*• ^ ^ -.%w /\ \fgpv ^ v \ * W ^o °* •^•• , A 'V**^ W*y % « °". : /%. -.W-' /% °.W- : ^\, » • » 4 V 4 o * ,0n> • ESlLki^Kv, *' -J o V *V°» c* ^o v t »^'^ V c» 0> •J^W^o^"' "^ o » \^ •» V** .-^: \/ -•»■ %/ .'te- X/ •«"•- :*° ^ v -\ •: -0* c«""» ^C o. ♦*!*.»• A <. «. «> >V . . . M *P, *bV' .» .K IC 9136 Bureau of Mines Information Circular/1987 Survey of Nuisance and Biologically Active Dusts in Metal and Nonmetal Mines By P. J. Watson, D. Tallman, and J. E. Pahlman UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Information Circular 9136 •* Survey of Nuisance and Biologically Active Dusts in Metal and Nonmetal Mines By P. J. Watson, D. Tallman, and J. E. Pahlman UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES Robert C. Horton, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data: Watson, Pamela J. Survey of nuisance and biologically active dusts in metal and nonmetal mines. (Information circular ; 9136) Bibliography: p. 13. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 28.27; 9136. 1. Mine dusts. 2. Mineral industries- Hygienic aspects. 1. Tallman. Daniel N. II. Pahlman. J. E. (John E.). III. Title. IV. Series: Information circular (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 9136. TN295.U4 [TN312] 622 s [622'.8] 86-607925 CONTENTS Page 1 2 3 3 3 6 13 13 14 15 Abstract Introduction Acknowledgments Analysis of dust hazards Problem determination matrix Matrix results Summary, conclusions, and recommendations References Appendix. — Summary of review of dust risks Bibliography ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Dust problem critical path flow chart 4 2. Statistical pattern for dusts, fumes, metal dusts, and area files «. 5 3. Frequency distribution versus hazard severity for A commodity totals, B contaminant totals, and C N > 50 comparing zero versus nonzero matrix values 6 TABLES 1. Mining commodities surveyed 7 2. TLV's of Dusts and fumes studied 8 Matrix values for — 3. Area file contaminants 8 4. Dusts file contaminants 9 5. Fumes file contaminants 10 6. Metal dusts file contaminants 10 7. Mining commodities 11 8. Dust or fume contaminants 12 9. Mining commodities with highest matrix values 12 10. Dust or fume contaminants with highest matrix values 12 A-l. Dusts and fumes with potential health risks identified from the litera- ture survey 14 UNIT OF MEASURE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS REPORT cm 3 cubic centimeter mg/m 3 milligram per cubic meter jim micrometer mppcf million particles per cubic foot yg/m 3 microgram per cubic meter ppm part per million mg milligram SURVEY OF NUISANCE AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE DUSTS IN METAL AND NONMETAL MINES By P. J. Watson, 1 D. Tallman, 2 and J. E. Pahlman 3 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to prioritize the potential risks nuisance and biologically active dusts and fumes present in metal and nonmetal mines. This was accomplished by ranking numerical values derived from a matrix formula calculation that took into ac- count dose, mine population, and sampling size. Data used in these calculations were obtained from the Mine Inspection Data Analy- sis System (MIDAS). The dusts determined to have the highest risk po- tential were quartz respirable particulates, mine dust, cristobalite respirable particulates, welding fume components, and nuisance respi- rable dust. Other dusts and fumes that were not ranked in this study, due to small sampling population, but which show a potential risk, in- clude asbestos, talc, hydrogen cyanide, organic compound dusts, arse- nic, metal dusts, and metal and nonmetal fumes. 1 'Mining engineer, Twin Cities Research Center, Bureau of Mines, Minneapolis, MN. 2 Research chemist (now with Economics Laboratory, Eagan, MN). 