;54FL PRICE 23 CENTS American Sports Publishing Co ,..' ,,,«'Mii,,, 21 Warren street. New YorK /r«%juii •^c. >.: $' ^ cP ^^v^^'^^fe^: v H -7 c^ *^/ '■"^t-o ^.'=-''^^ ^'^ ^ * 8 \ \'^ ^0- > ■% / •5^ .'^^^ ■^^, /. .^' :^0^ ^^^ V^ -^^ > ^<5f ' ,^" ^^^..v^' ^^0^^^^ Oo A . \, I » ;, -/- ^OO^ '■^ %%^ A^^' '^^> ^ '^c^ %' .<\ -0^ "^. ■r% ^3 OQ^ = "^y. <^ America'sNational Game By A. G. SPALDING Price, $2.00 Net A book of 600 pages, profusely illustrated with over 100 full page engravings, and having sixteen forceful cartoons by Homer C. Davenport, the famous American artist The above work should have a place in every public library in this country, as also in the libraries of public schools and private houses. The author of "America's National Game" is conceded, always, everywhere, and by every- body, to have the best equipment of any living writer to treat the subject that forms the text of this remarkable volume, viz., the story of the origin, development and evolution of Base Ball, the National Game of our country. Almost from the very inception of the game until the present time — as player, manager and magnate — Mr. Spalding has been closely iden- tified with its interests. Not infrequently he has been called upon in times of emergency to prevent threatened disaster. But for him the National Game would have been syn- dicated and controlled by elements whose interests were purely selfish and personal. The book is a veritable repository of in- formation concerning players, clubs and personalities connected with the game in its early days, and is written in a most interesting style, interspersed with enlivening anecdotes and accounts of events that have not heretofore been published. The response on the part of the press and the public to Mr. Spalding's efforts to perpetuate the early history of the National Game has been very encouraging and he is in receipt of hundreds of letters and notices, a few of which are here given. Robert Adamson,_ New York, writing from the office of Mayor Gaynor, says: — "Seeing the Giants play is my principal recreation and I am interested in reading everything I can find about the game. I especially enjoy what you [Mr. Spalding] have written, because you stand as the highest living authority on the game." Barney Dreyfuss, owner of the Pittsburg National League club: — "It does honor to author as well as the game. I have enjoved reading it very much." Walter Camp, well known foot ball expert and athlete, says: — "It (s mdeed a remarkable work and one that I have read with a arreat deal of interest." John B. Day, formerly President of the New York Nationals:— "Your wonderful work will outlast all of us." W. Irving Snydes, formerly of the house of Peck & Snyder:—*^ have read the book from cover to cover with great interest." Andrew Peck, formerly of the celebrated firm of Peck & Snyder:— •'All base ball fans should read and see how the game was conducted in early years." Melville E. Stone, New York, General Manager Associated Press:— "I find it full of valuable information and very interesting./ I prize it very highly." George Barnard, Chicago: — "Words fail to express my appreciation of the book. It carries me back to the early days of base ball and makes me feel like a young man again." Charles W. Murphy, President Chicago National League club: — "The book is a very valuable work and will become a part of every base ball library in the country." John F. Morrill, Boston, Mass., old time base ball star. — "I did not think it possible for one to become so interested in a book on base ball. 1 do not find anything in it which I can criticise.'' Ralph D. Paine, popular magazine writer and a leading authority on college sport: — "I have Tieen reading the book with a great deal of interest. 'It fills a long felt want,' and you are a national benefactor for writing it." Gen. Fred Funston, hero of the Philippine war: — "I read the book with a great deal of pleasure and was much interested in seeing the account of base ball among the Asiatic whalers, which I had written for Harper's Round Table so many years ago." DeWolf Hopper, celebrated operatic artist and comedian: — "Apart from the splendid history of the evolution of the game, it perpetuates the memories of the many men who so gloriously sustained it. It should be read by every lover of the sport." Hugh Nicol, Director of Athletics, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. : — "No one that has read this book has appreciated it more than 1. Ever since I have been big enough, I have been in professional base ball, and you can imagine how interesting the book is to me." Mrs. Britton, owner of the St. Louis Nationals, through her treas*' urer, H. D. Seekamp, writes: — "Mrs. Britton has been very mucli interested in the volume and has read with pleasure a number of chapters, gaining valuable information as to the history of the game." Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst, D.D., New York: — "Although I am not very much of a 'sport,' I nevertheless believe in sports, and just at the present time in base ball particularly. Perhaps if all the Giants had an opportunity to read the volume before the recent game (with the Athletics) they might not have been so grievously outdone." Bruce Cartwright, son of Alexander J. Cartwright. founder of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club, the first organization of ball players in existence, writing from his home at Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, says: — "I have read the book with great interest and it is my opinion that no better history of base ball could have been written." George W. Frost, San Diego, Calif.: — "You and 'Jim' White, George Wright, Barnes, McVey, O'Rourke, etc., were little gods to us back there in Boston in those days of '74 and '75, and I recall how indig- nant we were when you 'threw us down' for the Chicago contract. The book is splendid. I treasure it