolested." 
 
 On tile KUh, liie llet't was seen from 
 Edinburgh ( "asth* making its way up the 
 Firth. 'J^he country was immediately 
 Boi'/ed with a ))anic ; a liasty attempt was 
 made to iirect batteries at Leith, and arms 
 were distributed from lulinburgh Castle to 
 tho trad(\s. The greatest consternation 
 prevailed in all the neighboring towns. 
 The Ivichard in one of lier tacks stood 
 within a mile of Kirkaldy, niucii to the dis- 
 may ol tiie inhabitants. Tho villagers 
 gathennl on the beach to observe the ac- 
 tions of tlie IhMit, wheie they were joined 
 by un eccentric clergyman, tho Kev. Mr. 
 .Shirra, wlio commonced a prayer in the 
 following quaint language : 
 
 "ISow deer Lord, diniui ye think it a 
 
 shame for ye to send this vile piret to rob 
 our folk o' ivirkaldy ; for ye ken they're 
 puir enow already, und hae nothing to 
 spaire. The wa the ween blaws, he'll be 
 here in a jiflie, and wha kens what he may 
 do ? lie 's nao too guid for ony thing. 
 Meicklo's the mischief ho has dune al- 
 ready. He'll burn thir^hoosos, tak their 
 very clotiies and tirl them to the sark ; and 
 wao's me ! wha kens but tho bluidy villain 
 might take their lives ? Tlie puir women 
 are nniist frightened out 'o their wits, and 
 the bairns skirling after them. I canna 
 thol't il ! I canna thol't it I I hae been 
 lung a fullhfu' s(>rvnnt to ye, Laird, but gin 
 ye dinii.'i tinn llio ween about, and blaw 
 the scoundrel out of our gate, I'll nu stiiur 
 a lit, but will just sit here till tho tide 
 comes. Sao tak yore wull o't." 
 
 The wind now began to i)low great guns, 
 and .lones was obliged to tack ship and run 
 out of tho Firth. Before it obated, thez'o 
 had been jilenty of time for the enemy to 
 niako formidable preparation to meet liim, 
 and he was reluctantly compelled to aban- 
 ilon tho enterprise. Had not tho gale 
 prevented his reacliing Leith on the 17th, 
 there is little doubt that the surprise would 
 have been complete, and tho daring exploit 
 eminently successful. " At any rate,*' 
 says Mackon/.ie, " tho conception belongs 
 to the highest character of intrepidity." 
 
 ■Tones immediately projected an attack 
 upon some other of the enemy's towns, 
 but his French coadjutors fearing capturl^ 
 if they remained on the coast, and knowing 
 tliat tho jieriod for the termination of tlie 
 cruise at the '1^6X01 had arrived, threatened 
 to abandon him unless he left the coast at 
 once. ('a|)tain Jones, with his knowledge 
 of the coast and his daring character, would 
 undoubtedly have distressed the (^iitMiiy im- 
 mensely had he been accompanied by cool 
 yet brave spirits, like himself; but with 
 disobedient und lukewarm backers, lie had 
 nothing left to do but to make the best of 
 his way for the Texel. 
 
 lUit the cruise was not to end thus. It 
 was an inauspicious commencement ; but 
 dosi)ito the treachery of friends, it was 
 
LIFE AND ADVKNTURKS OF I'AUL JOiNES. 
 
 27 
 
 destined to end in a blaze of glory, and to 
 gain for Captain Jonos u renown as iniper- 
 isliable as tlio foundations of the continent. 
 In an old, ill-fitttMl, lialf-arniod and badly 
 manned ship, Jones fought a battle which, 
 for stubborn courage and heroic daring, 
 accompanied by triumphant success, has not 
 a parallel in an-cient or modern sea-fights. 
 The battle between the Bon Ilonune 
 Kichard and the Sc'nii)is, stands out on the 
 -canvas of naval combats with a startling 
 distinctness, and is surrounded with an 
 ntmosi)hero of romantic interest. Had 
 Jones done nothing but fight this battle, it 
 would ■ i)lace his name on the list of naval 
 commanders high up with the bravest spir- 
 its the world lias ever known. 
 
 Jones employed himself in destroying 
 colliers bound to London, until the 2.'3d of 
 September, when he full in with the IJaltic 
 fleet of forty-one sail, under the convoy of 
 the Serapis, a new ship of forty-four guns, 
 aiid the Countess of Scarborough of twenty 
 guns. On this day the Alliance joined 
 company again, which was a real misfortune 
 to .]ones. The signal to form lino of battle 
 was made when the fleet was discovered, 
 but Landais, as usual, paid no attention to 
 it. Mr. Lunt, second lieutenant of the 
 Bon Homme Richard, was then absent 
 with sixteen men in a piiot-boat in chase 
 of a brig. On perceiving the American 
 ships, the fleet made all sail for the land, 
 while the cruisers manoiuvred to place 
 themselves between the fleet and the ene- 
 my. JJut the narrative of the crowning 
 event of Jones's life should bo given in his 
 own words. 
 
 " Earnest as I was for the action, I 
 could not reach tlie commodore's ship until 
 seven in the evening, being then within 
 j)istol-shot, when iio hailed the Bon Hom- 
 me Richard. We answered him by firing 
 a whole broadside. The battle being thus 
 begun, continued with unremitted fury, 
 Kveiy metliod was practised on both sides 
 to gain an advantage and rake eacli other, 
 and I must confess that the enemy's ship 
 /being much more manageable than the 
 
 Bon Honnno Richaid. gaii)f;d several times 
 an advantageous position in spile of my best 
 endeavors to prevent it. As 1 had to deal 
 with an enemy of vastly superior force, J. 
 was under the necessity of closing with him 
 to prevent the advantage which he had 
 over me in point of manoeuvre. It was my 
 intention to lay the Bon Homme Richard 
 athwart the enemy's bow, but as that ope- 
 jation rerjuired great dexterity in the man- 
 agement of bolh sails and helm, and some 
 of our braces being shot away, it did not 
 exactly succeed to my w ish. The enemy's 
 bowsprit, however, came over the Bon 
 Homme Richard's poop, and I made both 
 sliips fast together in that situation, which, 
 by the action of the wind on the enemy's 
 sails, forced her stern close to the Bon 
 Homme Richard's bow, so that the ships 
 lay square alongside of each other, the 
 yards being all entangled, and the caimori 
 of each ship touching the opponent's. 
 When this position took place it was eight; 
 o'clock, previous to which the Bon Honmao 
 Kicliard luid received several eighteen- 
 pound shot below the water, and leaked 
 badly. My battery of twelve jwunders, 
 on which 1 placed my chief dependence, 
 being commanded by Lieutenant Dale and 
 Colonel Wcibert, and manned princi])ally 
 by American seamen and French volun- 
 teers, was entirely silenced and abandoned. 
 As to the six old eiglitoen pounders, which 
 formed the battery of the lower gun-deck, 
 they did no real service excejjt firing eight 
 shots in all. Two or three of them burst 
 at the first fire, killing almost all the jnen 
 who were stationed to manage them. Be- 
 fore this time. Colonel Chamillard, who 
 coimnanded twenty men on the pooj), liad 
 abandoned that station, having lost some of 
 his men. I liad now only two pieces of 
 cannon (nine pounders) on the quarter- 
 deck that were not silenced, and not one 
 of the heavier catmon was fired during tho 
 rest of the engagement. 
 
 " The purser, M. Mease, who command- 
 ed the guns on the (juarter-deck, being dan- 
 gerously wouniled in the head, f was obli- 
 ged to fill his place, and with gi'cat difficulty 
 
28 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 rallied a few men, and shifted over one of 
 the lee quarter-deck guns, so that we after- 
 wards played three pieces of nine-pounders 
 upon the enemy. The tops alone second- 
 ed the fire of this little battery, and held 
 out bravely during the whole of the action, 
 especially the maintop, where Lieutenant 
 Stack commanded. I directed the fire of 
 one of the three cannon against the main- 
 mast, with double-headed shot, while the 
 other two were exceedingly well served 
 with grape and canister shot, to silence the 
 enemy's musketry and clear her decks, 
 which was at last effected. The enemy 
 Avere, as I have since understood, on the 
 instant of calling for quarters, when the 
 cowardice or treachery of three of my 
 under-officers induced them to call to the 
 enemy. The English commodore asked 
 me if I demanded quarters, and I having 
 answered him in the most determined 
 negative, they renewed the battle with 
 double fury. They were unable to stand 
 the dec-k ; but the fire of their caniw-n, 
 especially the lower battery, which Avas 
 entirely formed of ten-pounders, was in- 
 cessant ; both ships were set on fire in 
 various places, and the scene was dreadful 
 beyond the reach of language. To account 
 for the timidity of my three under-ofificers, 
 I mean the the gunner, the carpenter, and 
 the master-at-arms, I must observe, that 
 the two first were slightly wounded, and, 
 as the ship- had received various shot under 
 water, and one of the pumps being shot 
 away, the carpenter expressed his fears 
 that she would sink, and the other two 
 concluded that she was sinking, which oc- 
 casioned the gunner to run aft on the poop, 
 without my knowledge, to strike the colors. 
 Fortunately for me, a cannon-ball had done 
 that before, by carrying away the ensign- 
 staff; he was therefore reduced to the 
 necessity of sinking, as he supposed, or of 
 calling for quarter, and he preferred the 
 latter. 
 
 " All this time the Bon Homme Richard 
 had sustained the action alone, and the 
 enemy, though much superior in force, 
 would have been very glad to have got 
 
 clear, as appears by their own acknowledg- 
 ments, and by their having let go an anchor 
 the instant that I laid them on board, by 
 which means they would h<ave escaped, 
 had I not made them well fast to the Bon 
 Homme Richard. 
 
 "At last, at half-past nine o'clock, the 
 Alliance appeared, and I now thought the 
 battle at an end ; but, to my utter astonish- 
 ment, he discharged a broadside full Into 
 the stern of the Bon Homme Richard. 
 We called to him for God's sake to forbear 
 firing into the Bon Homme Richard ; yet 
 they passed along the off-side of the ship, 
 and continued firing. There was no possi- 
 bility of his mistaking the enemy's ships- 
 for the Bon Homme Richard, there being 
 the most essential difference in their ap- 
 pearance and construction. Besides, it 
 was then full moonlight, and the sides of 
 the Bon Homme Richard were all blacky 
 while the sides of the jirize were all yellow. 
 Yet, for the greater security, I showed the 
 signal of our reconnoissance, by putting out 
 three lanterns, one at the head, another at 
 the stern, and the third in the middle, in a 
 horizontal line. Every tongite cried that he 
 was firing into the wrong ship, but nothing 
 availed ; he passed round, firing into the 
 Bon Homme Richard's head, stern, and 
 broadside, and by one of his volleys killed 
 several of my best men, and mortally 
 wounded a good officer on the forecastle. 
 My situation was now really deplorable ; 
 the Bon Homme Richard received various 
 shot under water from the Alliance ; the 
 leak gained on the pumps, and the fire in- 
 creased much on board both ships. Some 
 officers j)ersuaded me to strike, of whose 
 courage and good sense I entertained a 
 high opinion. *iMy treacherous master-at- 
 arms let loose all my prisoners without 
 my knowledge, and my prospects became 
 gloomy indeed. I would not, however, 
 give up the point. The enemy's main- 
 mast began to shake, their firing decreased 
 fast, ours rather increased, and the British 
 colors were stnick at half an hour past 
 ten o'clock. 
 
 " This prize proved to be the British. 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 29 
 
 ship of war the Serapis, a new ship of 
 forty-four-guns, built on the most approved 
 construction, with two complete batteries, 
 one of them of eighteen-pounders, and com- 
 manded by the brave Conmiodore Richard 
 Pearson. I had yet two enemies to en- 
 counter, far more formidable than the 
 Britons, — I mean fire and water. The 
 Serapis was attacked only by the first, but 
 the Bon Homme Richard was assailed by 
 both ; there was five feet water in the 
 hold, and though it was moderate from the 
 explosion of so much gunpowder, yet the 
 three pumps that remained could with 
 difficulty only keep the water from gaining. 
 The fire broke out in various parts of the 
 ship in spite of all the water that could be 
 thrown in to quench it, and at length broke 
 out as low as the powder-magazine, and 
 within a few inches of the powder. In that 
 dilemma 1 took out the powder upon deck, 
 ready to be thrown overboard at the last 
 extremity, and it was ten o'clock the next 
 day (the 24th) before the fire was entirely 
 extinguished. With respect to the situa- 
 tion of the Bon Honnxie Richard, the 
 rudder was cut entirely off, the stern-frame 
 and transoms were almost entii-ely cut 
 away, and the timbers by the lower deck, 
 especially from thfe main-mast towards the 
 stern, being greatly decayed with age, were 
 mangled beyond my power of description, 
 and a person must have been an eye-wit- 
 ness to form a just idea of the tremendous 
 scene of carnage, wreck, and ruin, wliich 
 eveiywhere appeared. Humanity cannot 
 but recoil from the prospect of such fin- 
 ished horror, and lament that war should 
 be capable of producing sucli fatal conse- 
 quences. 
 
 "After the carpenters, as well as Captain 
 Cottineau and other men of sense, had well 
 examined and surveyed the ship, (which 
 was not finished before five in the evening,) 
 I found every person to be convinced that 
 it was impossible to keep the Bon Homme 
 Richard afloat, so as to reach a port, if the 
 wind should increase, it being then only a 
 very moderate breeze. I had but little 
 time to remove my wounded, which now 
 
 became unavoidable, and which was effect- 
 ed in the course of the night and next 
 morning. I was determined to keep the 
 Bon Honmie Richard afloat, and, if possi- 
 ble, to bring her into port. For that pur- 
 pose, the first lieutenant of the Pallas 
 continued on board with a party of men, 
 to attend the pumps, with boats in waiting, 
 ready to take them on board in case the 
 water should gain on them too fast. The 
 wind augmented in tlio night, and the next 
 day, the 25th, so that it was impossible to 
 prevent the good old ship from sinking. 
 They did not abandon her till after nine 
 o'clock ; the water was then up to the lower 
 deck, and a little after ten I saw, with in- 
 expressible grief, the last glimpse of the 
 Bon Homme Richard. No lives were lost 
 with the ship, but it was impossible to save 
 the stores of any sort whatever. I lost 
 even the best part of my clothes, books and 
 papers ; and several of my officers lost all 
 their clothes and effects. 
 
 " Having thus endeavored to give a clear 
 and simple relation of the circumstances 
 and events that have attended the little 
 armament under my command, I shall 
 freely submit my conduct therein to the 
 censure of my superiors and the impartial 
 public. I beg leave, however, to observe, 
 that the force that was put under my com- 
 mand was for from being well composed, 
 and as the great majority of the actors in it 
 have appeared bent on the pursuit oiinterest 
 only, I am exceedingly sorry that they and 
 I have been at all concerned. * * 
 
 " Captain Cottineau engaged the Count- 
 ess of Scarborough, and took her after an 
 hour's action, while the Bon Homme Rich- 
 ard engaged the Serapis. The Countess 
 of Scarborough is an armed ship of twenty- 
 six gunnades, and was commanded by a 
 king's officer. In the action, the Serapis 
 and the Countess of Scarborough were at 
 a considerable distance asunder; and the 
 Alliance, as I am informed, fired into the 
 Pallas and killed some men. If it should 
 bo asked why the convoy was allowed to 
 escape, I must answer, that I was my- 
 self in no condition to pursue, and that none 
 
30 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF TAUL JONES. 
 
 of the rest showed any inclination, not even 
 Mr. Ricat, who had held off at a distance 
 to windward during the whole action, and 
 withheld by force the pilot-boat with my 
 lieutenant and fifteen men. The Alliance, 
 too, was in a state to pursue the fleet, not 
 having a single man wounded, or a single 
 shot fired at her from the Serapis, and only 
 three that did execution from the Countess 
 of Scarborough, at such a distance that one 
 stuck in the side, and the other two just 
 touched and then dropped into the water. 
 The Alliance killed one man only on board 
 the Serapis. As Captain de Cottineau 
 charged himself with receiving and securing 
 the prisoners of the Countess of Scarbor- 
 ough, I think the escape of the Baltic fleet 
 cannot so well be charged to his account. I 
 should have mentioned, that the main-mast 
 andmizen-mastof the Serapis fell overboard 
 soon after the captain came on board the 
 Bon Homme Ilichai'd." 
 
 The statement made by Captain Pearson 
 of the Serapis, to the Admiralty, does not 
 vary in any material feature from the state- 
 ment made by Jones. He says his ship 
 was on fire ten or twelve times, and that 
 the Alliance being near, he could not hold 
 out any longer. His account of the hope- 
 less condition of the Bon Homme Richard 
 after the action, corroborates the other 
 statements. He says the loss on board the 
 Sei-apis was very great. Indeed, the fire 
 of the Bon Homme Richard appears to have 
 been unusually destructive. One account 
 states the number at sixty-eight and over, 
 of which eight died soon after the engage- 
 ment. Of the killed there was no return. 
 Jones, however, says in the journal written 
 for the private perusal of the king : — 
 
 *' By a return of the surgeon of the Se- 
 rapis, they had a hundred dangerously 
 wounded on board that ship in the late ac- 
 tion. Their loss appears to be that num- 
 ber killed. They having taken on board 
 some West Indian seamen at Copenhagen, 
 over and above their complement, their 
 crew appears to have been four hundred 
 
 effective men when the battle began. Cap- 
 tain Jones had but three hundred and eighty 
 men when he left France. He had man- 
 ned several prizes, which, with desertions 
 on the coast of Ireland and Scotland, and' 
 the absence of the pilot-boat with two offi- 
 cers and fifteen of his best men, reduced 
 him to three hundred and forty, including, 
 the disaffected, who were a great majoritjr 
 of the whole, as they were chiefly British, 
 who had enlisted from the prisons of France. 
 It may also be stated, that the oflicers and 
 men stationed in the gun-room, sixty in 
 number, did not discharge a second shot 
 nor otherwise assist, and cannot properly 
 be said to have been in the action. To say 
 nothing of the damage done by the Countess 
 of Scarborough and the Alliance, the ene- 
 my was superior in cannon as 597 is to 390, 
 besides a greater superiority in men, and 
 had thirteen feet three inches between her 
 guns, whereas the Bon Homme Richard's 
 were only nine feet six inches asunder." 
 
 Another statement makes the weight of 
 metal of the Bon Homme Richard 474 lbs., 
 and that of the Serapis GOO lbs. 
 
 The Serapis was a new ship of the most 
 approved model and construction, fully 
 manned and armed, and commanded by 
 one of tlie bravest captains in the British 
 navy. The Bon Homme Richard was an 
 old ship built for the merchant service, 
 manned with the refuse of the French 
 docks, and armed with old guns and ma- 
 teriel of all sorts. Moreover, two of the 
 three of the lower-deck guns burst in the 
 early pai't of the action, doing more damage 
 to friends than enemies. The old timbers 
 of the Bon Homme Richard were literally 
 torn to pieces by the heavy broadsides of 
 the Serapis, while the smaller pieces of 
 Jones's batteries had little effect upon the 
 new timbers of the Serapis. Jones says : 
 " The Bon Homme Richard received but 
 little damage in her masts, but was cti- 
 iirely cut to pieces between decks, especially 
 from the main-mast to the stern. In that 
 space there was an entire break on both 
 sides, from the gun-deck almost to the wa- 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 31 
 
 ter's edge ; so that towards the end of the 
 action, almost all the shot of the Serapis 
 passed through the Bon Homme Richard 
 without touching. The rudder and tran- 
 soms were cut off, and here and there an 
 old rotten timber, besides the stern-post, 
 was the only support that prevented the 
 stern from falling down on the gun-room 
 deck." 
 
 Under these circumstances, the victory 
 achieved by Jones is one of the most bril- 
 liant and surprising that the annals of sea- 
 fight contains. Veiy much inferior in force 
 both of guns and men, he attacked and con- 
 quered one of the proudest ships of the en- 
 emy ; that enemy — a nation having all the 
 prestige of a thousand victories to give con- 
 fidence to the defenders of its flag, while 
 Jones was only one of the pioneer heroes 
 of a people but just sprung to life, and as 
 yet struggling for a bare foothold on the 
 earth. Nothing but the indomitable will 
 of Jones, which only became the more 
 stubborn from opposition, carried him tri- 
 umphant through all the bloody phases of 
 that battle to a glorious victory. With an 
 iron determination to win the fight or sink 
 with his ship, an unshaken composure 
 throughout the action, and a capacity to 
 take advantage of every circumstance which 
 might tend to the great end of disabling his 
 adversary, there was for Jones no other 
 possible result than that which occurred ; 
 and as Mackenzie justly remarks, "had 
 Pearson been equally indomitable, the 
 Richard, if not boarded from below, would 
 at last have gone down with all her colors 
 flying in proud defiance." Pearson was a 
 brave man, and was aftei-wards knighted for 
 Lis conduct in this action ; but he had to 
 deal with one whom no danger could ap- 
 pal, and whom no obstacles could defeat. 
 To this quality of Jones's nature is this 
 brilliant victory to be ascribed. 
 