3 Supervisory physical scientist, Twin Cities Research Center. INTRODUCTION A major mission of the Bureau of Mines is to protect miners' health and improve their safety. Asbestos, coal, and silica dusts present high potential health risks to miners and thus have been studied by both Bureau and other researchers. There are many other dusts that could produce severe, chronic, and debilitating dis- eases. Some of these include iron oxides (especially in combination with radon daughters or other radioactivity), taco- nite (which contains an asbestos-like am- phibole), talc, beryllium, welding fumes, and wollastonite (a proposed asbestos substitute). Mining of metal and nonmetal ores can produce dusts that represent a health threat to miners. There exists a signif- icant historical perspective on the haz- ards of mine dust as related to health. Dusts in mines have long caused problems. Signs of pneumoconiosis in prehistoric bodies and anthracosis in Egyptian mum- mies have been observed. Only the low- liest Greek and Roman slaves were miners, since "condemnation to mining is almost as severe as the death penalty," accord- ing to Justinian (1_). 4 Even in those an- cient times, miners realized that dust was dangerous. According to Pliny, some miners tried to lessen the danger by covering their mouths with bladder skins (_1_). Mine dust problems have existed since mining began, but only recently have spe- cific health problems been linked with specific dusts. For example, in coal mining, continued exposure to respirable coal dust in excess of 2.0 mg/nr may lead to Black Lung or pneumoconiosis. Also, in both coal and noncoal mining opera- tions, exposure to dusts containing silica may lead to silicosis. Because of a concern about other possibly hazardous dusts and fumes present in current mining operations, the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 requires that the De- partment of Health, Education, and Wel- fare (HEW), now Health and Human Services ^Underlined numbers in parentheses re- fer to items in the list of references at the end of this report. (HHS) prepare reports on the toxicity levels of chemical and physical agents found in mines, through its constituent agency, the National Institute for Occu- pational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Pur- suant to section 101 (a) (6) (b) of the Act, NIOSH prepared a document in 1979 entitled "Mining Surveillance: Poten- tially Toxic Occupational Exposures" (2) that reviewed existing pertinent informa- tion on toxic chemical and physical agents found in mines, gathered from sources including Government agencies (such as the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and NIOSH), private industry, universities, associations, and labor unions. Of the many agents identified during the 1979 review, 35 dusts, gases and fumes were identified at potentially tox- ic levels in mines. Dust is defined as "the loose terra applied to solid parti- cles predominantly larger than colloidal and capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases" O). Potentially toxic dusts identified were arsenic, as- bestos, benzoanthracene, benzopyrene, beryllium, chrysene, coal mine dust, eth- ylene glycol dinitrate, graphite, lead, perlite, silica, and talc. Benzoanthra- cene, benzopyrene, and chrysene were identified in diesel emissions. Fumes are "the solid particles generated by condensation from the gaseous state, gen- erally after volatilization from melted substances, and often accompanied by a chemical reaction such as oxidation" (_3). Potentially toxic gases and fumes identi- fied were ammonia, carbon monoxide, car- bon tetrachloride, hydrogen sulfide, mer- cury vapor, nitrogen dioxide, oxygen deficiency, nitroglycerine, perchloroeth- ylene, trichloroethylene, and welding fumes as containing arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, nick- el, ozone, and vanadium. Other poten- tially hazardous agents identified were gamma radiation, heat, noise, and radon daughters. In general, the data base for this report was not extensive for many biologically active and nuisance dusts and fumes. Additionally, while several other dusts and fumes not mentioned in the NIOSH report exhibit very few respi- ratory hazards, they are described as irritating with reactions ranging from minor skin irritations to major skin diseases. These dusts include potash, wollastonite, nepheline, salt, and trona. The toxicity of substances present in these dusts and fumes has been assessed by NIOSH, American Conference of Govern- mental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), and others, and criteria document levels have been determined for each substance. The presence of these toxic and/or hazardous substances in mine dusts at levels above the NIOSH criteria document levels may pose a threat to the health of mine