greatly." A. J. Reach, Philadelphia, old time professional expert: — "It certainly is an interesting revelation of the national game from the time, years before it was so dignified, up to the present. Those who have played the game, or taken an interest in it in the past, those at present en- gaged in it, together with all who are to engage in it, have a rare treat in store." Dr. Luther H. Gulick, Russell Sage Foundation:— "Mr. Spalding has been the largest factor in guiding the development of the game and thus deserves to rank with other great men of the country who have contributed to its success. It would have added to the interest of the book if Mr. Spalding could have given us more of his own personal experiences, hopes and ambitions in connection with the game*" Pittsburg Press: — "Historical incidents abound and tliC oook is aa excellent authority on the famous sport." Philadelphia Telegraph: — "In this book Mr. Spalding has written the most complete and authoritative story of base ball yet published." New York Herald: — "If there is anyone in the country competent to vnte a book on base ball it is A. G. Spalding who has been interested /ti the game from its early beginnings." I. E. Sanborn, Chicago Tribune: — "'America's National Game' has been added to the Tribune's sporting reference library as an invaluable contribution to the literature of the national pastime." O. C. Reichard, Chicago Daily News: — "It is cleverly written and presents information and dates of great value to the newspaper man of to-day!" George C. Rice, Chicago Journal:—"! have read the book through; and take pleasure in stating that it is a complete history of the game from the beginning until the present time." Sherman R. Duffy, Sporting Editor Chicago Journal: — "It is a most interesting work and one for which there was need. It is the most valuable addition to base ball literature that has yet been put out." Joseph H. Vila, New York Sun: — "I have read it carefully and with much interest. It is the best piece of base ball literature 1 have ever seen, and I congratulate you on the work." Tim Murnane, Sporting Editor Boston Globe: — "You have given to the world a book of inestimable value, a classic in American history; a book that shouM be, highly prized in every home library in the country." Francis C. Richter, Editor Sporting Life, Philadelphia: — "From a purely literary standpoint, your work is to me amazing. Frankly, I would not change a line, for the reason that the story is told in a way to grip the reader and hold his interest continually." Los Angeles Times (editorial) ; — "Spalding's book has been out six months and ninety thousand copies have been sold. We understand there will be other editions. America has taken base ball seriously for at last two generations, and it is time enough that the fad was given an adequate text book." Caspar Whitney, Editor Outdoor America, and one of the leading authorities in the world on sport: — "You nave made an invaluable con- tribution to the literature of the game, and one none else could have made. Moreover, you've done some very interesting writing, which is a distinct novelty in such books — too often dull and uninteresting." New York World: — "Albert G. Spalding, who really grew up with the sport, has written 'America's National Game,' which he describes as not_ a history, but the simple story of the game as he has come to know it. His book, therefore, is full of living interest. It is a volume generously illustrated and abounds in personal memories of base ball in the making." New York Sun: — "There is a mass of interesting information regard- ing _ base ball, as might be expected, in Mr. Spalding's 'America's National Game.' It is safe to say that before Spaloing there was no base ball. The book is no record of games and players, but it is historical in a broader sense, and the author is able to give his personal decisive testimony about many disputed points." Evening Telegram, New York; — "In clear, concise, entertaining, nar- rative style, Albert G. Spalding has contributed in many respects the most interesting work pertaining to base ball, the national game, which has been written. ^ "There is so much in it of interest that the temptation not to put It down until it is completed is strong with.n the mind of every person who begins to read it. As a historical record it is one of those volumes which will go further to straighten some disputed points than •II of the arguments which could be advanced in good Matured disputes which might last for months." SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY ^ Giving the Titles of all Spalding Athletic Library Books now p. CJ J in print, grouped lor ready reference c" -^ SPALDING OFFICIAL ANNUALS Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide Spalding's Official Base Ball Record Spalding's Official College Base Ball Annual Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide Spalding's Official Soccer Foot Ball Guide Spalding's Official Lawn Tennis Annual Spalding's Official Ice Hockey Guide Spalding's Official Basket Ball Guide Spalding's Official Women's Basket Ball Guide Spalding's Official Lacrosse Guide ^ Spalding's Official Indoor Base Ball Guide 2A Spalding's OfTicial Athletic Rules No. I lA IC 2 2A 4 6 7 7A 8 9 Group No. 1 Base Ball No. Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide. No. lA Official Base Ball Record. No. Ic College Base Ball Annual. No. 202 How tx) Play Base Ball. No. 223 How to Bat. No. 232 How to Run Bases. No. 230 How to Pitch. No. 229 How to Catch. No. 225 How to Play First Base. No. 226 How to Play Second Base. No. 227 How to Play Third Base. No. 228 How to Play Shortstop. No. 224 How to Play the Outfield. How to Organize a Base Ball League. [Club. How to Organize a Base Ball How to Manage a Base Ball „„i -J Club. ^^ Howto Train aBaseBallTeam How to Captain a Base Ball HowtoUmpireaGame.