 As to Captain Landais, of the Alliance, 
 if he is not, in justice to human nature, 
 looked upon as insane, and thus not really 
 responsible for his actions, he must be 
 considered as a traitor of the blackest dye, 
 and deserving of being run up at the yard- 
 
 arm of his ship, with a short shrift, and his 
 memory left to the execration of all man- 
 kind. This man appears to have added 
 the basest malignity to jealousy, and it was 
 believed by some of the officers that his in- 
 tention was to have killed Jones, or forced 
 him to surrender, when the Alliance would 
 have the credit of conquering the Serapis 
 and retaking the Richard. From the oc- 
 currences of his after life, the presumption 
 is that he was suffering under a mental 
 obliquity nearly amounting to insanity. 
 Common charity obliges us to consider such 
 as the case. 
 
 After seeing the wreck of his fiivorite 
 ship, the Bon Homme Richard, disappear 
 beneath the waves — her fitting mausoleum, 
 Jones put the Seraphis in temporary repair, 
 and with jury-masts he made his way to 
 Dunkirk, which was a convenient port for 
 exchanging his prisoners for Americans. 
 His French colleagues, however, under the 
 powers of the "-Concordat," which was a 
 sort of joint agreement signed by all the cap- 
 tains at the inducement of M. Chaumont, 
 opposed this movement, and shaped their 
 course for the Texel. Jones was of course 
 obliged to follow, swallowing the insult as 
 he best might. The ship anchored safely 
 in the Texel on the 3d of October, a pur- 
 suing fleet of British frigates being in full 
 sight. Jones ran into the harbor in defiance 
 of the objections of the Dutch commander, 
 while the British fleet watched every 
 avenue to the harbor to prevent his escape. 
 
 Europe, which had already heard of the 
 brilliant success of Jones in his sanguinary 
 contest with the Serapis, was ready to 
 crown him with the laurel of the con- 
 queror, and he was the subject of the most 
 exalted eulogy wherever he went. When 
 he appeared on the exchange at Amsterdam, 
 business gave way to curiosity, and he was 
 obliged to retreat before the pressure of the 
 crowd. He is represented as dressed in the 
 American uniform, and w'^earing a Scotch 
 bonnet trimmed with gold. He was not 
 simply the conqueror in a hotly contested 
 sea-fight but he was also one who had 
 humbled the pride of the arrogant mistress 
 
32 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 of the ocean, whom all hated and fcai'ed ; 
 and he had broken the charm of supposed 
 British invincibility as a maritime power. 
 What wonder, then, that he was feted and 
 flattered to his heart's content. 
 
 The appearance of Jones's fleet in the 
 Texel was rather embarrassing to the 
 Dutch government. They Avere not yet 
 prepared to come out openly in favor of 
 the American colonies, although they were 
 not indisposed to assist them indirectly. 
 The sympathies of the people were warm- 
 ly enlisted in behalf of the Americans, and 
 naval stores and munitions of war had been 
 secretly shipped from Holland. Ancient 
 treaties bound Holland to make common 
 cause with Great Britain against her ene- 
 mies ; but she was even then preparing to 
 join the armed neutrality which Russia was 
 maturing, and which had for its main object 
 resistance to the insolent naval assumption 
 of Great Britain. Holland, then, was by no 
 means displeased at the discomfiture of her 
 ally, and, under the plea of hospitality, gave 
 Jones welcome to her waters. 
 
 One object Franklin had in view, it is 
 surmised, in ordering Jones to the Texel, 
 was to force Holland to declare in favor of 
 the American colonies, by involving her in 
 a quarrel with England, growing out of the 
 assistance granted to Jones. And, indeed, 
 this was one of the strongest grounds of 
 complaint urgedagainst Holland by England, 
 when the latter declared war against the 
 former. In that complaint Jones was 
 styled " an American pirate." 
 
 Upon the arrival of Captain Jones in 
 Holland, he was speedily in that hot water 
 which seemed always to be turned on for 
 him. He was involved in a controversy 
 in regard to the madman Landais, and was 
 the subject of a peppeiy diplomatic contro- 
 versy carried on between Sir Joseph Yorke, 
 the British minister at the Hague, and the 
 Dutch governor. Among some papers 
 thrown overboard by Mr. Laurens at the 
 time of his capture, was a copy of a secret 
 treaty of amity between the United States 
 and Holland. This copy was recovered 
 by the British, and awakened the suspicions 
 
 of the ministiy. Sir Joseph Yorke was 
 ordered to keep the Dutch strictly up to 
 the mark; and accordingly, upon Jones's 
 arrival, he addressed a note to the court, 
 stating that two of the king's ships, the 
 Serapis and the Countess of Scarborough, 
 had arrived in the Texel, "having been 
 attacked and taken by force, by a certain 
 Paul Jones, a subject of the king, who, 
 according to treaties and the laws of war, 
 can only be considered a rebel and a pirate." 
 Sir Joseph demanded the arrest of the 
 crews, and the delivery of the two ships to 
 the British government. A long series of 
 delays followed, the British minister urging 
 his point, and the Dutch government, not 
 yet prepared for war with England, and 
 yet unwilling to displease France and the 
 new power growing up in the west, using 
 every pretext to cause a delays during which 
 some fortunate chance might extricate them 
 from the dilemma. For his spirited conduct 
 in this matter, Sir Joseph Yorke was after- 
 wards made a peer, and Captain Pearson 
 was also rewaredd for his bravery by re- 
 ceiving the honor of knighthood. He and 
 Captain Piercy, of the Countess of Scar- 
 borough, wei'o presented by the Royal Ex- 
 change Assurance Co. of London, with 
 valuable services of plate for their gallant 
 defence of the Baltic fleet. 
 
 The Dutch government urged that cus- 
 tom and hospitality required that they 
 should receive the vessels of any nation 
 driven in by stress of weather, but that 
 armed ships, with their prizes, should be 
 compelled to sail as soon as the weather 
 would permit. 
 
 The position of Paul Jones was now a 
 truly critical one. The Dutch government, 
 under the incessant protests of Sir Joseph 
 Yorke, could no longer allow him to re- 
 main in the Texel ; while ofl" the harbor 
 a large fleet of English ships was keeping 
 a strict watch, determined to catch "the 
 pirate Paul Jones," who had beaten one of 
 their crack ships. The Dutch, not yet 
 prepared to quarrel with England, could 
 not protect Jones as an American oflicer, 
 while he was never ready to produce his 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 33 
 
 French commission, under which he pre- 
 tended to be acting. .Jones was soon after 
 enabled to remove his wounded to a fort in 
 the Texei, which rendered their condition 
 much more comfortable. 
 
 One leading object of Jones's expedition 
 was to obtain prisoners, that lie might 
 exchange for Americans languishing in 
 numerous British prisons. Among these 
 was a Captain Cunningham, whom Jones 
 supposed to be an officer in the American 
 navy, but who was, probably, a captain 
 of a privateer, and for this man, who 
 was kept heavily ironed in a dungeon at 
 Plymouth, Jones felt a warm interest. 
 He had at last the satisfaction of releasing 
 him in exchange for Captain Pearson of 
 the Serapis. Jones in his whole conduct 
 with regard to his prisoners, and his ex- 
 ertions to release his countrymen, showed 
 himself possessed of a humanity of heart 
 worthy of companionship with his undaunt- 
 ed bravery of soul. 
 
 This Captain Pearson, to whom cannot 
 be refused the admiration due to undaunted 
 courage, was still capable of meanness, 
 which lowered him in the estimation of 
 men of true honour. After his ca|)ture, 
 notwithstanding everything was done by 
 Jones to make his condition as little irksome 
 as possible, he was guilty of marked disre- 
 spect to Jones in more than one instance, 
 and repelled all efforts to exhibit his 
 consideration for him. His plate, which 
 VVO.S taken in the Serapis, was sent to him 
 by Jones, but he most rudely refused to re- 
 ceive it " from a rebel." He, however, inti- 
 mated that if offered by Captain Cottinoau, 
 he would consent to receive it. .Tones, with 
 true magnanimity, overlooked this pettish- 
 nes8 on the part of his prisoner, and sent 
 the plate through the French officer. 
 Pearson had not the civility to thank the 
 generous Jones. 
 
 Meanwhile Landais was figuring at 
 Amsterdam and the Hague, telling valorous 
 stories of his exploits, and claiming for 
 himself the whole honour of the engage- 
 ment. He held himself entirely beyond 
 the conUol of Jones, and made requisition 
 
 for supplies without consulting him. This, 
 however, Jones soon checked. A storm 
 was gathering over tho head of Captain 
 Landais, and complaint having been made 
 of his conduct during the whole cruise, he 
 was ordered to Paris, to make what justi- 
 fication he could. Franklin writes to Jones 
 thus : 
 
 " The ministry are much dissatisfied with 
 Captain Landais, and Monsieur de Sartine 
 has signified to me in writing, that it is ex- 
 pected that I should send for him to Paris, 
 and call him to acount for his conduct, par- 
 ticularly for deferring so long his coming to 
 your assistance ; by which means, it is sup- 
 posed, the States lost some of their valu- 
 able citizens, and the king lost many of his 
 subjects, volunteers in your ship, together 
 with the ship itself. 
 
 " I have, accordingly, written to him this 
 day, acquainting him that he is charged 
 with disobedience of orders in the cruise, 
 and neglect of his duty in the engagement ; 
 that a court-martial being at this time incon- 
 venient, if not impracticable, I would give 
 him an earlier opportunity of ofl'ering what 
 he has to say in his justification, and for that 
 purpose direct him to render himself im- 
 mediately here, bringing with him such 
 papers or testimonies as he may think use- 
 ful in his defence. I know not whether he 
 will obey my orders, nor what the ministry 
 would do with him if lie comes ; but I sus- 
 pect that they may, by som« of their con- 
 cise operations, save tho trouble of a court- 
 martial. It will, however, be well for you 
 to furnish me with what you may judge 
 proper to support the charges against him, 
 that I may be able to give a just and clear 
 account to Congress. ■ In the mean time it 
 will be necessaiy, if he should refuse to 
 come, that you should put him under an ar- 
 rest, and in that case, as well as if h© 
 comes, that you should appoint some person 
 to the command, or take it upon yourself; 
 for I know of no person to recommend to 
 you as fit for that station. 
 
 " I am uneasy about your prisoners, (504 
 in number.) — I wish they were safe iu 
 
IM 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 Franco, i'ou will then Imve complotod 
 the f;lorious work of givinj;; liberty to all the 
 AuKuiciinswho liuvo so long languished for 
 il in the JJritisli prisons." 
 
 The chnriit's were drawn np by the 
 ofticers of tiio (loot, and embraced liis mis- 
 conduct in disobeying signals ; showing dis- 
 respect to the coramander-in-chief ; in stat- 
 ing that the fleet must run away if the 
 Serapis proved to be a fit'ty-gun ship ; in 
 laying out of gun-shot to windward, while 
 iho Iviciiard passed into ailion ; in firing into 
 the Richard ropeatedly during the action ; 
 :i.nd in stating after the action, that ho would 
 have thought it no liarm if the Ivichard had 
 struck, that he might have a chance to re- 
 capture her. 
 
 Nineteen officers testified to the truth of 
 the above charges, involving disobedience, 
 treachery, and cowardice. After fighting 
 a due! with Captain Coltineau on Holder 
 island, and challenging the conunodore, who 
 sent officers to arrest him, Landais started 
 for Paris in obedience to the orders of Dr. 
 Franklin. 
 
 Sir Joseph Yorke meanwhile continued 
 his exertions to have tho Serapis and 
 Countess of Scarborough detained, and the 
 j)irate Jones arrested ; but failing in this, 
 from the imwillingness of the Dutch govern- 
 ment to make a hostile move in regard to 
 the American colonies, he next attempted, 
 by his i)rotests, to have Jones driven out 
 of port, that ho might be ca|)tured by one 
 of the tnimy nritish ships lying in wait for 
 him at every outlet. Although, still refus- 
 ing to pass the question of the legality of 
 Jones's capture, the government was at 
 last driven to order that the squadron 
 pliovild sail as soon as the repairs were in 
 ji suniciently forward state to make the 
 ships seaworthy. 
 
 Tho Frencli government, finding that the 
 liospitality of the Dutch could no longer be 
 calculated upon, and that tlie property of 
 the king was in danger of sei/.ure, should 
 Jones undertake to escape with tlie fleet, 
 took aste|), the intelligence of which Jones 
 received with disgust and chagrin. They 
 
 transferred him from the command of his 
 pri/.e ship, the Serapis, to the Alliance; and 
 the whole fleet, excepting the Alliance, 
 hoisted the French fliig, to tho surprise of 
 tho Dutch government. This trick suo- 
 ceeded, and the Dutch forbore to press 
 the departure of any of the ships but the 
 Alliance. Tho fleet in & few days sailed 
 with a Dutch convoy. The mortification 
 of Jones was increased by the fact that his 
 prize, the Serapis, was ono of the finest 
 ships of her class then afloat, while the 
 Alliance, since she liad been under tho 
 coiumand of Landais, had been reduced to 
 a miserable condition, ller sails and I'ig- 
 ging, stores and armament, were all in bad 
 condition, while the discipline of the ship 
 was relaxed, and the officers la/,y and in- 
 tonipeiate. The French government now, 
 in order to save tlie life of Jones should he 
 be taken, tendered him a regular com- 
 mission — a letter-of-marque. This offer 
 Jones considered so degrading, that he 
 wrote in the most indignant terms to the 
 Due de Vauguyon, ambassador from Franc© 
 to the Hague, refusing the commission. 
 
 " To His Excellency the Due do In Vauguyon, Ambas" 
 BiuJor from Kriuicc, nt the Uiigue. 
 
 "Alliance, Tcxel, Dccciiibor 13tb, 1779. 
 
 " My Lord : — 
 
 " Perhaps there are many men in tho 
 world who would esteem as an honor tho 
 conunission that I have this day refused. 
 IMy rank from the beginning knew no 
 superior in tho marine of America, how 
 thon must I bo humbled were 1 to accept a 
 I elter-of- marque ! I should, my lord, es- 
 teem myself inexcusable were I to accept 
 oven a commission of equal or sujwrior de- 
 nomination to that I bear, unless I wero 
 previously authorized by Congress, or some 
 other competent authority in Europe. And 
 I must tt'll you that, on my arrival at Brest 
 from the Irish Channel, Count D'Orvilliers 
 offered to procure for me from court a com- 
 mission of " captaino de vaisseaux," which 
 1 did not then accept for the same reason, 
 although tho war between Franco and Eng- 
 land was not theu begun, and of course the 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 commission of Franco would havo protected 
 jno from an onemy of siipnrior I'orco. 
 
 •' It is a matter of the hij^liest astonish- 
 ment to mo, that, after so many compliments 
 !ind fair profossions, the court should offer 
 th(! present insult to my understanding, and 
 Kup[)oso mn cnpablo of disi^nicing my pres- 
 ent commission. 1 confess that I never 
 merited all the praise bestowed on my past 
 conduct, but [ also feel that I havo far less 
 merited such a reward. Where profession 
 and practice are so opposite, I am no longer 
 Aveak onougli to form a wrong conclusion. 
 They may think as they i)lease of me ; for 
 Avhere I cannot continue my esteem, praise 
 or censure from any man is to me a matter 
 of indid'erence. 
 
 " I am much obliged to them, however, 
 for having at last fairly opened my eyes, 
 and enabled mo to discover truth from 
 fulseliood. 
 
 " Tlio prisoners sliall be delivered agree- 
 able to the orders wliicli you have done me 
 the honor to send mo from his excellency 
 llie American ambassador in France. 
 
 " 1 will also, with great pleasure, not only 
 permit a part of my seamen to go on board 
 the ships under your excellency's orders, 
 but I will also do my utmost to prevail with 
 iheni to embark freely ; and if I can now or 
 liereafter, by any other honorul)le means, 
 facilitate the success or tho honor of liis 
 majesty's arms, I pledge myself to you as 
 his ambassador, that none of his owii sub- 
 jects would bleed in his cause with greater 
 freedom than myself, an American. 
 
 " It gives me the more pain, my lord, to 
 write this letter, because the court has en- 
 joined you to j)repare what would destroy 
 my peace of mind, and my future voracity 
 in the opinion of the world. 
 
 "When, jo-Uh the consent of court, and by 
 order of tho American ambassador, I gave 
 American commissions to French officers, I 
 did not i\\[ up those commissions to com- 
 mand privateei's, nor even for a rank cfjiiat 
 to that of liieir commissions in the marine 
 of France. They were promoted to rank 
 far sypaior, — and why? — not from per- 
 sonal friendship, nor from my knowledge of 
 
 their services and abilities, (tho men and 
 their characters being entire strangers to 
 me,) but from the respect which 1 believed 
 America would wish to show for the service 
 of Franco. 
 
 "While I remained eight months, seem- 
 ingly forgot by the court, at Brest, many 
 commissions, such as that in question, were 
 odored to me ; and I believe, (when I am 
 in pursuit of j;//m(/c/,) lean still obtain such 
 a one without ai)plication to court. 
 
 " I hope, my lord, that my behaviour 
 through life will ever entitle me to the con- 
 tinuance of your good wishes and oj)inion, 
 and that you will take occasion to make 
 mention of the warm and personal alfection 
 with which my heart is impressed to- 
 wards his majesty. I am." etc., etc. 
 
 .Jones's indignant letter had the dosirod 
 effect, and tho ambassador wrote the fol- 
 lowing reply, calculated to mollify the ex- 
 asperated hero. 
 
 " I perceive with pain, my dear commo- 
 dore, that you do not view your situation 
 in tho right light. T can assure you that 
 tho ministers of the king have no intention 
 to cause you tho least disagreeal)le feelings, 
 as the lionorable testimonials of the <\steem 
 of his majesty, which I send you, ought to 
 convince you. I hope you will not doubt 
 the sincere desire with which you havo in- 
 spired me, to procure you every satisfaction 
 you merit. It cannot fail to excite you to 
 give new proofs of yonr zeal for tho com- 
 mon cause of France and A merica. I flat- 
 ter myself that I shall bo able;, before long, 
 to pi'ovide you the means of increasing still 
 more the glory you have already acquired. 
 I am already exerting all tho interest I 
 promised you ; and if my views are realiz- 
 ed, as I have every reason to hope, you 
 will have reason to be perfectly content ; 
 but I must beseech you not to impede my 
 elTorts, by indulging in tho expression of 
 those strong sensations to which you ap- 
 pear to give way, and for which there is 
 really no foundation. You appear to pos- 
 sess full confidence in the justice and kind- 
 
30 
 
 LIFK AND ADVl'.NTURF.a OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 moss of llio king; roly upon llio sanio son- 
 tiiiKMits on lliti purl, of liis niuiislors." 
 
 Tlio Krencli conmiissiuy at Anislordam 
 wrgod Jonos to lioist tho Frouch Hiiji; us a 
 uiousuro of prudonco, bul; ho refused to sail 
 iiiidnr anything but tho American Hag, and 
 dcMJiinHl that ho would i)ro{;ood to soa 
 iiiidor il whtnuivtn* tho pilot would talu) 
 him out. Tho Dutch admiral continut^d to 
 xirgo tho sniling of the Allianco, and annoy- 
 ed Jones until tho latter sent him a mes- 
 sage, that if tho flag-ship, although it was a 
 ttixty-four, and the Alliance wore at sea to- 
 gether, his menaces would not for u mo- 
 mcnit bo loleniled. The Alliance was now 
 well armcnl and mounted, having four him- 
 dred and t\Y(M\ty-sevon souls on board, 
 mostly Americans ; and there is little 
 doubt that .lones would have taught the 
 Dutchman a lesson of civility. 
 
 At last after being detained by heavy 
 gales, which fortunately drove the vessels 
 in wait for him from tht^ir cruising ground, 
 Jones set sail on the 2'7th of DtH-embisr, 
 1779, and soon aftei', wrote to his friend 
 Mr. Dumas, by tho i)ilot, as follows : — 
 
 " I am here, my dear sir, with a good 
 wind at east, and under uiy best American 
 colors; so far you havo your wish. What 
 may be the event of this critical movement 
 I know not ; T am not, however, without 
 good hopes. Through the ignorance or 
 drunkemiess of tho old pilot, tho Alliance 
 last night got foul of a Dutch merchant 
 ship, and I believe tho Dutchman cut our 
 cable. We lost the best bower anchor, and 
 tho ship was brought up with tho sheet 
 anchor so near the shor(\ that I have been 
 obliged to cut the cable in order to get 
 clear of it, and that I might not lose the 
 opportunity of escaping from purgatory." 
 
 In the journal written by Jones for tho 
 perusal of the king, he gives the following 
 account of this adventuious voyage, and of 
 his narrow escape from t lie largo number 
 of ships sliitioiu>d to intercept him, anu)unt- 
 ing, according to Jones, to forty sail. 
 