per- sonnel. Once the levels of various dusts actually present in the mine work envi- ronment are defined and the degree of risk is assessed and prioritized, control technologies for reduction or elimination of that risk may be investigated and developed along with recommendations for future monitoring activities. The largest body of environmental data for mine workers is kept by MSHA. Once a substance is recognized to be a potential health risk and regulatory levels are es- tablished, compliance sampling is done by mine inspectors. These data are avail- able for computerized statistical analy- sis through MIDAS (4_). The objective of this study was to prioritize the poten- tial risks of biologically active and nuisance dusts and fumes present in metal and nonmetal mines. Biologically active dusts and fumes are those dusts and fumes that can react or interact with a biolog- ical system or function. Nuisance dusts are those dusts that are not presently believed to be a potential health risk, but nevertheless are an irritating nuis- ance in the mine environment. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to express their ap- preciation to Dr. Patricia A. Gibson, vice president of the Family Practice Foundation of America, Kansas City, MO; the staff of the Herbert L. Huffington Memorial Library, Kansas City, MO; the staff of the Boeckmann Memorial Library, St. Paul, MN; and Dr. William H. A. Watson, retired family physician, St. Paul, MN for their valuable help in obtaining and understanding the medical resources. The authors would also like to thank Winthrop F. Watts, Jr., Indus- trial hygienist, Bureau of Mines, Twin Cities, MN, for his help in explaining the workings of the MIDAS computer system. ANALYSIS OF DUST HAZARDS PROBLEM DETERMINATION MATRIX After reviewing the medical references on potential dust exposures, in conjunc- tion with the published NIOSH hazards, the authors determined that development of a method for dust risk assessment ranking would be necessary. The appendix lists the medical literature surveyed in a bibliography. In order to determine whether a given dust in a given mining commodity was a potential risk, it was necessary to de- velop a method for ranking. This method took the form of a critical-path flow chart (_5), where each step in the process led through the path, giving a numerical value from MSHA or MIDAS data, to a final value which could then be compared with other values from different dusts and/or mining commodities. The major questions to be answered included o Does this particular dust or fume exist in this mining commodity? o How many miners does it affect? o What is the dose of this dust or fume in this mining commodity and how does it compare to the threshold limit value (TLV) from the ACGIH and the crit- ical document values from NIOSH? o What is the duration of exposure; (hours/day, years/lifetime?) o What is the health effect and degree of severity of the effect? o What are the mine population charac- teristics; (number of persons exposed?) This critical path flow chart was also concerned with process changes and inadequate data. Only existence, mine population, and dose (the first three factors above) were included in the ma- trix calculations, since this information was available from MIDAS and other MSHA sources. The matrix value was calculated by the formula V = (C/TLV) x (N,/N t ), where V = matrix value, C = dose of contaminant, mg/ra 3 , TLV = threshold limit value for the contaminant, mg/m 5 , from 1973 values, Nj = number of miners in commodity, and N t = total number of miners; N, and N t both from MSHA, based on 1984 figures. Figure 1 shows the flow chart. The aver- age geometric dose of contaminant was then obtained by dividing the dose of C by TLV. To answer the questions asked in the flow chart and complete the matrix, a survey of the data contained in the MIDAS was conducted (3)» As each ques- tion was answered for each commodity and/or contaminant combination using the MIDAS analysis data, the matrix could be filled in. As the matrix was completed, the variability in sampling frequency ap- peared to adversely affect potential haz- ard ranking. The contaminants recorded in MIDAS were separated into four group- ings called files: Area, Dusts, Fumes, and Metals. Figure 2 illustrates the sampling frequencies for the four files surveyed, which gives an idea of where sampling was concentrated and additional sampling could be recommended. Because of this uneven sampling distribution, a concern was expressed over biasing the Dust or fume to be studied Process chonge Totol number of miners (N t ) Determine matrix value by (C/TLV) .