J°* % ^ ^ A* "» <^ +mJ 0+ %^ ^<* v : %*' :ffl m; £> • *»/'• . . .y«f/^ v-^v V^ Con- gress on June 4 with a notice that both propositions would he considered October 1. In June, 17S3. Congress, while in session in the old City Mall. Philadelphia, received news by carrier, that a large body of unpaid Continental soldiers, which had been 13) THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. encamped at Lancaster, was marching toward Philadelphia, with the avowed purpose of making the Congressmen pris- oners and holding them until all arrears of pay were settled. As Congress had no treasury and no credit, it was not easy to figure out how the demands of the soldiery could be immediately met. Realizing the possible serious result of this attack by their own unpaid soldiers, Congress, in great fear, appealed to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania for protection. President Dickinson answered that he could do nothing; that the State militia would not array them- selves against brothers in arms and that he could not prevent the troops from entering the city. When this answer was received, several members declared that it was high time, if Congress could not be assured of protection in Philadel- phia, to remove to some other city. The next day the mutinous soldiers under the leadership Naturally a very strong feeling of resentment against Philadelphia, and an unwillingness to meet there again existed among Congressmen. In October a serious attempt was made to settle the vexed question in what State the permanent federal buildings should be erected. Beginning with New Hampshire, a vote was taken upon each State comprising the Union, but no State had a majority of the votes or anything like it. On October 7, Gerry, of Massa- chusetts, secured the adoption of a resolution thai " build- ings for the use of Congress shall be erected on or near the banks of the Delaware, or of the Potomac near Georgetown ; provided a suitable district can be procured on one of the rivers aforesaid for a Federal town ; that the right of the soil, and an exclusive or such other jurisdiction as Congress may direct, shall be vested in the United States." This resolution, however, underwent various modifications, one ill their non-commissioned officers, besieged the State House and kept those within in a state of fear. Muskets were pointed al the windows and motions made as if to fire whenever an\ member ventured to look out. Many threats were made of what would be done if they were not paid, hut no actual violence occurred. When Congress adjourned in the afternoon, ami members came out, a pretense was made at first of holding them prisoners, but better counsel prevailed, and they were permitted to pass. An evening session was held and a resolution offered to adjourn to Princeton. It met with much Opposition and was discussed for live days. In tin- meantime, the altitude of the soldiers became more threatening and the citizens upon whom the burden of feeding this little army fell, grew anxious for relief. The resolution was then adopted and the Congress adjourned somewhat ImniedK to Princeton, where it held its' sessions in the ball of the college. of which was to have buildings erected both on the Potomac and on the Delaware, to be occupied alternately: and, pending the erection of the buildings, Congress was to meet alternately in Trenton and Annapolis. The outcome was its repeal April 26, 1784. When Congress met in October of the same year, -nil at Trenton, the subject again came up prominently. After a long debate, a board of three commissioners was created, " with lull power to lav out a district not exceeding three nor less than two miles square, or. the banks of either side of the Delaware, not more than eight miles above or below the falls thereof, for a Federal town." They were author- ized " to purchase soil, and enter into contracts for erecting ami completing, in an elegant manner, a Federal House, President's 1 louse, and Houses for the Secretaries of For- eign Affairs, War, Marine and Treasury: that in choosing the situation for the buildings, due regard be had for the THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. accommodations of the States, with lots for houses for the use of their delegates respectively." No action had been taken under this resolution when the Congress met at New York January 13, 1785, and here °reat but fruitless efforts were made to substitute the word"" Potomac " for the word " Delaware." The friends of the Delaware site succeeded in having the three com- missioners appointed, but the friends of the Potomac con- tinud so vigorously their efforts to repeal or alter the law and brought so much outside influence to bear (notably that of Washington and Jefferson ) , that the commissioners never entered upon their duties. No explanation of the apparent acquiescence by the supporters of the Delaware location in money as they may respectively furnish toward the erection of said buildings." The delegates from Virginia. Georgia. New York and Masssachusetts supported this resolution, but those from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and singularly enough. Mary- land and North Carolina opposed it, so that it failed of adoption. All these discussions, however, unquestionably bore fruit in the Constitutional Convention in 1787, for Section 8, Article 1 of the Constitution declared that Congress should have power to '•' exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district not exceeding ten miles square, as may, by cession of particular States and the Reproduced fro this inaction can be found, but it is a fair supposition that the lack of an appropriation had much to do with it. Lee of Virginia, again brought the question before Congress May 10, 1787. by the following resolution: " Resolved, That the Board of Treasury take measures for erecting the necessary public buildings for he— - dation of Congress, at Georgetown, on the P£T£j*"£e so soon as the soil and jurisdiction of the said town _ are obtained, and that on the completion of the sard ta ldmgs, Congress adjourn their sessions to the said Federal town. "■Resolved, That the States ot Mary and and V irgin a be allowed a credit in the requisition of 1787. or in the arrearages due on past requisitions, for such sums acceptance of Congress become the scat of government ol the United States." So far as contemporaneous writers have recorded, this article was assented to in the conventi m without debate. When it came before the Virginia con- vention fears were expressed that so large-a district under the exclusive control of the Federal Government mighl prove an asylum for political offenders or violators oi law in various slates, but there was little real opposition to ... The first Congress under the new Constitution met in the City of New York, April 6, 1789, the State having tendered its public buildings to the use of the new I toyern- ment Virginia, through her representatives, promptly THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. began a new campaign for the location of the Capital, by offering ten m'les square of her territory in any part of the State that Congress might select, for the Seat of the Federal Government. Seney, of Maryland, presented a similar offer from his State the next day. New Jersey followed with an offer of a site near Trenton, and Pennsyl- vania offered to deed to the Federal authorities a district ten miles square around or near either one of the towns of Lancaster, Wright's Ferry, Harrisburg, Carlisle, Reading or Germantown, Wright's Ferry, on the Susquehanna near Havre de Grace, being the popular favorite. New York made a strong plea for the Capital, and in fact Congress took some steps toward providing a perma- nent home for the President in the metropolis; but it was an expensive place to live and the State would consider no When this motion was carried in the House, the Southern members were all up in arms. How, they asked, did the House propose to locate the center of three things so totally unlike? Was it to be the center of the three centers ? This, they declared, it would be impossible to find. Lee, of Virginia, asked that some member well posted in geography would show how the 1 anks of the Susque- hanna conformed with the guiding principles laid down in the motion, how they communicated with the Atlantic and how they were connected with the great Western ter- ritory. He then offered as a substitute a resolution to the effect that " a place as nearly central as a convenient com- munication with the Atlantic ocean, and an easy access to the Western territory will permit, ought to be selected and established as the permanent Seat of Government of the United States." THE CAPITOL IN 1814. JUST BEFORE THE BRITISH /ASION plan that involved :t surrender of jurisdiction over the city. Having the seat of Government for the time being; however, she naturally opposed strenuously any agitation BE a permanent location: and in this she had the hearty support of the New England States, who were well satisfied with things as they were. But the Southern members had set their hearts on the Potomac and at last Maryland and Virginia were united. Pennsylvania secured the support of New Jerse) ami hoped to win the location on a com- promise between tin- North and the South. In the hope ol getting an expression of opinion favorable to Pennsylvania, on, -i her representatives, Thomas Scott, offered a resolu tion that it would lie expedient to select a site which should lie "as near a- possible the centre ,>i wealth, of population and of territon ." Debate began on the third of September. [789, a Thurs- day morning, and lasted until the following Monday. Hardly a member failed to speak, and the brief reports show that no other subject had aroused more interest and, more acrimony. The Eastern members opposed consid- eration on the ground of more important business pending and urged that the location of the Capital could wait. When they found themselves in a minority on this point they organized a caucus with some of the members from the Middle States and resolved in favor of the banks of the Susquehanna, as the nearest point to the center of wealth, population and territory. The feeling of bitterness between the North and South was intense. A gentleman from South Carolina declared that there could be no peaceful settlement of the question THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. until the Capital was taken far away from the vicinity of those Quakers who " were continually dogging Southern members with their schemes of emancipation." September 5, 1789, the House passed a resolution establishing a per- manent Capital at Wright's Ferry, so soon as the necessary buildings could be erected, the government in the meantime to remain in New York. A bill to carry this resolution into effect aroused again the determined opposition of the South. Madison spoke of the location of the Capital as if it were a vested right of which Virginia was being deprived and declared that, in his opinion, if the proceedings of that day had been foreseen by Virginia, she might never have become a party to the Constitution. Scott, of Pennsylvania, though arrayed upon the other side, felt that " the future tranquility and well-being of the be the chief attractions of Philadelphia's beautiful suburb. But the Virginians were alert and by a shrewd political trick — then played for the first time in our Congressional history, but since oft repeated — sent the bill to the Senate a second time with a simple little amendment, quite unneces- sary, providing that the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania should continue over the new district until such time as Congress should otherwise specifically direct. The bill in the Senate failed of further consideration in the rush of business inci- dent to the close of the session. Probably some Southern Sen- ator assisted in keeping it out of sight. It was a narrow escape for the Potomac, for, if the bill had passed, Pennsyl- vania would undoubtedly have raised the required sum and Germantown would to-day have been the Capital of the Nation. Virginia took new heart after this victory which was raiiFni THE CAPITOL. United States depended as much upon this, as on any other question that had or could come before Congress." Fisher Ames declared that "every principle of pride, and honor, and even of patriotism, were engaged." The bill passed the House by a vote of 31 to 19, but the Senate did not like the Wright's Ferry location and changed it to Germantown, inserting a clause to the effect that the bill should not go into effect until the State of Pennsylvania, or individual citizens should agree to give $100,000 toward the construction of public buildings. The House agreed to these amendments, and if it had stopped there, the Capitol Dome, the .Monument, the Library and the Gothic towers of the Smithsonian Institution might now so near a Waterloo, and. realizing that not only offers of land but also of money were now needed, passed an act ceding to Congress the required district, and supplemented it by the following resolution: ■'Resolved by the General Assembly of J'ir.ginia, That a copy of the foregoing act of the 3d December, 1789, be transmitted to the General Assembly of Maryland without delay; and that it be proposed to said Assembly to unite with this legislature in an application to Congress, that in case < ongress shall deem ii expedienl to establish the per- manent seat of the Government of the United Stales on the banks of the Potomac, so as to, include the cession of either State, or a part of tin cession of both Stales, this Assembl) will pass an act for advancing a sum of money, not ex- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. ceeding one hundred and twenty thousand dollars, to the use of the General Government, to be applied in such man- ner as Congress shall direct, towards erecting public build- ings the said Assembly of Maryland, on their part, advanc- ing a sum not less than two-fifths of the sum advanced by this State for the like purpose." Maryland promptly took action as suggested, agreeing to cede the necessary territory and to furnish $72,000 toward the erection of the public buildings. When Congress met in the spring of 1790, the old fight came on again, with practically no change in the participants except that the citizens of Baltimore, through their repre- sentative, Mr. Smith, proposed to furnish $40,000 for the erection of the necessary buildings for the Federal Govern- ment if the Capital were located " in that town." New York and Pennsylvania had gratuitously furnished " elegant and convenient accommodations " for the use of the Gov- ernment, during the eleven years that it was located within their respective limits, as appears from the resolutions passed by Congress on its removal. Both offered to continue to do so. New Jersey also offered accommodations at Trenton. In the meantime Southern interests favoring the Potomac site had solidified and Northern members were hopelessly- divided. William Maclay, one of the Pennsylvania Sena- tors, kept a diary, for which posterity is greatly indebted, as it is to-day one of the best records extant of the pro- ceedings of the United States Senate at that period. In May, 1790, he writes that the Philadelphians are very indif- ferent about the question of permanent residence. May 20, the New England men made a proposition in favor of Trenton, which pleased Robert Morris, Maclay's colleague in the Senate, but Maclay objected to the position of Penn- - sylvania which forced her to bargain either with the South or the East. Morris, May 24th, offered a resolution that the next session of the Congress should be held in Phila- delphia, Maclay at the same time telling the Senate that " Philadelphia was a place they never could get as a per- manent residence. The government of Pennsylvania neither would nor could part with it. It was nearly equal to one- third ''I' the State in wealth and population. It was the only port belonging to the State." ' The proposition for cession of territory for a Federal Capital, vitb exclusive jurisdiction over it vested in the United States, which met with favor on all hands, put the big cities out of the race complete'y. New York, realizing the hopelessness of becoming the permanent capital, was determined Lo retain the Congress as long as possible and would listen to no other proposition. Pennsylvania was equally desirous of reaping immediate benefits, and dickered with other sections as against New York. Those who were n0 | biased by self interest favored a central local on and an unpopulous neighborhood, the remembrance of the sol- diers' niutim in Philade'phia being still fresh. Railroads were unknown and wagon roads, where they existed at all. were impassable in had weather. Rivers were the 01ll\ counted upon highways of commerce and the re- spective advantages of the Delaware, the Susquehanna, the Potomac and the Patapsco were all carefully considered. No suggestion was offered of a site that should not depend upon commerce to build it up. and it was here that the friends of the Potomac brought to bear their heaviest argu- ments. Not only could vessels sail up the river as far as Georgetown, but work had already begun upon a canal from the Potomac to the Ohio, across the mountains, which would bring to the seaboard all the vast expected products of the great Northwest territory, and aid in its rapid development by affording all the necessities and some of the luxuries of life, to those who should settle therein, at a cheaper rate of transportation than could possibly be given from any other existing or possible future commercial center. Hours of debate were consumed and reams of foolscap covered in the presentation of these arguments, such men as Washington, Jefferson and Madison being firmly con- vinced of their truth. But merit alone did not serve to settle the vexed question of capital location. The rivalry between New York and Philadelphia was extremely bitter. May 30, the Pennsylvania representatives notified their New England allies that they would agree to any place wdiatsoever, rather than to stay in New York. The next day the House voted that Congress should hold its next session in Philadelphia. June 8. 1790, this question came up in the Senate. Maclay complains that Morris (his colleague) was negligent and absent at this crisis. Morris gave as an excuse that his accounts with the government required his attention. When the vote was taken in the Senate, two sick men were brought in. one on a bed and one in a sedan chair, but not a single proposition could get a majority vote. Baltimore had her innings June 11 when the House voted to locate the Capital at that city. A few days after began the bargaining among these eighteenth century states- men which resulted in favor of the South, so far as the Capital was concerned, and in favor of the North by en- dorsing the scheme of Alexander Hamilton. Secretary of the Treasury, to fund the Slate debts, incurred m the com- mon cause of the Revolution, into a National debt, secured by interest-bearing bonds. Abundant evidence of this bar- gaining is found in Maclay's Journal and in the writings of Thomas Jefferson. Indeed, there can he no doubt thai this was the most potent factor in the final settlement of the capital location. Tench Coke. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, first proposed to Maclay. June 14. C - ""- ,,1;U in consideration of the support of Pennsylvania for the assumption of the State debts, all of Hamilton's influence with Northern Sena- tors and members would be used to secure the permanent seat of government on the Susquehanna. The same propo- sition was made to Robert Morris and he and Maclay talked it over. Morris wanted to deal with Hamilton direct and not through the Assistant Secretary. Accordingly he wrote p, Hamilton that he would walk in the morning on the [Jatterv, and if Hamilton had anything to propc.se to him ,!,'.., ,r,i'..h, meet there as if bv accident and have a private THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. conference without attracting any attention. They met, as proposed, and Hamilton told Morris that he needed only one vote in the Senate and five in the House to carry through his scheme of assumption, and that if he could get these votes, he for his part would agree to place the Capital either at Germantown or at some place on the Dela- ware that might be agreed upon. Morris agreed to lav the proposition before the Pennsylvania delegation, but wanted to have Philadelphia named as the temporary residence until such time as the new Capital could be built. Hamilton agreed to think this over, but next day he sent word thai he could not negotiate about the temporary location. Just at this point, therefore, the two most important questions before Congress, assumption and the Capital loca- tion, appear not only to have blocked each other, but all together by the strong bands of mutual financial self-interest. The debts of the nation amounted to over $52,000,000. Out- side of this sum were State debts amounting to $21,500,000, which had been incurred for the common purpose of sup- porting the Revolution. Hamilton saw clearly that if the nation assumed these debts, the States thus relieved would be ardent supporters of the Union. On the other hand, those States, notably Virginia, which had reduced visibly their debts without expectation of aid from the general government, were bitter in their opposition to assumption. The day that the measure was lost in the House of Repre- sentatives, the excitement was so great that all business was suspended. Congress met a*nd adjourned from day to day without doing anything, the parties being too much out of temper to do business together. The Eastern members APPEARED FROM public business. Washington, Jefferson and Madison had used everv argument they knew to convince Northern mem- bers of Congress that the location upon the banks of the Potomac was the best from every point of view, not only present, but future, and all in vain. If the members from the Northern States had been able to continue united in support of either the Susquehanna or the Delaware, the friends of the Potomac would have, indeed, been in a most decided minority, and the Tiber might still have ebbed and flowed a mile below the village of Georgetown. The question of assumption, on the other hand, was giving much more concern to Alexander Hamilton, the financier of the new Nation. He had succeeded in raising a quite respectable little revenue by tariff and excise taxa- tion and he was now planning to weld the 1 nited States threatened secession and dissolution. Hamilton was in despair. Jefferson met him in the street, before the Presi- dent's house. The account of that interview, and the result of it, which settled not only the Stale debt question but the location of the permanent seal of government, is thus related by Jefferson in bis memoirs (vol, 4. pp. 448-449) : "He (Hamilton) walked me back and forth before the President's door fur half an hour, Me painted pathetically the temper into which the legislature had been wrought; the disgust of those who were called the creditor Stales: the danger of the secession of the members, and tin sepa ration of the Stales. Mr observed that the members of the administration ought to acl in concert; that though ibis question was not of m\ department, yel a common duty should make it .1 common concern; that the President was the centre on which all administrative questions ulti- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. mately rested, and that all of us should rally around him and support, with joint efforts, measures approved by him ; and that the question having been lost by a small majority only.it was probable that an appeal from me to the judgment and discretion of some of my friends might affect a change in the vote, and the machine of government now suspended might be again set in motion. " I told him that I was really a stranger to the whole subject; that not having yet informed myself of the sys- tem of finance adopted. I knew not how far this was a neces- sary sequence ; that undoubtedly, if its rejection endangered a dissolution of our Union at this incipient stage, I should deem that the most unfortunate of all consequences, to avert which all partial and temporary evils should be yielded. I proposed to him. however, to dine with me the next day, and I would invite another friend or two, bring them into conference together, and I thought it impossible that rea- sonable men, consulting together coolly, could fail by some mutual sacrifices of opinion, to form a compromise which was to save the Union. The discussion took place. I could take no part in it but an exhortatory one, because I was a stranger to the circumstances which should govern it. But it was finally agreed to that whatever importance had been attached to the rejection of this proposition, the pres- ervation of the Union and of concord among the States was more important, and that therefore it would be better that the vote of rejection should be rescinded, to effect which some members should change their votes. " But it was observed that this pill would be peculiarly bitter to the Southern States, and that some concomitant measure should be adopted to sweeten it a little to them. There had before been a proposition to fix the Seat of Government cither at Philadelphia or at Georgetown, on the Potomac ; and it was thought that by giving it to Phila- delphia for ten years, and to Georgetown permanently after- wards, this might, as an anodyne, calm in some degree the ferment which might be excited by the other measure alone. So two of the Potomac members (White and Lee. but White with a revulsion of stomach almost convulsive) agreed to change their votes, and Hamilton undertook to carry the other point. In doing this, the influence he had established over the Eastern members, with the agency of Robert Morns, with those of the middle States, effected his side of the agreement, and so the assumption was passed.'' Hamilton, who proposed the plan, Jefferson, who ad- vised the conciliatory compromise, and White and Lee, the Virginia members of Congress who " swallowed the bittei pill," together with th'e unknown Eastern members who after an interview with Hamilton, suddenly experienced an entire change of feeling regarding the beauties and advantages of the Potomac, must, therefore, be given due credit for linking possible the Washington of to-day. Mow the bargain was carried out, for it was as neces- sary to conciliate Pennsylvania toward the Potomac location as it was to get Virginia to " swallow " the State debts, is related one can view the cit} from the Capitol, the Mon- ument or ail) of the overlooking hills without realizing the wisdom of the choice. Even those who mocked, scoffed and THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. railed at the city in its earliest days, confessed always the wondrous beauty of the location. It was a Frenchman who said, after standing on the roof of the old Senate house : " Mon Dieu, what a magnificent city. It only needs streets and houses to be the most beautiful city in all the world." Washington and his advisers discussed long and anx- iously not only the selection of the site, but also the ap- pointment of the three commissioners authorized by Con- gress to carry out the provisions of the act relating to the Federal City. It was urged on the one hand that it would be advisable to " make the appointments with a view to though described as having a brusque and impetuous man- ner and swearing roundly upon all occasions. General John- son possessed marked executive ability and a kind heart, which won him many fast friends. Daniel Carroll was a cousin of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and a brother of the Right Rev. John Carroll, the first Catholic Bishop of Baltimore and the founder of the Jesuit College now known as Georgetown University. Daniel Carroll was one of the first gentlemen of Maryland of his time. Cultured and refined, he had represented his State in the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia and although not thirty years of age, had been elected a member of the first Congress of the United States. 1EW FROM THE TOP OF THE MONUMENT. LOOKING NORTHEAST. attaching particular parts of the Union in the object — New England, and in particular Massachusetts, first, and next South Carolina and Georgia." On the other hand the desirability of having the Commissioners resident in or near tile district thai they might "attend readily and satisfac- torily " to its business was clearly evident. Acting with this in mind, Washington, on the 22nd of January, 1791, appointed Hon. Daniel Carroll and Gen. Thomas Johnson. of Maryland, and Dr. David Stuart, of Virginia. General Johnson was the representative from Mary- land in the Continental Congress in 1774 who nominated George Washington to be the commander-in-chief of the armies of the Thirteen Colonies and proudly served under him throueh the war. a valued friend and comrade. A.1- Dr. Stuart was a practicing physician, a resident of Alexandria, who for many years had been the family phy- sician of the Washingtons. He married the widow of John Parke Custis, the son of Martha Washington. He was an elderly man of a kind and benevolent disposition, and well- read in classic poetry, which he was very fond of quoting. Two days after the appointment of this commission Washington issued a proclamation announcing the selection of a site. He also addressed a message to Congress asking for an amendatorj act permitting the inclusion of Uexan dria, that town being located below the mouth of the Eastern branch. Congress promptly acted as the President sug- gested and on March 30, 1701. an amendatorj proclamation was issued fixing the bounds of the Federal territory as they THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 15 stood until the retrocession to Virginia of all that portion south of the Potomac. Andrew Ellicott, of Pennsylvania, a young surveyor of marked ability, was employed to run the district lines, which he did in the early spring of 1791. The first corner stone of the district* was set at Jones Point by the Com- missioners with Masonic ceremonies April 15, 1791. The following address, delivered by the Rev. James Muir, is copied from a contemporary issue of The United States Gazette. " Of America it may be said as of Judea of old. that it is a good land and large — a land of brooks, of waters, of fountains, and depths that spring out of the valleys and hills — a land of wheat and barlev, of vines garment ; it is more refreshing than the dews on Hermon's Hill ! May this stone long commemorate the goodness of God in those uncommon events which have given America a name among nations. Under this stone may jea'ousy and selfishness be forever buried. From this stone may a super- structure arise, whose glory, whose magnificence, whose stability, unequaled hitherto, shad astonish the world, and invite even the savage of the wilderness to take shelter under its roof." Later in the summer a square mass of masonry to mark the exact center of the district, was set. nor far from the spot where now stands the magnificent obelisk that is at once a monument to Washington and to American Liberty. In the meantime the Commissioners were busy in se- FROM THE TOP OF THE MONUMEf LOOKING NORTHEAST. and fig-trees and pomegranates — a land of oil, o'ives and curing the most advantageous terms possible from the honey — a land wherein we eat bread without scarceness, owners of the lands within the district, upon which it was and have lack of nothing — a land whose stones are iron, desired to establish the Capital City itself. The principal and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass — a land owners were Danicl Carroll, Davfcl Burns and Notlej which the Lord thy God careth for - the eyes of the T he Carroll estate embraced nearly all that portion Lord thv God are always upon it, from the beginning of loul V ^ ; n.iHHinrton now known as Capitol II ill and was then called Duddmgton Lord thy God are always upon it, from the begi the year even unto the end of the year. May Americans be grateful and virtuous, and they shall endure the indul- gence of Providence. May they be unanimous and just and they shall rise to greatness. May true patriotism actuate every heart. May it be the devout and universal wish: Peace be within thy wall, O America, and prosperity within thy palaces! Amiable it is for brethren to dwell together in unity; it is more fragrant than the perfumes on Aaron s *By the retrocession to Virginia in 1846 this stone is UQ longer within the limits of the District. Manor. Undoubtedly Washington counted upon Larrolls willingness to surrender a portion of his lands when he appointed him as one of the Commissioners. Carroll was enthusiastic about the proposed city and expected his prop- erty to make him a millionaire very quickly. Notlej Young held nearly all the land now in the center of the cit) between Seventh and Eleventh streets down to the river from. David Burns owned 600 acres from Eleventh street west- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. ward. In all, there were nineteen land owners within the limits decided upon as the city's boundaries. The Com- missioners had little difficulty in reaching an agreement with all except " that obstinate Mr. Burns," as Washington called him in one of his letters. The Commissioners were in despair and Washington came up from Mount Vernon to make a personal appeal. The account of that interview rests upon tradition, but tradition so often repeated by early writers that it seems worthy of preservation. Seated upon a rustic bench under the trees that overhung the Burns cottage, Washington used all his powers of persuasion to get the stubborn Scotchman to agree to the disposal of his lands, as the other owners had agreed. When Wash- ington pictured the advantages which would accrue to all land owners from the founding of the city, Burns is reported to have said : " I suppose you think people here are going to take every grist that comes from you as pure grain ; but what would you have been if you hadn't married the Widow Custis ? " At this Washington lost some of his patience and said as he rose to go: " I have selected your farm as a part of the Federal City and the Government will take it. It will be better for you to enter into an amicable agreement. On what terms will you surrender your land ? " Burns understood thoroughly what confiscation meant. He changed about in a moment and replied: "On any terms that your excellency may choose to name." March 30, 1791, he united with the other proprietors in conveying to the President, or such persons as he should appoint, all their lands in trust. The following letter from •the President to the Secretary of State (Jefferson) gives a good understanding of the terms of the agreement: " Mount Vernon, March 31, 1791. " Di:ak Sir: — Having been so fortunate as to reconcile the contending interests of Georgetown and Carrollsburgh (a small hamlet on the Carroll estate), and to unite them in such an agreement as permits the public purposes to be carried into effect on an extensive and proper scale, 1 have the pleasure to transmit to you the enclosed proclama- tion, which, after annexing the seal of the United States, and your counter-signature, you will cause to be published. " The terms entered into by me, on the part of the United States, with the landholders of Georgetown and Carrollsburgh are thai all the laud From Rock Creek, along the river to the Eastern Branch and so upwards to or above the ferry, including a breadth of aboul a mile and a half, the whole containing from three to five thousand acres, is ceded to the public on condition that when the whole shall be surveyed and laid off as a city (which Major L'En- fanl is now directed to do), the present proprietors shall retain even other lot ; and for such part of the land as may be taken for public use, for squares, walks, etc., the) shall be allowed at the rate of £25 per acre, the public having the right to reserve such parts of the wood on the laud as may be though! nccessar) to be preserved for ornament; the landholders to have the use and profits of the grounds until the cil\ is laid off into lots, and sale is made of those lots, which by this agreement become public property. Nothing is to be allowed for the ground which may be occu- pied for streets and alleys " It was found on running the lines, that the compre- hension of Bladensburg within them must have occasioned the exclusion of more important objects ; and of this I am convinced, as well by my own observation as by Mr. Ellicott's opinion." Jefferson, who was then at the seat of Government in Philadelphia, replied under date of April 10. 1791 : " The acquisition of ground at Georgetown is reall; noble, considering that only £25 an acre is to be paid for any grounds taken for the public, and the streets not to be counted, which will, in fact, reduce it to about £19 an acre. I think very liberal reserves should be made for the public." The agreement of the land owners gave to the Presi- dent full power " of directing the Federal City to be laid oft' in what manner he pleases" ; to retain " any number of squares he may think proper ;" and making the lots " joint property between the trustees on behalf of the public and each present proprietor." The ground to which this agree-^ ment related comprised over 7100 acres, with a circum- ference of fourteen miles. The bounds of the city, as de- termined upon by Washington, are thus given in a contem- porary act of the State of Maryland : " Concerning the Territory of Columbia and the City of Washington" : " The President of the United States directed a city to be laid out, comprehending all the lands beginning on the East side of Rock Creek, at a stone standing in the middle of the road leading from Georgetown to Bladens- burg; thence along the middle of the said road to a stone standing on the east side of the Reedy Branch of Goose Creek : thence southeasterly, making an angle of sixty-one degrees and twenty minutes with the meridian, to a stone standing in the road leading from Bladensburg to the Eastern Branch Ferry ; then south to a stone eighty pi iles north of the east and west line already drawn from the mouth of Goose Creek to the Eastern Branch ; then east, parallel to the said east and west line, to the Eastern Branch : then, with the waters of the Eastern Branch. Potomac River and Rock Creek, to the beginning." To-day the city has far outgrown these limits, then considered preposterous even for the future. Yet the old boundaries are easily traced. The "stone in the road from Georgetown to Bladensburg" was at the east end of the bridge over Rock Creek, on what is now M street, although known until within a few years on the Georgetown side as Bridge street. The Bladensburg road followed the hank of Rock Creek until near the point where Florida avenue joins Massachusetts avenue: then it skirted along the foot of the Northwestern hills until it came to the littl< stream known as "Reedy Branch of Goose Creek." This stream was crossed by the road at the present corner of Seventh and C streets. From this point the Georgetown-Bladens- burg road struck out into the open country while the city's boundary ran southeasterly till it met the road from Bladens- burg to the Eastern Branch fern . where now Maryland and Florida avenues join. The sudden turn to the south- ward at this poinl was in order to leave out the low. marshy THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 17 ground surrounding a small stream that emptied into the Eastern Branch. The " East and West line from the mouth of Goose Creek to the Eastern Branch " would be a line drawn through the center of the Mall, through the Capitol and along the center of East Capitol street. For more than half a century the old Bladensburg road from Georgetown and its continuation toward the Eastern Branch was known as Boundary street and afterwards as Florida avenue. Pierre Charles L'Enfant, mentioned by Washington in his letter to Jefferson as being directed to lay out the city, was a resident of Philadelphia, then about forty or fortv-five years of age. He was one of those liberty-loving greatest nation the world had ever known; he realized, furthermore, that the opportunity to lay out the Capital City for such a nation was the greatest that could come to an engineer, and that if he succeeded in presenting a plan, not merely for the present, but one that should answer for the succeeding centuries, his name with that of the city would always be coupled. Abundant contemporary evidence exists that L'Enfant thought deeply and worked hard over his plan. Sum- moned to Mount Vernon by the President and entrusted with the task, he threw himself into the work with heart and soul. He walked from one end of the city to the other. In a boat on the Potomac he made mental surveys of the BHBg , jyp' B j^ .r"-': f~- . , ... ■ \ - it$r "i IEW FROM THE TOP OF THE MONUMENT, LOOKING EAST. Frenchmen who, like Lafayette and Rochambeau, hastened to offer their swords to aid the American colonists to throw off the rule of England. L'Enfant had been educated in the best military schools of France and his services during the Revolution in planning and building fortifications having come to the notice of the commander-in-chief, he was made a major of engineers. His principal work after the con- clusion of peace had been in remodeling the New York City Hall for the use of the First Congress and later the State House in Philadelphia. L'Enfant was not a man of particularly broad mind, but he was thoroughly imbued, from the success of the American colonists in war and his association with tiie great men of the new republic, with the idea that the United States was destined to become the numerous elevations on the shore between Rock Creek and the Anacostia. From the northwestern hills he studied the contour of the plain that stretched away to the Potomac. He visited Arlington and the heights beyond the Eastern Branch. He wrote to Jefferson, who had been minister to France, and asked for any maps or plans of European cities he might possess. He disclaimed any intention of imitating these plans, saying: " I shall endeavor to deline ate in a new and original way the plan, the contrivance of which the President has left to me without any restric- tion whatever; but the contemplation of what exists of well improved situation, even the comparison of these with de- fective ones, will suggest a variety of new ideas, and is necessary to refine and strengthen the judgment." THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Jefferson, writing to Washington, says : " I send him (L'Enfant) by this post, plans of Frank- fort - on - the - Mayne, Carlsrnhe. Amsterdam, Strasburgh, Paris, Orleans, Bordeaux, Lyons, Montpelier, [Marseilles, Turin and Milan, on large and accurate scales, which I preserved while in those towns, respectively. They are none of them comparable to the Old Babylon, revived in Phila- delphia, and exemplified. While in Europe, I selected about a dozen or two of the handsomest fronts of private buildings, of which I have the plates. Perhaps it might decide the taste of the new town, were these to be engraved and dis- tributed, gratis, among the inhabitants of Georgetown. The expense would be trifling." Frequent allusions to discussions with L'Enfant are found in the correspondence of Washington, but their gen- eral tendency is to show that L'Enfant, although brilliant, was obstinate to a high degree. Plow far he was influenced in the preparation of his plan by Washington, if at all, cannot be determined. The result is shown in the accom- panying folding map, which is a facsimile of the one first prepared by L'Enfant. Although more than a century- has elapsed, comparison of this map with a map of today affords a surprise that there is so little difference, the gen- eral plan of streets, avenues, public squares and reservations having been followed almost without variation. Credit for naming the District and the city undoubtedly belongs to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. They were present at the meeting of the Commissioners in George- town on the 8th and 9th of September, 1791, when the names were decided upon, and it was immediately after this meeting that the Commissioners wrote to L'Enfant that the title of the map which he was preparing should be " The City of Washington, in the Territory of Columbia." A close examination of the map on page 2, "Territory of Columbia," drawn by Andrew Ellicott and engraved in Paris in 1815. will show some of the points L'Enfant had in mind when lie perfected his plan. The intersection of diagonal lines from the four corners of the territory marked (he spot where it was for many years intended to raise an equestrian statue to Washington, and very close to which the great obelisk was built. ( )n the high ground immedi- ately to the North the President's House was located, and northward from this extended a broad avenue (now Six- teenth street, sometimes called Executive Avenue). Along the east and west diagonal upon the crest of the great pla- teau, on which was located the little village of Carrolls- burgh, the site for the Capitol was selected. It was very near tin- center of the city, as planned, and the view from northeast to northwest was interrupted then, as now, only by tlie semicircle of hills miles away. From the Eastern Branch to the Capitol another wide avenue was laid out. I loin the fool of the Capitol llill westward was a marsh. through which ran the Tiber, or Goose Creek, bul L'Enfant knew that marshes could readily he drained and convened into beautiful parks, and what he had in mind was neither more nor less than the beautiful Mall of today. His plan contemplated also public buildings and residences of foreign ministers along each side of this park. Avenues, the great feature of the city today, were not laid out hap-hazard, nor were they marked by square and compass, but with careful'y considered design to connect every important outlying point with the Capitol or with the President's House, by a street which should be the shortest distance between the two points. As all roads lead to Rome, so L'Enfant determined that as many avenues as possible should lead to the Capitol. Broad streets were run to the city limits both north and south from the Capitol. Other avenues, the lines of which intersect in the center of the Rotunda underneath the Cap- itol Dome, are : Delaware Avenue — From Greenleaf's Point the s 1; th- ernmost extremity of the city, where a site for an arsenal had been selected, to the northern boundarv. Maryland Avenue — From the point where the eastern road from Bladensburgh entered the city, to the Potomac, where seemed to be the most likely spot for a bridge, and where, before long, the first " Long Bridge " was built. - New Jersey Avenue — From a point near the site se- lected on the Eastern Branch for a Navy Yard, to the north- ern boundary, near a point of intersection with the western Bladensburgh road. Pennsylvania Avenue — From the bridge over the East- ern Branch where the road to Upper Marlboro crossed, in a straight line through the Capitol, the President's House and on to Georgetown. A similar plan was pursued with regard to the Presi- dent's Pfouse. Connecticut, Xew York, Yermont and Penn- sylvania avenues intersect at this point. Xew York avenue is along a direct line from the President's House to Arling- ton. Massachusetts and Virginia avenues were planned to run the entire length of the city and nearly parallel to Penn sylvania avenue, to the north and south, respectively. Rhode Island avenue ran parallel to Xew York from the northern limit of Xew Jersey avenue to Connecticut. Other avenues were located with similar good reasons. Then, upon this boulevard plan, L'Enfant, following the advice of feffer- son, laid out squares and rectangles similar to the plan of Philadelphia. The result was unique and, of course, could not escape criticism. Time alone was necessary to prove its wisdom. This plan one early writer called. " Philadelphia grid- died across Versailles." The expression, although intended in derision, is not a had description. As late as 1854. Jo- seph 1'.. Varnuin, Jr., a grandson of a former Speaker of the House and a historical writer oi much repute, declared that L'Enfant's plan, "though attractive in the outline upon paper, was in many respects an exceedingly impracticable one. and led to the sacrifice of one or two of the most beautiful eminences in the city." These A^' not now. how- ever, appear to he greatly missed. Strict utilitarianism imbued Mr. Varnum's mind when he wrote: " In the first place there are twice as mam -Heel- as are required; and. in the second place, the avenues intersecting the rectangular streets cut up the squares into triangles a, id oblongs, spoil the most prominent corner lots, and leave everywhere awk- ward space-." THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Of these same "awkward spaces," Charles Burr Todd, the historian, in his " Story of Washington," published in 1889, writes: " Those squares, circles, triangles and paral- lelograms which eighty years later were used to such ad- vantage in the renaissance of the city, and which, with their beautiful growth of trees, render Washington the most pic- turesque city on the continent." The streets running north and south and east and west, being distinguished by numbers and letters, respectively, caused the French minister to jocosely remark that " L'En- fant was not only a child in name, but in education also ; as from the names he gave the streets he appeared to know little else than A, B, C and 1, 2. 3." This attempted witti- " line from the mouth of the Tiber to the Eastern Branch," now the center of the Mall and of East Capitol street. The bridge which carried this street across Rock Creek into Georgetown was spoken of by a contemporary writer in a London magazine as the most remarkable in America. It was built of stone, with three arches, having a total length of one hundred and thirty-five feet and breadth of thirty-six feet. The stone of which this bridge was constructed was the same as that used in the public buildings. Upon the stones forming the center arch were chiseled the names of the thirteen states then comprising the Union, the name of Pennsylvania being upon the keystone ; and ever since Pennsylvania has been known as the Keystone State. FROM THE TOP OF THE MONUMENT, LOOKING NORTH. cism is noteworthy only from the fact that the Commis- sioners, and not L'Enfant, decided to use letters r.nd nv.m- bers for the streets. With the map first submitted to Congress by President Washington, in January, 1792, were some explanatory state- ments which show clearly that the most desirable points throughout the city for the location of public squares and reservations were first selected and afterward the streets and avenues were so laid out as to intersect at those points. The avenues were made from 130 to 160 feet wide, and the other streets from 90 to no feet wide. One street is worthy of special notice, K street, which, broad as an avenue, runs almost without interruption from Georgetown to the Ana- costia. It parallels at a distance of about one mile the From northwest to southeast the city's extent was ali.au four and one-half miles, and from cast to southwest, two miles and a half. Its circumference was fourteen miles. The aggregate length of the avenues was sixty-five miles, and of the streets one hundred and ninety-nine miles. To- gether with the open spaces at the intersections, they con- tained thirty-six hundred and four acres, while the public. reservations, exclusive of three which were afterward soli for private uses, included five hundred and thirteen acres. The whole area of the squares of the city amounted to one hundred and thirty-one million six hundred and eighty-four thousand one hundred and seventy-six square feet, or three thousand and sixteen acres, half of whirl, was reserved for the U se of die United States. 'and the oilier halt a to the original proprietors. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. A magnificent city, indeed, and L'Enfant, not satisfied with having created it on paper, set down as well what the future inhabitants, when they arrived, must do to make it beautiful and great. These, written on the original map and submitted to Congress by the President in January, 1792, are generally referred to as " L'Enfant's Magnificent Intentions." They were: " 1. An equestrian figure of George Washington, a monument voted in 1783, by the late Continental Congress." Congress made no appropriation for this statue until 1852, and in the meantime the site which L'Enfant had picked out — the center of the District — had been set aside for the Washington Monument. " 2. An historic column, also intended for a mile or itinerary column, from whose station, at a mile from the Federal House, all distances and places through the con- tinent are to be calculated." The emancipation statue, the greatest monument to Liberty that history has ever known, now stands upon this spot, in the center of Lincoln Square, just one mile due east of the center of the Capitol dome. Here intersect East Capitol street, Massachusetts, Kentucky, North Carolina and Tennessee avenues, and here once a year the colored population gather to celebrate the anniversary of the clay when the martyred Lincoln gave liberty to all their race within the United States. " 3. A naval itinerary column, proposed to be erected to celebrate the first rise of a navy, and to stand a ready monument to perpetuate its progress and achievements. " 4. Fifteen squares to be divided among the several states in the Union, for each of them to improve ; the centers of these squares designed for statues, columns, obe- lisks, etc., such as the different states may choose to erect. 5. A church intended for national purposes, such as public prayer, thanksgivings, funeral orations, etc., and as- signed to the special use of no particular sect or denomina- tion, but equally open to all. It will likewise be a proper shelter for such monuments as were voted by the late Continental Congress for those -heroes who fell in the cause of liberty, and for such others as may hereafter be decreed by the voice of a grateful nation." The Interior Department now occupies the square where L'Enfant proposed to establish his non-sectarian church, which never materialized. "<>. Five grand fountains, intended with a constant spout of water." Locations proposed for these fountains were : On Res- ervation 17, where Virginia, New Jersey and South Caro- lina avenues would intersect; at the intersection of Mary- land avenue and F streets Northeast: at the intersection of II streel and New York avenue Northwest; at the in- tersection of II streel and Pennsylvania avenue Northwest and in the Markel Space. "7. A grand avenue, four hundred feet in breadth, and about a mile in length, bordered with gardens, ending in a slope from the houses on each side. Hiis avenue leads tn the monument of Washington, and connects the < on gress garden with the President's park." This " magnificent intention." at least, bids fair to be more than realized. The Mall of today, beautiful as it is. with the buildings of the Agricultural Department, the National Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the Medical Museum, and the Fish Commission facing upon, will im- prove with each succeeding year. The marsh that bor- dered the Tiber's sluggish waters has gone forever, with the stream of classic name. The squares that have been sold to private parties will eventually be restored to the public domain ; and the railroad station, whose convenience to the traveling public has in a measure atoned for the blot upon the artistic landscape, will soon disappear. But for nearly sixty years nothing was done toward its improvement. In 1851-2 Congress made a small appropriation for this purpose, and President Fillmore engaged the services of A. J. Downing, one of the most noted American landscape gardeners. Downing planned what was considered to be a great improvement upon the original plan. He laid out serpentine walks and drives, and was the originator of the idea of teaching a great object-lesson to citizens and visitors by the planting of at least one specimen of every forest tree of America within these grounds. His plan, too, contemplated a botanical garden, which is now so attractive a feature as one leaves the Capitol grounds westward. The whole area of the Mall is about one hundred and fifty acres. " 8. The water of Tiber Creek to be conveyed to the high ground, where the Congress House stands, and after watering that part of the city its overplus will fall from un- der the base of the edifice, and in a cascade of twenty feet in height and fifty in breadth, into the reservoir below ; thence to run, in three falls, through the gardens in the grand canal." A picturesque effect, truly, this would have been if carried out; but for many >ears the Government had all it could do to raise money enough to complete the Capitol itself, without providing a small river to run through its cellars. The present fountain on the west front is the outgrowth of the idea, however. It is clear, from L'Enfant's plan, that the Commission- ers intended that some public buildings should be placed along the Mall, especially upon the south side, between Tenth and Twelfth streets. On the opposite side, along South B street, it was thought would be a fine place for residences of foreign ministers. A portion of the President's Square was at one time set apart for the Portuguese min- ister. A report of the Commissioners to Congress, March 23. 1802, contains this statement: "The measure of granting sites for the residences of foreign ministers was warmly recommended by President Washington and approved by President Adams, before any steps were taken by the Commissioners to earn it into ef- fect. President Washington, himself, pointed out the spot granted to the Queen of Portugal as a proper site for the residence of a foreign minister, and Mr. Adams delivered letters from tin- Commissioners making the offer to all the ministers of friendly powers near the United States and endorsed bis approbation of the deed to the Queen of Por- tugal, after it was executed. But the ^.ttornej General THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 21 was of opinion that Congress alone was competent to make the grant — an idea which never occurred to either of the Presidents or to any of the Commissioners." Publication of the plan of the city, as the best way to attract capital for its development, was determined upon by the Commissioners, but L'Enfant vigorously protested, on the ground that speculators would buy up all the choice locations " and raise huddles of shanties which would per- manently disfigure the city." Quick temper is an infirmity of genius, and the engineer had many quarrels with the Commissioners. That L'Enfant was right, however, is shown by the act of no less a person than one of the Commissioners, Daniel Carroll, who began building Dud- dington Manor in the very center of New Jersey avenue. Washington ordered the rebuilding of Duddington Manor at Government expense, but he supported L'Enfant so far as to see that its new site in no way interfered with the plan of the city for streets and avenues. When, however, L'En- fant's refusal to submit his plan to the Commissioners was reported to Washington he very promptly ordered the engineer's dismissal, and in a letter from Jefferson, as Sec- retary of State, dated March 6, 1792, it was thus announced : "It having been found impracticable to employ Major L'Enfant about the Federal City in that subordination which was lawful and proper, he is notified that his services arc at an end." Jefferson also wrote the Commissioners that L'Enfant ought to be fairly rewarded for his services ; that the Prcsi- THE BOTANIC GARDENS L'Enfant stormed and swore, but it did no good. So one night the engineer sent a gang of men to the place and razed the building to the ground. Carroll protested against this destruction of his property, and it was probably at this time that Washington's letter to the Commissioners, dated November 20, 1791, was written. In this he tried to quiet trouble, and said : " Men who possess talents which fit them for peculiar purposes are almost invariably under the influence of un- toward dispositions, or a sottish pride, or possessed of some other disqualification by which they plague all those with whom they are concerned ; but I did not expect to meet with such perverseness in Major L'Enfant as his late conduct exhibited." , dent had suggested $2,500 or $3,000, but left it entirely t<> them. Soon after L'Enfant was notified that the Commis- sioners had placed to bis credit ai iheir bankers the first named sum, or, In be exact, five hundred guineas, and that as additional compensation he would receive a deed to a lol near the President's House. Smarting under what he be- lieved to In- a gross injustice, and prom! of spirit, 1 'Enfant replied to the Commissioners in a curt note, begging "that you will call back your order for the money and not take any further trouble about the lot." He was taken at his word, and no further effort was ever made to pay him for the work that he had done, although his plan was mad. use of by Andrew Ellicott, his successor, with very slight THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. alterations, as anyone can see who will take the trouble to compare the Ellicott and L'Enfant maps. L'Enfant re- turned to Philadelphia. When Madison became President he was appointed as professor of engineering at the United States Military Academy, only to decline. In 1812, how- ever, he did accept an appointment to build Fort Washing- ton. He perfected the plan, but before the work of con- struction had been long under way he again quarreled with those who had the right to command, and his dismissal from the service again followed. The remainder of his life was spent under the hospitable roof of his friend Dudley Digges, whose residence near Bladensburgh was known as Cheilum Castle. With advancing age his haughty pride disappeared, and year after year he was a petitioner before Congress, asking the pay that he had refused at the hands of the Commissioners. A writer who saw him then describes " his tall, thin form, clad in a blue military coat, buttoned close to the chin, broadcloth breeches, military boots, a nap- less, bell-crowned hat upon his head, and swinging as he walked a hickory cane with a large silver head." Congress paid no attention to his claim, and when he died, June 4, 1825, " unwept, unhonored and unsung," his body was laid in an unmarked grave in the garden of the friend who had given him shelter in his declining years. His sufficient mon- ument is the city he planned. w CHAPTER III GROWTH UNDER OBSTACLES. VRLY in 1792 the actual work of providing buildings for the legislative, executive and judicial branches of the Government was begun. Of no less importance was it to provide a city to surround these buildings. Fortunately there were many who had faith in the paper city as a good invest- ment, and the Commissioners spared no opportunity to interest others. The plan of the city was engraved and sent with some description of the " magnificent in- tentions' to the principal magazines in America and Eng- land. The first publication of the plan was in the " American Asylum and Columbian Magazine," of Philadelphia, for .March, 1792. About the same time advertisements appeared in the principal American papers offering prizes to architects for the best plans of buildings suitable for the Capitol and the President's House. In the issue of the Georgetown Weekly Ledger for March 31, 1792, appears the following editorial : " We are happy to inform our readers that the affairs of the City of Washington wear the appearance of progress- ing with increased vigor, after the long suspension of op- erations, occasioned by the seventy of the past winter. Be- sides other late arrangements, the Commissioners have this week contracted with Mr. Harbaugh, the celebrated me- chanic of Baltimore-Town, for the erection of an elegant Stone Bridge over Rock Creek, at the spot where its waters are discharged into the Potowmack, and at the west end of the street marked out in the plan of the city tor toe Post-Road (K street, today), and notwithstanding the mag- nitude of the work it is, we understand, to be finished by August before which time the Post-Road leading through the City, and according a delightful view ot every part of it, will be completed. " The Bridge, the plan of which we cannot attempt to describe, will connect George-Town to the City, and open to the latter a more easy land communication with the uppei part of the country, from whence are to be drawn those immense resources of trade which must at no very late period make this the most distinguished commercial City in this Western World. The residence of Congress will doubt- less accelerate this period ; but that the City would rise to this envied height without the aid of Government, and de- pending only on natural and, therefore, unerring causes must be admitted by all who know its situation -placed as it is, in the centre of the United States, at the head of navigation of one of the finest rivers in the world, affording, by means of its inland navigation, the shortest and easiest intercourse with the Western Territory — to say nothing about the rich and fertile country watered for several hun- dred miles by the Potowmack and the many rivers which empty into it. " Whether the proprietors of this inland navigation arc to see their hopes realized in the present year, or whether their patience is to be exposed to further trial, will depend entirelv upon the activity of those engaged in the work. It is not to be doubted that the President and Directors may command means fully equal to the completion of the object in the approaching season — nor should it be doubted that these means will be obtained and applied with a degree of vigor equal to the occasion." The last paragraph refers to the first of a series of canals which was then expected to connect the Ohio River, through the Potomac, with Chesapeake Bay. Washington, although he could not have foreseen the possibilities of rapid transit as it e.vsts today, yet had good and sufficient reasons for locating' the principal buildings more than a mile apart, with the executive departments near the President's residence, rather than near the legislative halls. The latter, it was feared, might offer a great tempta- tion to clerks to neglect their duties in order to hear the debates, while, on the other hand, constant intrusion of members of Congress would interrupt the business of the departments. In a letter written shortly before his death. Washington thus speaks of a suggestion made by President Adams to place the department buildings near the Capitol: "The principles which operated for fixing the site for the two principal buildings were understood and found necessarv, at the time, to obtain the primary object — /, c, the ground and means for either purpose; but it is always easy, from an ignorant or partial view of a measure, to distort and place" it in an unfavorable attitude. Where or how the houses for the President and the public offices may be fixed is to me, as an individual, a matter of moonshme. But the reverse of the President's (Adams') motive for placing the latter near the Capitol was my motive lor fix- ing them by the former. The daily intercourse which the Secretaries of the departments must have with the President would lender a distant situation extremely inconvenient to them, and not much less so would our he close to the ( ap itoP for it was the universal complaint of them all. that. while the legislature was in session, they could do little or ' no business, "so much were the) Interrupted by the individual visits of members 1 in office hours), and by calls for papers. (23) THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Many of them have disclosed to me that they have been obliged often to go home and deny themselves, in order to transact the current business." In a letter to the Commissioners, dated December 26, 1796, Washington had written : " I have never yet met with a single instance where it has been proposed to depart from the published plan of the city that an inconvenience or dis- pute of some sort has not sooner or later occurred ; for which reason I am persuaded that there should be no de- parture from it. but in cases of necessity or very obvious utility." Efforts were made to interest European capital in the new city, and to this end an act was passed permitting aliens in hold kind there. Lots were sold at public auction, tracts, at a higher price per acre, although the pay was in notes. These high prices and the fact that when Congress first met in the city the majority of them found lodgings in Georgetown, both had their influence upon the growth of the city, which has been steadily to this day toward the north and west. Carroll's dream of great wealth was never realized, and he died leaving his estate much embarassed. The Commissioners were empowered to dispose of lots at public and private sale, as may be seen from the fol- lowing letter of Washington: Mount Vernon, Sep'r 29.T11, 1792. Gentlem ex : Your letter of the 1st instant from Georgetown came dulv to hand. and the bidding was high for the best ones. It was the expectation that the city would build rapidly between the Capitol and the Potomac, especially in the southeastern section, where broad avenues and public reservations were most frequent. Lots in the section between Greenleaf's Point and the Navy Yard were held at almost prohibitive prices, yet these the speculators wen- the mosl anxious to obtain. Daniel Carroll believed the city must grow around the Capitol, and upon his land he put an exorbitant price. Stephen Girard, the Pennsylvania millionaire, must have had the same belief, for he made Carroll the princely offer of $200,000 for a part of his plantation, Bui Carroll had cauglil the speculative fever and, instead of accepting what would have been cash, lie preferred to sell in smaller The delay in acknowledging the receipt of it has pro- ceeded from a belief that if the orders were transmitted before the sale of lots (appointed to be holden on the 8th of next month) they would get to your hands in time. Enclosed is an order from the President of the United States authorizing the above sale ■ — and another for dis- posing thereafter of lots by private sale, at such times and on such terms as you shall deem best calculated to promote the growth of the Federal City and the essential interests thereof. With esteem, 1 am. Gentlemen, Your most ( ibed'l Serv't, G°. Washington. The Com'rs of the Federal District. Many architects responded to the advertisements for plans both for the Capitol and the President's I louse. Sic- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. phen L. Hallet won the prize for the Capitol, and James Hoban. an Irish architect, that for the President's House. The cornerstone of the latter was laid October 13. 1792, and of the former September 18, 1793. Gouverneur Morris, minister of the United States to France, was not above aiding- in the advertising of the new city on the Potomac. To Leroy de Chaumont he wrote, July 4- 1794: " Let me offer congratulations on this anniversary of American Independence, our country's natal day. The new Federal City will be unquestionably one of the first cities on earth, and when I get back to America I mean to choose a good spot and build a house on it for myself. Five hun- dred dollars would buy a lot. Ships take building materials cheap from ports of Europe to Washington; and twenty- of June last, eleven thousand artificers, besides labourers, were employed in the different works." The following news paragraph appeared in the London Morning Chronicle of Thursday, January 28. [796: "The magnificent city of Washington, in America, has already seven thousand nouses, built in a very handsome style, and they continue building in a very rapid manner." Such paragraphs as this frequently appeared in the English press of the last decade of the eighteenth century, and were unquestionably inserted for the purpose of influ- encing artisans to immigrate to the New World, and espe- cially to the Federal City, where their services were in greal demand at that time. The reverend gentleman above quoted was but a compiler of history, and a contemporary says he OLD POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT BUILD five thousand dollars would build a very large house in the American way of building, without parquets, carving, gild- ing, and the l'ike costly ornamentations." In its early days Washington was a well-boomed town, of which there is abundant evidence in contemporaneous accounts published in the ( )ld World. Rev. W. Wmter- botham. in his "History of America," vol. 3, page 72, wrote : "At the close of the year 1792 most of the streets were run. and the squares divided into lots. The canal was part y dug, and the greatest part of the materials provided for the public buildings, which are entirely of freestone pohshe. and are now carrying on with all possible expedition Sev- eral private houses were erected, and a great many lots wc.e preparing to build. The city now makes a noble appearance many of the public buildings being in great fo™^^ finished, and a great number of houses built. In the month was never outside of England in his life. His account of the "eleven thousand artificers." therefore, probably came from the same source as the paragraphs in the newspapers. The facts were found in letters written home to their relatives and friends by the deceived artisans. \ budgel of these was printed in [796 in London as a warning to others nol to pul too much faith in the statements of Ameri- can immigration agents. Several of these letters were either written at or relate directly to the condition of affairs 111 the now federal City. This one is from a carpenter, and is dated at Alexandria. June 17, ' 7' »5 • "I have engaged to work for a Mr. Mills, at the rate of ten shillings per day, Maryland money. The place where the buildings are is called Greenleafs Point ,111 the federal Cit ] might have bad more \\ 1 bad engaged to 26 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. have stopt until thirty eight houses were completed, but this I would by no means comply with, chusing first to ob- serve how the climate agrees with my health. At present the heat is almost intolerable, the market being obliged to be kept at four in the morning, the meat being killed at twelve at night, and all liquors are kept in water. As to what we have been told in England respecting the City of Washington, it is all a mere fabrication, and a story in- vented to induce young fellows to come to this part of the world. . . . What will you say when I inform you that there are not forty houses in this extensive metropolis, and it has more the appearance of Sutton Colefield (an extensive barren waste near Birmingham) than a city. In fact if it is a city, it is one in embrio, which will not come to perfection for these two centuries, if it ever does at all." A verv clear idea of the condition of things in 1795 is given by a young stonemason working at the Capitol, who took advantage of the national holiday, July 4, to write to his parents, in London : "' My wages are eleven shillings per day, currency, which is six shillings and seven pence sterling. I pay. six- teen shillings English money per week for board and lodg- ing, but find my own drink, which makes it amount to up- wards of a guinea ; provisions are much dearer than in Lon- don, and the quality neither so nutritive nor palatable to an Englishman : for the greatest part of the animal food is salted, and the vegetables are so scarce that we seldom taste any ; by which numerous disorders attending the living on salt meat are produced, such as the scurvy, &c, &c. •' This country is far deficient from what we were taught to expect in England. . . . The City of Wash- ington, which is to be the seat of the American legislature in 1800, at present does not contain forty brick houses, and these are not half finished : the remainder are wooden huts, and the worst I ever beheld. The five streets so pompously lain out in the map which we examined in London, are avenues cut through the woods, with not a solitary house standing in either of them. At George Town, which is about a mile from this city, the buildings are at a stand for want of money, which is a very prevalent evil in this part among the builders, but where I am at work I am told the casli is sure. " The Federal City, as it is called, is situated upon an eminence; overlooking the Potomack river, and also sur- rounding hills and vales, but it is by no means so pleasant, fertile, or healthy as represented: The hills arc barren of everything but impenetrable woods; and the valleys are mere swamps, producing nothing except myriads of toads and frogs of an enormous size, with oilier nauseous reptiles. The ague and fever, and also the Ihix are dreadful scourges to newcomers; even the natives, and Ihose who have passed what is called the seasoning, frequently fall victims to their ravages. The extreme variability of the weather, together with the stagnate waters in the swamps, and the uncleared lands, air deemed the chief causes of the ague and fever: and the spirituous liquors, which is our usual beverage, that of the flux. 'Tins place is the mere whim of the President of the United Stales, and lies contiguous to his own estate. \"l withstanding vvhal maj be averred 1.1 the contrary, 1 think he has manifested a greal portion of vanity in the ardent de-ire iie has expressed in -wishing to perpetuate his name. by building a metropohs under so many disadvantages, both in respeel ol climate and situation. I luring his life, it may out of COmplimenl to him be carried on in a slow manner. but I am apprehensive (and that not without reason) as soon as he is defunct, the city, which is to be the boasted monu- ment of his greatness, will also be the same. " The American Government do not enter into the busi- ness with spirit, for there is not above a hundred and fifty mechanics of all descriptions employed here at present, and what progress they will be able to make in building a me- tropolis upon the extensive p'an lain out, I leave you to judge. " Excepting the Capitol and President's House, all the other buildings are begun by a parcel of adventurers and speculators, who after having experienced the effects of their own folly, generally retire into some other state, dis- appo : nted in their expectations. There are ten stonemasons employed at the Capitol, and seventeen at the President's palace, with five more at different places, and that is the whole amount of our profession in Virginia and Maryland. as the people have no taste for stone work, it being so very expensive. " Mr. Bogue's family, and the greatest part of tin fel- low adventurers, are so much out of love with this place, that they have settled at Alexandria, and some are si 1 much disappo : nted and chagrined, that they are going to return by the vessel which brings this letter.' . . . .' " This same writer urges his parents and sister to write often, and says if the letters " are directed to me at the Capitol at Washington. I shall get them from the post- office at Alexandria, which is eleven miles distant from this place." John Rogue, referred to in the preceding letter, was a master carpenter, and it is said took upward of three thou- sand pounds with him when lie left England. He was un- able to find any one who wanted houses built in Washing- ton, and was obliged to settle in Alexandria, whence he writes : " At present I employ six men. I could employ more, but they are not to be had for money." Regarding Washington he says, under date of Alexandria, September 15. 1/95: " The reason of my settling here is. that I could not find anything to do worth the while at Washington, for it has more the appearance of a desert than a city. There are not more than forty good houses in the whole place. and those not finished. They inform me the reason win it is at such a stand, is on account of some of the managers having been so roguish as to embezz'e the money entrusted by the states to their charge. I have visited it several times, and must confess if the Capitol and President's House are ever completed, they will he two very fine edifices. The Capitol will stand upon more ground than Somerset House. But what will these solitary buildings signify, if the others do not go on with greater spirit? For it can hardly be conceived, that the President and Congress will ever ex- ercise their legislative functions in an uncultivated place surrounded bv an uncleared wilderness." A pump maker, located at Ale: according to his own account, re pumps at Washington, and came 1 " I was never so surprised in m\ andria, and doing well. ;ived orders for some re to see about them. life." he writes. " for there is not twent} finished houses in the whole place. Tin- rest are miserable hovels, similar to brick-makers' huts in England. This place is not in the sum of forwardness rep- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 27 resented, neither will it be in this age, at the rate it goes on, for there is not above a hundred men employed in the different works." It was no easy task to go from Alexandria to Wash- ington in those days. This same pump-maker had a hard time of it. But we will let him tell of it in his own words : " The first time I visited the City of Washington 1 met with a terrible disaster, for Mr. Baker, the gentleman who favoured me with a carriage over the Potomack, gave such inexplicable directions when he put me ashore upon the Maryland side, that I missed my way for this metropolis, and got upon an island, where I was surrounded by the tide ; here I was forced to stay for the space of nineteen hours, without victuals or drink, and likewise had tasted none for five hours preceding my getting upon this place. Provi- was so great. In a letter from " George-Town near Wash- ington, Jan. 21, 1795," he says: " Taking in the gross the most deplorable places I ever witnessed in my life, the Federal City infinitely outbeggared them all. . . . There is not so many as twenty brick houses in this metropolis, and those are untenanted : all the rest are only parts of houses, being in an unfinished state, some only proceeded in as far as the foundations, others as far as the first and second story, and are left remaining in this condition, the builders having decamped for want of money. . . . The number of men employed in the whole city does not amount, as near as I can guess, to one hundred. These are chiefly the great body of inhabitants who at present crowd this noted place. They reside in tem- porary wooden hovels, somewhat similar to booths, that I have seen erected at country races and fairs in many parts TREASURY DEPARTMENT dentiallv there was a fodder-house with some Indian corn in it, and there I made my bed, which I found extremely cold from the night air, and also the rain which fell in torrents. 