[Team Technical Base Ball Terms. No. 219 ' Ready Reckoner of Base Ball Percentages. No. 350 How to Score. BASE BALL AUXILIARIES No. 355 Minor League Base Ball Guide No. 356 Official Book National League of Prof. Base Ball Clubs. No. 340 Official Handbook National Playground Ball Ass'n. Groap II. Foot Ball No. 2 Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide No. 324 How to Play Foot Ball. No. 2a Spalding's Official Soccer Foot Ball Guide. No. 286 How to Play Soccer. No. 335 How to Play Rugby. FOOT BALL AUXILIARIES No. 351 Official Rugby Foot Ball Guide. No. 358 Official College Soccer Foot Ball Guide. Group III. Cricket No. 277 Cricket and How to Play It. Group IV. Lawn Tennis No. 4 Spalding's Official Lawn Ten- nis Annual. No. 157 How to Play Lawn Tennis. Group VI. Hockey No. 6 Spalding's Official Ice Hockey Guide. No. 154 Field Hockey. No, 180 Ring Hockey. Group VII. Basket Ball No. 7 Spalding' sOfficial Basket BaU Guide. No. 7a Spalding's Official Women's Basket Ball Guide. No. 193 How to Play Basket Ball. BASKET BALL AUXILIARY No. 353 Official Collegiate Basket Ball Handbook. Group VIII. Lacrosse No. 8 Spalding's Official Lacrosse Guide No. 201 How to Play Lacrosse. Group IX. Indoor Base Ball No. 9 Spalding's Official Indoor Base Ball Guide. Group X. Polo No. 129 Water Polo. No. 199 Equestrian Polo. Group XI. Miscellaneous Games No. 248 Archery. No. 138 Croquet. Roque. Racquets. Squash-Racquets. Court Tennis. Hand Ball. Quoits. No. 14 Curling. Push Ball. Lawn Bowls. i3g f Lawn Hockey. Parlor Hockey ^°° \ Garden Hockey. Lawn Games No. 271 No. 194 No. 13 No. 167 No. 170 No. 207 No. No. 341 How to Bowl. ANY OF THE ABOVE BOOKS MAILED FOSTPAIO UPON RECEIPT OF 10 CENTS Groap XII. Athletics No. 12a Spalding's Official Athletic No. 27 College Athletics. iRules All Around Athletics. Athletes' Guide. Athletic Primer. [Thrower. How to Become a Weight How to Run 100 Yards, [ning. Distance— Cross Country Run- Official Sporting Rules. Athletic Training for School- Marathon Running. [boys. Schoolyard Athletics. How to Sprint. [petition. Walking for Health and Com- Intercollegiate Official Hand- Girls' Athletics. [book. Y. M. C. A. Official Handbook. P. S. A. L. Official Handbook. Group XIII. AthleticAccomplishments No. 23 Canoeing. How to Row. How to Swim. How to Become a Skater. How to Train for Bicycling. Roller Skating Guide. Group XIV. Manly Sports No. 165 Fencing. (By Senac.) No. 236 How to Wrestle. No. 182 No. 156 No. 87 No. 259 No. 255 No. 174 No. 55 No. 246 No. 317 No. 331 No. 252 No. 342 No. 357 No. 314 No. 302 No. 313 No. 128 No. 177 No. 209 No. 178 No. 282 Group XIV. Manly Sports— Con. No. 102 Ground Tumbling. Indian Clubs anf^ Dumb Bella Medicine Ball Exercises. Pulley Weight Exercises. How to Punch the Bag. Tumbling for Amateurs. Group XV. Gymnastics No. 254 Barnjum Bar Bell Drill. Graded Calis. and D. B. Drills. In- and Outdoor Gym. Games. How to Become a Gymnast. Fancy Dumb Bell and March- ing Drills. [Apparatus. Pyramid Building Without Pyramid Building v/ith Wands, Chairs and Ladders. Handbook I.C. A. A.Gymnasts Group XVI. Physical Culture No. 161 lOMin.ExerciseforBusyMen. Care of the Body. [nasties. Health by Muscular Gym- Physical Education and Hy- Hints on Health. [giene. School Tactics and Maze Run- Muscle Building. [ning. Indigestion Treated by Gym- 285 Health Answers, [nasties. Twenty-Minute Exercises. No. 143 No. 262 No. 29 No* 191 No. 289 No. 214 No. 158 No. 124 No. 287 No S27 No. 329 No. 345 No. 149 No. 285 No. 208 No. 185 No. 234 No. 238 No. 288 No. 213 No. 325 ANY OF THE ABOVE BOOKS MAILED POSTPAID UPON RECEIPT OF 10 CENTS Spalding "Red Cover" Series of Afhletie Handbooks No. IR. Spalding's Official Athletic Almanac Price 25c. No. 2R. Strokes and Science of Lawn Tennis Price 25c. No. 3R. Spalding's Official Golf Guide Price 25c. No. 4R. How to Play Golf Price 25c. No. 5R. Spalding's Official Cricket Guide Price 25c, No. 7R. Physical Training Simplified Price 25c. No. 8R. The Art of Skating Price 25c. No. 9R. How to Live 100 Years Price 25c. No. lOR. Single Stick Drill Price 25c. No. IIR. Fencing Foil Work Illustrated Price 25c. No. 12R. Exercises on the Side Horse Price 25c. No. 13R. Horizontal Bar Exercises Price 25c. No. 14R. Trapeze, Long Horse and Rope Exercises Price 25c. No. 15R. Exercises on the Flying Rings Price 25c. No. 16R. Team Wand Drill Price 25c. No. 17R. Olympic Games, Stockholm, 1912 Price 25c. No. 18R. Wrestling Price 25c. No. 19R. Professional Wrestling Price 25c. No. 20R. How to Play Ice Hockey Price 25c. No. 21R. Jiu Jitsu Price 25c. No. 22R. How to Swing Indian Clubs Price 25c. No. 23R. Get Well ; Keep Well Price 25c. No. 24R. Dumb Bell Exercises Price 25c. No. 25R. Boxing Price 25c. No. 26R. Official Handbook National Squash Tennis Association Price 25c. No. 27R. CalisthenicDrillsandFancyMarchingfortheClassRoom Price 25c. No. 28R. Winter Sports Price 25c. No. 29R. Children's Games Price 25c. No. 30R, Fencing. (By Breck.) Price 25c. No. 31R. Spalding's International Polo Guide Price 25c. No. 32R. Physical Training for the School and Class Room. . . Price 25c. No. 33R. Tensing Exercises Price 25c. No. 34R. Grading of Gymnastic Exercises Price 25c. No. 35R. Exercises on the Parallel Bars Price 25c. No. 36R. Speed Swimming , Price 25c. GEORGE M. MARTIN, Physical Director of the Young Men's Christian Association of Youngstown, Ohio. Spalding " Red Cov^er" Series of ^ — i p-i i — > Athletic Handbooks I , _ No. 34R. The Grading of Gymnastic Exercises By GEORGE M. MARTIN Physical Director of the Young Men's Christian Association of Youngstown, Ohio PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN- SPORTS PUBLISHING f] Jdpn COMPANY :i Warren Street, New York t — ' '— ' ' — i jiiinn Copyright. 1913 BY American Sports Publishing Company Nev/ York ©CI.A35i86-i TO Dr. J. C. REEVE, Jr., IN RECOGNITION OF A CONSTANT FRIENDSHIP. CONTENTS Introduction, «•••••. Preface, ........ Chapter /.—The Place of the Class in Physical Training, . Chapter //.