(Nj/N,) Value to matrix FIGURE 1.— Dust problem critical path flow chart. N is sam- ple frequency. data by a single, anomalously large con- centration value. This was a very real possibility since, often, a mine inspec- tor will sample more frequently in areas of known potential dust hazards. This nonrandom sampling technique, along with the practice of not sampling for all contaminants in every mine, could lead to some serious biasing problems in the technique of ranking used in this report. The matrix was set up with a summing function, where the sum of commodity val- ues considering all contaminants (Sj), the sum of contaminant values considering all commodities (S,), and the sum of both (Sj,.-) were all considered. This summing process allowed the bias of using all sample values to be demonstrated: Figure 3A illustrates the bias when considering the commodity totals; figure 3B , the bias r- M>IOOO, 2.7% r-N>3000, 2.7% /<^>5oo / \6.8% N=0 \ 13.5% N>IOO 21.9% \6.8%/ N>IO 15.1% N>0 / \I2.3% / Dusts Fumes N> 1000, 1.4% N>500, 2.7% N>500 ond N>3,000, both 0% N> 1,000 and N> 3,000, both 0% Metals Area FIGURE 2.— Statistical pattern for dusts, fumes, metal dusts, and area files. in contaminant totals; and figure 3c the bias when considering nonzero values for the total sample versus the N > 50 sample. In all, there were 88 mining commodities tracked within MIDAS, but several of these commodities were in the mineral processing area, not actually mining the materials to be processed, leaving 75 commodities to survey. Of these 75 commodities, only 53 had sam- pling populations greater than 50 for at least 1 contaminant. Table 1 summarizes these 53 commodities with their standard industrial classification codes. The re- maining commodities were then analyzed for each of the contaminants contained within the files. Additionally, there are 134 different contaminants contained in all the files. Several of these contaminants, such as noise or oxygen content, were not considered in the ma- trix analysis since they do not relate to dust or fume hazards, which left 65 con- taminants to survey. Of these 65 contam- inants, only 24 had sampling populations greater than 50 for at least 1 commodity. Table 2 summarizes these 24 contaminants, giving MSHA code, file, and TLV informa- tion. As the matrix was completed, sev- eral interesting results became evident; these results are discussed below. 100 90 80 60 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^-, A - / / / / X / / / / / / / N>50^ \ / / / / / / * \ / ^-N total / f ^ *' - / .+ / / / / /I _ _/ / _S 1 ^^ / ^ 1 r / ~ / ^/ 1 i * Incnotlno, haiard i i i i LOG, Si « Incnauna, haiard -I I I I I l_ -4.5 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 LOG. Sij -1.5 -1.0 Key N Sample frequency S| Sum over commodity S: Sum over contaminant S;, : Sum over both commodity and contaminant FIGURE 3.— Frequency distribution versus hazard severity for A, commodity totals, 6, contaminant totals, and C, N> 50 comparing zero versus nonzero matrix values. MATRIX RESULTS When the matrix was completed for the four files surveyed, values for each grouping could be compared. The individ- ual matrix values are summarized in table 3 for area files, table 4 for dusts, table 5 for fumes, and table 6 for the metal dusts. Individual contaminants within all four files as well as the sep- arate mining commodities, could be ranked for risk potential with the result that the higher Che values were, the more potential for risk. High values in the matrix could relate to high contaminant concentration, large mining population, or a combination of both. The potential risk could be considered as serious, whether it resulted from a few miners being exposed to a high contaminant concentration (such as mercury, chromium fumes, or hydrogen cyanide) or a large mining population being exposed to a somewhat lower contaminant concentration. TABLE 1. Mining commodities surveyed Commodity SIC 1 code