 "lie passed," ho states, "along the 
 Flemish banks, and, getting the Avindward 
 of tho enemy's (loot of observation in tho 
 
 North Sea, he the next day passed through 
 the Straits of Dover, in full view of tho 
 enemy's /loot in the Downs. Tho day fol- 
 lowing Captain Joruis ran the Alliance past 
 the Isle of Wight, in.view of the enemy's 
 (loot at Spithead, and in two days more got 
 safe through the (Miannel, having jjussed by 
 windward in sight of the enemy's large 
 two-decked cruising ships. ( "aptain .lonos 
 wished to carry with him some jirizes and 
 l)risonors to France; but the Alliance, by 
 the arrangoiuent Captain Landais had 
 made of the ballast at L'Orient, was out of 
 trim, and could not sail Inst, her sails being 
 tt)o thin and old for cold latitudes. Ho 
 steered to the southward, and cruised for 
 sonui days without success od' Capo Finis- 
 terro. On tho Kith of .hunnuy, 1780, Cap- 
 tain Jones, to shun a gale of wind, and pro- 
 cure a sound anchor, (for he had left the 
 Toxcd with only one,) ran into C/orunna. 
 11 o was very kindly rciceived in Spain, but 
 sailed again, and arrived at (Jiroix on the 
 10th of Fel)ruary, having taken no |)ri/,es.'* 
 
 Tho Serapi^s was at L'(,)rient wluMi Jones 
 arrived. The otluu" i)ri/,e, the Countess 
 of Scarborough, was at Dmikirk, where 
 she was afterwards sold. Jones inmiedi- 
 ately conceived the project of buying the 
 Serai)is for the service of the Americans, 
 imd considled with li''ranklin on the subject; 
 but the Slates were then out of money and 
 almost out of credit, and Franklin had no 
 means Vith which to make tho purchase, 
 however desirable it might bo to possess so 
 fine a ship. Jones wrote also in relation 
 to the repair.<i,of the Alliance, wliicii had 
 sulVorod much while in the himds of .Lan- 
 dais. In a matter relating to tho perfect 
 equipment of his .ship, Jones luwer calcu- 
 lated expense, but Franklin, who liad the 
 bill to j)ay, descended to ask Jones to have 
 moderation in his expenditures. 
 
 " 1 beg," he wrote, " you would have 
 mercy on me, put me to as little charge 
 as possible, and take nothing that you can 
 possibly do Avithout. As to the sheathing 
 with copper, it is totally out of the ques- 
 tion. I am not authorized to do it, if I had 
 money ; and I have not money for it, if I 
 
LIFIC AND ADVENTURER OK I'AIJL .[0N[;«. 
 
 37 
 
 hud orders. TIio pundiaso (if tho Sonii)iH 
 is in th(» KiuMo j)ri'di<;iiriifuit,." 
 
 On tho [)l(iii of atlcuidinf^ to llio |iri/,(i- 
 morioy o(" lii.s crew, Jonfvs now visitod I'ariH. 
 lloro tlio hoii-Iiuiiters, who wtsro us riihid in 
 that day as at presotit, stsizod upon him, and 
 he was careHHod and li^tod by tho nobility 
 and faHliion of that gay city until the irior- 
 tificHtion of boint; offin-fid a Hubordinate 
 conirnission by tho minislor was coniplotoly 
 sootiicd. Tlio kin<^ proH(!nl<fd him willi a 
 splendid j^old swoi'd, and invoHtod him witii 
 tho order of tiie Jjt'gum of I lonor — an honor 
 never before accorded to a l()reigner who 
 had not borne a French cotnmission. Jones 
 was extremely proud of those testimonials 
 of the esteein in wliich ho was held by the 
 government. Mcsanwhilo tlie mattcu" of liie 
 ])ri/.<!-money sulfered, allhou}.di luii'pi'omises 
 were made. 
 
 The fitting of tJie y\Hiance was j^oing 
 forward rajjidly, but much loo expensively 
 for Franklin's lean exchfupier. Taking 
 advantage of Jones's popularity at court, 
 Franklin now obtained permission for llie 
 Ariel frigate to accompany the Alliance/ l,o 
 America with military storffs for the army; 
 and soon after, this erratic genius, Jones, 
 shot fiom the perfumed circles of Paris, 
 and armed with a higlily eulogistic letter 
 from the minister of marine to Congress, 
 arrived at L'Orient with the expectation 
 of a speedy departure for America. 
 
 Matters on board the A liianci;, however, 
 had rriiiterially cliangctd. When Jones re- 
 turned, he found a forrnidabbi conspira(;y 
 organi/.ed to deprive him of the command 
 of that ship. Mr. Arthur Lee, formerly 
 one of the American commissioneis at 
 Paris, and Jones's evil genius, Landais, 
 were the leading s|)iritK in this iriovement. 
 
 This Mr. Arthur Lee was lo have been 
 a passenger to America in the Alliance, 
 and fiom a mean jealousy of tho liigh con- 
 sideration in which Franklin was Jield, and 
 from an old pif|ue against Jones, he under- 
 took to annoy both by breeding an intrigue 
 on board that sliip. It was insinuated to 
 Landais, who had bcsen ordered home to 
 America for trial, that as ho had received 
 
 bis commission fiom C'ongress, P'rurikiin 
 had (ixccoilod his [towers in siipei-soding 
 him and ordering him to America. He mi- 
 cordirigly dctcirmiiKid to take coimnand of 
 the Alliance in despite of the orders of 
 Kranklin, and to hold it by force against 
 Jones. The officerfj and crew had been 
 prepared for this piecti of villainy by artful 
 representations that Jones was enjoying 
 the pl(5asur(!S and honois of" tho i''renc!i 
 court, entirely forgetful of those who had 
 borru) the toils and wounds of his victories. 
 Jones se(Mns to have liiul some idea, of the 
 justice of these complaints, for h() wrote to 
 a friend, " I have been to blame for having 
 returned from I'aris without absolutely in- 
 sisting on tlie previous payment of my 
 men." Landais (irst askinl of i<'ruiiklin to 
 bo reinstated in command of the Allianc(», 
 and the crew wi"oto to him that they would 
 not weigh anchor until ev(!ry dollar of 
 thciir pri/-e-monx)y was paid, and tJKsir legal 
 captain, P. Landais, restored to them. To 
 Landais Fj'unklin wrote tlie following re- 
 ply, which it would have been suj)pos(jd 
 must Jiave dosed the discussion as far as 
 he was concerntid. 
 
 "No one ever bsaiTied the (ipinion I 
 formed of you from inquiiy made into your 
 conduct. I kept it entirely to myself. 1 
 have not ev(tn hinted it iii my leltei's to 
 America, because I would not hazard giv- 
 ing to any one a bias to your prejudice. 
 Hy connuunicating a part of Ihat. ojiinion 
 privalrdy to you I can do no harm, for you 
 may burn it. I should not give you tho 
 [(ain of reading it, if your demand did not 
 make it necessary. I think you, then, so 
 im[)rudent, so litigious, and quarrelsome a 
 man, even with your best friends, that 
 peace arid good order, anrl, consetjuently, 
 the quiet and regular subordination so ne- 
 cessary to success, are, wlier*! you |»reside, 
 impossible. These are within my observa- 
 tion and ajiprehension. Your military op- 
 erations 1 leave to more capable judges. 
 If, therefore, 1 had twenty ships of war in 
 my disposition, I should not give ono of 
 them to Captain f^andais. The same tem- 
 per which excUidcU him fi-om the Frcinch 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 maviue, would vveiiih equally with me ; of 
 course I shall not replace him ia the 
 Alliance."' 
 
 He also, suppressing what indignation he 
 must have felt at this disregard of his au- 
 thority, wrote in the most conciliatory tone 
 to the officers and crew. He touches with 
 much shrewdness upon some points of pro- 
 fessional pride which might be supposed to 
 have weight with them. He writes : — 
 
 " Though I declined any judgment of his 
 (Landais's) manoeuvres in the fight, I have 
 given it as my opinion, (to Congress,) after 
 examining the affair, that it was not at all 
 likely either that he should have given or- 
 ders to fire into the Bou Homme Richard, 
 or that his officers would have obeyed such 
 an order had it been given them. Thus I 
 have taken what care I could of your honor 
 in that particular. You will therefore ex- 
 cuse me if I am a little concerned for it in 
 another. If it should come to be publicly 
 known that you had the strongest aversion to 
 Captain Landais, who had used j'ou basely, 
 and that it is only since the last year's cruise, 
 and the appointment of Commodoi'e Jones 
 to the command, that you request to be 
 again under your old captain, I fear sus- 
 picions and reflections may be thrown upon 
 you by the world, as if this change of senti- 
 ment may have arisen from j-our observa- 
 tion during the cruise, that Captain Jones 
 loved close fighting, that Captain Landais 
 was skilful in keeping out of harm's way, 
 and that you therefore thought yourself 
 safer with the latter. For myself, I be- 
 lieve you to be brave men, and lovers of 
 your country and its glorious cause ; and I 
 am persuaded you have only been ill-advis- 
 ed and misled by the artful and malicious 
 misrepresentations of some persons I guess 
 at. Take in good part this friendly coun- 
 sel from an old man who is your friend. 
 Go home peaceably with your ship. Do 
 your duty faithfully and cheerfully. Be- 
 have respectfully to your commander, and 
 I am persuaded he will do the same to you. 
 Thus you will not only be happier in your 
 voyage, but recommend yourselves to the 
 
 future favors of Congress and of your 
 country." 
 
 The conciliatory and gentle course taken 
 by Franklin in this matter did not have the 
 success which it deserved, and this fact 
 proves conclusively what a turbulent set 
 Jones had to deal with. 
 
 Upon receiving the letter of Landais, 
 Franklin took it to Versailles, and obtained 
 an order for his arrest, and also orders to 
 the commissary of the port to render Jones 
 all assistance to facilitate his departure. 
 These orders were either not sent or not 
 observed. Jones went on board the ship 
 and read his commission, and was received 
 with tokens of affection. As soon as he 
 left the ship Landais assumed the com- 
 mand. Here, supported by the advice of 
 J^ee, he determined to sail in the Alliance 
 for America in despite of the orders of 
 Franklin, and in defiance of the arrest of 
 the king. Jones immediately started for 
 Versailles, and was there informed that 
 orders had been given to sink the ship if 
 Landais attempted to leave the harbor. 
 On his return to L 'Orient, Jones found 
 that no orders had been received, and pro- 
 bably they had never been sent. The local 
 authorities, however, were disposed to as- 
 sist Jones in receiving command of his ship, 
 and had he not acted with an entire absence 
 of passion much bloodshed might have fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 It has been supposed that Jones had 
 really no desire to obtain possession of the 
 Alliance, and that the quiet manner in 
 which he allow^ed himself to be dispossess- 
 ed of his command proves it. It is un- 
 doubtedly a fair supposition that with the 
 great personal popularity which he must 
 have possessed with the greater portion of 
 his crew, that his appearance on the deck 
 of his ship after Landais had installed him- 
 self, would have been the signal for a rally 
 around him sufficiently strong to enable 
 him to sustain himself against all the exer- 
 tions of Landais. The Alliance, after Lan- 
 dais took the command, was warped from 
 the inner road to Port Louis. Between 
 this point and the open harbor was a nar- 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 39 
 
 row strait between high rocks, which pas- 
 sage was entirely commanded by batteries. 
 The authorities had caused a banier to 
 be placed across the nanow strait, and 
 oi'ders had been given to sinii the Alliance 
 should she attempt to escape. Knowing 
 the character of Landais as well as Jones 
 did, he could not for a moment have 
 supposed that he would have resisted to 
 the last the orders of the French com- 
 mander of the port — to give up the ship, or 
 that the crew would have sustained him in 
 such a refusal, when the vessel was so 
 completely at the mercy of the French 
 guns. It certainly shows weakness in 
 Jones at this crisis, when apparently it 
 was only necessary to adopt prompt and 
 decisive action to have re-taken his ship, 
 that he should have made no such attempt, 
 but on the plea of avoiding bloodshed should 
 have requested the French commander to 
 suspend his operations and withdraw the 
 barrier. Jones on this occasion wrote to 
 Franklin in the following terms : — 
 
 "L' Orient, June 21, 1708. 
 " Sir : I was detained at Versailles forty 
 hours from the time of my arrival, and was 
 then informed by M. de Genet that an 
 express had been sent ^rom court with 
 the necessary orders to the king's officers 
 at L'Orient, respecting Captain Landais 
 and the Alliance. I found myself here 
 early yesterday morning, fifty-four hours 
 after leaving Versailles. The Alliance had, 
 the evening and night before, been warped 
 and towed from the road of L'Orient to 
 Fort Louis, and no express fi"om court had 
 arrived here. M. de Thevenard, the com- 
 mandant, however, made every necessary 
 preparation to stop the Alliance, as appears 
 by the enclosed document on the subject. 
 He had even sent orders in the evening, 
 before I was aware, to fire on the Alliance 
 and sink her to the bottom, if they attempt- 
 ed to approach and pass the barrier that 
 had been made across the entrance of the 
 port. Had I even remained silent an hour 
 longer the dreadful work would have been 
 done. Your humanity will, I kno>v, justify 
 
 the part I acted in preventing a scene that 
 would have rendered me miserable for the 
 rest of my life. The Alliance has this 
 morning been towed and warped through 
 the rocks, and is now at anchor without, 
 between Port Louis and Groix. In this 
 situation I at noon sent out Lieutenant 
 Dale with a letter to Captain Landais, 
 whei'eof the within is a copy. 
 
 "Yesterday morning the within letter 
 was brought me from Mr. Lee, though I 
 had never even hinted that his opinion or 
 advice would be acceptable. He has, 
 however, pulled off the mask, and, I am 
 convinced, is not a little disappointed that 
 his operations have produced no bloodshed 
 between the subjects of France and America. 
 Poor man ! 
 
 " Yesterday everything that persuasion 
 or threatening could effect was attempted." 
 
 ^ ifc- ^ ^ ^ j^ ^ 
 
 To a lady in Paris he sent a fuller ac- 
 count of this affair. He writes to Madame 
 Tellison: " I feel rather ashamed that such 
 an event should have happened, although, 
 God knows, it was not owing to any fault of 
 mine. The true reason was, that M. B-ay 
 de Chaumont unjustly detained from the 
 brave Americans who had so bravely served 
 in the squadron under my command, not 
 only their wages, but also their prize-money ; 
 and he has not, even to this hour, given me 
 the means of paying them their just claims. 
 One or two envious persons here, taking ad- 
 vantage of these circumstances, persuaded 
 these poor people that I had joined M. 
 Ray de Chaumont to detain from them their 
 just dues, and that it was besides my in- 
 tention to cany them on new expeditions 
 in Euiope, and not to suffer them to return 
 to their families in America during the war. 
 These insinuations were false and ground- 
 less ; I had disapproved the conduct of M. 
 Ray de Chaumont so much as neither to 
 speak or write to him after my return to 
 France. My sole business at court was to 
 obtain the free sale of the prizes, which I 
 eflfected ; and, far from being then bound 
 on new expeditions in Europe, I was order- 
 ed by the boai'd of admiralty in America to 
 
40 
 
 LIFE AND ADVKNTURI^S OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 rolurn forthwith to ('ont^'oss, and luid in 
 r-()tiH(H|U(nico r(M!tfiv(Ml \]\o pulilic iloypulchos 
 lioth from Dr. I'^iinkliti and th(wourt. Tlio 
 Alliatico, hovvtwnr, was luirriod out of this 
 ])ort bcforo tho crow hud tinio for ro(k>ctioii; 
 yet, before they sailed from the road of 
 Groix, miiny of thorn, seeing their error, 
 refused to weigh anclior, and were carried 
 to sea confined hands and feet in irons. 
 'Plio govorniMont of Franco had taken 
 iiKuisures tostop the slii|); but I interposed, 
 lo i)rcvent bloodsliod b(»tween tho subjects 
 of tho two allied nations, i am now again 
 almost ready to sail in tho Ariel, and I 
 know, soon after my arrival in America, 
 lliat Congress will do mo impartial justice. 
 I will then have tho lmpi)iness to furnish 
 you with (ho account 1 promised, and the 
 circmnstances will be supported by tho 
 fullest evidence. I dare promise that it 
 will then appear that i have only been to 
 i)lame for having returned here from Paris 
 without liaving insisted absolutely on the 
 j)vevious paynu'iit of my men." 
 
 Tho letter from Mr. Lee referred to, is 
 the following : — 
 
 '• Sill : When you showed mo yesterday 
 llio authorities under which you conceive 
 you have a right to command the Alliance 
 frigate, I told you it was not in my power 
 to give you an opinion upon them without 
 s(^eing those of Captain Landais ; and tlial: 
 I would not give an opinion of this matter 
 but in writing. Since that, 1 have seen the 
 uulhorities of Captain Landais, and I now 
 shall state them both with my opinion upon 
 them, which I hope may bo of use in i)re- 
 Aenting any furlh(>r contest, which cannot 
 but be disgraceful and injurious to the ser- 
 vice, as well as to those that are in the 
 wrong. 
 
 *' The authorities you showed me con- 
 sisted of a commission of Congress, np- 
 ])ointing you a ca|)tain in the marine of the 
 United StiUes, and a late order from Dr. 
 Franklin to you to take conuuand of the 
 Alliance, and carry her where she is or- 
 dered by tli(> admiralty. This order from 
 Dr. Franklin does not recite or allege any 
 ]H)wer from Congress to take the command 
 
 from Captain Landais, and put another in 
 his place. 
 
 " The authorities Captain Landais laid 
 before me, were a commission from Con- 
 gress, like yours, appointing him cupt4iin in 
 the service; a resolve of Congress jiving 
 him the command of the'- Alliance frigate ; 
 and a letter of instructions for that purposa 
 frotri the marine committee. 
 
 " From these documents it is clear, be- 
 yond a possibility of doubt, that Cu|)tain 
 Landais commands tliat ship under tlie 
 full, direct, and express order of Congress ; 
 and that no such authority appears to 
 dismiss him from the command. In this 
 situation, Captain Tjandais must answer at 
 his peril for the frigate intrusted to him, till 
 he receives an order of (/ongross to deliver 
 her to another. If any such order exists, 
 those who liave it do infinite Avrong to the 
 service in not producing it, to prevent any 
 disturbance. If there is no such order, the 
 subjects of the United States who attempt 
 to divest Ca|)tain Landais of the command 
 he holds from the sovereign power, or to 
 disturb him by violence in the exercise of 
 it, coitimit a high crime against the laws 
 and sovereignty of the United States, and 
 subject themselves to proportionate punish- 
 ment. 
 
 " This, sir, is my opitiion, founded upon 
 a cool and candid considei'ation of the au- 
 thorities on both sides, which alone ought 
 to determine our judgments and our actions. 
 You are at liberty to show this letter to 
 whom you please, or to send it to Dr. 
 Franklin. Should it prevail upon you to 
 urge this matter no further, till you know 
 whether there is authority of Congress for 
 what you are doing, I shall think I have 
 rendered no less service to you ])ersonally, 
 in preventing you from conmiitting a rash 
 and illegal action, than to the public, the 
 honor of which must be committed by such 
 a contest in a foreign jjort. When I se© 
 such things (hr(>atened, my duty to my 
 country, and the love of law and order, call 
 upon me to do whatever is in my jiower to 
 prevent them." 
 
 Tlie arguments of the above letter, al- 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 41 
 
 though fallacious, are showy, and as the 
 letter was no doubt read on board the 
 Alliance its reasoning probably liud much 
 effect. 
 
 Landuis, thus being at liberty, warped 
 the Alliance through the dangerous passage, 
 and anchored in the open roads of Groix, 
 thus having with impunity set at defiance 
 tlie orders of l^'ranklin, the authority of 
 Jones on his own qiiai'ter-(le(;k, and the 
 mandate of arrest of the French king. 
 
 The plausible reason given for Jones's 
 appanint willingness to let the Alliance sail 
 without him, is that he wished to obtain 
 the command of the Serapis, with the Ariel 
 as a tender, with which ships to proceed to 
 America. There, after exhibiting to the 
 admiration of his countrymen the palpable 
 results of his victory, he would, with sucli 
 other ships as Congress should place under 
 his command, proceed to carry into elfect 
 some of his numerous plans for annoying 
 the enemy. This su[)position explains his 
 conduct, otherwise it would ap|)ear to be 
 entirely at variance with .lonos's character. 
 It is not, porhajJS, surprising that ho shoulil 
 bo disinclined to carry home the Alliance 
 when there appeared to bo a prosjxict that 
 he could go hqme as a victor on the 
 quarter-deck of a line ship captured from 
 the "Queen of the Seas." 
 