—Grading of Exercises and Season Schedules, . Grading of Men — Grading of Exercises — Season Schedules for Various Classes — Elementary and Advanced Classes — Leaders — Optional Exercises — Examinations — College and School Work. Chapter. III. — Calisthenic Exercises, . GRADED APPARATUS EXERCISES Introduction, . . , . . Chapter IV, — Parallel Bars, Chapter V. — Horizontal Bar, . Chapter F/.— Side PIorse, Chapter VII. — Low Horizontal Bar„ . , Chapter VIII. — Long Horse, Chapter IX. — Horizontal Ladder, Chapter X. — Slanting Ladder, . Chapter X/.— FLYING RINGS, GENERAL MASSED CLASS EXERCISES. Chapter XII. — Buck Exercises, . Chapter XIII. — Jumping Standards (Front), . Chapter XIV. — Mat Exercises, . Chapter XV. — Running Exercises, Chapter XVI. — Standards AND Buck, . , Chapter XVII. — Buck and Standards, Chapter XVIII. — Side Horse and Buck, Chapter XIX. — JUMPING Standards (Side), Conclusion, , . . . « II 17 * * 4? 47 48 70 91 107 126 . 131 142 PC . 155 H,». . 167 . 169 . 171 . 173 . 175 . 176 . 178 . 180 181 INTRODUCTION // is the general agreement among scholars that each individual in coming to adult life must pass through stages of development corresponding to the development of the race from the earliest forms. This view of human origin puts emphasis upon physical training, for it has been through physical struggle of various hind's that the body as well as the mind has come to its present structure and functions. The cultivation of the body is then a necessary antecedent which must accompany and he basal to all development of mind and character. Among animals and among savages this training of the body is carried on in an unconscious way by means of the natural play % and sports of each species, but with the advancement of civili:(ed life we are seeing a new condition. Vi^e are compelling children to go to school earlier and earlier in life, and at school they must sit still. They must go to school for more and more months of each year and for an increased number of years, so that the natural activity of childhood is being materially lessened. We are finding with alarming rapidity that individuals come to adult life with inferior bodies and that deficient vigor, as well as lack of control, which is everyone's right. Coincident with this increase in school life and the consequent lack of physical exercise is a growth in city life. The majority of the population in the United States now live in cities, whereas only one hundred years ago only three per cent, of them lived in cities. City life has less opportunity for muscular ex- ercise than does country life. We are taking away the natural playgrounds of children, so that not only are we lessening their natural exercise by putting them in school, hut when they are out of school they do not have the opportunity for play and exercise that they used to have and should have. For these reasons, as well as for others, it makes it necessary for us to give particular attention to the de- velopment of the body. We must provide gymnasia, and in these gymnasia there must he carefully arranged opportunities for exercise in rational ways. We who are connected with physical training are not agrted wholly in regard to the details of our subject. The present time, however, is not one for the discussion of disagreements, hut for hearty co-operation along broad lines and of urging the necessity of physical exer- cise to meet the changed conditions of civilised life. Mr. Martin has made not only a successful study, but has for some years been ably carrying out the work de- scribed in the following pages,, and it is with pleasure that I commend it to the careful attention of all those who have to do in a practical way with the teaching of gymnastics. While they, like the writer of this intro- duction, may find points that might be questioned, still they will also, I am confident, agree that in other re- spects not only is there no question hut that important and valuable ivork has been done. LUTHER GUUCK, K, M. C. A. Training School, Springfield, Mass, PREFACE The necessity for such a work was brought forcibly to my attention when, as a member of the leaders' corps in the Physical Department of a Young Men's Christian Association, I met the following difficulties : First — The almost certain failure to have at my com- mand suitable exercises for a class when unexpectedly called upon to lead — if, indeed, any exercises at all would be remembered. Second — This first difficulty overcome by thoroughly learning, mentally as well as physically, a large number of exercises, there was no way of establishing a correct sequence of exercises for the men's best development. Third — The impracticability of the impromptu grading of exercises to secure not only the best bodily development, but that development of mind with body which brings out grace, power, agility, physical judgment and self-control. At the Physical Directors' Conference (Brooklyn, May 17-27, 1898) the majority of the directors who expressed themselves were of the opinion that most boys and men need from the Y. M. C. A. physical education — at least until the public school assumed this work at the proper period of the boys' life, between 7 and 12 years of age. At present the vast majority of laborers, clerks and mechanics, and a large number of business, professional men and students need physical education in addition to their recreative, hygienic and corrective exercises. For the past eight years I have been attempting to solve these problems, and the methods I now use are on the following pages, meant mainly as a text-book for in- structors and leaders. Under the heading of "The Place of the Class in Physi- cal Training'^ will be found what, from my experience and careful watching of the work in many associations, seems to best fill to-day the needs of men in the line of physical training. The chapters following contain plans for class exer- cises, including a complete set of exercises graded for