Commodity Clay , common Clay, ceramic Feldspar Magnesite Shale , common Barite Fluorspar Potash, soda, and boron. Potash Trona Sodium compounds Phosphate rock Salt , rock Lithium Gypsum Talc, pyrophylite Nonmetal minerals Asbestos Mica Pumi ce Vermiculite Alumina, mill Salt, evaporite Leonardite Cement Lime SIC 1 code Iron ore Copper ore Lead and/or zinc ore.... Gold lode and/or placer. Silver ores Molybdenum. Tungsten Uranium and/or vanadium. Uranium Beryl Oil shale Stone, dimension Granite, dimension Limestone, dimension.... Marble, dimension Sandstone, dimension.... Slate, dimension Traprock , dimension Limestone, crushed Granite, crushed Stone , crushed Marble , crushed Sandstone , crushed Slate, crushed Traprock, crushed Sand and gravel Clay, fire 10110 10210 10310 10410 10440 10615 10617 10940 10941 10992 13111 14110 14111 14112 14113 14114 14115 14116 14220 14230 14290 14291 14292 14293 14294 14410 14530 14550 14590 14593 14595 14596 14720 14730 14740 14742 14743 14744 14750 14760 14791 14920 14960 14990 14991 14994 14997 14998 28191 28991 29900 32410 32740 SIC - Standard Industrial Classification. Ranking the contaminants together pro- duced a listing for potential risks within each mining commodity (table 7). Table 8 summarizes the survey of the in- dividual contaminants considered through- out the mining industry. TABLE 2. - TLV's of dusts and fumes studied (Milligrams per cubic meter unless otherwise specified) Dust or fume MSHA identification Code File TLV Respirable mine dust Total mine dust Nitric oxide Hydrogen sulfide Sulfur dioxide Asbestos Talc, nonf ibrous Quartz, respirable particulat Cristobalite, respirable part Beryllium dust Arsenic dust Lead dust Welding fumes Aluminum oxide fumes Beryllium fumes Chromic acid fumes Cobalt fumes Copper fumes Iron oxide fumes Lead fumes Manganese fumes Nickel fumes Vanadium fumes Mixed contaminants es iculates. 121 123 301 305 421 501 511 525 541 613 635 701 703 709 713 715 717 721 723 727 733 743 999 Dust. . . . .do. Area. . • . .do. . . .do. Dust. . . . .do. . • .do. . . .do. Metal. . • .do. . • .do. Fumes. . . .do. . • .do. ... do. . . .do. . . .do. . • .do. . • . do . . • .do. . . .do. . . .do. Area. . 5 10.0 '30 '20 13 2 2 20 x 10 6 4 10/%+2 4 5/%+2 5 2 5 500 5 150 10.0 10.0 2.0 1.0 0.1 1.0 10.0 5 150 5.0 1.0 0.05 MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration. TLV Threshold limit value. parts per million. Fibers per cubic centimeter. Million particles per cubic foot. 10 mg/m 3 divided by percent respirable quartz present +2 mg/ra 3 . 5 Micrometers per cubic meter. TABLE 3. - Matrix values for area file contaminants 1 Mining commodity Copper ore Lead and/or zinc ore.... Gold lode and/or placer. Limestone crushed Fluorspar Salt , rock Gypsum Nonmetal minerals Contaminant total N,/N t 0.0609 .0165 .0350 .1789 .0008 .0091 .0060 .0081 MSHA code 301 ISP ISP 0.0018 ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP .0018 MSHA code 305 0.0006 .0005 .0004 .0018 .0004 .0005 .0001 .0006 .0049 MSHA code 421 0.0006 ISP ISP .0018 ISP ISP ISP ISP .0024 MSHA code 999 ISP ISP ISP 0.0251 ISP ISP ISP ISP .0251 Total matrix value for commodity 0.0012 .0005 .0022 .0287 .0004 .0005 .0001 .0006 .0342 C/TLV Concentration/Thre ISP Insufficient sampl MSHA Mine Safety and He N|/N t Number of miners i shold limit value. e population; N < 50. alth Administration. n commodity/total number miners. TABLE 4. - Matrix values for dusts file contaminants Mining commodity Ni/N, MSHA code 121 MSHA code 123 MSHA code 501 MSHA code 511 MSHA code 523 MSHA code 525 Total matrix value for commodity Iron ore Copper ore Lead and/or zinc ore.... Gold lode and/or placer. Silver ores Molybdenum Tungsten Uranium and/or vanadium. Uranium Oil shale Stone, dimension Granite, dimension , Limestone, dimension. ... , Marble, dimension Sandstone, dimension. ... , Slate, dimension , Traprock, dimension Limestone, crushed Granite, crushed , Stone , crushed Marble , crushed Sandstone, crushed , Slate, crushed Traprock, crushed Sand and gravel.. Clay, fire Clay , common Clay, ceramic Feldspar Magnesite Shale , common Barite • Fluorspar Potash, soda, boron Potash Trona. Sodium compounds Phosphate rock Salt rock Lithium Gypsum Talc, pyrophylite Nonmetal minerals Asbestos Mica Pumice Vermiculite Alumina, mill Salt, evaporite Leonardite