 Immediately upon the sailing of the 
 Alliance, Jones began to negotiate with 
 Franklin to carry out his purposed plans. 
 ilo desired the loan of the .Serapis, which 
 had just been purchased by the king for 
 two Imndred and forty thousand livi'es. 
 There were yet five hundred tons of public 
 stores waiting to bo shipped to America, 
 and the distressed condition of the American 
 army rendered it imperatively n(!c(!ssary 
 that these stores should be forwarded imme- 
 diately. Jones proposed to load the Serapis 
 and Ariel with these stores, and ujwn his 
 arrival in America to fully arm and man 
 both vessels for a cruise. The attempt to 
 obtain the Serapis failed, and Jones next 
 endiiavoured to obtain the Terjisichore, but 
 did not succeed. France was not now in a 
 coiulition to atteud to the representations 
 
 of Captain Jones, as she had full employ- 
 ment for her energies in the jjrosecution of 
 the wai'. To Jones Franklin wrote : — 
 
 " I only know by other means tliat the 
 Alliance is gone out of the port, and that 
 you are not likely to recover, and have 
 relinquished, the connnand of her. So that 
 affair is over, and the business now is to 
 get the goods out as well as we can. I am 
 perfectly Ijcwiidered with the different 
 schemes that have been proposed to me for 
 this i)urposo by Mr. Williams, Mr. Ross, 
 yourself, and M. di* Chaumont. Mr. Wil- 
 liams was for purchasing ships ; I told him- 
 I had not the money, but he still ui'ges it. 
 You and Mr. Ross propose borrowing the 
 Ariel ; I joined in the ai)plicalion for that 
 shi[) ; we obtained her. She was to convey 
 all that the Alliance could not take. Now 
 you find her insufficient. An additional 
 ship has already been asked, and could not 
 be obtained. I tliink, therefore, it will be 
 best that you take as much into the Ariel 
 as you can, and depart with it. For the 
 rest I nmst api)ly to the government to 
 contrive some means of transporting it in 
 tluiir own ships. This is my present 
 opinion ; and when I have once got rid of 
 this business, no consideration shall tempt 
 me to meddle again with such matters, as 
 I never understood them." 
 
 Franklin then ordered the officers in 
 command of the Alliance to receive all the 
 public stores that were ready, and deliver 
 them at Philadelphia. Jones meanwhile 
 gave various orders to Landais, to none of 
 which he paid any attention. The Alliance 
 finally sailed, carrying away in irons many 
 of the old crew of the I'on Homme Richard 
 who remaine<l faithful to Jones and refused 
 to assist in ^vorking the ship. The trunks 
 of Jones were previously sent on shore, but 
 all had been broken open, and a portion of 
 the contents stolen or destroyed. 
 
 Jones now resumed his correspondence 
 with the beauties of the court. Madam 
 
 T , Madam D'Ormay, Countess de 
 
 Lavendahl, Madam Lafayette, etc., and he 
 appears to have devoted more of his time 
 to those pleasing duties, than to proper- 
 
■42 
 
 ]AVV. AND ADVKNTURKR OF PAUL ./ONHS. 
 
 oxrrtion.s to f;<U oli' tlid Aiidl with llio 
 uri;(Mitly iiooi1(mI slort-s lor WiiHliiiifflon's 
 (iniiy. Ill .Inly ho rocoivcMl u Hplmidid 
 Hwofd prosciitnl by llio Kr(iii(;h king, iiikI 
 tliH orilor ol llii) Lof^iou ol" lloiii»r. Tlio 
 sword wtiH f;old-i)i()init(Ml, with llio Jbllow- 
 jng inHciiptiou on tho Miido — " Vindicati 
 
 MAIUH LUDOVICUS XVI. Kl'.MUIN KKATOli 
 
 STiiKNuo viNnici." Tlio (;()nnl<^s.s lUi 
 Jjavohdahl was ro(]uo.sl;od hy .lonoa lo ho- 
 coin«) llu) duposiliiry ol' llio sword, iis Im 
 valued il too liij^ldy lo risk ils ciipliirci hy 
 tho oiuniiy. 'J^lio (u)iiiiI,osh, nolAvitlisliiiid- 
 irig nho wiKS ono ol' .loiios's cliiol' lavorilos, 
 docliiicd rocoivinp; llio dopo.silo. Slio had 
 rocoivod a IoU;or from .loruvs .soiiiolimo Ixv 
 foro, conlainiii!;; a lock ol' his liair, and 
 oxprossiiiij; r(5ij,rol, that, lio conld not sond 
 hi.s hoaiL. IJo a|»[)oar.s to iiavo niiscah'U- 
 lalod liin |)ositioii Koniowhat, lor llio lady in 
 roply slalos that slio prosninos lio must 
 Imvo niis-diroctod his loiter, and liojfs l(<avo 
 to inlrodnco li(>r huMhand, tho Count de 
 Lavondalil, wiio is visiting L'Oriont. 'J''lio 
 sword provioiisly spokon of, al'tor ])assin<; 
 through tho hands of Rohort Morris, (lo 
 whom it was wont hy .Iomos's hoirs,) and 
 Coniniodoro .lohn i'ai'ry, was l)r(]uoalhod 
 by tho latlor to ('oinniodoro Richard l)ai(>, 
 who was lirsl liculonant ol" tho P>on UoinnH! 
 Richard at liio liniool'tho light with tho 
 Serapis. It is now in tho |)ossossion of 
 (^otninodoro .lohn Montgoniory Dale, son 
 of ( 'oinniodoro Kichard l)al(<. 
 
 " Dolia" was anollior lavorilo corrosixjiid- 
 ent. J I or idontily liiis iiovor Ix'oii discov- 
 ered. Madam 'V , another corrosj)ond- 
 
 ent, was a danghlcr of Loui.s XV. Tho 
 Dolia spokiMi of appears to havo had a mind 
 nbovo tho trammols of orthography. I'rob- 
 ubly tho Hupposod inlhionco of .lonos with 
 tho king and minislry indncod iho fair 
 •danios of Iho (H)urt, who had husbands, 
 lovors, or brolhors looking for advancomont, 
 to |)ay uiorti allonlion lo .lon(>s ihat ho 
 would othorwiso havo ullrartod. No ap- 
 pears, howovor, from ono cause or anotlior, 
 to havo bo(Mi quite a lion at Paris. Somo 
 loiters from a Miss Kdos, residing at Vor- 
 walllos, published in somo of the English 
 
 pajiors, s])e!ik of him in tho following 
 terms: — "Tlni famous I'anl .lonos dines 
 and HU|)H here ofl(Ui : he is a smart man of 
 Ihirly-Kix, spoaks but little French, and ap- 
 pears to bean extraordinary gonius — a poet 
 as well as a hero. A few days ago ho wroto 
 some v((isos, e.rtein pore, '-ol' which I send 
 you a <o|)y. Il(< is greatly admired here, 
 ospoc^ially by tho ladies, who aro all wild for 
 lovo of him as he for tliom, but ho adores 
 
 Lady , (tho Countess Ijavendahl,) who 
 
 has honored him with ovoiy mark of jxjlite- 
 ness and dislinction. 
 
 VERSES 
 AchLrmstul. lo Ihr Ldilics who have done mr the 
 
 honor of Ihvir public (Mention. I'rescntcd by 
 
 J'avt Jovcs lo Mndlle (1 . 
 
 liiHult<!(l l''r(>c(l(iin bled — I l(^ll. bm- cauMe, 
 And (li-cw my Hvvord lo viadicate Ik.t lawn 
 l'"n)in ])riiicipl(', and not from vain applause. 
 I've dono my l)(>Ht — .s(!lf-inl:ore.sl far apart 
 And Helf-re])r()acli a Htninger to my heart; 
 My zeal still proin])fs, ambitions to jan'siio 
 Tbe li)e, ye iiiir ! of liberty and yon. 
 (irald'ul for praise, spontaneouH ami inibonght, 
 A gcMK^roUH peo[)le's lovo nut incnuily souglit; 
 To mei'il ibis, an<l bend tlio kiuio lo beauty, 
 Shall bo my oailio.sl and latest duty." 
 
 In another publication Miss Kdes snys : 
 " III my last, I 'aid .lories drank toa and 
 supped Ikmc. If 1 am in love with him, 
 for lovo I may die. I havo as many jivals 
 as there aro ladii^s, but tho most formidablo 
 
 is still Lady (the Countess Ijiiveiidahl) 
 
 \\lio |)oss(\ssos all his heart. This lady is 
 of high rank and virtue, very sensible, 
 good-natured, 'and nfl'ablo. Jiosidos this, 
 she is po8se.ssod of youth, beauty, and wit, 
 and every other female accomplishment. 
 No is gone, I sup])ose, for America. They 
 correspond, and his letters aro roi)loto with 
 elegance, sontiim^nt, and delic-acy. She 
 drew his jiieture — a striking likeness, and 
 wroto some lines under it, which aro much 
 admired, and jirosontod it to him, who, 
 since lio rocoivod it, is, ho says, like a 
 second Narcissus, in love with his own 
 resemblance. To bo sure, ho is the most 
 agreeable sea-wolf one would wish to nu^et 
 with. As to his verses, you may do with 
 
LIFE AND ADVKNTIJRKS OF I'AIU, .lONK.S. 
 
 in 
 
 ilintii vvliiit you please. '1^1 lo kini; hiis 
 i^ivoii liiiii II nm/j;iiilicoi)l; sword, whicli, 
 loHt it ehoulii full into thu harxJs ol° tlio 
 oiiomy, ho lias boR^od icavo to cointJiit lo 
 tli(! rnvvi ol'her ia«Jysliip — a pioco of gallan- 
 try whicli is h«ro liii;lily appluuiicd. If 
 any further account of this singular gonius 
 should reach my hands, you shall know it." 
 It could not have heoii very pleasant for 
 the countess to sco her petUe aiaours pa- 
 raded in the iMiglish papers; and the cor- 
 re.spoiid(Hice with Jones aflerwards hrcarne 
 nnich l<\ss fie<|ii(!iit and warm. In relation 
 to the dcposile oi" tlio swoi'd, .lories wrot(» 
 to her : — 
 
 "I um sorry that you have found it 
 necessary to refuse me the honor of ac- 
 cepting tlie deposite mentioned in my last, 
 but am determined to follow your advice, 
 and be myself its guardian. A ilay or two 
 before I wrote to you lasl, I had received 
 a cliallenge from Sir James Wallace, who, 
 in the Nonesuch, a sliip of the line, copper- 
 bottomed, and of superior swiftness, de- 
 clared he wait(jd in sight for my dejtarture. 
 Had I commanded an erjual force, 1 hope 
 you will ludieve I would have employed 
 my time otherwise than in writing you any 
 pi'0|)osilion for \\w siifeiy oi" u wea|)on that 
 1 should have hiipcjd to use innnediately 
 with success." 
 
 .lones still continued to d(day his d<;|mrture 
 with the government stores, jnuch to tlie 
 annoyanc(5 of Franklin and lo lh(5 embar- 
 rassment of the cause of the republic. 'J.'he 
 delay is unaccountable oxc(!pting on tin; 
 ground that he was occupied with his fair 
 correspondent, or with end(!avois to obtain 
 his pri/e-money, in which he aj)pears to 
 have made but little progress. The Alli- 
 ance sailed in June, and in October the 
 Ariel was still at L'Orifsnt. 
 
 In November, news of the arrival of the 
 Alliance at JJoston was n;ceived in I'aris. 
 A letter from iJr. (jooper to JJr. Franklin 
 gives an account of the result of thti muti- 
 nous movements of fjandais. 
 
 Boston, Hi-\A>m\>i'T Kih, i'/r'O. 
 " The Alliance arrived hero some weeks 
 ago with Dr. Lee, who is still in town. 
 
 'This vessel appears to me to have left, 
 l<' ranee in an mijusliliaijle marnitir, thoiigh 
 i cannot yet obtain tiie parlicular circuiri- 
 staiices. Landais did not hold his c m- 
 mand through the voyage, wliicfi was either 
 relin(|uishi;(l by him or wrested from him. 
 All the passengers, as well as oflicfws ami 
 sailois, are highly incensed against hiiri, 
 and Ur. Lee as much as anyone. A court 
 of inquiry is now sitljng upon this matter, 
 in which the Doctor has given a full evi- 
 dence against the ca|)tain, which rejjresents 
 him as insane.'' 
 
 If l)r. Lee had discovertMl two or llireo 
 months earlier the [)eculiar conflition ol'llie 
 mind of Landais, much mischief might havo 
 been prevented. 
 
 In July, Franklin supposing that in obedi- 
 ence t:o orders sometime belore given, Jones 
 was I'eady for sea wit h what st,oi-es he could 
 take aboai'd the Ariel, sefit by the ("ount de 
 Vauban, who was l,o b(( a pass(!nge,r, his 
 budget of despatches for ( 'origress. Frank- 
 lin, however, most widely miscalculated 
 Jones's willingness to leave his court beau- 
 ties and his pri/,e-money, for on the '1th of 
 Septeiriber he was still (juiet ly lying in tJio 
 harbor of L'Orient. This detention is en- 
 tirely unexplainerl, and, consid(;ring the itn- 
 peiative netid, in the American army, of the 
 stores anrl clothing lie was to convey, it 
 casts a dcjep shade upon the sincerity of 
 .Jones's patriotism. (Jn the 4t,h of .S(5ptem- 
 ber he warped out into the open road of 
 (iroix. Here he agai;i delayeil his dej»ar- 
 ture, by his own statement on account of 
 stoiiiis and head winds, and it was not until 
 the 7th of October" that he finally sailed with 
 a fair wind. Jon(5S took with him u strong 
 letter of recommendation froiri the minister, 
 Sartine, to f'ongnsss, expressing the very 
 high opinion entfjrtained of his uu»ritH by 
 the king and himself. 
 
 The night after he sailed, "the Ariel 
 was driven by a violent tempest" — wo 
 (juote from .fones's jf>urnal — " close t/) the 
 rocks of the I'enrnanfuo, a terrible ledge be- 
 tween L'Orienland iirest. The ship could 
 show no sail, but was almost buried uoder 
 water, not having room to run before tho 
 
44 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 wind, and having several feet of water in 
 her hold. Finding the depth of water di- 
 minish fast, Captiiin Jones, in the last ex- 
 tremity, cast anchor, but could not bring 
 the ship's head to the wind. Sonictinios 
 the lower yard-arms touched the water. 
 Captain Jones had now no remedy left but 
 to cut away tho fore-mast. This had the 
 desired eflect, and tlie ship immediately 
 came head to the wind. The main-mast 
 had got out of the step, and now I'ooled like 
 a drunken mnii. Foreseeing tho danger of 
 it either breaking off below tlie gun-deck or 
 going through the ship's bottom, Captain 
 Jones ordered it to lie cut away. But be- 
 fore this could be done, the chain-plate gave 
 way, and the main-must breaking off by the 
 gun-deck, carried with it the mizen-mast, 
 and the mizen-mast carried away the quar- 
 ter-gallery. In that situation tho Ariel 
 rod(^ in tho open o(;ean to windward of, per- 
 haps, the most dangerous ledge of I'ocks in 
 tho world, for two days and three nights in 
 a tempest tlait covered the shore with 
 wrecks and dead bodies, and even drove 
 ships ashore from their anchors in the 
 harbor of L'Orient. It was, perhaps, for- 
 tunate that the Ariel lost her masts, since 
 no anchor could have held her while the 
 masts stood. By the help of jury-masts 
 erected after the storm, the Ariel re- 
 turned to L'Orient." Jones says that 
 never till then did he " fully conceive the 
 awful majesty of tem])est and shipwreck." 
 
 The saving of the Aric^l, when the shore 
 was literally strewed with wrecks, speaks 
 volumes for Jones's seamanship, and his 
 coolness in the midst of the terrible scenes 
 of those nights and days of extreme peril, 
 shows that ecpailly in storm as in battle 
 liis soul was unmoved by personal con- 
 siderations. 
 
 No sooner did Jones come within hail of 
 tho port-officer than the old cacoctlics scri- 
 hcndi broke out, and he opened his episto- 
 lary batteries again. In a letter addressed 
 to Madam D'Orinay he says : — 
 
 " By the enclosed declaration of my 
 officers, you will see, my dear madam, 
 that I was in a ticklish situation at the 
 
 moment while you were employed in writ- 
 ing to me on the 9th ultimo. It is impos- 
 sible to be more sensible than I am of the 
 obligation conferred on me by your atten- 
 tions and kind reineinbrance, joined to that 
 of la belle cointesse, your fair daughters, 
 and the amiable ladies •and gentlemen of 
 your society. 1 have returned without 
 laurels, and, what is worse, without having 
 been able to render service to the glorious 
 cause of liberty. I know not why Neptune 
 was in such anger, unless he thought it an 
 alfront in mo to apjiear on his ocean with 
 so insignificant a force. It is certain, that 
 till the night of tho 8th, I did not fully 
 conceive the awful majesty of tempest and 
 of shipwreck. I can give you no just idea 
 of the tremendous scene that nature then 
 presented, which surpassed the reach even 
 of poetic fancy and the pencil. I believe 
 no ship was ever before saved from an 
 equal danger off the point of the Penmarque 
 rocks. I am extremely sorry thtit the 
 young English lady you mention should 
 have imbibed the national hati'od against 
 me. I have had proofs that many of the 
 first ladies of her nation are my friends. 
 Indeed, 1 caiuiot imagine why any fair lady 
 should be my enemy, since, ujion the large 
 scale of universal philanthrophy, I feel, 
 acknowledge, and bend before the sovereiga 
 power of beauty. The English nation may 
 hate me, but I will force them to esteem 
 me, too." 
 
 Jones remained at L'Orient two months 
 after he returned, employing his time in re- 
 fitting the Ariel, in writing to his fair corres- 
 pondents, and in urging his demands for the 
 payment of the prize-money due his officers 
 and crew. The cost of the repairs drew 
 largely on the scantily Kupi)lied purse of 
 Franklin, and the delay must have annoyed 
 him exceedingly. To add to his mortifica- 
 tion, filestores and arms on board the Ariel 
 were so much damaged in the storm, as to be 
 rendered useless, and they were unloaded. 
 At length, after finishing all his correspond- 
 ence, quarrelling with Captiiin Truxton of 
 the lett(^r-of-marque ship Indejiendence, 
 of Philadelphia, because he insisted uj)on 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 45 
 
 wearing a broad pendant in defiance of the 
 resolution of Congress, and giving a splendid 
 entertainment on board tho Ariel to his 
 friends in L'Orient, Jones again set sail 
 for Philadelphia. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 We have no account of any very import- 
 ant events occurring during this .yoyage, 
 excepting the engagement with, and escape 
 of the enemy's ship Triumph. The fol- 
 lowing account of this engagement is from 
 Jones's journal for the king : — 
 
 " After a variety of rencounters, he, in 
 tho latitude 2G° north, and longitude of 
 Barbadoes, met with a remarkably fast-suil- 
 ing frigate belonging to tlie enemy's navy. 
 Captain Jones endeavored to avoid speak- 
 ing with that ship, and as the night ap- 
 proached, he hoped to succeed, notwith- 
 standing her superior sailing. He was, 
 however, mistaken, for next morning tho 
 ships were at less distance asunder than 
 they had been tho evening before, although 
 during the night the officers of the watch 
 bad always informed Captain Jones that the 
 sail continued out of sight. An action now 
 became unavoidable, and the Ariel was 
 prepared for it. Eveiything was thrown 
 overboard that inteifered with tho defence 
 and safety of the shi[). Captain Jones took 
 particular care, by the management of sails 
 and helm, to prevent the enemy from dis- 
 covering the force of the Ariel, and worked 
 her so well as not to discover any warlike 
 appearance or preparation. In tho after- 
 noon the Ariel fired now and then a light 
 stern-chaser at the enemy from the quar- 
 ter-deck, and continued to crowd sail as if 
 very much alarmed. This had the desired 
 effect, and the enemy pursued with the 
 greater eagerness. Captain Jones did not 
 suffer the enemy to come close up till the 
 approach of night, when, having well ex- 
 amined his force, he shortened sail to meet 
 his approach. When the two ships came 
 within hail of each other, they both hoisted 
 English colors. The person whose duty it 
 
 was to hoist tho pendant on i)oard the Ariel 
 hud not taken care to make the other end 
 of the halliards fast, to haul it down again to 
 change tho colors. This prevented Cap- 
 tain Jones from an advantageous manoeuvre 
 he had intended, and obliged him to let the 
 enemy range up along the lee-side of the 
 Ariel, where he saw a battery lighted for 
 action. A conversation now took jjlaco be- 
 tween the two sliijJS which lasted nearly an 
 hour, by which Cuptain Jones learned the 
 situation of the enemy's affairs in America. 
 The captain of the enemy's ship said his 
 name was John Pindar. His ship had been 
 constructed by the famous Mr. Peck, of 
 Boston, built lit Newbuiyport, owned by 
 Mr. Tracey of that jjlace, commanded by 
 Captain Hoj)kins, the son of the late Com- 
 modore Hopkins, and had been taken and 
 fitted out at New York, and named the 
 Triumph, by Admiral lloi^ney. Captain 
 Jones tobJ him l)e must [)ut out his boat, 
 and come on board and show his commis- 
 sion, to prove whether or not he really did 
 belong to tho British navy. To this he 
 made some excuses, because Captain Jones 
 had not told him who he was ; and his boat, 
 he said, was very leaky. Captain Jones 
 told him to consider the danger of refusing. 
 Captain Pindar said he would answer for 
 twenty guns, and that himself and every 
 one of his peo])Ie had shown themselves 
 Englishmen. Captain Jones said he would 
 allow him five minutes only to make his re- 
 flection. That time being elapsed. Captain 
 Jones backed a little on the weather-quar- 
 ter of the enemy, ran close under her stern, 
 hoisted American colors, and, being withia 
 short i)istol-shot on the lee-beam of the 
 enemy, began to engage. It was past 
 seven o'clock, and as no equal force ever 
 exceeded the vigorous and regular fire of 
 the Ariel's battery and tops, tho action 
 while it lasted made a glorious appearance- 
 The enemy made a feeble resistance for 
 about ten minutes, after which ho struck his 
 colors. The enemy then begged for quarter, 
 and said half his men were killed. Tho 
 Ariel's fire ceased, and the crew, as usual 
 after a victory, gave cries of joy, to ' show 
 
40 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 themselves P^nglishmon.' The enemy filled 
 thoir sails, and got on the Ariel's weather- 
 bow before the cries of joy had ended on 
 board the Ariel. Captain Jones, suspect- 
 ing the base design of the enemy, imme- 
 diately set every sail he could to prevent 
 her escape; but the enemy had so much 
 adviintago in sailing, that the Ariel could 
 not keep up, and they soon got out of gun- 
 shot. The English captain may properly 
 be called a knave, because, after he surren- 
 dered his ship, begged tor, and obtained 
 quarter, he basely ran away, contrary to 
 the laws of naval war and the practice of 
 civilized nations. A conspiracy was dis- 
 covei-ed among the English i)art of the 
 Ariel's crew immediately after sailing from 
 France. During the voyage every officer, 
 and even the passengers, had been con- 
 stantly armed, and kept a regular watch, be- 
 sides a constant guard with fixed bayonets. 
 After the action with the Triumph, the 
 j)lot was so far discovered that Captain 
 Jones confined twenty of the ringleaders in 
 h'ons, till his return liome. 
 