the apparatus, and general massed class work. Realizing the difficulty of mastering the nomenclature, only the simpler of the adopted terms are used, such as knee circle, riding seat, side and cross hangs, etc., the more difficult movements and positions being always fully ex- plained. GEORGE M. MARTIN. CHAPTER I. The Place of the Class in Physical Training. The place of the class in physical training has been re- ceiving serious attention of late, since, with the old- fashioned method of individual instruction in athletic and gymnastic events,, physical training was the fad of the few, while now the majority of men in our colleges and cities require this work. To-day the instructors in public school, college, club and Association gymnasia have to deal with hundreds; and for these, systems of massed class work are rapidly being formulated. From the beginning this work should be considered a matter of need and supply, rather than demand and sup- ply. A few men or boys will be found in every crowd who clamor for something until they get it, and then con- tinue clamoring for something else. To satisfy these de- mands, rather than the need of the majority, some in- structors attempt to have something special all the time. This is certainly one of the greatest mistakes in the pres- ent day work. The best aim in the world to-day is toward steady, ag- gressive work. Shall this be handicapped by developing in men a craze for something novel and exciting all the 12 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. time? Plans should be made for a steady, systematic work, developing full manhood, unchanged by the mo- mentary wishes of the few. The present need is a work which will take the growing boy and develop him into full manhood. The exercises should therefore include : First — Those which will induce harmonious growth of all the muscles, and, as symmetry of muscle is not enough, these must include such exercises as tend to correct faulty positions of the skeleton, as drooping head and round shoulders. Second — As hygienic work, exercises heavy enough to induce faster and deeper breathing, free perspiration, in- creased heart action and stimulation to nutritive and circu- latory processes. Third — Physical Education, that variety of exercise and increasing difficulty of combination which keeps the brain alert, helps the memory and gives mastery to mind over body, thorough self-control, and the acquirement of cour- age, physical judgment and grace. These exercises are not only necessary to a man's educa- tion, but are intensely interesting to the pupil. The old method of one drill, often repeated, is fast being aban- doned. The fact that' it develops muscle alone, leaving out all the higher elements in man's nature, has forced it out of education. Fourth — Recreation. Man, as an animal, needs play and competition, and if the class is to be sufficient for com- plete physical training, it must include these elements. Thus, the class will be insufficient that does not contain the above named elements of — THE GRADING OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. 13 All-round muscular development, with corrective exer- cises ; Hygienic exercises, Physical education. Play and competition. All these elements should be supplied in a single class, and to cover these the class may be conducted in the fol- lowing manner : First — Class Marching. As men need the quality of obedience, and the habit of subjection to a recognized leader, with at times the suppression of individuality, to secure harmony with many others, the class should be started with 5 to lo minutes of military drill. The mind and body soon learn to obey instantly and accurately the commands of the instructor, and to work in unison with a large number. Second — From such drill the instructor may easily march his men into position for calisthenics. These exer- cises may be either with wand, dumb-bell, Indian club, at times various other appliances, or without apparatus. But, whatever the means used, there should be definite results, as follows : A slight warming up for the heavier work to follow. The exercising of the parts of the body : Forearm, upper arm and shoulder. Neck. Leg. Thigh. Waist. With attention paid to corrective exercises for the al- most universally faulty positions of spine and head. 14 SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. While using the above outHne in all calisthenic exer- cises, the lessons may be advanced from session to session by increasing the leverage for muscular development, and increasing the combinations and parts to be used simul- taneously, for mental development. Such a plan of exer- cise is considered pleasure and not work. (Refer to chap- ter on "Grading of Exercises and Season Schedules.") These exercises have been slightly hygienic, more cor- rective and as much educative as the instructor sees fit to make them. Duration, 15 minutes. Third — Apparatus Exercise. After the warming up of the calisthenic exercises, the pupils are ready for heav- ier physical work, and by squads are marched to the ap- paratus. (The methods of grading the exercises and the men may be studied in their respective chapters.) Suffice it to say here, there are squads of 5 to 10 men perform- ing exercises adopted to their physical and mental ability, for, even here, the exercises are not purely muscular and automatic, but graded. (See "Graded Apparatus Exer- cises.") For 20 minutes the leaders take them rapidly through the exercises set for their squad and grade. The most of this exercise is for physical development, but attention to form and ease and grace in accomplishing the exercises, and the combinations of the same, make the work educa- tive and at the same time pleasing. Fourth — Hycienic Exercises. The class is massed and fairly raced through lively jumping and vaulting exercises, as given in the chapter on "General Massed Class Exercises." Little restriction, plenty of enjoyment, some variety, THE GRADING OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. 