1 must have stopped three hours longer, had not a negro fortunately espied me, and brought a horse, by means of which I forded the water, and the poor fellow placing me in the right road, I gained Washington in the plight of a poor famished traveller indeed ! " Another emigrant, a carpenter, who brought his wife with him, paid two dollars for a guide to conduct them from Alexandria to Washington, " at which place we arrived, ex- cessively fatigued, by four o'clock in the afternoon." When he beheld the famous city, for the sight of which he had crossed the Atlantic, and where he expected to make Ins fortune easily, this strong man cried, his disappointment of England. In one of these places, alter much bargaining and solicitation, we were permitted to take up our abode. It consisted of one apartment partitioned off into two boxes, for I will not term them rooms. This dwelling accommo- dated the owner, his wife and six children, so that with us two as inmates there were no less than eight persons slowed up in this miserable cabin. After a fortnight's continuance in our new residence, during which period we made m-^>^ little excursions around the city, we pitched upon George Town as the most eligible spot for tin exercise of my busi- ness." The description of George-Town, especially of the little Presbyterian chapel where he attended services on Sunday, is very interesting: '•At this little town 1 engaged a house, at the rent of sixt\ pound sterling per annum ($3°o)- This place 1- 1- 28 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. be the Southwark of the Federal City. At present it is nearly a mile and a half distance from thence ; and contains nearly sixty houses which are inhabited by merchants and tradesmen, who form a kind of social neighborhood, much more pleasing than any which I have witnessed since landing in this country. The principal house in the town is inhabited by a Mr. Mason, who, in conjunction with a Mr. Greenleafs, ' rules the roost ' in this quarter. " There is also a small chapel at which I have attended several times. The tenets inculcated are Presbyterianism ; after the sermon a person usually comes around to the con- gregation with a long stick, having a purse fastened to the end, and holds it before each individual, until such time as they drop their douceur into it, and then he presents it to another. While this ceremony is performing the preacher stands begging, and exhorting the benevolence of his au- ditory, by ransacking all the scriptural texts his memory affords, as a stimulus to the charity of his flock. After the purse has gone round it is presented up to the minister, who immediately pockets the contents, which I am informed is the only recompense which he receives for his labors." The ( iovernment appears to have been good pay, but the manner in which the wages of the artisans were dis- bursed was far from satisfactory. The letter continues : " Since I have been here my employment has been constant, having received more orders than f either could or would • accomplish, for the Americans are more prompt to give orders than to pay for them when executed ; and if a new comer is not very careful in this particular, he will quickly be ousted out of whatever property he may possess. There is another disadvantage attending a mechanic, little or no money being current between the employer and the employed. If an artizan completes a piece of work, and makes application for his wages, instead of receiving any money, he is presented with an order upon some storekeeper to Furnish him with necessaries to the amount. " In general, it is the usage of every artizan and la- bourer in this vicinity, but of those at the Federal City in particidar, for there after striking work on Saturday ( which is at twelve o'clock at noon) the men come to Mr. Mason of this place for their wages, who generally pays them a draft upon a bank at Alexandria, which is twelve miles distant; freqnentlj upon their arrival thither the bank is shut up, and they are obliged to purchase goods not wanted at some store, in order to get the balance to pay for their week's board, etc. "After the completion of this business they have tc recross the Potomack, and walk eleven miles to Washington, by which means, after a journey of nearly twenty-four miles and a half, they receive at a great disadvantage their week's wages. By these and various other kinds of manoeuvres, the monied people play into each other's hands, at the expense of the laborious and the industrious, which makes it ex- tremely difficult for a working man to benefit himself by The city had not advanced much in 1797, for we have a very clear statement from Mr. Christian Mines, whose parents moved into Washington from Georgetown in that year, when he was fourteen, and who continued a resident of the city for more than sixty-seven years thereafter. As a lad of fourteen he was employed in a clothing store at Greenleafs Point by Mr. Joseph Green, as a branch of his main store in Georgetown. Young Hines and Robert Bry- son, the clerk in charge of the branch store, boarded them- selves, and one of the principal duties of the boy was to make a trip to Georgetown and back once or twice a week in order to get a basketful of cooked provisions. In this way the lad became very familiar with the much-talked-of " City," its roads, houses and people, the remembrance of which he gave, in after years, in a book entitled " Early Recollections of Washington City," with much interesting and valuable detail. On Pennsylvania avenue, from Georgetown to the Pres- ident's House, there were two rows of three-story brick- dwellings, known as the " Six Buildings " and the "Seven Buildings." Other than these there were only one or two small frame dwellings. South of the avenue, between Rock Creek and what is now known as the White Lot, were scat- tered between thirty and forty houses. Most prominent of all these were the big, three-story stone warehouse front- ing on the Potomac, wherein the Government furniture was stored for a time when it was brought over from Phila- delphia ; the residence of Colonel Tayloe, now known as the " Octagon House," and the farmhouse of Davy Burns, whose charming daughter, Marcia. captivated the heart of General John P. Van Ness, the brilliant young member of Congress from New York. The ruins of the old farm- house may still be seen not far from the unoccupied man- sion built by General Van Ness some time after his mar- riage. North of the Avenue and west of Fourteenth street were a score or more of houses, mostly one-story frame. On the square where the Arlington Hotel now stands were two two-story brick houses called the "Two Sisters." in one of which, occupied by a Mr. Middlcton, a cabinet maker, were made some of the first mahogany desks used by Congress in this city. On the square bounded by F and G and Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets were eight houses — - two brick and six frame — the brick ones two stories high, one of which was occupied by Captain James llohan. then architect of the President's House, and afterward of the Capitol. Where the new hall of Columbian University now stands was a one-story frame, occupied by Mr. Jacob Miller, the only house on that block. In front of it to the north, where old St. Matthew's Catholic Church now stands, was a beautiful grove of forest trees, and from that point to Boundary street northward, and far beyond, were onl) uncultivated fields and woods. No houses were to be seen along Pennsylvania Avenue from fifteenth street to Capitol Hill. In fact the Avenue, now known as one of the finest thoroughfares in the world, was then more visible on the man than in reality. f i. CHAPTER IV. THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 3XGRESS provided for the removal of the seat of Government to the new territory by an act approved April 24. tSoo ( I U. S. Stat. L., 214), amendatory of the act of July 16, 1790, and authorizing the Presi- dent ( John Adams ) to anticipate the time of removal, fixed by that law, as the first Monday in December, 1800. The Presi- dent, in his annual message for 1799 had reminded Congress that the time for re- moval was near at hand, and the Commis- sioners of the Federal City reported the public buildings ready for occupancy. Congress, accordingly, on the 13th of May, 1800, the day prior to adjournment, enacted that its next regular session should begin on the third Monday of November at the city of Washington, instead of the first Monday in December, the constitutional date for assem- bling in the absence of a special enactment. President Adams, the day after adjournment, issued the following order : "The President requests the several heads of depart- ments to take the most prudent and economical arrange- ments for the removal of the public offices, clerks and papers, according to their own best judgment, as soon as may be convenient, in such manner that the public offices may be opened in the city of Washington, for the dispatch of busi- ness, by the 15th of June." The President himself left Philadelphia on the 27th of May, taking a circuitous route by way of Lancaster, Pa., and Fredericktown, Mel., in order to accept invitations of the citizens of those towns to visit them. He arrived m Georgetown June 3, although the trip could have been made at that time by the daily stage in about thirty-three hours. The Sentinel of Liberty, or George-Town and Washington Advertiser, of June 6, 7 800, had this news item: " The President of the United States arrived in this place on Tuesday last. At the boundary line of the District of Columbia he was met by a large crowd of respectable citizens on horseback and escorted into town, where he was received with pleasure and veneration. The military of the City of Washington and the marines stationed there mani- fested their respect by sixteen discharges of musketry and artillery." (The number of states at thai time in the Union.) A meeting of the citizens of Georgetown, held May 31, had appointed a committee to frame an address of wel- come to the President. In his reply, dated at " Union Tav- ern, George-Town, June 4. 1800," the President congratu- lated the citizens " on the translation of the Government of the city so near you." Thursday, June 5, there was a presi- dential reception in the Hall of Representatives at the Cap- itol, at which Mr. Tristram Dalton presented an address on behalf of the citizens of Washington. In reply Mr. Adams said : " I congratulate you on the blessings which Provi- dence has been pleased to bestow in a particular manner upon this location, and especially upon its destination to be the permanent seat of Government." Wednesday, the nth of June, the citizens of Alexandria entertained the President at a bancpiet, " at which upward of a hundred citizens were present." Four days later the President returned tb his home, in Massachusetts. To Hon. Ainsworth Rand Spofford, for so many years Librarian of Congress, every one who attempts to write about the national capital must acknowledge a great indebt- edness. His painstaking searching of newspapers and manu- scripts, extending over a long period, has brought to light a great amount of interesting details relative to the removal of the public offices. Heads of department left Philadelphia for Washington at the following dates: Charles 1 ee, \t torney General and Acting Secretary of Slate. May 28: Oliver Wolcott. Secretary of the Treasury, arrived July 2, 1800; Samuel Dexter, Secretary of War, arrived June 12: Benjamin Stoddert, Secretary of the Navy, left Philadelphia June 11 : Abraham Bradley, Jr.. acting for Postmaster Gen- eral Habersham (absent in Georgia), left Philadelphia May 27 and arrived here Ma) 29; John Marshall. Secretary of State, arrived June (>. The clerks employed in the various departments, about one hundred and thirty-six in number, came over from Philadelphia at various dates, b) stage -1 hired conveyances. Their expenses were paid appropriation for the removal of the Governi and archives. The total cost oi the sixty-four thousand dollars. Office furniture and ment records were brought around in sailing vessels. In spite of the statement of the Commissioners to the President the previous fall, the accommodations for the executive offices were far from convenient or satisfactory. the ( iovernment offices removal was about lepart- 30 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Only one department building had been erected — that for the Treasury, a plain, two-story brick, of only thirty rooms. The War Department and the Postoffice. Department went into leased houses, the former near the corner of Pennsyl- vania avenue and Twenty-first street, and the latter near Bloclgett's Hotel, at the corner of Eighth and E streets. July 7, 1800, the Treasury Department advertised in a Georgetown paper for " 500 cords of wood, oak and hick- ory." Some attempt has been made to discover what was the first State paper issued in this city. That is not easy of determination, as a fire in the War Department, Novem- ber 8, 1800, destroyed all the papers in the office of the Secretary, and subsequent fires in the Treasury Department have left them without any records for the year 1800. So far as the records now show, the first official paper was " The City of Washington, or at least some parts of it, is about forty miles from Baltimore. The situation is pleasant, and indeed beautiful ; the prospects are equal to those which are called good on the Connecticut River. The soil here is called good, but I call it bad. It is an exceedingly stiff, reddish clay, which becomes dust in dry and mortar in rainy weather. The President's House was built to be looked at by visitors and strangers, and will render its occu- pant an object of ridicule with some, and of pity with others. It must be cold and damp in winter, and cannot be kept in tolerable order without a regiment of servants. '" The Capitol is situated on an eminence, which I should suppose was near the center of the city. It is a mile and a half from the President's House. There is one good tavern about forty rods from the Capitol, and several other houses are built and erecting, but I do not perceive how the mem- bers of Congress can possibly secure lodgings, unless they JTERIOR DEPARTMEN a note signed by J. Wagner, Chief Clerk of the Department of State, to Evan Jones, dated June 7, 1800. The first paper of any importance, of June id, 1800, was a letter of instructions by John Marshall, Secretary of State, to Mi. William Vans Murray. United States minister to the Re- public of Batavia. Secretar) of the Treasury Wolcott, writing home to bis wife on tbe 4th of July, presents a most graphic and unques- tionably truthful picture of the city as be saw it: " I write this letter in the building erected for the use of tlie Treasury Department in tbe city of Washington; and this being a day of leisure, I shall he able to give you some idea of this famous place, the permanent seal of the Amer- ican l iovernment. will consent to live like scholars in a college or monks in a monastery, crowded ten or twenty in one house, and utterly excluded from society. The only resource for such as wish to live comfortably will, I think, he found in Georg< [own, three miles distant, over as had a road in winter as the clay grounds near Hartford. I have made every exertion to se- cure good lodgings near tin- office, hut shall he compelled to take them at the distance of more than half a mile. " rhere are, in Fact, hut few houses at am one place, ami most of them are small, miserable huts, which present an aw ml contrast to the public buildings. The people are poor, and as far as 1 can judge they live like fishes, by eating each other. Ml of the ground for several miles around the city being, in the opinion of the people, too valuable to he cultivated, remains unfenced. There are hut few enclosures even for gardens, and those are in had order. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. You may look in almost any direction, over an extent of ground nearly as large as the city of New York, without seeing a fence, or any object except brick-kilns and tem- porary huts for laborers. " Greenleaf's Point presents the appearance of a con- siderable town which had been destroyed by some unusual calamity. There are at Greenleaf's Point fifty or sixty spa- cious houses, five or six of which are occupied by negroes and vagrants, and a few more by decent working people; but there are no fences, gardens, nor the least appearance of business. This place is about a mile and a half south of the Capitol." Congress assembled, pursuant to its special act Novem- ber 17, in the new Capitol, the north wing only being com- pleted. Neither house had a quorum, and it was not until and to hire two horses : to enable him to do which be was allowed $28 per week during the session and for twenty days after its close. MRS. ADAMS' LETTERS. History is indebted to Mrs. Abigail Adams, wife of President John Adams, who accompanied her husband to the new Capital in November, 1800. for the clearest and most entertaining description of the conditions under which they began tbeir official life here. She writes to ber daugh- ter soon after her arrival : " I arrived here on Sunday last, and without meeting with any accident worth noticing, except losing ourselves when we left Baltimore and going eight or nine miles on November 21 that a joint committee could be sent to Presi- dent Adams notifying him that Congress was ready to receive any communication he might have to make. In his address the next day the President said : " f congratu- late the people of the United States on the assembling of Congress at the permanent seat of their Government, and I congratulate you, gentlemen, on the prospect of a resi- dence not to be changed." When Congress first met in Washington, the door- keeper of the House protested that he could not discharge his usual duties without additional assistance, "in conse- quence of the dispersed situation of the members ;" where- upon he was authorized to employ an additional assistanl INSTITUTION. the Frederick road, b) which means we were obliged to go the other eight through woods, where we wandered two hours without finding a guide or path. Fortunately a strag- gling black came up with lis and we engaged him as a guide to extricate us out of our difficulty; but woods are all you see from Baltimore until you reach the city, which is so only in name. I [ere and there is a small hut without a glass window, interspersed among tin- forests, through which you travel miles without seeing any human being. In the city- there are buildings enough, if they were compact ami fin- ished, to accommodate Congress and those attached to it. but as the) are, and scattered as the) are, I see no greal comfort for them. "The river . ... is in full view from my win- dow, and 1 see the vesse's as the) pass and repass. 32 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. " The (President's) House is upon a grand and superb scale, requiring about thirty servants to attend and keep the apartments in proper order and perform the ordinary busi- ness of the house and stables ; an establishment very well proportioned to the President's salary. The lighting of the apartments from the kitchen to parlors and chambers, is a tax, indeed, and the fires we are obliged to keep up to secure us from daily agues, is another very cheering comfort. To assist us in this great castle and render less attendance nec- essary, bells are wholly wanting, not one single one being hung through the whole house and promises are all yon can obtain. This is so great an inconvenience, that I know not what to do or how to do. " The ladies from Georgetown and the City have many of them visited me. Yesterday I returned fifteen visits. But such a place as Georgetown appears ! Why, our Milton is plastering, has been done since B. came. We have not the least fence, yard or convenience without, and the great un- finished audience-room I make a drying-room of, to hang up the clothes in. " If the twelve years in which this place has been con- sidered as the future seat of government had been improved, as they would have been in Xew England, very many of the present inconveniences would have been removed. It is a beautiful spot, capable of any improvement, and the more I view it the more I am de'ighted with it. " The vessel which has my clothes and other matters is not arrived. The ladies are impatient for a drawing-room. I have no looking-glasses but dwarfs for this house, nor a twentieth part lamps enough to light it. Many things were stolen, many were broken, by the removal : among the mini- and lei me have wood enough to keep lives 1 design to he pleased. But surrounded with Forests, can you believe that wood i.s nol to be had, because people cannol be found to cut and carl it. We are now indebted to a Pennsylvania wagon to bring us, through the first clerk in the Treasury office, one cord and a half of wood, which is all we have for this house, where twelve lives are constantl) required; and we are told the roads will soon be so bad il cannol be drawn. Briesler procured two hundred bushel of coal, or we must have suffered. This is the situation of almost every person. The public officers have sent to Phihde'ohia for woodcutters and wagons. \\ <■ have indeed come into ;i new country, single apartment finished, and all within side, except the I,;, is nic ui.l Wi If missing. My rooms he doors of the hall are ire very pieasanc ami warm closed." " You can scarcely believe that here in this wilderness city 1 should find my time so occupied as it is. My visitors come, sonic of them, three or four miles. To return one of them is the work of a day. Mrs. I Mis. mv nearest neigh- bor, is at lodgings almosl a half mile from me: Mrs. Senator ( Hi,. tWO link-. '■ \\ c have all been very well as vet. If we can. by any means, get wood, we shall not let our fires go out. hut it i^ .n a price, indeed; from four dollars it has risen to nine. Some >.i\ it wiil fall, but there must he more indttsm than is to he found here to bring half enough to market For the consumption of the inhabitants." THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 33 Gouverneur Morris, as Senator from New York State, arrived in Washington November 22, 1800, having been eleven days upon the way from iVIorrisania, with only a short stop at Philadelphia, — a journey that is now made in about half as many hours. It is hardly possible for those who tr-ivel in the " Congressional Limited " trains of to-day to realize the discomforts of such 3 journey at the begin- ning of the nineteenth century. Whether in public stage- coach or private carriage, the discomforts of the inns and of the bad roads were none the less to be dreaded. The road from Philadelphia to Baltimore was bad enough, but that from Baltimore to Washington was worse. From Morris' diary it appears that the ruts were half a wheel In a playfully satirical vein Morris describes the city in a letter to a friend in France, Princesse de la Tour et Taxis : " I busy myself here at the trade of a Senator, and amuse myself lazily watching the petty intrigues, the insane hopes, the worthless projects of that weak and proud ani- mal they call man. We only need here houses, cellars, kitchens, scholarly men, amiable women, and a few 1 ither such trifles, to possess a perfect city, for we can walk over it as in the fields and the woods, and on account of a strong frost, the air is very pure. I enjoy it all the more since my room fills with smoke as soon as the door is closed. Should it enter your fancy to come to live at Washington, in order to confirm you in so charming a project, I hasten to assure you that building stone is plentiful, that excellent nil! iE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. deep; and so much danger was there of the coach upsetting that the driver would, before entering one of the holes, request his passengers to move first to the right, then to the left, to prevent a catastrophe. Morris speaks of the interminable forest passed through before reaching Wash- ington, and of finding the town scarcely habitable. He put up at "the inn," presumably Blodgett's, first taking the precaution to make a bargain with the inn-keeper to fur- nish him two cords of hickory wood, at eight dollars a cord. " This," Morris writes, " the landlord promises to do, if he can get a team to hire," a most important " if," when it is recollected that every available team had been pressed into the Government service. bricks are baked here, that we are not wanting in sites for magnificent mansions, that projected canals will give birth to a large commerce, that as a consequence riches will bring forth a taste for the line art-: m a word, that this is the best city to live in — in the future."* The general appearance of the city at the time is best described by the lion. John Cotton Smith, of Connecticut, a distinguished member of Congress belonging to thi Fed eral party. It was written some years later, however : but the very crude and unfinished appearance oi the straggling rows of houses and the broad wastes in every direction had clearly made a most vivid impression : !"Diarv and Letters of Gouverneur Morris" s. New York : Chas. Scribner's Sons. (888, vol. by Anne Carv 2.PP- 394-395- 34 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. " Our approach to the city was accompanied with sen- sations not easily described. One wing of the Capitol only had been erected, which, with the President's House, a mile distant from it, both constructed of white sandstone, were shining objects in dismal contrast with the scene around them. Instead of recognizing the avenues and streets portrayed on the plan of the city, not one was visible, unless we except a road, with two buildings on each side of it, called the New Jersey avenue. The Pennsylvania, leading, as laid down on paper, from the Capitol to the Presidential mansion, was then nearly the whole distance a deep morass, covered with alder bushes, which were cut through the width of the intended avenue during the then ensuing winter. " Between the President's House and Georgetown a block of houses had been erected, which then bore and may still bear, the names of the Six Buildings. There were also two other blocks, consisting of two or three dwelling houses, in different directions, and now and then an isolated wooden habitation ; the intervening space, and indeed, the surface of the city generally, being covered with shrub oak bushes on the higher grounds, and on the marshy soil cither trees or some sort of shrubbery. " Nor was the desolate aspect of the place a little augmented by a number of unfinished edifices at Greenleaf's Point, and on an eminence a short distance from it, com- menced by an individual whose name they bore, but the state of whose funds compelled him to abandon them, not only unfinished, but in a ruinous condition. There appeared to be but two really comfortable habitations in all respects within the bounds of the city, one of which belonged to Daniel Carroll, Esq., and the other to Notley Young,* who were the former proprietors of a large proportion of the land appropriated to the city, but who reserved for their own accommodation ground sufficient for gardens and other useful appurtenances. The roads in every direction were muddy and unimproved. A sidewalk was attempted in one instance by a covering formed of the chips of the stones which had been hewed for the Capitol. It extended but a little way and was of little value ; for in dry weather the sharp fragments cut our shoes, and in wet weather covered them with white mortar. In short, it was a ' new- settlement.' The houses, with two or three exceptions, had been very recently erected, and the operation greatly hurried in view of the approaching transfer of the National Gov- ernment. " A laudab'e desire was manifested by what few citi- zens and residents there were to render our condition as pleasant as circumstances would permit. One of the blocks of buildings already mentioned was situated on the east side of what was intended for the Capitol square, and being chiefly occupied by an extensive and well kept hotel, ac- commodated a goodly number of the members. Our little party took lodgings with a Mr. Peacock, in one of the houses on the New Jersey avenue, with the addition of Senators Tracy, of Connecticut, and Chipman and Paine, of Vermont : and Representatives Thomas, of Maryland, and Dana. Edmund and Griswold, of Connecticut. Speaker Sedgwick was allowed a room to himself; the res! of us in pairs. To my excellent friend Davenport and myself was allotted a spacious and decently furnished apartment. with separate beds, on the lower floor. Our diet was various, iiut always substantial and we were attended by active and faithful servants. A large proportion of South- ern members took lodgings at Georgetown, which, though This was taken down in 1854 to make room for South G street. It was a fine old structure overlooking the Potomac. of a superior order, were three miles from the Capitol, and of course rendered the daily employment of hackney coaches indispensable. " Notwithstanding the unfavorable aspect which Wash- ington presented on our arrival, I cannot sufficiently express my admiration of its local position. From the Capitol you have a distinct view of its fine undulating surface, situated at the confluence of the Potomac and its Eastern branch, the wide expanse of that majestic river to the bend at Mount Vernon, the cities of Alexandria and Georgetown, and the cultivated fields and blue hills of Maryland and Virginia on either side of the river, the whole constituting a prospect of surpassing beauty and grandeur. The city has ( also the inestimable advantage of delightful water, in many instances flowing from copious springs, and always attainable by digging to a moderate depth ; to which may be added the singular fact that such is the due admixture of loam and clay in the soil of a great portion of the city that a house may be built of the brick made of the earth dug from the cellar ; hence it was not unusual to see the remains of a brick-kiln near the newly-erected dwelling house or other edifice. In short, when we consider not only these advantages, but what, in a National point of view, is of superior importance, the location of a fine navigable river, accessible to the whole maritime frontier of the United States, and yet easily rendered defensible against foreign invasion; and that by the facilities of internal navigation and railways, it may be approached by the population of the Western States, and indeed of the whole nation, with less inconvenience than any other conceivable situation, we must acknowledge that its selection by Washington as the permanent seat of the Federal Government, affords a strik- ing exhibition of the discernment, wisdom and forecast which characterized that illustrious man. Under this im- pression, whenever, during the six years of my connection with Congress, the question of removing the Seat of Gov- ernment to some other place was agitated — and the propo- sition was frequently made — I stood almost alone as a Northern man in giving my vote in the negative." Another old resident of Washington, familiar with the city in 1S00, as well as some years before, related before his death, that " Pennsylvania avenue, between the Capitol and the President's House, was at that time a perfect quag- mire : this, indeed, was one of the principal inducements of L'Enfant to make it the great thoroughfare, believing that nothing but dire necessity would prompt the citizens of the Government to fill up and improve it." This gentle- man also declared that he had seen Mrs. Adams' carriage, with four horses attached, floundering for hours in making their way through the deep viscous mud of this road. Pedestrians had been better provided for. a footpath of cobble stones and chips from the public buildings, raised about three feet above the mud of the road, having been built along the south side of the avenue the entire distance from the Capitol to the White House. This path was just wide enough for two people to walk abreast. Every pleas- ant day President Adams was accustomed to walk on this path and ever) person he met. without regard to his station in life, was certain to receive a courteous salute. Thomas Moore, the Irish bard, the great friend of Lord Byron, visited this country in 1803, and upon his return to England saiiri/ol us severely in verse, for which he subse- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 35 quently apologized. His verses referring to the city are these : " This fam'd metropolis, where fancy sees Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees ; Which traveling fools and gazetteers adorn With shrines unbuilt and heroes yet unborn ; Though naught but woods and Jefferson they see, Where streets should run and sages ought to be." In a prose note the poet-traveler adds that " work on most of the public buildings has been suspended. The hotel is already a ruin; a great part of its roof has fallen in, and the rooms are left to be occupied gratuitously by the mis- erable Scotch and Irish emigrants. The President's House, a very noble structure, is by no means suited to the philo- sophical humility of its present possessor, who inhabits but the different apartments whenever application was made to him for that privilege. A circular staircase led to the roof, where visitors went to enjoy the fine view. This view seems to have impressed itself upon every one. Contemporaneous evidence goes to prove that this de- scription was not much exaggerated. The hotel he speaks of as being a ruin was the one commonly known as " Blodg- ett's.* It was built in 1793 to be the capital prize in a great lottery scheme, which was to enrich everybody and at the same time greatly benefit the new city. It was a big bubble that soon burst, leaving the hotel unfinished. It then, and so late as 1807, was occupied by the foreign workmen who were employed upon the public buildings. Every room in it, from attic to cellar, was the home of a different family. BUREAU OF ENGR^ a corner of the mansion himself and abandons the rest to a state of uncleanly desolation, which those who are not phi- losophers cannot look at without regret. This grand edifice- is encircled by a very rude pale, through which a common rustic stile introduces the visitors of the first man in America. The private buildings exhibit the same characteristic display of arrogant speculation and premature ruin, and the few ranges of houses which were begun some years ago have remained so long a waste an i unfinished that they are now for the most part dilapi' 1 In 1805 only the mate wing of the Capitol was com- pleted. When C not in session, the building was locked u i ,Q r conducted visitors through In this building were given the first theatrical entertain- ments. Yet even the one completed section of the Capitoi building was sufficient to win encomiums from earl) visi- tors. One writes as early as 1805 that the Senate Chamber was "the most superb and elegant room I ever saw. The seats were cushioned and lined with green baize, except the two which were made and set apart for the trial of Judge Chase, which were lined with dark purple or black, indicative, perhaps, of the unfortunate situation he was in. On one side of this room was suspended the portrait of Louis XVI of France, as large' as life, and on the other the portrait of his queen, Maria Antoinetta. Immediately 36 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. behind the Speaker's chair is suspended a small and correct likeness of Washington. This room, as well as the library room, was hung with a number of elegant maps and en- gravings printed upon satin, together with a number of portraits of men distinguished for their learning and pa- triotism." When the city was laid out the lands were heavily wooded, but within a score of years the inhabitants were complaining bitterly of the lack of shade in summer. This was one point which Washington and his Commissioners overlooked. In the act of cession it had been stipulated that all the wood growing thereon belonged to the pur- chasers. The abuse of this privilege might have been readily anticipated, but the evil was felt when there was no longer a remedy. The Commissioners interposed for the preservation of the trees which remained, but this late inter- position was of no avail. Venerable oaks which sheltered the fine spring near the foot of Capitol Hill, were cut down by some of the early settlers, many of whom arrived here in an indigent state, unable to purchase wood for fuel or for the construction of their cabins and through necessity laid the axe to some of the finest timber. Magnificent oaks which grew along Pennsylvania avenue were cut down. The Lombardy poplars, planted by Jefferson, in time became very ornamental but afforded little shade. The first " Long Bridge " over the Potomac was au- thorized by act of Congress under the direction of a com- pany or board of commissioners, and the citizens of Wash- ington subscribed the money for its erection. Citizens of Georgetown vainly opposed its construction. Before the bridge was built the opinion prevailed (which we now hear repeated every winter) that after a sudden thaw the bridge would not be able to resist the pressure of the floating ice and wood which might then accumulate against the abutments. The subscription for the bridge consisted of two thousand shares, at a hundred dollars a share, ten of which were paid in advance and the remainder as re- quired by the commissioners. The cost of the bridge was $96,000, so the actual value of a share was $48. The bridge, then as now, a mile in length, was covered with planks of white and yellow pine, and supported by strong piles from eighteen to forty feet in length, according to the depth of the water. A railing divided the bridge into a footway and a carriageway. One man, by means of a crank and pulley, could raise the drawbridge for the pas- sage of vessels. The tolls were high, as may be seen from the following table : Four-horse carriage $1.50 Two-horse carriage 1.00 Four-horse wagon 62j4 Two-horse wagon 37^2 Gig 36^ Horse i8>4 Man o6}4 The tolls for 18 10 amounted to $9,000, and the stock then paid an eight per cent, dividend. In the act of incor- poration it was provided that after the lapse of 60 years the corporation should be dissolved and the bridge become the property of the United States. ALBERT PIKE. CHAPTER V. INVASION BY THE BRITISH. ASHINGTON was invaded by British troops under Admiral Sir George Cockburn and General Ross on the 24th of August, 1814. It is hard to understand why adequate preparations to repel these invaders had not been made months before. The British fleet had been in control of Chesapeake Bay and the Potomac throughout all the year of 181 3 and reprisals for our attacks along the Canadian frontier had been made J upon the towns of Hampton, Virginia, and Havre de Grace, Frenchtown, Georgetown and Frederick- town along the Maryland shores. Many houses were pil- laged and burned and many inhabitants killed and wounded. Even worse outrages were committed, as there was abun- dant evidence to prove. Defenseless women and children were robbed, insulted and assaulted ; burial vaults were broken open in search of hidden jewelry and British of- ficers turned their backs that they might not see the un- bridled deeds of the hired soldiery. On July 15, 1813, General Philip Stuart, of Maryland, introduced a resolu- tion into Congress, urging an immediate increase of the military force and a strengthening of the defenses of the city. The Committee on Military Affairs, to whom the resolution was referred, reported it unfavorably without any investigation whatever, declaring itself satisfied that the preparations already made (the building of Fort Wash- ington) were " in every respect adequate to the emergency." President Madison was of the same opinion, for in a message to Congress July 20, 1813, he said the British desired only to cripple and control American commerce. One of the most influential of the President's Cabinet ad- visers was the Secretary of War, John Armstrong, of New York, who is quoted as saying: "The British come here! What should they come here for? " These words, in reply to the representations of a number of patriotic citizens who called upon him to urge the danger to the Capital of so large a British force in Chesapeake Bay, voiced tin- no- torious unfriendliness of the Secretary of War to the loca- tion of the Capital. He would be pleased, it was charged, if the British should destroy it, hoping it might then be relocated in New York. On the other hand, there was some justification for his words. Washington was little more than a village; its inhabitants about 6,000, and forty miles inland; while the Potomac, with its winding channel among rocks and shoals, seemed to need not even the fort which L'Enfant had planned. This was little more than a fort in name only. But two guns were mounted, and only men enough stationed there to serve them. The arsenal, with its stores of ammunition, and the Navy Yard, with war vessels on the ways, were absolutely unprotected. Forgotten seemed to be the insults to the British min- ister before war was declared — a sufficient cause in the eyes of England for chastisement. Forgotten was the moral effect to be produced by the capture of the enemy's Capital, the destruction of his naval and military stores, his papers and his public buildings. The real wonder is that the attack was so long postponed. This can only be explained by the fact that the British commanders could not conceive a Nation's Capital so wholly unprotected. The Potomac they believed to be lined with forts. , Fortifications guard- ing every road to the city must have been constructed, while large bodies of militia were believed to be ready to concentrate upon any point where the British might attempt to land their forces. The immunity from attack which the city enjoyed for about fifteen months was due to these beliefs held by the British commanders. If we may believe the testimony of a landlady with whom he took his meals, it was Admiral Cockburn himself who. made the discovery that Washington was absolutely de- fenseless and would prove to be an easy prey. When the Admiral came to her house for food. 011 the day of the invasion of the Capital, she recognized him as a transient boarder of a few weeks previous. This story is not at all unlikely, for never in time of peace could a stranger more readily have come and gone than during the War of 1812. Demonstrations made by the enemy's fleel about the 1st of July, 1814, coupled with previous rumors of a -real British armament preparing at Bermuda, at last alarmed even the President and his Cabinet. Colonel lames \|,, n roe. Secretar) of Stale, devised a plan of defense, which with some modifications, was adopted. Maryland and the District, and that part of Virginia lying north of the Rappa- hannock, were created "the Tenth Military District," and General W. I I. Winder, an officer who had seen service in (37) 38 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. the Northwest, though of little general experience, was placed in command. At first it was provided that " 3,000 combatants should be enlisted, but as the situation became more grave the number was increased until finally Gen. Winder was empowered to draft 93,000 men. However, not over 10,000 were actually enlisted, including both regu- lars and militia. Both bodies were composed almost en- tirely of raw recruits, without discipline of any sort and never even under fire. Such was the " army " with which the Nation's Capital was to be defended. Fortunately not all these facts were known to the British. They had learned that there were no fortifications, but they had not for- gotten Concord and Lexington and were firmly expectant that no sooner should they laud than the militia would flock to attack them upon every side. The plan of the British, therefore, as conceived and carried out, was to make a forced march to the city, burn its public buildings and retreat to the ships before a sufficient force could gather to offer serious resistance. When General Winder took command (June 26, 1814) a few hundred men comprising two detachments from the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-eighth regulars, constituted his army. Thirteen regiments of militia had been drafted in the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, but it had been expressly provided that they should not be called into service until the British troops had actually landed on American soil. To this General Winder vainly protested. He urged that these regiments of militia should go into camp about Baltimore and Washington, be drilled and disciplined and prepared to repel any threatened attack upon the Capital. No heed was paid to his protestations. Apparently inactive, in the meantime the British had been quietly planning for a bold stroke. The fleets of Ad- miral Cockburn and Admiral Cochrane united in the Chesa- peake. Several frigates were sent up the Potomac while tin- remainder of the vessels went on a hunt for Commodore Barney's gunboats. These took refuge in the Patuxent where they were blockaded. Two days later the much talked of Bermuda fleet under the command of Rear Ad- miral Malcolms, sailed into the bay. Besides its full com- plement of sailors and marines it brought four thousand of Wellington's veterans, fresh from the battlefields of Prance and Spain. The united fleets sailed up the Patux- ent and began disembarking troops at Benedict. Com- modore Barney, landing his crews and taking what guns were portable, burned his ships and hastened toward Wash- ington to give the alarm and aid in it^ defense. A courier was mounted and sent ahead to arouse the country to arms. He was in Washington by daybreak of August 20, and the consternation which he spread may readily lie imagined. No longer existed a reasonable doubt that the Capital was threatened; yet General Armstrong still insisted thai it was Baltimore, not Washington, that was in danger, as Bal- timore was a city of no much move consequence. Secretary Monroe, however, was of the opposite opinion and volunteered to go with a troop of twenty-live cavalry- men to reconnoiter the situation. No news was received from him until the twenty-third, when he sent a courier to the President advising the removal of the records imme- diately and preparations for the destruction of the bridges. While this created a panic among the citizens, the reports of the deeds of " Cockburn's savages " at Hampton and along the Maryland shore being fresh in their minds, it found the Secretary of War still calm and collected and still doubting their coming at all. General Winder, too, thought the objective point was Annapolis. The movements of the enemy for the first two days offered no clue to his intentions. Several roads along the line of march led to Annapolis, Ba'timore and Washington. On the 22A, after marching a short distance on the road to Washington, the enemy halted for an hour, then countermarched and took the road northward toward Marlborough. Our troops, having gone out to give battle, fell back toward Washington. At Marlborough the British rested twenty-four hours, then breaking camp marched rapidly toward this city, bivouacking at night at Melwood, less than twelve miles away. They were on the march again before daybreak and after enter- ing the road leading to the bridge over the Anacostia, the columns were reversed and marched toward Bladensburg. Here a body of Maryland militia was stationed and Winder hurried forward all his troops to its support. Monroe estimated the British force marching upon Washington at 7,000. Colonel Beall. a revolutionary vet- eran, thought it did not exceed 4,000. British official records tell us the total number landed was 5.123. which included 1.500 marines and 350 seamen under Admiral Cockburn. Colonel Beall was very nearly right, for large parties were detailed to garrison Benedict and other towns along the way, in order to keep open a line of retreat. General Winder's forces considerably outnumbered the Brit- ish, but were composed in the main of raw militia and vol- unteers; of a total of 6,000 men, less than 1,000 were regular troops. The brigade of District militia, under, command of General Walter Smith, of Georgetown, num- bered a little over 1,000 men. including two companies of light artillery each with six six-pound howitzers and two companies of picked riflemen. These, although volunteers, were well armed and drilled, but only a few of their number had seen actual service. Baltimore sent to the Capital's defense General Stansbury with a brigade of 2,100 volun- teers with twelve pieces of artillery and a battalion of riflemen, whose Major was former Attorney-General Wil- liam Pinckney, afterwards United States Senator. Two other regiments of militia from Maryland ami one from Virginia, added 1,800 men to the American forces. Com- modore Barney's sailors and marines and those from the navy yard numbered 520 men. while 300 regulars com- manded by Lieutenant-Colonel William Scott made up the total. Officers of the District militia were: Major-General John 1'. Van Ness; brigadier-generals, Robert Young and Walter Smith; adjutant-general, John Cox; assistant ad- jutant-general. George Peter; brigade majors. Philip Trip- let! and John S. Williams; colonels, George Magruder, THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. William Brent and William Allen Dangerfield : lieutenant colonels, James Thompson, Michael Nourse and Adam Lynn; majors, Lawrence Hoof, Adam King and ]oel Brown; captains of infantry, Charles L. Nevitt, David Whann, Josiah M. Speake, Richard Johns, James Cassin, John Hollingshead, Elisha W. Williams, Craven T. Peyton, George Fitzgerald and Alexander Hunter ; captain of rifle- men, Horace Field ; captain of artillery, Benjamin Burch ; lieutenants of infantry, Edward Edmonston, Abraham Win- gart, John Fowler, Henry Beatty, Charles Warren, William Morton, Thomas L. McKenny, Bernard H. Tomlinson, Ambrose White, Thomas W. Peyton, Levin Moreland, Leonard Adams, Gustavus Harrison, Robert Smith and Alexander L. Joucherez ; lieutenant of riflemen, David 39 Elias B. Caldwell, First Lieutenant R. C. Weightman, Sec- ond Lieutenant N. L. Queen ; The Alexandria Dragoons — Captain J. H. Mandeville, First Lieutenant William H. May- nadier, Second Lieutenant John Dulaney. The regimental staff comprised : Adjutant, George C. Washington; Quar- termaster, William Crawford; Paymaster, Daniel Brent: Surgeon, Dr. R. G. Clark; Sergeant-Major, Nicholas Worthington. Still another organization was ''The First Legion of the District of Columbia "— William Smith, lieu- tenant-colonel, commanding; George Peter, adjutant ; Wil- liam Whann, quartermaster; Clement Smith, paymaster; Dr. Frederick May, surgeon; John Ott, surgeon's mate: E. Cummings, quartermaster-sergeant ; John Simpson, fife- ma i or. AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. Meakins; first lieutenant of artillery, Alexander McCor- mick ; second lieutenant of artillery, Shadrack Davis ; lieu- tenant of grenadiers, John Goddard ; ensign of grenadiers, George Ripple ; ensign of riflemen, Francis Hucern ; ensigns of infantry, Gustavus Alexander, Marsham Jameson, John Mitchell, James B. Holmead, William Williams, Francis Lowndes, Robert B. Kirby and John Gilily. The cavalry branch was under command of Lieutenant- Colonel John Tayloe, and comprised : The Columbian Dra- goons — Captain William Thornton, First Lieutenant John Law ; The Georgetown Hussars — Captain John Peter, First Lieutenant J. S. Williams, Second Lieutenant Wil- liam S. Ridgely ; The Washington Light Horse — Captain The battle of Bladensburg is not one in which Ameri- cans won with glory and renown; quite the contrary. Yet since it was fought in the vain hope of defending the Cap ital City from foreign invaders, its history is necessary here. Misjudgment as to the road the British would take, kept General Winder with the main body of bis forces al the Eastern Branch bridge until the morning of tbe 24th, when he hurried to Bladensburg. arriving upon the field of battle almost simultaneously with the British, [gnorance of the art of war resulted in the formation of two lines of battle, a mile apart, instead o\ massing the American troops at the vantage point chosen by General Stansbury, who was the first to meet the foe. Besides, diverse opinions were 4Q THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. expressed and a division of authority was caused by the presence in the field of the President, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of 'War. For defense the battle ground was all we could have hoped for. Not over two hundred feet from the bridge across the Eastern Branch, here a small stream no more than thirty feet wide and easily forded, the Washington road unites with the old George- town post road at an angle of forty-five degrees. The triangle between the two roads is rising ground, command- ing both roads and admirably calculated for resisting an attack. Where the roads fork an earthwork had been thrown up. Here the two companies of Baltimore artillery placed their guns, supported by Major Pinckney's battalion of riflemen and two companies of militia. Five hundred yards behind them was Stansbury's brigade, flanked on the left by Burch's artillery guarding the road to George- town. Here, at the crossing of the stream, was the advance of the enemy to be stopped, if at all. Yet General Winder halted his entire force, which included Lieutenant-Colonel Scott's regulars, the Maryland militia under Colonel Beall, Smith's brigade and Major Peter's artillery, a full mile away. Here, too. were stationed Commodore Barney's forces, guns, seamen and marines. With the ground in our favor, all else was opposed. The British had moved deliberately, resting long each day. ( >ur undisciplined mili- tia had been worn out with five days of continuous and useless marching, with but little rest at night. Yet these men must bear the brunt of the attack of soldiers long- inured to hardships and as perfect in discipline on the battle field as on the parade ground. If our entire force had been massed near the bridge, or if it had fallen back- to the support of Commodore Harney's artillery before being utterly demoralized, Washington might have escaped de- struction. The Mankind artillery checked the advance of the I'.ritish until the main body attacked, when the sup- porting riflemen and militia retreated in great disorder, having been thrown into a panic by the big Congreve rockets which the enemy dropped among them. According to General Winder's own report he gave conflicting orders which did not tend to give confidence to undisciplined troops. When he ordered the Fifth Regiment to retire, •■ their retreat became a flight of absolute and total dis- order." Ik-all's regiment " gave one or two ineffectual fires and fled." All evidence is that the American forces were practically without a plan of battle and as is usual with raw troops, an order for a retreat was taken to mean defeat and " save yourself if yon can." This they did to perfection, nol even remaining long enough to receive any wounds. Lack of leadership is clearly proven by the fact thai the only portion of the forces which distinguished itself in the engagement, that under the command of Commodore Barney, was entirel) forgotten by General Winder when he left the Eastern Branch Bridge. The gallant commodore, accustomed i" obe\ orders, would have remained where he was Stationed, had not the I 'resident and Secretary of War. passing by, advised him to march at once to Bladens burg. It is a pleasure to quote from the commodore's report : " We came up in a trot and took our position on the rising ground between Smith's militia and Beall's, posted our marines and seamen, and waited the approach of the enemy. After a few minutes I ordered an eighteen- pounder to fire upon him, which completely cleared the road. A second and a third attempt were made to come forward, but all were destroyed. They then crossed over into an open field and attempted to flank us ; there he was met by three twelve-pounders, the marines under Captain Miller and my men acting as infantry, and again was totally cut up. By this time not a vestige of the American army re- mained, except a body of five or six hundred posted on a height on my right, from whom I expected much support from their fine situation. The enemy from this moment never appeared in force in front of us. They pushed for- ward their sharpshooters, one of whom shot my horse under me. The enemy, who had been kept in check by our fire for nearly half an hour, now began to outflank us on the right; our guns were turned that way. He pushed up the hill about two or three hundred men towards the corps of Americans stationed as above described (Magru- der's regiment) who to my great mortification made no resistance, giving a fire or two and retired. In this situation we had the whole army to contend with. Our ammunition was expended, and unfortunately the drivers of our ammu- nition wagons had gone off in the general panic. Finding the enemy now in my rear, and no means of defense, I ordered my officers and men to retire." Barney himself was seriously wounded and was made a prisoner. His spirited defense won for him the con- sideration of General Ross, who ordered a surgeon to dress his wound and see that he had every attention. Lieutenant Glcig. of the Eighty-fifth Royal Regiment. pays tribute to the bravery and fighting qualities of Barney's men, and at the same time expresses contempt for the militia. " Had they conducted themselves with coolness and resolution," says this English officer. " it is not con- ceivable how the day could have been won. But the fact is. that with the exception of the sailors from the gunb >ats, under the command of Commodore Barney, no troops could behave worse than they did. The skirmishers were driven in as soon as attacked. The first line gave way without offering the slightest resistance, and the left of the main body was broken within half an hour after it was seriously engaged. Of the sailors, however, it would he injustice not to speak in terms which their conduct merits. They were employed as gunners, and not only did they serve their guns with a quickness and precision which astonished their assailants, but they stood till some of them were actually bayoneted, with fuses in their hands; nor was it till their leader was wounded and taken, and they saw themselves deserted on all sides by the soldiers, that they quit the field." It was also admitted b\ an English authority that this attack "ii Barney's batter} resulted in a greater number THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 4i (jf killed and wounded in proportion to the number of the men afield than any other battle in which British troops had been engaged. General Ross, in his dispatches to London, gave his losses at Bladensburg at 64 killed and 185 wounded and missing. Lieutenant Gleig in his ac- count, written after the evacuation of Washington, says that upwards of five hundred men were killed and wounded. (This figure includes, however, those who were killed and injured by the explosion at the navy yard.) Several British officers of high rank were severely wounded, among them Colonel Thornton, Lieutenant-Colonel Wood and Major Brown. No further attempt was made to defend the city. The panic-stricken militia which constituted the first line op- posed to the enemy fled along the road to Georgetown and Readily imagined can be the effect which this helter- skelter retreat of their expected defenders through the city had upon the inhabitants, already panic stricken at the first news from Bladensburg. Wild confusion had already pre- vailed all day. The government had pressed into service wagons and carts of every description to convey records across the Long Bridge into Virginia, and every private conveyance was taking the same route laden with house- hold goods, women and children. Nothing less than the sacking and burning of the entire city was expected. Com- modore Tingey, in command of the Navy Yard, had re- ceived orders to destroy all the shipping and stores, in the event of the defeat of the American troops, to prevent their falling into the hands of the enemy. This work of destruction he besran about 8 p. m. President Madison, PENSION OFFICE. gave the city a wide berth. General Smith reformed the first and second regiments, after breaking from the second line, but was ordered by General Winder to retreat to the heights near the city. While forming a line of battle there he again received orders to retreat to Capitol Hill. Here General Winder conferred with the Secretary of War and then gave orders to abandon the Capitol and the city and to retreat to Tenleytown. " It is impossible, " says ( ieneral Smith, in his account of the battle. " to do justice to the anguish evinced by the troops of Washington and George- town on receiving L this order. The idea of leaving then- families, their homes and their houses at the mercy of an enraged enemy was insupportable. To preserve that order which had been maintained during the retreat was now no longer practicable." with a party of personal friends, took refuge in Virginia, whither his wife had preceded him. The British had avowed the hope and expectation of capturing the Presi lent, whom, they said, they proposed to exhibit in England. About 6 p. m. the British reached the Capitol Grounds. General Ross was tired upon from a near-by house owned by Robert Sewall, and the bullet evidently intended for him killed his horse. The house from which the sho! was fired was immediately burned. Expecting thai the < apitol Buildings had been fortified, (he windows were riddled with bullets and for some time the British officers could not believe thai they had been abandoned. At last they broke open the doors and in the Hall of Representatives Admiral Cockburn was escorted with mock pomp to th« Speaker's chair. After a few bombastic remarks Bus ques- 42 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. tion was put : " Shall this harbor of Yankee Democracy be burned ? " The soldiers barely waited to hear the chorus of ayes that echoed throughout the building before they broke open the doors of the Library and tearing up books and papers started fires in a dozen places. Other detach- ments of soldiers had marched up the avenue and set fire to the White House, the Treasury, State, and Navy build- ings, a total destruction of public property valued at $i- 215,000. Several private houses on Capitol Hill were also burned. General Ross and Admiral Cockburn took posses- sion of Mrs. Suter's hotel near the Treasury and ate their supper there by the light of the blazing Government build- ings. A terrible thunder storm, one of the fiercest known in many years, accompanied by wind that became a veritable tornado, burst upon the city while the work of destruction by fire was at its height. Houses were unroofed and the roofs whirled in the air, trees were broken and the streets filled with debris. Some houses even were laid in ruins, carrying death alike to friend and foe, who had taken refuge therein. A British account says thirty of their sol- diers thus perished. Rain fell in torrents and the inky blackness of the night added to the terror which the events of the day had inspired. Believing that the large force of militia which had dispersed almost without loss would recover courage and NEPTUNE'S FOUNTAIN. Attracted to the Navy Yard by the flames started by the ' commandant, the enemy proceeded to complete the destruction, also Tiring the adjoining private ropewalks of Tench, Ringgold, Heath & Company, and John Chalmers, and mutilating the monument erected by the officers of the navy in memory of those heroes who fell in the war with Tripoli. In abandoning the Navy Yard our forces had thrown into a dry well a large quantity of powder. Into this well a British soldier thoughtlessly threw a lighted torch. A terrific explosion followed and nearly one hun- dred of his companions were killed and wounded. Many of the dead bodies were so horribly mutilated as to be nnn 1 ignizable. IBRARY OF CONGRESS attack them, the British officers, satisfied with the destruc- tion wrought, determined to evacuate the city the next night, and did so. as soon as darkness covered their move- ments. Fires were kept burning in the camps until the main body of troops were well on the march. The retreat was executed in silence, with the greatest possible secrecy, lint it might as well have been made in broad daylight with blare of trumpets and roll of drums, for General Winder had given another order to retreat, and those troops thai still remained faithful to discipline had withdrawn to Mont- gomery Court House. The British re-embarked at Bene- dicl \11-n-t 29th, "without molestation of any sort." to quote Admiral Cockburn's report . THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 43 " Dolly " Madison, the President's wife, was the hero- ine of the hour. Left by her husband in the White House Monday, August 22, she did not hear from him again until the day of the battle. From a letter written to her sister on that day the following interesting extracts are taken: " Twelve o'clock. — Since sunrise I have been turning my spy glass in every direction, and watching with un- wearied anxiety, hoping to discover the approach of my dear husband and his friends ; but alas, I can descry only groups of military wandering in all directions, as if there was a lack of arms or of spirit to fight for their own firesides. " Three o'clock. — Will you believe it, my sister, we have had a battle or skirmish near Bladensburg and here I am still within sound of the camion. Mr. Madison comes not. May God protect us ! Two messengers covered with dust come to bid me fly, but here I mean to wait for him. . " At this late hour a wagon has been procured and I cross in a small boat. Appointing a rendezvous at an old Virginia tavern far inland, they again parted and Mrs. Madison drove across the bridge to find shelter at the home of Mr. Love, from whose windows that evening she watched the destruction of the White House and the Capitol until the tornado extinguished the flames. All next da) they traveled inland along roads crowded with frightened ref- ugees, and panic-stricken militia men. who added to the confusion by their tales of the magnitude of the British forces and that they would overrun all Virginia. Every one blamed the administration and the President especially for the calamity which had overtaken them, and when tin- part) of Mrs. Madison arrived at the tavern where she was In rejoin her husband, who had not yet come, she was refused admittance. The house was crowded with refugees from 4^ L xi BlSi r, £ * {HI 'llfi 1 1 i S E Li A-:. m* aa *.*■ ' have had it filled with plate and the most valuable portable articles belonging to the house. Whether it will reach it's destination — the Bank of Maryland — or fall into the hands of British soldiery, events must determine. Our kind friend, Mr. Carroll, has come to hasten my departure, and is in a very bad humor with me because I insist on waiting until the large picture of General Washington is secured, and it requires to be unscrewed from the wall. This process was found too tedious for these perilous moments. I have ordered the frame to be broken and the canvas taken out. It is done, and the precious portrait placed in the hands of two gentlemen from New York for safe keeping. And now. dear sister, I must leave this house, or the retreating army will make me a prisoner in it by filling up the road I am directed to take." Accompanying Mrs. Madison was the family of Sec- retary of the Navy Jones. On the way to the Long Bridge they met the President and his party, who were about to the city, who shouted maledictions at the innocent woman whom a few days before they were proud to honor as " the first lady of the land." Fortunately Mrs. Madison was accompanied by a sufficient number of gentlemen to compel the landlord to open his doors and give them shelti the driving storm. A little later the President and his party arrived, and all retired for the night. Ah mt midnight, how- ever, they were awakened by a messenger from the city, who declared the enemj were in pursuit of and determined to capture the President. Madison left his bed and made his way along an unfrequented path through the woods until he came to the hut of a loyal Virginian, where he found shelter for the remainder of the night. In the morning, Mrs. Madison, leaving her carriage, also took refuge in the woods, but soon a messenger overtook her with the welcome, intelligence that the British troops had 44 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. evacuated the city. The rush to return now became almost as great as had been the one to get away. The Long Bridge, however, had been burned, and only one small ferry boat was available for crossing the river. Airs. Madison found a home with her sister, Airs. Cutts, until the President rented the Octagon House, on the northeast corner of Xew York avenue and Eighteenth street, now owned and occu- pied by the Washington Association of Architects. This was the Executive Mansion during the next session of Congress and here the Treaty of Peace with Great Britain was signed. In 1815 the residence on the northwest corner of Nineteenth street and Pennsylvania avenue was leased for the official residence of the President, and here the Executive business was transacted until the White House was rebuilt and refitted for occupancy. This house is still occupied, the ground Moor as a drug store, and is in a good state of preservation. British invasion and the burning of the Capitol, the President's House and other government property proved to be a blessing in disguise. Citizens were aroused, and Congress promptly made liberal appropriations to restore the burned buildings. This put a stop for a long time to the efforts of other sections to have the Capital removed. The city continued to grow slowly but steadily, and apart from the social life of the succeeding administrations, which pertains more to the history of the Xation and its people than to that of the city, but little has been found to record for the next forty years. GREENOUGH'S STATUE WASHINGTON. ft I CHAPTER VI. J FROM 1815 TO 1860. the close of Madison's administration few- traces of the war remained. The White House was being restored to its former magnificence and the Capitol had begun to rise from its ruins, handsomer and grander than before. Under the supervision of Benjamin Latrobe, architect, the Hall of the Representatives — now Statuary Hall — was reconstructed in its present state, aside from the twentieth century steel roof and ; ceiling decorations recently added. To Latrobe we owe the novel columns of breccia, that con- glomerate rock of rounded pebbles discovered near Lees- burg on the shore of the Potomac, which was capable of being worked in large masses, and of which, when all that was needed at the Capitol had been taken out, the quarry afforded no more. Three banks, besides the branch of the bank of the United States, sufficed for the transaction of city business, and one insurance office enjoyed a monopoly of the business in that line. Seven printing offices divided the job work and two daily papers received good support, besides a weekly. Each of the dailies issued a tri-weekly edition for circulation through the mails. Stores were plentiful and Peter Force tells us that " for the accommodation of citizens and strangers public baths have been erected." Congress, having no money to appropriate, about this time authorized a lottery, the proceeds of which were to be used "for erecting a penitentiary, a city hall, and two schoolhouses." Of places of public worship there were ten, of which two were Episcopal, one Roman Catholic, one Presbyterian, one Associate Reformed, two Baptist, two Methodist and one Society of Friends. Education was not altogether over- looked, although the public schools were but two in number, one upon the plan of Pestalozzi and the other the Lancas- trian, two systems much in vogue in the early part of the nineteenth century. Prior to 1816 was dug the canal that, commencing at the mouth of the Tiber and running along B street North- west around Capitol Hill to the Navy Yard, formed a water connection between the Potomac and the Eastern branch. Thomas Law, who was a brother to Lord Ellenbrough, was the chief promoter of this undertaking. He proposed to establish packet-boats, to run between the Tiber Creek and the Navy Yard, a means of transit which he declared would be rendered more comfortable and economical than a hackney coach. This canal was made navigable for boats drawing three feet of water. The promoter was to be permitted to charge tolls, but if his net profits exceeded fifteen per cent, on the sum expended, the excess was to be paid to the Mayor and City Council. The city grew quite as rapidly as could have been expected. In the first eighteen years of its existence after it became the Capital in fact, it had passed the ten thousand mark in population, and there were over two thousand dwelling houses, apart from the public buildings, shops, stores, etc. We are indebted to Air. John Sessford, then building inspector, for a carefully kept record, made in 1819, of all the houses within the limits of the four wards. Improvements had been made upon 354 of the city's squares, the government had erected or were occupying 43 public buildings, there were 129 shops apart from dwell- ings and 2,028 dwelling houses, of which 925 were of brick. Of the brick houses 221 were three stories in height and 541 two stories. Of the frame house none were over two stories. The increase of the population. is thus reported at five different periods: In 1800. after the seat of the government had been transferred here, 3.210; in 1803. 4.552; in 1807, SS'5-i: in 1810. 8.208; in 1818. 11,299. The assessment on real and personal property in the city in 1819, $6,403,125, and the amount of taxation, at the rate of one-half of one per cent., was $32,015.(12 ' j . A map of the city engraved by W. 1. Stone in 1819, is extremely interesting, giving as it does very clearly the course of the river Tiber through the city, the canal- from the mouth of the Tiber to Greenleaf's point, and to the Eastern Branch, and the location of the churches and several of the public buildings. No wonder Washington, when first mapped out. was dubbed tin- " Citj of Magnifi- cent Distances." when it occupied ten times as much space as Georgetown, although the latter had far more inhabitants. The Tiber, which has now disappeared from the sight of man. was then a no inconsiderable stream. It emptied into the Potomac directl) South of the President's House, where it was half as broad as the Pastern Branch at its mouth. 46 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. The B street Northwest, of to-day, extending along the northern edge of the Mall, was then unknown, for there extended the shallow but wide bed of the Tiber, reaching almost to C street and Pennsylvania avenue on the north, covering a goodly portion of the present Market House Square, and all of Louisiana avenue west of Ninth street. The Tiber had its sources, for they were several, in the hills north of Boundary street (now Florida avenue). What was known as the Reedv branch came in along the and Pennsylvania avenue, thence through the Mall in a wide semi-circle, returning almost to Pennsylvania avenue, thence directly westward along the line of B street to the Potomac. The first " Long Bridge " over the Potomac, which was built on piles in 1809, is shown in the map, as well as two bridges over the Eastern Branch. " Of turnpikes," says Force's Calendar for 1820, " there is one to Alexandria, complete; one to intersect the Little River turnpike, also complete; one to Bladensburg, which has been continued road In Frederick, now Seventh street extended, and Unwed southeasterly, two or three squares from the Boundary street, until it crossed North Capitol street. Plere it took 1 coui :i directly south, through the center of the squares between North Capitol and First street Northeast, until F street and .Massachusetts avenue were reached. I I ere it turned to the Southwest, crossing North Capitol street diagonaJly and continuing in that direction along the foot nf Capitol Hill, crossing \V« Jersey avenue al I> street, then Indiana avenue, Firsl street, 1'. street, Second street in Baltimore; and one leading to Montgomery court-house. Besides the canal from the Eastern Branch in the Tyber, there is one, which is of much use to the city, to pass the Little Falls, above Georgetown, through which is brought the greater part nf the flour used in the District, and ex- ported thence, and by which the massy marble columns were conveyed to the Capitol. In Washington and its vicinity there are also an extensive cannon foundery, a paper mill, a window glass manufactory, which supplies the mar- ket, ami exports to a considerable amount, and powder mills. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 47 The Eastern Branch has a sufficient depth of water for the smaller class of frigates, without lightening; and vessels drawing fourteen feet water come up to the bridge on the Potomac, near to which there are two wharves ; and from which, to the mouth of the Tyber, there are at common high tide, about ten feet water. The Tyber itself is shallow, having a soft muddy bottom, easily removed, so as to admit vessels of eight feet draught to the market-house on Penn- sylvania avenue, and on it at present there are four wharves." Such was the " River Tyber." At one time of much use to the growing city ; later a filthy, disease-breeding drants along New Jersey avenue, supplied from a spring in the northwest section ; and still another spring furnished a water supply for the people in the vicinity of the Navy Yard market. On the Potomac a steamboat plied regularly between Washington and Acquia Creek and lines of stages ran reg- ularly upon every principal road leading from the city. One line on the Cumberland road extended as far West as Wheeling. Within a range of six miles of the city there were eleven flour mills. One spoke in 1820 with correctness of the Capitol Buildings, for the original plan had not been carried out SOLDIERS' HOME. canal; now no trace of its existence can be seen above ground. Besides the principal market at Seventh and Pennsyl- vania avenue there were three others, but people did not then go to market every day. Three times a week was deemed sufficient. There were also a city library, a theater, a medical and a botanical society, an infirmary and a female orphan asylum. Male orphans in those days were 'prenticed to some neighbor for board and clothes. People walking from the Capitol to the White House along Pennsylvania avenue were able to quench their thirst with spring water drawn from wooden hydrants put up by the local government. There were also pipes and hy- and Congress still met under separate roofs in the two buildings that were to be united bj the Central building which is now the rotunda and surmounted by the great dome. The two wings — in which are now the Supreme Court chambers and Statuary Hall — were in a considerable state of forwardness in 1814 when the British army under General Ross, making a sudden dash overland from Chesa- peake Bav, took possession <>f the citj and sel fire to the Capitol, President's House and other public buildings. Hie wings of the Capitol were rebuilt as quickly as possible and work on the central building had begun at the time of which we now write, the foundation stone having fr on the -Mill .if UlgUSt, [819. ' In a line easl and west 4 8 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. of the President's House were two new buildings, con- structed whollv of brick and almost exactly alike, for the accommodation of the principal departments of government A new general postoffice building was in use, Receipts by the United State The lots sold by the United States, in the City of Washington, to the 31st December. [810, DonSons r-iiv.d b.y the Un ted SUtss fr< m At the same roof the Patent Office found accommodation. At Maryland and Virginia th e e*.r„ it y of <*_** P«- (-!- <■» Arse,,,, B».^ «£-££ Sf^^'S estimated at 10 cents per foot, would amount $689,195 '-' 192,000 00 grounds) a fort had been constructed, the guns of which commanded the channel of the Potomac. A comfortable marine barrack had been erected, and a house for the com- mandant of the marine corps. At the Navy Yard the im- provements were quite extensive. A frigate was on the stocks in 1820 and a 74 gun battleship had recently been launched. In this yard, at this time, too, stood the marble monument erected by the American officers to the memory of their brethren who fell before Tripoli. The mutilation of this monument by the British vandals. August 25, 1814, like the destruction of the Capitol, and the small but valuable library of Congress, is one of the things it is hard either to forget or forgive. During the year 1820, it appears by the annual state- ment of Mr. John Sessford, the following improvements were made : "A Catholic and a Presbyterian Church were built, an Episcopalian and a Presbyterian Church considerably en- larged, a Circus erected, and a City Hall, a Masonic Hall and a Theatre begun. A spring, discharging about forty- gallons of water a minute, has. at an expense of two thou- sand dollars, been prepared to supply a part of the city with water. Upwards of 12,000 running feet of brick pave- ment have been laid in the second and third wards. " Adjoining the city, a brick edifice for a college, four stories high, and 117 feet long by 47 wide, is under roof. This building is on elevated ground, nearly north of the President's House, and commands an extensive prospect, embracing the city, Georgetown, Alexandria, the Potomac river, etc." At the close of this year the total number of dwelling- houses in the city was 2,141 : the population 15,322, and the assessed value of all real and personal property was $6,405,125, about the same as the cost of the present build- ing for the Library of Congress. It was frequently charged, by those who were con- tinually endeavoring to remove the Capital to the northward, that the city of Washington, from the time of its foundation, had been a continual burden of expense to the nation. This was very clearly refuted by a statement prepared by Peter Force and published in the National Calendar for 1820. In this it was shown that, after charging the city with all the expenses incurred in erecting the Capitol, the Presi- dent's House, and the public offices originally; with all the appropriations made by Congress for their re-erection after they were burned by the British, in 1814; and with all the moneys that would be required to complete them, a bal- ance was left in favor of the city of several millions of dol- lars. The statement at this late day is exceedingly interest- ing: 592,500 00 40,000 00 The freestone quarry, wharves and water lots, owned by the United States, are valued at. . The United States have reserved 541 acres of ground, distributed in such a manner as to give them the possession of the most valu- able as well as the most beautiful parts of the city, which, estimated at the very low rate of *20 cents per foot, would amount to 47'3. 1 9 2 00 8,226.887 12 been as follows: The Expenditures of the V ailed Slates hat For the public buildings, previously to their destruction by the British in August, 1814 — viz: The President's House $333-207 04 North Wing of the Capitol 479.2 62 57 South Wing of the Capitol 308,808 51 Treasury Office 43.955 28 War Office 44.053 54 1,214,291 04 For rebuilding the public buildings, ap- propriations, 1817: The President's House $207,970 72 Capitol, including marble quarry 324,103 32 Treasury Office 37> 262 r 4 War Office 3 1 -54 1 s6 Public buildings appropriation, January, 1818 • ■ 200,000 00 Capitol appropriation, April, jgjg 80,000 00 The center of the Capitol 100,000 00 President's House, offices, walls, Two new buildings, State and War 36,169 00 180,741 00 197,788 04 Recapitulation. 