 The Ariel arrived at Philadelphia on the 
 18th of February, 1781, Jones having been 
 absent somewhat over three years and a 
 quarter. He found that his old annoyance, 
 Landais, had been dismissed from the 
 service, and that a strong feeling of dis- 
 pleasure had grown up against himself on 
 account of the injury to the public service 
 from the unexplained delay of the public 
 stores committed to his charge. An inquiry 
 was instituted by the board of admiralty, 
 and Congress also took the matter in hand. 
 Jones received a most triumphant acquit- 
 tal from all the charges, and the blame was 
 thrown upon Landais. The reports were 
 in the highest degree eulogistic, and it 
 was recommended that some distinguished 
 mark of .approbation be bestowed upon him. 
 Congress passed a resolution thanking 
 " Captain John Paul Jones for the zeal, 
 prudence', and intrepidity with which he 
 had supported the honor of the American 
 flag." General Washington also wrote him 
 a very complimentary letter. 
 
 Congress, in Octobe)-, 1776, had made an 
 
 arrangement of naval rank by which thir- 
 teen captains who had entered the service 
 after Jones, had been placed over his head. 
 This injustice Jones could not suffer, and 
 accordingly memorialized Congress for re- 
 dress. While the subject was under dis- 
 cussion. Congress settled tliis point of pre- 
 cedence in a most gratifying manner to 
 Jones's feelings by appointing him to the 
 command of the now ship America, then on 
 the stocks at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 
 Jones accordingly repaired to Portsmouth 
 to superintend the finishing of this ship, 
 visiting on his way the camp of General 
 Washington at White Plains, Avhere he 
 was advised to discontinue wearing the 
 cross of the Order of Military Merit, which 
 advice he wisely took. 
 
 With the limited means of the nation, 
 the finishing of the America went on slowly, 
 although Jones exhibited his characteristic 
 energy. He calls it the •' most lingering, 
 and disagreeable service he was charged with 
 during the Revolution." On the occasion 
 of the birth of the French Dauphin, Jones 
 honored the event by mounting n battery 
 at his own expense on the America, and 
 blazed away at intervals during the day, 
 the French flag being conspicuously dis- 
 played. 
 
 During the time the construction of the 
 A.merica was going on, Jones received intel- 
 ligence that the enemy were making great 
 exertions to have her destroyed. A guard 
 was accordingly mounted, of which Jones 
 frequently took command. Whale-boats 
 with muffled ours were often seen pulling 
 near the ship, but the attempt was never 
 made. 
 
 Jones's ardent aspirations for active ser- 
 vice were, however, again destined to be 
 disappointed, and another of those reverses 
 in his prospects which were his usual des- 
 tiny, overtook him. The French line-of- 
 battle ship Magnificjue, belonging to the 
 French squadron under the Marquis de 
 Vuudreuil, was lost in the harbor of Bos- 
 ton. This ship was engaged in aiding the 
 cause of this country, and Congress consid- 
 ered it but just that tl"- America should be 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 47 
 
 offered to the king as a token of friendship 
 and gratitude to supply the [)lace of the 
 lost frigate. Jones maintained his good 
 nature under this summary dispossession 
 in a very creditable manner, and won the 
 good opinion of Mr. Robert Morris, who 
 communicated the event to him. Jones 
 was unquestionably much chagrined by this 
 termination to his disagreeable labors at 
 Portsmouth, but like a true philosopher, he 
 assumed the appearance of content if he 
 had it not. 
 
 On the 5th of November, 1782, the 
 Amei'ica was launched, and was immedi- 
 ately delivered to the Chevalier de Mnr- 
 tigne, the commander of the Magnifique 
 when she was lost. Jones left on the Gth 
 for Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. Morris now pi'oposed to give Jones 
 the command of the South Carolina, a ship 
 in the service of the State of South Caro- 
 lina, which ho was endeavoring to obtain 
 for the service of Congress. The ship was 
 tlie Indien, which had been built by the 
 American companies at Amsterdam, and 
 which Jones was then to have been made 
 captain of. • The ship was transferred to 
 the French government but was soon 
 after lent to the Chevalier de Luxem- 
 bourg, who loaned -her to the state of 
 South Carolina on condition of receiving 
 one-fourth of the prizes made by her. 
 Commodore (iillon, who commanded the 
 small naval force employed by the State of 
 South Carolina, commanded this ship, and 
 after numerous captures put into Havana, 
 where he joined a successful expedition 
 against New Providence, closing his cruise 
 at Philadel[)hia. 
 
 Moms proposed to obtain this ship for 
 the service of Congress, and Jones again 
 seemed to have a fair chance for appearing 
 on the ocean under the flag of America. 
 Commodore Gillon was not disposed to 
 yield the command of sb fine a ship, and 
 sent her quietly to sea under another com- 
 mander. No sooner, however, was she 
 outside the Capes of the Delaware, than 
 shp was captured by the enemy, who had 
 three frigates watching for her. Thus was 
 
 Jones again disappointed in his hopes of 
 seeing active service. 
 
 He now conceived the idea of joining, as 
 a volunteer, the French fleet under the 
 command of the Marquis de Vaudrcuil, 
 which, in conjunction with the combined 
 Spanish and French fleets under Count do 
 Estaing, together seventy sail, meditated a 
 descent on the English possessions in the 
 West Indian seas. He obtained permission 
 of Congress to join the expedition. His 
 aspirations for seeing the evolutions of fleets 
 on a large scale were however disappointed. 
 The fleet Avas separated by a gale, and 
 when they re-joined at Porto Cabello, the 
 fixed rendezvous, the Spanish fleet had not 
 been heard of. In Porto Cabello they laid 
 until intelligence of the treaty of peace 
 being signed between England and America 
 was brought to them by a frigate from 
 France. Jones, whose passion was for 
 battle, could still rejoice over peace when 
 it humbled the sdi-disanl mistress of the 
 seas. He says : — 
 
 " The most brilliant success, and the 
 most instructive experience in war, could 
 not have given me a pleasure comparable 
 with that which I received, when I learned 
 that Great Britain had, after so long a con- 
 test, been forced to acknowledge the inde- 
 pendence and sovereignty of the United 
 States of America.'' 
 
 Jones, while lying in Porto Cabello, had 
 been very ill with intermittent fever, and 
 upon his return to Philadelphia, in May, 
 1783, he found it desirable to recruit his 
 health by retiring to the village of Beth- 
 lem, where he spent the summer. 
 
 He soon became tired of the tedium and 
 inactivity of a country life, and solicited 
 from Congress the appointment of pi-ize- 
 agent in Europe. A laige amount of prize- 
 money was due from France and Den- 
 mark to the ofllicers and crews of the ships 
 which had been under the cominand of 
 Jones, and those governments had thus far 
 shuflled out of the payment. This appoint- 
 ment he obtained, and sailed for France Id 
 the packet Wasliington, from Philadelphia. 
 Upon Jones's arrival in France, he was 
 
48 
 
 LIFIC AND ADVRNTURKS OF TAUI. JONKS. 
 
 rocu^nii/,od by Dr. FninUlIn iis llio duly 
 aiitlioriztul ii<;;oiil of fjovormndiit; for tlu^ 
 collection of pri/.e-inoiicy, iiiiii lio iiiuiuHli- 
 utoiy cntonni wilii liis clmnicloristic «MU)r<;y 
 upon llio (lulios oi' Ilia iip|u)iiitimMit. lie 
 was foriinilly ri^coivod by tlio niiiiisl,i>i", tli(^ 
 Miirochid do C!aslri{>s, who prosoiitod liiin 
 t(» llio kiuj;. His iiiiij(>Hly rocoivod liiiii 
 j^nuionsly. In llio businoss which ho caiiio 
 about, .fonos iiiado good pro|ii;ross, excopl- 
 ing in Iho material point: of f>;(>t,tinfr tho 
 iiioiioy. Tlio accounts wore audited, iind the 
 iiniounl: duo ascertained; but. the rMiances 
 of l''ranco wiwo not in a ravorabie position, 
 and every plausible riNison lor d»day was 
 taken advantago of. "^riieio wore some dis- 
 aj^reenieiits between French and American 
 ])rize-la\vs to be s(Utlod, and some hospital 
 char^HOS and espensos of maintainini; pris- 
 oners to be nef;ot,iatod away, beloi"o an ordei' 
 for tho money could bo obtained. .Jones, 
 although he had apparently a fondness for 
 thia kind of iait water, became at last out 
 of patience, and wrote a sharp reminder 
 to the minister, which brought an order on 
 iho royal auditor at JVOrieiit for the 
 money. Upon making his appearance at 
 .li'( )rieiit, fresh dilficulties were to bo over- 
 come. A merchant of lj'()ri(Mit, named 
 I'uchilberg, inado a. claim under a powor 
 of attorney given by the officers and crow 
 of the Alliance for thc^ir pri/,e-moiioy. At 
 last, after much negotiation and many pro- 
 tests on the part of ,1ones, llie I'unds werti 
 forthcoming, and in September, 1785, ho 
 received about ono hundred nud eighty-ono 
 thousand livros. In the division of this 
 .sum, .Jones retained for his own share, as 
 captain of tho llichard, thirteen thousand 
 livres, and for his oxp(Mis(\s whilt^ collecting 
 tho money, forty-eight thousand livres, 
 making a total of sixty-one tlu)usand livros; 
 leaving a balance of only one hundred and 
 twenty thousand livros to bo divitlod. 
 
 The balance of tho pri/.o-money .Jones 
 ])aid over to Mr. .Jelferson, who remitted it 
 to America. The French minister of 
 marino states that ho paid tifteen thousand 
 hvres to .Jones for tho crew of the Ivich- 
 ard. Thero is no such sum us thia in 
 
 JoiK^s's accounts, .lones's charges for ex- 
 penses and services have been considiHrcMl 
 (ixorbitani , but liis aitcounts were approved 
 by CongnvsH. .1 ones, with -his exrlieipier 
 \V(dl sup])lied, now entered on the plea- 
 sures of I'aris life. ller(^ ho fell in with 
 Ledyard, the cel(>in"att<d Iravelktr, and with, 
 liim project «h1 an extelisive trading voy- 
 age) to the ,1'acific, which failed for want of 
 funds, lie then (>nl.ered into a si)eculation 
 with Dr. IJaiicrofl in (|uercilroii bark, and 
 
 I'esunuMl his connection with Mad. '1^ , 
 
 by whom ho is siipposd to have had a son. 
 
 .loues now reiiiiiKMl to /Vmorica, when a 
 gold medal was votc'd him by Congress, "in 
 commemoration of iiis valor and brilliant 
 services while commanding a s(|iaKhon of 
 h'rench and Anuwlcan ships oli' the coast 
 of (Jreat Britain in the last war." He then 
 H)und it necessary to re-visit IOuro|)o for tlio 
 purpose of settling tho claims against Den- 
 mark for tho pri/.es of the Union, Uotsey 
 and Charming Folly, which had been sent 
 into l)(Mgen, and delivered up by the Danish 
 government to Kngland. The n(\gotiatioiis 
 between our minister in J'aris and the 
 government of Denmark had resulted in 
 nothing but vexatious delays, and Congress 
 directed the minister to send .Jones, if ho 
 thought i)roper, to present the claim in 
 p(^rson. On the ]llh t)f November, 1787, 
 .lones left America for the last time, in a 
 vessel bound to I lolland, which landed him 
 at Dover, wluMice he proceeded to JiOiakm, 
 where he hiul an interview with Mr. John 
 Adams. IJe then proceeded to l*aris, and 
 consulted with Mr. Jen'orson upon the busi- 
 ness in wliich lie was ongag(nl. And h(<ro 
 was commuiiicaidd to liim, by Mr. .Jelfer- 
 son, a piece of intidligence which changed 
 all his j)lans, and opened to his view a 
 career of honor and glory brilliant onougli 
 for his warmest aspirations. It ajipears 
 that in consequence of some disasters to 
 the Ivussian (loot in the IMack 8e,a, Mr. 
 .Siiuolin, the Russian ambassador at Paris, 
 had proposed to tho empress to submit the 
 command of the llt'ot to C'hevalier Faul 
 .lones. lie had written that "if her im- 
 perial luujcsty .should conlide to Jones tho 
 
1,11 r, ANn AnVKNTIIIlKS OF I'Ani, .lONKS. 
 
 49 
 
 rliiof (^nnimnnd of lior lloi"! in tlio liliick 
 S()n, willi (I ntrlf hl(mrli<\ lii^ wodid aii.sw(»r 
 lor il, tliiit. in losn llian ii ymr .hiiicrt would 
 niidu) ( 'oiistiiiilinopln 1 liMiiMo. Tlio pros- 
 jM!cl, of iiclivn iHiil ^lonoMH Hcrvico lliiis 
 ojii^ruMl l() .loiKvs, look iniiiicdinio posHUHHioii 
 ol' him ; and alllioiij^li Ik^ airoi-rnd lo hold 
 liiK-k, it was ovidoMl. thai, llio Itiiliianl, hail, 
 would pt'ovo irr(tNislJI)lo l,o Idni. I IIh moIo 
 olijdcl, appnarod now lo ho lo (iniHli ids 
 n(f<j;()lial iooH al: ( 'op(tnha;i;oii, atal iiurry on 
 to St. l*ol,(UHl)ur{;. llci roacliod (JopiMi- 
 haf^on on tlio dUi ol' Marcli, 17HH, and waw 
 rocoivod hy \\w royal luinily wiUi dintin- 
 ^uiHh<^d honors. Tlio no^otialion for l.ho 
 soliU'tnonI, of I ho pri/.o inatLor was oponnd, 
 hul; reKullod in nolhin^r, as tho Dainsh 
 ininiMl()r was inncdi -nioro ahlo al makinj!, 
 <ixc;us(?H and rauHinf.i; (hdays than in payinf^ 
 indoniiiilicH. (Jonscijuctiilly .lonos, in his 
 anxiiily lo hnk h Si. {'otorHhurfj;, vvaw very 
 williiif; t,o co-ojirwalci with iJio Danish 
 Hov(>rnni(nil, in havin;; llio nof^otinlion ro- 
 inovod to J'aris, wlioro IVIr. .Irll'iTson look 
 chnr^o ol" it. 
 
 Moiuiwhilo tho nof;otialion with ({nssia 
 was coiHduihsd, and .lonos, throngli J'aroU 
 Ivrnidniir, Iho Unssian ininistor ut (''o[>en- 
 hugoii, jccoivod noliiM) that hor inajosly 
 invitod him to [irocood ut «inco to courl, and 
 that kIio conlorri'd npon him IIk* ji^rado ol" 
 r.aptain-connnandnnt, (Ujiiivalont to inajor- 
 gcjiond in \\w army. Il<- was inloiniod 
 that lu) was to sorvo in tlio Ulac k Sua iindor 
 'J'rinco i'otomkin. .lonos was disHatisfmd 
 with iho grado olVon^d him, and dosinMl a 
 Roparate command, llo considitrod hiiriHoH' 
 entithid to tho j^iado ol" ri'ar-admiral, and 
 ondcMivoi'cd to iinpross npon Iho mind of 
 tbo iliJHsian minishM' that "a conjoint com- 
 mand is hurll'ul, and oltcn fatal in military 
 oporations. Thmo is no military man 
 who is Hoontindy master of his passions us 
 to kc(ip froo from joulousy and its conso- 
 quoncoson such occasions. JJoing an ontiro 
 strangf!!', 1 havo mor« to f«ar from a joint 
 authority than any oflicor in hor majosty's 
 Horvico." About this timo .lonos wroto to 
 Mr. .li'd'orKon that ho had decided to untor 
 the, [Iitssiaii :;crvi'c, hiil, prolcslcd ihril ])<> 
 
 should iiovor ronounco Iho i^loiions titin of 
 a cili/.oii ol" tho United Stat(<s ol' Am(«ri<'a. 
 I lo also endeavored to have (-'ongress give 
 liim I he rank ol" rear-admiral, hut failed. 
 rriidiiii; llin negotiatiuuH with tlio Danish 
 f^overimienl, the king settled upon .tones ii 
 pension of lifl(M'n hundred crowns \w\ an 
 num. This liheralilv. however, was not 
 very ex|)ensiv(V as there was nevt^r a ilollar 
 of it paid. 
 
 In April, I7HH, .lonos Irlt ( '(j|)enhagen, 
 and alier a dangerous passago acroHH tho 
 Ihdtii; in an open hoat, safely rea(died ll(5Vol, 
 having been at H(m lliur days. On his arri- 
 val at St. Petersburg, the !J.'!il of April, fold 
 stylo) he was pi'(!S('iited lo the empress by 
 Ihe |''rench minister, Count Sitgur, who 
 immediately confiMnMl upon hinithif nuiidi 
 desired grade of rear-admiral, .hauw at 
 once found hims(t|f surrounded liy all the 
 nobility and diHtinguished chnriicters at St. 
 Pelersburg anxious to do him honor. Mis 
 gi'eat \'nuw as a riaval hero had peiaM rated 
 even to that distant portion of tli(« glob)^ ; 
 and his romantic; (exploits, his (contempt of 
 danger, and the fact that he was basking in 
 the sunshine of the iMupr'ess' favor, drew 
 upon him id! eyes, h'or a I'ortnight he was 
 tint petlcrl lion of ihe court, feasltMl and 
 feled. Tim jealousy ol" other CoreignerH in 
 ihe Horvicti of the empress was aroused by 
 the (liillering nitenlions [aiid to .lr>nes, and 
 thirty Mnglish officers threatened to throw 
 up tluur commissions if associated with 
 him. This, however, does not »|»pear to 
 have int(!iTered with his prospects, ami just 
 before leaving lor the linad-(junrters of l*o- 
 teirdun, he re<;eivori tliH following letter, 
 in the hand-writing of the emprwss \my- 
 self:— 
 
 hriiiii tlic l':iiii)r''«M (/'iilliiiiiiK; lo Ki!u/ A()inirfil Taiji. 
 .)oNie«. 
 
 "Sir: A courier from I'aris has just 
 
 brouglit from my envoy ni I'" ranee, IM. do 
 
 Siinolin, the enclosed letter to ( Uanit IJes- 
 
 boiodko. As I believe that this letter may 
 
 help I o confirm to you what I have already 
 
 t(d<i you v(!rbidly, I have H«nt it, anri beg 
 
 you to roturri it, ns I liave not tivftn made a 
 
 copy bo taken, hu unxioufi ttn;i I thai yoi^ 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 should see it. 1 hope that it will efface 
 ail doubts from your mind, and prove to you 
 that you are to be connected only with 
 those who are most favorably disposed 
 towards you. I have no doubt but that on 
 your side you will fully justify the opinion 
 which we have formed of you, and apply 
 yourself with zeal to support the reputation 
 and the name you have acquired for valor 
 jind skill on the element in which you are 
 lo serve. Adieu. 
 
 " I wish you happiness and health, 
 
 '' Catherine." 
 
 The letter enclosed was as follows : — 
 
 Esti-act of the Letter from M. Simolin to Count de 
 Besborodko, enclosed in the above. 
 