1 5 accompanied with deep breathing, a lively heart and free perspiration, is the rule. This is continued 10 to 15 min- utes. Every third or fourth session this time is given up to a class competition. The stick, buck or bar is raised for a jumping or vaulting contest with from 25 to 100 entries. Usually but one or two trials are allowed. The first to fail doesn't care, for he is probably a new member, and will do better later. Each fellow is trying to beat his chum. The winner defeats perhaps 50 com- petitors. What could be more glory ? Thus a contest is held which has satisfied the competi- tive spirit in all. Few regularly organized athletic com- petitions, which are hard to manage, are necessary. No prize earning spirit is developed. Under these plans one Association ran for seven years without giving a prize, and it expects to continue the same indefinitely. Fifth — After this general exercise, a few minutes of the keenest enjoyment is spent in such events as leap-frog, knapsack or obstacle racing, or a game of three-deep tag, or one of a hundred other simple play exercises. The above is the outline for a general class of clerks and mechanics. For students, with whom energy is usually almost un- limited, the work is somewhat more spirited. For business men, the variety is kept, but no attempt made at education. Hygienic exercises in calisthenics and on apparatus substituted. Most of the jumping and recreation used. Very little competition. For boys 12 to 16 years of age, less apparatus work. For boys under 12 years of age, no heavy apparatus i6 Spalding's athletic library. work, and the use of the simplest games and races. The continuation of variety may be studied in the chap- ter on "Grading of Exercises and Season Schedules." This scheme of class work is the foundation for all the work to follow, and may be adopted by college, club or Association. In club and Association life, it has been found impossible to get men out regularly more than twice each week, and this work has been planned for that. It may, however, be easily used in colleges, where physical training is compulsory and definite hours set for the same. THE GRADING OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. I7 CHAPTER II. Grading of Exercises and Season Schedules. Grading of Men — Grading of Exercises — Season Sched- ules of Class Exercises — Elementary and Advanced Classes — Examinations — Management of Leaders — Optional Exercises — College Work. A gymnasium, as a factor of combined physical and mental training, should be as a college with a definitely planned work, not only for one season, but a thorough course, not only in one line, but in all lines, rather than as a public library with training supplied on demand, with no regularity or restrictions beyond the whim of the user. If it be a good plan to have the different branches of study, necessary to a child's mental education, graded and divided as to difficulty and importance, and the teaching thereof scheduled as to time and frequency, is it not also a good plan to have the physical work graded, divided and scheduled? This is necessary for the school, college or Association, with some variation in plan to suit the differ- ent conditions. Realizing this, advice has come from meetings of Young Men's Christian Association Physical Directors that the men be divided into five grades, with corresponding five grades of exercises. They have suggested the grade lim- its, but have left undecided the kind and number of exer- cises to be used. A few exercises in each grade to be constantly repeated 'l8 SPALDING^S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. is not sufficient. There should be a full season's grading of exercises, including a large number of exercises and combinations, that not only better physical results may be attained, but better mental and physical education. Exer- cises are far from best which deal only with the physica^ side of man. Instead of lo exercises in a grade, there should be from 75 to 150 exercises, graded not only as to physical but to mental advancement, introducing memory, muscular con- trol, physical judgment, courage and grace, which a few exercises, often repeated, does not produce. Using the more popular pieces of apparatus as often as possible and still giving all-round work, and alternat- ing the use of high and low exercises, the parallel bars and horizontal bar are used about ten times each, the side horse eight times, the rings and ladders about six times during the season. As long horse work is very limited, but two lessons are planned for. Overhead parallels may be substituted for ladders. As in 20 minutes the average squad covers 10 to 12 exercises, the number in each grade thus varies with the piece from 75 to 150. As men will attend more regularly when two days a week are set for them than when given a choice of five or six days, the work should be planned for definite hours on definite days for a stated season, as, eight o'clock, Tues- day and Friday, from September 15th to May 15th. In colleges, on account of outdoor work, the season will begin later and end sooner; and after counting out the holidays, sessions may be held three or four times each week with this schedule. THE GRADING OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. IQ Thus, in one or two seasons of systematic exercise, a man will become so habituated to regular exercise, that, missing his class, he will keep up some regular work. After the plan of the class, and these general sugges- tions upon the grading of men and exercises, there are brought for attention the following season schedules, or outlines to be followed during the season : Schedule No. i needs very little explanation here, as the same is given in the chapters on "Calisthenic Exer- cises," "Graded Apparatus Exercises,^' and "General