2,412,079 98 | Total receipts by the United States 8,226,887 12 Total expenditures by the United States 2,412,079 98 Appropriation, 18 19— For covering the old War and Treasury Office with slate 10,000 00 Leaving a balance in favor of the city of 5,804,807 14 As a clincher to the argument offered by the above fig- ures, this statement is made : "The City of Washington combines in a high degree the requisites so desirable for the metropolis of a -great nation. Situated near the centre of the seaboard line, possessing F ready communication with the ocean, convenient for the intercourse with every section of the country ; decidedly * A portion of one of these reservations was authorized to be sold, and brought, at public auction, 50 cents per square foot. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 49 superior in health (as proved by the last as well as many previous years' experience), affording the most ample con- veniences as to territory, and the most beautiful situations for public as well as private edifices, it can fairly be said to vie with any spot within the sovereignty of 'the Union." James Silk Buchanan, an Englishman who spent many months, in 1838, in a tour throughout the United States, penned an interesting picture of Washington, and of the life, customs and manners of its citizens at that period. He lame from New York, through Philadelphia and Baltimore by railroad, the journey from the latter city, which is now made in forty-five minutes, occupying three hours. The country traversed he describes as " dreary and uninterest- ing." He arrived in Washington two days after the famous Graves-Cilley due 1 , in which the latter was killed, and gives for the capture of runaway slaves as the best answer to the common argument of the day that " the slaves do not de- sire their freedom." Buchanan had letters of introduction to the Presi- dent, and was invited to a reception. His comment was. that " the party, though consisting of not less than two thousand persons, was much less brilliant than a drawing- room in England, or than a fashionable soiree in Paris ; but it was far more orderly and agreeable than any party of an equal number that I ever remember to have attended in Europe. . . . The humbler classes' — for of these there were many, since the only qualification for admission to the morning levee or the evening drawing-room is that of being a citizen of the United States, behaved with the IAVAL OBSERVATORY. raphic description of the funeral ceremonies held in the House of Representatives, the corpse being placed on a bier in front of the Speakers chair. (The spot is one crossed by hundreds every day as they pass through Statu- ary Hall.) Buchanan delivered lectures " in the first Presbyterian Church in Four-and-a-half-street (now John Marshall Place), in that part of Washington, near the Pennsylvania avenue, where the residences of members of Congress chief!) lie." Known to hold strong opinions against slavery, he receives, a day or two after his arrival, an anonymous letter suggesting the propriety of circumspection " in conversing jon that subject. " In this great and free country," added Ithe anonymous writer, "what is orthodoxy in Xew York play be rank heterodoxy in Washington." He emotes adver- tisements from the National Intelligencer, offering rewards greatest propriety: and though the pressure was at one time excessive, when it was thought that there were nearl) three thousand people in the different apartment-;, yet we never heard a rude word nor saw a rude look', but everything in- dicated respect, forbearance and perfect contentment : and when the parties retired, which was between eleven and twelve o'clock, there was not half so much hustle in getting up the carriages, which were very numerous, as is exhibited .ii .1 comparatively small party in England; nor was any angry word, as far as we could discover, exchanged between the drivers and servants in attendance." The city's greatest defect at ibis time, as noted by this writer, was that few portion-, of it were built up in con- tinuity. " The dwellings are so scattered over it in detached groups, fragments of streets, and isolated buildings, that it has all the appearance of a town rising into existence, but 5° gradually arrested in its progress and now stationary in its condition." This result is very justly blamed upon the peculators in lots and upon the Commissioners, who sold lots as freely in one part of the city as in another, and ,0 attempt to confine the growth to the vicinity of the Capitol. Ouoting the words of the Abbe Correa de Serra the witty minister from Portugal, who bestowed upon lg ton the famous title of "The City of Magnificent es," Buchanan says. " and it might have been added, ■ with barren tracts and swampy morasses between them.' ' " Without the public buildings," he continued, " the aspect of the city would be mean in the extreme." The western slope of Capitol Hill was at that time laid out in terraces and walks and ornamented with shrubbery. The Capitol grounds were enclosed with a low wall of stone surmounted with an iron railing and entered by well-built gateways at the several avenues. The old Capitol building- was completed, and was evidently regarded with as much admiration at that time as the present building, with its -real wings, is today. The decorations, the draperies, the pictures, portraits and statuary then in place are fully de- scribed. The decorations and the draperies are changed, but all else remains as then, except in location. Of places of public worship there were then fourteen — two Episcopalian, three Catholic, three Presbyterian, two Methodist, two Baptist, one Unitarian, and one Quaker, and 11 was noted that all were " served by able and zealous min- isters," who lived " in great harmony with each other." The two Methodist pastors were then chaplains of the Senate and House, in which they alternately officiated. In order to give each of these worthy men a vacation, during one long session of Congress, a plan was adopted which mighl have originated with Father Bassett, the aged door- keeper of the Senate, who died a few years ago, and who was a page at that time. The Senate clock war. set ahead even and one-half minutes, and the clock in the Repre- sentatives' hall set back the same length of time. By dtis means one chaplain was able to open both bodies with prayer, promptly on lime. I In II, as now, the predominant number of boarding houses was a matter of comment. Five hotels also did a | I business while Congress was in session. Three banks, a fire insurance company and a small glass manufactory were all of trade and commerce the Englishman found worth mentioning. But there were " four market houses for pro- visions, a slave market for the sale of human beings, a jail and two theaters," the latter open during the sessions of is. Forrest, the tragedian, played Othello at the principal theater, which was denounced by the Native Amer- ican as one " wholly unlit to lie presented in any Southern State." Tlir verj idea of a blackamoor paying Ids suit to the fair Desdemona was revolting and its representation on <• an outrage which it was " the duty of -very white man to n sent. Even if Shakespeare, the writer of the play." said this dramatic critic, " were to fie caught in any Southern State, he ought to be lynched for having written THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. A oentle zephyr was the criticism aroused by Othello, however, to the cyclone that followed the same tragedian's! production of " Spartacus, the Gladiator." The play el presses horror at the sale of Thracian captives, separating! husband from wife and child. Later the gladiators and slaves revolt and gain their freedom. Anonymous threatening left, ters were sent to Forrest and to the manager of the theater| declaring that the play must not be produced again. The matter was compromised, however, by the exclusion of all negroes, whether slave or free, from the theater. Ordinarily they were admitted to the top gallery (whence the slang still in vogue at all theaters, " nigger heaven "). Ft the National Intelligencer of March 15, 1838, over the announcement of], the play of " The Gladiator " to be performed that evening was placed conspicuously the following line: "On this occasion the coloured persons cannot be admitted to tht gallery." Private residences and stores were, with a very few' exceptions, small and cheap looking, in striking contrast to the public buildings. More than one-half the houses werel of wood and, being scattered in detached groups or wholly;! isolated, looked all the more miserable. Pennsylvania ave- nue was the only street built up with any degree of regu- larity, but the houses were mainly " diminutive in size andl of constantly differing heights, styles, orders and descrip-i tion." The permanent population of the city (Georgetown! not included) was estimated at about 15,000, already buS dened with a debt of nearly $800,000, on which 6 per cent.i interest was paid. Revenue was derived from a I per cent, assessment upon all real and personal property and from licenses upon numerous occupations. The former producedj about $60,000, and the latter $20,000 annually. Interest! on the debt and the expenses of the corporation officials j left little more than $15,000 for the care of the city and) for improvements. Small wonder they were so few ! War with Mexico in 1846 aroused the young men of the! District of Columbia to organize a company and offer their' services to the Government as " The Washington Volun-i teers, No. 1," and the officers chosen were: John Waters,' captain; William Parham, first lieutenant, and Eugene j Boyle, second lieutenant. "The Washington City Rifle-, men" was a rival company. Its officers were: Captain,' Robert Bronaugh ; first lieutenant, Phineas B. Bell; second; lieutenant, William O'Brien ; surgeon, W. L. Frazier ; ser- geants, John W. Mount, Josephus Dawes, Lewis F- Beeleri and William A. Woodward ; corporals, Andrew Kemp, John Kelly, Jacob C. Hemmrick and John P. White. These com- panies were drilled at the barracks and, together with three companies from Baltimore, sailed in the steamship Massa- chusetts from Alexandria, June 16th, for the Rio Grande. The Washington companies were C and D in the battalion under Lieutenant-Colonel William H. Watson, wdio was killed in the storming of Monterey. September 21, 1846. Company D, Captain Waters, bore a brave part in the at- tack, suffering considerable loss. Captain Bronaugh's com- pany had been ordered to remain on guard duty at the camp THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 5 1 ta duty most unwillingly performed. A third company is organ : zed in Washington during the winter of 1846-7 by Captain Samuel H. Walker, who had already seen service in Mexico. These departed for the seat of war on February 6, 1847. A fourth company, calling itself " Washington's Own," was organized January 22, 1847, with tr >e following officers : Captain, John M. Thornton ; first lieutenant, Ed- mund Barry ; second lieutenant, Hume Young : orderly ser- geant, David Westerfield, Jr. In April, 1847, the Secretary of War called upon the District to furnish three more com- panies for immediate service. These, with two companies from Maryland, formed a battalion under command of Lieu- jtenant-Co'onel Charles Lee Jones. The treaty of peace with Mexico was ratified by the United States Senate March 10, after two weeks of debate. deed — while everywhere private houses jostled the shops and each other. " The White House front was the same as now, but there was neither Post Office nor Patent Office, and the curious old State and Treasury buildings — the marble pil- lars of whose porticos now adorn the last resting place of the nation's heroes at Arlington — looked across vacant ground to where Jefferson's little stable occupied what is now the corner of G and Fourteenth streets. Six months before fire had destroyed the western front of the Capitol, in which the Congressional Library was situated, and on'y by dint of the greatest exertions of the citizens, including the President himself, had the entire building been saved from the flames. Still unfinished and uncrowned, the great building seemed to mock at the scarcely more than begun Monument, and no one realized what pages of history, blood- soaked, were vet to be built among their stones. A most interesting description of Washington and the ! social conditions which prevailed here in the decade imme- Idiately preceding the civil war, is given by Miss Anna Lau- jrens Dawes, a daughter of the late ex-Senator Dawes, of Massachusetts, in her excellent biography of Charles Sum- ner, from which, through her courtesy and that of her pub- lishers, Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., we are permitted to make the following extracts : "The Washington to which Sumner came as a Sen- ator in 1851 was hardly more the Washington he first saw. in 1834, than it was the brilliant center of today. It was still straggling and unkempt. Pennsylvania avenue stretched its length from the Capitol to Georgetown, unvexed in all its win.lv spaces by any pavement: and the lew shops thai served the needs of the provincial town were m<.st of them below Seventh street — below Four-and-a-half street, in " Between the Capitol and Seventh street at some points, the people were almosl crowded, and the fringe of houses extending along the rest of the avenue grew thicl to the northwest of the White House, where their windows looked across the Potomac to the beautiful green hills of Virginia. Elsewhere, in even direction, were great barren spaces, swamps and creeks and cypress groves; and the tine mansions with spacious grounds on the I ieorgetown Heights seemed to sa\ that no such grandeur would ever flat and dismal Washington. Indeed. Alexandria at this time, no mean rival of its sister city, either in heanU or promise. " Societv. however, in form and substance, had largely altered. The days <>\ the friendly hoarding-hoe street were waning, and a more festive life had begun, though it was not vel very elaborate. The da) ^i Webster and Clay and Calhoun and the Scatons was departing. Th< happy titne when .ill Washington met .at the Market in THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. the early morning, and Webster bought the dinners which his famous cook served to brilliant companies at two or three o'clock in the afternoon; when Thomas H. Benton's almost too fascinating daughters attracted all the world to his hospitable parlors; when Henry Clay dropped in un- announced and charmed young women with his beautiful voice and manner. — these things were almost gone; but Edward Everett still lived in his stately mansion overlook- ing the Potomac, and guests around the hospitable board of Lewis Cass could look from the windows across to the Parthenon crowned heights of Arlington, while the Carrolls still vied with their cousins of Capitol Hill in elegant enter- tainment, the Ogle-Tayloes tilled their Lafayette Square mansion with life both busy and gay, and all the magnates of < ieorgetown kept open house in the free Southern fashion the district, where gentlemen were wont to seek satisfaction from their equals ; and it was at this period that we hear of a Congressman shooting dead the waiter at the National Llotel who failed to bring his dinner promtlv enough." Society, composed largely as it was of Southerners, 1 tabooed strictly all Northern sentiments. Yankees andl abolitionists were in no favor. At a White House reception' President Pierce greeted the wife of John P. Hale, but turned his back upon the Senator. The leaven of interne- cine strife was already working, though Daniel Webster,; Secretary of State and acute observer, professed to see only! the most perfect harmony in the young nation that had not long passed its first half-century. CABII hi !_;',• i speak, 1 Mi bbb rs at •tlu eptions; Jenm Lind, Lola Montez and i. Burton, Brougham, Forrest and the d the gay world during its "seasons:"' of their birth ciates in the C il statii the old Madeira public I Charlotte Cushn elder Booth ami but through it all appeared a more formal tone than of old, anil much more of elaboration. The manners of the time were extremely formal in the expression, and extremeh fiery under the outer crust. A quick word was sure to brin- fighting; and a duel was none the less fatal because il ted with the greatest dignity. These were the .lavs of (he recognized duelling -rounds at Bladens- '■ few miles north of the Capitol and jusl outside is targe ltO t\\o M BRIDGE. enough to make itself felt and society had split distinct sets — South and North, the latter being more than despised by the former, which was still the "real society." for the administration in all its sympathies was strongly pro-slavery. President Buchanan — "that state-] lies) of gentlemen " held court at the White House where he and his beautiful niece. Harriet Lane, imported as many English customs as they could fit into the essentially aris- : tocratic society about them. Never were the receptions, the dinner-, the levees at the White I louse more elegant or more dignified. The Cabinet members vied with the Presi- dent in the elegance of their entertainments and many THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 53 distinguished Senators did the same. In lavish manner were the courtesies heaped upon the representatives of the foreign governments, and these returned the favors even more lavishly, were that possible. Miss Van Ness, granddaughter of old Davy Burns, the crabbed land owner who would have prevented the lay- ing out of Washington upon his land if he could have done so, returned to Washington as the wife of Sir William Gore Ousley and won back all her old-time friends with the radiance of her diplomatic position and the bounteous- ness of her hospitality. The Prince of Wales visited us, and shone like a star of the first magnitude in the brilliant constellations of the New World's Capital. At another time the Japanese embassy was the center of all excitement. Fannv Kemble was the delight of all theatre-goers. Anthony Trollope paid his famous visit. All the gayety seemed to young men of that world his son and namesake figured prominently. Mrs. Adams was the authority mi etiquette for her inexperienced colleagues; but if the points they submitted were too bard for her, she would refer them to Mr. Sumner with the remark: ' lie knows everything of that kind.'" Many drawing-rooms were open every week, with a pleasant informality now wholly unknown. One might go to the Sewards' on Friday nights, and Satur- day nights the anti-slavery nun gathered at Israel Wash- burn's. In the unpretentious parlors of Gamaliel Bailey, on C street, was to lie found the nearest approach t<> a salon that Washington has ever known. Great men were happy to meet there and converse together and with clever women, and the brilliant talk was all of one mind. At this time also began those modest "evenings" in the little house on Twelfth street where Mr. and Mrs. fohnson and HAHNEMAN seriousness in th tlv center in the Southern set, al Northern. Senator Seward, too, gave dinners, qu of those of the Cabinet officers. In particular, he ir Lord Napier, afterwards British Minister, to the Repub lican circles, which otherwise might have been unknown to him. Frank P. Blair, who held the Nation greater than his State, in his home opposite the President's mansion, welcomed Republicans unreservedly, and his brilliant daug ter helped her distinguished father and her famous brothel make history over many a dinner table, and in more til one confidential interview. " Charles Francis Adair a Congressman from Boston, was a conspicuot and his wife a leader of society acknowledge sets — a rare distinction at that time — while MONUMENT. Miss Donaldson, from Philadelphia, welcomed licarl litionists of the deepest dye. Mrs. Join was obliged to do her own work bc< to hire a free negro to do it. Here came Sumner. I Phillips, Sanborn and Chauning, kiiv conclaves and planned important philanthro| the benefit of the despi ■• In ll its back ■ f chasms il is difficult to i rememb i • sets. The - , sneal •',■;, ,„ ,he "Yankees": an inti 54 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. bers wondering why this or that lady refused her hand to the child's mother; and, beginning at the Whit-, House, why some stately personage, of much consequence in the child's eyes, was so cool and scornful. The Northern Con- gressman received no invitations outside his own circle and was only endured where official reasons required that he should be bidden. His children were not much welcomed at school; his boys felt themselves aggrieved, that they could nol threw >t.>nes at the little "niggers" in the street — the favorite game of their companions. And this atmos- phere of anger and hate grew stronger day by day. until on and the beginning of war cleared the air. " lli, social center of the city had changed somewhat since the days of Webster, and the bare spaces between the avenues were slowly filling up. The famous Brown's hotel and the National still held the Southern and Demo- cratic contingents, but Willard's was the favorite resort Hi' all Northern travelers. Senator Sumner, whose first lodgings were on E street, just above Sixth, found, upon his return, just before the war. an abiding place on F street. between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, where he re- mained for many years. Outwardly the city was much thc- same. The Virginia mud, which was shortly to become such a factor in the fortunes of war. still controlled the streets of Washington, and the pigs and geese still reveled in it. — rambling up and down the most elegant neighbor- hoods, under the very feet of both business and society, and tangling themselves in the wheels of the omnibuses. The public buildings had not added to their number. The Washington monument was not one stone nearer comple- tion than ten years before ; and the great Dome, half finished, awaited the end of the controversy between Secretary Davis and the sculptor, Crawford, over the liberty-cap for the crown of the bronze Goddess of Freedom. ' That,' said the Secretary. ' is a badge of a freed slave ; w : e must have a helmet;' and thus, while sacrificing beauty, he builded better than he knew, for before Libertv might bear the badge of freedom, she must go forth n her might to war." * Dawes, Charles Sumner. New York : Dodd, Mead & Co.. 1892. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. CHAPTER VII. : v THE CIVIL WAR. OMETHING akin to the 24, 1814, spread over thi often written. iamc "t August city during the dark days of 1861, between the fall of Fort Sumter and the arrival of the New York Seventh Regiment. The outbreak of hos- tilities between Northern and Southern States, the secession of the South if the North retained control of the government, had long been foreseen in Washington. The history of the effort to abolish s'av- ery in the District of Columbia has been It was for years the cause of much of the acrimonious debate in Congress. All the efforts at com- promise seemed to render more certain and nearer the ap- proach of the irrepressible conflict. John Brown's insurrec- tion at Harper's Ferry, October 16, 1859, was the first wind- gust of the rapidly approaching storm. Great excitement prevailed here. Governor Wise of Virginia, escorted by the troop of Richmond Greys and the Alexandria Rifles, passed through Washington on the 1 8th, en route to Harper's Ferry. Major Berrett had called out the entire police force to be ready against any insurrection here. Virginia troops passed to and fro through the city for many days thereafter and the prompt execution of Brown, with the show of force, was believed to have stamped out the heresy he had taught. Lincoln's election had been followed by South Carolina's secession, the seizing of Fort Moultrie and the besiegement of Major Anderson and his troops in Fort Sumter. Gov- ernor Brown, of Georgia, ordered the seizure of the United States forts at Savannah, and Alabama took possession of Fort Morgan at Mobile. Florida also joined in secession and drove the government troops from the Pensacola forts. Louisiana took possession of revenue cutters in her waters, and many Southern Senators and Representatives resigned their seats in Congress. The seceding States joined interests as the Confederate States of America and its Congress chose Jefferson Davis president. The assassination of Lin- coln was openly advocated and to prevent it tto elected President came here to take the oath of office secretly by night, guarded by a number of faithful friends. B. Washburne, of Illinois, met him at the station and to- gether they drove in a closed carriage to Willard's hotel, where Senator Seward, who had been determined upon 1 Lincoln for Secretary of Stale, was wailing to meet him. The District militia, then under the command of Major General R. C. Weightman, was loyal to Lincoln and turned out over two thousand well drilled men upon inauguration day. Lieutenant-General Scott was in command of the United States troops and such precautions were taken that it was impossible for anyone with hostile designs to ap- proach the President-elect. From the spot where he would leave his carriage to the central portico of the Capitol was constructed a boarded passageway, and a high hoard fence surrounded on three sides the platform from which the inaugural address was delivered. Mounted drag close rank escorted the carriage containing the Pi and President-elect, and as carefully guarded it upon the return to the White House. Nothing occurred, however, to disturb the serenity of the occasion. A month later a correspondent sent this dispatch: "The city has been the scene of the wildest excitement throughout the day. Troops marching, drums beating, flags flying, the whole length of Pennsylvania avenue. Ten companies, or one-fourth of the vo'unteer militia of the District are mus- tering to-day for inspection. Fear of an attack from an invading army under command of that celebrated Texas ranger. Ben McCullough, is the cause of these movements." The District militia were called to arms April 10 and in- spected in front of the War Department by General Mc- Dowell. Eighl companies were from Washington and two from Georgetown. Alter the inspection the\ were mustered into the service of the United State-, several of tl however, refusing to take the oath and being dif Hie ten companies were: Washington Light Infantry Bat- talion Colonel Davis, 125 men; Companj V Captain K. C. Carrington, too nun: Companies A, 13 and C, of the National Guard, about 100 men each; the Wasl Rifles, Captain Balbach. 50 men ; Compam B, of the Union Regiment, Captain Kelly, 60 men: the Nation Captain Smead, 27 men: the Carrington Captain Goddard, 60 men: Potomac Light Infantry, of own, Captain McKenny. 61 men. On the next day the storm broke. South Carolina guns iattering down the walls of Fori Sumter and the arrison were bravely defending, r 13, Sumtei surrendered. When tl (SS <;6 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. here business was entirely suspended. People left their homes to stand in crowds about the newspaper and telegraph offices. The War and Navy Depart- ments and the White House were also besieged for particulars. The President and his cabinet were in consultation nearly all day. Sunday was a memor- able one, strangely quiet, too, when one considers the mental excitement of everyone. Lincoln was not, however, hesitating. Early Monday morning came the call 1" arms, the immediate demand upon the loyal States for seventy-five thousand men, and the sum- mons to Congress to assemble in extraordinary ses- on Fuly 4. The call for troops was issued under the "]<1 militia act of [795, which was passed to sup- press the Pennsylvania Whisky insurrection: General Scott's flag, as commander-in-chief, was hoisted over the War Department, and in a dozen places through- nut the city enlistments were being made. Over four hundred volunteers wire added that day to the various militia companies of the District, martial law for the District of Columbia was proclaimed and the troops were arranged for the immediate defense of the city Every mad and bridge leading into the city was guarded i>\ artillery, supported by infantry and cav- alry. I lispatches From the < iovernors of Northern States brought comfort to the President. "One regiment of Massachusetts' quota ready. How will you have them proceed?" was the first. " By rail," was the laconic reply of the Secretary of War. Rhode Island and Minnesota each tendered a regiment, and the Ww York legislature then in session voted three millions of dollars with thirty thousand men. Ohio ten thousand and "more if needed." Con- temporary accounts show that an attack upon the city by Southern troops was hourly feared and the wildest rumors we're in circulation. "Mortars were planted on Arlington Heights, the city was to be shelled, the public buildings blown up, and the place left a ruin thai the North might find it useless to fight for, and the South be saved the cost of defending it. vet obtain all the C(7(// in the eyes of foreign nations which the capture of the seat of government could afford." Mixiously \\ ected arrival of the troops from the North awaited. Crowds gathered at the station for be on Pcnn tylvania's first live hundred men rhc Sixth Massachusetts came the next da\ and later the New York Seventh Regiment. \ feeling plant the terror that had pre- vailed, such tr.;-,,, that hundreds of people lied from the ould be obtained at the most extrav- them soldiers continued month nearly fifty thousand soldiers had arrive.! and were encamped in the vacant fields in and around lit ilic building, every warehouse tilled with troops. Pennsyh daily resounded to the tread of marching thousands. The gavetv of the inhabitants revived and on pleasant afternoons thousands of ladies with their escorts went to the various camps to witness the drills and parades. The Massachusetts and Pennsylvania men were bivouacked in the Capitol : the Xew York Seventh at (amp Cameron on the Fourteenth Street road; the Rhode Islanders at the Patent Office, the Sev- ent) first New York at the Navy Yard, the Twelfth New- York at Franklin Square, and so on. Grand reviews took place on the "Champs de Mars." near the alms house, and more people visited that unpopulated part of [he town in a day than had been there before in fifty years. Until July it was all joy and gladness. Then came the realization of what war reallj was. Hie cit) became one vast hospital. The whole >ne hundred and fifty-two thousand men are here in < Ictol A year later two hundred thousand were in the field and in this city alone thirty thousand sick and wound- eel were cared for in seventy hospitals. A bakery, to provide bread for the soldiers, was an early neces- sity. The ovens were luiilt in the exterior vaults of the Capitol (now the Terrace) under the supervision of Lieutenant Thomas J. tale and operated by him. Fifteen of these ovens baked sixty thousand loaves a daw each weighing twenty-two ounces and using one hundred and fifty barrels of flour. 1 hie hundred and seventy bakers were employed, in two forces, da\ and night. The \'av\ Yard was another scene of activity. Captain Dahlgren had at work there December 1, [861, eighteen hundred men. By train and boat daily arrived from Southern battlefields the wounded to till hospitals and, in too man) cases, gravi United States sanitary commission was a blessing to the Government at tins time. Money was collected in the cities of the North and spent in relieving the wants and distress of the soldiers. Cooks and 11 provided for the hospitals and from the depot of the commission in this city in November, 1861, 34.48 1 o-arments were distributed. Homes for disabled sol- diers were provided and even |xjssible lads whose own mothers and sisters, sweethearts and wive: were helplessly weeping in their distant homes. Troops were sent into Virginia the night of Ma) ',; The next morning Colonel Ellsworth was shot at the Mar shall House, Alexandria. Upon hearing of his death th flags in the city were lowered to half mast. On Sa the 25th, the work of fortifying the city side began. These were the first of a batteries, one hundred and fifty-one 11 twelve hundred and eighty-eight guns tecting chain of defenses around the c in circumference. An appropriation of $5,000 was made June 24 by Washington councils for the support of families oi I of Columbia volunteers. July 4 the Congress met 11 session and on that day occurred of the Army of the Potomac. the system of Virgi orts and lounting g a pro- ve miles General Scull determi strict Volunteer Regiment was nuis 1 Si ■. with Isaac Is iwn as " T1* gimenl by tin IVn thousand 11 General Hooker, with ten thousand men; oe wen fifteen thousand, and southwest rginia. was Met le'.lan's arm; one'. It was ki handsome flag w of Washington. not far south wa at Fortress Moi of the city, in V dred and sixty thousand. 1„ front of the Capitol. \>- was held. Mayor IVrretl ('resided and aim ' President. Senator Harlan, of Iowa. Hon. R. \V. Thompson, ol tndiai ' Chittenden, R treasury, Hon. George S. Boutwell, Conui ternal R< T S Carrimjton. Hinted States Attorney for th. \", V„ m all the lulls of the city were rung: r -nus was fired; the Marine Band 58 THE CITY OF 1VASHINGTOX. upon the plaza to welcome the President and his cab- inet. The meeting lasted five hours. Resolutions were adopted urging measures which would bear with : crushing weight upon those in rebellion, whether in arms or not: that the leaders of the re- bellion should be regarded as irreclaimable traitors, and either deprived of life or expelled from the coun- try; thai the National Capital was eminently the place where treason should be instantly denounced and pun- ished, and dial the mosl stringent measures should be ili.- authorities to arrest all disloyal persons n the District; and lastly agreeing to support the families of all residents of the District who enlisted. At this time criticism was strong against McClellan, and the I 'resident in his speech said all he could to disarm it. Slaws in the District of Co'.umlra were set free li\ Acl of Congress of \pril i6, [862. Three commis- sioners were appointed to pay for all slaves liberated ami the) were in session nearly nine months, paying • nil $9] |.i)-|-\ including their own expenses, and giv- eedom to 2,989 human beings. Each slave owner was required to take the oath of allegiance before receiving an) money. One man alone owned sixty-nine slaves ami for their liberation he was paid $17,771. The commission had secured the services of a noted slave dealer, of Baltimore, to aid in valuing 1I1. human chattels, and many were the ludicrous -.■.lies. The highest valuation allowed for one slave was $788 and tin lowest was lor a nursing infant, $10.95. Six month- later. September 22, tS'oj, came eral emancipation proclamation, which, how- ever, was u. .t to take effect until January 1. [863. I In the evening of the 24th. the citizens of the District serenaded the President. In returning thanks for the honor Mr. Lincoln said: "What I did I did after Full deliberation and under a very heavy and solemn sense ..f responsibility. I can only trust in 1 .."I that I made no mistake." \ll through the spring and summer of iSoj McClellan waged a slow and disastrous campaign in Virginia. The attempt to capture Richmond was an utter failure. The second battle of Bull Run was fought die km three days .'i August, 1862, the Union forces under command of Gen- eral l'ope meeting defeat. When tin news reached the city that thousands of brave soldiers were lying wounded on the battlefield, dying perhaps, for want of a little care and attention, there was no lack of volunteers to go to \ train'. .,i.l of nearly a thousand citizens no farther, the bridges having been burned and track loin up. It was fifteen miles t.. the battlefield and those who started to walk it were ordered hack by the picket lines. The next da\ Medical Director John Campbell asked for the names of HIS who would receive into their homes com soldiers, in order to make room in the hospitals for the recently wounded. The response was noble, indeed; hut in addition to the hospitals already titled up, the Capitol, the upper stor) of the Patent < Trice and many oilier buildings were temporaril) so used. Fifteen thousand wounded were brought to the city the da) after the battle closed. Vehicles of all kinds were pressed into service to earn them from the boat to the hospitals. A list of the permanent hospitals, as they existed in [863, alphabetically arranged by the names given t" them, is as follows: Ascension Hospital, corner Ninth and II streets: Armory Hospital. Seventh street, south of the canal i now 1'. street i : Baptist Hospital, Dr. Samson's, Thirteenth street, near D: Baptist Hospital. Rev. Mr. Keiiuard's. E street, near Sixth : Caspion's I [ous< . near the Capitol; Carver's House, near Boundary street i Florida avenue, not far from the present location of Gar- field Hospital); Capitol Hospital: Columbian Hospital (in the Columbian College building), on Fourteenth street, THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Cliffburne Hospital, near Columbian College; Douglas Hos- pital, corner First and I streets ; Ebenezer Hospital, Fourth street, near G; Eckington Hospital, near the residence of Joseph Gales, Jr., the editor of the National Intelligencer; Emory Hospital, at the barracks of the Sixth Cavalry, east of the Capitol; Epiphany Hospital, in the church on ( I streel between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets; Fink-\ Hos pital, Eckington; Harewood Hospital, at W. W. Corcoran's country seat; Judiciary Square Hospital; Kalorama Hos- pital, Twenty-first street, on the heights; Methodist Hos- pital (Southern), Eighth and I streets; Mount Pleasanl Hospital, on Fourteenth street; Hospital near Columbia Col- lege; Ninth Street Hospital, between C and H streets; < Idd Fellows' Hospital, Eighth street, southeast, near the Nav} Yard; Patent Office Hospital: Ryland Chapel Hospital, Tenth and D streets; Seminary Hospital, corner Wash- ington and Gay streets. Georgetown; Saint Elizabeth'; across the Anacostia ; Stone's Hospital, Fourteen!! 59 easf '" l1 "' College; Trinity Church, Third and C st /eets; Union Chapel, Twentieth street, near H: l limn Hotel, Georgetown; Unitarian, or ('ranch Hos- pital, corner Sixth and 1) streets, northwesl Aloysius Church. An immediate attack upon Washington feared. General McClellan was placed in command of all the fortifications erected for tin and of a11 the troops stationed at the fortifications or m the city. General Pope's army, after its retreated until the city fortifications on the Virginia side were reached. This army, as well as General Burnside's, was placed under McClelian's ordi spite this massing of the troops, the city believed to be in great clanger. Departin organized military comp; n ,ffered their aid in its defense-. Capt. J. W. Edmonds of the Interior Department headed a company of 120 men: the Gov- ernment Printing Office raised a compam of [70 men: the Patent ( Iffice too men: the Post 1 active men and 30 reserves; the Census 1 iffice 85 men, and others to a total of [.800 in threi her 4, three new regiments from the North arrived: the « >ne Hundred and Twenty-second New York, the due Hundred and Thirty-ninth Pennsylvania, and the ntieth Michigan. Invasion of Maryland by the tr federacy and the capture of Fredericksburg led Mc- Clellan to take the field with a large force, leaving : city's defense to General Nathaniel P. Hanks. Lee .s defeated al Antietam. September was able to colled his shattered legi ■ Potomac into Virginia. In Dec< nib rnside, who bad been given command of the Army the Potomac, started again for Richmond. ' m'sed at Fredericksburg and the hospit; again filled with the wounded. \i tin year there were about fourteen thousand sick and wounded in the hospitals of the three cities, Wash- ington, Georgetown and Alexandria. A. disloyal element existed in the city at this time, which gave the government much troub'e, and aroused ill of those citizens who bad come from the North an nol brook even words against the old Hag. \ doul meeting was 1 1 , ■" . I al the Capitol, on March 31, 1863. under the auspices of the two boards of tin melting was held in the Senate Chamber, the other in the Representatives' Hall. Mayor Richard Wallach ; ai the latter and Lewis Clephanc and Alex., herd at the former. Ri carrying on the war em tion : also to the effect thai tin 1 in the distrii t, the loyal and tl owe it to n 10 their friends in Richmond." In ir ; 6o THE CITY OF, WASHINGTON. Not many days later, on the news of Lee's advance northward, eight regiments of the District militia in- fantry were called into service for sixty clays. After the battle of I lettysburg their services were no longer needed. Another meeting of rejoicing was held July 7th, the President being serenaded and making a speech. To repress the disloyal in the North, Congress passed the Confiscation Act. Under this act, Judge W'vlie. of the District Supreme Court, ordered the confiscation of the propert} of Dr. A. T. P. Garrett, Thomas D. Allen, Francis Hanna, E. A. Pollard, Charles S. Wallach, Cornelius Boyle, French Forrest, J. \. Maffit, C. W. C. Dunnington, Martin L. Smith, Daniel and Man F. Radcliffe. E. M. Clerk, Samuel Lee. Henry li. Tyler, William F. Phillips, C. W. I Ia\ - enner, Lavinia Boyle and Samuel L. Lewis. These weir the first confiscations. Many others followed. among them two houses owned by Cravin Ashford, at nne time a justice of the peace in the city, and two lnts owned by ex-Congressman George S. Houston, of Alabama. ' A Ladies Relief Association was organized to aid and care for the soldiers who enlisted from the Dis- trict, and their families. Major I',. J',. French was chosen president, Henry 1). Cooke, vice-president, Lelali Squires, secretary, and Mrs. L. E. Chittenden. treasurer, hairs were held and benefits given at the theaters until a fund of over $17,000 had been raised. Another fund, he'd in trust by John II. Semmes. was established t" provide substitutes for those drafted into service. Men to the number of 893 were found who were willing to enlist for bounties. ( iver $47,000 were disbursed out of this fund for bounties, an av- erage of nearl) $90 a man. The drafts were as un- popular hen as anywhere in the North. The District quota under the call for 500,000 men, issued by the President July 18, [864, was 3,865. Of the number drafted, 5,798, 1,07,, failed to report, and j.'j^ were exempted for various causes. The remainder with the Mil'^iiiuies purchased with bounty money, gave a total of 960 soldiers to the < iovernment. < )f this number. 336 wen colored. The call for 300,000 more men in I Ictober, 1X04, nother effort of moneyed men of the Dis- trict I" encourage enlistments by means of bounties, and S1X.7J0 wen distributed among the families of those who took up arms voluntarily. Washington was again thrown into a spasm of terror. b} the report that General Jubal Early had invaded Mary- laud, with a force of 20.000 men. and was about to attack the citj from the North. Grant was bus} in the South and it was in the hope of distracting bis attention and drawing him b '-mac that Lee ordered this attack upon tin Cap'tal. Early's force was actually about 10.000 men. but tin ■ included Lee's Second Army Corps, wub a total of forty SfUUS and four brigades of cavalry. Apart from the sick ami wounded in the hospitals, the armed defenders of the city were less than live thousand in number, and this included the District militia. The Department clerks, however, again turned out in Strong force, and their services were accepted. The battle, which opened with the booming of artillery far to the northward, lasted four days. Major-General Lew- Wallace, since famous as the author of Ben llur. with a small force of Union troops, about 3,300, met tin enem} on the hanks of the Monocacy, where the railroad crosses that stream, thirty-five miles from the city. A division of the Sixth Corps under General Ricketts was hastening to his support. The Confederates were in full force at Fred- erick. Three bridges crossed the Monocacy. but Early marched a mile down stream, crossed by a ford and charged the Union flank. Ylthough greatly outnumbered, Wallace and his men twice repulsed the enemy with great loss. Two THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. or three hours passed and Early, who had consolidated his entire force, again advanced upon the Union line. Wallace ordered a retreat to save his men from needless slaughter, but a small detachment under General Tyler held the stone bridge for hours, until the last Union regiment was safe from pursuit, then cut its way through the hostile ranks. This twenty-four hours' delay saved Washington. July toth, at night. Early bivouacked at Rockville, and the next in. urn prepared to carry by storm the defenses of the city. < » nci Alger was military governor of the city and mad< every effort to gather a sufficient force to repel the invaders. Three thousand five hundred soldiers on hospital dutj b up their arms promptly and citizens and militia joined i the defense. Roads leading into the city were barm and every possible preparation made for a despera sistance. July nth was spent in skirmishing and c; ading the forts. In the meantime two divisions ol tli Army Corps and one of the Nineteenth Corps w ing North from General Grant's army. These arrived at four o'clock that afternoon, under the command of General Wright, marching straight through the city, warmly welcomed b) cheering thousands. The soldiers in the forts were hilarious with joy when they arrived and the report quickly spread through the enemy's lines. The next morning, without waiting for an attack, the gallant Sixth marched out and drove back Early's men, who that night retreated to Virginia. Quite another sort of excitement pervaded the city on the morning of the third of April, when a telegram was received that Richmond had been evac- uated and Lee was in full retreat. It seemed as if Washington would go mad with joy. " The war would soon be over." and even those who sympathized with the South were for this reason glad in their hearts. Business of all kinds was practically sus- pended. The executive departments, the public schools and the courts were either closed or business entirely suspended. People left their homes to take care of themselves, while they bung about the telegraph and the newspaper offices and eagerly awaited particu- lars of the fall of the Confederate Capital. A mass meeting was gathered in front of the Patent < Iffice, but soon adjourned to the Department of State, where Secretary Seward. Secretary Stanton. Hon. Preston King, Hon. J. W. Nye and others made out speeches. Willie Kettles, a fourteen-year-oli introduced to the assemblage as the telegraph opcrat who had received the message announcing the evacu ation of Richmond, and the boy was li mized as had been the hero of a hundred battles. Meeting of rejoicing were being held everywhere. In front of Willard's Major-General Benjamin 1-'. Butler ad- dressed a large crowd, and lion. Richard Yat< • to another as large as the street would hold, in front .,f the National I [otel. At the resid< m Blair was the Vice President, \ndrew Johns icke eloquent!} to a crowd Am f his admirer- who called. Every band of music in or around the cil into service and infantry and cavaln paraded thi .,„ (lav |, was ,-,s if a battle was going on in the very heart of the city, for a batten of arliller near Franklin Square and firing hi as its guns could be made to work. Five Imndr. ,1 to celebrate the capluuc of Richi hundred more for Pel was nun" to the breeze and the of the public buildings xer> hut th huntii „;..,„ f vpril -i a general illuminati surpassed anything evet I0 when the official , rejoicing ol THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. naded and at his request the band played " Dixie." as well as " Yankee Doodle," the President saying that " Dixie " was part of the spoils of war and now belonged to the Union. A more formal celebration was held on the evening of April ii. at which the President delivered his famous address cm reconstruction. On the evening of April 13, by resolution of the councils, the city was again illuminated, and even more brilliantly than before. The Capitol espe- cially was magnificent. Like an earthquake, in the midst of all this rejoicing everywhere, ran through the city the terrible news of the President's assassination. Seated in a box, with his wife, al Ford's Theater, witnessing the popular comedy. "Our ■ yy ^^N^ iffc r mB^ f/1 r. , jw^ 1 " ^ B^P^t^V.^ 1 -f^ W-: WM 11 SPfcc jji^a FORD'S THEATER, WHERE LINCOLN WAS ASSASSINATED. b\ one of the actors, John Wilkes Booth, who leaped from to the stage, flourishing a dagger. As lie rushed aero the stage he shouted at the top of his voice. "Sic semper tyraiuiis." The audience was in a panic. Sonic pursued the murderer; a few went to the aid of the Presi- dent, hut the majority rushed madlj from the theater, hor- ror-stricken. Tin- President was carried across the street i" a privati residence, where he died the next morning, not having regained consciousness. This house remains to day as il was then, and visitors are shown through it For a small Secretary Seward, ill in his chamber, had been stabbed nigh unto death at the same hour when the assassin Booth shot down the President. That the two murderers had struck in accordance with a well-arranged conspiracy there could be no doubt. All night the streets were the scenes oi" the wildest excitement: but the iron hand of the gov- ernment, developed through four years of civil war. was quickly at work. The entire police and military forces in and around the city were under arms almost immediately and troops of cavalry were sent to scour the country. It did not seem that the murderer could be at large twenty- four hours; yet so much were the people of Virginia in sympathy with his dastardly deed that it was not until the 26th of April that a troop of United States Cavalry found him in hiding in a barn to the south of Fredericksburg. Refusing to surrender, he was shot down by a sergeant, Boston Corbett, and dragged out of the burning barn to die. Lewis Payne Powell, the assassin of Secretary Seward, was caught and hanged. Six other men and one woman were implicated in the conspiracy. The plot was laid at the house of Mrs. Alary E. Surratt, and she, together with George A. Atzerott and Daniel E. Herrold, were condemned and hanged. Dr. Samuel A. Mudd, Michael O'Laughlin and Samuel Arnold were sentenced to imprisonment for life, and Edward Spang'.er for a term of six years. Deeply draped in black crape were all the public build- ings and many private ones on April 19 when the funeral services over the remains of the martyred President were" held.. The body lay in state in the great East Room of the While House. About the bier were gathered President Johnson and the Cabinet officers, the Chief Justice and Asso- ciate Justices of the Supreme Court, the generals of the Army, the Diplomatic Corps, and distinguished citizens from Ear and near. The services were conducted by Bishop Simpson. Rev. Dr. Hall of the Church of the Epiphany and Rev. Dr. Gurley. As the procession left the While House for the Capitol, minute guns were tired and all the bells of the city were tolled. Pennsylvania avenue was lined its entire length with mourners. Hardly a sound was heard, save the limed roar of artillery, the muffled drums and the dirges to which the soldiers marched with reversed arms draped in black. Fifteen pallbearers, three from the Senate, three from the House, three from the Army, three from the Navy and three from civil life, accompanied the carriage containing the body. The family of the late Presi- dent followed, Mrs. Lincoln's illness preventing her pres- ence. President Johnson and the high officials of the legis- lative, executive and judicial branches of the government were followed by citizens, the entire line being over three miles in length. Under the great dome of the Capitol the body lay in state for two days, then being taken to Spring- field. Illinois, for burial. w & CHAPTER VIII. LOCAL GOVERNMENT. MMISSIONERS governed the city of Washington for the first ten years of its existence, and commissioners govern it today; but it has known many changes and has had its period of storm and stress before attaining its present reputation of being the best governed city in the nation. Congress made its first experiment in District government May 3, 1802, when it incorporated the city of Washington J and provided a city council to be elected by the people and a mayor to be appointed by the Presi- dent. The first mayor was Robert Brent, and the first city council, elected in June, 1802, was composed of eight alder- men and twelve common councilmen. Later the mayor was elected annually by the council. The mayor was a justice of the peace by virtue of his office. The twelve members of the council were elected an- nually by ballot by the free white male inhabitants of twen- ty-one or more years of age, who had resided twelve months in the city and paid taxes the year preceding the election. The justices of the County of Washington presided as judges of election. The mayor had to be an American citi- zen and a resident of the city. No one under twenty-five years of age was eligible to a seat in the council, which was divided into two chambers, the first having seven and the latter five members. Three-fourths in either chamber composed a quorum. Fines, penalties and forfeitures im- posed by the council, not exceeding $20, were collected be- fore a magistrate ; if larger sums, by action for debt in the District court. All documents were kept by a register, and moneys collected by a treasurer. The register kept the city seal, the device of which was an edifice, supported by six- teen columns, with the words " Washington — City Seal — 1802 — Union." The first " Acts of the Corporation " from 1802 to 1816 were collected in one octavo volume. An early commentator says it was found difficult t< enforce some of the acts, "particularly those relating the rates of fare for hackney carriages, though they i minutely specified. From the Capitol square to the 1 'res dent's house, or to the Navy Yard, or Greenleaf's Point, the price is 25 cents, or a quarter of a dollar, and half 1 for half the distance. From the President's squar Greenleaf's Point, and also to the Hamburg Wharf, or to the western limits of the city, the rate is bul 25 cents, and half the distance one half that sum. For every fifteen min- utes detention I2>£ cents are due: and if after eight in the evening, fifty cents are added to these charges. The driver may take in three passengers, unless three engaged." Mayor Robert Brent erected the first public fountain, the cost of which was defrayed partly by the corporatioi and partly by voluntary contribution. In [806 the cor- poration passed an act to establish an infirmary (on square 448, north of F street), for which the sum of 82.000 was appropriated. In August. 1N10, a sum not to exceed a thou- sand dollars was appropriated for the supp irl of the infirm and diseased. Squares 101 and 1020 were about this time set apart for public places of interment, being " situate at a proper distance from the populous part of the city." Two do'lars was the price for a grave in these cenn I sexton was also appointed to dig the graves and keep a register of the persons interred. The plats were at firsl enclosed with a fence, " posts ami rails of cedar and chest- nut," but D. B. Warden, writing in 1816, says tin "stolen by persons devoid of that veneration for the ashes of the dead — that respect for the religion of the tombs which has been shewn even b\ the most barl The first meeting of the council was held in tin ' ( lutside of the newspapers no reports of it- | the first five years arc known to exist. The record- of the sixth to the thirtieth councils, with the exception for the years i8|o')N. tS52-'53 and t86i, are pi in manuscript and in scrap books in the office of tin Commissioners. The first printed journal of the pn was that of the sixty-first council. It was issued in 1864 i,\ Gideon & Pearson, and comprised 491 The journals were issued thereafter annually until In, (111 of the corporation government, June 1. 1871. Mayor Brent was reappointed year aft 1S1 1, when he refused to serve longer. Hi by Daniel Rapine, who was the last appoint! dent. Congress by act of May 4. '*>-• B council the autl the mayo,-, and tin- continued until 1820. when Congress again amended the charter of ., citv or the election of the maw 1 64 rim CITY OF WASHINGTON. people and fixing his term of office at two years; the elec- tion of a board of twelve aldermen and a board of eighteen common council, the aldermen to serve two years and the councilmen one year each. The city was divided into six wank, each of which was entitled to elect two aldermen and three councilmen. The firsl ward embraced all of the city west of Fif- teenth street; the second, all easl of Fifteenth and west of I,. nil, th( third, all easl of Tenth street west and west of First street west and north of E street south; the fourth all easl of First street west and west of Eighth street east and north of E street south; the fifth all east of Tenth street west and west of Fourth street east and south of E -tint south; the sixth, all the remainder of the city. The new corporation was loaded down with the title of "The Mayor, Hoard of Aldermen and Hoard of Com- mon Council of the Cit) of Washington." National politics played an important part in the hitter and exciting contests held annually under this charter. Except for brief inter- vals during the civil war, when the city was under martial law, this form of government was maintained until 1871. Following is a list of the mayors wdio have presided over the city's destinies: Robert Brent, from June, 1802, to June, 1812. Daniel Rapine, from June [8l2, to June, 1813. James II. Blake from June. 1813, to June, 1X17. Benjamin < i. ( >rr, from June, 1817, to June, 1819. Samuel \. Sm'allwood from June, 1819, to June 1822. Thomas Carberry from June. 1822. to June, 1824. Samuel X. Small wood, from June, 1824, to September 30, 1X24. Roger C. Weightman, from October 4. 1X24. to July 31, [827. Joseph- Gales, Jr., from July 31, 1827, to June, 1830. John I'. Van Ness, from June. [830, to June, [834. William A. Bradley, from June, 1834. to June 1831). Peter Force, from June, 1836, to June. 1840. William W. Seaton, from June, 1X40, to June, [850. Walter Lenox, from June, [850, to June, 1852. John W. Maury, from June. 1X52, to June 1X54. John T. lowers from June, 1X54, to June. 1X50. William I',. Magruder, from June. 1X511. to June. 1X58. James 1,. Berrel from June. [858, t" August 24. 1861. Richard Wallach from August 26, [861, to June, [868. Sayles J. Bowen, from June. [868, to June, 1X70. Matthew < '.. Emerj from June. 1870, to June, 1871. The superintendence of the public buildings and the regulation of the city generally were, in the first instance, placed in the Board of * 'ommissioners, ap- pointed I", the Pr< ?ident under the act of Congress of Jul) Congress assumed, legal jurisdiction ovei the the 27th day of February, 1801, declaring at the same time that the laws of Maryland as then constituted should he and continue in force. 1 Mi the lit'sl of \| ., the Board of Commissioners was abolished, and the affairs Hie direction of a " superintendent." subject to the control of the President of the'United States. In addition to the superintendent, there was instituted in hen the rebuilding of the Capitol became necessan the British, a 1" iard of three commissioners for superintending the reconstruction of the public buildings, but in the year 1817 this board was' dissolved, the office of superintendent annulled, and the I supervision of the national buildings and of the affairs of 1 the city, in which the general government was d'rectlyl concerned, committed to one commissioner. This office ex- isted until March 2, 1867, when it was abolished by act of. Congress and its duties and powers transferred to the chief of engineers of the United States army. Lots in the city of Washington, from the time it waa first laid out, belonged either to the public or to individuals.! The commissioner of public buildings was authorized to | sell the public lots, and had power to take acknowledgments of deeds. Deeds could also be acknowledged before two: justices of the peace, or before a judge of the circuit court' of the District of Columbia. In the case of a sale of lots, by a non-resident, the acknowledgment had to be made in) the presence of some person competent to verify in the city.; Deeds were required to be recorded within six months. Lots would be sold for unpaid taxes, but prior notice of sixj weeks must be given to residents, three months to nona residents, and six months to foreigners. Lots might he redeemed within two years, by the payment of the pura chase money with ten per cent, interest added. If the pur-i chaser could not be found, or refused to accept, the pur-j chase money was paid to the clerk of the county court. Re- demption not being made within two years, title was given to the purchaser, and the proprietor afterwards could only claim the surplus of the purchase money after the taxes were paid. In the case of a sale of improved lots for taxes the mayor had to give thirty days' notice to the owner 014 agent and the property might be redeemed within a year by the payment of the purchase money and twenty-five pel cent, additional. A health office was established in 1810. and during the first four months of its existence — September, 1 ictobes November and December — the number of deaths reported were 70. of whom 31 1 were children. \n epidemic of cholera swept over the city in 1832] Mr. W. II. Frazier, who was a boy of five years at the time, has a most vivid recollection of the "dead carts'] being driven about the streets every morning, the drivers having tin horns to announce their coming, just as the driv- ers of garbage wagons do now. In addition to the blow- ing of the TToJvjs it was customary to cry " Bring out the dead!" A hoard of health consisting of five members existed during the territorial regime. Now the commissioners ap point a physician as health officer, who executes and en- forces all laws and regulations relating to the public health and, vital -tatislics. and upon whose recommendation sani tary inspectors are appointed. < >ne branch of the District charities, the medical treatment of the poor, is under the ( supervision of the health office. In 1X20 the three judges of the District circuit court, together with the District attorney, were designated by act THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. of the national legislature to form a new code of laws for the whole District of Columbia. These three judges com- prised a court for the trial of both civil and criminal cases, appeals from its decisions being taken to the Supreme Court of the United States. There was likewise at that time an orphans' court and a register of wills, while minor criminal cases and civil suits were tried before justices of the peace appointed by the President and Senate and authorized to give judgment upon warrant for any sum not exceeding twenty dollars. What were known as the " levy courts," established by act of Congress of February 27, 1801, administered the local governmental affairs of that part of the District out- side of the cities of Washington and Georgetown. In 1812 the membership of the court for that part of the district Affairs of the city were administered in a non-| sive way. Tax burdens were not heavy, and public im- provements were few and infrequent. An old picture, preserved in the Library of O 1 a copy of which is shown 011 page 11, represents ! vania avenue as ii appeared in [834. The improvements consisted of the four rows of Lombardy poplars which had been set out by President JefFerson, witli a dirt road be- tween the two central rows. Between the Capitol and the White House were three hotels and a few scattered dwell- ings and shops. That the city was so barren of improvements, apart from the buildings erected ft 1 for the needs of the ' iovernment, : - due wl 1 eral Government's negl' Mtho 'gli own- CITY HALL. derived from Maryland was fixed at seven just ces of the peace, to be annually designated by the President: t from east of Pock Creek, outside of Washington; two from west of Rock Creek, outside of Georgetown, and three from Georgetown. The city of Washington, though not represented, had to share equally in the expense of these courts; and in 1848 the city was given representation b the addition of four magistrates. Until 1820 there was no police force. In t Peter Force wrote: " The population is orderl) has been hitherto no occasion for a police fore tory of the development of the city's guardians to its high standard of efficiency has been most enterta accurately and exhaustively written by Major R vester, the present superintendent. /«! d tin The his 1 one hall' of the new city, it mad. : improvement of tin ■ U se of the nation. All that w; city itself, which did what it could, beneath the burden. The United Slates paid no t; made but small appropriations for the lcv\ court system established in 18 as a whole had no form of government until 1871. and no permanent form until 1878. W was this ,1 ,,, the District a'l that part south or west which the citi/ens of Alexandria sue to Virginia, in 1S4- ts, maintained separate juris THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. changes were wrought by the civil war. Congress recog- nized the District b) creating for it a necessary police force. But the greatest influence of the war was the impression left in the minds of the hundreds of thousands of soldiers who. returning to their homes after the bloody conflict, took with thrin certain feelings of loyal veneration for the Capital of the Union which they had offered their lives to preserve. \'o small proportion of the men who came to Congress in ■ few \ears had taken part in that internecine \ soldier was in the White House, ami soldiers were among hi- advisers. The creation of the territorial form of government by of February 21, 1871, marks the beginning of the era of greatness and prosperity in the midst of which live the citizen- of today. This act created a governor, to be nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate, and a legislative assembly composed of a council of eleven members and a house of delegates of twenty-two members. The councilmen were appointed by the President and con- firmed by the Senate, and the delegates were annually chosen b\ the people. A delegate to Congress, elected by the people, was also provided. It is to this territorial form of government, brief though it- existence was. that Washington owes its glory of today. In addition to the governor and legislative assembly, Con- gress provided a board of health and a board of public works, the members of which were appointed by the Presi- dent. It was the board of public works that raised the city from tin slough of de-pond and gave it improvements 1 the name. The paving of Pennsylvania avenue and the turning of the stream known as the Tiber into a ■or. instead of an open one. were undoubtedly two eatcsl accomplishments, but these were on'y a beginning. The master mind, who. at this juncture, became the architect of the city's fortune-, was Alexander R. Shepherd, lie wa- an active, energetii business man who foresaw the future of Washington as the country increased in popula- tion, and planned improvements upon an elaborate and ex- pensive scale, which in that clay was attacked not . »til\ as extravagant, but a- criminal. Time, however, has vindi- cated Shepherd's wisdom, and the grateful citizens of the twentieth centun are even now contributing to a fund with which to erect a substantial and permanent public memorial to hi- memory. Among the men who were most prominent in bringing about the change in the form of government in the Dis- 1 olumhia were V R. Shepherd, Hal el Kilbourn, .del, William II. Tenney, J. V Magruder, ;ui Pickrell, Dr. (ha-. II. Nichols and Dr. brought about a meeting of tin 'i'd m appointing .1 1 ommittce rial government for the pper branch of the legislature mri confirmed by the branch of the legislature, together with a delegate to Congress to be elected by the people. Meetings in favor of and opposed to this movement were frequent, the former, however, invariably having the great- est attendance. A committee of 150 was appointed, at a mass meeting held in Lincoln Hall about the first of Feb- ruary, to press the movement before Congress, and a bill drafted by this committee was sanctioned by a second mass meeting at MetzerotPs Ha'l. March 3. This bill was promptly introduced and the Senate passed it May 27. but it was not until the next session that it was acted upon by the House. It became a law February 21, 1871, taking effect June 1. Henry D. Cooke, of Sandusky. ( )hio, was the first Governor appointed under this act. Norton P. Chipman was elected the delegate in Congress and the first board of public works consisted of Alexander R. Shepherd. S. P. Brown. James A. Magruder and A. 15. Mullett. The two branches of the territorial government consisted of a Legislative Assembly of seventeen members and a House of Delegates, forty-six in number, the latter e'ected by the people. Magruder served until this form of government was legislated out of existence, but Shepherd became gov- ernor September 13. 1873. and Mullett and Brown retired in the same year, the three vacancies being filled at various times by Adolph Cluss, Henry A. Willard and John 11. Plake. Norton P. Chipman. who was the first secretary of the District, was chosen delegate to Congress, and served in that capacity from April 21, 1871. to March 4, 1875. Me was succeeded as secretary by Edwin L. Stanton, wdio held the office' from May 19, 1871. to September 22, 1873, when Richard Harrington succeeded him. The council of the legislative assemble of the District of Columbia was composed of Messrs. J. II. Brooks, A. K. Brown, J. W. Baker, Samuel Cross. Frederick Douglass, Lewis H. Douglass, Daniel- L. Eaton, S. M. Golden, Samuel Gedney, John A. Cray, George P. Gulick, Adolphus Hall. Charles F. Peck, Joshua Riley, Daniel Smith. William Stick ney and John W . Thompson. Members of the House of Delegates were: First District — Joseph 1 '.rooks and Solomon G. brown. Second District— Joseph T. 11. Hall. Clement A. Peck and O. S. P. 'Wall. Third District — Edward P. Perry and W . D. Cassin. I ourth District — John E. Cox. Fifth District — Charles L. Dulse and George B. Wil- son. Sixth District — John F. Murray and Albert II. Un- derwood. Seventh District — George W. Dver and lames A. Handy. Eighth District George Burgess, Thomas W. Chase ami Elphonso Youngs. Ninth District — Robert I. Fleming, S. S. Smoot and V S. Solomons. Tenth District — John F. Ennis and Matthew Trimble. Eleventh District — C. J. Brewer and Thomas E. Lloyd. Twelfth District — William Dickson and James G. 1 ong. Thirteenth District — John C. Harkness and Arthur Shepherd. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 67 Fourteenth District — Peter Campbell and Leonard Gordon. Fifteenth District — William H. Clagett, William W. Moore and John A. Perkins. Sixteenth District — John W. McKnight and Samuel P. Robertson. Seventeenth District — Fred A. Boswell and W. A. Taliaferro. Eighteenth District — William R. Hunt. Nineteenth District — John Hogan and M. E. Urell. Twentieth District — Joseph G. Carroll. Twenty-first District — Lemuel Burslev and Sidney W. Herbert. Twenty-second District — Madison Davis. Josiah L. Venable and W. E. Vermillion. A board of health was also provided, comprising N. S. Lincoln, T. S. Verdi, H. A. Willard, John M. Langston, John Marbury, Jr. Others who served upon this board in subsequent years were D. Willard Bliss, Robert B. Warden and Christopher C. Cox. No sooner was the legislative assembly of the District organized than it received from the board of public works estimates for improvements aggregating $6,578,397. with a recommendation for an immediate tax of $2,000,000 and provision for a loan of $4,000,000. The assembly passed a bill July 10 providing for improvements to the amount of $4,000,000 and for the issue of bonds at seven per cent, interest, payable in twenty years. Judge Wylie granted an injunction against the issuance of these bonds, where- upon the assembly passed a supplemental hill which did away with all the objections raised by those who had sought the injunction ami at the same time added another half million dollars to the sum total of the bonds to be issued. After the injunction had been dissolved, however, this extra appropriation was taken off. The loan was referred to the people at the next November election and was ratified by an overwhelming majority. A herculean task lay before the new government ; but it had been organized for that task mainly, and the men who had been most instrumental in the organization were in control. Their greatest work was the burial out of sight forever of the disease breeding Tiber creek: then comes the construction of ten miles of main sewer through which a horse and buggy might be driven, and eighty miles oi tile sewer; the laying of 157 miles of modern street pave- ment, 208 miles of sidewalk, 120 miles of gas main and 133 miles of water main. The establishment of a sewer system and permanent grades for streets and avenues made possible the city of to-day. The cost of this, to be sure, was millions of dollars, but the money was not wasted, n< expended unintelligently or extravagantly. For the city s good, individuals had' to suffer. These attacked, with money and influence the municipal government and in succeeded in its overthrow, but not until its work 1 accomplished. Employment had been given const; ing its existence to between fifteen hundred and two 1 sand men. The total of all sums expended ii improvements was nearly fifteen millions. I >ver lions were expended on the streets and nearly two millions in the construction of sewers. Bridges and culvert- were built wherever needed. The extension of the water system cost nearly half a million. Four market houses wen erected. Mount Vernon Square was cleaned of the old shanties erected there and made a beautiful park. \'o greater nuisance existed in the city than this filth) spol in 1871. Shepherd determined it should not be prolonged while waiting the slow action of the courts. Mis ami) of workmen demolished the buildings in a single night. Two adventurous person-, through their own folly, were struck by falling timbers and killed. This brought down another storm of indignation upon the head of Shepherd, whose life even was threatened. But where is the man to-day. who would say this improvement should not have been made. Those who now visit the new public libran building, located on this square, at the intersection of New York and Massachusetts avenues, will find it hard to imag- ine that a little more than thirty year- ago tin- beautiful square in the heart of the city was covered K tumble down buildings which would be a disgrace to the dirtiest alley. , In war limes. .Massachusetts avenue, except for a lew squares in the vicinity of Thirteenth street, had no visible existence, but was a broad common pasture, and neglected vista, without any interesting object along its who'.e extent. When Shepherd finished with it. two miles of a-phalmm had been laid, the squares, circle.- and intersection- parked. planted with tree- and enclosed. Regardless of propert) on either site, the avenue w a- -laded as if for a railroad bed. deep cuts and til's arousing antagonism block by block. This happened everywhere, and bearing that in mind, 11 is no trouble to understand why Alexander R. Shepherd was then so execrated and win he i- now -. . honored. In February, 1874. a committee of investigation de- manded of Shepherd why, in bis improvement-, he had exceeded the amount of the appn.priati.in-. lie boldly declared that it had been done for the future citj and that the Government should assume this excess, a- ii had been greatly benefited without paying taxes upon it- public buildings. Governor Shepherd, alter be had been legislated .nit ,,,- officei we m to Mexico, where b> the development of some extensive mining properties, be became wealthy. He died in 1902, and his remains were brought here for burial, arriving Max 4, 1903. The\ were received with high civic honors. The District offices and the public sclv closed as a mark of respect. Money lias been subscribed [ or a memorial monument. \i a meeting of prominent citizens held a short time after the new- of death wa- re reived here, Commissioner II. I'.. Macfarland paid tin- de- served tribute: "Governor Shepherd stands unique in the bisl ,,.,. D i,tri 1 ■> II' «as the greatest of Ii an(] (li( ] ,,„„,. f r her than am of the other-. Ii an(J b] 1 .., L hat lovi of tin national capital wh 68 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. DISTRICT BUILDING. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 69 those who have grown up in it can feci, he seized the opportunity which others did not even see, to begin the long-neglected work of making the city what its founder meant it to be. " Nearly thirty years have passed since the young gov- ernor started the new Washington. The progress made has not only redeemed his name and given him national fame, but it has made the future as secure as the past. It is certain that the work will go on. All the resultant- projects for the improvement, not only of the city of Wash- ington, but of the region outside in the District, which were brought together at the National Capital Centennial Cele- bration in 1900 and in consequence developed into what is known as the Senate Park Commission plans, are the outgrowth of Governor Shepherd's work, and are based on the plans of George Washington. The new interest of the country in the improvement of the national capital, so strikingly manifested and stimulated at the time of our Centennial Celebration, guarantees the success of our great enterprise. The recent expressions in the newspapers of the country in their remarkable tribute to Governor Shep- herd's memory, gave us a new evidence of the determina- tion of all the people to make the national capital all that it ought to be as the representative of such a country. We of the District of Columbia would be, of all men, the most ungrateful if we did not raise a monument to the man who has done more than any one else to make all this" possible." The territorial government was succeeded by the pres- ent form, which has stood a test of nearly a quarter of a century and bids fair to be permanent, for it has given almost universal satisfaction. It consists of three Commis- sioners, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. One of the Commissioners must be an officer of the engineer corps of the army, with rank above that of captain, or having had fifteen years of service. All sub- ordinate municipal or District officials are appointed by the triumvirate. The salaries paid the Commissioners are $5,000 a year each, the engineer officer receiving in addition to his regular pay a sum sufficient to make $5,000. 1 [e also has two assistants, both chosen from the engineer corps, one of whom has charge of sewer work and the other ol highways. The Commissioners' salaries are paid out oi the national treasury, all others out of the District funds. All expenditures for District government and improvem.nt- are divided between the taxpayers of the District and the general Government. The Secretary of the Treasury also handles the District's funds. All legislation for the District is by Congress. An act of Congress of June 11, 1878, made permanent the present system of government for the national capital. The two civil Commissioners must have been actual resi- dents of the District for three years next before their pointment, and have claimed residence nowhere else dun that period. They are also required to give bond ii sum of $50,000 each. The term of office is three years, bu it may be extended indefinitely, at the pleasure of President. Hon. Henry B. F. Macfarland.— Wlu-n President McKinley on April 27, [900, sent to the Senate for approval the appointment of Henry I',. I". Macfarland as one of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, he was fully aware of Mr. Macfarland's high qualifications for the responsible post which he was intrude. 