 " The letter with which your excellency 
 favored me on the 16th of February, was 
 delivered by Mr. Polirauolf. By it I was 
 informed of the resolution of her imperial 
 majesty, on the subject of the engagement 
 with the Chevalier Paul Jones ; and the 
 same day Lieutenant-colonel de Baner, 
 who was des|)atched from St. J^lizabeth, 
 l)y Prince Potemkin, on the 9t,h March, 
 brought me two letters, the subject of one 
 of which wfis the said Chevalier Jones, 
 whom he requested me to induce to repair 
 to his head-quarters as quickly as possible, 
 that he might employ his taieuts at the 
 opening of the campaign ; and assure him 
 that in entering the service, he, (Potemkin,) 
 would do all that depended on him to make 
 Itis situation pleasant and advantageous, 
 and certainly procure for him occasions in 
 which he might display his skill and valor." 
 How he kept his word will Ijo seen here- 
 after. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Chkv.\lii;p» Jones left St. Petersburg on 
 the 7th of May, 1788, to join Prince Po- 
 temkin at St. Elizabeth. His salary was 
 fixed at eighteen hundred roubles (about 
 seventeen hundred and twenty-five dollars) 
 per annum. For his expenses and outfit 
 he received two thousand ducats. He 
 arrived at St. Elizabeth on ti?.e 19th. and 
 
 was well received by Potemkin. The de- 
 tails of his services, and the manner in 
 which they were requited, the difficulties 
 in which the envy and jealousy of his 
 brother officers involved him, and the even- 
 tual disgrace into which he fell with Potem- 
 kin and the empress are best given in his 
 own language. The journal was drawn up 
 for the perusal of the empress, and proper 
 allowance must be made by the reader for 
 the inevitable exaggeration which he must 
 have indulged in under the injustice and 
 persecution which he had endured, both as 
 a man and a commander. The journal is 
 much condensed from the original. 
 
 Journal of the Campaign of the Limcin in 
 1788, drawn up by Rear-Adndrai Paul 
 Jones, for the perusal of her Imperial 
 Majesly of all the Russias, and now first 
 jmblishedfrom his original Manuscript. 
 
 " At the opening of this campaign the 
 squadron of Cherson was obliged to remain 
 for two days in the road of Schiroque, till 
 the troops should embark which were to 
 form part of the crew. The prince of 
 Nassau was appointed commander of the 
 flotilla. 
 
 " On the 29th, the troops being all on 
 board, the squadron advanced, and led on 
 the flotilla, whicu lay scattered about at 
 anchor without any observance of order. 
 The squadron drew up opposite the first 
 village, to the left of the Bog, in an obtuse 
 angle, and thus commanded, by a cross-fire, 
 the only passage of the Liman. 
 
 " A battery having been raised upon the 
 point of Stanislaus, the prince of Nassau 
 expressed himself delighted with it, as in 
 case of necessity he might there find 
 shelter. 
 
 " In the meanwhile, Greneral Suwaroff, 
 commandant of Kinbourn, made the rear- 
 admiral resjjonsible for the safety of that 
 place ; while Brigadier Alexiano and the 
 prince of Nassau did ail that was possible 
 to make him distrustful of the means which 
 he possessed for attack or defence. 
 
 •' The squadron made a formidable ap- 
 pearance, but had little real strength. The 
 Wolodiraer and the Alexander were but 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 half-armed ; and both vessels were already 
 within ii few inches of touching the bottom, 
 so shallow is the Liman for vessels of war. 
 
 " On the 6th of June, at two in the 
 morning, the prince of Nassau advanced 
 with the greater part of the flotilla ; but 
 retired at daybreak before a very inferior 
 force. 
 
 " This inspirited the Turks so much, 
 that, during the night between the 6th and 
 7th, they threatened an attack. 
 
 " This proved a false alarm; the Turkish 
 fleet did not stir. 
 
 " The prince of Nassau came on board 
 the Wolodimer, and the rear-admiral pro- 
 posed to him to reconnoitre the enemy's 
 rieet and flotilla. As they advanced to- 
 gether, the first division of the Turkish 
 llotilla began to fire from their canoes, and 
 raised their anchors and rowed forward to- 
 wards our reserve, which they attacked 
 briskly. At the same time several corps 
 of Turkish troops advanced along the op- 
 posite bank, as if they intended to establish 
 a post or batteiy to act on our flank. The 
 combat having commenced, the i"ear-ad- 
 miral hastened along the lines, to issue or- 
 ders to the squadron, and above all, to make 
 the remainder of the flotilla, posted be- 
 fAveen the ships and upon the left wing, 
 advance. As soon as the capitan-pacha 
 perceived the manoeuvre of the rear-ad- 
 miral, he came forward himself in his kir- 
 langitch, having a very favorable wind, and 
 made the second division of his flotilla 
 advance. 
 
 " When the line led on by the rear-ad- 
 miral came to close fire with ihe enemy, 
 their liotilla was thrown into the utmost 
 confusion. Our reserve gave no further 
 way, and the enemy was placed Tinder a 
 cross-fire. The capitan-pacha availed him- 
 self of the only resource in his power ; 
 he set every sail to withdraw his force. 
 Two of his vessels were bui-nt in this affair. 
 The flotilla of the enemy was composed of 
 fifty-seven vessels, and we chased into the 
 middle of their fleet. 
 
 "The Turks remained quiet for some 
 time after thi«. The prince of Nassau, 
 
 who had scarce spoken one word during 
 the affair, save to make extravagant profes- 
 sions of regard for the rear-adiniral, now 
 began to give himself airs. 
 
 "By the lOth of June, the patience of 
 the capitan-pacha was exhausted. He 
 brought from Jiis grand fleet, without Kin- 
 bourn, two thousand picked men, to re-in- 
 forco the body under the walls of Oczakow ; 
 and being strengthened still further by the 
 troops of the garrison, he advanced with 
 his whole fleet and flotilla, and with a fair 
 wind, int,o the Liman, to attack and board 
 us. The shij) which bore one of the ad- 
 miral's flags, steered right towai'ds the 
 Wolodimer from the commencement of 
 the movement. When within three verstes 
 of us, or little more, this ship got aground, 
 and all the vessels which accompanied it 
 imiTiftdiately dropt anchor. 
 
 " The Vt'ind, which was rather fresh, 
 being against us, the only thing proposed 
 by the roar-adiniral that was found prac- 
 ticable, was to draw up our force in an ob- 
 tuse angle, by bringing forward the right of 
 the line upon the centre. At break of day, 
 the rear-admiral made signal, and the 
 whole squadron immediately set sail to 
 commence the attack on the Turks. 
 
 "The Turks got into confusion the in- 
 stant this manoeuvre was perceived. They 
 raised their anchors or cut their cables ia 
 the greatest precipitation, and not the 
 shadow of discipline remained in their 
 fleet. The rear-admiral made his ship 
 (the Wolodimer) be steered to within pis- 
 tol-shot of the vessel of the capitan-pacha, 
 but ihc latter again ran agi'ound upon a 
 sand-bank. A considerable time before this, 
 the squadron had been taken on the right 
 flank by the Turkish flotilla, drawn up on 
 the shallows, approaching the bank to the 
 east of Oc/.akow, and commanded by the 
 capitan-pacha himself. The capitan-pacha 
 had struck down one of our frigates named 
 the Little Alexander, by a bomb, at the 
 side of the Wolodimer. Our flotilla still 
 lagged behind, but it did at last advance. 
 Having passed through the squadron in the 
 greatest disorder, and without the least np- 
 
52 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 pearance of plan, instead of pursuing the 
 flying Turks, the llotilla swarmed round 
 the Turliish ships whicli were agx'ound like 
 a hive of bees. 
 
 " The rear-admiral commanded Briga- 
 dier Alexiano to get together some vessels 
 of our llotilla to dislodge the Turkish flotilla. 
 At the same moment the rear-admiral ad- 
 vanced in his boat towards the left wing, 
 where the prince of Nassau was with his 
 body of I'eserve, employed in firing on the 
 Turkish vessels already aground. The rear- 
 admiral entreated him to lead or send the re- 
 serve to act against the Turkish flotilla upon 
 our right flank ; but M. de Nassau remained 
 quietly behind his batteries, and made no 
 movement to dislodge the flotilla of the 
 enemy. 
 
 "The rear-admiral then met Brigadier 
 Corsacofl", to whom he gave orders similar 
 to those ho had given to M. Alexiano; and 
 tliese two officers having got together as 
 many vessels as they could collect, assisted 
 our frigates in dislodging and chasing the 
 Turkish flotilla even till under the walls of 
 Oczakow. 
 
 " The Turkish fleet was now distant. 
 The prince of Nassau was told that the 
 admiral's flag, which had been displayed 
 on the vessel of the capitan-pacha, was 
 struck down, and he hastily advanced to 
 claim it. The saporoses drew the flag 
 from the water, and the prince of Nassau, a 
 long while afterwards, had the glory (which 
 he turned to good account) of snatching it 
 from their hands. Brandcougles* had been 
 tJirown into the two Turkish vessels, and 
 they were burnt. 
 
 " Having fast sounded, the rear-admiral 
 made the squadron advance another verste, 
 and took jjost in a right line barely out of 
 shot of Oc/.akow. The fleet and flotilla of 
 tlie Turks now drew up a line pai'allel to 
 ours, and under the walls of Oczakow. 
 
 " Previously to taking command of the 
 squadron, the rear-admiral, as has been 
 
 * A note by Pmil Jones describes thoso incendiary 
 missiles as a kind of bomb-shells, pcrCorated with holes, 
 and tilled inside with combustible materials. They 
 Were fired Ironi a sort of pieces called Licorncs. 
 
 noticed, had gone to Kinbourn with the 
 Chevalier Ribas, brigadier du jour, to the 
 jirince-marshal, to reconnoitre the position 
 and force of the fleet and flotilla under the 
 capitan-pacha, and to examine the entrance 
 of the Liman. The rear-admiral was so 
 struck at finding the tongue of land at 
 Kinbourn without any battery or block-fort, 
 that ho instantly bi)oke of it to the com- 
 mandant, General Suwarofl'. This tongue 
 of land, from its position, commands the 
 only passage by which large vessels can 
 either enter or como out of the Liman. 
 After considerable delay, General Suwaroft' 
 was persuaded to establish a block-fort with 
 heavy cannon upon this tongue or point of 
 land, and a battery further within. 
 
 "On the night between the 17tli and 
 18th of .Tune, the capitan-pacha attempted 
 to bring the remains of his squadron, which 
 had been defeated on the previous day, out 
 of the Liman; but the newly-erected block- 
 fort and battery firetl on his ships, of which 
 nine of the largest were forced aground 
 upon the sand-bank which runs out from 
 Oczakow, till within a little way of cannon- 
 shot from the block-fort. 
 
 " The block-fort and battery fired on the 
 enemy's ships the whole night, and at day- 
 break General Suwaroff sent to us, re- 
 questing that we should send vessels to 
 take possession of those ships of the enemy 
 which had got aground. 
 
 " It was resolved to proceed with the 
 flotilla ; and Alexiano set out with the 
 prince of Na.ssau. The flotilla went pell- 
 mell, and witheut any sort of order or plan, 
 ujion the nine ships aground, and fired 
 brandcougles into them without mercy. It 
 was in vain the wretched Turks made the 
 sign of the cross, and begged for quarter on 
 their knees ! Above throe thousand of them 
 were burnt with their slii})s. 
 
 " The army of Piince Potemkin having 
 come up on the 27th of June, the prince of 
 Nassau had orders to attack and destroy or 
 capture the Turkish flotilla which lay under 
 the walls of Oczakow; and the rear-admiral 
 was commanded to give him every assist- 
 ance that might be useful. In pursuance 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 53 
 
 of these orders, on the Ist of July, at one 
 in the morning, the flotilla advanced. At 
 day dawn, our flotilla having advanced within 
 cannon-shot, opened fire upon the Turkish 
 flotilla, and on the place. 
 
 "At six in the niornine;, the rear-admiral 
 went himself considorai)ly in advance of 
 the flotilla to seize five of the enemy's 
 galleys which lay within case-shot of Fort 
 Hassan. The position of these galleys, 
 between the cross-fire of our flotilla on the 
 one side, and that of Fort Hassan, the 
 Turkish flotilla and Oc/akow on the other, 
 rendered this a very dangerous enterprise. 
 The rear-admiral boarded the galley whicli 
 lay furthest out, and made it be hauled in a 
 httle way by Lieutenant Left" Fabrician. 
 He afterwards boai'ded the galley of thecap- 
 itan-pacha, which lay considerably nearer 
 the fort. From unskilfulness, and excess of 
 zeal, a young officer cut the cable of this 
 galley without waiting the orders of the 
 rear-admiral, and before the boats could be 
 got in order to haul it out, the wind drifted 
 the galley towards the shore, and still 
 nearer to the fort. The rear-admiral made 
 the galley be lightened by throwing many 
 things overboard. After much search for 
 ropes that might stretch to the wreck of 
 the burnt frigate, and by fastening the galley 
 there, keep it afloat, the plan failed from 
 the ropes not being long enough. The 
 rear-admiral was very unwilling to yield to 
 the obstinate opposition of the Turks, who 
 fired upon him from their bastions and 
 from their flotilla, and he d(!spatched Lieu- 
 tenant Fox to tlie Wolodinier, to fetch an 
 anchor and cable. This was a certain 
 means of securing his object; and in wait- 
 ing the return of the lieutenant, he left the 
 galley with his people, and assisted in the 
 flotilla's advance. Before the return of 
 Lieutenant Fox, he had, however, the 
 mortification to see fire break out in the 
 galley of the capitan-pacha. He at first 
 believed that the slaves chained on board 
 had found means to escape, and set fire to 
 the vessel ; but he had aftenvards positive 
 proof that Brigadier Alexiano, being in a 
 boat at the time with the prince of Nassau, 
 
 on the outside of the flotilla, and being 
 aware of the intention of the rear-admiral, 
 swore that it should not succeed, and sent 
 a (jreek canoe to set fire to the galley ! 
 The three other Turkish galleys were at 
 once run down and burnt by brandcougles. 
 There were also a two-masted ship and a 
 large bomb-vessel burnt near Fort Hassan 
 Pacha The wretched l)eings, who were 
 chained in the galley of the capitan-p;icha, 
 perished there in the flames !" 
 
 CHAPTER VHL 
 
 Addition of Rear-Admiral Jones to the 
 preccdiuir Journal. Translated from Ike 
 French of the MS. volume, j)repared for 
 puhlicallon bij himself. 
 
 " TuK moment the ships began to with- 
 draw from Oc/.akow, the prince of Nassau 
 and Brigadier Alexiano hurried straight to 
 the head-quarters of the prince-marshal, to 
 relate the deeds which they pretended they 
 had performed. 
 
 " Two days afterwards, Brigadier Alexiano 
 returned on board the Woloditner, having 
 caught a inalignant ft^ver, of which he died 
 on the 8th of July. On the day preceding 
 the death of Alexiano, he had received 
 intelligence of having been promoted two 
 grades; and that her majesty had bestowed 
 on him a fine estate, and peasants, in Whit© 
 Russia. 
 
 " At the same time the prince of Nassam 
 had received a very valuable estate, with 
 three or four tliousrind peasants, also in 
 White Russia, and the Military Order of 
 St. George, of the second class. Her 
 majesty likewise gave him liberty to hoist 
 the flag of vice-admiral on the taking of 
 Oc/.akow. I received the order of St. 
 Anne, an honor with which I am highly 
 flattered, and with which 1 could have been 
 perfectly satisfied, had others been recom- 
 {)ensed only in the same proportion, and 
 according to the merit of their services. 
 All the oflficers of the flotilla received a 
 step of promotion and the gratuity of a 
 
54 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTUUKS OF PAUL JONKS 
 
 year's piiy. The greater part of ihoin also 
 obluiiied the Order of Si. (Joori^e, of the 
 last class. The oflicers of the squadron 
 under my coa»nand were almost wholly 
 nuirhie officers. They had done their duty 
 well wlien opposed to the oneuiy ; but thoy 
 olita'med no jn-oniotion, no mark of dislhic- 
 tion, no pecimiary reward. 
 
 " My officers at this time gave me a very 
 gratifying proof of their attachment. On 
 ])romising that 1 would demand justice for 
 them from the prince-marshal at the close 
 of the campaign, tliey stided their vexation, 
 and made no complaint. 
 
 " It ought to have been mentioned in the 
 I)roi)er place, that three days after our suc- 
 cess in the Liman, Prince Polemkin ar- 
 rived at Kinbourn, from whence he came 
 on board the Wolodimer to make me a 
 visit. His highness did mo the honor to 
 remain to dinner ; and as ho knew that an 
 altercation had taken place between the 
 l)rince of Nassau and myself on the morn- 
 ing of the 18th of .Tune, he had the good- 
 ness to employ the I'rince do Ligne, and 
 M. Littlepage, chamberlain to the king of 
 Poland, to persuade the prince of Nassau 
 to make an apology. I accepted it with 
 sincere pleasure. 
 
 "His liighness the prince-marshal now 
 made his troops advance. They passed 
 the Bog, and aj)peared in sight of us, on 
 the banks of the Liman, on the xJ7tii of 
 June ; and next morning the capitan-pacha 
 made his grand fleet, which had alwaj's re- 
 niained at anchor twenty or thirty verstes 
 without Kinbourn, weigh anchor, and di- 
 rected his course towards the entrance of 
 the Danube, carrying three adiuiral's (lags, 
 and followed by nil the vessels that had 
 escaped us in the Liman. 
 
 " The fleet of the capitan-pacha having 
 sailed on the 26th of June, had a rencoun- 
 ter with that of Sevastopole, which had 
 come out some days before ; but the Turk- 
 ish fleet being much stronger tlnm that of 
 Russia, the latter (led, and had the good for. 
 tune to get back to Sevastopole without loss- 
 " After the aflair of the 18th of June, the 
 
 days at anchor between Kinbourn and the 
 block-fort ujjon the tongue ol land. 
 
 " Being at Kinbourn on the 28th of June, 
 General Suwurolf spoke to me of the un- 
 pleasant circumstance of not being able to 
 cut olf the communication between Ocza- 
 kow and Beresano. 1 placed throe frij;ates 
 there. During the short time they were 
 there they took two Turkish armed cha- 
 lonpes and a batteau laden with powder and 
 shot ; and cut o(f the enemy's counnunica- 
 tion between Oczakow and Beresane. 
 
 " The prince-marshal had not boon satis- 
 fied with the conduct of the (lotilia in the 
 adair of attacking Oc/.akow on the 1st of 
 July, which was cionductod in a very ir- 
 regular manner, and at too great a distance. 
 "On the lOlh of July the ]ninco-marshal 
 sent the prince of Nassau to Sevastopole, to 
 learn if the squadron had been much dam- 
 aged in the rencounter with the Turkish 
 fleet. 
 
 "On the 11th 1 was ordertnl to insjiect 
 the entrance of the Liman. 1 inunediately 
 went to Kinbourn to have an understai\ding 
 with General Suwarotf and the Brigadier 
 do Ribas. Though the brigadier had been 
 incessantly occupied since the departure 
 of the prince of Nassau in bringing the 
 crews of the flotilla to some sort of order, 
 he had not yc^t completed tliis task. This 
 retarded the embarkation of the troops des- 
 tined for the descent on Beresane till the 
 IGth. The prince-marshal was so umch 
 displeased with this delay, that on the 17th 
 he gave orders to land the troops, that they^ 
 miglit join his iirmy before Oczakow, and 
 that the flotilla should again pass into the 
 Liman, as well as the frigates I had posted 
 for the blockade. 
 
 " On the afternoon of tho 17th the prince- 
 marshal proposed to give me the command 
 of the flotilla. His highness informed me 
 his intention was to have Oczakow at- 
 tacked a second time. lie requested me 
 to come ashore next day, that we might 
 concert togetlu>v the plan of attack. 
 
 "1 did not fail to comply witli the orders 
 of the prince-marshal, but his highness 
 
 greater part of our flotilla remained several j spoke no more of the flotilla. 
 
LlEl'; AND ADVENTL'llF.ti Of TALL JONf.S. 
 
 5a 
 
 " The piinco of NasHtiu liiivitig rol uriiiHl, I nmir-ii(l»iiiinil Wo^iiowitcli Id sail from 
 luid intrigued willi Uio Princd do ijigiie ; I .SovastopDlo willi iho fleot undor his corn - 
 and the prince-inurHhid rcslDitid liiin to L}i*! iniind, iititl t.liut oi'l'icvv having riUHod obHlii- 
 
 commund of llio /lotiilu. 
 
 " On tlie iilst, nt duyljicak, 1 siiilod with 
 the Wolodinior, follower] by ull tlie vessels 
 of tho Hfjuaihon tliat yol roinainod with 
 rnc, and twnly-fivo anni^d hualn and bornl)- 
 vesMcds tiiat liad Ix-on piacrsd utidor my com- 
 mand. The oljjf'cl oi' lliin movomont was 
 again to hlockad*; Oczakow by sea, and to 
 cut off the communication between that 
 place and Beresune. To accomplish this 
 object, I stationed tho Wolodimer and the 
 Alexander to blockade tho cliannol at the 
 entrance of the Liman, and I continued tlici 
 same line of blockade into the road, by 
 placing the smaller vesselH the/e. 
 
 "On the 31st of July, the capitan-pacha 
 again made his appeaninco with his Heel, 
 followed by several vessels which he had 
 not when lie wont ofl". His advanced 
 guard, composed of his frigates, bomb-ves- 
 aels, and small craft, cast anchor near iJo- 
 rosane, whilst liis larj^o squadron of sliips-of- 
 the-line resumed tlieir old position. The 
 prince-marshal ordered mo to bring back 
 my small vessels to assist in blocking up 
 the passage of the Liman ; and the prince 
 of Nassau was ordered to block up the road 
 with liis flotilla. 
 