Massed Class Exercises." The games and races are those in general use. Others may be substituted at times. The figures to the right of each piece of apparatus show the method of bookkeeping. Leaders are given slips with their work as follows : Leader H. J. Martin. Date. May 13, 1898. Class Elementary. Division First. Grade First. Apparatus Side Horse. Commence Exercise No. 50. Ended Number of Pupils Upon completing his time, the leader fills in the last two items, say. Ended at 61. Number of pupils, 7. At his convenience, the instructor enters the number 62 oppo- site the side horse on his schedule as the exercise with which that squad will next commence. The slip is filed 20 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. for future reference as to leaders on duty, attendance, etc. Leaders should call the roll for their squad when the class is so large that the instructor cannot remember all pres- ent, and mark them up after class. Optional Work. — At the end of each session, one or two optional exercises may be given, and, at times, for the leaders' interest and development, he may use six, eight or ten of the scheduled exercises, then make up his own for the remaining time. The few given from schedule will be a guide as to degree of difficulty. Elementary and Advanced Classes. — At the begin- ning of the season there are usually several squads in the first grade, and in a new field all will be in this grade. In a short time the brighter and stronger pupils will easily pass into the second grade, and some, before the session is finished, into the third. According to the number in the various grades, differ- ing with years and places, the men should be divided, where possible, into two classes, an elementary and ad- vanced, or Junior (boys under i6). Intermediate (ele- mentary) and Senior (advanced) classes. Either the first two, or sometimes the first three, grades, as given in the schedule, will work in the elementary class, taking as a massed class, elementary calisthenics and gen- eral exercise. The more experienced men do not care to take calisthen- ics and play games with beginners, and if both are on the floor at the same time the beginners will stand around and look on while the advanced pupils develop the muscle. It is advisable, however, to secure several advanced pupils THE GRADING OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. 21 as leaders. This number will be so in the minority that they act as examples and not as monopolies. The last two or three grades will then work together (at separate hours if possible) and receive not only ad- vanced apparatus exercises, but advanced calisthenics and general exercise. (Refer to Schedule No. 2 and chap- ters on "Calisthenics," "Apparatus Exercises" and "Gen- eral Massed Class Exercises.'^) With this comes the question of examinations. Either Dr. McCurdy's examination blank may be used and cer- tificate given, or the instructor may select typical exer- cises on side horse, horizontal bar and parallel bars, these being sufficient in passing from grade to grade, except upon passing from elementary to advanced class, when the examination should include calisthenics and general exercise. These exercises should include those which most nearly call for the elements of the grade, whether skill, strength, agility, memory, form, or all these. At- tention to form is necessary from the beginning. This soon becomes automatic and allows more attention to be given to the developing of the other lines of memory, co- ordination, etc. Suggested examination exercises for apparatus : Horizontal Bar. First to Second Grade. 1. Pull up to chin, twice. 2. Hang — raise knees forward — alternate releasing right and left hand and placing them on hips. 3. Swing toes to bar, keep arms and legs straight. ^2 SMLDING^S athletic LiBRARV. Second and Third Grade. 1. Raise legs to half lever. 2. Pull up to chin — swing. 3. Knees forward — feet between hands to back hang. Third to Fourth Grade. 1. Legs and arms straight — raise toes upward to bar. 2. Pull up to chin — swing. 3. Raise knee to knee-hang outside hands right — • swing up to seat. Fourth to Fifth Grade. 1. Upstart. 2. Legs in half lever — pull up to chin. 3. At end of forward swing bring right leg to knee hang outside of hands right, and continue circling to seat — knee circle backward. Side Horse. First to Second Grade. 1. Squat vault. 2. Front rest at saddle — alternate circling right and left leg forward to side riding seat and return. 3. Right hand on left pommel — jump to back rest in saddle — half right turn to front rest on neck — half left circle with right leg — return — down. Second to Third Grade. 1. Squat vault to back rest — off forward. 2. Rear vault. 3. Squat left leg to side riding seat — half left circle, right leg — half left circle, left leg — half right circle, right leg— half right circle, left leg— half left circle, right leg- off. THE GRADING OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. 23 Third to Fourth Grade. 1. Front rest — half left circle, right leg — half right circle left leg, with three-quarter right turn to riding seat on croup — backward scissors — off forward. 2. Feint right — rear vault left, quarter turn left. 3. Right circle with right leg. Fourth to Fifth Grade. 1. Feint right — screw backward right to riding seat on neck — forward scissors — feint left — front vault right. 2. Run, thief jump from left foot to side riding seat, right leg forward — half right circle, left leg with three- quarter right turn to riding seat on croup — feint right — right circle with right leg — feint left — rear vault right. 3. Squat to back rest — scissors sideways right to riding seat on croup — feint right — rear vault left. Parallel Bars. First to Second Grade. 1. Cross rest at end — walk forward. 2. Cross rest — swing to outside seat right — return and same left. 3. Right hand on left bar — jump to cross rest, facing out — swing to riding seat on right bar behind hand — re- turn and same left. Second to Third Grade. 