1 to occupy. Mr. McKinlcv's selection of Mr. Macfarland evoked the uni- versal comment that he had found a man of absolute integrity, courage and capacity for this important position. Identified with the District Ft I, a student of virtually all of its affairs, both as citizen and correspondent, Mr. Macfarland carried int.. the District offices a keen appreciation of the needs of the District, and has constantly before Congress and the country to further its already advanced position a- the nation's beautiful capital. and the interests of the District Government. HON. HENRY B F. MACFARLAND Hciir\ I'.. I\ Macfarland February it. iS 1. farland, the well-known famih 1- Washington . Macfarland ivi at Rittenhousc Academy, and late Honorable \\ illiain 15. \N I of the District of Columbia. It the Washington chief of the bureau in 180.2. chief Washingti He has written for 11 and is widclj known h Mr. Mad 7 o THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. philanthropical organizations. He is a member of the Board of Trade, is a member of the Church of the Covenant, and a vice president of the Young Aim's Christian Association. He was commissioned Commissioner of the District of Columbia .May 5, [900, entered upon his duties and was elected president of the Board of Commissioners May 9, 1900. Since then he lias held a number of positions of honor, prominent among which being the chairmanship of tin. National Capital Centennial Committee in 1900. lie delivered the centennial address at the While 1 louse Decembei [2, [900, and at the I 'an- American Exposition at Buffalo he delivered on September 3, [901, the District of Columbia address. He is president of the national com- mittee on change of Inauguration Day, and of the William McKinle) National Memorial Arch Association, of the Rock < nek Park Hoard of Control, and of the Washington Public Library Building Commission. He has been the orator of the District on many occasions. In ( Ictober, t888, Mr. Macfarland married Mary Lyon Douglass, daughter of ex-Commissioner John W. Douglass. Mrs. Macfarland is also prominent in philanthropic' work of Washington. They live at [816 F street, northwest. Mr. Macfarland's mother and sister live in their house at 1727 I street, northwest. I lis brother, Lieut. Horace Macfar- land, V . S. X., distinguished himself in Cuban waters and afterward in the Philippines. Hon. Henry Litchfield West is but another striking example of the prominence attained in the affairs of the National and District Governments by graduates from the field of journalism. For many years a member of the staff of the Washington Post, Mr. West was one of the best known and most popular newspaper men at the national capital, 'm^\ when the signal honor of Commissionership of the I Hstrict of ( lolumbia was conferred upon him on ( Jctober [3, [902, the announcement was received with universal commendation by all who had the welfare of the District at heart, well knowing the -election was a wise and singu- larly happ) one. Although born on Staten Island. New York, Mr. West during the fort) three years of bis life, practically a resident of this District. His father, who bad risen from reporter to be editor in chief of the New York Commercial Advertiser, was called to Washington to assume an editorial position on Forney's Dail) Chronicle, and Mr. West, when a mere child, came with his parents to this city. He spent .boo] taught by Mr. Julius Soper. nn West street. \t one lime Mr. A. T. Stuart, now superintendent of schools, was one of the assistant teachers hool. Mr. West was compelled oil account of the death of bis father to leave school when only twelve years of age and earn his living, lb- began at the bottom of the ladder in the olhce of ihe Georgetown Courier, under the late J. I). McGill, working for $3 a week, and did all man- ner of work from writing local items for the paper to sweeping the il ing fires. I lis <•■ upon Washington newspapers bega"n with his employment as Georgetown reporter for the Washington Union, from which paper he went to The Lost in the same capacity. Upon The Post he rose to be city editor and then to be managing editor, resigning the latter position to become more closely identified with political work. As the political correspondent of the paper he has attended every national convention since 1888, and his descriptions of the dramatic episodes of those gatherings have been read with interest by the thousands of Post readers. He has also reported numerous State conventions and has watched the progress of every important campaign of recent years. At present Mr. West has charge of the department of American poli- tics in The Forum, his contributions to that magazine on political and Congressional topics having attracted wide attention. rtnienls oi Commissioner West are as follows: The metropolitan police, the street cleaning department, the assessor, the as- sistant assessors, and the personal tax department, the cor poration counsel, the auditor's office, the bathing beach, the almshouse, the workhouse, and the Washington Asylum Hospital, the adjustment of claims against the District, the office of the collector of taxes, the disbursing office, the regulation of hacks and hack stands, ihe public library, all licenses, with the exception of liquor, and the surgeons of .Mr. West's identification with District interests has been very thorough. After spending his boyhood in George- town he purchased, in course of time, a home on Capitol Hill and later acquired a comfortable residence on Harvard street. Columbia Heights. Hi- acquaintance with ever) section of the city is quite extensive, not onlj because of THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. actual residence, but because his position on the newspaper required him to familiarize himself with every locality. In addition to this, he has, in connection with his Congressional work, kept in touch with local legislation in Congress, fol- lowing each detail of the District appropriation bill. Mr. West enjoys the personal friendship of the Senators and Representatives who are upon the District and Appropria- tion committees, many of whom joined cordially and sin- cerely in urging his appointment upon the President. His thorough knowledge of local conditions and his intimate acquaintance with the Congressional end of the District government exceptionally qua'ified him for the work upon which he has entered with so much energy and success. Mr. West has been at times quite prominent in loc?l events. He was among those who were interested in the reception to the home-coming District regiment after the war with Spain and made the speech introducing President McKinley to the regiment and the vast audience gathered in Convention Hall upon the occasion of the presentation of the souvenir medals. He was also one of the commis- sioners from the District to the Tennessee Exposition. He has for years been a member of the board of directors of the Emergency Hospital and has also been connected in like capacity with other local institutions. He is president of the Columbia Go'f Club, is an ex-president of the ( iridiron Club, and is president of the Men's Club of Mount Pleasani Congregational Church. He is also a member of the Capital Club, and when the Co'umbia Democratic Club was in ex- istence was a member of that- organization. Mr. West's family consists of his wife, two daughters, and a son, the latter being With the Fish Commission. Colonel John Biddle.— The Engineer Commissioner of tfce District, Colonel John Biddle, was inducted into the office, which he now occupies with so much ability, on November i, 1901, relieving Captain Lansing 11. Beach, who had served as Commissioner from June 1, [898, to the time of Colonel "Biddle's appointment. Colonel Biddle is rightfully regarded as one of the ablest officers of the Corps of Engineers, United States Army. During the hostilities with Spain in 1898 he was constantly in the held, engaged in important work until relieved from duty in the Philip- pines a few months before his appointment as Commis- sioner. Colonel Biddle accomplished much municipal en- gineering work in Cuba and the Philippines, and is thor- oughly familiar with that subject. He was born in Detroit, Michigan, in [859, being tl son of William Shepard Biddle and Susan Dayton (< Igdeu 1 Biddle. His primary education was received in the pub schools in Detroit and Philadelphia. After finishing his education in the public schools he entered the High School at Geneva, Switzerland, and Heidelberg, Germ also took courses at the University at Ann Arbor. Mi and is a graduate of the West Point Military Academy the class of 1881. Being one of the star gradua appointed second lieutenant, Corps of Engineers and in 1883 was promoted to first lieutenant. He s< with the battalion of engineers al Willett's Point, New York, until June 15. [884, when he was made engineer officer of the Department of Dakota, and remained on thai duty until December 15. [887, when he was appointed instructor of practical military engineering at West Point .Military Academy, occupying this post until 1891. In 1889 he had charge of posl schools, and was afterwards placed on detached service at Johnstown, Pa'., immediately after the great Hood al that place, lie bad also charg 1891 to 1898 of river and harbor work-., with headquarters at Nashville, Tennessee. In 1892 he was promoted to cap- tain, and in 1902 to major. With the inauguration of tin- Spanish war in .May. 1898, Colonel Biddle was appointed chief engineer, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, United States Volunteers. He was first on duty at Chickamauga Park with Major-General Brooke. Colonel Biddli COLONEL JOHN BIDDLE panied General Miles' expedition to Porto Rico. n took part in the military operations with marked distinc- tion. Me was designated, with two other nftii 1 General lames II. Wilson, to proceed to Washington with them the roval ensign of Spain, captured l>> the \meri- can troop 1 "■ die purpose of pr< the President. Colonel Piddle remained in Washinj onlv a few days, leaving for the South, where the army of occupation of Cuba was encamped. II. an j,l a ,l Cuba. Dccembci 5. 189S, with the Fourth I'ei Volunteers, and assisted in placing them in camp at that point and at Sancti Spiritus initiation of the country from Trinidad ] Kiddle - of Third I 1 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. under his orders. Under the supervision of Colonel Diddle considerable engineering work was accomplished, prom- inent among which was the building of a duck at the camp for unloading, i )n this battalion devolved the- honor of receiving the city .-11111 province of Matanzas from the Span- ish authorities. After having served as chief engineer officer of the department of Matanzas and Santa Clara, tie was honorably ! from the volunteer army May 12, 1899. He did not leave Cuba, however, but remained with General I. II. Wilson, who was in command. He made plans and estimated for cleaning and repairing streets, emptying cess pools, and for the thorough sanitation of cities and towns; for surveys of harbors, and for construction and repair of roads in the provinces: for water supply for Cienfuegos, and defenses of Matanzas. In the autumn of 1899 his field of duty was changed from Cuba to the Philippines, where the insurrection was in progress and where active services were needed. Colonel Biddle left Matanzas, Cuba. September [9, [899, for New York, and arrived in Manila November -'5. tie was announced as engineer officer, De- partment of the Pacific, and the Eighth Army Corps. On March 29, [900, the Department of the Pacific having been discontinued he was announced as chief engineer officer, Division of the Philippines, and retained charge of this duty until April -7. 1901, when relieved by Major Clinton B. Sears. The character of this work was both military and civil on account of the nature of the Government in 1I1, se islands. Colonel Biddle submitted detailed plans and descriptions of part of the present defenses of the Philip- pine Islands, prepared plans and started work on the harbor improvements of Manila and carried on extensive road construction througout the archipelago. From Augusl 7. April 28, [901, he was a member of a board, under the direction of the Secretary of the Navy, to make a survey. plans and estimates for the improvement of a harbor at the island of < .nam. Colonel Biddle was highly commended l>\ General Wilson For distinguished gallantry under lire ai the affair at Coamo, Augusl 9, [898. lie was also com- mended l>> Brigadier-General O. II. Ernst for daring and skillful reconnoitering in the movement at Coama and others. Hon. John Wesley Ross.— Among the many names "i ili" i who spent a life of usefulness and activity in the mine, 1 of the affairs of the District of Columbia, none stands forth more boldly than that of the late District Commissioner John \V. Ross, whose tenure of office >v [) er a period of twelve years, and whose death, so universally regretted, occurred on Jul) 28, two.-. A re- sume of the life of the late ( ointnissioner can not bin prove a shining example to any who elect a public life as a career. John Wesley Ross was born June 23, 1841, at Lewis- town, Fulton county, Illinois. 1 [ e prepare,! for colli bis native town and later attended the Illinois College, from which he graduated in 1861. In 1864 he entered the Harvard Law- School and completing the course there was admitted to the bar upon examination in open Supreme Court at Springfield, Ilk, in January. 1866. He practiced law in Lewistown up to 1S73, and for the last four years of this period was a member of the Illinois legislature, representing Fulton county district. In April, 1873, Air. Ross was admitted to the bar of the United States Supreme Court, and from that time made Washington his home. In 1883 Mr. Ross was appointed lecturer in the law faculty of the Georgetown University upon the subjects of torts and common-law- practice. The universit) honored him with a degree of LL.D. in 1885. He continued to practice his profession in the city, associated with the late Mills Dean. He was appointed postmaster of the District in 1888 and held that position until September 30, 1890, when he HON. JOHh LESLEY ROSS was appointed a member of the board of District Commis- sioners by President Benjamin Harrison, lie was for two terms president of the board of trustees of the public schools of the District. Mr. Ross was a Democrat and filled the positon of Democratic Commissioner through four terms. The unwritten law has been followed throughi ut. that the two civil Commissioners should not lie oi the same political party, lie was reappointed for a second term as Commissioner by President Cleveland on January 4. 1S04: lie was reappointed by President McKinlej on April 14. 18117. and. finally, in [900, the same beloved President once more named him for appointment, lie served as president of three Boards of Commissioners. Commissioner Ross was one of the most universally popular men who have been members of the District's triumvirate. His wonderful popularity with the citizens was due to his great and kindly heart. lie was a cham- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. n pion of the weak and afflicted, and earnestly believed and ever carried out his belief, that no matter how humble a person might be, each one had a right to be heard with patience. Mr. Ross was a man of unapproachable integrity, and no question was brought before him to which he did not give the fullest and most careful consideration. He respected the popular wishes of the residents of the Dis- trict. Mr. Ross was prominent in Masonic circles. In June, 1870, Mr. Ross married Miss Emma Tenney, a daughter of Franklin Tenney, a New Hampshire man, but for many years known in Washington as the proprietor of the National Hotel. From this union five children were born, four of whom survive. Mrs. Ross died in Janu- ary, 1879. Mr. Ross' eldest son, Lieut. Tenney Ross, of the United States Army, is at present stationed in Ohio after an extensive Philippine service. He is married, and has two children. Mr. Lee Ross, the second son, resides in this city. Mr. Ross made his home for the past few years with his two daughters on Yale street. In September, 1888, Mr. Ross married Mrs. Isabelle McCullough, of Alle- gheny, Pa. EBB DARNEILLE Mopewell Hebb Darneille.— One of the most valua- ble acquisitions to the District government is Mr. Hopewell H. Darneille, the assessor of the District of Columbia. Mr. Darneille was born in Scottsville, Albemarle county, Virginia, October 7, 1868, and is a son of the late Benjamin J. and Henrietta Addison Darneille. Mr. Darneille came to Washington early in his youth and attended the public schools of this city, after which be entered Linthicum Institute, still later taking a course in law at the ( 1 University. Mr. Darneille's first insight into public life was as a page in the House of Representatives, after which be in turn was private secretary to Representatives Plumb and Bean. At this juncture Mr. Darneille received an appointment in the office of th> Commissioners of the I trict of Columbia, and in 1888 was promoted to a responsil position in tbe office of ih c auditor for the District of Co- lumbia, where lie was engaged in auditing tin- accounts of the assessor and collector of taxes. Shortly thereafter, he was promoted to the position of pay clerk. After holding this place for several years he was again promoted to tin- office of disbursing clerk' of the District of Columbia, and when Congress a few years thereafter created tin of the disbursing officer of the District, he was clu its first incumbent. lie held this position until tin- fall of 1899, when he was appointed assessor of tbe District of Columbia. I lis years of service, together with a well-trained and active mind, stand him in good stead in dispensing the manifold duties of his important as well as arduous ]>o>t. Mr. Darneille is a Mason and belongs to Federal Xo. 1. F. A. A. M. Mr. Darneille married Miss Man ( '.. daughter of B. Lowndes and Eliza Canby Jackson. Four children, Eliza C, Hopewell 11.. Jr.. Mary Elizabeth, and Louise R. Darneille. were born to Mr. and Mrs. Darneille. the last named having died while in infancy. Mr. am'. Mrs. Darneille reside at 2523 Thirteenth street, ro Alexander McKenzie, :i member of the permanent board of assessors, the eldest son of the late David Mc- Kenzie, St., of Southeast Washington, was born in the city of Baltimore. Maryland. May 9, 1848. His father, being a pronounced Lincoln Republican, and party feeling being very hitter, was compelled to leave his home in Baltii and seek refuge in Washington in 1X01. In the early part of the year 1862 he brought his family to this city, where they have since resided. I li> mother was Miss Elizabeth Stuart Dunns. Both of his parents were horn in Scotland, but came to this country when very young. Alexander Mc- Kenzie was educated in the public schools and bian University Law School. He has assisted in the 01 ganization and management of several successful business enterprises, and is the secretary of the Washington Asphalt Block and Tile Company, and a member of the I? Trade, lie is a Republican in politics, and has held office under the city government since 1868. serving as deput> auditor from [884 to June 30, [902. II-- has served under every auditor of the District since the creation of ll in 1870, and has enjoyed the confidence of each to the fullest degree. I fe enjoys the distinction of havii an appointment to office nor a promotion, hut each p .motion was tendered to him without - menl on his isists of •- the \\a ommissar In tin t, including his recent promotion to llu Mr. Mckenzie's war re at Fort Lincoln dur- l tin- rebellion at the til .land. During this brief period he v. i vhen he was h v<- member, and has received for bis - from 1 Masoni dntv and 7 1 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. ternity recognition at the hands of his brethren. He is a past master of St. John's Lodge, No. n ; past high priest of Washington Naval Royal Arch Chapter, No. 6, and past grand high priest of the Grand Chapter of the District: a past commander of < Irient Commandery, No. 5. of Knights Templar, and the present deputy grand commander of the Grand Commandery of the District, and also a member of the Mystic Shrine. Mr. McKenzic was married about twenty years ago to Miss Alice E., the eldest daughter of the late 1.. William ( luinand. a prominent coal and wood dealer of this city, and president of the Anacostia and Po- tomac River Railroad Company. Me has one sun living, D dm Vinson McKenzie, aged fifteen years. l> m the world is it more hi the number of important young men, and the progres- licies pursued In these young tlir conduct "!' the affairs of the national capital. :ategor\ maj be prominently mentioned Mr. Francis Francis Nye.— In noticeabh than in Wai itrusted to the c sive, as well as aggressi men i In Ihi ■ ol the assistant assessors for the District. Mr. ough hni thirty two years of age, has been closeh identified with the office of the District Commissioners Eor mounted step b\ step the ladder of promotion, until he is now 111 a portion which better allows a scope for his mani- fold capabilities. Francis X\< is a son of Luther 1'.. and His first employment was in the offices of Edmund Hudson, publisher of the Capital, the Army and Navy Reg- ister, the United States Government Advertiser, and the National Democrat. Commissioner Macfarland was then associated with Mr. Hudson, and it was there that he first became acquainted with Mr. Nye, Upon the failure of Mr. Hudson Mr. Nye became the correspondence clerk for James L. Barbour & Son. He entered the law school of Columbian University in 1893. from which he earned the degrees of LL.B. and LL.M. He was president of his class in the post-graduate year. He also served as- president of the Pro and Con Club, and is now the president of the [ngleside Tennis Club. After graduating from Columbian he took the post-graduate course at the National Universit) Law School, from which institution he also received the degree of LL. M. He then spent one year at the medical school of Columbian University, in order to familiarize him- self as far as possible with medical jurisprudence. Mr. Nye was appointed by Commissioner Ross im- mediately upon the availability of the appropriation allowing secretaries to the Commissioners. July 1. 1805. and he re- tained that position to the time of his appointment as assist- ant assessor, receiving promotion in salary on two previous occasions. Mr. Nye is a past master of Federal Lodge. No. 1. F. A. A. M., as well as a member of Columbia Royal Arch Chapter, No. 1; Washington Commandery. No. 1, Knights and of Almas Temple, of the Mystic Shrine. Ten Helen S. Puff< • X A e. and was horn on Ma \ 7. 1870. His earlier educatio 1 was gained in Washington public and high Mr. Nve S married and resides at 1507 Park street, north- schools, after n Inch he tool. ,1 course in the •ollege of Com- west, his vvife having been prior to ier marriage Miss mhraci lg stenograph} . h pew 1 iting and bookkeep- Celia Ma se, daughter i^\ Captain 1 [arr son and Mil 1 ' »le Mayse, Emporia, Kansas. THE CITY OF WASHINGTOX. 75 Snowden Ashford was born in Washington, D. C, January i, 1866. He is the eldest son of the late Mahlon Ashford, of Virginia, who for more than forty years was a resident of the District of Columbia and president of the first title insurance company of Washington. His mother is a member of the Snowden family of Philadelphia, Pa. He was educated at Rittenhouse Academy, of this city, and the Christian Brothers Roman Catholic School. He was prepared for college at the Lehigh Preparatory- School at Bethlehem, Pa., and passed examinations for a course in civil engineering in Lehigh University. He was afterward graduated from Lafayette College. Pennsyl- vania, having made ready for the architect's profession. Returning from college to Washington Mr. Ashford entered the office of A. B. Mullett. ex-supervising architect of the Treasury, and later was associated with John L. Smithmeyer, architect of the Congressional Library. For two years he worked as draftsman on the plans for the Congressional Library. With the completion of that work Mr. Ashford went to West Virginia to go into the build- ing business. In 1892 he returned to Washington and formed a partnership with Howard Sill, afterward prac- ticing his profession of architecture. Mr. Ashford entered the District service in 1895, when he was appointed assistant inspector of buildings. He revised the building regulations of the citv in 1900. and introduced the card system and other methods to increase the efficiency of the inspector's office. He prepared the plans and specifications 1 school houses, engine houses and other Distri until, partially through his efforts, such w< to architects of the cit : under his married t( Un December 5, 1901, lie was promoted to the position of inspector of buildings, District of Columbia, to succeed the late John 13. Brady. Mr. Ashford is a member of the Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Archi- tects; was a member of the Meridian. University, Chevy Chase and Century Clubs, and belongs to the Sigma Chi and Theta Xu Epsilon fraternities, lie designed the music stands and arches for the Pension Building for Cleveland's inauguration and has served on citizens' committees on all prominent occasions, hi [8o/> he was appointed b\ the Commissioners a member of a committee to report on laws and regulations limiting the height "f buildii 1 prepared the draft of the act now in force. Dr. James Ramsay Nevitt, tin Washington, is a s<>n of Robert l\. and Mary Ramsay Nevitt, and was born at " Naylor's Hold," Richmond county. Vir- ginia, on June 25, [867. After completing a course in the public schools of Washington, be entered Columbian Uni- versity, graduating with the class of [889. Liter he re- turned and took' his degree of medicine with lb' [892. Electing early in life to make medicine his prof Dr. Nevitt bent all his energies in that direction. He was appointed to the engineer department of the District in 1890, the while studying medicine, and was connected with tl Washington Asylum Hospital as a medical student in 1891 : in 1892 was in charge of the Contagious Diseasi Hospital, and the same year was appointed resident physician at the Washington Asylum Hospital. A year later Mr. Nevitt tildingf A". \a. resident ieinic in iS-i.). In 181 the board of | 76 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. gency Eospital. In 1900 Dr. Nevitt was made coroner, and also served as a medical examiner to the physicians to the poor. He received a reappointment as coroner from the President in [902. Dr. Nevitt is a member of the American Medical As- sociation, the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, as well as the Medical Association of the District. ( In De- cember [9, [894, Dr. Nevitt married Miss Mary C. Hine, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. L. ( ',. Mine, of Washington. Two children. Mary E. and Lernan Hine Nevitt, have been born 1- Dr. and Mrs. Nevitt. Dr. William Creighton Woodward was born December 11. 1867, ai Washington, 1). C. His parents were Mark Rittenhouse Woodward and Martha Jane (Pursell) Wood- ward, both "i" Washington. He was educated in the public DR CREIGHTON WOODWARD schools of the District of Columbia, graduating from the Washington High School in 1885, ami received the degrees of doctor of medicine in 1889, of bachelor of laws in [899, .'Mid of master of laws in [900, all from the University of mi. Dr. Woodward was employed in the city fkc ai Washington from January 26, 1886, until Jul) ,;i. iS father, he was • : ■ ■ 1 [c lo the poor, served in thai .... u it; until Jul when he ci for the 1 listrict ol Colum- bia. I hi i position he held until \ugusl 1. 1894, when he became health officer of the same jurisdiction, which office he now holds. He has served as secretary of the Board of Medical Supervisors of the District since July, 1896, when that board was first organized. Dr. Woodward is now professor of State medicine in the medical department of the University of Georgetown, and professor of medical jurisprudence in the law depart- ment of that institution and in the medical department of Columbian University ; is a member of the American Medi- cal Association and of the American Public Health Associa- tion ; of the Medical Society, the Medical Association, the Washington Board of Trade, and the Cosmos Club, all of the District of Columbia. Dr. Woodward is also a member of the bar of the District. Dr. Woodward married on February 14. 1895, Ray Elliott, daughter of Alexander and Mary Lavinia (Scaggs) Elliott, the offspring of this union being Paul Gilbert. Creighton Elliott, Doris (deceased), and Mildred. Dr. and Mrs. Woodward reside at Xo. 508 I street, northwest. Washington. Hon. Louis Addison Dent.— Few persons holding public office in Washington have had a more varied, interest- ing and useiuJ career than Louis Addison Dent, the present Register of Wills for the District of Columbia, which office was tendered him as a reward for his valuable services to the Government while the American Consul at Kingston. Jamaica, during the Spanish- American war. Mr. Dent has held numbers of court offices within the District, and as a court reporter is without a peer. Louis Addison Dent, born in Baltimore. Maryland. October 6, 1863, is the son of Addison and Mary J. 1 Simian 1 Dent. His earliest American ancestor was Thomas Dent, who obtained a grant of land on the Potomac, oppOsit< the presenl site of Washington, and called it Guisborough, after the home town in Yorkshire. England, lie was one of the few Protestants in the colony, and was married to the daughter of Rev. William Wilkinson, and was a judge of the provincial court in 1659. From him descenred R< \ Hatch Dent, who was a captain in Smallwood's battalion of the Maryland line, the favorite troops of Washington, which became famous for their gallant action in saving the retreat of Washington at the battle of (iowanus, L. 1.. under Lord Stirling. Captain I latch Dent was wounded and languished for fourteen months in a British prison ship. lie afterwards took orders in the Church of England, and was the founder of the famous Charlotte Hall Academy. His grandson, Addison Dent, father o\ Louis A., served in the Mexican war in Sam Walker's mounted rifles. Louis A. Dent was educated in the schools of the Christian Brothers, in Washington and New York City, finishing an academic course at fifteen years of age. Mr. Dent's I literar) accomplishments are duly •eptably tilled. ■1 prove interesting. Starling stenographer to Colonel James 1 ,. Payne, auditor of 1' "Strict Supreme THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Court. There Mr. Dent remained for two years, when he resigned to become an examiner in chancery, acting as court reporter at the same time, studying law the while with the firm of Hanna & Johnson, with whom he remained until 1885. During this period he was also private secretary to Hon. R. R. Hitt. During the same year, at the sugges- tion of Mr. Hitt, Mr. Dent served in the capacity of "sten- ographer to Hon. James G. Blaine. For the following two years Mr. Dent was closely associated with Mr. Blaine in the preparation of the latter's various books, notably his - Twenty Years of Congress," Mr. Dent having the distinction of being the first stenographer ever em- ployed by Mr. Blaine in his literary work. Through the influence of Mr. Blaine Mr. Dent received the appoint- ment as official reporter of the Maine House of Representa- tives in the year 1886. Upon Mr. Blaine's departure for HON. LOUIS ADDISON DENT Europe, in 1887, Mr. Dent secured a clerkship in the War Department, under the civil service laws, and a year and a half later he was made a bookkeeper in the cash room at the United States Treasury. When Mr. Blaine returned from Europe and resumed the duties of the State Depart- ment, he sent for Mr. Dent and appointed him first his ste- nographer and later his private secretary, Mr. Dent remain- ing with h.'m for the ensuing three years of his term as Secretary of State. He was invaluable to Mr. Blaine as his literary aid, and was intimately associated with him during the last years of his life, studying with him. closely, the foreign affairs of the United States ami assisting him in his important diplomatic correspondence. 1 Ie twice inspect- ed the consular service in the West Indies and Mexico, trav- eling particularly through the whole of Cuba, and after Mr. Blaine's retirement from the cabinet, in iS<)-\ he acted ; private secretary for Blon. John W. Foster for a short peri< and was later consul at Kingston, Jamaica. I taring Mr. Cleveland's term Mr. Dent was engaged in literary work, but m June. 1897. he was restored to his position at Kinj President McKin'ey. < In reaching the island lu- detected the existence of yellow fever, and was stricken with it. Hi. services in exposing the conspiracy to suppress know the epidemic not only attracted the attention of the marine hospital service of the I nited States.but brought about many needed reforms in the medical laws and medical organization of the island and the expenditure of large sums in improving the sanitation of Kingston. During the Spanish-American war his labors were unremitting. His extensive kn of Cuba and its coasts and bis close relations with the officials of Jamaica enabled him to render valuable services in aiding refugees to escape from Cuba, in furnishing pilots to the American fleet, in procuring special facilities from the Bi itish government for American war vessels, and in giving infor- mation of the movements of the numerous Spanisl on the island, and of vessels engaged in the attempted pro- visioning of Cuba. After the war Mr. Dent took advan- tage of a proposed new tariff for Jamaica to bring on a controversy in the press and the legislature, which ultimately forced Mr. Chamberlain to negotiate reciprocity treat for Jamaica and the other British West India c< In 1899 Mr. Dent resigned as consul to accept tin ment of Register of Wills of the District of Columbia. In accepting his res'gnation Secretary Hay vvroti Department 01 State, Washington, < Ictober 4, Louis A. Dent, Esquire, Washington, D. C. Sir: — 1 have to acknowledge the receipt of your com- munication of the J71I1 ultimo, by which you tender your resignation of the office of Consul of the Unitei at Kingston. Jamaica, in order that you may enti the discharge of the new office of Register of Wills at Washington, with which the President ha- beei to honor you. Your resignation having been laid before the President. 1 am directed by him to inform you that it is accepted. In carrying out this direction, it g pleasure to express the President's, my own and tl partment's high appreciation of the cfficienc\ and zeal with which you have performed your official duties. Especial!) do I desire to commend the high intelligence, the 111 vigilance and the untiring energ) with which you ■ to the interests of your countn at a most imporla during the late war with Spain. With best wishes I future welfare and happiness, 1 am. Sir. Your obedient servant. (Signed) John Mr. IKiii was married in Washington. June 3 to Kale E., daughter of Louis II. and Catharine (Ilinniani Yost. They have font children Ri Edward Addison, and Kalherit is a member of the ( blumbia I I Lodo-e Mo. 14. k. A. A. M.: Mount Vernon R. A I No. \ : Washington 1 ommandi 1 \ Kn 1 ; Association ; 1 arroll Institute, and was one of the r< committee of the National 1 apital ' 1 ntennial, ioj* , ami lh< inauguration con ;■■• THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Hon. John A. Merritt. — The present postmaster of Washington, John A. Merritt, may justly be termed a prod- uct of the State of Michigan. His parents. John M. .Merritt and Nanc) lv. Albright, were both natives of Niagara, Niag- ara county, State of New York. Mr. Merritt was born No- vember 24, 1851, at Tecumseh, Michigan. Eight years later his parents moved to Lockport, X. Y.. where Mr. Merritt received his education, finally graduating with the highest honor.-, from the Lockport High School. Until he reached his majority, Mr. Merritt was engaged in various pursuits of business. In [880 he was admitted to the bar of the State of Yew York and soon after formed a partnership with A. A. Bradley, which still exists. When but twenty- four years of age Mr, Merritt was the Repubilcan nominee for sheriff of Niagara count). Yew York, hut failed of election. In 1880 he was elected county clerk of Niagara county and served in that capacity from 1881 until 1886. In [890 Mr. Merritt gained his first insight into the conduct of the affairs of a Government office, when President Har- rison appointed him postmaster of Lockport. He has been an active member of the Lockport Board of Education for eleven years and for five years was its president. In 1897 he was appointed Third Assistant Postmaster-General by President McKinley. This post he resigned three years later to accept his present position. Mr. Merritt is also actively engaged in the manufacture of paper, being the secretary and treasurer of the Niagara Paper Mills. Mr. Merritt is reckoned as one of the most astute and straightforward leaders of his party in his State, being a man of pleasing address and charming manners. He is also a Free Mason, being a member of the Red Jacket Lodge, No. 646, Lockport. New York. Mr. Merritt married Miss Seraph A. Hyde, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. David H. Hyde, of Lockport, New York. They have one -on, Y. Allan Merritt, who at present holds the responsible position of cashier at the city postomce in Washington, H. C. RUST HALL CHAPTER IX. THE WHITE HOUSE. HE year 1902 marks a new epoch in the history of the building first called "the President's House," now officially termed " The Executive Mansion." but better known the nation over as " The White House." This home of Presidents has just passed through the most extensive modernizing it has ever known, and yet today remains practically the same as that in which John Adams and his wife Abi- • gail resided in the winter of 1800-01. It has seen many changes, both inside and out, but the im- provements just completed for President Roosevelt have been largely in the nature of a restoration. The executive offices, detached from the building, give to the home of the President something of a privacy which no other President has ever really enjoyed, while on the other hand, visitors ma)' still obtain access to all the State parlors. ' How the " White House " got its name is largely a matter of tradition. One story is that it was so called after the early home of the wife of Washington on the Pamunkey River, in Virginia. If this be true it is a little singular that it was not so named until long after Mrs. Washington's death. In the early documents, letters and newspapers it was always spoken of as " The President's House." and it is more than likely that it never had the now popular and widely known name until after it was rebuilt in [815. British vandals left only the stone walls standing and these were so blackened by the fire that painting was necessary in order to give the outside of the building a decent appear- ance. White paint was used and thus it became " The White House," a name that has stuck- more closely than the paint, for the latter has often been renewed. The official name of " The Executive Mansion " came some years later. The first published mention of this building was in the Georgetown Weekly Ledger, in which appeared the fol- lowing advertisement, bearing date of March 14, \J<)-- Washington, in the Territory of Columbia. A PREMIUM Of five hundred dollars, or a medal of that value at thi option of the partv, will be given by the Commissioners of the Federal Buildings to the person who, before the fifteenth day of July next, shall produce to (hem the mosl approved plan, if adopted b\ them, for a PRESIDENT'S HOUSE to be erected in this city. The site <>i" the building, if the artist will attend to it. will of course influence tin- aspect and outline of his plan, and its destination will point out to him the number, size and distribution of the apartments. It will lie a recommendation of any plan, if the central part of it may be detached and erected Or the present, with the appearance of a complete whole, and In- capable of admitting- the additional parts, in future, if they shall be wanting. Drawings will be expected of tin- ground plats, elevations of each front, and sections through the building in such directions as may be necessan t" explain the internal structure, and an estimate of the cubii brickwork composing the whole mass of the walls. Tin: COMMISSI' iNERS. James Hoban. a young Irish architect, who, in his design copied largely from the plan of the palace of the Duke of Leinster, in Dublin, was the successful competitor. His design was approved, he received the premium and was engaged at a salary of one hundred guine- as superintendent of construction. Hoban was not an un- known youth, but had resided several years at Chi S. C, and was one of the leading architects there. lie remained a resident of Washington until his death in 1831, having accumulated in the practice of hi- profession a com- fortable property. President Washington, Grand Master - Lodge, laid the corner stone "i the White House, with t masonic ceremonies. October 13. 1792, in the presi nearly even residenl of the District and man) Construction was pushed as rapidl) as possible, hul owing to difficulty at various times in raising funds it finished inside in [80O, as shown b) the pr« letters of Mrs. Adams. The total of all expenditui the building, up to the date of its destruction b\ tit had been $333.20/. It was rebuilt an. I refurnished within an appropriation of $300,000, and reopened to the public lamiarv 1. 1818. The walls are o the architecture Grecian, Earl) pictures of the building indicate that it was the intention of the an i, f r0I1 | U pon Pennsylvania avenue, which •■■ south of tin dweirnp The Northern front with portico, fonic columns and driveway was an additi. desirable bj tin grou It ol tin cit ' - 1 -- than toward the Potol THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. by the first Commissioners the buildings for the Executive Departments were to be placed immediately south of the President's House, on either side of the garden, which was to extend to the Potomac, leaving the official residence visible iron, every quarter and giving a finish to its appear- and- from the South. But because the ground was too low upon these locations and too costly a foundation would be required, the first brick buildings for the State, Treasury, War and Navy Departments were erected immediately to the east and west. During Jackson's administration the Treasury was destroyed by fire, and Congress made appro- priation for a new building "on such site as the President -hould designate." The story goes that the location of the Treasury building aroused many disputes and after a long delay, the President, while looking over the ground in com- the White House until after the battle of Bladensburg had been fought. She carried away with her a carriage load of valuable public papers packed into trunks, and the Stuart portrait of Washington, which she removed from its frame. When she returned a few days later, only the blackened walls of the building remained. Congress appropriated $300,000 for rebuilding and re- furnishing under the direction of Hoban. the architect who designed it, and January 1, 1818, the building was again open to the public. The National Intelligencer did not seem to think it necessary to describe the interior, which of course everybody in Washington went to see on Xew Year's Day, and prints therefore on'y these few lines : " The President's House for the first time since its restoration was thrown open yesterday for the general pane with Robert Mills, the architect, suddenly st cane into the ground saying: " La\ the corner st< righl here." This location shul off the view of th I hmse along h' streel and in the next sess a determined effort was made to slop the then progressed too far. The grand Sou the Treasury building is an imposini < ms stone here. the White but .1 had portico of m cannol - not been help feelings of regret that the original y carried oul and thai the ( 'apilol is no lot the White I louse and vice be chronicled about the White House until [81 1 when the British marched into the city and applied the the public buildings. Mrs. Madison did not leave reception of visitors. It was thronged from 12 to 3 o'clock by an immensely large concourse of ladies and gent. emeu, among whom were to he found the foreign ministers, heads of departments. Senators and Representatives, and others of our distinguished citizens, residents and strangers. It was gratifying to be able to salute the President of the United States with the compliments >> the mob, on foot, <>n horseback, in carriages of everv de- New Year reception, describing " the gorgeously furnished East Room," declaring that Mr. Adams was living in a manner more befitting a prince than a President, and say ing that this expenditure of the people's money was wasteful extravagance. This description was what is known now- adays as "a campaign lie," for the gorgeous furniture, outside of that bought in France for President Monroe, existed nowhere but in the mind of the writer. Nathan Sargent, in his book " Public Men and Events," tells 11 the East Room at that time was most meagerl) fu Some very large mirrors had been bun- over the m and three marble topped tables lined the center ol the room. Apart from these the furniture in the entire n had not cost $50. There were no chandeliers, al- most primitive means s of lighting ised b} scription, all rushing to get into llv Mansion. where the main supph of eatables and ilrinkabl< although tubs of punch and other drinkables had out s. Hundreds of dollars worth pon that day. and chin;, and gin broken to even a greater amount. Men with great muddy | D00ts Mood upon tiic damask chairs until tin them, and all manner of f 1 and drink w. and trampled into the carpels, until tl like pig stys than the abode of the l Nation* I iln a 1; " ,v "" ,lis arm " .1 a wall and he and ' panion v. his friends who linked their arm- and thus formed a living ,n was a man .2 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. one who disliked ceremony even more than J< fiferson. He smoked his corncob pipe in the best parlors and his friends did likewise, but lie abandoned the practice inaugurated by President Monroe of loading tables with food and drink at the public receptions, and it has never been done since. During Jackson's admin- istration bale in the way of expensive furnishings was added to the White House. Martin Van Buren was a man of refined and somewhat extravagant tastes, as indicated by the re- pairs and additions he caused to be made to his official residence. Representative Tyler, of Pennsylvania, in Juiy, 1N40, made a speech in the House which lasted through several days, in which he set forth all the extravagances of the administration and declared thai evil times had indeed fallen upon the nation. This speech is very good reading, even at this late day. Here is a fair sample extract: " What will the plain Republican farmer say when iie discovers! that our economical reformers have ex- pended ^13,000 of the people's cash for looking glasses, lamps and candlesticks? What would the frugal Hoosier think were lie to behold a Democratic pea- cock in full Court costume, strutting by the hour lie- fore golden framed mirrors nine feet high and four and a half feet wide? Why, sir, were Mr. Van Buren to dash into the palace on the back of his Roanoke race-horse, he cou.d gaze at and admire the hoofs of his charger and his crown at the same instant of time, in one <>f those splendid mirrors! " Mr. Chairman, there is much truth and sound plnlosopliy in Poor Richard's advice, 'Early to bed and ear.) to r se makes you healthy, wealthy and wise,' lint it is clear that our new economists have little faith in early rising, else they would not have laid out seven thousand dollars of the people's money in lamps and candlesticks. "The Court fashion of sleeping out the day and waking on! the night, results in keeping the palace door closed, save to persons entitled to the entree, until i' n o'clock a. 111. " h was Inn a few days ago that an honest coun- tryman, on his way to the fishing landing after break- last, having some curiosity to behold the magnificent East Room with its gorgeous drapery and brilliant m'rrors, rang the he'.l at the great entrance door of the palace. Forth with the spruce English porter in attendance came to the door and seeing only a plain person on foot there, slammed the door in hi- face, saying: ' Yon had heller come at seven o'clock. Tin President's rooms are not open until too'clock in the morning,' Whereupon the plain farmer turned on his heel with the cutting remark, ' I am thinking the Presi- dent's Mouse will he open before dav the all, of March, body, for old T,p is a mighty' early riser, and was never caught napping, lie will not allow stipe- to he insolent to five men.'" In Zachary Taylor's achr newh carpeted and rcdecor lets supplanted the November, In Jul\ next the state in this room. 1 velvt 1 irimmed with white cnanciei d candelabra. That was md\ of ( leneral Taylor lav rnificenl catafalque of bla 1 1 in and silver lace. LAFAYETTE. At President Filimore's request the oval sitting room, now known as the Blue Room, was titled up as a Library and Mrs. Fillmore selected the books to fill the cases. She was a student and a great reader and the greater part of her waking hours, not occupied in social duties, were spent in this room, which affords a magnificent view of the Potomac anil of the Virginia hills. Here, too, her .laughter had her piano, bar]) and guitar. At the close of the civ 1 war the Mansion presented, indeed, a forlorn appearance. Throughout ~.\) the lower rooms soldiers had had free range while the necessarj guards sleeping on sofas, tables and chairs and tramping over the carpets with mudd) boots had wrought sad havoc with the furniture. Throngs of people visited tin house daily and no public ball could have looked much worse than the Past Room. Martha Patterson, oldest daughter of President Johnson, superintended the renovation that took THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. place in the spring of 1866, for which Congress had made an appropriation of $30,000. Her simple, refined taste produced some of the most attractively decorated and furnished rooms the House had ever known. When General Grant became President, however, in 1869, the White House was again completely re- furnished. The East Room, " The Nation's Parlor." had an inviting look and here visitors were always made welcome as they are today. It is thus described by Mrs. Lock wood : " A soft Turkish carpet, a present from the Sul- tan of Turkey, covered the floor. Heavy lace curtains draped the windows, over which hung heavy broca- tel'.e, surmounted by gilt cornices. The walls and ceilings were frescoed, and chairs and sofas were cushioned in keeping with the draperies. The three crystal chandeliers shed the radiance of myriads of miniature suns. Eight large mirrors decorated the room, and the portraits of Washington, Lincoln. John Adams, Martin Van Buren, Polk, and Tyler, hung on the walls. Clocks and bronzes made up the or- naments." In the last vears of President Grant's administra- tion new furniture again replaced the old in the great parlor. The Blue Room was also redecorated and re- furnished and its reputation for beauty spread through- out the land. The principal change in the White House during the admhristration of President Hayes was the banishment of all intoxicating beverages, not even light wines being permitted at State dinners. Conservatories adjoining the White House on the west, were built by President Arthur, and added to under the Cleveland administration. Here Mrs. Mc- Kinlev, too, loved to sit. These have now been torn awav and a flat, one-story office building erected. The outside appearance of the House and grounds has not been improved by the changes recently 1 severe criticism, not only of the architects, but of those who accepted the result of their work, has been made in Congress and in the public press. The " renovation " has been radical in the extreme, and the people generally do not like the great departure from that to which they had been so long accustomed. Nearly half a million dollars have been spent on the alterations and additions, besides $65,000 for the executive office. While outwardly there is little to show for this expenditure, yet the work of strengthening the foundations, the replacing of old wooden beams and girders with the best of steel has made the cost little less than it would have been if structure had been entirely rebuilt. For some years fears had been entertained of the safety of the floors when crowded as they have been at the public receptions, and before the last social season the number of invitations issued to reception had been considerably reduced on this Besides the steel joists and beams there were used i foundation pillars underneath the mansion about brick, enough to build a good-sized dwelling roof, too. \ wooden hit The old ROCHAMBEAU. noved, and a new one pul nn. The nltl as been transformed int< structure, and, except for the change i" the fun Of the rooms one can hardly realize that the bell of half a million dollars has been spent in makil improvements. The state dining room I old north wall of this room having I) hallwa\ added. One hundred guests maj Ik seated in this room. Formerly when large diplomatic din- it was neccssan to spread the tables i„ the hallu the East Room' as was done when many, was entertained last year. The hist down which Presidents. Cabyi receiving parties for nearh a hundii have been taken away, c will the Mat 8 4 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. and his parly by the old familiar bugle call and then " Hail to the Chief." The floor of the now dining-room is laid in oak par- quetry and the walls are of dark English oak. Upon the walls are exhibited the trophies of the President's skill in tlie chase, the heads of mountain lions, moose and deer. Among them is a magnificently mounted head of the finest ver killed in Alaska. As before, the state dining- room may be entered from the Red Parlor or from the main hallway. The President's private dining-room in the north- west corner of the building, adjoins the state dining-room. A private hallway, at the end of which is an elevator, affords access. The Tiffany stained glass partition, which was built in the Arthur administration, shutting off the vestibule from the main hallway, has been taken away and the great hall now appears as the architect intended it. The principal outward evidences of the renovation are the removal of the conservatories and the constructing of the two low wings which run eastward and westward from the main building. In the west wing is the executive office of the President. A portion of this wing is the foundation oi iln old conservatory, converted into a terrace with a colonnade along the southern side. Underneath this terrace rooms are lilted up for servants' quarters, laundry, etc. The colonnade affords a private passageway for the President from the White House to the executive office. Still another pleasing feature is a balustrade with floors of granolithic cement and parapet walls two and a half feet high which arc adorned with electric lights, and where potted plants may be grouped in great profusion. In summer this balus- trade, fanned by the cool breezes from the Potomac, will he a most enjoyable place. The corresponding terrace on the east side of the White House has for its main purpose the comfort and convenience of the invited guests at state dinners, receptions and other social functions. All guests now niter through a porte-cochere at the extreme eastern end of this terrace. If the weather be fair they may pass along a colonnade until they enter the White House on the basement floor; <>r the} may enter any one of a number of doors which open from a long room upon the colonnade. This room, during receptions, is devoted entirely to the caring for cloaks, hats and wraps, accommodations for the 1 apparel of 2,500 people being provided. Passing into it,,' basement of the W hitc I louse, on either side of the hallwa) are dressing looms, and a staircase twelve feel wide leading up to the old hallway west of the East Room. At the southeastern corner of this terrace is a large room used as headquarters for the police department stationed at the White House and in the grounds. A huge, ornamental bronze lantern, three and one-half feet square and four and one-half feet high, weighing 1,000 pounds and enclosing eighteen electric incandescent lights, has been bung in the porte-cochere of the north front. All the old iron lanterns which for so many years have ornamented the great Ionic columns, have been con- signed to the scrap heap. Amusing, indeed, are the comments which have been made upon the White Plouse at various times in its history. In the early years it was said to be too large, too palatial, too extravagant, and even so late as when the Smithsonian Institution was organized, in 1842. a writer in The Demo- cratic Rcviciv, after urging that the mansion be sold to the Institution for a museum, said : " Let the residence of the President be transferred to a more modest mansion. . . . and the only wonder would some come to be how wc could ever have so long tolerated to see and hear of ' the Palace of the President.' " Charles Burr Todd, in his " Story of Washington." written in 1S89, calls it " The People's Palace." and " The American Valhalla," and ends by saying: " Without doubt the White House is, as has been said, antiquated in appear- ance, deficient in sanitary requirements and modern con- veniences, and should be superseded by a President's house more in harmony with the wealth and dignity of the Nation. But when this is done, another site should lie chosen, and the present building with its fittings and furniture he pre- served intact — a second Mount Vernon — for the instruc- tion and inspiration of the people." Many elaborate plans have been drawn for a new White House, grand palaces mainly, hut the good sense of Presi- dents and of Congresses have prevented any attempts to construct them. The utilitarian improvements recently made, although severel) criticized in Congress, as any one interested may note by examination of the Congressional Record of February, 1003. will, it is believed, prove con- clusively to all thai a great improvement has been accom- plished, both in facilitating the transaction of the public business, and in providing the President, during his official residence in Washington with something more of the com- forts of a home than was possible in years past. w- CHAPTER X. THE CAPITOL. along the river A.SHINGTON is the Mecca of all patriotic Americans and the Capitol is the center of attraction not only to visitors, but also to residents. L'Enfant, in laying out the city, chose the most prominent eminence for the location of the " Federal House,'' as the early fathers of the Government styled it, and having in mind the ancient saying that " all roads lead to Rome," connected that spot by broad avenues with all ex:'sting roads, and with every point where it was proposed to locate any public work. The Capitol of to-day, surpassing in its stately simplicity, magnificence of location, and beauty of its sur- rounding plaza, its grassy lawns, its well-kept shrubbery, wide-spreading sycamores ami winding roads and foot- paths, has been the slow growth of a century. In the earlier pages of this history have been given illustrations showing its appearance at the time when it was two de- tached buildings ; again when connected by a low shed-like structure; later, when the rotunda was built but surmounted by a low, squatty dome; then the building as it appears to-day, with its lofty dome surmounted by the gigantic bronze statue of Freedom. It is a liberal education to know all that is represented lay the buildings, monuments, statues and other works of art in the national capital ; and in the pictures, statues, busts, doors and stones, even, of the " Federal House " one may read nearly every chap- ter of his country's history. Not one book, but many, might well be written about this noble structure, the Pan- theon of American Liberty. Within its walls, for mure than a century, history has been made, and no noteworthy event has happened that has not been discussed in Senate House or Representative Forum by the master intellects of the time. The debates of Congress furnish a veritable treasure house for the historian, while the building itsell is to all a source of inspiration as well as of admiration. Contrast, however, the magnificent structure of to-day with the first Capitol as outlined in the following adver- tisement for plans published in the "Georgetown Ledger," in March. 1792 : Washington, in the Territory op Columbia. A PREMIUM ' »'' a lot in this city, to be designated bv impart,.,! judees and FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS; or'a MEDA1 of Ss value, at the option of the partv, will be given by the Com- missioners of the Federal Buildings to tin p, fore the fifteenth day of July, [792, shall produce 10 tlicm the most approved plan, if adopted bv them, for a CAP- ITOL to be erected in this citv; and TW< I HUNDRED and FIFTY D( 1LLARS, or a ME] >AL, for the plan deemed next in merit to the one the) shall adopt. The building to be ot brick and to contain the following apartment* to wit : A conference room. A room for the representatives. Sufficient to accommodate 300 persons each. A lobby, or ante chamber to the latter. A Senate room of [200 square feet area. An ante-chamber, or lobby to the la-t. These rooms to he of full e'evation. Twelve rooms of six hundred square feet area. each, foi committee rooms and clerk's offices, to he of half th tion of the former. Drawings will he expected of the ground plats, elevations of each front, and sections through the building in such directions as may he m plain the internal structure, and an estimate of f feet of brickwork composing tin- whole mass I III COMMISSK INERS. Sixteen persons, among them Stephen I., llallett, a French architect, and Dr. William Thornton, an I man, submitted plans, in resjKMlSC to this advertisement. Thornton was merely a draughtsman, not an architect, but his plans met with favor in the eyes -1' President Wash- ington, who wrote to the Commissioners Taiwan 31, 1798, quite strongly favoring Thornton's plan- later, however, he was not so certain about the matter, and wrote to the Commissioners: " I would have it unci in this instance and always that I profess to have no knowl- edge of architecture, and think wc should he governed by the established rule- laid down b\ the professors of this art." Il was t'malK ArcuU-A to award both Hall, Thornton the full prize of $500 and a cit) lot, and llallett was appointed architect under the [-Ioban, the young Irish architect who had won ll for the best plan for the President's I 86 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. It lias always been a much disputed question how far the plans of Thornton were followed by Hallett and Hoban, Thornton himself making the claim in an address January i, [805, "to the House of Representatives," that his plan had been closely followed. Hallett contended to the con- trary. Certain it seems to be that the portico of the east front of the main building, one of its principal architectural features, was designed 1>\ Dr. Thornton. Hallett, however, whosi salary a- supervising architect was $400 a year, did nol gel along well with Hoban, and in the meantime, hie rival, Dr. Thornton, had been appointed one of the Com- missioners of the District. Hallett. being called upon by the I ommissioners to submit to them all his plans, designs and drawings relating to the Capitol, refused to comply, and as a resu'l was dismissed from his office. The original corner stone of the Capitol was placed at the southeast corner of what was for several years subsequently spoken of as the North Building, the first Senate Chamber, — the Supreme Court and Law Library section of the present day. A large silver plate was placed upon this stone, inscribed with these words : " This Southeast corner stone of the Capitol of the United States of America, in the City of Washington, was hud ..11 the i8th day of September, 1793. in the eighteenth year of American independence, in the first year of the second term of the presidency of George Washington, whose virtues in the civil administration of his country have been as conspicuous and beneficial as his military valor and prudence have been useful in establishing her liberties, and in the year of Masonry 5793, by the 1'resident of the United Slates, in concert with the Grand Lodge of Mary- land, several lodges under its jurisdiction, and Lodge No. 22, from Alexandria, Virginia." Washington himself laid the corner stone, not only as President hi . as Most Worshipful Master of Alexandria Lodge A. Y. and A. M. No Mason needs to be told why the Capitol, like Solomon's Temple, faces toward the rising sun; and it is amusing to read, as one may do in many books, that the hopes and expectations of real estate owners regarding the growth of the city had anything to do with and military procession that formed in the square before 1 th( first of the main -rand parades for which this ever, was nol along the grand avenue with its smooth, following 1 In- high ground ncarh on the line of the G to-day, until the Tiber had been crossed, thence south to the crest of the hill, where stone blocks and bricks 11 area of several acres. The Alex- andria -Tune. ,n,d \dvertiser " published an account ot ncarh iwo columns in extent, which has often reprinted in books and papers during the pas! few years as to be familiar to all who have been ed in the enrh hislon of the Capitol. Hallcll's discharge as architect of ihe Capitol was fol lowed h\ the appointiiK Hadfield, an English- man, who came recommended by Benjamin West, the American painter, and was a friend of Hoban, the architect of the President's House. Nearly the entire construction of the north wing, or Senate House, was under the super- vision of Hadfield. It was finished, ready for occupancy. in 1800. Hadfield and Hoban fell out of friendship and Benjamin Henry Latrobe, also an Englishman by birth, but a resident of Philadelphia since 1796, was employed in 1803 to superintend the construction of the south wing. Latrobe had studied architecture in the best European schools and was the first occupant of the position who appears to have been really fitted to cope with the task. The south wing was completed in 181 1, relieving the mem- bers of the House of Representatives from the discomfort of "The Oven," a low, temporary brick structure in which they had been meeting. The two wings were connected with a long, low and narrow structure of wood and brick, little more than a passageway, and generally spoken of as " The Bridge." The Capitol as it then appeared is shown in the engraving on page 6. Although the walls of the two wings were of stone, the roofs and domes were of wood and so was much of the interior. It was anything but a fireproof building, and "the harbor of Yankee Democracy." as Admiral Cockburn derisively called it, fell an easy prey to the British and their hired vandals. The pitchpine hoards of the passage way were torn out and heaped up in the rooms of the main buildings, books, papers and public records of every de- scription were added to the piles, which were then fired. Valuable paintings, too, were cut from their frames and flung into the flames. Latrobe, writing of the appearance of the Capitol after the fire, speaks of it as "perfectly terrifying." Except in a few unimportant rooms all the woodwork had been destroyed. The Senate Chamber had suffered most. Main of the sandstone columns were ruined. Fortunately, however, the terrific rain storm which swept over the city exlingu ani guished the flames and saved the camination Latrobe reported the foundations and walls for the most part uninjured and easy of restoration. Latrobe is entitled to be called the architect of the restoration, although he resigned in 1S17. His successor. Charles Bulfinch, was specifically instructed to carry out the plans formulated b\ Latrobe. Bulfinch was a native of Massachusetts and the first American to fill the office of Architect of the Capitol. Congress mel for the firsl session after the British invasion in Blodgett's hotel, corner oi Ninth and F Streets, northwest, the on'y building in the city large enough for its accommodation. Patriotic citizens erected a brick struc ture on Firsl street, east of the Capitol, where subsequent sessions were held until the Capitol was rebuilt. This was for mam years afterward spoken of as the "Old Capitol Building," and during the Civ 1 War was used as a prison. The plans for the rotunda connecting the two mam on the foundations beginning March 2, 1818. It was sur- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. mounted by a low wooden dome, and on the west side provision was made for the Library of Congress. The restored and united buildings were completed in 1827 and the harmonious whole was generously and rightly praised. It then covered one and a half acres of ground and was surrounded by twenty-two and a half acres. The diameter of the rotunda was the same as its height, 96 feet, and the height of the dome was 145 feet. Prior to its destruc- tion in 1814 it had cost $789,070.98. The rotunda, dome and library cost $957,647.35, and the entire cost, including the restoration, had amounted in 1830 to $2,433,814. For twenty years the Capitol, as completed by Bul- finch, was ample for all the needs of Congress and few changes were made. During this time it was under the wearing the regalia worn bj President Washington in [ 793- These ceremonies were witnessed bj a vast assem- blage, many of whom were strangers. With the usual papers, mins and other articles, beneath the corner stone, Webster deposited the following manuscript, in hi> own handwriting: " ( )n the morning of the firsl day of tin year of the independence of the United States of America. in the city of Washington, being the 4th day of July. 1851, this stone, designated as the corner stone of the • of the Capitol, according to a plan approved b\ the Prcsi dent, in pursuance of an act of Congress, was laid b\ Millard Fillmore, President of the United - by the Grand Master of the Masonic Lodges, in the pres- ence of many members of Congress; of officers "i tin IE CAPITOL OF THE supervision of Robert Mills, a Washington architect. [11 1850, both branches of Congress having greatly increased by the admission of new States into the Union, and the nation having grown correspondingly richer, it was deep to enlarge the Capitol by two great marble wings connected by wide corridors with the old building. The carry in out of this plan was the work /ears and resulted the magnificent building of the present day. A second corner stone laying was celebrated July 4. 1851. during the administration of President Fillmore, th< principal oration being delivered by Daniel Webster Secretary of State. This comer stone, too, was 1 Masonic ceremonies, President Fillmore the District of Columbia Grand Lodge, the G Executive and lu.lieian Departments, National, St District ; of officers of the Arim and \*av> authorities of this and neighboring cities; man) linns, civil, milium and Masonic: officers of tin soman Institution and National Ins colleges and teachers of schools of ih. nlumbia, with their students and pupils: and a vast people from places near and remote, inchulu viving gentlemen who witnessed th« laying oi th stone of the Capitol In President Washington on I day of September. .; ,„. ",!„• will of God thai this structure shall fall from Us ,,,., that iis foundations he upturned, and this be b'rougl dav the Un-'on of th. , , ,!„;,■ constitution -till exists unimpah with' all its original usefulness ss THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. day stronger in the affections of the great bod) of the \in, rican people, and attracting more and more the admira- tion ol the world. And all here assemb'ed, whether be- longing i" public or private life, with hearts devoutly thank- ful tn Almighty God for the preservation of the liberty and happiness of the country, unite in sincere and fervent prayers that this deposit, and the walls and arches, the domes and towers, the columns and entablatures, now to over it, may endure forever ! God save the United Stati s of America ! " Daniel Wees i er, " Secretary of State of the United States." Thomas U. Walter, a native of Philadelphia, was ap- pointed Architect of the Capitol to construct the extensions. \ fire December 21, [851, caused In a defective flue, did considerable damage to that part of the main building occu- pied b\ the Librarj of Congress. The west front was greatly injured and about 35.000 books were burned, to- gether with many valuable manuscripts. When repairs were made, irmi shelving was placed throughout the library, making it practically Are proof. The old wooden dome- over the rotunda was torn down in 1856, to make room for the great iron dome that now is so marked a feature of the Capitol. This dome towers aloft three hundred and seven feet — two hundred and eighteen feet above the balus- trade upon the roof — and is the center of a structure seven hundred .and fifty-one feet long, by three hundred and twent) feet wide. The general form of the dome is ellip- tical, surmounted by a huge globe, belted with the National motto, " I'. Pluribus i num." Standing on this globe is Crawford's colossal statue of Freedom, crowned with a headdress of eagle feathers. That this statue does not wear the conventional liberty cap is due to an objection raised by Jefferson Davis, who was then Secretary of War, thai anion- the Romans the cap was the badge of an eman- cipated slave. The cost of this statue was $23,796.82, of which $3,000 was paid to Crawford for making the plaster model, which ma) be seen at the National Museum, and $9,800 to Clark Mills for th< casting in bronze. The south wing was ready for occupancy December 10, 1857, and the Senate met in the new north win- for the first lime mi January 4. 1859. The Senate made lln removal from ils old hall to its new one a mailer of much 1 witness it. The presiding officer of the Senate li is possible, when die main doors of both chambers are ..pen. for these officials to see each other, although nearly one fifth of a mile apart. Most important features ,.f the new Capitol were die systems of lighting, heating and quenll) altered and improved, the) wen, at thai lime, of die must appi : The outbreak of the civil mporan interruption in the work of recon- struction hi' the .ureal dome, but President Lincoln insisted if for no oilier reason than oultl be an i ll\e soldiers and tn the people, offering a convincing proof of the stability of the nation. It did have that effect and the statue of Freedom was raised to its position on the summit of the dome December 2, 1863. The waving of a flag from the dome as the last work upon the statue was finished, was the signal to a field battery stationed in the Capitol grounds to fire a national salute of thirty-five guns. The sixty-eight forts surrounding the city and affording protection from the hostile armies immediately replied in kind and but for the fact being known in advance, citizens must have be- lieved the enemy was attacking all along the line. The eastern porticoes of the extensions were not completed until about a year later. In 1865, his work being completed. Architect Walter resigned, bis place being filled by Edward Clark, who he'd the position until his death from old age in [902. Clark built the great marble terraces along the west, south and north fronts, which were begun in 1882 and finished in 1891. These added strength and beauty to the western facade and what was of more importance from the utili- tarian point of view, gave much additional interior space, which has been occupied by committee rooms, electric lighting plants, furnaces, engines, and fuel storage. The cost of this terrace was about three-quarters of a million dollars, bringing the total cost to over fifteen millions. A new system of ventilation for the Senate was put in in 1896 at a cost of $55,000. Electric lighting has wholly superseded gas, since 1898. On the 6th of November in that year an explosion of gas in the sub-basement under- neath the Supreme Court room did considerable damage and was followed by a fire that destroyed a portion of the law library. Fortunately the Court was not in session and no lives were lost. This fire also served to call the attention of Congress to the inflammable character of the o'.d wooden domes over the north and south sections of the old building and these were promptly replaced b) steel structures of the same shape, even the o'.d lanterns on the top of each being reproduced, so that the building has lost nothing of ils familiar appearance. In 1900 the rooms vacated by the Library of Congress were transformed into committee rooms, twenty-eight in number, which with two elevators and other improvements needed ill that section, cost about $400,000. Elliott Woods, a young man who had grown up in the architect's office and mastered the details of the man- agement of the ureal building, was appointed Mr. Clark's successor, the title of the office being changed to Super- intendent of the Capitol, in deference to a protest of lb' association of architects thai Woods, however well in- formed upon oilier mailers, was not an architect, At the lasi session of Congress : i was proposed to further enlarge the Capitol b) extending the eastern portico of die main building or rotunda to the eastern line of the north ami south extensions. The House voted to appropriate the mone) for ibis extension, but the Senate refused to agree thereto: A large building to contain conumitte< rooms for the representatives, will, however, be built on the square THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. immediately southeast of the Capitol, facing upon B street, southeast. Tunnels will connect this building w ith the Capitol and with the Library of Congress. The most important feature of the Capitol grounds is the famous statue of Washington by Horatio Greenou°-h in the center of the eastern plaza. For years the statue stood in the center of the rotunda, and it was the intention when it was taken out upon the plaza, that it should, after the Capitol dome was completed, again occupy that position The far more lofty ceiling of the present rotunda removes in great part the objection formerly urged that it seemed to take up so much space, but no one now ever talks of 8 9 right hand is uplifted, pointing toward heaven. The figure is about twelve feet in height and occupies a massive pedestal, the whole weighing about fourteen toi three sides of the granite pedestal is carved the familiar motto, "first in war. first i.\ peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Tbe chair is ornamented with lions' beads and acanthus leaves. At its back are two small figures, one f Columbus, the other an Indian, representing tbe discovery of America and it- original in- habitants. In basso relievo, at tbe right of tbe chair, is Phaeton in his chariot drawn by fiery steeds, an al jHS\ B "PERRY'S VICTORY ON LAKE ERIE." Reproduced from Powells famous paintiug in Hie Capito restoring it to its old location. But for the features, which are an excellent likeness of the Father of his Country, the statue might be taken for one of Olympian Jove, and indeed, some visitors, American born as well as foreign, may bt heard to inquire whom it represents. Greenough is the only American sculptor who has had the courage of his convictions sufficiently to endeavor to represent the majesty of a great man apart from his clothes. Washington appears sitting in a massive chair, nu to the waist. The lower portion of the body and the rij arm are draped after the fashion of the ancienl Roma A sheathed Roman sword rests in his left arm presentation of tin rising miu of Liberty, with the motto: "Magnus ab integio saeclorutu uascitui ie poetical English of which is "An august com la anew." On the lefl of the chair \oith and South Ami 1 ^presented by two figures from ancient mythology lies strangling tin serpenl of lyranm . while hi- companion. phiclus, shrinks from the contest. Uelow is the motto; "Incipe parvc puer cui noil 1 -hich. as general!) rendei •■Oh. youth, unblest by parents' smiles, begin." 9° THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. On the back of the chair is the following inscription and signature : SIMULACRUM ISTUD MAGNUM LIBERT ATIS EXEMPLUM NEC SINE IPSUM DURATURUM. Horatius Greenough Faciebat. A poet has given this translation: "This statue cast in Freedom's stately form And by her e'er upheld." No work of an American sculptor has created so much discussion as this. There has been no end of bitter censure and highest praise. Hon. Edward Everett pronounced it one of the finest works of modern or ancient times. Wyeth. in his " Federal City," on the other hand, says: " It certainly does not embody a visible realization of the idea existing in the heart of the Nation of the ' great* chief.' We do not think of Washington as a half-naked " It is the birth of my thought. I have sacrificed to it the flower of my days and the freshness of my strength ; its every lineament has been moistened with the sweat of my toil, and the tears of my exile. I would not barter away its association with my name for the proudest fortune avarice ever dreamed of. In giving it up to the nation that has done me the honor of ordering it at my hands, I respectfully claim for it that protection which it is the boast of civilization to afford to art, and which a generous enemy has more than once been seen to extend even to the monu- ments of his own defeat." This statue of Washington was executed in Italy and finished in 1S43. It pleased so we'l that a second commis- sion was given to the young sculptor, that for the group " Civilization,"' which stands on the right-hand platform as one ascends the east steps to the central portico of the Capitol. This order had been originally given to Signor Persico, an Italian sculptor, who created the companion group, " Discovery," on the left-hand platform. The wis- LEUTZE'S FAMOUS /EASTWARD HO. Roman, sitting in Cod-like state, like Jupiter. The ' Father of his Country' seems near to his children; one of the same nature as themselves, though better, to whom they owe their national life; who suffered with them, and shared in the blessings as well as the perils of the fearful Revolu- tionary struggle." This comprehensive eulogy is from the pen of an ap- preciative foreigner : " Nothing can be more human, and at the same time more I like, than ibis colossal statue of Washington. It is a .soil of domestic Jupiter. The sublime repose and simplicity of Lhe whole figure, united as it is with exceeding energ) of expression, is perfectly classical, without, the slightest ition, 30 that there is no mistaking the pure lineage of this Maine. I [e has addressed Ins statue of Washington to a distant posterity, and made it rather a poetical abstract of his whole career, than the chronicle of any one deed i ,y am one leading feature of his life." Greenough himself, not long before his death, wrote as follows regarding his work : dom of this change is now quite clear, for Greenough 's allegorical conception of the settlement of this country is of the soil American, a powerful, realistic conception which no foreigner could have approached. Chiseled from a solid block of Serravezza marble, after eight years of hard, unceasing toil, this group, consist- ing of live figures, presents a most vivid scene <^\ American pioneer life. The two principal figures, the while settler and lhe Indian chief are engaged in a life and death strug- gle. Crouching at their feet, fear and hope and prayer expressed in thai stone face, is the wife and mother, press ing to her bosom her helpless babe, while the faithful dog, standing as a reserve guard and ready to take part ii needed, eagerl) watches for the outcome of the battle. None need to have explanation of this lifelike and thrilling allegory. Men there are still living in more than one section ..f this peaceful republic. 10 whom a sight of this magnifi- cent work of an would bring memories of untold horrors. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Tradition among the Capitol guides has it that a party of savages from one of the Western reservations, not long after the erection of this statuary, being in Washington to arrange a new treaty with the great father, were so startled at the sight of it that they immediately set up the fierce war-whoop of their tribe, waking the echoes of the portico and rotunda. Many consider Greenough's "Civilization" greater than his "Washington," but it is by the latter that he is the better known. It is, indeed, a work of striking grandeur, which grows upon one the more it is seen. The group was the end of his life's work. He returned to this country from Italy in 1 85 1 to superintend the erection of his last work. In this, however, there was some delay, and the anxiety and worry consequent thereupon, it is said, brought on the attack of brain fever from which he died at Somerville in appropriate costume. Nothing more strikingly com- monplace could well be imagined. Something better is the alto relicro work up,,,, the tympanum of the portico by the same sculptor. Th, however, of this allegorical -roup. ,-.. dent John Quincy Adams. The Goddess of Liberty, lean- ing upon a spear and shield upon which arc tl S. A.," stands beside an altar upon which, surrounded b\ a laurel wreath, is inscribed the date of the signing Declaration of Independence. Bj her sid. is an American eagle, about to take flight. At the left stands Hope, and at the right, Justice, with her scales, holding in 1 hand the Constitution of the Cited States. Tin were chiseled out of the ordinary sandstone of which t portico is constructed and afterward painted white. Above the door entering the rotunda are two "LINCOLN ANC Reproduced from Carpenter's Massachusetts, December iS, 1852, in his forty-eighth year. Signor Persico's conception of the Discovery of the New World is by no means so clear and forcible as is Greenough's " Civilization." There are but two figures, Columbus and an Indian woman. The former stretches aloft in his right hand a small globe, and stands in an atti- tude which reminds one unconsciously of the ancient disc thrower. The woman, in a shrinking attitude, is looking fixedly at the great explorer, hut whether the gaze is one ol terror at having been discovered, or of wonderment at what he is going to do with the globe, is not easily explained. Two other original conceptions ol Signor I. crsico, " War " and " Peace," occupy niches in the wall ol ern facade, one on either side ol the bronze d< one is a Roman soldier, the other a Roman maiden, ea- rns CABINET." in has relief, representing Fame and IV;. air. crowning with a wreath of laurel a bust of \\ . The sculptor of this was Signor 1 api A chapter inighl he writti bronze doors ,-,t the eastern entrance tn the mini vet the reader would have a ven impel f< beauty. The nine principal pictures which adorn •• scene, in the life of ( olumlnis, tin were designed in 1858 In R; artist, while residing in Rome, ami iSfil h) F. von Muller. of Munich. The r ' \o pen can give an adequ; of arl thai adorn the interior nf ti 92 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. book. In the old Chamber of the Representatives, now known as Statuary Hall, and in the rotunda, may be seen the life size figures of favorite sons of the various States, each State having been invited to furnish two statues to be placed in the National Capitol. Most of these are well and widely known; but Maryland has recently added the figures of two of her most distinguished sons to the notable collection: Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and John Hanson, president of the first Congress of the American Confedera- tion. The ceremonies attending the formal presentation and acceptance of these statues were held January 31. 