 " The prince of Nassau hoisted a vice- 
 
 cles because his force was not, he conceived, 
 powerful enough to attack that under thw 
 command of the capitan-pacha, his high- 
 ness sent nu! a letter, written by his chief 
 s(icretaiy, Uii^^adier Pr^polf, on tho l!)lh <»i" 
 August, (old slyl(!,j projiosiiif;; that I should 
 go 1o Sevaslopole to take command of tho 
 fleet. Had the prince-marslial ordered me 
 to go, I would have [jroceeded immediately, 
 but I could not seem as if I sought to bo 
 sent. I i"e))lied, in answer to his letter. 
 that being entirely devoted to the good of 
 the state, his highness would find me eager 
 to fulfil liis orders. 
 
 "On the :5()lh of August the Turks took 
 a small lodka, freighted with water-melons, 
 belonging to tho merchants of Kinbouru, 
 In coming down tho Limau the people on 
 board liad boon foolish enough to pass t<j(» 
 close to Oc/akow. 
 
 "To ^ jjuni.sk the Tarlcs^ for this, tho 
 j)rince of Nassau, at evening, made his 
 flotilla arlvance to assault Oc/akow I 
 
 " 1 sent my secretary to liead-quartei-s. 
 and in the meanwhile assembled tho com- 
 manders of divisions of my gun-boats, anil 
 bomb-vessels, and ordered them to bring 
 forward fheir divisions, and foi'in in line of 
 battle between the squadron and Oc/,ukow, 
 
 admiral's flag, on one of the galleys in ready to attack tim Fort Hassan Paclai thi 
 
 coming out of the Liman, and that galley 
 having passed under tho stern of the Wolo- 
 dimer on tlie 1st of August, he assumed 
 that I ought to have saluted him as vice-ad- 
 miral. 
 
 "The capitan-pacha came out from day 
 to day, to sound and reconnoitre, in his 
 kirlangitch, which sailed like tlie wind, and 
 always displayed an admiral's flag. As the 
 block-fort and tho battery on the tongue of 
 land at Kinbourn were only constructed of 
 
 moment ordcu's sliould arrive. 
 
 " The prince of NiLssau, wlio had very 
 idly wasted a great deal of ammunition, pi-e- 
 tended that my boats had prevented him 
 from taking the whole Turklsli flotilla ! 
 
 " A few days after this, the |)rince-mar- 
 shal M(;iit Rear-admiral Mordwiiioflonboai I 
 tlu! Wolodimer, to assemble all tlie captains 
 and master pilots of the sipiadron to hold it 
 council on the means of efl'ecting a junction 
 between the squadron of Cherson and the 
 
 bags of sand, and were neither protected by i fleet of Sevastopole. It was a delicate stejk 
 ditch nor palisade, I was afraid that the in relation to me, to send another officer 
 capitiiri-pacha might try to carry them by on board my sliip to hold a council. If I 
 a sudden descent, which he could havi; \ had been stickling, 1 would have put this 
 
 done by landing five hundred men. 
 
 officer liudor arrest, but as 1 was influenced 
 
 "The prince-marshal having ordered I by the good of the service above evejy 
 
5G 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 personal consideration, I received Admiral 
 Mordwinoff most amicably. Many diffi- 
 culties presented themselves to their minds 
 against the proposed junction ; but as it was 
 known that the prince-marshal was deter- 
 mined on the measure, it was agreed that 
 it could not be effected but at Hagdge-ba5% 
 upon the coast, between Beresane and the 
 Danube, at the distance of fifty verstes* 
 from the point of Kinbourn. 
 
 " During this time her imperial majesty 
 had sent twenty-four gold-mounted swords 
 to head-quarters, to be distributed among 
 the officers on account of the battle of the 
 Liman. The prince-marshal himself re- 
 ceived a gold-moimted sword, enriched with 
 diamonds and emeralds ; and tlie prince of 
 Nassau got one ornamented with a row of 
 diamonds. There were a number of silver 
 medals sent at the same time to be dis- 
 tributed among the soldiers and seamen. 
 The swords had not yet been distributed, 
 t)i3t the medals were all given to the men 
 of the flotilla, and not one to any man in 
 the squadron. 
 
 "On the 18th of September I received 
 a secret order from the prince-marshal to 
 attack the advanced-guard of the enemy, 
 anchored under Beresane. His highness 
 jiroposed to make the attack with the five 
 i'rigates which had been sent to (Jlouboca 
 to be mounted as batteries. 
 
 " I replied in writing to the proposition 
 of the prince-marshal for attacking the ad- 
 vanced guard of the Turks near Beresane, 
 and afterwards made a plan of attack be 
 drawn out for his inspection. He was 
 jnuch ])Ieased with it. 
 
 " In the end of the month, the Turkish 
 fleet set sail in the night followed by all the 
 vessels that had lain under Beresane ; nor 
 did we perceive it till late the next morn- 
 ing. The capitan-pacha returned in about 
 thirty-six hours, and resumed the position 
 lie had left. 
 
 " The flotilla being to leeward, between 
 my squadron and Kinbourn, on the 8th of 
 October, the capitan-pacha sent ofl' in the 
 evening three vessels of his advanced guard, 
 
 ■* A verste is equal to 3,500 English feet. 
 
 which entered Oczakow unmolested, by an 
 open passage. Our flotilla made no move- 
 ment. Our batteries nearest to Oczakow 
 fired on the three Turkish vessels, but 
 without being able to arrest their progress. 
 
 " One of the Turkish ships had the folly 
 to cast anchor in the shallo^vs of Fort Has- 
 san Pacha ; and at daybreak on the 9th, 
 being within shot of our most advanced 
 land-battery, was struck between wind and 
 water, and run down ; the other two vessels 
 got in without difficulty. 
 
 " On the 9th of October the flotilla ad- 
 vanced from the shores of Kinbourn, and 
 attacked Oczakow ; but this attack was 
 conducted and ended in the very same 
 manner as that of the 30th of August. 
 
 " On the 10th of October I received 
 another preparatory order ; and soon after- 
 wards was ordered to give up all my gun- 
 boats to the flotilla. Towards evening I 
 went to head-quarters to ascertain what 
 was to be done regarding these boats. The 
 prince-marshal at this time told me he had 
 the strongest desire to see pitched overboard 
 a large piece of artillery placed on the fore- 
 part of the vessel of the Turkish flotilla that 
 stood furthest out, and which had run 
 aground. 
 
 " It was night when I tuidertook this 
 little enterprise. As I did not imagine the 
 prince-marshal attached so much import- 
 ance to it as to wish that I should conduct 
 it in person, I confided it to Lieutenant 
 Edwards, a brave and an intelligent man, 
 whom I wished to requite for past service. 
 
 "iMr. Edward)^ returned before daybreak, 
 without having succeeded. I was vexed 
 that he had failed ; and in my report to the 
 prince-marshal I said that I would conduct 
 the enterprise myself next night, if that 
 would satisfy him. 
 
 " The prince-marshal held me at my 
 word ; but it was eleven at night when Mr. 
 Edwards returned with the order. The 
 wind, which was high, was quite against 
 me, as well as a strong tide ; and I would 
 have deferred the attempt, if I had not con- 
 ceived my honor pledged. The night was 
 very dark, and the rain fell in torrents. I 
 
LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 57 
 
 waited till two o'clock, when the moon 
 rose. I rowed for the vessel nearest the 
 fortress, which carried a large cannon in 
 her bow ; but, after liaviiitr fatigued my 
 rowers, I was vexed to see duylight appear, 
 whilst I had still moi'e than a verste to go 
 before I could reach the vessel. 1 returned 
 on board my own ship, to prevent an alarm, 
 intending to renew the attempt next night. 
 
 " Without waiting to receive my report, 
 the prince-marshal sent me orders ' to 
 abandon the enterprise, for he had en- 
 trusted it to other ships.' There was fine 
 weather on the night between the l'2th and 
 13th, but the ' other ships' did nothing ; and 
 the Turks availed themselves of an open 
 way to bring out all their flotilla, which re- 
 joined the ships of the advanced guard 
 under Beresane. 
 
 " On the 13th the princo-marsliul wished 
 to establish a permament line of blockade 
 in the road, by placing my frigates there, 
 and some other vessels. He wrote me a let- 
 ter which strongly affected me, and to which 
 I replied next day, with perhaps rather too 
 much freedom and warmth.* This occa- 
 sioned an interchange of letters, which was 
 only terminated on the 18th by the arrival 
 of Admiral Mordwinofl', to take command 
 of the squadron and the flotilla ; for the 
 prince of Nassau had set oft" for Warsaw 
 some days after his affair of the 9th, with 
 which the prince-marshal had been much 
 dissatisfied. I at the same time received 
 orders from her imperial majesty to go to 
 St. Petersburg to be employed in tlie 
 North Sea. 
 
 " Having reflected that the season was 
 too far advanced to render my services ne- 
 cessary in the North Sea before the follow- 
 ing year, I wrote to the prince-marshal, 
 offering to continue my services till the end 
 of the campaign. He made his secretary. 
 M. Popoff, write me, that since I was re- 
 called by the order of the empress, it was 
 necessary I should obey. 
 
 " I was, however, invited to head-quar- 
 
 * This letter, taken in connexion with the circum- 
 stances which preceeded it, was the ultimate cause of 
 the di^mifiBal of Paul Jones before the campaign ended. 
 
 ters to take leave, and to receive a letter 
 from the prince-marshal for her imperial 
 majesty. As I was much interested per- 
 sonally, and still more so in relation to my 
 officers, I after dinner spoke freely, and 
 told M. Po[)otr all that was on my mind. 
 This gentleman repeated all I said to the 
 prince-marshal. He was offended at first, 
 but afterwards sent for me to talk with him. 
 Without failing in the respect due to him, 
 I spoke very freely. I told him he had 
 played an unfair game at the opening of the 
 campaign in dividing the command in the 
 Liman in the existing circumstances of the 
 country ; and that, if I had not resolved to 
 sacrifice my own feelings in order to man- 
 age the persons he had given me for col- 
 leagues the cam[)aign would liave taken a 
 very different turn. Ho confessed it, but 
 said it was too late to think of this now. 
 He then said he would be glad to see me 
 fixed in Russia, and that he was disposed 
 to give me solid proofs of his esteem, both 
 now and in future. I entreated that he 
 would consider the services of my officers, 
 atid give tliem the seniority they had lost 
 by the promotion of those officers of the 
 flotilla wlio did not belong to the naval 
 service. 
 
 " On the 4th of November, the capitan- 
 pacha having withdrawn his advanced guard, 
 in the night, set sail in the morning with 
 his whole force, entering first Varna, and 
 afterwards Constantinople, with every ship 
 of-the-line he had at the oi)ening of the 
 campaign. 
 
 " Having given the officers under me 
 such testimonials as they merited, I em- 
 barked on the morning of the 9th of No- 
 vember, in a small open galley for Cherson. 
 I was three days and three nights on the 
 way, and suftered a great deal from the 
 excessive cold. The day after my arrival 
 the river was frozen in, and I was taken 
 dangerou.sly ill. My health was not suffi- 
 ciently re-established to enable me to pro- 
 ceed before the Gth of December. Having 
 arrived at St. Elizabeth, I received intel- 
 ligence that Oczakow had been taken by 
 storm on the Cth. The garrison was 
 
3o 
 
 LIFK AM) ADVKNTURKS OK TALL .lONKS. 
 
 •♦Mevcri ihousanrl stronj^, incliulin^ tlio lliro(! 
 tliouaiiml that the cupitun-pac.hii had thrown 
 into the place b(;l'oro ho saildd. 15ut tho 
 cold had hecorno «txtrein(), and tho llussian 
 arn»v hoiii^ rorniod in six colunnis to attack 
 tiio pliico at diiy-dawn, tho Turks woro 
 coni[)loti'iv tidu n l)y sur()ri.so, and, i)ocom- 
 mjj, panic-struck, sull'cred thenwolvos to ijo 
 throUlod like as many slieep. In tlie iury 
 of tho assault tho Russian sokhers spared 
 nothinji;. 1 Jiavo boon assured, tliat from 
 «ifi;lit('en t<t ninetoon thousand Turks per- 
 ishod on tliat diiy ! 
 
 " 1 arrived at St. J'clorshuru; on tho ^Btli 
 of Decemljor, and was ordorcd to ai)i)oar at 
 court on tho ;!]st, whc^n hor imporial 
 majesty did mo tho honour of j^ranting mo 
 11 private audience. A few days afterwards 
 tiio (Mupress sent me word, through Count 
 de JJmitiijow-Mann)now, that slio must 
 wait tiio arrival (>!' I'rinoe Potomkin before 
 deciding on what was to bo done regarding 
 mo. fn the meanwhile (Jount Besborodko 
 told me, that a connnand of greater impor- 
 lunco was intended for me than that of tho 
 Black Soa. 
 
 " I received a letter from the minister of 
 the IJniteil States (to tho court of Versail- 
 les,) (lilted i'aris the L'.'Jd of March, 17H!), 
 which iiegan by telling mo, that a letter he 
 had received from me, dated at St. I'eters- 
 burg, tlie .3 1st of .January, vas llieonl;/ proof 
 my fiicndu had of mi/ cxislence since 1 had 
 Up. Coi)(nh(t.<j;en. If I had played the part 
 of a cipher in tho campaign of the Ijiman it 
 was for tho lirst time*. I either deserved to 
 lose my head, or tho history of the opera- 
 tions on tho Lillian, wliicli had been got up 
 in St. Petersburg during tho winter, and 
 which I saw with astonishment in the office 
 of M. PopolV, merited to bo burnt. I 
 assort, that it was falsilied oven to the most 
 triding circnmstiinces. 
 
 " I have acted a public and distinguished 
 ])art for lifteen yeiu's among an enlightened 
 people, where tlie press is free, and whore 
 the conduct of every man is open to discus- 
 sion, and subjected to tho judgment of his 
 i'ellow-citi/,ons. No man can jilay tho hypo- 
 crite during so long a period in a career so 
 
 trying as was mine. If was natural for tho 
 prince of Nassau and JJrigadier Alexiano to 
 bo my enemies, for they only sought their 
 own advantiige ; and Prince Potomkiii, who 
 knew bettor, did wrong to place me in com- 
 petition with tliem ; but I cannot conceive 
 how it hiippeiKul that 1 had around Prince 
 Potemkiii other enemies as powerful as 
 they were malicious. I onglit to have 
 found only friends in Russia, for I liave 
 served that empire faitydully and well. 
 The manner in which Prince J'otonikia 
 has changed in regard to me, since the 
 commencement of the war, exceeds all 
 imagination. While \w sufiposed that my 
 services would bo an acquisition in directing 
 tho maritime operations against the Turks, 
 tlio Admirals Mordwinolf and Woinowitch 
 entirely lost his confidence as officers ; and 
 it is evident that Woinowitch had not re- 
 gained it on tlie lOtli of August, when it 
 was proposed that I should go to Sevasto- 
 polo to take command of the fleet. When 
 1 had the misfortune to offend Prince Po- 
 temkiii by the freedom of my letter of tho 
 14th of October, he sent several couriers, 
 o\w after another, entreating that Admiral 
 Mordwinolf would take command of the 
 squadron, which the latter only at last accep- 
 ted on condition of receiving cdrir. hlanchc, 
 and insisted that the prince should not inter- 
 fere in any arrangements he thought fit to 
 make. 
 
 "I have mentioned that tlio Dnieper was 
 fro/.on over the day after my arrival at 
 Cherson, in consequence of wliicli tlko 
 s(|uadroii and Hotilla were placed in danger, 
 from not liaving been |)ro|)erly secured (lor 
 tho season,) al'lor the departure of the ciipi- 
 tan-jiacha. I understood that some of tlie 
 vessels were lost in the Liniaii, and that 
 tlio Wolodimor, to save herself, was obliged 
 to risk the jiassagci to Sovastopolo without a 
 good part of hor ballast. 
 
 " IJriefly — in a few days after my depar- 
 ture from Cherson, Admiral Monlwinoll" 
 was disgraced and sent from tho service, 
 whilst Admiral Woinowitch, wlio had mar- 
 ried tlio daughter of alexiano, was placed 
 at the head of the Admiralty, vvltli tho 
 
lAVV. AND ADVKNTIlliivS OK VWl. JONKo. 
 
 r>o 
 
 thief, comniiim] of Iho (locit, utid Iho cntini 
 confifloiico of Prince Potoinkin. 
 
 " 'l^lio «MTi|)in8.s will do mkj Uih juHtiro to 
 remornlior, lliiit wlioh I (in1on«l her Hoivice 
 1 (lid iiol: say (iiio word ropirdirij; my por- 
 aorml iiilorosts. I liuvo jihouI too iioldo Ibr 
 that; and it' my iioart liad not hcon d(^volod 
 to hor maj(!Hty, I would novor Imvo diawn 
 my sword in lior cauHO. 
 
 " I liiid tlio liappinoHH to ho lovod hy iny 
 offjcHrs and men, because J trcsalod lliom 
 justly, and sot thorn ti j;ood oxiiinplo in 
 fif^ht. Alloi" I coasfMl to cormnand, tliouf^li 
 the campaign only lasted a lew days, tlio 
 seatnon soon ("ouiid the diU'erenco, 'J'lioy 
 «aid thf?y liad lost th(jir liilher ; tlic^y were 
 immediately served with bad provisions. 
 
 " 1 have already noticed, t:hat Prineo J'o- 
 temkin had promised, in presence of Ad- 
 miral Mordvvinod!', lo advance the odicors 
 und(!r my command, anrl to restore to tiiom 
 tlia seniority they had lost liy the pi'omotion 
 of tlie officers of the llotilia ; but I have 
 learnt with much pain that he has not kept 
 his word, and that in conse(|uenco my 
 officers, to the number of lifty, hav(» de- 
 manded their dissmission. Not on(i of 
 them oirered to resij^ii while 1 held coin- 
 mand. Admiral VVoinowilch liavirif^ re- 
 presented lo IVince PotcMokin tliat without 
 these oflifeis the fleet was useless, he was 
 cojn|)e!led to advance the/n all. 
 
 " It is painful, for the honor of huinan 
 nature, to reflect on liow many malevolent 
 and deceitful persons surround the ^rcjat, and 
 puiticularly crowned heads. 1 speak from 
 my own unliappy exj)erience. .Some pr<r- 
 sons had the, inalice t(j make, Princf! Poti^n- 
 kin bel)(ive that I made unhandsome stric- 
 tures on his military conduct, and ridiculed 
 his manner of conducting the siege of Oc- 
 zakow. I have heard a grout deal said 
 on this subject, and 1 am aware that it ex- 
 cited considerable, discontent in the army. 
 I was told, during my illness at (Jheison, 
 that a tlioustuid of his olhceis had de- 
 manded tljeir dismission; but 1 defy any 
 one to say to my face that I ever allowed 
 myself to criticise his operations. 
 
 " 1 liave been deeply injured by those 
 
 s(vret machinations in the opiinon of llio 
 empress. IMy enemies havtj IimiI the wick 
 edness to make her believe liiat i was a 
 crud and hriU(d man ; and that I had, 
 during the American war, r.frn ktllcd wy 
 own rir/)li./:ir ! 
 
 ♦' I have heard, tlial, at the |(eriod of my 
 entering the Russian service, the Knglish 
 in St. Petersburg cjied out agJiinst me, 
 and asserted tlml I hud been a (rontralmnd 
 trader. All the world knows that men of 
 liiis description are actuated entirely by 
 avarice ; and every one to whom I liavo 
 the honor to be known is aware that 1 a to 
 one of the least selfish of mankind. 
 
 '• 1 never liad a tm|)lHnv, nor any otln r 
 relation, umler my i;i(iiioiaM(l. Jlapfiily 
 tliest* liu;t,s are known in America, and 
 they prove how cruel and harsh I am. I 
 have one dear nephew, who is still too 
 young for service, but who now pursues his 
 Htudi(,'s. Sinc<» 1 came to Russia I iiave 
 int(!nded liim for tljo itnperial marine;. In- 
 stearl of imbruing my hands in his blood, he 
 will bo cherished as my son. 
 
 " In short, my conduct has obtained Wir 
 mo the retu/'ns most grateful to rny heart. 
 I have had the hajjpiness to give univcirsal 
 satisfaction to two great and enlightened 
 nations wliich I have served. 
 
 " Since J am found too frank and toosin- 
 cei-e to rruike my way at the court of ilu»- 
 sia, without creating powoiful enemies, I 
 have philosophy cjnough to withrlraw into 
 the peaceful bosom of friondsliip; but, as i 
 love virtue b(!tt,er than reward, and as my 
 greatest ambition is to jMosftrve, even in the 
 shades of' retreat, the precious liivor of the 
 empress, J may tell her majesty, that even 
 in the mindst of my persecutions, my mind 
 was occupied by plans for iho essential ad- 
 vancement (jf her service, of wliich 1 gave 
 some idea to her minister in .June last, 
 (17B!J.) 
 