Cement Lime Contaminant total 0.0460 .0609 .0165 .0350 .0140 .0127 .0013 .0005 .0165 .0015 .0011 .0053 .0038 .0011 .0017 .0108 .0003 .1789 .0235 .0109 .0036 .0130 .0008 .0140 .2324 .0051 .0433 .0008 .0020 .0010 .0043 .0064 .0008 .0017 .0073 .0062 .0079 .0274 .0091 .0011 .0060 .0345 .0081 .0018 .0016 .0011 .0014 .0189 .0017 .0002 .0543 .0146 0.0019 .0022 .0015 .0012 .0010 .0005 ISP .0000 .0003 ISP ISP .0001 .0005 .0005 ISP ISP ISP .0171 .0008 .0006 ISP .0003 ISP .0008 .0058 .0002 .0049 ISP ISP ISP .0001 .0003 .0002 ISP ISP ISP NR .0015 ISP ISP .0007 .0044 .0006 ISP ISP .0001 ISP ISP NR ISP .0107 .0022 0.0921 .0539 .0083 .0247 ISP ISP NR ISP .0045 ISP ISP ISP .0051 .0008 ISP NR ISP .1667 .0269 .0099 .0048 .0147 ISP .0134 .1316 .0044 .0558 .0004 ISP .0009 .0036 .0079 .0004 .0019 .0067 .0100 .0115 .0280 .0112 NR .0060 .0818 .0079 NR ISP .0010 ISP .0069 .0009 ISP .0691 .0109 0.0017 ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP NR NR ISP NR NR ISP NR ISP NR NR ISP .0060 ISP ISP ISP ISP NR .0019 .0075 NR ISP NR ISP NR NR ISP ISP ISP ISP NR NR ISP ISP ISP ISP .0057 ISP .0007 ISP ISP .0002 ISP ISP NR ISP NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ISP NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR 0.0092 NR NR NR NR NR ISP NR NR NR NR 0.0138 .0261 .0070 .0179 .0064 .0088 .0010 .0002 .0055 .0006 .0004 .0032 .0012 ISP .0010 .0048 .0001 .0474 .0096 .0060 ISP .0085 .0004 .0056 .0845 .0034 .0258 ISP .0010 NR .0024 .0065 .0004 ISP ISP ISP NR .0046 ISP .0003 .0014 .0162 .0063 ISP .0005 ISP ISP ISP NR .0002 .0159 .0050 0.0952 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ISP NR NR NR ISP NR NR NR ISP ISP NR ISP NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR .0146 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR ISP NR 0.2047 .0822 .0168 .0438 .0074 .0093 .0010 .0002 .0103 .0006 .0004 .0033 .0068 .0013 .0010 .0048 .0001 .2372 .0373 .0165 .0048 .0235 .0004 .0217 .2294 .0080 .0865 .0004 .0010 .0009 .0061 .0147 .0010 .0019 .0067 .0100 .0115 .0341 .0112 .0003 .0081 .1173 .0294 .0007 .0005 .0011 .0002 .0069 .0009 .0002 .0957 .0181 .0610 .8846 .0237 .0092 .3499 .1098 1.4382 NR Not reported. ISP Insufficient sample population; N < 50. 10 u 4-> CO PQ H X •H S-i tj >N 4J O 4-J i — ( ON •j » -tf 00 P-» — i oo e X r—( i—i o o m o — « o — < co CO .-l O 6 e o o o o o o o o o rH o 4-1 CO O o > U H m o CM Cu 00 Cu CU O Cu in < CD o o O CO -n CO CO O CO CM Ed X m o o O I— 1 O I— 1 )— I O M o CO O Cu CM CU v© CU CU CO CU nD < o ON » • o • • • • O CU 00 Cu O CO o r^ <; cd o o O CO — I CO o o o CM Ed X co o o O i-l O (-1 o o o o CO o o o o o o o o o o S o r^ • o • • • • • • • ON 1— < O CU i— ■• ON o o ~^ 1^ a- Ed x) r-> .— 1 o O M CM O — t O O r~> CO o O o o o o o o o o o S <-> r-~ • o • • • • • • • • o ON m o on o ~3- -^ co -h v£> o no -* co <■ cm r^. <■ z . • ^ • • • • co 4-1 . CD X> • • • *-> •H O • X OJ • • • o X C • CO £: rH . . 4J O •H • 3 CO CD ^ • x N • tJ 3 > O • 4J O • O «-( CO O • c a U CO O U U • CO a CD O CD ~ 00 • C o u U CD « CD • -H o o ■3 o c j^ xi *j • a C O O C CO • CO bO o 1-1 (0 U4JOC0X4J4-I C CD • cd co t-i ace •H C O«XcD>CDCXXC0cDO C o a copiHacocoao •H u o CDO-H-Hl-iCOJdCD as H u ,J CO kJ H CO CU CJ 4-1 O IM 3 c C CO c •H e CO 4-1 c o CJ CO 3 X) CO 4-> OJ B u o u 4-> CO < O 4-> M-l — i X3 CD O 3 a .-H a CO o > o < OJ Ed x> un co o co S OvO < CD X X) CO CO o — < S cj no < CD — i X x) -o- co o m z~ >N 4-1 T-I XI o a a o CJ bO C in co cm — i in cm o o o o o o o o o CO CO CM m cm o o o o o o CM CU CU O CO CO O •-• M o CU CU Cu O CO CO CO o M l-l l-l O m o o in vD m -j o -H CO -H O o o o o u CD CJ CD CO u — o a. CJ i-l c o XI c CO OJ XJ o o c OJ O -H O CO ^H C >N O t-i CJ) CD X CD 4-1 i-l o cu CD i-l TABLE 7. - Matrix values for mining commodities 11 Rank Mining commodity Value Rank Mining commodity Potash Shale , common Slate, dimension Marble , crushed Granite, dimension Potash, soda, boron..... Fluorspar Marble , dimension Pumi ce Tungsten Sandstone, dimension.... Feldspar Magnesite Salt, evaporite Asbestos Oil shale Mica Stone , dimension Slate, crushed Clay, ceramic Lithium Uranium and/or vanadium. Vermiculite Leonardite Beryl Traprock, dimension Value i • • • • Z • # • • J * m m • *4 • • • • 3 • • • • 6. • • • / • • • • 8« • • • 10... 11... 12... 13... 14... 15... 16... 17... 18... 19... 20... 21... 22... 