1903, at which Governor Mm Walter Smith, various State officials, members of the legislature and prominent citizens of Mary- land were present. These statues are of bronze, life size, mounted on low pedestals of pink granite upon which the arms of Maryland appear. The Carroll statue represents him just after signing the Declaration. Hanson has a cane in one hand and a paper in the other in an attitude of re- flection. Richard E. I '.rooks, of Boston, was the sculptor of both statues. A coating of o TC cn oxide covers the bronze, in imitation of what time would eventually have supplied. Elliott Woods, superintendent of the Capitol, was born near Manchester, England, in 1804, during the visit of his parents to England. His father was of English descenl and his mother American. Shortly after his birth his parents came back to America, and the family established themselves in southern Illinois. Six years later they located in Indianapolis, Indiana, where Mr. Woods received his early education. Circumstances, however, compelled him to leave school, and at the age of thirteen he entered into a large manufactory to take up the profession of wood- carving. His progress was rapid, and while quite young he was engaged with the contractors to assist in the wood- carving installed in the English Opera 1 louse then being built, lie continued in his profession until about the age of twenty, following with a year's service in the State government. I lis father being a man of considerable polit- ical power in Indiana brought the acquaintancesiiip to his son of such men as Hendricks and Porter, both of whom took a very lively interest in the son. This interest resulted in their sending Woods on to Washington, where he entered eminent service under Mr. Edward Clark, architect of the Capitol. This was in [885. Me entered upon his work as a foreman, and was by reason of his former experience and studies familiar with the principles of con- struction. The interest Mr. Clark showed in Mr. Woods was 11, , ne less strong than that of Hendricks and Porter; in fact he placed before the young man every advantage and advanced him as he progressed. During the later years of Mr. Clark's life when he was unable to get about the Capitol building, Air. Woods carried forward the work. and upon Mr. Clark's death was promoted to his present position, — Congress overcoming certain professional objec- ELLIOTT WOODS tions by changing the title of the office from architect to that of superintendent for the express purpose of having Mr. Woods appointed. The construction of the new com- mittee rooms in the western portion of the Capitol, formerly occupied by the Congressional Library, and the recon- struction of tlie roof of the old building and the fireproofillg of the Supreme Court ami Statuary Mali, are the last important works over which Mr. Woods had personal con- trol, aided by the advice and fatherly support of the afflicted architect. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. INGRESS having created, at its session just closed, a Department of Commerce and Labor, the number of the President's Cabinet advisers has been increased to nine. When President Washington as- sumed the duties of executive of the affairs of the young Republic in 1789, he called to his aid and counsel, five men: Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, Secretaryof the Treasury ;Henry • Knox, Secretary of War ; Edmund Ran- dolph, Attorney-General, and Samuel Osgood, Postmaster-. General. Jefferson was chosen in July, Knox in August, and the other three in September. Under the first President, these officials were primarily the executive heads of their depart- ments, advisory duties and cabinet councils being few and far between. The office of the Secretary of the Navy was not created until April 30, 1798. President Adams selected as its first incumbent George Cabot, who, however, met his fellow secretaries at the call of the President but once and never actuallv performed the duties of his office. Fifty years passed awav before the country seemed to need another Cabinet office. Then the large migration of citizens westward made necessary a Department of the Interior, thereby relieving three other departments, the State, War and Treasury, of considerable work and respon- sibility. Congress created the new department in 1849 and President Zachary Taylor appointed Thomas Ewing the first Secretary of the Interior. Prior to 1903 the Department of Agriculture was the youngest, its organization having occurred in 1889, under President Cleveland, whose first appointee to the new Cab inet office was Norman J. Cohnan. The Department of Commerce and Labor began it work under the supervision of George Bruce Cortelyou, who is an illustration of the opportunities afforded in tlr republic to young men. Mr. Cortelyou was a clerk Post Office Department when Cleveland was Pr< Eissell was postmaster-general. Mr. Clevelanc stenographer and said so at a Cabinet meeting, replied that he thought he knew a young man who \ the place. The young stenographer was George 13 you. Pie did fill the place. Not only tl the M anted . Biss< indispensable to the Executive office. President McKit discovered th's and after the resigmtion of [ohn Addisn Porter, Mr. Cortelyou became Secrctan 1 Pie was at the President's side when the as struck him clown and during the days of anxict\ that pre ceded the end, Mr. Corte'.you was the one man win to need neither rest nor refreshment, who rea'ized ad tint needed to be done and did it. His clear-In his marvelous endurance were the wonder of all. To him Mrs. McKinley turned for aid and consolation and with her he remained until the dead President's private affairs were arranged. Then he returned to his work at the Whit House. Almost coeval with the mention of a new Exccut department was Mr. Cortelyou spoken of a- its hca< dent Roosevelt made no secret of it and it was with knowledge of who would he the new Cabinet office Congress created the department. Mr. Corteyo grown the <4Tk\- of Secretary to the President. ten years ago 1- now th< head of ;i department, which, al- though the youngest must needs he one of the mosl taut of the nine. Three departments, the Stale. War and \*a\ housed in one magnificenl building, which all the ground between Seventeenth - avenue, west, and Pennsylvania and New This building, in the Italian Rcnaissaw by the then Supervising Architect of the Treasui Mullet. The material is granite, from Maine an quarries, and if was sixteen years in buildinc begun in [871 and not entireh finished 11 ° hundred and sixty-seven I fortv-two feet wide, including tin ,- an d a half acres, and contain- • ■r two miles in length, upon which 1 t y_ s j x rooms. The lot ,ooo, • Rectangular in shapc.il which four ; ms. The general plan is vcr\ simpli • facing toward a di |,nl the detail of tin five $1 trigs, ing wings ade- (93) 94 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. the main fact to be remembered is that the stairways are of granite and bronze and the whole interior may be con- sidered fireproof, as it should be in view of the priceless records it contains. The United States Treasury has been twice destroyed by fire. The first brick building was burned by the British soldier.-., and another, similar in character was erected on the ground now covered by the present south front. This building burned March 31, 1833. The commission to build another was given to Robert Mills, architect, and the loca- tion of it to President Jackson. " Old Hickory " is therefore blamed for the blocking of the view from the White House. down Pennsylvania avenue, a thing which L'Enfant cer- tainly did not contemp'ate. Mills, it is said, urged another location, but in vain, until at last, so the legend goes, Presi- dent Jackson, in a fit of vexation struck his cane into the ground on Pennsylvania avenue and said: " Right here, the corner stone shall be laid." Work was begun on the East front in 1836 and five years later it was ready for occu- pancy. The extensions, south and north, were built later, under the supervision of Architects Walter, Young, Rogers and Mullett. These extensions are of Maine granite, while the first building was of the old Acquia creek sandstone. Work was begun upon the South extension in 1855 and the North front was not completed until 1869. The most ex- pensively decorated room in the building is the " Cash room," where warrants are cashed, currency redeemed and new money exchanged for old. The walls of this lofty room are decorated with the most beautiful marbles obtainable in the quarries of Vermont, Tennessee and Italy. When the Treasury came to Washington a $10,000 bouse was more than ample for its needs. When the new building was begun in 1S36, it was predicted that it would accommodate the Treasury for a century at least. Although twice enlarged at a total expenditure of $7,000,000, six large bureaus of the department are provided with quarters out- side. Another large building would hardly suffice to contain all these bureaus at the present time. The bureau of Pin- graving and Printing alone occupies a large building imme- diately south of tin- Treasury building and not Ear from the Potomac. Another very important bureau of the Treas- ury Department, now under the new Department of Com- merce, is thai of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, winch occupies a large brick building on New Jersey avenue, be- tween P. and (' streets, southeast, just across P. streel Erom tin- Capitol grounds. This bureau had its origin in 1807, but it was not actually organized for effective service until [833. Until recently, in addition to its survey work it had 1 the standard weights and measures. This, how- ever, 1>\ a recent act of Congress, isplaccd under the control of a new bureau. The Marine Hospital Service is also located on Capitol I PH. in a building adjoining that of the Coast an. I G letic Survey. Vmong the other important branches of the Treasury Departmenl are the Bureau of . and Internal Revenue, Steamboat Inspection Service, Bureau of Navigation, Pile Saving Ser- vice, Lighthouse Board, and Supervising Architect of Gov- ernment Buildings. The Post ( )ffice Department is once again located in the same building with the city post office. Its present home is a fine modern office building on the south side of Pennsyl- vania avenue between Eleventh and Twelfth streets. The building has a large central court roofed with glass which affords space for the city post office on the ground floor, covering almost the entire block. Far different are these well-equipped quarters from those occupied in the old Blod- gett's Hotel, described in a former chapter. The hotel was purchased by the government in 1810, and after the burn- ing of the Capitol in 1814 was fitted up for temporary quar- ters for Congress. One session was held here. After that it adjourned to meet in the more commodious and convenient edifice put up for its use by private enterprise on Capitol Hill. At that time the city post office was a small one-story wooden building containing one room about twelve feet square. It was also located on Capitol Hill, not far from the present site of the Library of Congress. The old hotel afterward became the home of the Post Office Depaitment on the ground floor, the Patent Office occupying the storj above, until the building was destroyed December 15. [836. The present building was commenced in 1839, under Archi- tect Robert Mills, the South front being first constructed. 'The extension was completed under the supervision of Thomas W. Walter, General Meigs and Edward Clark, the final work being done in 18(19. The structure is of white marble from Xew York and Maryland ami the style Corin- thian; its cost was over $2,700,000. Three hundred feet long by two hundred feet wide, and three stories high, it covers the entire square bounded by Seventh. Eighth, M and P streets, and contains eighty-five commodious rooms. For a time this new building accommodated the city post office as well, but as the number of post offices in the country increased ten-fold in little more than fifty years, not only the local office but certain bureaus were forced to seek quar- ters elsewhere. In 1892 the city post office was located on Louisiana avenue, near Seventh street, northwest. I" [893 it had secured the ground floor in the Union Building, on ( ;, between Sixth and Seventh streets, northwest, where a branch office is still maintained. "The erection of the Post Office Building on Pennsylvania avenue, between Eleventh and Twelfth streets, afforded again quarters under one roof for the general and local offices. "The old building on F street is now occupied by the General Land Office. Old residents, when speaking of the Interior Depart- ment building always call it the Patent Office. Although the Patent Office is only one of the many bureaus of the Interior Department, it far antedates the latter. Rights of inventors were protected by law almost from the first estab lishment of a permanent government and for man) years thereafter the copyright business, together with that of patents, was under the control of the Secretary of State. In [836 the bureau was placed in charge of a commission. Ilie erection of .-, new stone building for the offices of this THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. DANIEL WEBSTER. bureau and for a museum in which models of inventors could lie displayed to the public, was begun in 1837 upon the government reservation of four acres, which was set apart by L'Enfant in his original plan, as the location for a national undenominational church. This building, of Vir- ginia freestone and granite, extended on F street, from Seventh to Ninth, with a portico facing on Eighth street, a facsimile of the celebrated Parthenon. It was completed in 1842 and was 270 feet long by 70 feet deep. It has been added to until now it is fully three times its original size and covers the entire reservation between F and ( i and Seventh and Ninth streets. One enters from the portico into a great hall from which a double flight of marble steps ascends to a spacious gallery above. This was once knowi' widely as the National Gallery, and here was displayed for many years the magnificent collection of natural history of the United States Naval Exploring Expedition, arranged by and under the superintendence of Commander Charles Wilkes, who was in charge of the expedition. This hall also contained, as late as 1852, many curiosities belonging to the Departments of State, War and Navy, which ai now to be found in those Departments. 95 When the Interior Department was created in 1849, an appropriation was made b an East wing, which was completed in 1853. Xorth and West wings were added some years later, mak- ing a perfect rectangular building surrounding a large courtyard ornamented with fountains and flowers. The Museum of Models contains over ; models ol patented articles by which the in ful inventions can be traced from the era ginnings. Unfortunately the lire that destroyed the old Blodgett hotel in 1836, devoured the extensive co lection of models which the Government had ac- cumulated since 1890,8 loss which can never be replaced. It was supposed that all danger of de- struction from fire was over when the bureau was established in its new granite home, but ii lire originating anion- some old paper.- des S0.000 models in the Xorth and West balls. A quarter of a million dollars were requin I store these halls. The Patent < iffice is about the onh branch of the executive departments that i- self-sustaining, having today to its credit in the United Treasury over $6,000,000. Its full Complement is a force of about [,000 clerks and 200 examiners, and is presided over by a commissioner and one assistant commissioner. An average of 150 appli- cations for patents is filed each day. or about a year. Nearly 700,000 patents have been granted since 1830, and about half this number rejected for want of patentability. The work is divided into thirty-six divisions: each division contains one prin- cipal examiner, one first assistant and four or live other assistants. The principal divisions an tl engineering, electric railways and rolling stock. A few years ago the heaviest work fell upon the division where bicycles were examined; but now-, owing to tin- advent of the automobile and locomobile, the division ■ engineering and clcctricin are crowded with work pertain- ing thereto. The -ham engineering division is to-day the banner division of the Patent « iffice. for in addition to the hundreds of inventions in perfecting the locomobile, it has all locomotive and steamboat engines and boiler-. The civil war made the Pension < Miicc for a time at least the largest bureau of the Department This bureau occupied a large brick buildinj vania avenue, at the corner of Twelfth street, ui I when it removed to the present pension building, in Judi- ciary Square, built not for looks, but for use. brick with terra cotta mouldings, an west b\ 200 north and south. All around the Iw the height of tin on which i- sculptured - life. A vast ' mil where have been held sil 9 6 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. balls. Eight large columns of brick, painted to represent Sienna marble, support the roof, while gallery rises above gallery, surrounding the court. Eighteen thousand people ma) easily be accommodated within this spacious hall and the- building would contain sixty thousand. The Department of Justice is at present occupying temporary quarters, awaiting the construction of a suitable building for its needs. The building opposite the North Eronl "i" the Treasury, which it occupied so many years, was torn down to make place for a new one. but now it is de- sired to have more land and pending its acquirement, con- struction was not begun. aggregates 400,000 square feet. Framed in steel with beams and girders the strongest ever made for a building of its size, designed to carry heavy loads, and with brick and terra cotta walls, it may be confidently regarded as fireproof. It is 408 feet in length on the G street side and 175 feet and 3 inches on the North Capitol front, is seven stories high, besides cellar and loft, the latter to be used as air space in connection with the ventilation system. The highest point of the building is 135 feet from the ground, the cornice being 125 feet from the sidewalk. The brick and steel walls are two feet seven inches thick throughout the entire height. In the construction 12,000.000 bricks have been used, 14,- Agriculturc was represented first in 1862 bj a Bureau an. I .1 -|m ■■ lal commissioner. Since then its scope has greatl) 1 < aliiiui officer in 1889. li 1 and 1 ongress lias voted a million and a half dollars for a new building, near the the old one. THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. Tlu- 1 nil,. I States has the largest Printing < tffice in the world, in point of Hoor space, in number of employes and in output of work, rhe working Hoor space provided in its new building, just completed at a cost of $2 000,000 pounds ol steel. 2,500,000 pounds 01 cast iron, anil 45,000 barrels of Portland cement. ( >f the [2,000,000 bricks, one-fourth are faced bricks, one-third of ibis number being enameled, a great mam f\ these going into the interior finishing. No plaster was used, bricks being utilized instead. Mi.' floors are of hard maple wood blocks, nicely finished. 111. doors are an asbestos composition and the door and window frames of cast iron. The roof is tile, laid in asphalt. Plate .ulass windows adorn the North Capitol and recommenda- tions were not realized until nearly fifty years after. In- stead nf adopting and acting upon the committee's report, Congress adopted another resolution, providing that each House should elect its own printer, and designated how the work should be done and the prices to lie paid. This wa- in 1819. and from that year until 1850 practically all 1 ment printing was done by election or contract. In 1852 a law was passed providing for a superin- tendent of public printing, to he appointed for a term of two years, and to receive a salary of $2,500 a year. The law also provided for the election of a public printer for each House of Congress, " to do the public printing for tin- Con- m'Mi -#Jr 1 M4-3 % mm with a few thousand dollars to turn back into the treasury The first mention of public printing in the record- 0! Congress was in the form of a report presented in the tend session of the First Congress in 1789, held in N« « Iforl City. The report recommended that proposals be im ited "printing the laws and other proceedings of Cong, ess. The first proposition to appoint a printer to the House was made by Mr. Randolph, in December, 1801. 1 he pro- posed addition to the offices of the body found little favor, however, only a small minority voting for the measi In December, 1818, a joint committee was appomte to consider and report on the question of printing to b( for both Houses. This committee was the first to advoca *3 gress for which he or thc\ ma n I such printing for the executive departments and bureau? me nt of the United States as may be delivered, io him or them to be printed by the superintendent of the pul ing." Composition for each page of bills 01 1, The paid for at the rate of 51 half the rate prov j ;amc work in the resolution an d paid for a number of years subsequent n T Towers afterward mayor of \V: the firs, public printer. A. G, Seamon, George W Bow- ml Mm Hearst, t.t the order named 9» THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. and also to the Senate under the new law. Horace Greeley was one of the candidates against Gen. Armstrong. Corne- lius Wendell, founder of the Government Printing Office, was elected Senate printer in [856, serving two years. The demands of the government had increased to such an extent by this time that no single establishment in Washington was capable of handling all the printing required, with the result that a variety of styles prevailed in the primed docu- ments, giving general dissatisfaction, and producing much inconvenience. Mr. Wendell improved the situation some- what by the erection of a large establishment at H and North I a pit "I streets on the site of the present Government Printing < Iffice. Five years later, in 1861, the government became the owner of the property. Mm D. Defrees, of Indiana, was the first superinten- dent of public printing after the purchase of the building and machinery. lie assumed charge .March 23, 1861. Mr. Defrees reorganized the office, and did much toward inaugu- rating the system out of which the present one has been evolved. The office at that time numbered 300 employes. Mr. Defrees was succeeded in 1866 by Mr. Cornelius Wen- dell. Congress at the next session, however, changed the mode of appointment, and the name of the office, and Mr. Defrees was elected by the Senate and restored to his old position under the title of the Congressional Printer. Almon M. Clapp, of this city, superseded Mr. Defrees April 15, [869. Mr. Clapp remained in office until June r, 1K77, when he was succeeded by Defrees, his predecessor, the title of Public Printer having in the meantime been adopted by Congress. The salary at that time was $3,600. SterFng P. Rounds, of [llinois, fol'owed Mr. Defrees during President Arthur's administration. The office then paid $4,500 annually. Under President Cleveland Thomas I".. Benedict, of New York, filled the office. Frank W. Pal- mer, of Illinois, the present incumbent, succeeded Mr. Bene- dict, making way for the latter with the return of Mr. Cleveland to the executive office. Under the administration of President McKin'ev Mr. Palmer was returned to the office he had held under President Harrison. The employes now number about 4,000. of which about one-third are women. The book bindery, as a part of the Government Printing Office, employs about 900. Compos- itors number about 1,200. One hundred pressmen and 200 press feeders, in all branches, are employed. There are about 600 folders and 260 stitchers. Of stereotypers and electrotypers there are fifty-five. The remainder of the force includes hydraulic pressmen, engineers, firemen, elec- tricians, boxers, counters, watchmen, helpers, and laborers. The work to-day, as well as the force employed, is the greatest in the history of the office. The last session of Congress made a larger demand for printing of all kinds than any preceding it, and it is reasonable to expect that the work will, as it has in the past, continue to increase and with it the facilities for printing and the number of em- ployes. The new building, it is estimated, is large enough for present needs, with little provision for growth. Public Printer Palmer hopes to be able to have the present old Printing Office building, at North Capitol and H streets. torn down and a new structure erected on its site. During 1894, 1895 and 1896 enlargements and repairs were made to the old Printing Office. The site of the new building was purchased in 1898 and 1899. lit 111- 1 w b i 1 ■ \\ i P fi. 'tt IP^ «* ■ ! •3 • 8 A - ■ \ ™ METROPOLITAN CLUB. LIBRARIES OF WASHINGTON. HE Library of Congress — The National Library, as many people prefer to call it, had its beginning in the removal of the seat of government to the banks of the Potomac. While in New York. Congress made good use of the then very excellent library of the New York Society; while in Philadelphia (1791-1800) the use of the books belonging to the Library Com- pany of Philadelphia and of the Loganian ; Library, which were freely tendered for its use, afforded sufficient store of knowledge to satisfv the needs of our then legislators. If Congress or its com- mittees possessed law books or books of reference, they were so few in number as not to be mentioned and when the archives of the Government, and such furniture as it owned and deemed worthy of transportation, was brought around in sailing vessels, no mention was made of books. That Congress was dependable in some considerable degree upon the libraries of Philadelphia clearly appears in an act of April 24, 1800, making " further provision for the removal and accommodation of the Government of the United States." By this acl the Mini of $5,000 was appro- priated "for the purchase of such books as maj I sary for the use of Congress at the said city of Wash- ington, and for fitting up a suitable apartment for contain- ing them." It was also provided that a joint committee of the Senate and House should select the bonks to be pur- chased under this act. From this small beginning h the great Library of to-day, with a grand total, in 1902, of 1,114,111 books and pamphlets (including near; volumes of the Law Library at the Capitol 1, and | the finest building, with the most modern equipment for LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. library purposes, in the world. In addition to its books and pamphlets the Library possesses of manuscripts, 99. 53? pieces; maps and charts, 64,921 pieces; music, 345,511 pieces ; and prints, 127,002 pieces. Nor are the copyright deposits which are not in actual use in the library included in the above figures. These would swell the total by over 320,000 books and pamphlets and counting periodicals, music, maps, prints, photographs and miscellaneous items, would add nearly another million of pieces to the vast collection. The total accessions to the Library in the last fiscal year, — books, pamphlets and miscellaneous collections — numbered 84,971. The Library Building was erected 1886-1897 at a cost of $6,344,585.34, excluding site, which contains 10 acres. It is free for reference use to all persons without introduc- tion or other formality. The main reading-room has ac- commodations for 266 readers. The periodical reading- room, where 325 newspapers and some 2,500 periodicals can be freely consulted without formality, and over 4,000 other periodicals are available on application, has a seating capac- ity of 250. There are special reading rooms for the consul- tation of prints, maps, manuscripts, music, and books for the blind. The number of visitors to the building averaged 2,711 daily for an entire year. Ainsworth R. Spofford, who was the Librarian of Con- gress for nearly 40 years and whose valuable knowledge and services the Library still enjoys, gives this history of its slow but steady growth : INTERIOR OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, MAIN HALL. SECOND FLOOR. The building lias nearly 8 acres of Hour space, and its ulti- mate capacit) is estimated at 4,500,000 volumes. The Library staff consists of the Librarian, Chief Assistant Librarian, twelve Chiefs of Divisions, and 242 subordinates, including 4>) persons in the Copyright ( Iffice, which is under the Librarian of Congress. The care of the building and grounds employs in addition a Superintendent and 115 subordinates. For the year ending June 30, i_'. the ap- appropriations were : Salaries (including Copyright Office), $225,212.77; increase of Library, $69,800; contingent, $7,- 300; printing and binding (allotment), $75,000; total, $407,312.77. An additional appropriation of $155,945 is made for the care of the building and grounds, for furniture and equipment. lln Library is open daily, except Sundays, from 9 a. in. to i" p. m., and on Sundays from 2 p. m. 10 ro p. m. " President Jefferson, who always took an earnest inter- est in the library, recommended in December, [801, that a statement should be prepared respecting the hooks and maps purchased under the appropriation. At the same ses- sion a joint committee was appointed to consider and report upon the proper means of taking care of the new library, and its report (made by John Randolph, of Virginia), formed the basis of tin systematic statute a]. proved January 26, 1802, for the administration of the Library of Congress. This act placed the librarian and tile collection of books under the supervision of a joint committee of both Houses, composed of three Senators and three Representatives, an arrangement which still exists. " During the earlier years, there was no titular librarian appointed, the hooks being in charge of the clerk of the I Ions, of Representatives, who was librarian ex-officio with a clerk detailed 1>\ him to superintend the service of books. The collection had grown l.\ slow accretion under small appropriations (never exceeding $1,000 yearly) until it THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. reached three thousand volumes in 1814. In August of that year it was burned, with the Capitol, by the British army, during their one day's riotous possession of the federal city — a piece of vandalism common enough in wars, but never yet repaired, if I read history aright. The next month, Thomas Jefferson wrote to his friend, Samuel Har- rison Smith, M. C. (first publisher of that historic news- paper, 'The National Intelligencer'), offering to sell his private library of six thousand seven hundred volumes to Congress, as he was encumbered with debt. A bill for the purchase, at the price of $23,950, was finally passed, but not without strenuous opposition — some members declaring that there were too many different editions of the Bible in the collection, while another wiseacre proposed that all works of a skeptical tendency should first be weeded out and returned to the owner at Monticello. It is notable that the catalogue of the collection, prepared by Mr. Jefferson's when a fire, occasioned by a defective flue, wrapped the wooden shelves and the library itself in flames. • Inly twenty thousand volumes were saved, an ' about one-half of the Jefferson collection. The the important divisions of jurisprudence, political and American history and biography wen the books in general history, geography, art. natural poetry and belles-lettres were destroy with praiseworthy liberality, took efficient mcasun store the library, appropriating seventy-five thousand dol- lars for the immediate purchase of book- and seventy-two thousand five hundred dollars for reconstructing the library rooms with solid iron shelving, finished in a highly deco- rated style, and furnishing the firs! example of any public building interior constructed wholly of iron. " In 1865, the collection having quite outgrown the space devoted to it (a ball ninety-two feet in length, by CORCORAN GALLERY OF ART. own hand, and printed in 1815 in a thin quarto volume bears the title ' Catalogue of the Library ol the United States.' Such, indeed, it was. and is, for it has been pur- chased and maintained at public expense and is freely Open to all. . T . "In 1815 Mr. George Watterston was appointed I. brarian of Congress; in 1829, John S. Meehan; in 1861, John G. Stephenson; and in 181.4 Ainsworth R. Spoftord After Mr. Watterston 's appointment, the Library was located for a time, with Congress, in the Lost office Department, removing later to the temporary brick house ol ( pngrcss on Capitol Hill, until 1824, when it was transferred to the quarters which it occupied until 1897 in the west front ol the central Capitol building. It continued to -row under annual appropriations of two thousand dollars, five thousand in 1824, which was continued yearly lor a thirty years. Mr. Jefferson's modest nucleus for a national library had grown" to fifty-five thousand \ thirty-four in width and thirty-nine in height), | was 'made 1>\ Congress for enlargement. h\ appro] adjacent space occupied bj committee rooms ai to add two spacious wings of equal ing library, and of greater capacity following (1866) was signalized by the a lar-e Smithsonian scientific library, especiall; the" transactions an.! reports of the learn. America and Europe. Congress and regents of the Smithsonian I, manenl deposit in .be library of Hi. hat l been fortunalclj saved from the fii destroyed the Smithsonian building „ex L Ta , .867, witnessed the lurch Unlive historical library of 1 nalisl and aim. liuu (for which the sum ol va S pad witho THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. satisfied was that body of -its great value as materials for history), embraced over sixty thousand titles of books, pam- phlets, newspapers, and other periodicals, maps, manu- scripts, etc., relating to the discovery, colonization and his- tory of the United States. This timely acquisition saved from dispersion one of the most important private libraries ever gathered by a single hand in this country. " The law library forms one of the richest depart- ments of the Library of the Government. Situated in the basement of the Capitol, in the room formerly occupied (until 1859) by the Supreme Court of the United States, it contains nearly one hundred thousand volumes, and is very largely used, not only by Congress and the several United States courts at the Capital, but by the bar of Washington, and attorneys from all parts of the country having business there." WASHINGTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. Wednesday, January 7, 1903, at 2.30 p. m. the new public library building on Mount Vernon Square, the gift of noble or millionaire. The free library, maintained by all the people, for all the people, knows neither rank nor birth within its walls. Even he who honors us to-day by his august presence, the holder of the highest position upon earth, the elected of the majority of the English-speaking race, a position compared with which all inherited positions sink into insignificance, even he within these walls has no privilege which is not the right of his poorest and humblest fellow citizen. Free libraries maintained by the people are cradles of democracy, and their spread can never fail to extend and strengthen the democratic idea, the equality of the citizen, the royalty of man. They are emphatically fruits of the true American ideal. To hear that there are promptly to be close to this library two manual training schools, one of these for the colored people, and also a business high school, making this an educational center with the library serving all, enables me to assure myself that here beyond doubt is a wise use of surplus wealth and that is reward enough." VSHINGTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. (GIFT OF ANDREV CARNEGIE. i Andrew Carnegie, erected at a cost of $350,000, was decli- ned with appropriate exercises. President Roosevelt, with Justices of the Supreme Court, the Commis- he exercises. Bishop Satterlee offered the • and Commissioner Macfarland, president Building Commission, presented the library i.. the people of the I >istrict. in whose behalf it was accepted b) Mr. Theodore W. Noyes, on behalf of the permanent trustees ..1" the library. The donor also spoke al some l- 11 ■■ill. e plaining his gifts of public library buildings to evi rj ■ it) able and willing to maintain them bj taxation. Mr. Carnegie said in pari : his ( abinc mg p le Lib which ive comi is the palace ol the republic of letters, a hierarchy the lupri 11 masters, almosl without exception, from the cottage of the poor, not from the palace the est; than ten years the press of the District and d individuals had been urging upon Congress nit of a free public library. The great store louse of literature, the Library of Congress, afforded no ipportunities to the student who did not have time to go there, and it was not until verj recently that access to it :ould be had after 4 p, m. and only since last fall on Sun- lays. Congress finally created a free library. June 3, [896. Hie first appropriation for it was contained in the District of Columbia appropriation bill for [898, providing $6,720 foi the salaries of a librarian and two assistants, and for rent. fuel, lights, etc. The Commissioners at once appointed nine trusters Messrs. Theodore \V. Moves, who was elected ■haiiinan. S. W. Woodward, B. II. Warner .1. B. Larner, Ainsworth R. Spofford, J. T. DuBois, R. R. Perry, C. J. Bell and R. II. ["hayer. An unoccupied dwelling al [326 New ¥orl< avenue was leased, and 15,000 volumes of b oks THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. [03 placed in it. The nucleus of this collection was the books of the old incorporated Washington City Free Library. Fifteen hundred volumes were donated bv the Anthony Pollok estate. Cash donations for the purchase of books were made by Woodward & Lothrop, $1,000; Crosby S. Noyes, $1,000; John R. McLean, $250; Charles C. Glover, $250; and James T. DuBois, who donated the interest on $2,000, which he has agreed to increase later to $5,000, the fund to be known as the " Henry Pastor Memorial Fund," and to be devoted to the purchase of scientific peri- odicals. The Carnegie library building is the outcome of a visit made by the millionaire ironmaster to the White House in January, 1899. While waiting in the ante-chamber to see President McKinlcy, he engaged in conversation with Mr. B. H. Warner, a member of the Library board of trustees, who had also called to see the President. The needs of the Capital City were impressed upon Mr. Carnegie, who then and there offered to donate $250,000 for a library, pro- vided a suitable site was secured and the necessary support guaranteed. In April he increased it to $300,- 000, and in September, 1899, to $350,000, in order that a building might be erected commensurate in architecture with the site selected for it. Congress was at once appealed to by the library trustees to accept the gift and within three months agreed to give the use of Mount Vernon Square, stip- ulating that the building be begun within twelve months and completed within' three years. The super- vision of the erection of the building was delegated to a commission composed of the District Commission- ers, the superintendent of public buildings and grounds and the president of the library trustees. Competitive designs were advertised for and twenty-four American architects submitted plans. Ackerman & Ross, of New York, were the successful competitors. Bernard R. Green, Superintendent of the Building for the Library of Congress, was selected to superintend the con- struction. The library building is of Greek and Roman architec- ture, combining their beauty and dignity. It consists of a rectangular building 12 feet wide and 90 feet in length. Wings of equal size are extended east and west. These wings measure 64 feet by 50 feet, thus giving a floor space to the building of 17,307 square feet, or about seven-eighths of Mount Vernon Square. In the construction of the ex- terior of the building white marble was used entirely, an the effect is one of great beauty. The entrance and the entire facade of the central pavilion contrasts in its ri of design with the more retired appearance of the t\\ The central portion consists of three Ionic colu proached by broad steps. Arrangements for the preservation the library and for their proper display 1 REPRESENTATIVES' RE/ ROOM. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS iks w Tent. ile in 1 !i u ik stacks of iron occupy the wings a- well .1- tin col and well-lighted reading rooms. The slack* alter those in the Library of Congi improved pattern. The interior of tlic is occupied bv a line hall, approached bj fin ways. The galleries in the wings ai n loms. The free public library movement, which has ll ee've.l such an impetus, bids fair not I nc-ie has offered to provide the Districl with libraries as it will provide sites for and ma 1 application for the esl alread\ been rccei I froi thecit) io4 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. The proposed site is one square north of the Eckington school and one square east of the new school on Lincoln avenue. Citizens of Brookland have decided to purchase a site at the corner of Providence and Twelfth streets. The departmental libraries of the District, too, afford a splendid opportunity for students in almost every field of investigation. Probably there is no finer medical libraiy in the world than that of the Surgeon-General's Office. For technical literature the library of the Patent Office is un- surpassed, and in diplomacy the bureau of rolls and library of the State Department excels. The libraries of the War and of the Navy Departments cover thoroughly the science of making war. and the Bureau of Labor, the Bureau of American Republics, the Bureau of Statistics of the Treas- ury Department and the Department of Agriculture all have libraries in which the arts of peace, trade and com- merce are fully represented. All these are supplemented by the great collections of the Library of Congress and all are now working in accord to build up unitedly in this city the grandest collection of human recorded wisdom the world has ever known. In quantity, undoubtedly some of the collections of the old world surpass those of the new republic, but in modern general usefulness, when one considers the resources of all the special libraries for every department of human research that have been collected here, it is safe to say no city in the world can equal it. By the co-opera- tive system of cataloguing inaugurated by Mr. Herbert Putnam, the present Librarian of Congress, the location of all books in the departmental libraries will be made known at the central collection, whence the student can go to the library which has the book he seeks, or it may be brought to him at the central library. Bernard Richardson Green, civil engineer, is at present in charge of construction of the new National Mu- seum building and of the building and grounds of the' Li- brary of Congress, furnishing and fitting up the building as the library develops and expands, and acting as disbursing officer for the entire library organization, including the Botanic Garden, etc. He is a son of Ezra and Elmina Minerva (Richardson) Green, and was born in Maiden, Middlesex county, Massachusetts, December 28, 1843. After preparation in the common schools and a private academy, he took the civil engineering course at the Law- rence Scientific School of Harvard University, and received the degree of S. I'.. Thence he went directly, in 18(13. into the service of the United State- Government, where he has since remained continuously in the practice of his profes- sion on various engineering works, principally those of construction. Beginning with the sea coast fortifications iif Maine, during the civil war. be continued there, with eers of the United States Corps of Engineers, for fourteen years. In all the duties be was mosl intimately connected with and much relied upon 1«\ the officers, and naturally bad much i" do with all the works of divers classes, experi- ments and investigations that they had in charge, including lighthouses, fog-signal experiments, harbor and river im- provements, and the management of men. Being a skillful draughtsman from years of experience, and a good sur- veyor, his range of duties and opportunity in the wide field of civil engineering was unusually large and diversified. hi the spring of 1877 he came to Washington and took charge of the construction of the building for the State. War and Navy Departments under the direction of Lieu- tenant-Colonel (later Brigadier-General and Chief of En- gineers) Thomas Lincoln Casey, to whose hands it had just been transferred, and under whom he had been orig- inally employed for some years on the Maine fortifications. ( )nlv the north wing and a portion of the cast wing of the building had then been built. The State Department was occupying the south wing, but no drawings nor other im- portant preparation had been made for the continuance of 1ICHARDSON GREEN the building or to provide for the needs of the other depart- ments. All these had to he taken up at once, and some sorely needed improvements in the management and system of operations introduced. Precedent, existing contracts, and grossly expensive methods of construction, not to mention clumsy architectural design, were existing con- ditions mosi difficult ami in some respects impossible to overcome. By caution, however, and constant pressure the rales of cost were gradually reduced until, finally, when the building was finished in 1888. having been built by successive wings under the law instead o\ as a whole, the total cost bad been reduced some two and a quarter millions of dollars below what it would have been if the previous rate bad continued. The north wing alone was built for "lie and a half millions of dollars [ess than the south wing. While engaged mainly on this work. Mr. Green acted as THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 105 professional adviser and assistant to Colonel Casey in all the engineering works in his charge, including, particularly, the Washington Aqueduct and its projected conduit exten- sion, and the Washington Monument. For the monument he devised the general method adopted for the underpin- ning and strengthening of the foundation, and designed in detail the necessarily unique construction of the marble pyramiclion, or pointed cap of the shaft. He also laid out and supervised much of the construction of the great earth mound around the base. About the same time he super- vised the construction of the Army Medical Museum, and for several years was in charge of the construction of several of the principal buildings at the United States Soldiers' Home, including central distributing heating system and the new water works, which he planned. On the completion of the State, War and Navy Building, in the spring of 1888, he was called by the Senate Com- mittee on Additional Accommodations for the Library of Congress, and by the commission for the construction of the new building, to take charge of the construction under the immediate direction of the latter, while the architect confined himself to the preparation of the plans and specifications. This he accepted and laid the first half of the foundation during the summer, but the funds were low and Congress was investigating the unsatisfactory character of the previous operations and uncertainties of the scheme. This resulted on October 2, 1888, in an act which set aside all previous proceedings and organization and placed the entire control under new conditions in the hands of Bngadier-General Thomas 1. inc. In Casey, Chief of Engineers, to report directly to Congress. He at once put in complete local charge, under bis direction, Mr who entirely reorganized the office and building f< modelled the plan witb the assistance of architects employed for the purpose, and conducted the work rapidly to within a year of completion, when, on the death of tin _■ he succeeded to the entire charge by act of Congress. The building and grounds were completed in 1897 within the limits of design, cost and time originally submitted by General Casey to Congress, and Mr. Green has continued in charge of the building until the present time, lie also built the new Washington Public Library building, and has been, as he still is extensively consulted for the con- struction of important private and public buildings in this city and elsewhere. Mr. Green is a member and past director of the Ameri- can Society of Civil Engineers; treasurer of the Philosophi cal Society and of the Academy of Sciences of Washington: member and past president of the Cosmos Club: t of the Corcoran Gallery of Art: chairman of the t of All Souls' Church, and member of several other impor- tant organizations. At Maiden, Massachusetts, on Januar\ 1, 1868, he married Julia E., daughter of Marvi Asenath (Brooks) Lincoln. Their children are: Hern; Lincoln, civil engineer: Julia Minerva, phys'cian: Willi; Ezra, violinist and music teacher, and Arthur Brooki a student. COSMOS CLUB THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. -■--*trr ■ IJIIItlll,,, BOND BUILDING. CHARLES ^SIDENT AND GENERA BOND, SOLE OWNER. ER OF WAITT & BOND INCORF ASSACHUSETTS. PARKS AND RESERVATIONS. RTJLY NOBLE were the words used by Jefferson when writing to Washington, in praise of the latter's success in securing so large an amount of land from the orig- inal property owners, to be reserved for the use of the people. It was to the far- seeing mind of this first and greatest American statesman, therefore, that we owe the beautiful city of to-day. Jeffer- son was the first President to attempt any- J thing in the way of beautifying the city. This he accomplished by planting along Pennsylvania ave- nue four rows of Lombardy poplars. These trees, no longer in existence, for more than half a century stood as a monu- ment to the planter, adorning the only avenue in the city- worthy of the name. The first reservation to receive the attention of the landscape gardener was that around the Capitol. In early years the ""roadway up Capitol Hill wound around close to the building- itself and gave to it an overgrown, ungainly appearance. "A" streets existed on either side the Capitol in those clays and on these were rows of brick buildings facing the Capitol. No more important improvement was ever made than that which swept these buildings away and reserved the space for a park, paving the way for the beautiful grounds of to-day. The nucleus of the present Botanic Garden was a rare and curious collection of plants brought to the city in 1850 by William D. P.reckm- ridge, a Scotch botanist who accompanied Commodore I 'cm on his expedition round the world. To house this collection Congress made an appropriation for a greenhouse on the north side of the Patent Office. This was too small Eor growth and Congress then provided a larger greenhouse along the bank of Tiber creek, in the Mall. Not long after- ward a terrific hailstorm which swept over the city, rum the greenhouses and broke nearly all the two-inch plate glass in the roof of the Capitol. An appropriation to re the damage proved to be more than sufficient and a spactot addition to the greenhouses was constructed. Mr. inridge had for an assistant a young man, William R. S who became his successor and to whose skill an the Nation is greatly indebted. Not only has he brougli the Gardens themselves to a state of perfection but 1 sent broadcast, through members of Congress, and seeds of his own propagating, until every State in til Union owes to him a debt that :t can never repay. '!"•> Mr. Smith this has been a labor O love and it is to be hoped that he may be spared many year.- to continue his \v< >rk. The White House grounds were planned and laid out by another of Mr. Breckinridge's assistants. A. I. Downing. His ideas were at least fifty years in advance ,of his time and remind one much of the ornate and vary CX| plans laid before the Senate District Committee ii Mr. Downing evidently had in mind the creation of park-, boulevards and monuments that would far surpass magnificence of Paris. He planned a grand Are de Tri- omphe for the Fifteenth street entrance to the White Housi grounds and a lake in the center of the grounds, which were to be beautified with trees, shrubbery, flowers, etc. Unfortunately an unusually dan.]' - - beginning of this work and Mrs. Pierce, the wife President, suffered from malaria the greater part • time. She denounced Mr. Downing's beautiful lake in bryo as a dirty, disease-breeding horse pond, and the Pi dent gave a peremptory order to fill it up. This much to the landscape gardener's disgust, and h to continue the work. His plans were left House, where the legend hath it that they were played with by the children an.! cut up to make paper That portion of the Mall before the Smithsonian build- ing was laid nut as a park by Mr. Downing and Mr. Join Saul. At the time this improvement was begun this tion had been used as a cattle yard, from il the market, and was reeking with tilth. extended as far west as Fourteenth street. was completed Mr. Downing lost hi burning of a steamer, in which be v. Hudson river. A monument: stands in the easterly portion of tin to Downings memory b> the American Pont His place was filled bv George R. lit scape gardener of the Department of Piihli. 1 , rounds. Rock Creek Park, emhracit stream hill and vail. ■. lovelv stream thai gb bridge (the northern bound; to anoint near the Distt io8 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. ing natural locations one could imagine. As a somewhat strange coincidence it has been noted that the stream is the dividing line between the two geological formations of the Potomac valley. Artists and poets have used their talents for many years in endeavors to depict and describe the wondrous beauties of this vast secluded retreat, but none have been able to impress upon the mind any such idea as a visit to its fastnesses will give. One would hardly believe that so near to a populous city, the Capital of the Nation, exists so extensive a haunt of Nature, where her lovers, undisturbed by the rudeness of civilization, may listen to her varied language. That it has been, by act of Con- gress, purchased from private owners and set aside for a government park and that it is the intention to preserve million, two hundred thousand dollars were appropriated by act of Congress approved September 27, 1890, to pur- chase the territory. The actual expenditure for this purpose was $1,174,511.45. Half of this was to be paid by the Dis- trict. To effect the purchase the President created a com- mission composed of the Chief of Engineers of the Army. the Engineer Comm'ssioner of the District. Mr. R. Ross Perry, General H. V. Bovnton and Prof. S. P. Langley, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The purpose of the act was to establish within the District a great National Park for the benefit of the people of the who'e country, as well as to preserve for future generations the great natural beauty of this region. The commission was empowered to institute condemnation proceedings in the Supreme Court ii so Ear as possible in its pristine glory, is to every devotee of Nature, a cause for congratulation. In a map prepared in [867, in response to a Senate resolution. In Major Miehler of the Engineer Corps, this territory was set off as a park, but although the subject of SO doing was occasionally agitated, no action was taken toward acquiring it until about [889. Even then, how ever, it was the fear that pollution of the head waters of the stream might be a grave menace to the health of the city, rather than a desire to give the cit) a great and beau- tiful pari; worthy of it, that caused Congress to act. The clinching argument was the showing that the pollution of m might cause a much greater expenditure than the price for which all the land could he purchased. 1 )ne the District for acquisition of the land, and after months patient and earnest work, during which the case was ■ried to the United States Supreme Court by some of the isatisfied landowners, the commission at last succeeded acquiring all the property desired. The purchase accom- shed, the control of the park passed into the hands of • permanent commission created by the same act, con- ting of the Chief of Engineers, the three District Commis- mers and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. officio. The National Zoological Park comprising [67 acres joins the Rock Creek Park and extends southward toward .-n \ as far as the VVoodlej road. It was purchased iShii, the Nation and the District sharing the cost, as THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. they now share the expense of its support. The Park and its collection of animals, birds, fish and reptiles are under the control of the regents of the Smith- sonian Institution. Other prominent parks are Lafayette Square, opposite the White House, Franklin Square, Lincoln Park, one mile east of the Capitol, Washington Park (better known as the Monument Grounds), Farragut and McPherson Squares, Judiciary Park, and iowa, Scott, Thomas, Dupont and Washington circles. The most important addition to the park im- provements in Washington in hjot, is that of Mount Vernon Square, where once stood the unsightly and unsanitary old market buildings which Alexander R. Shepherd ordered a gang of men to tear down one night, when all the District judges were out of the city, so that no injunction stopping it cou'd be secured. Many citizens can remember the howl of indignation that went up when Shepherd thus successfully defied the interests of property owners, and can recall the filthy appearance of the square in 1870. What a con- trast to the present ! There now stands the imposing Carnegie public library, and soon the square all around the building will blossom as the rose. Upon the beau- tifying of this square will be expended this year about $15,000. A handsome stone coping will surround the grounds, while similar granite work will line the vari- ous walks running through the park parallel to the building. The grounds have been graded roughly and sown with grass, and some planting of shrubbery will be clone soon. The work is under the immediate direction of Mr. George H. Brown, the landscape gardener of' the Department of Public Buildings and Grounds. When completed, the Carnegie Library grounds will be among the most beautiful in the city, and will compare favorably with those of the Library of Congress. Sheridan Circle, the new park on Massachusetts avenue extended, northwest, and Truxton Circle, at North Capitol street and Florida avenue, are among the heretofore blank spaces which will be made to bloom tins year with flowers and shrubs. It is no exaggeration to say that the parks of Wash- ington are among the most beautiful in the world. The work of aiding Nature in the art of beautifying a city has been for the past six years under the supervision ot Colonel Theodore A. Bingham, superintendent of public buildings and grounds. He has just been succeeded by Colonel Thomas W. Symons. Engineer Corps. With .be growth oi the city this work constantly increases and this year upon a much larger scale than ever before. New parks have been added to the general system, and new pants and flowers are being continually propagated lor tl "by government experts. ' This task of beautifying a c by no means an easy one. There are 3 10 public containing about 4,035 acres, of comprising 353 acres, are highl) u smaller reservations, or 23 acres are partiallj ,-hich [06 reservations ve d. Fiftj thr. PEACE MONUMENT leaving the remainder at present unimproved. It is limes "spoken of as Cnele Sam's farm, and while - not raised, bay is. enough to in the District. These are all produced ii gardens, where also are raise.) the flowers for tli House Everv dav in the year, on an avci worth of the choices! \,,i many are required in the sunn mantis during th. cosl in flowers il «« is quite an item. At n recent ninnci Jens supplied over 9v™ worth ■ IVoss J F'ghl hundi oneJ, six hundred red fronds THE CITY OF U'ASHINGTOX. To beautify the reservations immense quantities of seeds and bulbs are used annually. In October about 50,000 tulip and other bulbs are put in the ground. These begin to bloom in March and continue to beautify the parks through April. About the first of May these are replaced with the summer blooming plants. To keep the parks beau- tiful during the long, hot season, fully 750,000 plants, one- third of which are flowering, are required. From forty to fifty different varieties arc used, no pains being spared in propagating to produce the very best results. A report made in 1902 to Colonel John Biddle, Engineer Commissioner of the District by Mr. Trueman Lanham, superintendent of the parking commission, gives a state- ment of the total number of the various kinds of trees planted in the streets of Washington and the suburbs. The grand total of street trees in the District is 84,487. These are divided as follows: American ash, 735; catalpa (in parkings), 600; cypress (in parkings), 26; elms, 7,765; horse chestnut, 250; Ken- tucky coffee, 105; lindens, 6,880; honey locusts, 1,050; silver or soft maples, 25,390; Norway maples, 7,080; red maples, 925; sycamore maples, 375; sugar maples, 7,680; negundos, 1,800; pin oaks, 580; red oaks, 417; swamp white oaks, 50; upright English oaks, 82; willowleaf oaks, 24 ; Carolina poplars, 6,540 ; Athenian poplars, 750 ; Turke- stan poplars, 42; mixed poplars, 1,200; sycamores, 11,065; sweet gums, 230; Salisburias, 540; tulip trees, 2,020; mis- cellaneous, 300. In addition to the above there are 1,144 trees in the subdivision of Petworth. These trees, while not included in the official count, from the fact that they were set out by private individuals (the original developers of the prop- erty), have for the last six or seven years been trimmed, cultivated and cared for generally by the District parking commission. These trees added to the official count bring ih« -rand lotal of street trees in the District up to 85,631. The principal feature of the principal public reservation is today, as il always will be, the great stone shaft, 555 feet high, which commemorates the greatness of Washing- ton. Il occupies the site chosen by Washington himself for the erection of the equestrian statue authorized by Con- gress in [783, mar the intersection of north and south and cast and west lines drawn through the White House and i apito] respectively. Vfter Washington's death it was pro- posed by a resolution of Congress to erect a marble monu- ment, under which his body should lie. The widow ac- quiesced, from "a sense of public duty," hut no further action was taken. In [833 Chief Justice John Marshall headed a movemenl "f citizens which resulted in the forma- tion of the " Washington Monument Society," to solicit funds iii ever) city of the Union. Robert Mills, architect, was the successful competitor among a large number who submitted designs for a memorial structure. His plan consisted of an obelisk of about 500 feet in height, sur- mounting a colonnade of Doric columns, called ,1 pan theon, in which ii was proposed to deposit revolutionary relics, statues of famous American warriors and statesmen, etc. The estimated cosl ol the obelisk was $552,0 1 ol thi entire structure, $1,122,006. 1 ngi ivinj of Mills' design were scattered far and wide to influence subscriptions for the monument fund, and as early as May, 1854, the sum of $231,000 had been received and was increasing at the rate of about $2,000 a month. About $12,000 of this was raised in the District of Columbia, and a large number of people made " annual " subscriptions, promising to con- tribute a stated amount each year. Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts, delivered the oration upon the occasion of the laying of the cornerstone (weight twelve tons) of the great monument, on July 4. 1848, in the presence of twenty thousand people. The im- plements used were those used by Washington in laying the cornerstone of the Capitol in 1793. Work progressed until 1855, when it stopped for want of funds, at a height of 156 feet. Thus it remained, an ugly looking stub, for more than twenty years. Congress united in 1876 with the old society to complete the work, a commission being ap- pointed consisting of the President, the chief of engineers of the army, supervising architect of the Treasury, the architect of the Capitol and the first vice-president of the Washington National Monument Society. The commis- sion then appointed Colonel T. L. Casey, of the engineer corps, as engineer in charge of construction. Examination of the foundations showed clearly that they would not bear the additional weight which it was proposed to place upon them. It was evident that settlement had already occurred, although so uniformly that the shaft was but very slight!) out of plumb. With the aid of Bernard R. Green, his as- sistant engineer, who had had considerable experience in contract work, Colonel Casey devised a plan for strengthen- ing the foundations and straightening the monument, which was adopted and carried out with the fullest success. Small tunnels were dug under the old foundation, one at a time, and filled with concrete, the effect upon the great shatt being watched daily with plumb lines and levels. Three years were occupied in this work, and when it was done the old foundation, which was So feet square, had been for- tified and extended to 126 feet square. Upon this new foundation the engineers were agreed the structure could he carried up to its originally intended height. The Mills de- sign was adopted only so far as it provided f«>r the great central obelisk, the proposed pantheon, with its Greek colonnades, being abandoned. In the original design the shaft was left with a nearl) flat top. but this was changed to the more artistic pyramidal peak. The first stone of the continuation was laid by August 7, 1880, and the work progressed so rapidly that the great keystone, weighing two and one-half Ions, was swung into position November t8, 1884. The capstone, weighing 3,300 pounds, was set December <>. and the event was celebrated b) a national salute of artillery. Above the capstone is the apex, a solid pyramid of aluminum, five ami one-half inches square at the base and nine and one-half inches high. Tin acceptance of the monument by the Government and its dedication took place Saturday, February 21. 18S5. the evi of the one hundred and fifty-third anniversar) of Washing- ton's birth. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Greenough's statue of Washington has been fully de- scribed in the chapter relating to the Capitol. A third statue— the long-postponed equestrian one— for which Con- gress appropriated, in 1853, $50,000, occupies the center of Washington Circle, at the intersection of Pennsylvania and New Hampshire avenues and Twenty-third and K streets. It is by Clark Mills, cast in bronze, and represents the commander-in-chief surveying the field just after rallying his troops at the battle of Princeton. The face is modeled after the famous bust by Houdon. The bronze was donated by Congress in the form of captured cannon. Mills was also the sculptor of the Jackson statue, in the center of Lafayette Park, opposite the north door of the White House. Among other monuments and statues not elsewhere described may be mentioned the Naval Monument, on Penn- sylvania avenue al the fool of Capitol Hill: the Garfield Monument, on Maryland avenue: the Emancipation Statue, in Lincoln Park: the Lincoln Column, before the City Hall, and the Lafayette and Rochambeau Statues, in Lafayette Square. Generals Green, Scott, Hancock, Thomas and Logan are honored with equestrian statues I i| erals Grant. Sherman and Sheridan have been Staines to Generals McPherson and Rawlins and minds Dupont and Farragut adorn various squares and res- ervations. At the foot of the Capitol terrace is beautiful bronze Maine of John Marshall, Chief J the United States for thirty-five years. Benjamin Franklin, Daniel Webster, .Martin Luther and Professor Joseph Hcnn have also been commemorated in outdoor statues in marble or bronze. WASHINGTON MONUMENT THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. ST. VINCENT'S ORPHAN AS1 LITTLE SISTERS OF THE POOR. GEORGETOWN, MOUNT VERNON, ALEXANDRIA, AND ARLINGTON. PATENT or grant, by Henry Darnell, keeper of the great seal of the State of Mary- land, conveying to Colonel Ninian Beall 705 acres, dated November 18, 1703, is the first record of private ownership of the land on which Georgetown was lo- cated. This tract, embracing more than a square mile of territory, was then known as the Rock of Dumbarton. Sixty acres of land, owned by George • Gordon and George Beall, constituted the original site of Georgetown. In 175 1 five commissioners, appointed by the Maryland legislature, Henry Wright Crabb, John Needham, John Claggett, James Terry and David Lynn, laid the town out "on the Potomac river above tin- mouth of Rock Creek in Frederick county, Maryland." Gor- don and Beall, the owners, refused to sell their lands, and by the authority' conferred upon the commissioners by the legis'ature, it was appraised at £280 currency and con- demned. In addition to the appraised value the owners were each given the privilege of selecting two lots in the new town. Beall was exceedingly wroth at what he termed this high-handed method of forcing a man to yield up his property and at first refused to accept anything, or to recog- nize the commissioners in any way. Advised, however, by friends that the whole proceeding was strictly legal, he yielded but with a written protest, which is still in existence: " If I must part with my property by force, I had better save a little than be totally demolished ; rather than have none I accept of them lots said to be Mr. Henderson s and Mr. Edmondston's. But I do hereby protest and declare that my acceptance of said lots, which is by force, shall not deter me from future redress from the commissioners, or others, if I can have the rights of a British subject. 1 ask no more. God save King George. " George Beall. " March 7th, 1752." The lots chosen by Captain Beall were No, 72, fronting 67 feet on Water street by 339 feet on High street ; No. 79, fronting on the river. Sixteen jurors condemned the land for this town site. Their names were V Pritchett, Ninian Magruder, Nicholas Baker, James Beall, Nathaniel Magruder, Charles Claggett, James Holm Thomas Claggett, Zachariah Magn Charles Jones, 15 James Wallace, Basil Beall, William Williams. Alexander Magruder. William Wallace and John Magruder. Eight) lots comprised the limits of the town and the streets wen- named by the commissioners. As the property it in value and the demand fur lots grew, additions were made to the town, two by Captain Beall, and one by Threlkeld and Deakin. the latter in 1785. Christmas Day. [789, Georgetown was incorporated ; a city. Robert Peter. Esq., was appointed mayor and John Mackall Gantt, recorder. The aldermen were Brool Thomas Beall, son of George, Bernard O'Neale, James Macubbin Linghan, John Threlkeld and John P The first records of council meetings extanl at of 1791 when ordinances were passed to prevent tl at large, within the town, of geese or swine. The fa able part of the town in its early years was below Bl street (now M street). Cherry Alley was the name of I principal residence thoroughfare and along this, in quail litttle two-story houses, built of brick brought from Eng- land, with sloping roofs, queer-shaped gal of dormer windows, dwell the aristocratic families of Balch, Beall, Whaim. Peter, Key. Mason. Foxall, Bronaugb. and Forrest. Georgetown was incorporated into the cit) of Wash- ington a few years ago. and at last the ambition of her early inhabitants to be the Capital of the nation has beet fied. although in that achievement her identity is bring gradually lost. The older inhabitants still talk of town, while the newcomers generally say West Washing- ton. Even that slight distinction 111 for the streets are now numbered and lettered in conformil those on the east side oi Rod Creek. 1 serious consideration bj Congi the creek through a tunnel by the 11 p otomac filling up the old channel t< hank, on either side, l-or many years tlv Cr eek have been dumping grounds for ill city until what was once a wi row one with onlv n muddy, « \'o more val be made at this time, and compete! mated that tl* imlrl wouW more tha (113) ii 4 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. immediately available for public and private use. It is only a question of time when it will be done, and Rock Creek will be as much of a memory to the citizens of Washington of the twenty-first century as the Tiber is to those of the twentieth. Above Massachusetts avenue Rock Creek is still pic- turesquely beautiful, winding through the natural vistas of dense foliage that line its grassy banks in the Zoological Park and northward into Maryland, but its ancient beauty as it curved along between the old town and the new, when the nineteenth century was young, has forever passed away. The sooner it is here buried in a culvert the better. Many of the old homes of Georgetown possess a strik- ing air of stateliness, albeit not now so well kept as in the who barely escaped with his life to America. James Murray Mason, author of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, and Com- missioner of the Confederate States to France and England, was born on Analostan Island. This typical old Southern home was long years ago burned to the ground, and it is now no easy task to find any trace of the foundation ruins, so overgrown are they with thickly interwoven vines and brambles. MOUNT VERNON. America's most sacred shrine of Liberty and Patriotism is Mount Vernon. Here lie the ashes of the nation's first and greatest President, and in the old mansion where he died, now restored to its original appearance, have been IOUNT VERNON. HE HOME OF WASHINGTON past. Yel one sees many rare trees and shrubbery still growing in the old lawns that crown the heights, and the thai the) are hardly discernible through the grass, all tell a talc "i departed grandeur and loveliness. Few of the old colonial places in the District of Co- lumbia now remain. The old Semmes Tavern, on Nigh treet, George^ n, h here I leneral \\ ashington b >pped 1 S, was lorn down in iSi,S. It was probably in that inn that be signed the pn iclaiuation w Inch made \\ ashington die permanenl seal of government of the 1 nited States. ( )pposiie 1 leorgetown is Analostan or Mason's Island, now a wildernesi il ' it In i and weeds, once the home of John Mason, - Colonel 1 leorge Mason, a member of Parlia- ment mi'!' ■ . 1 onfi seated and collected ancient furniture and pictures, which present to the visitor a scene as near as ma\ be like the days when Washington and his family were happy within its walls. This work of restoration lias been done by a Hoard of Lady Regents, representing every State in the Union. These are the executive officers of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association, incorporated in [859, to bu\ the Washington estate and bold it in perpetuity. Two hundred acres were purchased from John Augustine Washington for $; which sum was raised by voluntary contributions from all parts of the I 'nited Slates. In 1SS7 Jay Gould bought and donated to the association a desirable tract of 33^ acres. The Governor of Virginia, by virtue of bis office, bad a supervisory authorit) and at the annual meetings of the THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. board at Mount Vernon, the Governor and his staff are always present. Mount Vernon was originally the home of Lawrence Washington, the General's elder half - brother, and was named after Admiral Vernon, a British commander under whom Lawrence had served. The elder Washington, at his death, bequeathed his estate to George, who was then about twenty-one years old. No more beautiful spot could be found. It is about sixteen miles from Washington, on the western shore of the Potomac, in Fairfax county, Virginia. The mansion, with a wide portico along its entire front, stands upon the crest of the high bank, a beautiful lawn of five or six acres, with groves here and there, stretching down to the river's very edge. Lawrence Washington studded door — and the new tomb, wherein now in massive marble sarcophagi, the bodies of George and Martha Washington, side by side, Iron gates, unlocked only upon special occasions, prevent visitors from entering the tomb and vandals from defacing the sarcophagi. Upon the lid of that containing the body of Washington is simph wrought the American emblems and lite name. Upon lb. other one reads, "Martha, consort of Washington." Ven- erable old oaks east their shadows upon this ball", and evergreen cedars wave silently over it with ev( i One who has not visited this lovely place, where memories can not fail to strengthen patriotism, should not fail to do so at the first opportunity. The small fee of twenty-five cents is collected at the entrance to the grounds, and TOMB OF WASHINGTON. MOUNT built the central part of the house ; his brother added the wings. It is 96 feet in length, apparently two floors in height, but really of three for the tall roof affords ami. le room for another suite of chambers. It was in this attic- story, indeed, that Mrs. Washington established hersell after the death of her husband and in one of the 100,,,.. overlooking the Potomac and the General's tomb, she ^,\. The ground floor contains six large rooms, the northeast one containing that magnificent marble mantelpiece ■ to General Washington from Italy. Trips to Mt. Vernon from Washington may be made either by steamer or by electric cars. Large numbers visitors go daily. There one may see the old t( mere excavation in the hillside, closed with a wooden. th cost of ki is done by these small, individual despite unproductive contributions ALEXANDRIA. Alexandria, founded in "74 s . "" the Potomac, now a town of historic memories, and im a p ar | { the District, is nvvvrthcli relied to Washington than ever. The by train and boat make it possible for mat the capital citv to have their homes in Alexandre lam , aiK l rents are so much cheaper. It will not nrisinc therefore to find n f. will become n popular residence suburb i6 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. if, indeed, the reclamation from Virginia of all that portion of the old District lying south and west of the Potomac, now being agitated, does not become an accomplished fact. Even so late as the middle of the nineteenth century Alexandria enjoyed a considerable foreign commerce as well -as a home trade with the Eastern and Southern States. Reminiscences of the past are closely cherished and one who enjoys historic places and their inseparable legends, will be delighted with a day spent in Alexandria. Here h lonial governors met by appointment with General Brad'lock ami determined upon that famous expedition into western territory. Near the old Episcopal Church, then surrounded by woods, the tents were pitched and Since the civil war, the Marshall House, the scene of the assassination of Colonel Ellsworth, of the New York- Zouaves , is also regarded as one of the ' ' sights " of the town . ARLINGTON. Across the river, in a southeasterly direction from the Capitol, and soon, let us hope, to be connected with the city by a magnificent memorial bridge, along the line of New York avenue, lies Arlington, the home of the adopted son of Washington, of Robert E. Lee, and now the last resting place of thousands of brave men who laid down their lives in that great inter-necine strife, which, awful as it was, has resulted in cementing the union of States into the greatest republican nation the world has ever known. ARLINGTON, THE HOME OF LEE. the route which the anm took over the western bills has In en known ever since as Braddock's road. Rich, too, is the til \ in stories and legends relating to the every-day life hi Washington. I lis letters and addresses are tilled with complimentary references to "bis old and valued fellow- citizens," his "kind ami cherished neighbors ami associ- ates." In Alexandria mel the firsl public assembly in jubi- lation over the ratification of the Federal Constitution. Christ Church, dedicated in 1705, with the burial ground around it. is an objeel of much interest to visitors. Wash- ington was a vestryman in this church and the iargi double pew which In occupied with his family when President afti me to \\ linii usually cond Glorious an- these statel) hills of Virginia, on whose grass} and wooded slopes stand the monuments to patriotism and valor, which to the later generations are at mice a lesson in history and a warning to our national pride. Mighty oaks are there, spreading their branches far toward the sky. which were no more than saplings when the first stone for the great Capitol on the opposite shore was laboriouslj swung into place. No human being who saw the beginning of that great work, lives on this earth to-day, but Nature's handiwork still exists, the silent witness of the city's growth for mi ire than a century. Arlington, as it i> Mill known, ami ever -hall be, 1- part ..I" a -rant made in [669 to Robert Howson, 1>\ Sir William THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, and the name given to it by its first owner, was in honor of the then Earl of Arling- ton. Howson conveyed the tract to Columbus Alexander, for whom Alexandria, first called " Beall Haven," was afterwards named. Direct descendants of Alexander still own certain portions of the original grant. John Park Cnstis, stepson of President Washington, was the next owner of Arlington, and at his death it became the property of his son, George Washington Park Custis, whom Washington, being childless, adopted as his own son. Custis' daughter, Eliza, married Robert E. Lee, lieutenant in the United States army, on June 30, 1831. She inherited the estate on the death of her father, and the greatest general of the South was therefore living in that beautiful home water, and is visible from every pari of Washington, afford- ing a correspondingly magnificent view of the city. A grassy, wooded lawn slopes sharply toward the river, at the foot of which stand the handsome marble columns that once adorned the entrance to the old War Department building, and now forms the principal entrance for pilgrims to thi> hallowed spot. Electric cars running between the city and Fort Myer pass the entrance every fifteen minut present a striking contrast to those hospitable days when George Washington Park Custis welcomed guests who came by boat and landed at the little wharf near Arlington Spring. This spring, in the early days of Washington, was renowned far and wide. The purest of waters, deliciously cool in the hottest days of summer, gushed from the roots of a large within s ; ght of the National Capital when the disputes be- tween the North and South resulted in open rupture, and State pride and loyalty forced Lee to resign his commiss from the Government that had educated him, to take up arms against his former classmates and friends. Visitors to the Arlington National Cemetery, as they write their names in the great book that lies invitingly open in tin drawing room, may feel a greater interest in knowing that the .wedding of Lieut. Robert E. Lee and Miss ( place in that very room, the Rev. William Mead, who aft wards became Bishop of Virginia, officiating. The old mansion, with its magnificent Greek modeled after the front of the great Parthenon at Uhc stands almost at the summit of the hill, 250 feet a oak standing near the center of a bcautif With great-hearted good will the owner 11 visitors to these grounds, Iml put up buildii commodation of the public a storeroom, a kitchen hall sixty feet long and a dancing hall ol ( inly two rule- were reqiiin holic liquors to be sold on the pro allowed on the Sabbath." Il was lh« Marsh days. A little boat called th< [' G. W. P < tween Washington, \texandi summer months and parties, from in number, were to ' ln < nr winter of 1814, following the l.'