 " liri(;fly, 1 am satisfied with mysfdf ; and 
 I have the happiness to know, that though 
 my enemies inay not bo converted infi) 
 liiends, my name will ncvertheh^ss bo al- 
 ways respected by worthy men who know 
 mo; and it is Uj me a satisfaction and a 
 
«;() 
 
 LIFF, AND ADVENTURFS OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 si<i;nal t.r'mmpli lit: Uio iiioirKMitofmy leaving 
 liussiii, that l.lio puhlic, and oven the Knj;- 
 lisli in St. l'ot(!isl)m;j;, with whom 1 had 
 no connexion, have now chuni;e(l their sen- 
 timents in regard to me, {^ive me their 
 esteem, and regret my departure. 
 "St. Pctei-Blmrs, '.27th ol July, ViW." 
 
 CIIAPTEIl IX. 
 
 .loNKS, althongh lie was pcrmitled to have 
 an audiences of the enii)rcs.s wlien lie re- 
 turned to St. Petersburg, nnist still be 
 considered a.s having returned in disgrace. 
 With Poteinkin for his enemy, no man 
 could hof)e to retain the favor of the em- 
 press ; for him on whom the sovereign be- 
 .stows no smiles the courtiers and hangers 
 on of a court have nothing but cold greet- 
 ings, .lones, however, did not perhaps .see 
 his real position, and in the hojje of the ful- 
 filment of the delusive jirtnuisos of employ- 
 ment, continued to submit i)rojects to the 
 Count do ]{esborodUo. A blow, however, 
 was about to de.scend u|H)n him, the con- 
 se(|uenco8 of which nuist bo his virtual dis- 
 missal from the Russian service. A con- 
 
 temkin does not appear, but it may be easify 
 supposed that he was very willing the affair 
 should go on. In Count Segur, however, 
 .lones found a fearless and generous de- 
 fender, lie was at St. Petersburg, and 
 with the chivalric character of his nation, 
 would not sulfer in silonccv, this attempt to 
 ruin a brave? num. In his memoirs ha 
 says :— 
 
 " Paul .Tones, a sharer in \\ui victories of 
 the prince of Nassau, had riilurned to St. 
 ]'el-()r!?bui'g; his enemies, imiii)le to bear 
 the triumph of a man whom they treated 
 as a vagabond, a relxd, and a corsair, re- 
 solved to destroy him. 
 
 "This atrocity, which ought to bo impu- 
 ted to some envious cowards, was, I think, 
 very unjustly attributed to the Knglisli 
 orticers in the Russian navy, and to the 
 mendiants who were their countrymen. 
 These, in truth, did not disguise tlieir ani- 
 mosity against Paul Jones; but it would 
 be luijust to alTix upon all a base intrigue* 
 wliich was, perhaps, but the work of two 
 or three persons, who have continued un- 
 known. 
 
 " M'he American rear-admiral was favor- 
 ably welconuid at court ; often invitod to 
 dirmer by the empr(\ss, and received with 
 
 spiracy was formed to ruin Jones in the 
 
 estimation of the empress by charging him ! distinction into \\w best society iti the city; 
 
 with a criminal assault upon a young girl, on a .sudden, (Catherine commanded him to 
 
 Jones indirectly charges this attempt to do- appear no more in her presence. 
 
 stroy him to JMiglish infhuMice, but although " He was informed that ho was accused 
 
 tliis is possible, and Knglisli writers have ()f an infamous crime ; of assaulting a young 
 
 admitted that Jones's dismissal was the re- 
 sult of Knglisli induence, yet there were 
 doubtless Russians about the court, who, 
 to curry favor with Poteinkin, were ready 
 to do any infamous thing to ruin the man 
 upon whom the (ickle and tyrannical empress 
 no longer looked with favor. Jones was 
 foibidd(m to a])i)ear at court, and the cour- 
 
 irl of fourteen, of grossly violating her: and 
 that probably, alter some prtdiminary in- 
 formation, he Would be tried by the courts 
 of admiralty, in which there were many 
 Knglisli oHicers, who were strongly preju- 
 diced against him. 
 
 " As soon as this order was known, every 
 one abandoned the unliap|)y American; no 
 
 tiers turned their backs upon him. To a one spoke to him, |)eople avoided saluting 
 
 man like .lones, who lived only in the 
 world's opinion, and who was undoubtedly 
 innocent, this was almost maddening. lie 
 wrote a long letter to Poteinkin, protesting 
 his innocence, and begging him to intercede 
 with the empress, and to satisly her of his 
 iimoceuce. What was the action of l*o- 
 
 him, and every door was shut against him-. 
 All those by whom but yesterday he had 
 been eagerly welcomed, now lied from him 
 as if he had been infected with a plague ; 
 besides, no advocate would take charge of 
 his cause, and no public man would consent 
 to listen to liiin; at last even his servants 
 
].\VK AND AnVF.NTlJRKS OF PAril, .(ONKS. 
 
 61 
 
 W()\ilil not roiitiniK) in his Hrrvicio ; mid 
 I'liiil .loniis, whoHo (ix|)l()il,8 ovory one* liad 
 so rocciiilly hocm rctiidy to [jiocliiitn, iiiid 
 whosfi Iriondsliip Imd hcon Honi^lil, iifldr, 
 .found liiinsi'll' ulono in llio niidsl, oi' on 
 irnmonso |io|)idiili(tn ; Si. riitcrslniii^, a 
 groiil ciipitui, l)(.'ciiin<} lo iiiin ii dcvscsrl. 
 
 "1 wont to 8oe him; ho wiih niovod 
 even to teiirs l)y niy vi^il. ' I wiih unwil- 
 ling,' ho .said lo mo, .sliiiiiin;^ >no by Iho hand, 
 'to kno(;iv at your door, and lo oxpo.so 
 inysoir to a fn^sh allront, whi(;h woidd liuvo 
 boon nioro outlini; than all llio ro.st. I havn 
 l)ravo(] (loath a tiiou.siUKj liincvs, now I wish 
 for it.' His nj)|)(Mirati(;o, his arms boin^; 
 laid upon iho tablo, inado nm suspo(;t Horn(> 
 dosporute intontion. 
 
 " ' Rosurno,' f said to liini, 'jour com- 
 posuro and youi' couni^*^ JJo you not 
 know that hutnan lil'i<, hko tho soa, has its 
 storms, and tliat forlutio is ovon moro 
 capricious than thr? winds ? If, as 1 liopo 
 you uro imiocont, bravo this sud(Jon lotn- 
 pest ; if, unliappily, you aro guilty, confo.ss 
 it to mo with miroscrvod franknoss, and 1 
 will do ovorything I can to snatch you, by a 
 suddon Higlit, fiom thodan^or which thrcial- 
 ens you.' 
 
 *' ' I swoar to you ui)(»n my Jionor,' sairl 
 }ie, 'that 1 am innoconi, and a victim of 
 tho mcst infamous calumny This is tho 
 truth: Some days since a young girl camo to 
 mo in the morning, to ask mo if 1 couiri 
 give hor some linon or lac<' to inond. Sho 
 thiih indulged in somo ratlior oarnost and 
 ind(!CfMit ailuromonls. Astonished at so 
 much boldness in ono of such low yoars, I 
 felt compassion for hor ; J advi.sod lior not 
 to onlor upon so vilo u career, gave her 
 some money, and dismissed her; but slu) 
 was d(!torminod to remain. 
 
 "'im|)atient at this resistance, f took 
 lier by the hand and led her to 1 lo^ door ; 
 but, at the instant when tho door was ojion- 
 od, tlio little profligate tore losr shfovos and 
 hor nockorchiet, raised groat crios, com- 
 plained that I had assaulted her, and threw 
 herself into the arms of nn old woman, 
 whom she called her mother, and who, 
 cwluinlv was not brijught there by chance. 
 
 The molhor and the dnu^lll<^|- raised Iho 
 hous(* with th(iir cries, wont out and do- 
 noiiriced me; and now you know all.' 
 
 "'Very well,' I said, 'but cannot you 
 learn tho names of those advent urors?' 
 ' The porter knows them,' ho rojiliod. 
 'Here are their naiiM's wiillen down, but 
 I do iiol know where lliey live.' I was 
 desirous of iinmediately jiresenting a me- 
 morial about this ridiculous affair, first to 
 the ministei', and then to the om[)ross; but 
 I have been interdicted from acc((ss to botli 
 of them.' 'dive me the paptir,' I said; 
 ' resunio your acciislonnid (irmnoss ; — bo 
 comforted ;— let me ini(lerlako it ;— in a 
 short time wo shall meet again.' 
 
 "As soon us 1 had roturn(»d home, I 
 dir(u;led some sharp and intolligenl agents, 
 who were (bfvotod to me, to g(^t information 
 r<<s))ecting IImiso suspected females, and to 
 find out what was their mode of life. 1 
 was not long in bjarning that the old womnn 
 was in tho habit ol carrying on a vile traffic 
 in young girls, whom she passed off as her 
 da,ught(M's. 
 
 "When I was CuniiNhed with all llio 
 documents anri attestiilions for which i had 
 occasion, I hastened to show thoiri to I'aul 
 .lones. ' You have nothing; more to fear,' 
 said I; 'tho wretches aro unmasked. It 
 is only necessary to oi)eri the eyes of the 
 empress, and let hor see how unworthily 
 slio lias bocin d(!ceived ; but this is not so 
 very easy: truth encounters a mult,iludo 
 ol" people at tho doors of a palace;, who are 
 very clever in arresting its jirogiess ; and 
 sealed letters are, of all othois, those which 
 are intercept*!*! with tho greatest art and 
 care. 
 
 " ' Nevertheless, I know that the em- 
 press, who is not ignorant of this, has 
 directed, tmdr-r very heavy [)enaltios, that 
 nf» one shall detain on the way any letters 
 which are addressfirl to hrir porHf)nally, and 
 wliich may be sent to hf^r by post ; there- 
 fore, here is u very long letter which I have 
 written to her in your name; nothing of 
 tho detail is omitted, although it contairin 
 some rough expr«!ssions. J am sorry for 
 tho empress; but since she heard and gave 
 
C2 
 
 LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF TAUL JONES. 
 
 credit to a calumny, it is but right that she 
 should read the justification with patience. 
 Copy this letter, sign it, and I will take 
 charge of it ; I will send some one to put it 
 in the post at the nearest town. Take 
 courage ; believe me, your triumph is not 
 doubtful.' 
 
 "In fact, the letter was sent; the em- 
 press received it; and, after having read 
 this memorial, which was fully explanatory', 
 and accompanied by undeniable attestations, 
 she inveighed bitterly against the inforuiers 
 revoked her rigorous orders, recalled Paul 
 .[ones to court, and received him with her 
 usual kindness. 
 
 " That bi'ave seaman enjoyod with a 
 becoming pride a reparation which was 
 duo to him ; but he tiusted very little to 
 the compliments that were unblushingly 
 heaped upon him by the many persons 
 who had fled IVoni him in his disgrace ; 
 and shortly afterwards, disgusted with a 
 country where tlie fortune of a man may 
 be exposed to such humiliations, under the 
 pretence of ill health, he asked leave of the 
 empress to retire, which she granted him, 
 as well as an honorable order and a suitable 
 pension. 
 
 " He took leave, after having expressed 
 to me his gi-atitude for the service which I 
 had rendered him ; and his respect for the 
 sovereign, who, although she might be led 
 into an error, knew at least how to make 
 un honorable re])aration for a fatdt and an 
 act of injustice." 
 
 The empress had evidently become tu-ed 
 of the man who had been entirely devoted 
 to her service, and although Jones was af- 
 terwards admitted to an audience, yet the 
 coldness with which he was received, and 
 the rudeness with which he was treated by 
 the minister of Catharine, while he re- 
 mained in Russia, should have taught hini 
 that there was no hope of further honorable 
 service in Russia for him. Besborodko, the 
 minister, although his reception of Jones, 
 upon his arrival from the Black Sea, had 
 been of the most flattering character, now 
 palpably avoided him, and showed so little 
 delicacy about it that Jones himself could 
 
 not avoid seeing it. He still, however, 
 continued to hatch schemes and projects 
 which he duly communicated to the gov- 
 ernment, but no notice was taken of them. 
 He also comnmnicated with Mr. Jeftersoa 
 in regard to a treaty between Russia and 
 America, which had for o|ie of its objects 
 the chastisement of the Algerines. But in 
 this case his suggestions met with no better 
 success. Probably Mr. Jett'erson thought 
 that Jones was quite as anxious to get a 
 fleet under his command as to do service for 
 his adopted country. Jones still continued 
 to hang about the court with a lingering 
 hope of employment, which was to prove 
 utterly delusive ; and finding no success in 
 obtaining a naval command, he made an at- 
 tempt to obtain a diplomatic appointment. 
 He wrote a letter to this effect to the min- 
 ister, in which he gave a detailed account 
 of his services to the empress, and again ex- 
 pressed his deep admiration and love for her. 
 
 This last struggle ended no better than 
 the othei's, and the mortifying spectacle of 
 a brave man repulsed by the minions of a 
 despotic court, was brought to a close by a 
 leave of absence, which the empress granted 
 to Jones, much to his c^iagrin. This was 
 in fact but a delicate manner of shutting the 
 door in the face of a discarded favorite. 
 His salary was to continue, but he found . 
 some difficulty in obtaining his arrears of 
 pay. On the 7th of July he had an audi- 
 ence of leave, and kissed the hand of the 
 empress, who wished him a pleasant 
 voyage. 
 
 There is a good deal of mystery in re- 
 lation to the I'easons for the disgrace into 
 which Jones fell with the empress. Jones 
 himself ascribed it to English influence, and 
 a desire to curry favor with the English 
 government by sacrificing one who had 
 done them much mischief. At such a 
 court as Russia it can scarcely be supposed 
 the moi'al sense was very much shocked 
 even if the charges against Jones in the 
 case of the girl were time. It is quite as 
 probable that Jones had offended Potemkin 
 by the freedom of his remarks, and that 
 his influence with th*^ 'impress, which was 
 
LiFE AND ADVKMTURF.S OF I'AUL JONES 
 
 63 
 
 lanlimited, was used ta destroy him. Jones's 
 own suggestion is, however, supported by 
 the evidence of Chevalier Littlepage, v/ho 
 sei-ved with Jones in the campaign of the 
 Liman. Jones wrote to Mr. Jefforson, 
 that : — 
 
 '» Chevalier Littlepage, now here on his 
 way from Spain to the nortli, has promised 
 me a letter to you on my subject, whi(;h I 
 presume will show you the meanness and 
 absurdity of the intrigues that were practi- 
 sed for my persecution at St. Peteisljurg. 
 I did not myself comprehend all the black- 
 ness of the business till ho came here, and 
 related to me the information he i-eceived 
 from a gentleman of high rank in the diplo- 
 matic department, with whom he had trav- 
 elled in company from Madrid to Paris. 
 That gentleman had long resided in a pub- 
 lic character at St. Petersburg, and was 
 there all the time of the pitiful complot 
 against me, v/hich was conducted by a little 
 great man behind the curtain. The un- 
 equalled reception with which 1 had at first 
 been honored by the empress had been ex- 
 tremely mortifying and painful to the Eng- 
 ]l'<h at St. Petersburg; and the courtier just 
 mentioned, (finding that politics had taken a 
 turn far more alarming than he had expec- 
 ted at the beginning of tlio war,) wishing to 
 soothe the court of London into a pacific 
 humor, found no first step so expedient as 
 that of sacrificing me. But, instead of pro- 
 ducing the elfect he wished, this base con- 
 duct, on which he pretended to ground a 
 conciliation, rather tended to widen the 
 political breach, and made him despised by 
 the English minister, by the English cabi- 
 net, and by the gentleman who related the 
 secret to Mr. Littlepage." The letter of 
 Mr. Littlepage says : " The campaign 
 upon the Liman added lustre to the arms 
 of Russia, and ought to have established 
 forever the reputation and fortune of the 
 gallant officer to whose conduct those suc- 
 cesses were owing. Unfortunately, in 
 Russia, more perhaps than elsewhere, 
 eveiything is governed by intrigue. Some 
 political motives, I have reason to think, 
 concurred in depriving Rear-admiral Paid 
 
 Jones of the fruits of his service ; he was 
 thought to be particularly obnoxious to the 
 Englisk nation, and the idea of paying a 
 servile compliment to a power whose en- 
 mity occasions all the j)resent embarass- 
 ments of Russia induced some leading per- 
 sons to ruin him, in the opinion of the 
 empress, by an accusation too ridiculous to 
 be mentioned." 
 
 Under this ieave of absence, which de- 
 ceived no one, Jone.«t left St. Petersburg 
 toward the close of August, 1789, bearing 
 with him letters from his generous friend 
 Count do Segur and M. de Genet, then 
 secretary of legation at St. Petersburg, 
 which were of much value as placing his 
 conduct in the true light, and killing the 
 slanderous reports which had preceded 
 him from Russia. The Count de Segur, 
 with tiiie nobleness of soul, had not deserted 
 him wlien the smiles of the court were 
 witlidrawn, but remained his firm friend to 
 the last. 
 
 Chevalier Jones, upon leaving Russia, 
 proceeded to Warsaw, where he bocame 
 acquainted with the celebrated Kosciusko, 
 and his correspondence with this lover of 
 liberty shows that he then entertained some 
 design of ontei'ihg into the service of Swe- 
 den, to act against Russia. Whether 
 Sweden relinquished the desire to obtain 
 Jones's services, or whether a etill linger- 
 ing hope of being re-called to Russia pre- 
 vented his pushing negotiations, is not 
 knoAvn; but the allViir was not carried to 
 any result. Jones remained at Warsaw 
 two months, and then left for Amsterdam, 
 via Vienna. While residing at Amster- 
 dam, during the winter of 1789-90, Jones 
 employed himself Avith a most voluminous 
 correspondence with his friends in Europe 
 and America. Among his correspondents 
 were Washington, Franklin, Bai'on Krud- 
 ner, Baron de la Houze, Mr. Parish of 
 Hambui-g, Mad. Le Mair d'Altigney, etc. 
 etc. In May, Jones wont to Paris, and 
 although the treatment he had received 
 from the Empress Catharine, it would 
 have been supposed would have effectually 
 weaned him fi"om ihe desire to re-enter 
 
64 
 
 LIFE AND ADVf:NTURES OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 her service, yet we find him, in July, ad- 
 dressing a long memorial to Potemkin, in 
 which he recapitulates his services, and 
 asking for employment. The fatigues Jones 
 had undergone during his eventful life had 
 broken up his constitution, and he was now 
 subject to frequent fits of illness, yet he 
 could not relinquish the hope of a recall to 
 Russia — an object which seems to have 
 become a passion with him, and which was 
 destined to govern his mind until the scenes 
 of earth faded before his eyes in death. 
 He addressed the empress and Pi'ince Po- 
 temkin with much earnestness, but was 
 doomed to disappointment. 
 
 After much sufliering of body and mind, 
 Jones, in March, 1791, addressed the em- 
 press herself on the same subject ; and 
 afterward, in July, he addressed Baron 
 Grinner, the correspondent of the empress 
 at Paris, laying plans before him to be 
 transmitted to the empress. The only re- 
 sult from these repining efforts to renew 
 his connection with Russia, was a reply 
 from the empress to Grinner, that should 
 the war continue she would communicate 
 her intentions to Mr. Paul Jones. 
 
 Jones continued to coirespond with his 
 friends in the United States; and in a letter 
 to Mr. Jefi'erson, then secretary of state, 
 he endeavored to interest him in the fate 
 of the unfortunate American prisoners at 
 Algiers. His heart was always open to 
 the ciy of the prisoner ; and the brightest 
 portions of his history are those in which 
 are shown this trait of his character. 
 
 The dropsy, combined with the liver 
 complaint, was now rapidly undermining 
 the natui-ally strong constitution of Jones, 
 
 but his energetic mind would not succumb, 
 and he entered into a correspondence with 
 M. Bertram, the minister of marine, in 
 relation to our old claim for the wages due 
 the crew of the Bon Homme Richard. 
 The correspondence ended with a violent 
 rejoinder from Jones, which however the 
 minister did not receive, as he was soon 
 after swejit away by the troubles of the 
 times. 
 
 Jones soon after began to grow visibly 
 worse, and in July the dropsy began to ex- 
 tend upward, until it became settled in the 
 chest. His career was now rapidly draw- 
 ing to a close, and Col. Blackden, convinced 
 that he could last but a short time longer, 
 persuaded him to settle his affairs. The 
 rumors that he was deserted in his last 
 hours by his friends, and that he suffered 
 for the necessaries of life, were all without 
 foundation. He was attended by the queen's 
 j)hysician, and was cheered by the pres- 
 ence of several friends, including Governeur 
 Morris, then minister to the French court. 
 The will was drawn up by Governeur 
 Morris, and he bequeathed all his property, 
 between twenty and thirty thousand dol- 
 lai's, to his sisters, Mrs. Taylor and Mrs. 
 Loudon, and their children. Robert Mor- 
 ris was named executor. 
 
 The will was signed and witnessed on 
 the evening of the 18th. of May, 1792, and 
 Jones was left by his friends seated in his 
 arm-chair. Shortly after, his phj^sician going 
 into his bed-chamber found him lying half 
 on and half ofi^" the bed. Upon being raised, 
 it was discovered that lie was dead. He 
 was forty-five years of age. Thus ended 
 the career of this extraordinary man. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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