1. Jump up to riding seat over bars — hands in front — swing legs down and up to riding seat over bars — repeat across bars. 2. Still dip. 3. Right hand on left bar — jump to cross rest, facing out — walk backward. 24 SPALDING S ATHLETIC LIBRARY. Third to Fourth Grade. 1. Spread up over right bar to outside seat left — rear vault right, half left turn. 2. Swing — jump forward with each forward swing. 3. At end, face out — grasp bars and turn to riding seat over bars — spread off forward. Fourth to Fifth Grade. 1. Three rolls forward across bars, coming to riding seat after each roll — handspring off end. 2. At side of bars. Flank vault right over near bar — flank vault left over off bar. 3. From riding seat at center of bars — roll backward to riding seat. When examining for admittance to the advanced class, several exercises should be selected for wand, dumb-bell, Indian club and free exercise. Also the pupil should be tested, either in jumping, running or potato racing. About 75 per cent, of what is deemed perfect should be required for the man to pass. Schedule No. 3. — Refer to "Calisthenic Exercises" for the calisthenic work given business men. The apparatus and jumping exercises are the very simplest, being almost entirely hygienic. Nothing over a half turn used in jumping. Some competition allowed. Much recereative work with basket and medicine balls, etc. Schedule No. 4. — Calisthenic work for boys is explained in the chapter on "Calisthenics." The remaining work of the schedule explains itself. THE GRADING OF GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. 25 Little can be done in the public school until each has its own gymnasium, when the work caji be used as in Sched- ule No. 4. 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Foi Canadian prict, ttc y,tcial Canciilm Cslologw^' A Standard Quality must be inseparably linked to a Standard Policy. Without a definite and Standard Mercantile Policy, it is impossible for a Manufacturer to long maintain a Standard Qyality. To market his goods through the jobber, a manufacturer must provide a profit for the jobber as well as for the retail dealer. To meet these conditions of Dual Profits, the manufacturer is obliged to set a proportionately high list price on his goods to the consumer. . , > To enable the glib salesnrian, when bookmg his orders, to figure out attractive profits to both the jobber and retailer, these high list prices are absolutely essential; but their real purpose will have been served when the manufacturer has secured his order from the jobber, and the jobber has secured his order from the retailer. , , , . r • i i However, these deceptive high list prices are not fair to the consumer, who does not, and, in reality, is not ever expected to pay these fancy list prices. When the season opens for the sale of such goods, with their misleading but alluring hiirh list prices, the retailer begins to realize his responsibilities, and grapples with the situation as best he can, by offering "special discounts," which vary with local trade conditions. Under this system of merchandising, the profits to both the manufacturer and the jobber are assured ; but as there is no stability maintained in the prices to the consumer, the keen competition amongst the local dealers invariably leads to a demoralized cutting of prices by which the profits of the retailer are practically eliminated. ™-i . , , . . This demoralization always reacts on the manufacturer. The jobber insists on lower, and still lower, prices. The manufacturer, in his turn, meets this demand for the lowering of prices by the only way open to him, viz.: the cheap- ening and degrading of the quality of his product. The foregoing conditions became so intolerable that 14 years ago, in 1899, A. G. Spalding & Bros, determined to rectify this demoralization in the Athletic Goods Trad-;, and inaugurated what has since become known as "The Spalding The " Spalding Policy " eliminates the jobber entirely, so far as Spalding Goods are concerned, and the retail dealer secures the supply of Spalding Athletic Goods direct from the manufacturer by which the retail dealer is assured a fair, legitimate and certain profit on all SpaJding Athletic Goods, and the consumer is assured a Standard Qyality and is protected from imposition. The "Spalding Policy" is decidedly for the interest and protection of the users of Athletic Goods, and acts in two ways : First.— The user is assured of genuine Official Standeird Athletic Goods and the same prices to everybody. Second.— As manufacturers, we can proceed with confidence in purchasing at the proper time, the very best raw materials required in the manufacture of our various goods, well ahead of their respective seasons, and this enables us to provide the necessary quantity and absolutely maintain the Spalding Standard of Qyality. All retail dealers handling Spalding Athletic Goods are requested to supply consumers at our regular printed catalogue prices— neither more nor less-the same prices that similar goods are sold for in our New York, Chicago and other stores. All Spalding dealers, as well as users of Spalditig Athletic Goods, are treated exactly alike, and no special rebates or discrirninations are allowed to anyone. This briefly, is the "Spalding Policy," which has already been in successful operation for the past 14 years, and will be indefinitely continued. In other words, "The Spalding Policy" is a "square deal" for everybody. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. B, <^ x:::^!^"^^^^^- •n- v^ ^-^^ * ^ ^ ' ^^ . ^^' ^ 8 , A * \^ . . « , ^^ -^ .0 N o • .0 ^oo' .0( 1 ^>. '^^ v^' .Oo .." j*-?;^ .% ,0' '^:^*^/ vie., ^3^ ;^^ 'V xO°<. .0- ^.^'i^n^^ ,,^^ ,*-^ -^*, A ^^^' ^^. . %/.--v^\/ S^<^. ^\.«^^/V^"^'^^\./.^v'«v,V°^^ 0"^ .- .^■^ •%_ ' .^-^ >#■ % f /^^ SEPT. 68 |!^ N. MANCHESTER, ■•■'" INDIANA <:£> * N