.rilisli lid and loaded i8 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. on the ice for many days. There was great suffering among the poor in Washington because of the scarcity of fuel and these were given freedom to cut in Arlington forest, with- out charge, and carry home wood enough to keep them warm during the winter* The presenl manor house was built in [802 by G. W. P. Custis and in it he lived until 1854. Mere, at the age of 23, he brought his bride, Mary Lee Fitzhugh, a charming maiden of [6. The building, a copy of the temple of The- seus, at Athens, consists of a center 60 feet long, two wings each \o feet, and a portico, 60 by 25 feet. The weeping willows on the grounds are descendants of cuttings brought to America in 1775 from a tree near the villa of Alexander Pope, the poet, at Twickenham, the parent stock of all like trees in England, as those of Arlington are said to have been of all in America. Here came Lafayette, with his son, George Washington Lafayette, on his second visit to Amer- ica and in those spacious halls were entertained nearly all the notable people who came to Washington during the days between [812 and i860. An erroneous statement has frequently been made that the United States became the possessor of this property through the general confiscation act. It was sold for unpaid taxes fanuary 11. 1864, and the United States gave over three fourths of its assessed valuation, notwithstanding it had greatly deteriorated during the war. Originally the estate contained about 1,100 acres. The National Cemetery - ; Mackall, "Early Days of Washington." embraces about 200 acres of this, surrounding the manor- house. Here he buried the bodies of more than 16,000 soldiers who fell upon various battlefields during the civil war. Immediately in front of the mansion, in full view of the Potomac and the Capitol, is the stone that marks the grave of Gen. Philip II. Sheridan. Just south is a' granite sarcophagus which is placed over a vault 30 feet dee]) by 220 feet in diameter in which were deposited the bones of 2.1 1 1 unknown soldiers gathered from Bull Run and other Southern battlefic'ds. Here also lie many who were killed in the war with Spain. A beautiful memorial has been erected to the martyrs of the Maine. In the southeastern corner of the cemetery are two plain marble tablets, marking the graves of the former owners, the father and mother of Mrs. Robert E. Lee. by whom these memorials were there placed. Surrounding them are the graves of several hun- dred Confederate soldiers. The two tablets bear names and dates and this inscription: "Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy." Congress has practically endorsed the accepted plans for the memorial bridge, which every citizen of Washington hopes to see speedily built, but has not yet appropriated money to begin its construction. During the recent ('.. A. R. encampment the Stone-Cutters' Association caused to be prepared a huge block of granite, with suitable inscription, the future corner stone of the bridge. This stone now lies in the vacant lot opposite the Lafayette statue, adjoining the site of the old Department of Justice building. LOUISE HOME. CHAPTER XV. PLANS FOR THE FUTURE. VSHINGTON is a city in which every indi- vidual who directly or indirectly con- tributes to the support of the general gov- ernment, can take pride. It differs from all other cities in that its sole reason of being is a Nation's Capital, a District specifically set apart for the central Gov- ernment, over which every State, through ^L-'.-^ its representatives, exercises equal juris- J+C diction ; where all meet upon neutral soil. • so far as politics are concerned, and from which the noisy excitement incident thereto is wholly ban- ished. Deprivation of the elective franchise works no hard- ship to its inhabitants, the great majority of whom come here from neighboring or distant States, and, even if they continue to reside here eleven months out of the year, much prefer to retain their citizenship in their former Congres- sional districts. For three-quarters of a century it was the " fashion " among the inhabitants of the more populous centers of the North to speak always of Washington with a tone of de- rision, referring to it as a " city of magnificent distances," of " extravagant pretensions never to be realized, i " muddy or dusty streets and of poverty-stricken people, and during all that time efforts to remove the Capital to some other location were again and again renewed. Gov- ernor Alexander Shepherd and his associates changed all that by removing much of the cause, and by the immediate expenditure of several millions of dollars made the city what the genius of L'Enfant had imagined it, and gave the needed impulse to personal pride and financial self- interest which has resulted in its steady growth and beau- tification from that day to this. Senator Southard, who represented the State of New Jersey from 1833 to 1842, spoke of Washington as " the only child of the nation." The term is apt. but the metaphor will not bear examination. The city has ben. far from petted and spoiled and Congress has always g rather grudgingly than otherwise. But the dawn of a 1 era has already come. A greater city even than L planned is already spreading northward and westward al the rolling hills. Forests have been torn down and valleys filled, and the whole " lace -I X been changed. Within the past year, moreover, elaborat plans for a Greater Washington have been prepared, and national improvements will, it is hoped, be carried out hereafter in accordance therewith. Appropriatioi creasing with the prosperity of the nation. Tin which may lie confidently left to time, will Ik- the most magnificent system of public buildings and parks the world has ever seen. As rai'roads have made the geographical location of the Capital unimportant, so has clectricih re- moved the ancient slur upon the "city of magnificent di tances." and the wisdom of the ancient plan has been ac- knowledged by all. The question of the removal of the naf'onal capital will never again be seriousl Congress is growing more liberal in it> appropriations. insisting only on the established rule that the District bear one-half the expense of improvements. The extensive repairs and alterations at the White [louse in to bo followed by general and special repairs at the Capit this year to the extent of $362,950. Tin cosl ol lighting the Capitol a'one annually is $42,500. \n increase $40,000 for the expenses of the White House, making ill total $80,500. is carried in the sundry civil bill this year. The appropriation for lighting this huildiiu and its grounds is increased to $20,000. The mail of the Zoological Park costs $yo,ooo, die N'ational Museum $250,000, the Monument $11,000 and the I'.otanii $5,500 annually. For charitable and educational institutions the following sums are given: Hospital lor tin $491,720; Deaf and Dumb Institute, $51,500: How vorsiiv, $39,100; I iarfieltl and Providence Ho* eac h. These are only a few items of the mam ' ! of dollars annualh spent in the District. fanuary 15. 1902, the Senate Dislri the report -1 an 1 |>' rl commission appoints a o-eneral plan I <'" die future public in the I listrict fi r 1 this commission were Daniel II. Ikunliam. of Chicago stcdi 1,,, of r.rookline. Mass.; Charles I \ McKin York and Augustus Saint C.auclens. the ren The commissi clerk of the Senate District Committee, Mi 1 The report was most bv near! THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. it shall be. These models have been displayed for several months in one of the long galleries of the Library of Congress, where they have been viewed by thousands of visitors. The commission has suggested not only improve- ments in the parks of the District, but also what, in its opinion, constitute the most desirable location for public buildings to be erected for the future wants of the Government. After commending the original plan of L'Enfaht, which it declares has met universal approval, it is added that " the departures therefrom are to be regretted and wherever possible remedied." The following excerpts from this report are well worth\ of the consideration of every resident of the District : "Aside from the pleasure and the positive bene- fits to health that the people derive from public parks in a capital city like Washington, there is a distinct use of public spaces as the indispensable means of giving dignity to governmental buildings, and of mak- ing suitable connections between the great depart- ments. When the city of Washington was planned under the direct and minute supervision of Washing- ton and [effersoh the relations that should subsist between the Gapitol and the President's house were carcful'v studied. Indeed, the whole city was planned with" a view to the reciprocal relations that should exist among public buildings. Vistas and axes; sites for monuments and museums; parks and pleasure gardens; fountains and canals; in a word, all that goes to make a city a magnificent and consistent work of art, were regarded as essential in the plans pre- pared 'bv L'Enfant under the direction of the first President and his Secretary of State. Nor were these original plans prepared without due study of great models. The stately art of landscape architecture had been 1 in night from over seas by royal governors and wealthy planters; and both Washington and Cefferson were familiar with the practice of that art. L'Enfant, a man of position and education and an engineer of ability, must have been familiar with those great works of the master Lenotre, which are still the admiration of the traveler and the constant pleasure of tin- French people. Moreover, from his well- stocked library Jefferson sent to L'Enfanl plans 'on a large and accurate scale' of Paris, Amsterdam. Frankfort, Carlsruhe, Strasburg, Orleans, Turin, Milan and other European cities, at the same time felicitating himself that thi President had 'left the planning of the town in such good hands.' opmeni of the city during the century of its existence has worked changes in the original design, and to a certain extent has prevented the realization of the comprehensive plan of the founders. As a result there has been a lack of continuity in the parks, and spaces like the mall, thai were designedfor development as a unit, have been cut into pieces, some of which have been improved, some have been sold to private persons, and some have been diverted to uses so absolutel) al variance with the original idea a- seriousl) i,, detract From the dignity of the buildings these spaces were intended Li i enhance. "Happily, however, nothing has been lost (bat cannot 1„. regained al reasonable cost. Fortunately, also, during the years that have passed the I apitol has been enlarged and ennobled, air! the Washington monument, wonderful alike MARBLE AND MOSAIC MANTEL iul; lid a work of art, has been con- structed on a site that may he brought into relations with the Capitol and the White House. Doubly fortunate, more- over, is the fact thai the vast and successful work of the engineers in redeeming the Potomac shores from unheallh- fui conditions gives opportunity for enlarging the scope of the earlier plans in a manner corresponding to the growth of the country. A.t the same time the development of Potomac Park both provides for a connection between the parks on the west and those on the east, and also it may readily furnish sites for those memorials which historj has shown to he worthy a place in vital relation to the gl buildings ami monuments erected under the personal super- vision of the Founders of the republic. "The question of the development of these park areas forces itself upon the attention of Congress. Either this development ma\ be made in a haphazard manner, a- the official happening tq be in charge of the work for the time m aj elect ; or it may he made according to a well-studied ami well considered plan devised by persons whose compe- tence has been proved beyond question. Such a plan, adopted at this time and carried out as Congress may THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. make appropriations for the work, will result in mak- ing Washington the most beautiful city in the world." The celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the permanent seat of government in Washington had for its keynote the improvement of the District of Columbia in a manner and to an extent commensurate with the dignity of the American nation. At the time this celebration was in progress the Institute of Amer- ican Architects, also in session in Washington, was discussing the subject of beautifying the capital city. After a detailed examination of the topographical features of the District of Columbia, the commission drew up preliminary plans. They were then forced to the conclusion that an adequate treatment of the park system depended upon the exclusion of the Bal- timore & Potomac Railroad from the mall, so as to give that dignified approach to the Capitol for which the mall was originally designed. The occupation of the mall by the railroad dates back about thirty years. The commission, in order to make a closer study of the practice of landscape architecture as applied to parks and public buildings, made a brief trip to Europe, visiting Rome, Venice, Vienna, Budapest, Paris, London and their suburbs. Attention was di- rected principally to ascertaining what arrangement of park areas best adapts them to the uses of the people and what are the elements that give pleasure from generation to generation, and even from century to century. While the commission was in London the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company agreed to withdraw alto gether from the mall and unite with the Baltimore & Ohio Company in the erection of a union station on the site established by legislation for the new stat'on of that road, provided suitable legislation cou be secured to make some compensation for the in- creased expense such a change would involve, and provided, also, that the approaches to the new site be made worthy of the building proposed to be erected, gress sanctioned this at its last session. A station nearly ioo feet wider than the Capitol is to be erected, the building to be of white marble, the facade to be classical in style of architecture, and the construction and arrangements to be so planned as to make this station superior to any structure ever built for railway purposes. Facing the Capitol, and yet not too near that edifice, tin new station will front upon a semicircular plaza. 600 feet in width, where great bodies of troops or large organizations can be formed during inaugural times or or. oilier like occasions. Thus located and constructed, the union depot will be in reality a great and impressive vestibule to \\ asl ington. Fountains are urged b these it says : " In Rome. 1 6 I on- 1EADING ROOM. IBRARY OF CONGRESS the commission Regal ding be sel i throughout the centuries, it amount has been the pride of emperor and of pope to build tains to promote health and lo give pleasure. Mile al mile of aqueduct has bi even from remote hills, n ever) quarter of the cit\ : so thai from the in - ing the eternal cit) uiitil the time of departure tl is scared) out of sight of beautiful jels of w; I i upward in great column- to add life and (li St Peter's; or again gushing in the fori from some ureal work of architect or sculpt, i a«ain dripping refreshingl) over the brim oi .. ' basin that was old when tin- Christ tr oru m is in ruins, basilicas ami baths have 1- into churches | l "' , ' n mnu ' ci but the fountains of Rome are both oi Hie fountains of Washington lifeless and inert a- thc\ arc make any detail' mate of the cost of carrying out the plans submitted. Nor is such an estimate necessary. From time to time new pub- lic buildings must be constructed, public .-pace-, must be secured and improved, and those facilities which city life demands must be supplied. So fast as those needs shall be realized let the work be done in accordance with plans that are at once comprehensive, simple, adequate and digni- fied. In such manner only can there 1»- a development of the District of Columbia worthy of the nation." WASHINGTON. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. COLUMBIA HOSPITAL. GARFIELD HOSPITAL. CHAPTER XVI. 2= =v! =4 SOME EARLY CHURCH HISTORY. VSHINGTON might well lay claim to the title " The City of Churches," for no other city in America has finer temples for Di- vine worship or supports more for tl e same population. The development of religion has kept pace with the growth of the city in other ways, and as little suburban com- munities have sprung up, chapels have been built there, growing as the surround- ings have grown, until scores of handsome • churches are to be seen to-day. Sixty years ago nine sects only were represented here, by twenty- nine churches ; to-day seventeen sects are represented by one hundred and sixty-three places of worship, of which ninety-two are for the colored race. The greatest increase in the establishment of new churches has been noted in the last decade, thirty having been organized within that period. Within the same time many important changes in the older churches have taken place. Many have been en- larged, remodeled, and so changed as to be almost unrecog- nizable. The encroachment of business houses upon F, G and H streets, has driven out several of the older churches, most recently, Foundry M. E. Church on the corner of Fourteenth and G streets and St. Matthew's, on H street, near Fifteenth. Handsome new edifices will be erected in the residence section and an office building, now well under way, will occupy the corner where Foundry Church so long stood. The Episcopalians head the list in point of numbers ol churches, having 31 ; the Methodist Episcopal comes next with 27, followed by Presbyterian, 22; Catholic, 17; Bap- tist, 16; Lutheran, 15; Methodist Episcopal South, 6; Methodist Protestant, 6; Congregational, 4; Christian, 4; Friends, 4; Reformed, 2: Hebrew, 2; Swedenborgian, Unitarian, United Brethren and Universalist, one each. In addition to these there are also three organized societies oi Christian Scientists, two Spiritualistic Societies, one Pro- gressive Brethren and two non-sectarian— the People's and the United States Christian. The aggregate membership of all these organizations is considerably over 60,000. The oldest church in the district and the most pic turesque in point of location is St. rani's, ol 1 parish, not far from the western entrance t Soli Home. This church was built in 1710 upon land donated for the purpose In John Bradford to Ik- held in perpetuity. The bricks of which it was built were brought from in sailing vessels. A'though tlie church has been remodeled in recent years, the old walls remain, with little - decay. It is surrounded by an extensive church yard it which have been laid at rest the mortal remains generations of those- who have worshiped within those w; Many of the stones that mark tin- graves bear dan- 1 eighteenth century and hen-, too, may Ik- seen some of th most famous monuments of modern art. Ibis |j| ante-dates by forty-six years tin.- more famous t "hri ■ ■ of \lexandria, and by twenty-seven years, tin- ancient Paul's, at Norfolk. Virginia. The honor of being the first p!ace of worship in what is now the city of Washington is claimed by the Lutherans. When the Beatty and Hawkins addition t<, i ,. laid out in 1769, Col. Charles Beath set apart, for tin- 1 colony of German Lutherans who had settled on ll of Rock Creek, a lot at the corner of Fourth and High streets, "provided that they would build on it within a re sonable time a house of worship, which would , diffuse piety, to enhance the value of in- : adorn his additii in tot iei irgeti >\\ n." This lot is mat | the original plat preserved in tin county, Maryland. In the same year a lo^ church v\as I and a little later a steeple and a bell added. 1 never gave a deed to this lot. but in 1829 the L'nitei Supreme Court confirmed the church's titli buildings have been erected on this sit,-. ["hi of the present one was laid September 2 Christ Church, near the Mav\ Yard, is ,1 of worship within the original citj limits. 1795, three years after the city was laid out years this church had a real sti "last surmounted all obstacles. In 1807 tin I parish with some outside assistance establish! ington Parish Burial Ground," com) 1 ten acres along tin- shore of th,- W-. vears later < bngress interment of its members who should die whi llp011 tne sessions, for in those days it was h easv task to trans) ort a di •> 26 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. it is now. From that time henceforth it has borne the name of " Congressional Cemetery." It was laid out with much taste, being adorned from the earlier years of its existence with many beautiful trees and shrubs and some very imposing monuments. Congress also provide:! a spa- cious receiving vault for the remains of those of its members whose friends might subsequently wish to remove them. The area of this cemetery has since been greatly enlarged. A visit to this cit} of the dead cannot fail to inspire patri- otism and admiration for American statesmen and heroes whose deeds are here commemorated in long enduring gran- ite and marble. Two of the most imposing monuments are those erected to the memories of George Clinton, by his children, and to Elbridge Gerry, by order of Congress. In thi opposite corner of the cemetery is a fine marble shaft upon a square pedestal reared by Congress to the memory of Major I leneral Jacob Brown, born in Bucks county, Penn- sylvania, May 5, 1775, died February 24, 1828. Near this stands a monument erected by the officers of the medical staff to the memory of Surgeon General Joseph Lovel, born 17.X8, died [836. A pyramidal monument erected by Com- modore Rogers is inscribed to the memory of his son, a midshipman in the Navy who lost his life at the age of seventeen years. 111 a noble though vain effort to save the lives of two of iiis companions. Another, dedicated to the memory of Commodore Beverly Kennon and Abel Parker Upshur, hears this inscription: " The lamented men who lie together beneath this stone were united by the ties of friend- ship, which commenced in youth, and experienced no inter- ruption till the awful moment when the lives of both were terminated by tin- explosion of the great gun of the Prince- ton frigate. United in life, in death they were not divided." A shaft of while marble, representing the broken mast of a ship, is to the memory of George Mifflin Bache, and his associates who perished with him in the hurricane of Sep- tember 3, [846. The inscription reads: " The gulf stream which they were engaged in exploring has received their bodies; this monument has been erected to their memory b) their shipmates who shared their perils, but escaped their late." A touching memorial bears the name of Captain Burdell Ashton Terrett, who died at Fori Scott. Missouri, March 17, 1X45, just two days after the death of his infant son, aged one month. In many another monument one may read stories <>!' the early history of the city and its inhabi- tants. I 'lain, unpretentious sandstone monuments, along shaded avenues tell the numbers of members of Congress whose terms of service have been suddenly terminated \<\ death. St. John's, the second Episcopal Church in the city, where many Presidents have worshiped, was erected in 1 drawn In the distinguished Architect I atrobe. For many years it was the finest church edifice in the city. [I li entlj remodeled, but its outward appearance is unchanged. From the days of Madison, who worshiped there, one of its pews has been set apart for thi Pr< idenl ol the United States. President Arthur was the latest regular attendant to occupy the pew. James Silk Buchanan, an Englishman who spent some months in this country in 1838, attended divine service here. He speaks of it as " The Episcopalian Church of Dr. Hawley," and notes that " it being near the President's house and most of the public offices, a large portion of the congregation is composed of the families of members of the Cabinet and heads of departments. The President ( Van Buren) walked into the church, unattended by a single servant, took his place in a pew in which others were sitting besides himself, and retired in the same manner as he came, without being noticed in any greater degree than any other member of the congregation." The third Episcopal Church in order of erection was Trinity, at the corner of Third and C streets, northwest. Other prominent Episcopal churches are the beautiful As- cension, corner of Massachusetts avenue and Twelfth street: Epiphany, on G street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth. : Incarnation, Twelfth and X streets; St. Andrew's, Four- teenth and Corcoran ; Holy Cross, Eighteenth street and Massachusetts avenue: Trinity, Third and C streets. 11. nth- west, ami Saint Alban's, on the site of the great Cathedral which will before many years overlook the city from the heights north of Georgetown. Massachusetts avenue ex- tended will afford a direct thoroughfare to the very door. The Presbyterian churches have large memberships. The oldest is First Church, on John Marshall Place, where President and Mrs. Cleveland worshipped, while perhaps the most fashionable is the Church of the Covenant, corner of Connecticut avenue and X streets. The First Presbyterian Society in Washington was organized in 1705 and its meet- ings were then held in a little temporary structure on the White House grounds, known as the I kill. When the Sen- ate building of the Capitol was completed permission was granted to the Presbyterians to hold their meetings every Sunday in the Senate Chamber, the little room now occupied by the Supreme Court of the United States. When the south building was finished, the place of meeting was trans- ferred tii the Representatives' Chamber, now Statuary Hall. When the British burned the Capitol the society was without a meeting place during the next two years. At the end of that time a fund was raised and a small chapel was built, just south of the Capitol. Mere they worshiped until [828, when a more commodious building was put up. in Four and a Half street, on the present site. This did service until [859, when it was rebuilt. The church as it appeared during the civil war. is the structure of to-day. Presidents Jackson. Pierce, Polk and Cleveland have keen attendants. During his first term President Jackson attended service at the Second Presbyterian Church, now known as tin \,w York Avenue Presbyterian Church. Here also Presidents Buchanan and Lincoln were communicants. Among other prominent churches of ibis denomination are the .Metro- politan. Fourth and 1! streets, southeast; Central, corner Third and I streets, northwest, and Fourth Church, on Ninth Street, northwest. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Georgetown, however, had a First Presbyterian Church as early as 1783, the Rev. Stephen Bloomer Balch being the pastor. The original church stood on the corner of Washington and Bridge streets. Dr. Balch was not only popular as a man and a preacher, but at that time there was no other Protestant church nearer than St. Paul's, on Rock Creek. His congregation, therefore, rapidly increased and the church was enlarged in 1793, again in 1801 and again in 1810. General Washington, when visiting the Federal City, attended services in this church as did later Thomas Jefferson and Albert Gallatin, all of whom were contributors to the enlargement of the church building. President Jef- ferson's donation was $75. A few weeks after the death of General Washington, Dr. Balch gave notice that he would speak of the life and services of the beloved Father of Flis Country. The sermon was delivered in the open air to a congregation of more than a thousand persons. His text was from the last verse of the tenth chapter of the Book of Esther. Dr. Balch was pastor of the church for fifty-three years, until his death September 7, 1833. Many houses in George- town were draped in mourning, places of business were closed and bells tolled as the body was carried to the church. The reverend doctor had three wives, the Christian names of the first two being Elizabeth. The tombstone which he placed to mark their graves did duty for both, recounting the virtues of Elizabeth the first and Elizabeth the second. In 1879 the church was moved to West street, and a new building erected. The lot adjoining the old church was used as a burying ground and in Mackall's " Early Days in Washington," it is said that " at the time the church was moved these bodies were dug up, many of them put in boxes and placed in the chapel cellar of the Presbyterian cemetery, where the}- were knocked about in every direction, the boys in the neighborhood enjoying playing football with some of the skulls." Prominent for educational and religious work in the new city stands the Catholic Church. Established in the Georgetown College and Convent in the eighteenth century, the pioneer church in Washington was erected in 1804, on G street, northwest, where St. Patrick's Cathedral now stands. The latter edifice was dedicated in 1884. Among the largest Catholic congregations are those of St. Mat- thews, St. Aloysius and St. Dominic's. One of the largest colored churches in the city is of this denomination, St. Augustine's, on Fifteenth street, near M, northwest. The First Baptist Church was organized March 7. [802, by Rev. William Parkinson with six members: Joseph and Sarah Burrows, John Buchan, Cephas Fox, Charles 1'. Polk and Charles Rogers. In the November following services were held in the incompleted church which they erected on the southwest corner of Nineteenth and I streets, church was built on Tenth street, between E and V northwest, a site now historic, since the church was ceeded by Ford's Theater, where President Lincoln \ 127 tl rapidly and its sassinated. This denomination has gro\ churches are in every section of the city Methodists of Georgetown organized a church in 1792, although the creed had been taught there as early a- 1772. The first meetings were held in a cooper shop, near the corner of Congress and Gay streets. A small brick chapel was built in [795 on Montgomery street. In [849 the pres ent Dumbarton Avenue Church was built, the old church being sold for a school. Tlrs was the parent congregation of the Methodist I piscopal churches of tin- District. At Greenleaf's Point several Methodists organized a church. meeting in one of the row of houses at the corner of South Capitol and X streets, known as the "Twenty Bui In 1807 the p'ace of meeting was changed from " the Poinl " to Dudley Carroll's barn, on New Jersey avenue, jti of E street. The present home of this congregatii Fourth street, southeast, between South Carolina avenue and G street. Foundry M. F. Church, recently torn down, at the corner of Fourteenth and G streets, northwest, to make room for a modem office building, was established in 1814 by Rev. Henry Foxall, at whose foundry were casl man) of the heavy guns used in the war of r8l2. IK- boughl the lot, erected a building ami presented it to tin church. President Hayes worshiped at this church. The Metropolitan M . E. Church was organized in 1853 for the purpose of accommodating strangers am] tl were free. The corner stone of the present edific< on Join Marshall Place was laid in [854, hut for want of fu was not completed ami dedicated until March 7. 18O9. cost at that time without tower or steeple was % When these were built a chime of sixteen bells was pill The organ is the gift of Carlos Pierce, of Massachl The bronze fountain, representing Hagar in the wilderness was modeled by Clark Mills. Two mural tablets, near tin pulpit, commemorate the attendance upon this church of ['resident Grant and lien. John A. Logan. All Souls, die one Unitarian Church, of Washington, was established in [820. Its first place of worship was dedicated June 9, (822. The hell was the firsl church hell in the city. It was cast at the Paul Revere foiuull Boston, and John Quincy Adams ami John C. Calhoun were among those who headed the subscription list for its pur- chase. Rev. Edward Everett Hale was pastoi church from I Ictober, [844, to March. 1845. Rev. Moncurc Daniel Conway was minister during 1855 18511. Rev. Wil- liam llenn (Tanning was pastor during the civil v,,,s the firsl to manifest loyaltx to the Government l>> offering the use of the church for 1 being- accepted, the congregation < the Senate Chamber for Sun-: (Tanning was chosen chaplail ! invitation, a colored preacher. Rev. M in the Mall of Reprcsentativi field Memorial li was orHnall [28 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. organized in 1843 m a small frame schoolhouse on Mary- land avenue, southwest, by Rev. Dr. Barclay. In 1869 the society bought an old church from the Southern Methodists and moved it from its first location on M street to Vermont avenue. President Garfield attended services in this church, and after his assassination the members appealed to their churches throughout the United States to contribute funds for the erection of a Memorial to the martyred President. The present edifice is the result. [n 1820, with a population of about 12,000 people, there were in the city ten churches — two Episcopal, two Baptist, two Methodist, and one each of the Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Associate Reformed and Society of Friends: With a population of 40,000 in 1850, of which 30,000 were whites, 8,ooo free negroes and 2,000 slaves, the city, not including Georgetown, supported twenty-nine churches, divided among the various denominations as follows, loca- tions and pastors also being given: Episcopal : Christ Church, Rev. W. Hodges, G street, between Sixth and Seventh, southeast ; Church of the As- cension, Rev. Levin Gillis, H street, between Ninth and Tenth, northwest: Church of the Epiphany, Rev. John W. French, G street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth, north- west : St. John's, Rev. Smith Pine, Sixteenth and H streets, northwest; Trinity, Rev. C. M. Butler, D.D., Third and C streets, northwest. Methodist Episcopal: Ebenezer, Rev. Thomas Myers, Fourth street, between F and G, southeast: Foundry, Rev. I I Morgan, corner Fourteenth and G streets, northwest; Wesle) Chapel, Rev. W. B. Edwards, corner Fifth and F streets, northwest; McKendree Chapel, Rev. Win. Hamil- ton, Massachusetts avenue, near Ninth street, northwest; Ryland Chapel, Rev. J. S. Gorsuch, Maryland avenue and Tenth street, northwest. Presbyterian: First, Rev. Mr. Ballantine, hour and a Half street, between C and I), northwest; Second, Rev. J. R. Eckard, New York avenue and 11 street; F Street Church. Rev. Janus Laurie, D.D., and Rev. 1). Jimkin Christian, I' street between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, northwest; Fourth, Rev. John C. Smith, Ninth street, be- tween G and I I streets, northwest. Catholic: St. Matthew's, Rev. James B. Donelan, II street, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth, northwest; St. Patrick's, Very Rev. William Matthews and M. Slattery, ass slan , 1 street, betwc en N nth ; nd Tei 111, IK rthw( St. Pete r's Rev. \ r. Li na lan Sec .nd str •et. be tween am D, soil heast; St. M ir\ 's. lev. Mr. \1 g, Fif h sir bel .-in 1 , md II. n irthu :st Bai itis ; First, Rev. s. p. Hill, Tenth street. betw E : nd 1 Vii '." irthwesl Sec UK Si rner ( In Four ai rch, !•'. d a II l\\ Sll betw Six ih a id Seventh hv (■St . Shiloh. V rginia avei bet veet Fi ur and i Hal d 1 th st •eels. IK ar Na v Y; l.n hei in: English - 1 lev Mr. Butler Elev nib ; II s tree s, 1 ortbwest : ( ie ill; 11 - \M great master. It is unusual for a priest of the Catholic Church to address audiences composed of others than mem- bers of that church, but Dr. Stafford has delivered lectures before infidel societies, Free Thinkers, Jewish congrega- tions, labor assemblies, and Young Men's Christian As- sociations. He was also one of the orators at the World's Fair. Dr. Stafford is the rector of St. Patrick's Church, the oldest, wealthiest, and most influential Catholic congregation in this city, the history of the church dating back to 1794, when the Rev. Father Caffrey purchased from the United States Government several lots of ground on the square bounded by F, G, gth and roth streets. Upon the death of (Whitehead) Stafford. Hi- earl\ education was at St. John's College, District of Columbia, and St. Charles' College, Maryland, thereafter entering Niagara University. He was ordained in Cleveland in 1:885, and spent four years at the cathedral in that city. He was pastor of Massillon, Ohio, for eleven months. His degree of doctor of divinity was conferred upon him by Georgetown University after :. special examination. Before coming to Washington, about seven years ago, Dr. Stafford was assistant pastor of Si. Peter's Church in Baltimore. He has traveled extensiveh here and abroad, and has been the honored recipient of special audiences granted him by His Holiness, ' XIII. Father Gloyd, in March, 1901, His Eminence Cardinal Gib- bons, recognizing- the high qualifications for the responsible post, appointed Dr. Stafford administrator, and in Septem- ber of the same year, rector of the church. Dr. Staffo d appointment as pastor of St. Patrick's was in response to a practically unanimous request on the part of the members of the parish. Dr. Stafford is a young man lor so import; a charge, but Cardinal Gibbons recognize 1 In- abi'it} has great confidence in his judgment. The greater part of Dr. Stafford's life has been ;pe il in Washington. He was bom in this city on 3, i860, as the son of John George Stafford and Ann M; besides being an admirer of an at erature, has om -1 tin finest private libraries in ll His duties are manifold and responsible. ' dent of St. Vincent's I trphan Asylum, St. Joseph's ' >rphan Asylum and St. Vincent's Academy, and a nuinhci itable and other organizations. Dr. Stafford i ,,,,1 ,,nl\ with Catholics, but with the | :m d his advice and it spective of creed, natio'nalitj or color. Hi '<• rick's rcctorv, is a' v. .1 body who ma; 13° THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Rev. Samuel Harrison Greene, D.D., LL.D.— Able, eloquent, energetic, and public spirited are a few of the characteristics of the Rev. Samuel Harrison Greene, D.D., LL.D., pastor of Calvary B-aptist Church, Eighth and H streets, northwest. Since the beginning of his present pas- torate, in 1879. his work has been signalized by the har- monious and healthy growth of the church in all directions. Nearly three thousand persons have been received into membership; an independent church organized, equipped and sent out; the Sunday School developed, until in both membership and organization it is one of the few great schools of the world, with a membership of two thousand, and a Sunday School house costing $100,000, while the entire property has increased from $100,000 to $300,000 in value. It would be difficult to find a happier, more pro- gressive and generous people.. REV. SAMUEL HARRISON GREENE. D.D., LL.D. Dr. Greene is the son of Rev. Columbus and Martha 1). Greene, his father being a well-known clergyman of northern Vermont. He was born in Enosburg, Vermont, December 25, [845. He was carl)- a student in the \cw Hampton Institute ai Fairfax, Vermont, and Norwich Uni- versity. He was later superintendent of public schools in Montgomery, Vermont, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. After deciding to enter the ministry he entered Colgate University, graduating in the class of [873, and From Hamilton Theological Seminar) in the class of 1S75. In 1X75. Dr. Greene was ordained as pastor of the Baptist Church, Cazenovia, New York, Here lie was -really pros- pered, remaining until December 1. 1879, when he resigned to accept a unanimous call to Calvary Baptist Church, Washington, D. C. Hie degree of doctor of divinity was conferred upon him by Rochester, Colgate and Norwich Universities, and that of doctor of law bv Columbian, Norwich and Howard Universities. In 1889 Dr. Greene was made a trustee of Columbian University, later was chairman of its board of trustees, and during the years 1894-5, and 1 900- 1 -2 was acting president of the University. He is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, American Society of Archaeology, National Geographic So- ciety, and the National Academy of Science. Dr. Greene married Miss Lucia A. Buzzed, daughter of Rev. J. W. Buzzell, of Montgomery, Vermont. ( )ne son, Samuel H. Greene. Jr., M.D., is the result of this union. Dr. and Mrs. Greene reside at 1320 O street, northwest. Calvary Baptist Church was organized on June 2, 18O2, under the name of the " Sixth Baptist Church, of Washington." The Rev. J. S. Kennard was invited to act as temporary pastor until October, 1862. On September 24. 1862, the church was recognized by a council and the sermon was preached by Rev. Reuben Jeffrevs, D.D. On the 8th of January, 1863, a call to the pastorate was ex- tended to the Rev. T. R. Howlett, of Trenton, New Jersey, which was accepted. One of the largest and most beautiful edifices of the city was erected at the corner of Eighth and H streets, at a cost of $115,000, the Hon. Amos Kendall. senior deacon of the church, being a large contributor to the same. This edifice was dedicated the first Sabbath in June. 1866, the sermon being delivered lby the Rev. George Dana Boardman, D.D., of Philadelphia. The constituent members of the church were thirty-five in number. Prom- inent among its early membership were the Hon. Amos Kendall, Henry Beard, William Stickney, and Robert C. Pox. December 15, 1867, this fine edifice was burned. With characteristic enterprise and generosity it was imme- diately replaced by the new edifice, which was dedicated July 11, 1S69. After a pastorate of a little more than six years the Rev. Dr. Howlett was succeeded by the Rev. J. W. Parker, D.D., who after a term of service of six years was followed by the Rev. A. F. Mason, D.D.. who served for a little less than three years. In 1879 the Rev > Samuel H. Greene, D. D., accepted the unanimous call of the church, and has continued its pastor until the present time — twenty-four years. From its very beginning, Calvary Church has been blessed with many broad-minded and large-hearted men and women. whose consecrated services in its various undertakings have been faithful and efficient. During Mr. Kendall's life he provided for the organization of Kendall Chapel, a Mission School, at Thirteen and a Half and D streets, southwest, and left an endowment for this school. This organization has since grown into the prosperous Kendall Church. located On Ninth street, between B and C streets, south- west, owning a line property worth $25,000, with a mem- bership of three hundred and a prosperous Sunday School. The Rev. Thcron Cutwater is its pastor. This is the first child of the mother church. Mr. Kendall also organized and provided for Memorial Chapel, corner Fifth and P THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. streets, northwest, where later his daughter and her husband, Mr. and Mrs. William Stickney, erected a fine Memorial Chapel in honor of their son, William S. Stickney, who died while its superintendent in 1880. The school numbers at present about four hundred. Step by step, by its sacrifice and toil, Calvary Church has come to stand among the very first of our city. Appreciating its opportunities, it has enlarged its work with commendable zeal, and its endeavors have been rewarded with large success. On Jan- uary 1, 1893, a subscription, amounting to $157,000, was made for the enlargement of its work. As a result of this, a new Sunday School house, adjoining the church, was erected at a cost of $100,000. The church edifice was remodeled and its capacity greatly enlarged at an expense of $40,000, and a fine house of worship purchased and presented to the new Kendall Church, its present occupant. This great movement found its beginning in the generosity of Samuel Walter Woodward, who made an original subscription of $70,000, which was later increased to nearly $100,000. With the new equipment, growth has come to every department of the church, until the membership is now fifteen hundred; the Sunday School, two thousand; Memorial Chapel, four hundred, and the Chinese Sunday School, ninety. Among the wor- shipers here are many men well known in the business and professional life of Wash- ington, and not a few distinguished men in public life. The receipts and expenditures of this organization now average about $30,000 per annum, of which nearly one- third is given for missions at home and abroad. Its prop- erty is va'ued at $300,000. With the best of locations for a large work, united, generous and hospitable, it is not strange that one of the largest and most enthusiastic con- gregations of the city worships here. The material progress of Calvary Baptist Church has been no mean contribution to the material growth and adornment of our city, while its spiritual work has added largely to those forces which purify, uplift, and save society. Three have gone from its membership as missionaries to foreign fields, two have graduated from the Missionary Training School in ( hicago for home mission work, and three of its young men have entered the ministry in our own country. In location, 1 ganization, equipment and spirit, this church seems fitted for a continually enlarging work. Its present officers are: Pastor, Rev. Samuel Greene, D.D. ; trustees, David A. Chambers. S. W . V ward, L. E. Payson. Charles \\ . Needham, William Shallenberger, Henry P. Sanders, E. C. Rice, G. G clerk, 1). S. Foster; treasurer, \V. E. Evans; deacons, E. B. Curtis, II. G. Jacobs, J. 13. Kinnear, II. IF. Kim S. S. Everett, X. S. Faucett, .1. R. Mothershcad. F. A. Swartwout, F. II. Stickney, George J. Drew, E, G. Mason, and John C. Welsh; superintendent of the Sunda VV. S. Sha'lenberger ; superintendent Chinese Sunday School, Samuel T. Smith. Rev. Wallace Radeliffe. Occupying a among the many eminent divines in Washington mentioned Wallace Radeliffe, D.D.. LL.D.. pastor of Ihc New York Avenue Presbyterian Church, which clt has held since [895. Dr. Radeliffe was born at August 16, 1842, and is a son ( Wallace) Radeliffe. .' Antrim, Ireland. He is then so distinguished and effective in the political and tical affairs of the nation. He was graduated from . (since united with Washingtoi Princeton Ideological Seminary in i! Dr. Radeliffe was ordained by the l 1 132 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. REV. WALLACE RADCLIFFE ptiia and installed as pastor of the Woodland Presbyterian Church, a new church enterprise in West Philadelphia, which under his pastorate of four years erected its present stone edifice. From 1872 to 1885 Dr. Radcliffe was the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, of Reading, Pa., and for the next succeeding ten years his charge was the First Presbyterian Church, at Detroit. Michigan, resigning thai charge to accept the cad to this city. Dr. Radcliffe was the recipient of the degree of doctor of divinity by Lafiyettc College in [882, and that of doctor .0!" laws by his alma male!-, Jefferson College, in [902. lie has filled nearly every importanl post in the Presbytery of this country, among them thai of commissioner to the Presbyteria 1 1 ien era! Assemblies of [874, [883, [889, [-891, 1892, 1898 and [899 Mis service at these assemblies attracted the general attention of his colleagues, and he was chosen a delegate to the Pan Presbyterian Councils held in London, England, in 1875 and 1S87, and in Washington in [899. He was moderator of the Synod of Pennsylvania in 187(1, and of that of Michigan in [889, and of the General '- of the Presbyterian < ihurch in the United States of America in [898. In [887 Dr. Radcliffe organized the Lappan Presbyterian Association of the Univers!t) of Michigan, an organization for shepherding the Presbyterian students in attendance upon the university. I le secured grounds and buildings al a cosl of $40,000, including a libran and gym- nasium, outlined its training course in Pri trines and work, and during his sta\ in Michigan was its president, and with others conducted, every winter, its |i 1 tun course. Dr. Radcliffe's pastorates have all been characterized for their comprehensive and effective organization. In the pulpit his manner is brilliant, dramatic and forceful, and his style lucid, strong and characteristically epigram- atic. lie is preeminently a preacher of the Bible, a wise counsellor, and a distinctive feature of his pulpit is his impressive conduct of the public worship. He is an author- ity upon Presbyterian law, ecclesiology and liturgies. Dr. Radcliffe, on May 4. 1887, married Jessie, daughter of Hon. E. C. Walker, of Dertoit, Mich. LUTHERAN CHURCH AND MONUMENT. CHAPTER XVII - j y EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES. N no other city of the Union can be found so many opportunities for the student. From the kindergarten to the Smithsonian Institution " for the increase and diffu- sion of knowledge among men," nothing- seems to be lacking to fit one for any walk- in life. Beyond the instruction that may be had in the various schools and institu- tions of learning are the great libraries of Congress and of the executive depart- J ments, and the museums that can supply invariable object - lessons supplemental to the text - books. Foremost, not only in this country but in the world, stands the Smithsonian Institution. Beside it, not as a rival, but as a co-laborer, is the recently created Carnegie Institution, richly endowed by the millionaire steel magnate whose name it bears, aiding with its thousands of dollars annually the pursuit of additional information in many fie'ds of human research. The one has reached its present proud eminence through slow but steadfast endeavor ; the other springs forth full-fledged, as came the Goddess of Wisdom from the front of Jove. Of the latter institution, so lately has its work been organized and begun, little can be said other than that the men selected to carry out the wishes of its founder are scholars of the foremosl rank, and confidence may be reposed in them until results appear. The Smithsonian Institution was founded upon the be- quest of James Smithson, an Englishman, natural son of Hugh, first Duke of Northumberland. He was educated at Oxford and was a scientist of some repute. His ad- miration for the principles avowed in the American dec- laration of independence led him to bequeath his fortune, after the life use of a relative, to the United States for "the increase of knowledge." When the English Courl of Chancery paid this bequest in 1838 it amounted to $515,169. It was not until 1846, however, that Congress "carried -1,1 the intentions of the testator, and created a board of regents to conduct the affairs of the institution. This board com- prised the President and his cabinet, ex officio, tin I Justice of the Supreme Court, members of the Senate ai House and some private citizens. The cornerstone of t building was laid by President Polk, years later the building was com] Dieted at a cost of $.150,000. Prof. Joseph Henry of Princeton, was the first secretary. A bronze statue to his memon erected in [883 stands in the Smithsonian grounds. By a system of international ex- changes the Smithsonian Institution Ins accumulated a magnificent collection of scientific litenture from all parts of the world, a good!) porti n of it being placed in the Library of Congress as the Smithsonian deposit. In order to care for ami preserve the exhibits made at the Centennial Exposition by foreign Governments and afterwards presented to the United St - created in 1879 the National .Museum, which has since become a general place of deposit for a'l gifts to the nation, and for collections of all departments of the Government. '- the present building covers nearly two and one-half acres. it is already overcrowded and at its appropriated $3,500,000 I'm- the erection of a new Nation Museum building. < >nly general plans hive at this time been decided upon. The appropriation becomes available July 1. About four years wi'l be require. 1 to complete the structure. The grot National Universitj projected by \\ ton has never materialized; but so much of what he in tended has already been provided in other forms, that it no longer seems necessary. \ great university has tablished by the Catholics in the northeastern suburbs and in the northwestern section, near Tenallytown, is American University, established by the Methodist pal Church. The o'desl educational instituti m in ' Georgetown College the modest old buildit by new and more stately ones, st mds like an on the lofty heights back of the city. I Carrol, of the Roman Catholic Church. Archbisho] timore,' its doors were throwi since which time the\ have never servatory of this colege. founded U R< I Ml Curlev in 1842, is 1 n< ol tin 1 ld« -' it ill That at Williams College, in 1 older, while the Naval ; " nl xv; ''- established almost at the same time. ' The first college three st,- t34 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. the reception of two hundred students. The terms of tuition were as follows : Students above twelve years of age, $250; under that age, $200. Parents and guardians who furnish the students with clothes are allowed a deduction of fifty per cent, but the college expressly stipulated it would not be responsible for the clothing. Ten dollars were paid on entry, for bed linen, table service, books, etc. Extra charges were made for medical attendance and medi- cine, postage and extra lessons. A uniform was required, consisting of " a plain coat and pantaloons of blue cloth, ished by confining them to their rooms and studies during the period of vacation. Age of admision was from eight to fourteen years. An elementary class received even chil- dren who could not read or write. Immediately adjoining the Georgetown College grounds is the Convent of the Visitation, the mother-house of that order in the United States, with its widely known academy for young ladies. Founded in 1798, it has for more than a century borne the reputation of being one of the finest Catholic educational institutions in the United States. Fiftv FRANKLIN SCHOOL. with yellow buttons, and a waistcoal of red cloth, or ker- seymere." Roman Catholics on'y were admitted as board- ers, bul any Protestanl l><>\ mighl attend the classes, The rding pupils paid $100 a year and furnished their own uniforms. Students were instructed in "the English, French, Latin and Greek languages; in geography, arithmetic, al- gebra, geometn and the different branches of classical education." Public examinations were held four times a year, prizes given to the industrious, and the idle pun years ago, even, the ladies' academy occupied a range of brick buildings nearly three hundred feet in length by forty in breadth, especially adapted to school purposes and dormi- tories, An enclosed rectangular plat of ground, comprising four or five acres, has provided a playground and gardens for many generations of schoolgirls. In the early days, surrounding these grounds were the Bishop's residence, a handsome church, and a charity school. Nearly all these buildings remain, new ones having been built as additional accommodations were needed. I Private schools flourished in Washington in its first quarter of a century and continued to thrive, even after the establishment of a system of public schools, as they do to-day. One of the earliest of the private schools was established by Rev. David Wiley, in 1803, and was known as the Columbian AcademyJ A Mrs. Reagan kept a "Young- Ladies Academy" in F street, adjoining the residence of Hoban, the architect, in 1806, where she taught " tambour- ing, embroidery, open work, marking, a'l kinds of plain sewing, filigree, painting, waxwork, French, music, danc- ing, reading and writing." Near the Seven Buildings not far from the President's THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. t35 James D. Cobb, 1). Hewett, Mrs. E. M. Haven, K. Kirk- wood. Z. D. Brashears and James Caden. All tin prior to 1830. In i8ii tlir Lancasterian school system was introduced into the United States, the first school of tbis character being established in the Districl of Columbia. Ceremonies of laying the cornerstone of the school were conducted by the Mayor of Georgetown. Mr. Henry Beatty delivered an oration. This system is easily explained b> saying that it was intended to have each school teach itself, under the superintendence of a bead master. The older and better educated pupils were selected as monitors and instructors House/lTugh Maguire a professor from St. John's Col- lege, in^Maryland, opened an academy in 1807, where he taught "Latin, Greek, mathematics, geography and book- keeping for $40 per annum; English grammar, reading, writing and arithmetic for $24 per annuinj' ^T'!""> P'a» s England, was 32 b\ 7" feet, and accommodated 350 pupils, commended In Mr. Lancaster, was the firs! principal. A reporl mad,- al the end of the second year saV s: " The opening of the [8n. During the first Imittcd: >i> have left for various employments: if becn sen( ris <>f the countn i- instruct 121 by '4 feet, with an annex extending on the south line 150 feet; it con- tains a hall, sealing five hundred : a library, lectur laboratories and offices. This building is devotei ministration and the department of arts and sciences. Ad- joining this on 11 streel is Paw Lecture Hall, a well-ap- pointed building,„erected in [898. It contains three commo- dious lecture halls, two moot-court rooms, a large and well lighted library-room, containing a law library of ovi volumes. The building is devoted exclusively to the depart- ments of law, jurisprudence and diplomacy. Two new buildings have recently been completed for the departments (if medicine and dentistry and for the u versity hospital, respectively. The new medical and dental building is 50 by 144 feet, live stories in height, with four large lecture halls accommodating from two hundred to three hundred and fifty students each, large laboratories, lecture halis, professors' rooms, museum and reading and study rooms. Every facility is given, for the best of theoretical ami practical work. The new hos- pital building, do by 80 feet, live stories in height, is lir proof in construction. It contains thirty-eight private ro and accommodates forty beds in the wards; it has the most modern private and public ward-, with private b: all modern improvements for ventilation and heating. 'I two buildings are situated on II street, between and Fourteenth streets, one square distant fron building of the university. The ideals of Columbian are distinctively American, am it aims to be national in its constituency. This thought, prominent in the minds of its founders, secured institution in the early years of its history the ;q aid of President James Monroe, who of President John Quincy Adams, who loaned $20,000 and gave the institution $7,000; and dent Andrew Jackson, who expressed personal at interest in its welfare. During the administi dent Jackson Congress granted Columbian s in Wasl ington to the value of $25, »>« «P ; " the beginning by subscriptions obtained b\ ther Rice, in nearly every state of the m in [852 to aboul $150,000. In addition 1- tin- ill John Withers of Ucxandria, Virginia, an $70,000. The development of the universih in I years has been chiefly due to the bei Corcoran. In 1865 It school, valued al $30,00 ; al a later time h worth'$85.o o; in 1883 he contribul building, and in tS8< onerous gifts, including the i ; Sine to cal Sell organized in .826, and 1 Scientific Sch.-l W as opened in 18&1 142 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 1887, the School of Graduate Studies in 1893, the School of Jurisprudence and Diplomacy in 1898. The presidents of Columbian have been the following: Rev. William Staughton, D. D., 1821-1827; Rev. Stephen Chapin, D. D., 1828-1841 ; Rev. Joel Smith Bacon, D. D., 1843-1854; Rev. Joseph Getchell Binney, D. D., 1855-1858; Rev. George Whitefield Samson, D. D., 1859-1871 ; James Clarke Welling, LL. D., 1871-1894; Rev. Benaiah L. Whit- man, D.D., LL.D., 1895-1900; Rev. Samuel H. Green, D.D., LL. D., acting president, 1894-1895 and 1900-1902; Charles W. Needham, LL. D., 1902. The board of trustees is : Hon. Wayne MacVeagh, LL.D., chairman ; J. J. Darlington, LL. D., ex-Secretary of State ; the Hon. David J. Hill, LL. D., first assistant secretary of state ; the Hon. Stanton J. Peelle, L.L D., judge of the United States Court of Claims ; the Hon. Willis Van Devanter, assistant attorney general ; the Hon. Hannis Taylor, LL. D., ex-minister to Spain ; the Hon. John Barrett, ex-minister to Siam; the Hon. Martin A. Knapp, LL.D., chairman interstate commerce commis- sion; the Hon. Carroll D. Wright, LL. D., commissioner of the Department of Labor; the Hon. William A. Maury, LL. D., member Spanish treaty claims commission ; the Hon. Ainsworth R. Spoft'ord, LL. D., assistant librarian of Con- gress, and the Hon. William T. Harris, LL.D., commissioner COLUMBI, UNIVERSITY. LL.D.. John B. Lanier, Thomas R. Jones. < His T. Mason, LL.D., J. < Irmond Wilson, Colonel M. M. Parker, Theodore W. Noyes, Hon, \Y. S. Shallcnberger, David A. Chambers, Lev. Samuel II. Greene, D.D., LL.D.; Samuel W. Wood- ward, President Edward M Gallaudet, William F. Mat- tingly, LL.D., Eugene Levering, John Joy Edson and ( ieorge 1 1. Manning. There arc connected with the university as members of the faculty and as lecturers public nun, among whom are the follow ing: the Hon. John M.I [arlan, LL. D., and the Hon. David J. Brewer, LL. D., associate justices of the Supreme Court of the United Slates: the Hon. rohn \Y. Foster, of education: many other distinguished men and educators lecture and teach in its departments. President Needham, since entering upon the presidency in June. [902, has effected a reorganization of the university by which the college, the Corcoran scientific school, and the school of graduate studies are merged in the depart- ment of arts and sciences. The curriculum has been brought into a closer correlation with the high school system of the United Stales, making the standard of requirement for admission to the department of arts and sciences a cer- tificati of graduation from an approved high school. The regular undergraduate course for a degree, consisting THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. sixty units of credit, may be completed in three years of twenty hours per week, instead of in four years of fifteen hours per week, thus fulfilling- the requirements in a shorter time by increasing and intensifying the work. A further saving of time is effected for students continuing their studies in the professional departments by accepting the first year of professional studies to the extent of ten hours per week as a part of the third-year electives in the under- graduate course. Thus the time required for liberal and professional study is shortened by two years without in- volving sacrifice of culture or professional training. The bulletin of the university, issued in February 143 days have brought a still widening outlook which ■ the fulfilment of President Monroe's propli bian: " This institution, if it 1 encouragement, can not fail to be eminently useful to the nation." Charles Willis Needham, LL. D., president of The Columbian University, was born at Castile, Wyoming county. New York, September 30, 1848. His father, Charles Rollin Needham. was a son of Calvin Needham, wh in the war of [812, and a grandson of Joseph Needham, a soldier of the revolution, who was known as seph, the fighter." His mother, Arvilla Reed, was a daugh- COLUMBIAN HOSPITAL 1903, in an enlarged and attractive form sets forth the details of this new organization and exhibits the strong, progressive spirit that places this old institution in the fore- front of educational thought and method. Plans have been adopted looking to a new location and the erection of acl ditional buildings. The history of Columbian, beginning in the early clays of Washington, is closely parallel with the history of the city. There were long years of faithful service, of adversity, of slow development. Then at a time when Governor Shepherd found Washington a and left it a city, Columbian College, through the t Corcoran, was becoming a university. And these la ter of the Rev, [ames Reed, who was prominently identified with the Baptist denomination. He was married '. j. [870, t<> Caroline M. Beach, and lias two son- and two daughters. Veedham's education was all thai schools and the acadeim of thai da age of seventeen he began tin il of the leading practitioner of the town, at years he entered the Albam I versity. He graduated in Ma; 144 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. October was admitted to the liar of New York State, imme- diately forming a partnership with his former icgal pre- ceptor. The Middle West was then the favorite field for the young lawyer, and Dr. Needham, in 1872, removed to Mor- ris, Grundy county, Illinois, where some of his relatives had preceded him. In four years he had achieved such success as encouraged him in making a more important change — that of taking up his residence in Chicago. There he rap- idly rose to the foremost rank of his profession, and in 1890, when forced by i'.l-health to seek a milder climate, he was regarded as one of the leading lawyers of Chicago and of the West. Washington has been his home for the last twelve years. Although the demands of his professional work have been nnen his. Dr. Needham, ever interested in education, has alwavs found time to devote much thought and attention to educational matters. He brought about re- forms of the of the in the po lb i' Hi n-ls ami in line CHARLES WILLIS NEEDHAM, LL. D. in the public schools of his home, and was a mcmbei board of trustees of the old ( hicago University, also Morgan Park Seminary. IK' was of great assistance organization of (he new University of Chicago, and ■vices mi tiie board of trustees continued until his in from thai city. [893 lie became a trustee of The Columbian Uhivcr- lis identification with this institution was the turning 1 his career; fur. although he was actively engaged in ictice hi law until [902, his first thought and his best ,vere devoted to the upbuilding of the university, 897 be began his career as an educator. From that nl be assumed the presidency, Dr. Needham lec- ihe law school upon the subjects nl" classification law. equity, jurisprudence and trusts and trades lie gained immediate success a- a lecturer, and when the il'-health of the dean, Judge Walter S. Cox. made necessary the appointment of a successor. Dr. Xeedham was the choice of the board of trustees. Under his administration the law school prospered as never before in its history, and attamed the fifth rank of the law schools of the country. For several years he advocated the establishment in Washington of a school of comparative jurisprudence and diplomacy, in which the American college and law school graduate could pursue the study of higher jurisprudence and attain a knowl- edge of diplomatic history, together with a training in the procedure before international tribunals and the ethics so essential to a diplomat ; st and the international lawyer. In 1898 his efforts were crowned by the establishment, as a de- partment of The Columbian University, of the school of com- parative jurisprudence and diplomacy, which was then the onlv institution of its kind outside of Paris. As dean of this school, Dr. Xeedham secured the cooperation and services of many well-known officials of the Government resident in Washington, and within a remarkably short time won for it a world-wide reputation. Flis success with this untried educational venture, ami his development of the law school, led the board of trustees to tender him the presidency of The Columbian University in June, 1902. He assumed the duties of his new office at once, and at the fall meeting of the corporation he presented a carefullv conceived plan for the reorganization of the aca- demic departments of the university, which was unanimously adopted by the facu'ties and the board of trustees, lie has introduced other much-needed reforms, ami has aroused an interest in Columbian that presages well lor its development along national lines. He retains the chair of trusts ami trades unions in the law school, and the chair of interstate commerce and transportation in the school of comparative jurisprudence and diplomacy. President Mckinley, in 1900, appointed Dr. Xeedham a dele-ate to the Congres International de Droit Compare, also a de'egate to ike Congres International des Chemins de Fer, while the Com- missioners of the District of Columbia appointed him a dele- gate to the Congres International D'Assitance Publique at de Bienfaisance Privee; all of which congress..- met in Paris. The University of Rochester and also the George- town College Kentucky, conferred the degree of doctor oi laws upon him in June. 190I. The Catholic University of America. The estab- lishment of an institution <>i higher learning in the United States under the direction of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church was suggested at various limes toward the middle of the last century. Many recognized the importance of a university of high rank, in which both clergy ami laity might have opportunity for the highest intellectual devel- opment. Ii was not until the second plenary council of Baltimore, 18"''. that a formal expression was given to the earnest desire of the bishops that there should exisl in this country a university "in which all branches of litera- ture and science, both sacred and profane, should be taught." Large sums of money for buildings ami endowment would THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. be required, and as these were wanting at that particular time, the establishment of the university was delayed. Dur- ing- the years that followed there was constant discussion as to the necessity for a university and the benefits resulting from it, as also touching the character which it should assume. The third plenary council of Baltimore, Novem- ber, 1884, took the final step. It was encouraged to do this by the munificent gift of $300,000 from Miss Mary Gwen- doline Caldwell, now the Marquise des Monstiers de Merin- vi 1 le, whose desire, in her letter of bequest, was to found, for the higher education of the clergy, a great theological seminary, which should be " the nucleus of a great uni- versity." Her gift was accepted, and an organization, under the presidency of the Archbishop of Baltimore, was immediately formed. May 7, 1885, the committee appointed by the council chose the name, and selected Washington The corner stone of the first building, named Caldwell Hall, in honor of the foundress of the univi by Cardinal Gibbons May 4. 1888, in the pr< - and representative gathering, prominent an.. 11- u! the Hon. 1 and. President of th< with members of bis Cabinet. Right Rev. John I.. Spalding. D.D., of Peoria, preached tin- sermon, Tin tion and opening of tin- building to studenl November 13, [889, at which ceremony Hon. Benjamin Harrison. President of the United States, ai I I Archbishop Satolli, the representative ..i the Po| dinal Gibbons, of Baltimore; Cardinal Tascl bee; the members of the board of ti the great universities of the world, and a representative- body of the clergy and laity, were present. Till ' Chapel, the gift of .Miss Lina Caldwell, now the Baron Jk I IIS. " CALDWELL HALL. as the site of the university. After considering various locations, purchase was made of the Middleton estate, com- prising seventy acres of high rolling land north of Wash- ington and beside the Soldiers' Home Park. Oct. .her i~. 1886, Right Rev. John J. Keane, D.D., Bishop of Rich- mond, Va., was chosen rector, and with Archbishop Ireland, went to Rome with the draft of the constitutions to be submitted to the Pope for his approval. April to, 1XS7. the university was canonically approved by Pope Leo XIII, and raised to the dignity and endowed with all the preroga- tives of a pontifical institution. That same year it was incorporated under the laws of the District of Colum with the title The Catholic University of America. project was submitted to Pope Leo XI 11, who in dated October 20, 1885. solemnly approved and blesse the work. ess von Zedtwitz, was blessed by Cardinal Gibl pontifical mass was celebrated by Archbishop Sat. .Hi. The sermon in the chapel was preached I mour, D.D., of Cleveland, and the sermon I outside h\ Rev. Fidelis Stone, 1 was organized with Mgr. Joseph 5 first dean. The fathers of St. Snip the discipline, and Very Rev. P. J chosen vice rector, which office he held unli to the see of Sioux City. May, tral building 56 feci fr. giving a total fn . pth. At the • which, with it- man architectural gem. Tin manesqui 146 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. a neat face work of broken rock, trimmed with sandstone, and is five stories high. The theological library is under the chapel, while the first floor of the main building is devoted to lecture rooms, academies, reading room, prayer hall and dining room. Closely connected with the dining room is a separate building, occupied by the Sisters of Divine Provi- dence, who have charge of the household department of the building. April 8, 1891, the board of trustees received from the Very Rev. Mgr. James McMahon, of New York, the mag- nificent gift of his New York properties, for the purpose of establishing, according to his expressed wish, the schools of philosophy, letters and science, thus giving to lay and clerical students opportunities for university development. This en- faculty of philosophy, Hon. Wi'liam C. Robinson, L.L.D., the first dean of the law schools, and the institute of the technological sciences was established in 1896, under the direction of Dr. Daniel W. Shea, head of the department of physics. Keane Hall, a residence for lay students and profes- sors, was erected in 1896. and opened in January, 1897. Right Rev. Thomas J. Conaty, D.D., J. CD., was appointed rector of the university November 20. 1896, succeeding Right Rev. John J. Keane. D.D., who became Archbishop of Dubuque in 1900. June 2, 1897. he was promoted by the Pope to the dignity of domestic prelate, and Novem- ber 24, 1901, he was consecrated titular Bishop of Samos. The university has associated with it a number of affiliated (EANE HALL. abled the trustees to erecl and equip tin- building which bears bis name. The cornerstone of McMahon 1 [all was laid April 27, iX<)2. Tin- ball is of granite. Romanesque in style. 250 Feet in length, with a depth varying from 70 feet to 105 Feet. The first floor hallways are of mosaic, with iron stair- ways leading from the first floor to the top of the building. 'I'll,' aula maxima of the university is in this building, and is used for reunions, public lectures, conferring of degrees and other fun. lions of the institution. The law schools, the scientific departments, the school of letters and tin- school of die technological sciences occupj differenl parts of the hall. Ii was dedicated October 1. 1895, and the schools of philosophy, law, science and letters were opened. Verj Re: l dward V Pace, Ph.D., D.D., was the first dean of the colleges, which are scholasticates for the religious orders which occupy them — the Paulists, the Marists, the Holy Cross, the Franciscans, the Sulpicians, and the Dominicans. These colleges are houses of study for these differenl re- ligious congregations, who are privileged to send to the university such students as are prepared to follow its courses. \ new college for the apostolic mission house will soon be erected upon land leased to ii by the university, and located near Keane Mali. The Dominicans also have plans for a very laree building:, to act as a novitiate and house of igical librai ry valuable library, in which a igical and historical works. I has 20,000 volumes, while ea THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. \: department has its special library, and many of the pro- fessors have very rich and extensive private collections ; so that altogether more than 75.000 volumes are available to the students. The work of the university is confined to " those courses of study which are of dignity and grade appropriate to a university so called." No collegiate nor preparatory work is done by the university, nor is there in it any seminary preparation for the priesthood. Its theo- logical students are required to have made a complete seminary course, while the laymen entering the different schools of philosophy, science, letters and law are obliged to have completed a college course, or to be otherwise equipped for university courses. Thus opportunities are offered to all classes of post-collegiate and post-seminary students to advance themselves upon purely university lines. The following are the regular publications of the university : The Catholic University Bulletin, appearing quarterly, under the direction of Very Rev. Thomas J. Shahan, D.D. ; the discipline and financial transactions. Then twenty-five professors, equally divided between clei and laymen, all of whom arc university trained men. emi- nent in their different specialties. The buildings ratories and halls are all in keeping with the latest educa- tional ideas, and the advantages offered in the lines already established are equal in value to those of any . .tl" 1 learning in the United States. The ' ersily of America has the distinction of being the only university m the country doing purely post-graduate '.vork, as it alone has no collegiate departments. As an evidence "i" the work done by the Catholic University since its establishment, in 1889, notwithstanding the fact that its circle of students i* limited by nature of its advanced work ami its conditions for entrance, 241; different students haw received its de- grees, — 123 received that of master ami licentiate, and 22 the doctorate in theology, philosophy, science and law. The theses for the master and licentiate degrees, and the 1« >• >ks §fpf tftiijjji i i i U Utll II II Pittonia, a scientific journal, published by Dr. Edward L. Greene, and containing his researches in the department of botany, and the University Year Book, published in April. The university has been fortunate in having friends whose generous donations have enabled it to erect and equip its buildings and endow many of its professorships. At present there are fifteen professorships endowed, tun fel- lowships and twenty-one scholarships. The trust funds of the university amount to nearly $1,000,000, while UK- buildings erected represent fully $1,250,000. The u.nversii is governed by a board of trustees, consisting of Ins Emi nence Cardinal Gibbons, who is chancellor nf the umversn and president of the board; seven archbishops, six bishops and three laymen, who meet annually for the transaction and direction of all matters pertaining to the uiuvers administration of the institution is vested in th a rector and vice-rector, who reside on the ui and have the immediate care and management uiids written for the doctorate have all been of a char add to the Mini total of knowledge. The Catholic University is a member of the Association of American Universities. organized to stud) the problems connected with graduate boai The following is th tees of the univcrsit; es I 'ardin e, chancellor -1 the •d; Most Rev. John li>t of names of the as at pr< - Gibbons, Archbishop of Balti- tiniversity and pi . Williams. D.D.. Archl Boston, vice-president; Right Rev. Camillus P. Maes. D.D., of Covington, secretary; Mr. Thomas Washington, treasurer: Mosl Rev. P. J. Ryan. D.U bishop of Philadelphia; Mosl Rev. John Ireland, Vrchbishop of St. Paul. Minnesota; Mosl R „ele D.D, Archbish. p .).. Archbishoi -I).. Archbisb c 4 8 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Iowa; Most Rev. John M. Farley, D.D., Archbishop of New York; Right Rev. John L. Spalding. D.D., Bishop of Peoria, Illinois; Right Rev. John S. Foley, D.D., Bishop of Detroit, Michigan; Right Rev. Ignatius F. Florstmann, D.D., Bishop of Cleveland, Ohio; Right Rev. Thomas J. Conaty, D.D., titular Bishop of Samos, rector; Right Rev. Mathew Harkins, D.D., Bishop of Providence, Rhode Island; Mr. Michael Jenkins, Baltimore, Maryland; Mr. Michael Cudahy, Chicago, Illinois. Right Rev. Thomas J. Conaty, D D., rector of the Catholic University since November 20, 1896, was born in Ireland in 1847. and at three years of age came to America with his parents, who settled in Taunton, Massachusetts. Here his father had spent eight years of his boyhood, from 1 83 1 to 1839, at which time he returned with his parents RT. REV. THOMAS J. CONATY. D. D. in [reland. After graduating Erom the Taunton scho Is, Bishop Conaty entered Montreal College, in 1863, and in 1867 passed to Holy Cross College, Worcester, M-ssachu- setts, where he graduated in [869. Returning to Montreal that same year, lie was ordained priest for the Di cese of Springfield, December 21, [872, and entered im r.ediately upon parochial work in the city of Worcester, where he remained in active ministry until he was selected by the university trustees, October 22, 1896, and apro:nt:d by Pope I eo XI II. November 20, iSejh. to succeed Archbishop Keane, as rector of the Catholic University of America. Of the twenty four years spenl in Worcester seven were passed as assistant at St. John's Church, and seventeen • is pastor of the Sacred Heart parish, which he -1 building and completing the church and other parochial ap- pointments. Me was always active in educational and irk, and Erom the firsl years of In- priestho "1 iden- tified himself with the Catholic total abstinence work, serv- ing two years as vice-president and two years as presi- dent of the national organization. He was honored many times by the citizens of Worcester, who elected him to posi- tions of trust in the municipality. For fourteen years he was a member of its board of education, and served two terms, each of six years, as a trustee of its Public Library. Elected an associate member of the Grand Army of the Republic, be was selected on several occasions as the Mem- orial Day orator. When leaving Worcester for his new field of labor in Washington he was honored by a public banquet, at which citizens, regardless of creed and nationality, repre- senting all phases of Worcester^ life, manifested their ap- preciation of him as a public-spirited citizen and popular pastor. Bishop Conaty was always deeply interested in the land movements in Ireland, and served for several years as treas- urer of different funds ; was a close friend of the Irish lead- ers and was always recognized as a great conservative force. In 1889, at the centennial of Georgetown Uni- versity, the degree of doctor of divinity was bestowed upon him, as one of the representatives of Holy Cross College. As soon as he was appointed rector of the Catholic Uni- versity, he was invited by Laval University to accept at its hands the degree of doctor of divinity and doctor of canon law. Interested in the educational development of the people. he was found among the early promoters of the Catholic summer school movement,' and was for four successive terms president of the Champlain School, at Plattsburg. Bishop Conaty established and conducted for four years the "Catholic School and Home Magazine." which was rec- ognized not only for its literary merit, but also for its prac- tical helpfulness in parochial and Sunday School work. He was among the first of the parish clergy in New England to respond to the recommendation of the Holy Father's encyclical on the study of the Holy Scriptures, and the re- sult of his parochial work in this direction appears in a hook published by him. entitled " New Testament Studies," and now in use as a text-book in many scho. .Is. lie has been a frequent contributor to the magazines on questions of temperance and education. Assuming charge of the university January to. [897, he has since that time given himself entirely 10 it- upbuild- ing. In 1808 he was honored by the Holy Father with an appointment as domestic prelate, and the insignia of this dignity were conferred upon him b) Cardinal Gibbons, in the presence of a large gathering of the bishops and priests of the country. While rector of the university he has la- bored to unite and coordinate the different part.