23... 24... 25... 26. . . 27... Limestone, crushed Sand and gravel Iron ore Talc, pyrophylite. Cement Copper ore. Clay, common Gold lode and/or placer. Phosphate rock Granite, crushed Nonmetal minerals Traprock , crushed Lead and/or zinc ore.... Sandstone, crushed Lime Stone , crushed Barite Salt, rock Molybdenum Sodium compounds Uranium Trona Gypsum Clay, fire Silver ores Alumina, mill Limestone, dimension.... 0.3233 .2480 .2238 .1173 .1070 .0973 .0865 .0513 .0418 .0373 .0300 .0264 .0242 .0235 .0181 .0165 .0147 .0117 .0115 .0115 .0103 .0100 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0069 .0068 28... 29... 30... 31... 32... J J« » t 34... 35... 36. . . 37... 38. . . 39... 40... 41... 42... 43... 44... 45... 46... 47... 48... 49... 50... 51... 52... 53... 0.0067 .0061 .0048 .0048 .0033 .0019 .0014 .0013 .0011 .0010 .0010 .0010 .0009 .0009 1 .0007 .0006 .0005 .0004 .0004 .0004 .0003 .0002 '.0002 .0002 .0001 .0001 'Changing the threshold limit va crease th^ matrix value and theref lue to 0.2 fibers/cm 3 from 2 fibers/cm 3 ore result in a higher rank. would in- 12 TABLE 8. - Matrix values for dust or fume contaminants TABLE 9. - Mining commodities with highest matrix values Rank 1.. 2.. 3.. 4.. 5.. 6.. 7.. 8.. 9.. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Dust or fume Total mine dust , Quartz, respirable particulates. Cristobalite, respirable particulates. Welding fumes , Respirable mine dust..... Mixed contaminants Asbestos ■ Iron oxide fumes , Chromic acid fumes , Talc nonf ibrous Lead dust , Hydrogen sulfide , Manganese fumes , Copper fumes , Lead fumes , Aluminum oxide fumes.... , Vanadium fumes Sulfur dioxide Nickel fumes Cobalt fumes Nitric oxide Beryllium fumes Arsenic dust Beryllium dust Value 0.8846 .3499 .1098 .0747 .0610 .0251 .0237 .0219 .0172 .0092 .0088 .0049 .0046 .0045 .0041 .0027 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0022 .0018 .0018 .0002 .0001 Comparison of the matrix values pre- sented several areas of potential risk. Mining commodities with the highest abso- lute matrix values are summarized in table 9. These commodities range from me- tals (copper, gold lode — placer, and lead — zinc), to stone products (crushed limestone and sand and gravel), to sev- eral unique mining commodities (common clay, phosphate rock, talc, and cement). The high values came from contributions from all four file areas. The area file contribution came mainly from hydrogen sulfide, which was commodity specific, e.g. , phosphate and fluorspar. Dust file contributions included respirable mine dust and quartz respirable particulates. Additional values came from cristobalite respirable particulates. The highest values for the fumes files came from welding fumes and individual components Commodity Limestone, crushed.... Sand and gravel Iron ore Talc, pyrophylite Cement Copper ore , Clay, common , Gold, lode and placer. Phosphate rock , Value 0.3233 .2480 .2238 .1173 .1070 .0973 .0865 .0513 .0418 TABLE 10. - Dust or fume contaminants with highest matrix values Dust or fume Total mine dust Quartz, respirable particulates Cristobalite, respirable particulates Welding fumes Respirable mine dust Value 0.8846 .3499 .1098 .0747 .0610 of welding fumes such as aluminum oxide, chromic acid, copper, iron oxide, lead, and vanadium. Lead dust, another commodity-specific dust, was the major component of the metal dust files. Table 10 summarizes the contaminants with the highest values summed throughout the en- tire raining industry. These contaminants are mainly dusts, with one exception. Their ranking order was quartz respirable particulates, total mine dust, cristo- balite respirable particulates, welding fumes, and respirable mine dust. Cristo- balite respirable particulates and weld- ing fumes affected very few commodities, yet still ranked very high in order of potential risk and may bear closer scru- tiny in future research. Although the dusts and fumes identified in both the literature search and the NIOSH report are described as potential risks, only those dusts and fumes that are currently being regulated showed up in the matrix as potential risks, proba- bly due to the sampling frequency bias mentioned earlier. 