- of the Catholic educational system, and under his direction con- ferences of seminaries and colleges have been organized and maintained, lie has been largely instrumental in en- couraging the Sisters of Notre Dame 10 establish Trinity College, winch, mar the university, offers t> women the opportunities for collegiate instruction, under Catholic in- fluence. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. [49 November 24, 1902, Bishop Conaty was consecrated titular Bishop of Samos, in the Cathedral of Baltimore, by his Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, assisted by Right Rev. C. P. Maes, D.D., of Covington, Kentucky, and Right Rev. Thomas D. Beaven, D.D., of Springfield, Massachusetts, in the presence of a large body of the American hierarchy. Bishop Conaty has been heard on many occasions on plat- form and in pulpit, on all questions affecting the progress of the church and the welfare of the people. He has always been a warm advocate of the people's rights, a staunch American, and an uncompromising champion of Christian education, as well as of all social and moral interests. Trinity College is a Catholic institution for the higher education of women. It is legally incorporated under the laws of the District of Columbia, with full college powers of the main building, now completed, make in thei an imposing structure. The ceremony of dedicati place on November 22, [900. All the collegi exceptionally well chosen. In the languages and arts, mathematics and experimental science. Uk- Ik--; standards have been followed, and these courses l.'.ar the test of critical comparison with thosi lege, while in the teaching of philosophy, history and religion. Trinity has started out on broad and splendid line- peculiarly her own. The method adopted at Trinil is partly elective and partly prescribed, greater freedom it the choice of studies being allowed after the freshman year. Entrance examinations are prescribed for all applicants without exception, save in the case of those who are ad- mitted by privilege as auditors. Facilities for the stud to confer degrees. The college is conducted by the Sisters of Notre Dame of Namur. The site of Trinity College has been admirably well chosen for its beauty, its healthfulness, and for the many advantages arising from its nearness to the Catholic University, the Capitol, the National Library, and the noted museums and art galleries of the vicinity. Situated as it is on one of the highest points of the city, Trinity commands an excellent view of the simounding country. The whole environment is one that si the sources whence a Catholic college for women destn to play their part in the service of country and as well as home, must draw faith and inspiration. plan of the college includes a main building - Hall — three hundred and twenty-live feel Ion- convent and lecture hall; science, music and a ings; a practicing school for the pedagogical departni library building, and a church. The convent and one-tl research which the college course- demand of tin have incn 1 physics and botany have been fitted up at gi the newest apparatus. The library has gl thousand volumes, with special department- I aiK l languages. The nucleus of tin bequest made in 1899 b) tin Reverend John F. M Cambridge, Massachusetts, of his ■ md volumes, showing thus the success of the coll. had been laid. Valuable contributions hav. - bv the Trinity College associate I- Columbus the alumna association by a greal variclj of maps, photographs, for historical an ,| K . best periodical literature is pro> THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. an art gallery has also been formed by the donation of several valuable paintings, among which may be specially mentioned copies of Perugino's Madonna of the Throne, Uffizi, Florence ; Ghirlandaio's Adoration of the Shepherds, Royal Academy, Florence ; Botticelli's Pallas and the Cen- taur, Pitti Palace; and Veronese's Supper in the House of Levi, Ro);al Academy, Venice. These four magnificent works of art are the gifts of Judge and Mrs. M. P. O'Connor, of San Jose, California, who intend adding many others from their private collection. The young women now following the college courses at Trinity come from sixteen States of the Union. Nearly one-half of them are graduates of the public high schools ; the others are from the Notre Dame schools, and those of other teaching orders of religious women. A few of the students entered the sophomore and the junior class -from other colleges. The apartments provided for each resident student consist of two bright, well-furnished rooms. With such restrictions as class hours and hours for study demand, the young women enjoy the freedom which would be theirs in a well-regulated home, under the eyes of wise parents or guardians. Life at Trinity is the ideal life of the Catholic girl at college. Physically, intellectually, socially, morally, all the best that is in her is brought to its fullest develop- ment. The proximity of Trinity College to the Catholic Uni- versity of, America gives it peculiar and splendid advan- tages which cannot be overestimated. The college courses in philosophy, church history and religion are under the direction of some of the most eminent professors of the university, and lectures are frequently given by the right reverend rector and other members of the faculty. An ad- visory board, of which His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons is president, is composed of eminent ecclesiastics and prom- inent educators, who meet at the college at stated intervals. Women active in church and educational interests form an auxiliary board of regents, with associate boards in all the principal cities of the United States, and by their zeal and generosity have proved themselves devoted friends of trie college. The Sisters of Notre Dame of Namur have for a hun- dred years been building up their reputation as teachers. In Belgium, England and Scotland they have besides ele- mentary and high schools, normal schools and colleges. where the required examinations are those of ( Ixford, Cam- bridge, or St. Andrew's. Here in America their work made, from Boston to San Jose, where more than thirty thousand pupils are being educated. The wonderful development of the order is ^\\w to its union. That, in turn, grows out of the perfect centralization of its whole government under a superior general, who has always been a woman of remarkable ability. This year, nineteen hundred and three, marks the centenar} of the order, now numbering over three thousand religious in Europe, Vmcrica and South Africa. The venerable lulie Brilliart, its foundress, was naturally and supernaturally endowed with qualities adapted to her grand and noble work. Together with her co-foundress, the Viscomtesse Blin de Bourdon ( afterwards Mother St. Joseph i . win i devoted her whole fortune to the undertaking, she set the work of teaching at once on the satisfactory basis which has been the secret of its success. The life of the venerable Mother Julia, written by a Sister of Notre Dame (London. 1898 j, and A. M. Clark's Life of the Hon. Airs. Edward Petre, in religion Sister Mary of St. Francis (London, 1899), give an idea of the development of the order and its Georgetown University may justly take pride in nei age, in her site and in her development from such modest beginnings. It is now over one hundred and seventeen years since the plan for the formation of a college at Georgetown was first projected by Rev. John Carroll. In a circular issued in 1786 it was stated that " agreeably to the liberal principle of our constitution, the college will be open to the students of every religious profession," and with this introduction the first Catholic col'ege in the coun- try began its existence. The college proper is situated on the He : ghts of Georgetown, at a distance of two and one-half miles from the Capitol. At the foot of the eminence on which the college is built flows the Potomac, and as this river winds its way around Analostan Island and down past Long Bridge, to empty its waters in the far-off Chesapeake, it offers a view from Georgetown Tower that is well-nigh v.nriva'led in beauty. For a number of years Georgetown was but a college, growing yearly in numbers and in repu- tation. In 181 5 an act of Congress was passed and ap- proved by President Madison giving to Georgetown the right to grant the usual college degrees. In 1833 the privi- lege of granting degrees in philosophy and theolog) was given to Georgetown by the Holy See. and thus George- town was admitted into the family of European universities. The year 1842 marked the erection and equipment of the astronomical observatory made famous by the labors of bathers Secchi, Curlev and in our own day, I lagen. In 1857 came the school of medicine, which now. after years of earnest effort, may boast of its excellent course of studies, its list of accomplished teachers, and its long roll of hon- ored graduates. The law school was started ill 1*7,1. and in a few years it sprang into prominence and made the repu- tation for careful scholarship which it still enjoys. Three hundred students in all, representing thirty-nine States and foui' foreign countries, were on the roll last year. In 01 1] a dental school was opened, and already this department bids fair to add new honors to the university. Gradual growth has been aimed at in all departments. Constant attention to .1 high standard in all courses, and the insistence upon the attainment of ibis high standard as a qualification for a degree ma) be looked upon as the dis- tinguishing feature- of Georgetown University. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. GEORGETOV Georgetown Convent of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary.— Long ere Washington was aught but a straggling little town, through which stretched one street, whose chief characteristic was a plentiful supply of black mud, a trio of noble women, driven :oni France by persecution, came to this country and be I in < George- town, and founded the convent, the subject of this sketch. This was in 1792, and the three ladies n 'erred to were Marie cle la Marche, abbess of the Order of St. Clare; Celeste La Blande de la Rochefoucauld, and Marie de St. Luc, who escaped from their native country in disguise, md arriving here found themselves strangers in a strange laid and penniless. It was at the time of the Reign of Terror, when churches and convents alike were pillaged ai'd devastated. Prior to this a little band of Jesuit Fathers lv 1 obtained a charter from Congress and laid the foun- .r.lion for a university, now known the world over as C-oigetown University, and it was these fathers that lent a Id to the exiled abbess in procuring a little home in which die nucleus of the convent was formed. Equally well known to the outside world is Georgetown Convent, whic has grown from the little academy then founded to be one of the most distinguished educational institutions for little girls and young ladies in the world. This massive brick structure, pleasantly Georgetown, is not especially attractive from view, yet behind its solid walls an enclosure so cb and idyllic is to be found that one can readil) un the strong ties that hind its graduates to the old Its beautiful corridors and clean white floors, bright, cheer- ful study rooms and chapels, through which slant lights and shadows from stained glass windows, are tr versed by many nuns in whose lowly, pure fac fleeted the noble and useful life they have chosen. With out is to be found tiers of pleasanth shaded |wrches front ing upon delightful hits of garden, grass} plots, archways and romantic walks, overhung by br< shady trees that stand as sentinels about tl and ever restful spot. The early histon Convent was fraught with many vicissitu heroic fortitude its founders rose to th< matclv succeeded in placing it upon a sol The three pioneers in founding this old in.«liluli< , 1 by Miss Alice Lalor, a young Irish companion of Madame de la Rochefoucauld, who. to all accounts, was a most unusual character. 'I hi .„„! adjacent property was sold to Vrchbishnn I [806, a year after the death of Abbe- dc la Mai ie clc la Rochefoucauld and Madai when they returned lo France. I >n A erlv was'deeded to Mis- Lalor and ; dc. and with tl \ isitation nuns had it irdcr 01 Visitati 152 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. scattered all over the United States, but although following the same rules, they are in no way connected, even those in the same city being distinct; yet owing to its priority and its historical associations, Georgetown will always be looked upon as the rooftree of the order in this country. When the three young women took charge of the convent, and finding additional room badly needed, they secured another building, which they made their dwelling house, and used the former home as an academy. These buildings disappeared long ago, however, and their sites are included in the beautiful convent grounds. Step by step the convent grew into favor, and additions were made from time to time until it reached its present proportions. As an educational institution Georgetown Convent is un- surpassed. The names of hundreds of women who have taken a prominent place in the worlds of society, art and 1828, when President John Ouincy Adams conferred the prizes upon the pupils and delivered the address to the graduating class. Upon the records of the convent are many interesting facts relating to both the order and the history of the house. Within its cloistered precincts have lived and died many illustrious women. Miss Lalor, the first superioress, lived to be 80 years old, dying on Septem- ber 19, 1846. On June 18, 1817. Archbishop Xeale, who did so much towards furthering the success of the convent, died and, in accordance with his request, was buried in the vault under the convent chapel. Academy of Visitation. — This educational institu- tion, patronized by the most exclusive families of this and other cities, occupies that block on Connecticut avenue (Washington's most fashionable thoroughfare) bounded by GEORGETOWN CONVENT OF THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MAR1 belles-lettres have graduated From there, and always refer to their Stay within its peaceful walls as the happiest periods of their lives. The course of instruction is divided into several departments, including elementary, intermediate, oi three classes, and four senior classes. The curriculum em- braces all branches, by which its pupils when graduated are eminently fitted to shine in any position in the world thai the) maj elect to enter. Especial attention is given to both music and needlework, which strikingly illustrates that equal attention is bestowed upon the young ladies entrusted to the sisters' care in preparing them for a life of usefulness as well as an artistic one. One of the most interesting events connected with the -1 Georgetown Convent was the commencement exercises and annual exhibition held in the summer of 1. and De Sales streets, northwest. The Academy of Visita- tion was founded in 1850. At that time it was found expedient to establish another icademy with a more central location of the city, and the signal success with which the parent house had met left no doubt as to the future success of the offspring. While belonging to the same order, and being an offspring of ( ieorgetown Convent, the Academy of Visitation is a separate ami distinct institution, with its own superioress, and the owner of its property. The institution was founded upon the advice of Father Mathcw who was widely known and beloved at that time. When first started it was exclusively a day school tor those patrons who wished their children instructed by the noble women of this order. Now, and for the last few years, a limited number of boarders are taken. The academy was first THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. ' 53 started with three dwellings at Tenth and G streets, but in 1877 the present property was purchased. The original tract embraced the entire block from L to M streets, but finding it more than their needs required, these ladies first opened De Sales street through the center of their block and presented it to the city. Three sisters were detailed from Georgetown Convent and three from the Academy of Visitation in Baltimore to conduct the affairs of the newly founded school. Sister Juliana, a niece of Father Mathew, was its first superioress. She was a woman of a rarely beautiful character, and lived to a ripe old age. Several sisters now connected with the academy were with her throughout her regime, and refer most reverently and affectionately to their mother. On September 24, ^1900, the academy celebrated its Academy of the Holy Cross.— The question of edu- cation is a most perplexing one for parents, and one upon which the most widely differing opinions are constantly expressed. Each well established househol nucleus of ideas upon the conduct of life. The father and mother are supposed to have settled their poinl more or less clearly: the question for them is to form the point of view for the children. Material f: important as they are commonly accepted to be. way of looking at things after it is firmly planted in the mind bears the most potent influence for g 1: and the person that has it is prett) sure to gel what he - to seek. No more suitable institution exists, f.ir tl training of the minds of little girls than the Acadcim The Holv Cross, on Massachusetts avenue. Here c golden jubilee, at which time several ladies, the first grad- uates of the academy, were present and participated in the exercises. At present there are about one hundred day scholars and twenty boarders upon its roster. The classes are divided into primary, intermediate and senior courses. The greatest care is exercised in the instruction oi the scholars,, especially in music, art and the languages. While the government of this institution is mild and maternal, and everything is done for the promotion and happiness of the pupils, the sisters charged with the super- vision of the young ladies are vigilant in exacting discipline and polite deportment. Pupils of all religious denoimn tions are received, and no influence is exercised oxer t in matters of religion. All are expected, however, to co. form to what the regulations of the academy n ■ VISITATION. are entered when a I a tender age. and step I)) Step they are taken through the various stages of education, ever undi the watchful eves of the noble band of sislerlv they are graduated, ready to take their prop world, and to adorn an) social coterie they maj enter. Earlv in the war 1868 Rev. 1 .1 Whifc Matthew^ Church, applied to Mother Angi of the Sisters of Hob ,1 U . school in connection with bis church. Si anc l Nativity, both now dead. Nut living in Hi .,■ manv a Washingtonian. wen Vncjela for the new field of labor in th. c-u.ital The growth of the 111 for and l.n: I THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. ACADEMY OF THE HOLY, CROSS. Sister Nativity, who was wisely and successfully directing the M street school, was recalled to Indiana by the superiors, who hoped the change of climate would repair her shattered health, but shortlj after sin- passed away. Sister La Salette succeeded Sister Nativity as superioress. Owing to her masterly abilities the school not onlj flourished, but also Through the life-inspiring energy of Sister La that noble institution of learning, the Academy ol Cross, sprang into existence. In the spring of [8 ground on which the academj stands was purchas Si [,ooo. The Rev. Dr. While died before the foui bul his words: " Put up a building worthy- Church and of your community," were literally fi Rev. Francis Boyle, who succeeded Dr. White as of St. Matthew's ratified the work and encouraged the workers. The massive building, which is of red brick, with handsome stone trim- mings, cost >j r o.ooo. It was com- pleted, occupied, and chartered in 1879. Since '79 this school has continued to give substantial proofs of its usefulness and efficiency, but the scholastic year just closed has been the most successful in its his- tory. Besides the senior, prepara- tory, junior, and minim departments the course of studies embrace the useful and ornamental. Before graduating the young ladies must not only have followed the studies peculiar to each class, but they must also have passed a creditable exami- nation in the higher mathematics, logic, natural and mental philoso- phy, literature, history, astronomy, chemistry, botany, geology, rhet- oric, criticism of authors, and book- keeping. French. Latin. German, and the rudiments of drawing and vocal music form a part of tin- gen eral course. The musical reputa- tion of the academy is unsurpassed by that of any institution in the city. The art department, too. is worthy of its name. There are twenty sis- ter, at Hol} Cross: thirteen are en- gaged in the work at the academy, three have charge of St. Matthew's Institute on K street, and four of St. Augustine's school for colored The Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was incorporated b) Congress in an act approved February Mi, 1S57. under the name of the Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Heal and Dumb and the Blind. This art of incorporation was secured at the instance 01 Hon. Amos Kendall, who had become interested in the educa- tion of deaf and blind children in tin- District. Mr. Ken- dall was made president of the provisional board of trustees. and this board secured the establishment of a school for the ileal' and the blind in premises consisting <'i two acres of -round and a small house which were donated by Mr. Kendall. Additional -rounds and buildings were rented by the directors and the institution was I'ormalK opened 011 the [3th of June, [857, uniler the superintendency of Ed- ward Miner Gallaudet. During the first year twelve deaf- mutes and six blind children were received and taught. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 155 The act incorporating the institution allowed one hundred and fifty dollars per annum from the United States Treas- ury for each indigent pupil from the District of Columbia. This amount proving insufficient for the support of trie school, Congress was induced to increase its appropriation, and in 1859, Mr. Kendall erected at his own expense a substantial brick building at a cost of eight thousand dol- lars on the lot originally donated. In 1S62, Congress appropriated nine thousand dollars for additions to the buildings of the school, the number of pupils having increased to forty-one. In 1864, at the instance of Mr. Gallaudet, the superintendent of the school, Congress passed an act authorizing the institution to exer- cise collegiate powers and to confer collegiate degrees. A few months after the passage of this act. Congress appro- priated twenty-six thousand dollars for the purchase of grounds and buildings adjoining the property of the insti- tution to provide enlarged accommodations. The directors soon became a national institution in • rapid. Congress provided for the admission of deaf-mute young men and women from all parts of the country, with- out charge for board and tuition where it was ma that these young men and young women were unable to meet their expenses. Course.-, of study havi fully pursued in the arts and sciences, and of the college have taken positions of honor and us> which they would have been quite unable to till but for the education they have received in the college. Tin for the deaf of the District of Columbia has been well pro- vided for by Congress, and in honor of the man wh- its establishment, ii has received the name of "The Ken dall School." The collegiate department has bi a name in honor of the founder of deaf-mute education in America, Rev. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, win fished the oldest school for deaf-mutes in the coui at Hartford, Connecticut, in 1817. and is now known and designated as "Gallaudet Colli COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DE at that time proceeded to establish a college for the deaf, with a course of study laid out leading up to degrees in the arts and sciences. The college was publicly inaugu- rated, and upon the suggestion of Amos Kendall, who had been president of the board of directors up to this tune. the board elected Mr. Gallaudet as its president. Mr. Ken- dall retiring to a seat at the council board of the directors. In 1865 Congress enacted that the blind children of the District of Columbia should be thereafter provided for and educated in the Maryland School for the Blind, the number being regarded as too small to justify the m tenance of a separate department in the Columbia Institu- tion and the name of the institution was changed to the Columbia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. In the years following liberal appropriations were made by ( for the erection of buildings and the further enlargement of -rounds, so that the development of th- ine grounds of the institution, compri dred acres, have been tastefully laid out with plans devised by Frederick Law l Hn of the buildings were designed by Fred. 1 of New York. One of the more re< mitory for the boys of the Kendal: by Olof Hanson, of the State of W; of t h e college in the vcar 1889, who has b ars a successful architect in the I 1 tion at Kendall Green is open to • ,ine o'clock in the morning until tin n00I1 Hie method of instruction pi combined system, which includes all i , the education of the deaf. peak well and to read from tli are taU ght to do this. Those who h: training and tr. 156 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. it to the highest possible degree of usefulness. Manual methods are made use of where they seem to be better fitted than others to develop the capabilities of the pupils. The directors of the institution have adopted this system after careful examinations of many schools for the deaf in this country and in Europe, and the.'r experience leads them to believe that results are attained under this broad system much superior to any that can be reached by the employment of any single method. Gunston School for Young Ladies was established by Mr. and Mrs. Beverley R. Mason, of Virginia, in Georgetown, D. C. in September, 1892. For three years it remained in Georgetown, taking two houses the sec- ond, and three houses the third year. In September, 1895, the school was moved to its present location, tak- ing the two houses 1212 and 1214 Fourteenth street, northwest, and later it added the house 1409 Massachu- setts avenue, to accommodate the increasing number of pu- pils. In September, 1900, the home department was moved from 1409 to 1401 Massachusetts avenue, bringing the whole school into three adjacent buildings, with communicating- doors on every floor, making a most elegant and commodious home for young ladies. The name of the school is taken from " Gunston " Hall of Fairfax county, Virginia, the home of George Mason, author of the Virginia " Declara- tion of Rights," great-grandfather of Mr. Beverley Mason. Mr. Mason was graduated at a university preparatory school in Virginia, and was professor of mathematics and Latin in a military school in Xew York. In 1879 he held the same position in tlie Archer Institute for Young Ladies, at 1 40 1 Massachusetts avenue, northwest, and continued as head, teacher of Latin and mathematics at the same place in the Norwood Institute until 1892, when he founded Gunston School, in Georgetown, returning in 1895 to the original site of the Archer and Norwood Institutes. In early life Mrs. Mason was principal of a successful church school for young ladies in \ irginia. She is a descendant of Genera] Thomas Nelson, of Yorktown, Virginia, ami a sister of Bishop Nelson of Georgia. I - ;ecure and retain permanently as teachers ladks and gentlemen of high social position, of moral worth and in- tellectual capacity of a high order is essential to the suc- cess oi a school — not financial success necessarily, for that is a secondary consideration with the earnest teachers who would accomplish the best results in training and caring for the young people entrusted to their keeping. Gunston is singularly fortunate in fulfilling ibis condition. The principals are proud of their splendid corps of teachers and give them full credit for maintaining the high standing of (iunslon. Besides the principals, there are eight resi- dent lad} teachers and a lady in charge of the housekeeping department, who look-, after the comfort and health of the pupils. Besides these there are twelve visiting teachers for the various departments of art, music, languages and science, of whom live are gentlemen and seven ladies, mak- ing a total of twenty teachers. The number of pupils en- rolled for the past session was ninety-seven, and the present session will be about the same. The associate principal, Miss Edith M. Clark, is an Eng- lishwoman, and a graduate of the University of St. An- drew's, Scotland. She studied at Oxford, and spent sev- eral years in Berlin and Paris, and made a special study of the school system of Germany. She has also taken spe- cial studies at Queen's College. Kingston. Ontario, and at Cornell University. She was head teacher at Norwood Institute, this city, for five years: was principal of " Bishop Hopkins Iiall " School for Girls, at Burlington, Vermont, for five years. She then traveled and studied in Europe for two years, and makes a specialty of conducting art and history tours through Europe during the summer vaca- tion. Miss Pauline Bristow, teacher of elocution, studied her profession in the best schools of Cincinnati, Paris and Leipzig, spending several years in Europe. Miss Bristow is also an accomplished linguist. Miss Hunter was prin- cipal oi a church school in Maryland, and has been for the las! eight years at Gunston doing excellent work as teacher of English, and chaperone for sightseeing parties. Professor 'I ill. »n. head of the mathematical department and science, is a graduate of Phillips-Exeter, Dartmouth, New Hamp- shire. Miss Susan K. Cooke, teacher of mathematics and Latin, was 1 rained al \\ ellesiex College. Miss Anne Dehon Trapicr lias been leachei of literature and histor) since Gunston was first established, and her influence has been a power in the school. M. Xavier Teillard. professor of French, is a graduate of the Sorbonne, Paris, and has been in Gunston seven years. Mile. Marie Lambert. French -ranunar and conversation, is a native of Paris; does good work, and has been with the school for seven years. Dr. Anton Gloetzner, pianist, graduate of Munich Conservatory, THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. has been with Gunston for ten years. Miss Beulah Cham- bers, teacher of piano, was a teacher for five years in the College of Music, Cincinnati. Mr. Herman C. Rakemann, teacher of violin, is a gradaute of the Royal High School of Music, Berlin. Mr. Walter T. Holt is the teacher of guitar and mandolin. Mme. cle St. Clair Buxton has had charge of the vocal department for eight years, and is an excellent teacher. Miss Emma Rathbone Smith, teacher of the German language, studied for several years in Stutt- gart and Dresden, and speaks German like a native. She has taught in Gunston with great success for six years. Miss Lucy Mason, teacher of physical culture and Del- teacher, and with an interval of three year- for study abroad, has taught in Gunston since it was first established. To have such a corps of teachers permanently coi with a school, and giving to it the best work of their live-. is a sufficient guarantee of the character of the institution, and of its claim upon the patronage of those win not only the best instruction, but tin their children. The National Correspondence Institute. W ton is freely acknowledged to be the educational, as the political, center of our country. The public schools, the colleges, universities, and Government scientific and GUNSTON SCHOOL FOR YOUNG LADIES. sarte, was a pupil of Dr. William G. Anderson, Dr. Eliza Mosher and Mrs. E. M. Bishop, at Chautauqua. Miss Virginia May, a resident teacher of English, in charge oi the study hall, has been with the school for ten years ; she is a fine executive officer. Miss Ella Reese has charge oi the primary school, and has been with Norwood Institute and Gunston continuously for more than twelve years. Miss Catherine C. Critcher, teacher of art. has just returned from Paris, after a course of instruction in the Julian Acad where she received the first honors in her cl Critcher is also an exhibitor in the Paris salon. an international reputation as an artist. technical bureaus class and emplo\ the b si ii to be found in America. It i responclencc instruction, whid vaiice i" educational methods in tin tury. has also, in this the high wale hi'o-h ( . v Kiiilev and hi i58 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. observe. The National Correspondence Institute was es- tablished by Dr. McKinley in 1893, and soon after that date was incorporated as an educational institution, thus sep- arating itself by law, as well as by principle and educational standards, from the great number of private business con- cerns and stock companies which go under the name of business colleges, correspondence schools, and the like. In consideration of this distinction, the Institute has the au- thority of Congress to grant all the usual academic degrees upon those who satisfactorily complete its prescribed courses of study. Our city, then, is the home of the only institution in the world which gives to every ambitious man and woman the opportunity of receiving a complete college education in the home. No distinctions of age, color, race, sex, resi- dence, etc., are made. The only entrance requirements are the ability to read and write the English language and a desire to learn. From this lowly beginning any person can advance, through a proper use of his spare moments, to the highest branches of learning. Courses of instruction are given in bookkeeping and business, shorthand, type- writing, journalism, short-story writing, magazine litera hire, English, law, the various branches of engineering, architecture, drafting, ancient languages, modern languages (including graphophone method), teachers' review, normal courses, modern sciences (about 150 different branches), preparation for college, army. West Point, Annapolis, con- sular service, and civil service examinations, etc. The lim- itations of correspondence instruction are fully realized, however, and no attempt is made at this school to teach laborator) courses in medicine, dentistry, and similar branches, nor is instruction given to primarj scholars. It is Dr. McKinley 's policy Lo co operate with and supplement 1 1 1. work of the best resident schools and not to antagonize them in any way. The cost of courses at the Institute is such a small fraction of the cost of resident school work, and there are so many persons who cannot afford the time or money to attend resident schools, that no attempt is made to secure as students those who are in a posi- tion to attend high grade colleges. The National Cor- respondence Institute is endeavoring to secure the greatest good for the greatest number. The rates of tuition arc placed at the lowest possible figures, and the fees may be paid in small monthly installments, purchasing life scholar- ships, which entitle the holders to instruction in their courses without regard to the time required to complete them. These scholarships are non-forfeitable and trans- ferable. Text-books are furnished by the school without extra charge, and in fact, there are no extras of any kind. The institute bears on its rolls thousands of students in all parts of the world and thousands more are added every year. Its success is due to its thorough methods, competent instructors, and its fair-dealing, combined with an enterprising management. Correspondence instruction is individual. A greater percentage of high grade work is done in the Institute's courses than in resident schools because each student is in a class by himself. He does all the work of the course, recites every lesson, and is obliged to master every principle before he is permitted to take up advanced work. This system necessarily unves the student a better equipment than is possible by oral instruction where each class numbers ten, twenty, thirty, a hundred, or even more students, and some students may pass through a whole year's work without being called on for a recitation. The correspondence student does not come in personal touch with his instructor, and ma\ lose the education which this contact may give, but so far as mas- tery of principles and the acquiring of knowledge is con- cerned, the correspondence method has no equal. The members of the Institute's faculty are graduates of the leading universities from Maine to California, who bring to this school the best methods of them all. They are men of practical experience as well as theoretical training, are selected for their special litness for the work, ami are numbered among the leading educators of this city. The faculty of more than fort) persons is composed of those who arc giving individual instruction to students and not merely supervising work which is done by others. It has taken a manager of unusual ability to gather such a faculty and to place in successful operation a school which accomplishes such worldwide results. It is only h\ years of perseverance ami untiring devotion that Dr. McKinley has organized and brought to such a high degree of perfection this institution, which holds a unique position in the world and offers an exceptional opportunity, par- ticularl) to those who have been deprived of school privi- leges 111 early life, for pressing forward intellectually from year to year and accomplishing that which "is a universal possibility, a universal privilege, as well as a universal THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Dr. John William McKinley is a son of Amos and Martha Evaline Williamson McKinley, and was born at Pvttsselville, Brown county, Ohio, on November 14, 1866. His first education was received in his native public and normal schools. At the age of fifteen he began work as an educator, and for several years taught in the public school during the winter, attending the normal school in the summer. In 1885 he took a business and shorthand course at Oberlin, Ohio, after which he taught in the busi- ness and shorthand schools in Springfield and Columbus, and lectured on penmanship in the Teachers' Institute throughout Ohio, having made this a specialty. Dr. McKinley took a select course in Wittenburg College in 1887-88-89 as a preparation for his law studies, the subjects of this course being selected by the late President McKinley. In January, 1890, he came to Washington and was appointed to the Census Office by Superintendent Robert B. Porter upon the recommendation of the late President, William McKinley. There he served for three years while completing his three years course in law at the National University, receiving the LL.B. and LL.M. degrees, after which he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Dr. McKinley then engaged in an active practice of law, together with the development of the National Corres- pondence Institute, which he founded in 1893. The mani- fold duties connected with the new Institute demanded so much attention that he was then compelled to abandon his law practice temporarily. Desiring a further knowledge of law, Dr. McKinley became a member of the first class of the School of Comparative Jurisprudence and Diplomacy of Columbian University, from which he received the de- grees of D. C. L., in 1900. and M. Dip. in 1902. Dr. McKinley married Miss Carrie Elizabeth Brigham, of Marietta, Ohio, on October 22, 1891, and their union has been blessed with one daughter, Carrie Brigham McKinley, who is now ten years old, and one son, Edward Brigham McKinley, aged seven. National University —In his eighth annual message to Congress, President Washington called attention to the advisability of establishing at the seat of Government a National University. The suggestion met such opposition or indifference that no step was taken in that direction until in the seventies certain citizens of Washington, in the belief that the Federal Government might be more ready to follow than to initiate such an undertaking, in- corporated the National University under the general in- corporation law. The first board of trustees, among whom the late Justice Arthur McArthur was a leading spirit, and President Ulysses S. Grant the first president or chancellor, established as a nucleus the first of the schools of the University, viz.: the law school. Mr. Eugene Carusi was elected dean in 1879, and at the requesl ol the board of trustees, reorganized the faculty and course of study. After the reorganization the first law consisted of the dean, Justice Arthur McArth Webb, Esq., Hubley Ashton, Esq., and Hon. ; Claughton. The board of regents in 1S80 coi 159 Wm. P. Fryeof .Maine. Nathaniel I'. Hill of Colorado, John T. Morgan of Alabama. John Goodc of Virginia, Davidge, Drs. Z. T. Sowers and James I Arthur McArthur. President 1 la- Grant in the chancellorship. Succeeding Presidents of the United States, including Presidents thur and Cleveland, occupied the office of chanci the University until 1889, when it became obvious that Congressional aid in establishing the Universit) not be forthcoming. Such, however, had been tin of the law. and later of the medical ami dental established under the old charter, that in this \. 1 new articles of incorporation were filed under tin i6o THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. incorporation law. The new incorporators were Samuel F. Miller, Arthur McArthur, Matthew G. Emery, Eugene Carusi, Willim H. Chase, S. S. Baker, William B. Webb; Thomas Wilson, Howard H. Barker and H. O. Claughton. The late Samuel F. Miller, a Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and at that time a professor in the law school since 1885. was elected chancellor. In this office he was succeeded by the late Justice Arthur McArthur and he in turn by the present chancellor and president of the board of trustees, Hon. Richard H. Alvey, Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia. During a brief interval in 1891 Bishop John F. Hurst, late chancellor of the Methodist University, served as chan- cellor. The law school, although deprived of Government aid, has been very prosperous; lias included many promi- nent names in its faculties, and graduated in the last twenty years of its history more than twelve hundred students. from every State in the Union and from numerous foreign countries. The present charter of the University was obtained from Congress in 1896. Since its organization the law school has been under the management of Eugene Carusi, dean, and one of the principal professors therein. The instructors in the Uni- versity an- as follows: Eugene Carusi, LL. D., dean ; I Ion. Henry E. Davis. ex-United Stales Attorney for the Dis- trict of Columbia: George A. King, EL. D. ; Brigadier- General George I'.. Davis. United States Army, present Judge Advocate General, United Stales Army: James Schouler, EE. D., the eminent juridical writer, and lec- turer at Harvard and Johns Hopkins Universities; lion. ■k 1. Frank E. Campbell, EE. M, United Stales Department of 1 ston, EE..M.: Hon. Milton E . retary United Stales Treasury I.E. M., First Assistant Alton, of the Interior; David i ( ieneral of < )hio : Frederi Cowles Tucker. LL. M., Henry Charles Francis Carusi, LL. LL. M., < harks II. Robb, I.I I.E.M.. Alexander Wolf, ELM and E. Richard Shipp, LL.M, covers a period of three years to the degree of bachelor of I graduate year, to the degree dc Assistant Secretary of the ie Interior; Jackson II. Ral- lies, LL. M., Assistant Sec- : 1 Ion. Samuel V..Proudfit, zy United Slates Department Watson, formerly Attorney- th ■ thi rd ye ir is mo comm< n law studies. Ia\ v h< ve Ik ■n added of tha yea . The 1 Ri :hai 1 II. Alvey, 1 vi e-pi isidei 1 ; 1 harl II Bi >n. rkei [ilarj . Ml A. Ilerl .. lobu j Siddons, LL.M.; Charles 1 [aywood Classic, EE. M., M., 1.. Cabell Williamson, . M., Charles A. Keigwin. . Conrad II. Syme, LL.M., The course of instruction The first two years lead iw. and the third, or post- •e ..I" master of laws. While voted l' * a continuation 1 if the •s upon federal administrative lisiinctly post-graduate feature board of trustees are: 1 Ion. it ; I [on. Matthew G. Emery, ncis Carusi, I. EM., secretary: in, Rufus Thayer. Howard II. er. M.D.. Charles Lyman, Esq., Hon. Philip Mauro, Eugene Carusi. William C. Whittemore, Esq., Charles Francis Carusi, William Mercer Sprigg, M.D.. Col. Alexander T. Britton. Eugene Carusi. — One of the oldest of the more prom- inent members of the local bar, and perhaps the senior legal educator in the District of Columbia, is Eugene Carusi. Mr. Carusi was born in Alexandria, in the District of Columbia, in 1835. His education was received from a private tutor, and afterwards at Dr. Arnold's Seminary, and Rugby In- stitute. In 1856 he read law in the office of the lale William J. Stone, then one of the foremost members of the bar of the old Circuit Court of the District of Columbia. In 1800 he married Frances Standford, second daughter of Dr. Ar- thur Standford, of England, and Helen Slye, of Maryland. Mr. Carusi has been actively engaged in the practice EUGENE CARUSI of law since 1851). In 181)3 be accepted the presidency of the District Title Insurance Company, from which he re- signed in [899 in order to devote his entire time to his pro- fession, and is now the senior member of the well-known law linn of Eugene Carusi & Sons. Mr. Carusi has long been identified with legal education in the Districl of Co- lumbia, and is the dean of the law faculty of the National University Law School, which, at the request of the then board of trustees, he reorganized ill 1870. During this period of nearly a quarter of a century the law school under his management has become one of the leading law schools oi tin country. In his work as an instructor he has had. associated with him, beside the members of tin- present Eac- ultv, mam eminent law \ers and judges, among whom were the late lusiicc Arthur MacAnhur. Hon. II. it. Claughton, Hon, William B, Webb, and Mr. Justice Samuel F, Miller. a CHAPTER XVIII. FINANCIAL INTERESTS. HE first bank in the District of Columbia was chartered by an act of the general assembly of the State of Maryland, De- cember 23, 1793, as the Bank of Columbia, " for the purpose," as stated in the pre- amble, " of promoting- the agricultural and commercial interests of the State, and facilitating the preparations for the perma- nent residence of Congress within the Ter- ritory of Columbia." Ten thousand shares J of $too each was the amount of the capitai stock, and the limitation of existence was until " Congress shall exercise jurisdiction in and assume the government over the Territory of Co'umbia. and until they shall by law annul the charter hereby granted." No other bank was authorized until February 15, 181 1. when Congress incorporated the Bank of Washington. Six years later, March 3, 181 7, Congress authorized the incor- poration of six banks, namely, the Farmers and Mechanics' Bank of Georgetown, the Central Bank of Georgetown and Washington, the Bank of the Metropolis, the Patriotic Bank of Washington, the Franklin Bank of Alexandria, and the Union Bank of Alexandria. By the same act was prohib- ited any unchartered bank, company, association, partner- ship, or individuals from doing a banking business in the Territory. Of the banks here named three are still in existence : The Bank of Washington, now called the Na- tional Bank of Washington ; the Bank of the Metropolis, now the National Metropolitan Bank ; and the Farmers and Mechanics' Bank of Georgetown, now the National Farm- ers and Mechanics' Bank of Georgetown. The Bank of Columbia, of Georgetown, aided the Government greatly during the war of 1812. General Jackson was ready to move his army to New Orleans, but the Treasury was without funds and what was worse, the Government had no credit. Monroe, then Secretary ol State, mounted his horse, rode to Georgetown and called upon the cashier of the Bank of Columbia, William Whann, to whom he pledged his honor and his personal fortune to the repayment of a loan, if he would make it to the Government. The loan was made and Jackson won the battle of New Orleans. The District Commissioners have no jurisdiction over any public banks in the city. All banking institutions, national associations, loan and trust comp banks, etc., within the District, organized under the author- ity of Congress, are. the same as the national banl • the supervision .>f the Comptroller of the Currency, and their reports must be made whenever called for by that officer, whi'e their books must always In- opi n t" til tion of national bank examiners. Banks and trus panies are also permit 1 under charters granted by the States. These an subject to the banking laws of nted tin- charter, operating, therefore, as branches of banl - elsewhere. Private banks are also permitti ' in the District by paying an annual license trict government of fifty cents fur each one t li< .n --■ - 1 of capital invested. The condition of the banking institutions of the District a little over fifty years ago is given in the National [ntel- ligencer of January (6, [836, in which it is stated that the various bank- were prepared t<> meet their liabiliti moment's notice, if necessary, in the following ratii of Washington. 40. S4 per cent.: Patriotic Bank of Wasli ington, 71.81 per cent.; Bank of the Metn | cent.; Union Bank of Georgetown, 78.30 per cent.: Farm- ers and Mechanics' Bank of Georgetown, Farmers' Bank of Alexandria, 43.21 per cent.: Bank of the Potomac, 51.85 per cent. Assets of these banks. dollar of their liabilities, apart from the capital stock, were stated to be as Follows: Bank of Washington, $3.30; Patri- otic Bank. $1.64; Bank of the Metropolis. $1.30 Bank of Georgetown, S2.40: Farmers and Mechani 1 1 leorgetown, $3.05; Farmers' Bank of Alexandi Bank of the Potomac. $2.32. Tin of the seven hank- was $964,7' apart from capital stock. $2,813,925 585.52; cadi. $1,492.81 1..56: discount iv >l - real estate, $318 :, surplus of $2,367,439.43- Reports m; April. [903, by the banks and trusl com]...: trict, show thai within the ' I one less bank and one more trust compau the hank- of Washington has more than a ,nounl of money available in the Washingi (161) 162 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. thirteen banks and three trust companies, the capital of all was a little over $23,000,000. There is to be an addition of $3,600,000 to this amount during this year, when the capital of one of the trust companies is to be doubled, through arrangements with a New York city bank. The increase in the money available for business in the local banks is declared to be due entirely to the increase in wealthy population of the city. There are many advan- tageous forms of investment in the District of Columbia, and the banking business is profitable. Apartment houses have become a popular investment in the city. Many have recently been completed, more are in course of erection, and still others have been projected and capitalized. In addition to the national banks and trust companies, there are a num- ber of savings banks, the capital of which is not included in the statement given above. Riggs National Bank. No more suitable home could be provided for the historic old banking house, once Riggs & Co., bul now the Riggs National Bank, than that lately erected on Pennsylvania avenue, near Fifteenth street, jusl above its original site. Few visiters come to the National Capital without being forcibl) impressed by the noble pro- portions and exquisite adornments of this beautiful type of architecture, beneath the shadow of the stately United Slates Treasury. No better exemplification of the old adage, tks from little acorns grow." can be cited than this instance. In [836 the late George VV. Riggs, millionaire capitalist, man of affairs, and philanthropist, founded a banking business under the firm name of Corcoran & Riggs. Associated with him were W. W. Corcoran, whose name is synonymous with success and all that is beautiful in art, and the founder's brother, Elisha Riggs. As the business prospered, four years later the firm purchased the property at the corner of Fifteenth street and Pennsylvania avenue, which was owned by the old United States Bank. The institution immediately became a power in the nation*s financial world, and during the war with Mexico, in 1846. it took the entire loan of $5,000,000. outbidding all rival institutions or individuals. Out of this loan a large bonus was realized. Two years after this Mr. Riggs retired from the firm, leaving his half brother Elisha and W. W. Corcoran in the business, but upon their retirement, in 1846, Mr. Riggs again entered the concern, took up the reins of government, and continued actively at its head thereafter. The present officers of the Riggs National Bank are : Charles C. Glover, president : Thorn? s Hyde and Mil- ton E. Ailes, vice-presidents: Arthur T. Price, cashier, and William J. Flather and H. H. Flather, assistant cashiers. Directors: Charles C. Glover, Thomas Hyde, James M. Johnston, Arthur T. Brice, William J. Fiather. R. Ross Perry. Thomas F. Walsh, Henry Hurt. J< hn R. McLean, lames Sti'.lman, Frank A. Vanderlip and Milton E. Ailes. A comparative statement showing the bank's growth, from the time it became a national bank, in 1896. to the present time, can but better illustrate what proportions the business has reached under his able guidance. The following statement shows the condition of the institution July 14, 1896, a few days after becoming a national bank- Resources — Loans, discounts and investments. $1,627,- ySS.jo: due from banks (not reserve agents), 5403,936. 58: cash and reserve. $1.7(17.453.73: total. $3,829,179.01. Lia- bilities — Capital stock, $500,000.00: net profits, $288.03. Deposits— Individual. $3,267,163.36; bank. $61,727.62; total, $3,829,179.01. The following report, made to the Comptroller of the Currency April 9, 1903, will give some idea of the growth of this institution since becoming a national bank: Resources — Loans, discounts and investments, $5.-121 - 620.14; United States bonds for Government deposit, $3- 100,000.00: due from banks (not reserve agents), $760,- 436.63: banking bouse, S343.715.S2: cash and reserve, $5,- [29,656.87; total, $14.755.4-''!. 4"- Liabilitie: — Capital stock, $500,000.00 : surplus and net profits. $553,667.26: United States bond account $3,100,000.00. Deposits — Individual. $7.1.43-875.76; bank. $457.88(1.44: United State- deposit, $3,000,000.00: total, $14,755,429.46. Charles Carroll Glover. — In recounting the success of Riggs & Company, its growth and expansion, the name of Charles Carrol! Glover, the present president of the bank, stands forth with greatest prominence. To his -iron- individuality and rare tact, to his large acquaintance with men who wield the greatest power in the affairs of the nation, to his untiring and unselfish labors in behalf of the improvement of the city and of the District at large, as well THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. [6 as to a thorough knowledge of the intricacies of finance, coupled with an unexcelled business acumen, is unquestion- ably due the far-reaching influence of this great banking institution. Although identified with many varied business interests, Mr. Glover is never at a loss for time to help make Washington the most beautiful city in the world — a model for all others. It is not possible within the limits of this brief sketch, to do more than mention some of the many important public matters which he has inaugurated and carried to a sucessful conclusion. Opinions may differ now as to the importance of all these, but the future historian of the city will applaud the wise judgment of the man who secured, in these earlier years, the magnificent tract of land lying along the banks of the pictur- esque Rock Creek, from Massachusetts avenue to the northern apex of the District, including the Zoolog'cal Gardens, for a great National Pa k. The preservation of t'-e rugged natural beauty of a glen situate so near to the capital city, the binding of Congress to its improvement f ora year to year for all time, is in itself an achieve- ment sufficient to. give a man last'ng fame; but in the humble cp'nion of the writer, the securing of the adoption by Con- gress of definite plans for the extension of ave- nues, streets and road- ways throughout the en- tire District, in conform- ity with the original plan of L'Enfant, by which the city may grow with homogeneity to the very limits of the original lines north of the Potomac, is even a greater triumph. The building of an immense viaduct, instead of a bridge, across Rock Creek, on the line of Massachusetts avenue extended, marks another vic- tory for Mr. Glover before the appropriations committee of the Senate, and is the first step toward carrying out a long cherished plan to conduct the waters of Rock ( from that point through a culvert to the river, fill the unsightly gulch that now exists and reclaiming for the city many hundreds of acres of valuable residence ar business property in the popular northwest section. the line of Massachusetts avenue extended is locate site of the new Protestant Episcopal Cathedral, at the very crest of the hills overlooking the city, north of < leorgetown; and a little further out, the site of the great Methodist University. Location of thesi be credited t<> Mr. Glover, who is a trustee of both institutions. At hi> home, plans for the cathedral took definite shape, and ii was by his advice that the site firsl selected on Connecticut avenue extended — a part of the Sharon estati abandoned and the present one acquired. Here, surroundci by a beautiful grove of oaks is the little church of Saint Alban's, near to which the .ureal cathedral will be built. No more beautiful spot in the District could have been chosen, commandii entire city. The Hall of His- tory, of the i Methodist i University, is already built, and t" this building Mi who is treasurer of the University, made the tir-i contribution. Work will soon begin >>n the McKinlev M emorial 1 tall. In l88l ing held al Mi • mutated for tli -■ ti. .n of the flats, in order 1 form thai marsl into a beautiful and pic- turesque national park. After a long fighl the passed b\ botl and ap- • Cleveland on March 3. iS()7. it being almost the last official document lie the White House. The Supreme Courl has sustained the right of the city to property, and citizens have been reimbursed for build which have been razed. About four hundn have been reclaimed, adding greath f the citv, bul to ii- hcalthfulness an extract from the editorial columns of the Wasl Post of March 4. 1897: "The President has signed, the bill dc the Potomac flats to the purp 1 1 is the consummation of a \v< fully unci. 1 '"" awl Sl .mI an 1- in. in. Mr. 1 I 164 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. GLOVER'S CITY RESIDENCE. has already laid the city under grave obligations by labor and achievement in other important directions. It is to Mr. 1 rlover thai we owe the realizat'on of the Rock Creek Park, also the lasting gratitude for his potent help in the matter of the new Corcoran Art Gallery. It is to him that we are now indebted for this last and crowning achievement at present under discourse, against ever) unjust opposition; he has labored patient' y and bravely for years alone, sus- tained only by his personal influence and force; he has confronted and pievailed on the apathy and prejudice of Congress. Mr. Glover secured the passage of the bill, and it is him we have to thank for the assured park. It should priety, bul whatever name they give it, we shall all know that we are indebted for it to the unselfish and public des to merge to better country. In street railroad matters Mr. Glover has long been active, and was the moving spirit of the 'Washington and Georgetown Railroad for many years before it was merged into the Capital Traction Company, in 1895. since which time he has been its vice-president. He has been the president of the Stock Exchange, and when vice- president of the National Safe Deposit and Trrst Company it was mainly through his efforts that its new building was erected. Mr. 1 ilover was born in Macon county, North Carolina. November 24, 1846. but came to Wash- ington when eight years old to I've. His grand- father, for whom he was named, was one of Washington's most distinguished and highly es- teemed citizens, an honored guest at the recep- tion given General Lafayette by the President of the United States, and one of the large land- owners in Washington at that time. Young Glover was educated at Rittenhouse Academy, the famous school conducted by O. C. Wright. When sixteen years old he entered the book store of Frank Taylor, where he remained for three years, resigning his position there to enter the employ of Riggs & Company in a clerical ca- pacity. His ability, willingness and geniality were soon asserted, and step by step he moulted the ladder of promotion, until in 1873, finding his services indispensable. Mr. Riggs asked him to become a member of the firm of Riggs & Company. The business of Riggs & Com] any grew to such proportions it was found advisable the banking house into a national hank in order facilitate the handling of the large volume of spirited efforts of our distinguishei fell >w citizen, Cha ( arroll ( Clover." It is, indeed, to Mr. Glover that the city owes new I lorcoran Art Gallery, for he a one among all the ti tees urged the abandonment of the 1 ,ld site and the selec of a new one whereon a larger ai d more modern gal could be built. It took time to ov( rcome the strong o] sition to this, but at last it was ac< miplished. Mr. CI, was aKo largely influential in secui ing the extension of water-works, now one of the most efficient systems in CHARLES CARROLL GLOVER the city of Washington. Ml GLOVER'S COUNTRY RESIDENCE. >usiness which was daily growing. On July i, t8o/>, this itep was taken, and Charles C. Glover was chosen president. Jnder his management the business so increased that it vas found necessary to remove to more commodious quar- ers. Hence its present home, one of the finest examples )f a modern bank building in the United States. On Janu- iry 10, 1878, Mr. Glover married Miss Annie Cunningham Poor, daughter of the late Rear-Admiral Poor. Two chil- lren, Elizabeth Lindsay and Charles Carroll Glover, have )een born to Mr. and Mrs. Glover. Thomas Hyde, vice-president of the Riggs National lank, has been connected with this institution and the irm of Riggs & Company, its predecessor, since 1854, and THOMAS HYDE became a partner in said firm in [874. To his personality and the conservative policy to which In ; adhered, much of the bank's success is due. Air. Hyde is a son of Anthoii) II town, who in turn is a descendant of the I! one of Maryland's most prominent old families. -Mr. Hyde is tile prrsid.nl of the RiggS I in Company, which is recognized as one of the 1111 perous insurance institutions in the city, the hi which is to be found elsewhere, lb- is also pn sident of the board of trustees of the Louise Home: .1 tn - coran Art Gallery, and of the Protestant ; dral Foundation. Mr. Hyde is equally prominent in Wash- ington socially .and his name is to be found upon til of its most exclusive clubs, anion- them the Meti Dumbarton and Chevy Chase Clubs, of whid is president. James Marion Johnston of Dr. James Johnston, of the family of the J< of "Annandale," a surgeon in the Britisl who married Jean Xisl-et in 1722, and Andrew Johnston (born 1735, died iSoi of St. Andrew's University, Scotland, cann practice his profession, and there married B< [761. Dr. Andrew Johnston'- son, Janv died [822) married, in 1707. Marion, lb. George Houstoun, of Housloun, Baronet, and tin William I'. Johnston 1 born 1- at Yale, the University rie.l. in 1840, Mary M.. the Esq., of Virginia, a lawyer and, a gi and practiced medicine in \\ until In- death in 1876. < »f the fi\ William P. Johnston, the oldest. Dr. Williat lowing the family tradition, ; ,f Pennsylvania and at Edinburgh. [66 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. practiced medicine in Washington from 1869 until his death, in March, 1902 ; and the youngest, Dr. George Woodruff Johnston, after graduating at Princeton, and taking similar professional degrees, also practiced medicine for some years and afterwards engaged in literary work connected with that profession. Dr. William Waring Johnston's son, Dr. William Bernard Johnston, a graduate of Harvard and Johns Hopkins University, has begun, in 1902, the practice of medicine in Washington. James Marion Johnston, son of Dr. William P. John- ston and Mary E., his wife, was born in Washington, D. C, on February 27, 1850. After his school days at the Emerson Institute, in that city, and one year each at Chestnut Hill School, near Baltimore, and at Lawrenceville, New Jersey, he entered Princeton College in 1866, graduating and re- ceiving the degree of A.B. in 1870, and A.M. in 1873. While in college ho became a member of the Delta I 'hi fraternity. !ION JOHNSTON in. Wal < hi leaving college he studied law in the offio ter S. Cox (afterwards a justice of the Supreme Court of the I (istrict of Columbia), and at the Columbia Law School, graduating at the latter and being admitted to the bar in 1S72. During ibis period lie also took the course at the Spencerian Business College. After spending about a year in European travel he practiced law in partnership with Mr. John F. llanua From 1S74 until the hitter's death, in 1SS5. and then in partnership with .Mr. Calderon Carlisle until March, iSSS. when he retired from practice and became a member of the linn of Riggs X- Company, hankers. W'asli- ington, I ). ( '. He remained in that linn until its diss* ilution, in [8q6, when he became the second vice president and a The Riggs \; ink the purp of from al business he resigned, in I >ecemb :cond vice-president, but still a tinues as a director in that bank. In addition to these offices, Mr. Johnston was for some years second vice-president and director in the National Safe Deposit, Savings and Trust Company, and is still a director in the Arlington Fire Insur- ance Company, the Columbia Fire Insurance Company, and the Columbia Title Insurance Company. Besides this he has been for some years and still is the treasurer and one of the trustees of the Louise Home, a trustee of St. John's Or- phanage, and a trustee, and at one time president of the Children's Hospital. Mr. Johnston is also president of the Princeton Alumni Association of the District of Colum- bia and the Southern States and has been, from time to time, interested in public affairs, being especially concerned in the passage of the bill establishing the Rock Creek Park, and having prepared the original draft of that bill which, as amended, was finally passed by Congress. Mr. Johnston married, in 1 886, Miss Sophy Carr, and has a son, James Marion Johnston, Jr., and two daughters. Sophy Stanton Johnston and Eleanor Dallas Johnston. Mrs. Johnston and her family are. also, closely identified with Washington. She is the daughter of Captain ( Iverton Carr. United States Navy, who was born in Washington, and was long stationed there before and after his marriage. Captain Carr's father and grandfather also resided in Wash- ington, the latter being one of the "original proprietors" who granted the land which is now the District of Columbia. Mrs. Johnston's mother was the daughter of Hon. William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania, a judge and our Minister to Russia, and resided in Washington while her father was a Senator from Pennsylvania and while he was the Secretar) of War in the Cabinet of President Tyler. Judge Wilkins' wife (Mrs. Johnston's grandmother), was the daughter of Hon. Alexander J. Dallas and the sister of Hon. George M. Dallas. Mrs. Johnston's great-grandfather, Hon. Alex- ander James Dallas, lived in Washington while editing " Dallas' Reports " of the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, and as Secretary of War and Sec- retary of the Treasury in the Cabinet of President Madison. Mrs. Johnston's great uncle. Hon. George M. I 'alias, also lived in Washington when Vice-President of the United Slates. Mrs. Johnston's sister has also resided in Wash- ington. She is the widow of Edwin L. Stanton. Esq., who was a son of the Secretar) of War in President Lincoln's Cabinet, and who was a prominent member of the Washing- ton bar. Arthur Tilqhman Brice, cashier of the Riggs Na- tional Rank, is a member of an old and distinguished family whose names are closel) and prominently identified with the history of more than one state. Mr. Brice is a son oi Richard Ti'ghman Brice, of Maryland, and Julia Frances Shaft, of Georgetown, D. C, and a greal grandson of lion. John Forsyth, of Georgia. He was born at Columbus, Georgia, in [850, and fifteen years later removed to George- town, D. C. Previous to this he attended private schools in Georgia. Upon talcing up his residence in the District of Columbia he graduated from the Spencerian Business THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. College, and later from the Columbian Law School, both of this city. In 1867 Mr. Brice entered the office of the late W. W. Corcoran, and assisted him in the man- agement of his vast estate until his death, in 1888, when a position, which he accepted, was tendered him in the bank- ing house of Riggs & Co. When Riggs & Co. was merged into a national bank, on July t, 1896. Mr. Brice was elected cashier and a member of the board of directors, both of which posts he still retains. On December 30, 1891, Mr. Brice married jane Fran- ces, youngest daughter of Honorable George H. Pendle- ton, of Ohio, and Alice Key. daughter of Francis Scott Key, composer of the immortal " Star-Spangled Banner," thereby linking the names of two of Maryland's most distinguished families. Of this union there are three chil- dren — Arthur Tilghman Brice, Jr., born September 11, 1892; Alice Key Pendleton Brice, born December 20, 1893, and Julia Frances Brice, born August 22, 1896. TILGHMAN BRICE William J. Flather, assistant cashier of the Riggs National Bank, is a most valuable acquisition to that insti- tution. Like Mr. Brice, Mr. Flather is also descended from a Maryland family. A son of Alfred and Sarah C. Hepburn Flather, he was born in Baltimore city on May 7. 1859. After attending the public schools of Baltimore county and Washington, D. C, he entered the office of a broker and there remained for two years. On Febru- ary 4, 1877, Mr. Flather entered the office of Riggs & Co. as a messenger, and by dint of perseverance and close atten tion to his duties and employers' interests he was advanced grade by grade until he now stands well at the top. W hen the reorganization took place in 1896 Mr. Flather's reward came in the form of another advancemenl when was elected a director and made assistant cashier. I FLATHER Flather is also a director in the Real Estate Title and Insur- ance Company and the Potomac Insurance Company. Mr. Flather, on ( Ictbber 14. [885, married Mis- Kmma Adele Felt, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Gcorg. II Jackson, Michigan. Of this union one son, William Flather, Jr., has been bom to Mr. and Mrs. Rathe The National Metropolitan Bank was 1814. Its headquarters are opposite the United Treasury, at No. 613 Fifteenth street. Tl bank are: F. Southard Barker, president: S. V, ward, vice-president: I. ('.ales Moore, cashier, and \Y. \V. E. SOUTHARD PARKER i68 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. W. Parker, assistant cashier, with the following directorate : John T. Arms, George T. Dunlop, John Joy Edson, Henry Hurt, John B. Lamer, E. S. Parker, Myron M. Parker, H. K. Wilard, James B. Wymer and S. W. Woodward. The growth of this institution has been steady and rapid, especially so since Mr. Parker assumed the helm of its affairs a few years ago. E. Southard Parker, president of the Metropolitan Bank, born in Mifflintown, Pa., October 25, 1839, is a son of Andrew Parker and Ann Eliza Doty, descendants of the early settlers of the State. Andrew Parker was a prom- of Mr. Doty, the firm was continued under the name of Parker & Co., until 1888, when it was merged into a national bank. Mr. Parker remained in Mifflintown till 1887, when he was called to Washington to assist in the establishment of the Columbia National Bank, becoming the new bank's first cashier and in 1891 succeeding to the presidency. For six years Mr. Parker continued at the head of the Columbia National, till in June, 1897, he became connected with the National Metropolitan Bank and succeeded the late John W. Thompson as president. In February, 1865, Mr. Parker married M. Isabella Wilson, daughter of William White Wilson, of Mifflintown. The children of Mr. and Mrs. THE NATIONAL iinn! lawyer of bis day and from 1851 in 1853 was a resi- dent of Washington, being then a member of the lower In .use of Congress. Tin- sun was educated ai the Tuscarora Academy, located ai Academia, Pa., and once favorably known as an educational center. Upon leaving Tuscarora Academy, Mr. Parker went In Lewistown, Pa., where for a year be served an apprenticeship in (be Mifllin County National Bank. In 1864 he returned to [vliffHntown and organized (he banking house of Doty, Parker & Co., com posed of Edmund Southard Doty, Ezra I'"i\ Parker, an.! E. Southard Parker, and being the first bank to be organ- ized in Juniata County. In 1880, upon the retirement Parker, whose home is at 1738 Connecticut avenue, are W. W. W. Parker, assistant cashier of the Metropolitan Bank; Edmund S., of Mifflintown: Ezra D., also of the Metropolitan Bank; Brainard \\ .. attorney at law, and Andrew: Mrs. John B. Larner; Mrs. Henry K. Willard, and Misses Belle and Lucy Parker. The National Bank of Washington. — This bank. the first established in Washington, bad its origin in co- partnership articles of association dated September 4. 1S09. The name assumed was "The President and Directors t>\ the Bank of Washington." fhe co-partnership was to THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. continue for twenty-one years unless a charter from Con- gress was sooner obtained. Among the signers of the articles of association appear the following names, familiar in the early history of the city : Daniel Carroll of Duckling- ton, William Cranch, Thomas Law, Robert Brent, Samuel N. Smallwood, Frederick May, Daniel Rapine, Franklin Wharton, Joel Barlow, Samuel H. Smith, William Prout, James S. Stevenson, Joseph Forrest and George Blagden. The capital stock was to be $1,000,000 in shares of $40 each. The first meeting of stockholders was held on Sep- tember 13, 1809, and was presided over by Joel Barlow, with Samuel Fliot, Jr., acting as secretary. At this meeting twelve directors were elected, viz : Daniel Carroll of Dud- was to be erected for the use of tin- hank. A charter was obtained from Congress and the banl March 4, 181 1. The chart.: ■! on March 5. 1811. On this day there was report in the hands of the cashier the following amounts in gold: Spanish, 85,000; I'.ritish and Portug \meri- can, $5,663.50. March 26, 1811, William A. |{ra< appointed temporarily, runner of the hank. In 1X14 he became discount clerk: in June. [815, vember, 1815, teller, and in 1819, cashiei the stockholders' meeting was held January 4. 1813, Roger C. Weightman, E. I'.. Caldwell and Charles Carroll of Bellview were elected : board. Mr. Weightman. in 1X24. was el< THE NATION OF WASHINGTON. dington, George Blagden, John Davids. .11, Joel Barlow, Robert Brent, Wiliiam Cranch, Washington Boyd, Robert Sewall, Frederick May, George Calvert, Joseph Forrest and James S. Stevenson. The directors met at Lang's 1 [otel on the next day and elected Daniel Carroll of Duddington, president. Samuel H. Smith was elected a director to fill the vacancy occasioned by the election of Daniel to the presidency of the bank. Samuel Eliot, Jr., w; elected cashier. Mr. Carroll erected a temporary build for the accommodation of the bank, 011 New Jerse) avemn and the first meeting of the board held there was on N< ber 28, 1809. On July 24, 1810, 81.805 was appropri to pay Mr. Carroll for a lot in Square 690, N T < avenue, between B and C streets, South, on which a this city; was re-elected in 1826 an.: ■■ to accepl lb-' position of cashier ..1 Wm. A. Bradley, resigned. < h ish captured Washington and the cashier removed tl Maryland, where they remained in I 5th. The banks of Xew York, Philadelphia an ing suspended spci viz: The Dank of Alexandria. The 1 Bank of Washii Mechanic- u The Farmers" and Nfecl meeting held at the 170 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. September 13, 1814, resolved to do likewise. In July, 1816, the bank subscribed for five hundred shares ($50,000) of the capital stock of the Bank of the United States. C )n June 17, 181 7, a communication from the mayor requesting a loan for leveling the streets around the Capitol Square, was considered by the board and agreed to. On September 7, 1819, Daniel Carroll of Duddington resigned the presi- dency of the bank, having filled the office since the bank was first opened for business in 1809. Since then the presidents of the bank have been the following: Samuel Harrison Smith, 1819 to 1828; George Calvert, 1828 to 1830: Thomas Munroe, 1830 to 1835; William Gunton, 1835 to 1880; Edward Temple, 1880 to 1888; Charles A. James, the present president of the bank, has been such since January, 1888. Cashiers: Samuel Eliot, Jr., until June, 1819: William A. Bradley, until July, 1827; Roger C. Weightman, until October, 1834; John H. Reilly, until November, 1836; James Adams, until July, 1870; Charles A. James, until January, 1888: Charles E. White, since January, 1888, and is the present cashier. In ( Ictober, 182 1, the board established a saving fund, permitting deposits of not less than $1 nor more than $300 in any one year, on which interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum was to be paid. This was discontinued January J 3. J 835. In January, 1825, Richard Wallach was elected a director of the bank. On January 2^, 1827, the board ordered $300 to be sent to the Mayor of Alexandria to be distributed among the indigent sufferers by the late fire. In January, 1829, the bank removed from Capitol Mill to the National Hotel on Pennsylvania avenue, near Sixth street. March 10, 1829, Edward Simms was elected 'a director; January 5, 1830, Philip B. Key was elected a director. September 7, 1830, George Calvert resigned as president and Thomas Monroe was elected to succeed him; January 3, 1831, W. J. Stone was elected a director. In September, [831, the bank purchased its present location mi "Market Space, C street and Louisiana avenue," for $io,ooo. January 3. 1832, Johnson Hellen was elected a di- rector; January 7. 1833, Stanislaus Murray was elected a director; November 19, 1833, Major John II. Eaton was elected a director. April 10, 1834. thy bank suspended specie payments and resumed in November following. May 20, 1834, William Gunton was elected a director; January 5. 1835, Jacob Gideon, Jr.. was elected a director: January <>. [835, William Gunton was elected president. Il appears from the minutes of the board that onAugUSt -'5. [835, a majority of the board of directors was abseill to witness the ceremony of opening the Baltimore & Wash- ington Railroad. Ma> [6, 1837, the bank suspended specie payment and resumed the following August. January 4, 1841, Walter Hellen was elected a director. Jul) 3, [844, the charter of the bank being about to expire, the directors Conveyed all tile assets and property of the bank I.. James Adams, who in turn reconyeyed them to certain trustees for the bank. June 17. 1X45. the board resolved that, out of respecl t" the memon of General Andrew |ackson. de- ceased, late President of the United States, " this bank shall not be opened for business this day." December 24, 185 1, Wm. E. Howard was appointed notary and paying-teller, and Charles A. James, receiving teller. June 7, 1853, James M. Carlisle was appointed attorney of the bank. September 25, 1857, the bank suspended specie payments. March 13. i860, Charles A. James was appointed paying teller. On April 9. 1861, this entry appears in the minutes: "Owing to the storm no one of the trustees present to-day, except the president": and on April 23. 1861, "The president was authorized to employ additional watchmen at night, during the present excitement if he should deem it desir- able." April 28, 1868, Charles A. James was appointed assistant cashier. In January, 1869, by decree of Court. I. B. II. Smith, Alexander Provest, J. H. C. Coffin and Edward Temple were appointed trustees of the bank. On April 15, 1865, the following resolutions were adopted by the board: "Resolved. That we have heard with profound regret of the death of President Lincoln, by the hands of an assassin last evening, and while we regard this murder as disgraceful to civilization, and shock- ing under all its circumstances, we deplore the loss of the President at this most critical period in our political history, and unite with our fellow citizens and the world in this bereavement. Resolved, That as a mark of respect this batik be closed to-day and on the day of the funeral, and that the banking house be clothed in mourning for thirty days." October 8. 