13 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Dust is a proven health risk in the mining industry. Many dusts, from less than 0.3 ym to greater than 10 um, will have an impact on the human system rang- ing from surface contact to respiratory infiltration. Individual dusts are known to cause medical problems ranging from mildly irritating, through debilitating (total disability), to fatal. The survey of the MIDAS data indicates that the proven dust risks are more thor- oughly monitored as well as studied. The dusts this ranking identified as having the highest risk potential are quartz re- spirable particulates, total mine dust, cristobalite respirable particulates, welding fumes, and respirable mine dust. Several of the dusts and fumes for which data are available in MIDAS, which may adversely impact miners' health, appear not to have been studied as thoroughly as those with known risks. Some of these other dusts and fumes not considered in this study, due to small sampling popula- tion, may have shown a potential risk if more samples in more commodities had been taken and recorded. These include asbes- tos, talc, cyanide (HCN), organic com- pound dusts, arsenic, other metal dusts, and metal and nonmetal fumes of all vari- eties (mercury, etc.). The potential health risks of these dusts and fumes are discussed in the references in the Appen- dix. Increasing sample frequency for all dusts and fumes considered, though time consuming and expensive, is recommended to allow more logical comparisons between dusts and across commodities. Additional areas for future considera- tions are cross contamination, additive effects of more than one dust present, and fugitive dusts. These are areas ripe for potential study, but which are lack- ing hard data. REFERENCES 1. Morgis, G. G. , and S. J. Davenport. State Compensatory Provisions for Occupa- tional Disease. BuMines IC 7650, 1952, 125 pp. 2. U.S. Department of Health, Educa- tion, and Welfare. NIOSH Mining Surveil- lance: Potentially Toxic Occupational Exposures. May 1979, 19 pp. 3. Silverman, L. , C. E. Billings, and M. W. First. Particle Size Analysis in Industrial Hygiene. Academic, New York, 1971, p. 301. 4. Watts, W. F., Jr., D. R. Parker, R. L. Johnson, and K. L. Jensen. Analy- sis of Data on Respirable Quartz Dust Samples Collected in Metal and Nonmetal Mines and Mills. BuMines IC 8967, 1984, 28 pp. 5. Pugliese, J. M. , D. E. Swanson, W. H. Engelmann, and T. R. Bur. Quarry- ing Near Urban Areas: An Aid to Premine Planning. BuMines IC 8804, 1979, 50 pp. 1A APPENDIX. —SUMMARY OF REVIEW OF DUST RISKS Many dusts exist in mines, but not all are harmful to a miner's health. Al- though NIOSH and ACGIH analyze the poten- tial health risks for dusts and set the allowable standards for those dusts in mines, dust control and assessment have long been Bureau concerns (1-13). Refer- ences 1 through 13 demonstrate some of the history of that concern. In order to develop a background for constructing the matrix, an extensive literature search was conducted in other areas of dust information besides historical bckground. These articles are listed in the bibliography at the end of the appendix. Health risks of some spe- cific dusts and fumes are covered in ref- erences 14 through 72 and are identified in table A-l with their specific refer- ence numbers. General health effects are discussed in references 73 through 96, while dust sampling techniques and gen- eral regulatory standards for dusts and fumes are discussed in references 97 through 110 and references 111 through 126, respectively. TABLE A-l. - Dusts and fumes with potential health risks identified from the literature survey Dust or fume Asbestos, including chrysotile Beryllium Coal Diatomite Fluorspar Gold Kaolin Iron, including taconite Magnetite Nepheline Phosphate Potash Salt Silica Slate Trona Welding fumes Wollastonite References 18, 19- 15- 24 30 21, 14, 17, 52 55 60 38 56, 20, 37 61 63 40 20, 22, 25, 29, 31, 35, 47-49, 53, 54, 62, 66, 70 20, 26, 33-34, 41, 44-45, 65, 72 16, 22, 51, 59 29, 50 71 32, 46 23, 27-28, 39, 42-43, 57-58, 64, 69 68 36, 67 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 DUSTS-GENERAL 1. Anderson, F. G. , and R. L. Beatty. Dust Control in Mining, Tunneling, and Quarrying in the United States, 1961 through 1967. BuMines IC 8407, March 1969, 50 pp. 2. Anderson, F. G. , and R. L. 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