1867. Charles E. White was appointed clerk, and on May 25, 1869, teller. In January. 18S6, the bank organized under the National Banking Acts, as " The Na- tional Bank of Washington." Its present officers are: Charles A. James, president: James L. Norris, vice-presi- dent ; Charles E. White, cashier. These officers, with Clement W. Howard, Robert Portner and William F. Mat- tingly, comprise its board of directors. The Central National Bank occupies the triangle formed by the conjunction of Pennsylvania avenue, C and Seventh streets. The handsome brownstone structure at- tracts the attention of all passers by and is one of the most imposing looking bank buildings in the city. It has a large clientele, and its solid financial basfs is mainly due to the efforts of Mr. Clarence F. Norment, its able president, who is reckoned among Washington's most astute tinan- In 1874 the Metropolis Savings Bank was organized with a capital stock of $50,000.00, with Samuel Norment president and John A. Ruff, cashier. In 1878 it became the Central National Bank, with a capital stock of Sioo.ooo.oo. and retaining the same officers. In 1801 the president and cashier both died and were succeeded by the late William E. Clark, as president, and Mherl 1'.. Ruff, as cashier. In [895, upon the decease of William E, (lark. Clarence F. Norment, a son of Samuel Norment, the first president, was elected to and still retains the presidency of the bank. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. '71 THE CENTRAL In 1898 the charter of the bank was extended, but before doing so the capital stock was increased to $200,000, out of the earnings, leaving a surplus of $60,000. Since this time it has paid an annual dividend of 10 per cent, and its surplus increased to $125,000. Numbering among the directors of the Central National Bank, during its existence, and now deceased, were some of the most prominent busi- ness men of Washington, notably, Samuel Norment, Wil- liam E. Clark, Nicholas Acker, William B. Webb, James L. Barbour, William H. Clagett, Benjamin Charlton, George B. Thompson, John H. Goddard, O. T. Thompson, John L. Edwards, James E. Clark and James S. Edwards. The bank is now the depository for U. S. Government ft The present officers and directors are as follows: Pres dent, Clarence F. Norment; vice-president, Daniel Fr cashier, Albert B. Ruff; assistant cashier, W. Wall; Nairn. Directors: Horatio Browning, E. B. Evans Graves, Frank P. May. Theo. J. Mayer, W. K. Mendenhall Levi Woodbury, John Callahan and ( )dell S. Smith Clarence Forbes Norment, present president of Central National Bank, has long been a conspicuous in Washington financial circles. A \\ by birth, he is of the third generatioi name has been closeh identified ivith the growth and best interests of the rial and who have for at least half a cei I the head of matters financial. Mr. N son of Samuel and Mary Ellen Ward V His grandfather, Ulysses Ward, founded I Mutual Fire Insurance Company forty yeai on the corner occupied by the Hank of W; ton. and directly across the street from the ':■ which Mr. Norment is president. It was same corner that Samuel Normc Forbes Norment's father, went into businc formed the Central liank twentj yeai M r. Norment is now fort) si his « ell-knit figure, dem itiii indomitable energy, is a familiar si^ht in and about the financial centers of the city. He was ed at Rittenhouse Academy, this city, and the West em Maryland College at Westminster. Md, lowing his graduation from college he entei banking business, and, at the death of his father in iN<,i. he was elected to the directorate Central Hank, and from this time on his b interests have centered around that in-i I In [895 he was elected to the presidency of the bank and the business has steadily incrcasi grown under his wise guidance until now il of the leading banks of the 1 Mr. Norment is a prominent nienil Washington Stock Exchange, and is a considerable holder in local securi the Washington Hankers' Vssociatioi ized in 1902 he was made ' lie is a director and a member of tl Committee of the American - 72 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Company, and is largely identified with building association and insurance affairs. He is trustee for several large estates and has large and important real estate holdings in the District. Aside from his business life Mr. Norment is a member of the Blue Ridge Rod and Gun Club and vice- president of the Washington Automobile Club, and is an enthusiastic and expert automobilist. Mr. Norment married Miss Elizabeth A. Smith, of Suffolk, Va. They have three children living and occupy a handsome apartment at the J '« inland. Daniel Fraser, vice-president of the Central National Hank. Although a Scotchman by birth, Mr. Fraser has made this country his home for forty years, and like many of his fellow-countrymen, has become a power in the com- munity he elected to make his home. As the president and treasurer of The Xorris Peters Company, photo-lithograph- DANIEL FRASER ers, with a large and growing plant at 458 Pennsylvania avenue, Mr. fraser has so directed the affairs of the con- cern that in an incredibly short space of lime its business capacity has been quadrupled. Daniel fraser was born at Inverness, Scotland, on July 7, [840, and was educated at the parish school of his native town. Electing lithograph) as the pursuit he wished to follow, he learned the business with the linn of Gilmour iv Dean, at Glascow, Scotland. There he remained until January. i8(>2. when he made a contract with Major & Knapp, of New York, and removed to that city. This was his first glimpse of the new world, and after continuing with that linn for five years he resigned to take charge of the printing department of the Clark Thread Company at Newark, X. ).. where he remained for several years, leaving there to come to Washington in September. [872, under an engagement with the late Xorris Peters, as superintendent of his establishment. Upon Mr. Peters' death in 1889, the heirs of the estate and Mr. Fraser formed a co-partnership, which continued until 1899, when the business was converted into a stock company, with Mr. Frazer as its president and treasurer. Mr. Fraser has the distinction of running the first lithographic power press in Washington, and while the business of which he is now the head, had about twenty-five employes in all when he was made its superintendent, it now has over one hundred with eight power presses. Air. Fraser is also a member of the executive board of the American Security and Trust Company and a director in the Norfolk and Washington Steamboat Company. In politics Mr. Fraser is a Republican, but because of his residence in the District of Columbia has never taken an active part in political life. He is a thirty-second degree Mason and an Odd Fellow, being a past grand officer of the latter organization. He is also a director of the Casualty Hospital, and a member of the Blue Ridge Rod and Gun Club. In 1862 he married Miss Agnes Fu'ton, of Glascow, Scotland. The Second National Bank of Washington city was organized July 14. 1872. The first president was John C. McKe'den. The first cashier was Col. D. L. Eaton. The fo lowing well-known business men of Washington were the incorporators : D. L. Eaton, James L. Barbour, Joseph B. Bryan, Thomas L. Tullock, George W. Cissel. W. H. H. Cissel, John C. Parker, H. F. Zimmerman & Son, F. H. Gassaway, E. E. White. Z. Richards, R. M. I fall. W. W. Burdette, L. R. Tuttle, George W. Ballqch, John ( ). Evans, Lewis Clephane, George F. Gulick, Francis Prott, Nicholas Acker, Thomas L. Hume, Francis H. Smith, I'.. 11. Warner. Wil'iam L. Wall, J. C. McKelden, William A. Richardson and John II. Wheeler. The bank was formally opened September n. 1872, and its business carried on in a building on the north side of F street near Seventh, northwest. Two mouths afterwards. on November 26, 1872. Mr. Thomas L. Tulloch, from the committee on building, offered a resolution recommending the purchase of the premises No. 509 Seventh street, north- west, opposite the Post ( M'tice Department. This resolution was adopted, and a new iron building tone of the first in Washington) was constructed, and is still occupied b} the hank. At the first annual election, held on January 14. 1873, the following directors were chosen: I. ( '. McKelden. J. L. Barbour, Thomas L. Tullock. George W. Balloch, W. W. Burdette, (i. f. Gulick, Francis 11. Smith. Lewis Cle- phane. Thomas P. Hume. X. W. Fugitt and John 0. Evans. Mir Second National Bank was hardly launched before it encountered the furious financial storm that swept over fay Cook & Company. It weathered the storm, which carried down many older and supposedly stronger hanks. In 1S77. Mr. McKelden having resigned the presidency of the institution, the lion. Matthew (1. Emery, who had recently finished his term of office as mayor of Washington, was elected to the vacancy, and the hank became recognized THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 1/3 THE SECOND NATIONAL BANK. as one of the best financial institutions of the national cap- ital. On the death of Mr. Emery, October 12, 1901, William V. Cox was chosen president. The bank has been particu- larly fortunate in its cashiers, who have been men of units ability. Col. D. L. Eaton, the first cashier, died Februar) 16, 1873, and H. C. Swain, who was chosen his suc- cessor on July 15, 1874, died March 29, [893, when John E. Eckloff, the present cashier, was elected. Jacob Scharl is the assistant cashier. Of the original board of director W. W. Burdette, vice-president of the bank, alone rema Two of the first board — Gen. George W. Balloch an H. Smith, president of the Union Savings Bank alive and in active business in Washington. Since its organization, the bank has paid in the stockholders dividends to the ainoui Among the correspondents of the banl National Hunk of New York, the Cirard ' Bank of Philadelphia, the first N. Cincinnati, the Merchants' National 1 more, the National Hank of L'ommerc the First National Kank of San Ira:.. 1 mans' National Hank of Boston. The present directors are: William \ \V. W. Burdette, William [•'. Pearson, Simon Wolf, Charles Schneider, '•'. Clephane, James B. Lambie, Somerset i A. II. Stephenson, and Charles Graff. William Van Zandt Cox was bom 1 ville, Ohio, on June 12, 1852, and is ' Thomas J. Cox. C. S. V.. who died during I war at Nashville, Tenn. Through his fathei descended from Gen. James Cox, who fought with Washington at Monmouth and C.ermantow later represented New Jersej in I mother's family, the Van Zandts, is of earl) I Dutch origin. In [863 he joined his fathei 11I ville. to perform the duties of an orderly. education was in the pub 1 Q State, and later he entered the Ohii versity, and was for a time one ol college paper, gradu; I study of law under Judge M. M. Granger ville. and was admitted to practice b) the court of ( >hio in r877. The same y< an office in tin- < 'hio Senate. i I respondent ol the ' incinnati Enquire ducting the Zanesville Daily Democrat. while visiting his uncle. Hon S - ington, he met Dr. c. Browne I sonian Institution, who offered him on his stall in the I". S. National M accepted. Vn indefal -able worker. he developed so evident an ability I administrative work that he wa the National Museum. With an unusual aptitude facility for despatching publi< perform man) other dut es. 1 tion with expos tional fisheries Exhibition held in I secretary and disbursing n He was also identified with the 1 leans Cincinnati and Louisville, lb sonian Institution at the Minncapoli |he Centennial Annivcrsan of the Ins • as Coventor -I the Xorthv et ta He was the financial officer of lb Institution and National Museum at the \V. 1 in 1893. at International l.eim in (. h: 174 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Ga., in 1895. Mr. Cox was the unanimous choice of the Government Board for secretary and executive officer at the expositions held in Nashville, Term., in 1897, in Omaha, Neb., in 1898, and in Buffalo, X. Y., in 1901. At the Buf- falo Pan-American Exposition he also served as secretary of the jury of awards. He is at present secretary and executive officer of the Government Board of the St. Louis World's Fair, to be held in 1904. In the autumn of 1886 he married a daughter of the Hon. Matthew G. Emery, who was the last mayor of Washington. A year later he took up his residence in Brightwood, and at once iden- tified himself with local improvements. He was made chairman of the committee on legislation and postal facil- ities of the Brightwood Avenue Citizens* Association, and performed the duties with such satisfaction that a year later he was made president of the association, which -IDT COX iffice important improvements in tin- northern part of the Dis- trict. Meanwhile he bad become a member of the Wash- ington Board of Trade, where his strong views mi the preservation and improvement of the parks of the District led i" his being assigned in the committee mi public parks and grounds, <>f which he became secretary. Me has been a persistent advocate of the improvement of Rock Creek Park, and his efforts towards continuing the na- tional features. of that park have manifested themselves in his desire to secure the preservation of Fort Stevens. The vacancy caused among the directors of the Board of Trade by the death of Colonel A. T. Britton was tilled h\ the selection of Mr. (ox. whose broad interest in all local matters marked him as a desirable addition 1,. that governing body, before which comes every phase of the complex affairs of the District, lie is now vice presi- dent of the Board of Trade. On the death of Mr. M. W. Beveridge, he was e'.ected to succeed him as a director of the Second National Bank of Washington and to this trust, as with others, he has given his most zealous atten- tion. On the death of Matthew G. Emery, president of the bank, Mr. Cox succeeded to that position, having re- signed his office in the National Museum. He is a director in the American Security and Trust Company and the Washington Title Company, being also an executor of the M. G. Emery estate, and vice-president of the National Safe Deposit, Savings and Trust Company and the Wash- ington Market Company. Mr. Cox served as vice-chairman of the Dewey reception committee, and had immediate charge of the more important details which made that event so complete a success. On the death of Mr. Lawrence Gard- ner, Mr. Cox was selected to be his successor as secretarv of the Citizens' Committee, and was later chosen as secretary of the Joint Committee composed of the Senate, House of Rep- resentatives, Governors* and Citizens' Committees, and had charge of the celebration in 1900 of the one-hundredth anniversary of the establishment of the seat of Government in the District of Columbia. He is vice-chairman of the Shep- herd Memorial Finance Committee. Besides various Govern- ment reports, Mr. Cox is the author of " The Settlement of the Great Northwest : " biographical sketches of Dr. G. Brown Goode and Matthew Gault Emery ; and joint author of the " Life of Samuel S. Cox." He edited the report on the reception of Admiral Dewey in 1899, and also compiled the memorial volume on the National Capital Centennial Celebration of 1900, which has been printed by Congress. He is also the author of " Defenses of Wash- ington " and other historical papers, including " When Lin- coln Was Under Fire," and a series on the battle of Fori Stevens, History of Rock Creek Park, etc. He is a member of the Cosmos Club, and of the District of Columbia Com- manders' of the Loyal Legion, lie has held the office of vice-president in both the Societ) of the Sons of the Revo- lution and the Society of the Sons of the American Revo- lution, and is a member of the Council of the Society of Colonial Wars in the District of Columbia. Walter W. Burdette, vice-president of the Second National Bank, was one of the organizers of this hank. Juh 24. (872, was elected one of the directors at that lime, and has been re-elected every year continuously up to the pies cut time, and January [2th, [898, was elected vice-president of the same. .Mr. Burdette was born in the State of Mary- land in the Count) of Howard, May jisl. [830. He is the son of \Vcslc\ Burdette, who was a farmer, and whose ancestors were of the old English and French stock who came to this country in the seventeenth century, lie received all the advantages of an education which that part of the COimtrj afforded at that time. I laving a desire .11 quite a youthful age for commercial pursuits, he came to Wash in-ioii and was engaged by some of the largest dry goods and carpet houses from [853 to iS;u, at which time he commenced the dr) goods and carpet business for himself. II,. retired From active business in [889, hut previous to THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. his retirement, and subsequently, he has been connected with many financial and charitable institutions. In the year 1865, Mr. Burdette married Susie E. Helmick, daugh- ter of William Helmick, who was a member of Congress WALTER W. BURDETTE from the State of Ohio, representing the Fifteenth Congres- sional District. In religious faith, he is an Episcopalian, and a member of the Ascension Church, and was vestryman and treasurer of the church for many years. Mr. Burdette was one of the incorporators of the Episcopal Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, which was organized in 1897, an institution which has been conducive of very much good. He was elected one of the governors of the institution, was appointed a member of the finance committee, and elected chairman of the committee. He is a member of the Board of Trade, and has served on various committees, is also a member of the Business Men's Association, and in 1890, was elected a member of the Washington Slock Exchange, and has subsequently been engaged in financial affairs generally. Lincoln National Bank.— This estimable banking in- stitution received its charter on March 5, i8<)0. and opened its doors for business at the corner of Ninth and I) streets on March 25 in the same year. Its incorporators were wise in the conclusion that a bank was needed in that immediate vicinity, since its success was instantaneous, with a daily growing list of depositors. The first officers of the Lincoln Bank were: John A. Prescott, president ; H. Bradle son, vice-president, and Frederick A. Stier, cash; Prescott was succeeded in the presidency by tin- president, Mr. Jesse B. Wilson, while the other now are R. A. Walker, vice-president; K. A. Stier, The directors are: Andrew Archer, Charles II. Michael J. Colbert, Floyd E. Davis, Willis S. fr!o ; )avid Mr resen fiieer ishier madge A. Lambert, Peter Latterner, Arthur Peter, fohn C. Parker, William I). Sullivan. Frederick A. T- Frank H. Thomas, Richard A. Walker. G Jesse B. Wilson. The healthy and flourishing condition of the bank's finances was clearly demonstrated by tin- last statement published, in which, with a capita' - $200,000, a surplus, together with the undivided amounted to $45,000. Alter remaining at : ' - for four years the bank was removed to its pn the handsome brownstonc structure at tin- corner 1 I and D streets. Jesse B. Wilson, pr<>id. -nt of the Lincoln Bank, lias had a life fraught with romance, to which in his declining years he refers with a pride justly deserved in men. The son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth Si Wilson, he was born in Prince George county, Md. When but a small boy his parents removed to Howard county, Md. After a brief residence there, both died, leaving the orphan boy in the care of relatives. When, bul this boy feeling his dependence, and with but fifty cents in the pocket of his little round jacket, to which I tionately refers, he struck out alone to carve hi- future. After a weary walk of nearly thirty mile- he reached Washington, footsore and weary, and applied for work in a grocery store. Mis boyish face appealing to the pro- prietor, he was taken in and bis first step in tin- world was made. There lie remained and aftc four months was paid the munificent salan of day. His indomitable will, courage, close applicatioi Tall- business and hi bin in n 1 ' ' THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. ablisliment was on Pennsylvania avenue between Sixth and Seventh streets, where he remained for twenty entecn years Mr. Wilson was the president of the Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and upon the resignation of Mr. Prescott he became the president of the Lincoln National Bank and has since continued at its head. » Ither enterprises with which Mr. Wilson is identified in- clude the Northern Market Company and the Washington National Building and Loan Association, being president of both institutions. Mr. Wilson married Miss Annie Scrivener, of Wash- ington, and the;, have eight children, still living. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson reside at 1823 Phelps Place, N. W. Richard Alfred Walker, vice-president of Lincoln Hank, is another striking example of the self made man. one who \>.as forced at a tender age to strike out in the world for himself, and by dint of unceasing work, integrity and straightforward business tactics, has earned for himself a hjgh niche among the prominent men of affairs of Wash- Descended from an old and honorable family, anion- the earliest settlers of Southwest Washington, Mr. Walker doubtless inherits those qualities which go Far toward making nun. who. in turn, make the nation's history and its bcsl citizens. Richard Alfred Walker is a son of William Bradley ami Maria Martin Walker, and was horn on Jttnc jo. 1839. IIU father for many wars was the superintendent of the old Washington Arsenal, a position he filled with honor and integrity. I lis maternal -rand- father. Tobias Martin, a machinist by trade, came to this in this RICHARO ALFRED WALKER then known as hi came at once ■ of the first printing - publ ;h< v, of ihe "National Intelligencer." His contract was for two of these machines, but before starting work on the second one he was murdered in cold blood, in his wife's presence. by De Van-ban. who afterwards met his just deserts on LINCOLN NATIONAL BAh. e -allows at Alexandria the District of Columbia. line 1 if seven sons, and a itil he was sixteen year: was that he was compel hrst mai mng Young Walker was the fourth er attending the public schools old. his father died. Then ■d to start out into the world and cam his livelihood and contribute his little mites toward the maintenance of his widowed mother and the little ones at home, lie elected the trade of a painter and worked at this for four years when he engaged in the grocery business for himself oil 4' . Street. His business grew and prospered and shortl) after he removed to 1600 Seventh street, north- west, where he still is. entering now upon his twenty-fifth year at this stand. Mr. Walker's influence was soon felt in the business world, and he holds varied interests aside from his grocer) business. He is a director, vice-presi- dent and one of the - if die Commercial Fire Insurance Company. He helped to organize the Lincoln National Bank and is its vice-president, and one of the THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 177 directors. A peculiar coincidence is that the president of the Lincoln Bank, Mr. Jesse B. Wil- son, also made his start as a grocer. Mr. Walker is also prominently identified with many other in- stitutions, such as building and loan associations, assisting in the organization and since in the con- duct of their affairs, as well as with fire and life insurance companies. So assiduously has Mr. Walker devoted himself to his business cares that he asserts, "I started to work when I was sixteen years old and I have had but little rest since." Mr. Walker is a member of the Beacon Lodge, I. O. O. F., the duties of his lodge. seemingly his only diversion from the dull care of business. In 1865 he married Miss Allen, of this city, and eleven children of this union are still living. Mr. and Mrs. Walker occupy a beautiful home at 1101 P street, northwest. Frederick A. Stier, cashier of the Lincoln National Bank, has also been with the bank in his present capacity since its inception. A son of Hamilton and Harriet Hammond Stier, he was born in New Market, Frederick county, Md. After receiving an education afforded in the coun- try schools, he came to Washington in 1859, and became a clerk in a dry goods establishment. W T hen the Second, National Bank was organized in 1873, Mr. Stier went with that institution in the capacity of a runner, and there remained for sixteen years, filling the various positions in the bank to which, from time to time, he was pro- moted. There he remained until 1890. When the Lincoln National Bank was organized he was appointed its cashier, in which capacity he continues. Mr. Stier married Miss Ann Dorsey, of Howard county, Md., in i860, and with his wife resides at 1828 Ninth street, N. W. The Farmers and Mechanics' National Bank of Georgetown, D. C. — The present venerable institution — The Fanners' and Mechanics' National Bank of George- town — had its origin in the early part of the last century, when we find a company or limited partnership in exist- ence, by the name or style of the President and Directors of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Geo-getown, transacting a general banking business in that town. The minutes of a meeting, held February 15, 1814, dis- close the following facts : Directors present, William Mar- bury, James Melvin, George C. Washington, Thomas Tur- ner, Romulus Riggs, T. B. Beall, John Lee, Leonard H. Johns, Thomas Robertson and Charles W. Goldsborough. William Marbury was duly elected president and Clement Smith, cashier. A committee was appointed " to prepare a memorial to Congress, requesting an act of Incorpora- tion." Proposals were invited for " a banking house or site for the bank." " That the amount of the first install- ment paid upon the stock of this institution be invested in treasury notes." At the following meeting, held on March 1st, 1814, we find recorded that " the proposal of Mr. John Peter, FARMERS AND MECHANICS' NATIONAL BANK. to sell his house, corner of Bridge and Congress streets, for $14,000, was submitted and accepted, and the necessary improvements, alterations and additions to the building directed to be made." This property, so purchased, has ever since remained the home of the bank. On March 3, 1817, there was passed by Congress an act providing " That from and after the passage of this act all those persons who shall hold any share of the joint stock or funds, created in pursuance of certain articles of association made and entered into on the first Monday in February, in the year 1814, between sundry persons forming a company or limited partnership, under the name and style of the Presi- dent and Directors of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Georgetown and their successors, being stockholders as aforesaid, shall be, and they are hereby incorporated and made a body corporate and politic, by the name and style of the ' Farmers' and Mechanics' Lank of Georgetown,' and as such shall continue until the first day of January, 1822." By subsequent acts of Congress the existence of the bank was continued to different dates, and finally on Janu- ary 15, 1872, it became a national bank, and as such it has since remained. During its existence of nearly one hundred years many severe financial storms have swept over the country, carry- 23 7 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. TRADERS' NATIONAL BANK. " i" destruction numerous supposedly strong mon- titutions; bul al no time has this bank " closed •' suspended payment," or declined to honor, promptly, when presented, every check properly drawn against it. Tlie bank has a capital of $252,000; surplus and undi ind deposits of $1,185,378.55. nitiR with February, 1814, the following mc " h;r presidents: William Marbury, from 1817: Thomas I', Bcall. 1817 to ] Smitn - 1 I 1839 to 1858: Roberl c Shoemaker, (863 to 1867; [896; S. Thomas Brown, 1896 Tl "' ; bank are: Directors, M. \. Cissel, A. B. Jackson, William King, J. Edward Libbey, Samuel C. Palmer, and Louis D. Wine. Cashier, Edgar B. Bern-; assistant cashier, Charles W. Edmonston. The Traders' National Bank, at the corner of Tenth and D streets and Pennsylvania avenue, northwest, although a comparatively newly organized institution, has made rapid strides, and is now reck- oned among the most solid and healthy of the city's national banks. Organized on March 3. 1S90. the Traders' began business at 916 Pennsylvania avenue, with George C. Pfenning, the present head of the bank, as its president. The need of a bank in this locality was soon made manifest, and, with the rap- idly increasing number of depositors, it was incum- bent upon the officers of the bank to seek more modern and commodious quarters. This they did. and after a year at the initial stand they moved to its present quarters. As its business grew apace and daily increased, it was again found necessary to make more room to properly conduct the bank's affairs, and improvements have been made which more than doubles the floor space of the bank proper, while in appointments and interior decora- tion it is second to none in the city. Some idea of the magnitude of the bank's busi- ness, so ably managed by Mr. Henning. may be gained from the statement issued at the close of business on November 25. 1902: Assets— Loans and discounts. §610,927.13; U. S. bonds to secure circulation. S50.ooo.oo: premium on U. S. bonds. Si. 000.00: other stocks, bunds, etc., §8,655.06; banking house, furniture and fixtures, §159,325.00; redemption fund with U. S. treasurer, §2,500.00; due from reserve agents, §103,786.50; due from other bank-. S01.071.2N: checks and cash items. §7,764.92; exchanges for clearing house. §14,624. 55; legals and specie. §99,700.75; total, §1,149,354.99. Liabilities Capital stock, S200.000.00: surplus fund, S6o,ooo.oo: undivided profits, net, §29,117.18; cir- culation. S49.500.oo: deposits — individuals. §775,1 bunks. §34,794.51; total, §1,149,354.99. Nu officers of the Traders National Hank arc: George C. [ienning, president; William A. Gordon, vice-president, ami John C. Athey. cashier. The following are its direc- tors: E. F. Droop, tsadore Saks. Samuel Maddox, Beriah VVilkins, Richard E. Pairo, George C. Henning, Emil 1 1. Shafer, Emmons S. Smith. John Quinn, William Barnum, W. V Gordon, S. S. Shedd, John T. Varnell and llcnn P. Blair. George Custis Henning, president of the Traders National Bank, was born in Washington, D. ('.. on Feb- ruarj 3, [833. He is the son of George W. and Sarah 1 ustis (Lewis) Henning. In 1X47 Mr. Henning embarked in mercantile pursuits, and later engaged in the clothing business, under the firm name of George C. Henning & THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 179 Company, where he continued for some years until he entered the firm of Saks & Company as a partner. He continued in this firm until 1890, when he engaged in the organization of the bank, whose affairs he has so suc- cessfully since piloted. GEORGE CUSTIS HENNING Mr. Henning 'was a Union man and served in Com- pany A, National Guard, on March 4, 1861, the day of President Lincoln's inauguration, but was shortly afterwards mustered out of service. Mr. Henning has married three times. He resides at 1728 Twentieth street, northwest. Citizens National Bank.— Directly opposite the Unit- ed States Treasury, at 615, Fifteenth street, stands the im- posing structure of white marble, the home of the Citizens National Bank. About this institution are associated the early recollections of the national banking system of the United States. The building was erected in 1863 by the late Jay Cooke and occupied by the First National Bank of Washington, which was one of the first national banks chartered by the United States Government. The Citizens National Bank was 'organized in 1871 at Hagerstown, Maryland, with a capital stock of $50,000. By a special act of Congress in 1874 the charter was transferred to this city, the capital stock increased to $200,000, and a short time thereafter to $300,000. The affairs of the bank were successfully presided over by the late Jacob Tome, of Port Deposit, Maryland, a man of great wealth and sound financial judgment; thus was the foundation well laid. Mr. Tome was succeeded as president by Mr. J. A. J. Cres- well, who, in turn, was followed by the late E. Kurtz Johnson, to whose efforts the present success of the bank is largely due. At the death of the latter, the presidential mantle fell upon his brother, Mr. E. S. Johnson, then one of the prominent business men of Maryland. Early in March, 1903, the control of the Citizens Na- tional Bank was purchased by Mr. Frederick C. Stevens, president of the West End National Bank of Washington, and his associates, and on April 23d Mr. Stevens was elected president of the Citizens National Bank and Mr. John H. Moore, vice-president of the West End National Bank, was elected vice-president. The capital of the Citizens National Bank was increased to $500,000, the increase being used to purchase the assets of the West End National Bank, thus bringing about a harmonious consolidation of these two in- stitutions, so that to-day the Citizens National Bank stands pre-eminently among the leading" financial institutions of the national capital. Its management is strong and con- servative, and its future is brilliant. The statement re- cently published shows the capital of $500,000; surplus and undivided profits, approximately $300,000 ; and deposits of about $2,500,000. The present officers of the bank are: Frederick C. Stevens, president; John H. Moore, vice- president ; N. H. Shea, second vice-president ; R. A. Ches- ter, cashier; and the directors are: William A. H. Church, H. Bradley Davidson, Charles Jacobsen, William S. Knox, John H. Moore, Allison Nailor, Jr., Cuno H. Rudolph, T. E. Roessle. Jackson H. Ralston, Hugh Reilly, N. H. Shea, Frederick C. Stevens, William A. Wimsatt, Charles P. Williams and Walter R. Wilcox. Elbridge Smith Johnson.— Mr. E. S. Johnson was born on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, in Dorchester county, February 25, 1848, and is a son of Alward and Mary L. (McNamara) Johnson. He received a common ELBRIDGE SMITH JOHNSON school education in his native county, and upon reaching the age of maturity he engaged in mercantile pursuits for the next ten years. Following this Mr. Johnson was appointed secretary and treasurer of the Dorchester and Delaware Railroad, and there remained until the road was absorbed THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. CITIZENS NATIONAL BANK. by the Pennsylvania Railroad. In [887 Mr. John -.■I organized tin Choptank Steamboal Company of Baltimore City. In thi> company he demonstrated a ht int.. business affairs, ami inainK by his efforts', ' Mr. John VV. Woodland, of Baltimore, built and a line established betwi mi Shore and along the l hop tank Ri idcul of this company Mr. Johnson 11 with ilic lat ■ astute financiers and capi- multi-millionairc, who was then the president of At tin- death of his brother, E. of the I iitizens National Bank, and shortly following was made president. Mr. Johnson has ever been a wise counsellor and a cool, level-headed, and unprejudiced business man, and one ever ready to lend a helping hand to those wIki daily seek his aid and counsel. Mr. Johnson is also a director in the National Safe 1 'eposit, Savings, and Trust Company. of Washington; a director and vice-presi- dent of the Guarantee Building and Loan Association, and vice-president of the Far- mers' Trust, Banking, and Deposit Com- pany, both of Baltimore. Md., as well as being interested in a number of smaller in- stitutions. His love of the country is in- herent, and he still takes much pleasure in agricultural pursuits, and is largely in- terested in such in his native county of Dorchester. Mr. Johnson married Mar- garet H., daughter of the late John Web- ster, of Dorchester county. National Safe Deposit, Savings, and Trust Company. — Washington's pioneer in the safe deposit business, as well as one of its oldest and most substan- tial savings institutions, is the National Safe Deposit. Savings, and Trust Com- pany, whose magnificent building at the corner of Fifteenth street and New York avenue is one of the most ornate in the city, as well as being a model in construc- tion, pursuant to the safe guarding of its own. as well as its patrons' funds and val- uables. Step by step this institution has grown, and by enlarging and broadening its charter and adding new features to its original state it has grown to be one of Washington's most powerful institutions. 1 ; company was organized as a sate de posit company on January 22. 18(17. with a capital stock of $200,000. and the orig- inal board of directors included George W. Riggs, Henry A. Willar.l. II. 1 ). Cooke. George II. Plant, William. S. Hunting- ton, George O. Evans, Nathaniel Wilson. I. M. Plowman, ami P.. I'. Snyder. Since that time the names -1 Washington's foremost and most solid citizens have been identified with this company either as officers or as members of the directorate. The success of the coni- ng assured from its inception, it was decided three years later, or in 1S70. to enlarge the scope of the insti- tution, ami a savings hank feature was added and the hoard of directors chosen included Henry A. Willard, William Stickney, Hon. Andrew Wylie, .Matthew I ,. Emery, Hon. Joseph Casey, J. II. Lathrop, and William 11. Philip. Again finding that the trust ami savings features were so popular with the patrons of the institution, another radical departure mplated, ami on April 21, [891, the trust feature THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 181 was added with the capital stock increased to $1,000,000, fully paid up, which imme- diately prospered and nourished in a man- ner commensurate with the success of the other departments, thus the title which in- cludes each of the salient features of the institution's departments was taken, and the concern became known as the National Safe Deposit, Savings, and Trust Company, and as such it became incorporated by an act of Congress, approved on February 18, 1892. Among the presidents of the company when it was exclusively a safe deposit company were George W. Riggs, George H. Plant, and Benjamin P. Snyder, and after the sav- ings feature was added the names of Henry A. Willard, William Stickney, and Benjamin P. Snyder. In 1897 Mr. Snyder was succeeded in the presidency by the present chief execu- tive, Mr. Thomas R. Jones, whose broad and liberal policy in the conduct of the in- stitution's affairs, and a strong personality, coupled with a thorough knowledge of mat- ters financial, has earned for him the pro- motion justly bestowed. Mr. Jones became connected with the savings bank feature of this institution as its cashier in 1872, and there remained in that capacity for twelve years, and in 1892 was elected third vice- president and executive officer, succeeding to the presidency at the death of Mr. Sny- der. The other officers of the National Safe Deposit, Savings, and Trust Company at the present time are: E. Francis Riggs, vice-president; William D. Hoover, second vice-president and trust officer; George Howard, treasurer; Charles E. Nyman, sec- retary; Frank W. Stone, assistant treasurer. Executive committee: Thomas R. Jones, chairman; Woodbury Blair, Henry Hurt, E. Francis Riggs, William D. Hoover. Directors : Woodbury Blair, S. Thomas Brown, William V. Cox, George T. Dun- lop, William E. Edmondston, George W. Gray, Christian Heurich, Samuel B. Holabird, William D. Hoover, Henry Hurt, Elbridge S. Johnson, Thomas R. Jones, S. H. Kauff- man, Henry Orth, George H. Plant, Jr., William F. Quick- sail, E. I^rancis Riggs, Benjamin P. Snyder, Henry A. Wil- lard, Horace Wylie. A brief description of the building proper can lint prove interesting in illustrating the care and money ex- pended in equipping this institution with all the modern appliances towards rendering it both fire and burglar proof. The building stands at the northeast corner of New York avenue and Fifteenth street, and covers a lot 65 by 130 feet in area. The construction is entirely of fire proof material. A huge safe is erected within the massive walls, reinforced with cement and steel supports. This safe is of NATIONAL immense strength ; its foundation and walls are of massive brick and stone, the whole lined with " Franklinite " iron and high ply welded steel and iron facings. The double doors are of great strength, made to resist the force of the highest known explosives, and are supplied with Sargent & Greenleaf time locks, making entry impossible except during office hours. The main outside door weighs four tons and was erected at a cost of $5,000. A large force of watchmen, keen and alert, are ever on duty, which together with electric connections, automatically adjusted, this insti- tution stands as solid and impregnable as Gibraltar. The vaults and improvements for the storage of family plate, clothing, pictures, relics, paintings and bronzes are dry, spacious and fireproof. The magnitude of the scope of the business included in the charter of this company may best be expressed by dividing it into six departments as follows: 1. Deposits of C82 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. are received in sums of 10 cents and upwards, on which interest is allowed. The company does not discount mercantile paper, but confines itself to loans on standard collaterals and first mortgages upon real estate, active busi- ounts not being received. 2. Securities and valu- ,.,1 on deposit for safe keeping at moderate : Renting safes, for which is assumed the greatest liability imposed by law. 4. A trust department, the com- >r, administrator, committee, or guar- dian of 1 states, assignee, receiver and trustee under appoint- ment bv the courts, corporations or individuals. 5. Col- lect ion of income as agent and attorney in fact for manage- states for parties, who from illness or other reasons n agent. 6. As agenl for the registration and trans- fer of loans and .-locks of corporations and in payment registi red interest, or dividends. Some idea ..i the growth and magnitude of this insti- ibtaini (I 1.-. a -lane,- hark ward at the deposits nmpam during the past five years, which show a rapid advancement. These deposits for the respective years 1, 1 No;. $1,981,000; Jul) 1. [898, $2, 1 1 [900 $3, I.94, ; July 1. fuh 1. [902, $4,623,000. rhomas K. Jones, president of the National Safe I rusl < bmpany, is a Pennsylvanian been born in Northumberland county of the \ftci attending the count) schools he md graduated with the class llowing his graduation he responded roluntccrs, and was made captain olunteers. In 1865 he came iiintanl in the United remained until 1872. In the : of law at the Columbian University, from where he graduated with the class of 1868. In 1872 lie became the cashier of the Na- tional Savings Bank, where he remained until 1884. At that time Mr. Jones severed his connection with the institution, at whose head he now is. to become the manager of the New York Branch of the American Baptist Publication Society, in which capacity he remained until 1892. At that time he was chosen third vice-president and executive officer of the National Safe Deposit. Savings and Trust Company, continuing in that office until 1897, when he became its president in June of that year. Mr. Jones was elected a member of the Washington Stock Exchange on July 20, 1897. Robert Newton Harper in his life and attainments exemplifies the wisdom of having a purpose and an end to gain. His purpose, taken in early boyhood, has been manifest throughout his busy life, and he has ever pressed forward tow-ard that point the attainment of which registers the successful man and the useful citizen. Mr. Harper's career has been one that could be studied with profit by those searching for an aim, and should be emulated by those desiring success. Xot rich by inheritance, save in that priceless quality, determination, he has won, by close appli- cation of time and talent to his chosen profession, and the concentration of a well-poised will, that served where many failed, a measure of success that has placed him in the front rank of Washington's most substantial citizens. Born near Leesburg, Loudoun county, Virginia, on January 31, 1861, he is the son of Robert and Mary Amelia (Newton) Harper. He was educated at private schools and the Leesburg (Va.) Academy, and in [884 graduated from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. In 1878 he entered the drug store of Dr. R. II. Edwards, in his home town, where he remained four years, when, in 1882, he accepted a position with the house of John Wyeth & Bro., druggists, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He remained with this firm until the fall of [886, having attained the position of chief clerk, when he resigned and moved to Washington, where he engaged in business for himself, locating at 609 Pennsylvania avenue, northwest. Here he successfully conducted an up-to-date pharmacy, and the name " Harper" Oil package or phial — whether the com- pounding of a prescription or goods in quantity — was a guarantee of purit) and safety. By his devotion to business and conscientious and painstaking care, Mr. Harper won many friends and attracted to his ever increasing business hosts of satisfied customers. In a word, his business re- ceived the stamp of success from the outset. In relinquish- ing the drug business, on Februar) 7, [903, b) sale, it was to continue in the manufacture of his specialties, which have attained world-wide re]. illations and reached phe- nomenal sales. "Harper's 1 ephalginc." the famous head- ache cure — a boon to millions of sufferers — in its journey ig has carried comfort into the families throughout civilization, and Mr. Harper has in his possession letters of commendation on its efficac) from members of the royal families of Europe. Mr. Harper can afford to feel proud THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 183 of this popularity, inasmuch as it is entirely the result of merit, there having been no extravagant or boasting claims spread in advertising the preparation. In all matters looking toward the business interests of the city and its better development, Mr. Harper is and has been conspicuous by his activity. He was prime mover and organizer of the American National Bank, Washington's new financial institution, and was, at the meeting of stock- holders on March 7, 1903, unanimously elected its presi- dent. Following is the board of directors : William H. Saunders, R. H. Lynn, Robert N. Harper, Joseph E. Wil- lard, Blair Lee, J. Thillman Hendrick, Benjamin S. Minor, Gist Blair, George E. Walker, Irwin B. Linton, J. Miller Kenyon, Langbourn M. Williams, George Howard, Edward O. Whitford, Charles A. Douglass, R. E. L. Yellott, W. T. Galliher and J. H. Cranford. ROBERT NEWTON HARPER This bank, whose directorate contains the names of some of Washington's most distinguished men of business, is lo- cated at 610 Fourteenth street, northwest, the building inte- rior and exterior having been thoroughly renovated and re- modeled to accommodate the banking business. Mr. Harper is also president of the District of Columbia Pharmaceutical Association ; president of the N. A. R. D. of Washington ; Commissioner of Pharmacy of the District of Columbia ; treasurer of the Washington Wholesale Drug Exchange, an enterprise he organized, doing a business of a quarter of a million dollars annually: treasurer of the National Pure Food and Drug Congress ; member of the Washington Board of Trade, and chairman of its committee on com- merce and manufactures ; member of the National Col- lege of Pharmacy, and was Druggist to the Poor of Washington until after disposing of his business, when he resigned. Mr. Harper has dealt to a considerable extent in real estate, and is the owner of manv valuable properties, among which may be mentioned the impos- ing structure known as " The Loudoun," one of the finest apartment houses in the city, located on East Capitol street, near the Library of Congress, and the Harper building, a five-story office building, containing large audi- torium, on C street, between Four and a Half and Sixth streets, northwest. Mr. Harper has several out-of-town business interests. He was owner of The Mirror, a weekly newspaper published at Leesburg, Virginia, and in Januarv, 1903, it was consolidated with the Washingtonian of the same place, the two now being published as the Washing- tonian-Mirror, under the firm name of Harper & Lvnch, his associate being Captain William B. Lynch, former pro- prietor of the Washingtonian. He owns a fine farm near Leesburg, and is much interested in raising pure bred stock ; is president of the " Horse and Colt Show Asso- ciation of Loudoun County. Virginia," and is a director of the Loudoun National Bank of Leesburg. In politics Mr. Harper is an ardent Democrat, has always manifested a keen interest in the welfare of the party, and been active in its support. He has repeatedly been urged to accept the nomination for Congress from his district in Virginia, but preferring an active business career, always declined the honor. He is president of the Virginia Democratic Association of this city ; was delegate to the Democratic National Convention held at Kansas City in 1900: is surgeon-general on the staff of Governor Mon- tague of Virginia, and lias represented his county in nearly every Democratic convention, both State and district, for the past ten years. Mr. Harper has found life too busy to enable him to devote much time to matters social, and' has identified himself with but few fraternal or social organizations. He is, however, a master Mason, and member of New Jerusalem Lodge, No. 9. Mr. Harper married on February 25, 1892, Carolyn Jackson Roush, of West Virginia, and resides at 29 B street, northwest. Mr. Harper maintains a delightful summer home on his farm, in Loudoun county, Virginia. The Washington Savings Bank.— No savings in- stitution in Washington has made the rapid growth during the first five years of its existence as the Washington Sav- ings Bank. Incorporated December, 1897, it began business in its present handsome building at the corner of Twelfth and G streets, northwest, January t, 1898, with a capital of $50,000. The bank's success has been quite remarkable from the first. Shortly after its organization it declared a dividend of 5 per cent, per annum upon its capital stock, and has maintained that ratg of dividend up to the present time. The volume of its business having increased, it was found expedient to raise the capital stock to $100,000, which was accordingly done on October 5, 1901. As an evidence of this institution's prosperity, it will only be necessary to compare the net earnings for the first year of its existence, which were $1,214, with the net earnings for THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. WASHINGTON SAV 1 ember 31, [902, which were $7,916. The banl al the end of the first year were while al the 1 lose of the year eliding December Prominently identified with the institution's rapid growth arc the names of Mr. I.. M. Saunders, who suc- irtly after the organization of ■in. I Mr. Charles 11. Davidge, treasurer and cash- '1 with the institution since its organization. ' .111.I sterling integrity. Under their hington Savings Bank has become I confidei communii \ DJ ,i,; s institution is doi s a gen- iid "ii all savings accounts at the rate of three per cent per annum, and is also allowed on certificates of deposit at the rate of three per cent per annum, where the amount re- mains on deposit for one year. The bank owns the building in which it is located, and its facilities for doing business are un- surpassed. The burglar and fire-proof vaults and safe deposit boxes are of the latest devices. The officers of the Washington Sav- ings Bank are L. M. Saunders, president: < ). (1. Staples. Judge T. H. Anderson, J. Louis Loose, and P. B. Chase, vice-presi- dents: Charles H. Davidge, treasurer and cashier, and J. F. B. Goldney, assisant cashier. The directorate is composed of the following names, prominent in the bus- iness affairs of Washington: L. M. Saun- ders, lawyer, retired: O. G. Staples, pro- prietor of the Riggs House and National Hotel; Hon. T. H. Anderson, justice of the supreme court of the District of Columbia: C. \V. Ridley, manager Mount Vernon and Marshall Hall Steamboat Company; C. H. Davidge, treasurer and cashier; R. S. Lacey, attorney at law; Samuel Knox, of the United States Treas- ury Department: P. B. Chase, proprietor of Chase's Theaters; J. Louis Loose, tlorist: R. H. Graham, physician: R. J. Tracewell, comptroller United States Treasury: Sam- uel! Ross (of Barber & Ross), hardware: 11. II. Darnielle, District assessor: Thos. E. Waggaman', real estate: 'Thomas H. Hall, confectioner, and S. I!, liege, agent Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Lorin M. Saunders. The District of Columbia owes much of its prosperity and attractiveness to the business qualities and social gifts of its wealthy citizens. Prominent among those who have ever put the welfare oi the people above private considerations is Mr. lorin M. Saunders, the well known banker, lawyer, and real estate dealer, of this city. Mr. Saunders was born on a farm in the town of Leon, Cattaraugus count), in the State of New York in the early forties, and obtained bis early education in the common schools and academy ^\ his native county. After teaching school for a short period he became imbued with a higher ambition to go out into the great wide world and earn for himself place and fortune among men. Mr. Saun- ders from early youth was accustomed to rely upon his own judgmenl as to what course was best for his own personal and when be bad formulated his plans he set to work to carry them into execution. With thirty dollars in his pocket he left his bumble home in Western New York THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 185 to seek his fortune in the city of Washington. He obtained employment in the Treasury Department of the United States. This was near the close of the civil war, in the winter of 1864-65. He soon thereafter entered upon the study of law, and took a full course of legal studies in the Columbia University, and in due course graduated with commendable honors. He resigned from the Government service in 1870, and at once entered upon the practice of his profession in the District and federal courts. In the year 1881, after ten the late Ohio National Bank, corner Twelfth and G streets, northwest, becoming director and for a large part of the time its acting president. He retired from its management in 1895. He was one of the first directors and treasurer of the Washington National Building and Loan Association of Washington, but retired from all connection therewith in 1895. He is also a director of the Business Men's Asso- ciation of the District of .Columbia, and always takes a prominent interest in all things that pertiin to the growth and best interests of the capital city. In 1899 Mr. Saunders IDEHS' RESIDENCE. years of successful practice of the law, Mr. Saunders be- lieving in the future greatness of the city of Washington, and the consequent increase in real estate values here, abandoned the active practice of law and promptly opened an office for real estate business at the corner of F and Eleventh streets, northwest, and rapidly built up a large and lucrative business; but as his ambition led him to still higher pursuits, Mr. Saunders gave up very largely the real estate business and became interested in establishing here was elected president of the Washington Savings Bank, now located at the corner of Twelfth and G streets, northwest. His success there in building' up a strong financial insti- tution is most creditable to his zeal and high standing in the community where he has so long resided. He is a Mason and a past master of one of the strong- est lodges in the District of Columbia. Mr. Saunders is a member of the society of the Sons of the American Revo- lution, being descended from a distinguished officer of the THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. independence. Mr. Saunders is a Republican in politics, and was an early and devoted advocate for the nomination and election of William Mc'Kinley to the Presi- de is married and has one young son, and resides at the corner ol i and Wyoming avenue, north- Washington's mosl beautiful suburbs. Charles Henry Davidge was born in [ndianapolis, Indiana, Februan 25, 1843, : "" 1 is :i son of Charles limn and Sarah ^gnes (Sanders) Davidge, of thai city, life was spcnl in [ndianapolis, where he attended HENRY DAVIDGE the graded schools and high school, subsequently entering the Northwestern Christian University, now the Butler" University of that city. His first experience in business was gained in Indianapolis. During the war he served throughout the winter of 1863. in the quartermaster's de- partment, being located at Helena. Arkansas, subsequently returning to Indianapolis. In 1866 he went to Atlanta. 1 leorgia, and served for four years as chief clerk in the as- sessor's office of internal revenue of the fourth district of 1 lei >rgia, and two years as general bookkeeper in the Georgia National Bank, of Atlanta, then returning to Indianapolis to take a position in the First National Bank. Later he came to Washington, D. C. with the Hon. John C. New, who was the Treasurer of the United States, and entered the Treasury Department as chief of division, where he re- mafned eleven years. In 1885 he resigned his position and went to Crawfordsville, Indiana, to accept the cashiership of the First National Bank of that city. In 1891 he returned to Washington and accepted a position as cashier of the ( >hio National Bank, remaining with that institution during its earlier history. On January I, 1898, he was appointed treasurer and cashier of the Washington Savings Bank, where he has remained up to this time. Mr. Davidge is a member of the Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. He was married December 31, [868, to Miss Elizabeth E. Sloan, of Crawfordsville. Indiana. and resides at No. 1736 Fifteenth street, northwest. The American Security and Trust Company was incorporated on October 12th. 1880. under the general ration laws of Virginia and organized November nth, [890, under the act of Congress, approved October ist, [890, and entitled "An Act to provide for the incor- poration of trust, loan, mortgage, and certain other cor- porations within the District of Columbia." The authority of the compail) to transact business under said act of Congress, and Us full compliance with the requirements thereof, is evidenced by the certificate of the Comptroller 1 urrenq of the United States, dated November ifdi. 1890. rii>' continuous growth of the business of this company, since it was established in October, [889, has made it necessary, from time to time, to largely increase its facilities. During the summer of [895 the compail) added an annex, facing on Fourteenth street, which follows the same style of architecture as the original imposing marble structure on G street. The old and new wing.- of the structure join at a point over a hundred feet in the real of the two entrances on G and Fourteenth streets, and here a large apartment rising to a dome fifty feet above gives a view down both buildings, and an excellent idea of the magnitude of the establishment, as well as its 1 lent architectural treatment. The executive offices of the company, safe-deposit vaults and trust department are located in the Fourteenth street wing as well as the ladies' department, which is conducted exclusively for their use. This company was the first institution outside of New York Cit\ to open a department for the exclusive use of THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 187 ladies. In the G street wing are located the banking de- partment and the real estate department. This company enjoys the distinction of having more floor space than any other trust company south of Philadelphia. In making the Fourteenth street improvement great pains were taken to add to the convenience of the many patrons of the safe- deposit department of the institution, and the immense vault, weighing 68 tons, offers the greatest protection to the safe keeping of valuables. On the side, and separated from the great mass of steel and safety vaults by a wide passageway, are a number of well-lighted private rooms, which are at the disposal of safe depositors, where they may transact their business without any interruption and with the same freedom from annoyance that they would enjoy in their residences. The accommodation for ladies consist of a teller's window for their exclusive use and a waiting-room equipped with all the facilities for the trans- action of business and private correspondence. The board room on the second floor is also placed at the disposal of ladies' societies and other organizations for their meetings, free of charge, and a competent stenographer for the taking down of the proceedings of such gatherings is also sup- plied, if desired. The company is empowered under its charter to act as executor, administrator, trustee, receiver, assignee, guar- dian, committee and generally in any trust capacity, and to undertake the management of estates and property gen- erally ; and it has' been exceptionally fortunate in having been made the executor, etc., of a large number of estates. It is also trustee for various persons, who are thus relieved from the responsibility of investing their funds, which in these days of trusts and reorganizations, such as railways, etc., makes it most difficult for an individual to determine what is a thoroughly sound investment. The company also acts as financial agent in the matter of countersigning and registering the certificates of stocks, bonds or other obliga- tions of any corporation, association, State or public author- ity. For persons contemplating moving away from the city, either temporarily or permanently, the company offers spe- cial inducements, in case they have any personal or real property which needs attention during their absence. Many persons are thus enabled to leave the city knowing that their interests will be carefully guarded in case the company is placed in charge of their affairs, and that such matters as would require their personal care while present would be properly attended to in their absence. The company also owns and manages most successfully the largest storage warehouse in Washington. Its buildings are located at 1140 Fifteenth street, northwest, one and a-half squares north of McPherson Square. The fire-proof warehouse of the company has been in successful operation for over ten years. During this period four large additions have been added to the original building, making it the largest fire-proof structure for storage purposes south of New York. Since the organization of the American Security and Trust Company the banks have shown greater growth than THE AMERICAN SECURITY AND TRUST COMPANY. at any other period prior thereto, notwithstanding the fact that this company's deposits are greater to-day than the deposits of any two local national banks in 1890. The growth of the company has been rapid and substantial. Its policy has always been a conservative one, and the great confidence shown in its management reflects how thor- 1 88 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON oughly it is appreciated by its customers and stockholders. In ncl earnings from 1890 to December 31, 1902, were over $1,384,000, from which sum it paid out to stock- .^784,385. Its capital is $1,250,000, ancl ''- ■ ; urplus and undivided profits are over I In- company enjoys the distinction m being 011I3 four institutions of the United Slates which is under die direel supervision of the Comptroller of the Currency, whose officers make periodical examination of die company's assets. This insures to its depositors and ders die same safeguards and watchfulness that i> given t" the management of all national hanks. Tin- board of direct..,-, has just approved the plan for die increase of the capital -lock of this companj to $3, .--and the surplus to $1,500,006. In case the stockholders approve the action of the hoard, this institution will enjoj the distinction of having the largest capital of any trust companj south of Philadelphia. I he present officersof the American Security and Trust Companj are: Charles J. Bell, president; Henrj V . Blount, denl : lam,-, |«\ ||,„„|. secretarj : J. VV. Whelpley] r; W. A. McKenney, attornej and trusl officer; "*""• auditor; Charles E. Howe, assistanl secre rd S. Reeside, assistant treasurer. The ^include: Charles J. Bell, Henrj p. Blount, Burdelt, Albcrl Carry, William .\l. Coates, Wil lonovan, Robert Don, fohn E. Ilerreil. George F Hull fohn A. Kas el. I Milne, Clarence F. Nor •n M. Parker, f-Ienn E. Pel- Umi A. nry A. Willard .,,,.1 Joseph Charles James Bell, the present president of the American Security and Trust Company, a Washingtonian by adoption, has, by his marked business ability and versa- tility, assumed an important and honored place among the city's most successful financiers. Mr. Bell is a son of David C. and Ellen Adine (Hyland) Bell, and was born in Dublin, Ireland, on April 12, 1858. After finishing a course at Wcslcyan Connexional College he came to America and entered the Imperial Bank of Canada, in 1875. Four years later he resigned to engage in the telephone field, at which time rare and flattering opportunities were awaiting men of business acumen, brains and energy. In 1880 he took part in the organization of the National Telephone Corn- pan)-, of England, and was the general manager of this company for two years, opening all the exchanges in the Xorth of England. Two years later Mr. Bell resigned this position, came to Washington, and formed the' banking house of Bell & Co., of which be is still the senior member. In 1893 he was made the president of the American Security and Trust Company, in which capacity he has so ably and efficiently since continued. Mr. Bell finds sufficient time, despite the manifold duties ancl responsibilities of his finan- cial engagements, to enter into Washington's social life, and his name is to be found on the rosters of the Metro- politan, Cosmos, Chevy Chase, and Adirondacks League Clubs. On April 23, 1887, Mr. Bell married .Miss Grace B., daughter of Honorable Gardiner G. Hubbard, of New York. Mr. and Mrs. Bell have four children — Helen A. Bell, Grace H. Bell, Gardiner H. Bell and Robert W. Bell. =!Y FITCH BLOUNT Henry Fitch Blount. Although a comparative new- comer to the District of Columbia, Mr. Blount, the venerable and sagacious vice president of the American Security and 1 ompany, has already made his presence keenh felt THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 189 in the financial, scientific, and social worlds of the national capital. Mr. Blount was born at Richmond, Ontario county, New York, on May 1, 1829. He is a son of Walter and Rebeckah (Ripley) Blount, his father having been a suc- cessful wool merchant. Referring to the acquirement of his education, Mr. Blount states, " I was educated in a little red school house and in my own library." For awhile after reaching manhood's estate, he engaged in various mercan- tile pursuits, and in 1849 went West. In i860 he engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements at Evansville, Ind., and there remained until 1886, when with his family he went abroad, spending two years in Europe, the major portion of the time being passed in France and at Geneva, Switzerland, to better perfect both himself and members of his familv in the French lanp'uage. In 1888 Mr. Blount and Elizabeth, now Mrs. Eugene R. Shippen, of Dorchester, Mass., and the sons, Harry and Walter, are at present stu- dents at Cornell University. Mr. Blount's residence, " The Oaks," on Georgetown Heights, he purchased in 1891. The imposing old structure formerly of the purest colonial type, has been altered to meet the needs of its present owner, and by the addition of a mansard roof it more closely approaches the Rennaissance in style. It is sur- rounded by a park of more than twelve acres, the superb old gnarled and rooted oaks, that have stood as sentinels for generations,. being among the finest in the District. The property is a portion of an original grant to the Beverlys, of Virginia, and the present house was built in 1805. From this family it passed into the hands of John G Calhoun and his brother in 1823, who held it until 1829 and during their came to Washington and from the inception of the Ameri- can Security and Trust Company was one of its directors, being made its vice-president in 1891. He is a member of the Cosmos Club, and is closely and prominently identified with the Geographic, Philosophic, Geological and Archaeo- logical Societies of Washington. He is also vice-president of the Emergency Hospital and a member of the board of managers of the Reform School. Mr. Blount has twice married. His first wife, whom he married in 1854, was Martha Baird, daughter of Stephen Baird, of Kentucky. Of this union there are two children. Fred. R. Blount, now of New York, and Mrs. Rose B. Nisbet, of Kalamazoo, Mich. In 1864 Mr. Blount married Lucia Eames, of Kala- mazoo, Mich. They have four children still living — two daughters and two sons. The daughters are Mary Blount BLOUNT'S RESIDENCE. occupancy was the famous headquarters for Congressional committees and politicians of the Calhoun school. Tradition lias it that during the visit of General Lafayette to this country that patriot was entertained beneath its sloping and hospitable roof. The Calhouns sold " The Oaks " to the Mackalls who in turn sold it to the Linthicums, who held it in their family until purchased by Mr. Blount. In adding the third story Mr. Blount did so to provide for a modern, complete and most approved little theatre, which comfortably seats 200 persons, and which has been the scene of many delightful functions. James Franklin Hood was horn in the village of Gratiot. Licking county, Ohio, on August 2, 1851. His father was Thomas B. Hood, M.D., born 1829, died 1900, who was the son of James Hood, M.D., born 1802, died 1874. tgo THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. educated at the common schools in Newark and Mount Vernon, Ohio, graduating from the liicjli school of the I ' d then attended two years at I iberlin College. He came in 1869 to Washington, where his father had taken up residence after the war of the rebellion, and in 1870 received an appointment in the office of the of the Interior. Bj successive promotions he became chief of the appointment division of the Interior Department in 18S0, having in the meantime graduated from tin Law Department of the Columbian University in [876. He resigned his office in 1885 and engaged in the practice of law, making a specialty of the law of real estate and of equity and probate causes. After ten y< ars at the bar, during which he attained prominence in his !:. he was tendered and accepted the position of secretary of the American Security and Trust Company, JAMES FRANKLIN HOOD involving the management of the ver) considerable real of the company, an office which he still the peri..d of his active practice ai the bar : ' '1 the Bar Association of the District associated as an officer or director with man) local corporations. He is now president of the il Estate and Banking Con of the Washington Real Estate Exchang the Pacific < (ffice Building Company, I ncl Building Association, and bcr of financial, real estate, insurance and indi [, was a member of the board from 1893 '" '898; <■( All Souls' md has been its curator from organization. His private collection of books, prints, maps and general material relating to the history and progress of the national capital is unsurpassed in value or extent by any similar collection in the city. He is a member of the Blue Ridge Rod and Gun Club and of the Columbia Golf Club. Was one of the organizers of the Columbia Athletic Club, serving on its first board of governors, and afterwards for two years, during the height of its prosperity when it had over one thousand members, was its president. Is a member of the first class (by inheritance) of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, a life member of Albert Pike Consistory No. 1 of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, and life mem- ber of Washington Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar. He has been identified with a number of public and private charities, and is recognized as one of Washington's best citizens. The Washington Loan and Trust Company was organized and commenced business in 1889. At that date it was the first trust company to do business in the District of Columbia. A number of business and professional men in Washington, early in that year, were satisfied that Wash- ington was a good field and that the necessity existed for the character of business conducted by trust companies. Trust companies had been organized and were doing busi- ness in Philadelphia and elsewhere for upwards of twenty- five years, and they had, without exception, been remarkably successful. While they conduct a banking business, it is not commercial banking. Interest is paid on deposits on monthly balances. They do not loan on commercial paper. but only upon approved marketable collaterals and real estate. The important feature of the trust company busi- ness is acting as executor, administrator and trustee in the place of individuals. At first, when this business was organ- ized in Philadelphia, great opposition was manifested on the part of the courts. lawyers and business men generally. But time has demonstrated unmistakably that it is the best, safest and most reliable method ever devised for admin- istering estates successfully in the highest degree and for carrying out trusts. It is a fact well known that in Phila- delphia, where trust companies have been in operation for nearly forty years and handled estates and trusts involving hundreds of millions of dollars, no estate has ever suffered a loss. No more convincing argument could be advanced respecting the real merits of the system. When it was determined to organize a trust company in Washington, there was no law on the statute books providing for the organization of trust companies in the District of Columbia. It was. therefore, found 1 to organize under the laws of one of the slates, and was obtained August 15. 1SS0. in West Virginia. Septem- ber otb following, the company commenced business. Steps were immediately taken, however, to earefulh draft a bill providing for the organization and government of trust companies in the District of Columbia, to be introduced and pas>ed i>\ Congress, fhe bill provided that trust com- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. panies should be under the immediate super- vision of the Comptroller of the Currency and subject to the same inspection by the national bank examiners as the national banks; and that no trust compan}' could be organized with a capital less than $1,000,000. The bill became a law October 1, 1890. Application was made and a charter was granted under the new law on December 1.3, 1890. Mr. Brainard H. Warner, who took the principal part in the movement to organ- ize the company, became its first president, which position he held until 1894, when he withdrew and was succeeded by Mr. John Joy Edson, the first vice-president. The trust companies in the District of Columbia are the only ones in the United States char- tered under an act of Congress and account- able to, and under the supervision of the Government. This is a distinct advantage and an additional guarantee of stability. The capital stock of Si. 000, 000 of the Washington Loan and Trust Company was promptly taken by over seven hundred sub- scribers. The company commenced business on the northwest corner of Tenth and F streets, in an old building, in a room of about 16 by 50 feet, which building ten years after- ward was replaced by a new structure. The organizers of the Washington Loan and Trust Company, realizing that it should properly have a permanent place in which to do busi- ness, in a good locality, purchased a lot. at a cost of |2oo,ooo, on the southwest corner of Ninth and F streets. It is about as near the center of population as any point in Washington, and in the center of street railway traffic. It was concluded to erect a modern, fire-proof building, with every convenience for transacting the business of the company, and for office purposes. The erection of the company's nine-story mas- sive granite building, at a cost of 1400,000, was the result. It has proven to be a good investment and a wise move on the part of the company. It is one of the great land marks in Washington. The more the methods of handling estates by trust companies are understood, the more people avail themselves of the privileges which they furnish. Experience has shown at this early date, the same as in Philadelphia, and elsewhere, that the interests of estates are protected in the highest degree and the very best results obtained, where tine trust company acts as executor, administrator or trustee. The Washington Loan and Trust Company pays on monthly balances to all depositors 2 per cent, interest. As an indication of the importance of that feature, the amount paid out for interest to depositors has grown from $44,593.99 THE WASHINGTON LOAN AND TRUST COMPANY. in 1894, to $85,826.44. This makes $25,826.44 more paid to depositors last year than was paid in dividends to stock- holders in 1902. The company has also a safe deposit department, with fire and burglar-proof vaults in which boxes can be rented at a cost of $3.00 per year, and upwards. Valuable papers and articles can be safely kept, and are at all times accessible during office hours. It avoids great risks of loss or destruction of papers and valuables by fire or theft, when kept at home in unprotected places. Great injury, and often entire loss, are thus avoided at a small expense. Over 1,300 boxes are at this date rented. A large amount of real estate has come into the possession of the company through its acting as executor, adminis- trator, trustee, etc., necessitating the organization of a real estate department, which is fully equipped and prepared to I 9 2 77//; CITY OF WASHINGTON. take charge of and handle real estate to the best advantage in every respect, that such property may be made productive as possible for beneficiaries and to keep it in good condition and preservation. The following statement of deposits, loans and surplus and profits will indie.; h and success of The Washington Loan and Trust Company since 1893: DEPOSITS. 1*9^ £1,212 10S.46 6S.397-54 1895 1,738,258.99 1896 1,637,095-47 2,180,371.99 2,616,925.38 ,743.345.46 1900 3,895,676.25 19°' I,5I2,97I.95 5,192,568 75 SURPLUS AND UNDIVIDED PROFITS, 5170,973.26 189S l8l.l39.3O 1S99 I92.I04.3S I9OO 206,696.02 I90I i;<97 222,896.12 1902 LOANS. 1893 51,550.570.64 1894 1,703,114.54 1895 1,^47.291.50 1896 1,744,662.75 IS97 2,250,222.29 I898 2,476,256 21 IS99 3,268,056 91 1900 3.318,647 56 1901 3.606 884 70 1902 3,898,078.37 . f24;,6S7.2S 274.20S.8S 316,933.95 372,122.81 430,165.57 John Jo) Edson, presidenl ; John A. Swope, vice-presi- dent; Ellis Spear, second vice-president; Andrew Parker, treasurer; Brice J. Moses, assistant treasurer; Thomas Bradley, real estate officer; John B. Larner, general counsel. Directors: Charles I'.. Bailey, A. L. Barber, Wm. E. Barker, John 1\. Carmody, John M. Clapp, Augustus Crane, Jr., J. J. Darlington, John Joy Edson, A. P. Pardon. John A. Hamilton, Philip Hichborn, Martin A. Knapp, John B. Lar- ner. II. I). Mirick, John Cammack, Watson J. Newton, Theodore W. Noyes, Saml. L. Phillips, \. II. Shea. Louis I'. Shoemaker. Thomas \V. Smith. Ellis Spear. John A. Swope, George Truesdell, B. Ii. Warner, A. A. Wilson, Louis I). Wine. S. W. Woodward, A. S. Worthington, II. K. Willard. John Joy Edson, president of the Washington Loan and Trust Company, is one of the city's public spirited 'i I one who has ever taken a prominent part in its affairs. Honors richly deserved have been heaped upon him. all of which he has borne with the same modest mien that has characterized his course from the outset. \t the last inauguration of President McKinley, Mr. Edson de chairman of the inaugural committee. Mr. |usl at the prime of lite, having been born at Jef- »hio, 111 [846. Mthoilgll he holds office in several ■ns, | ie has never SOU ght office, public or I : - - looked upon as a man thoroughly capable and all institutions with which he been highly successful. lie is 011 man and has grown up with the Until the outbreak of the civil war in hi what education he could in the of fifteen he enlisted in the nd served in the \nm B, McClellan and Gen. participated in the Virginia and Maryland dine the Peninsula campaign and the hat- In 1863 he was dis A this city, and later through Senator Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio, who lived in Mr. Edson's town, was appointed to a clerkship in the Treasury Department. For ten years Mr. Edson filled a position in the office of the Comptroller of the Currency, in the meantime pur- suing the study of law at the Columbian LJniversity. from which he graduated in 1868. He then resigned, and with his brother, J. R. Edson, formed a partnership in the patent business, which continued until 1881. From that time until 1886 he was engaged in the management of several building and loan associations. In 1S79, upon the organization of the Equitable Building Association, he was elected secretary, serving as such until 1898. when he was elected president, which office he still holds. He was one of the incorporators of the Washington Loan and Trust Company, chairman of the building committee and first vice-president, and upon the retirement of Mr. B. IT. Warner, in 1894. was elected JOHN JOY EDSON president. He was also one of the incorporators of the Columbia National Bank and is now a director in the Na- tional Metropolitan Bank, lie is a director in the Potomac Insurance Company, treasurer of the Washington Sanitarj Improvement Company, and of the Columbian University. He has been a member of the Columbia Historical Society and the Cosmos Club, of tin. National Geographic Society, and the Associated Charities for many years. He was for many years treasurer of the Homeopathic Hospital and also its president, until appointed h\ Presidenl McKinlej as a member of the board of charities. He has been a member of the Washington Board of Trade for many years, and has served his second term as president ,<\ thai bod] Hi served as chairman of tin- citizens' executive committee of the ('.rand Army of the Republic encampment here in 1892. In 1899 he was elected presidenl of the Columbian 1 fniversit, Uumni Association. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 193 Mr. Edson served on the executive committee and as chairman of the auditing committee at Gen. Harrison's inauguration in 1889, and was also a member of the execu- tive committee upon the inauguration of President Cleveland four years later. In 1897 he served as treasurer of the executive committee at the inauguration of President Mc- Kinley, and as chairman of the executive committee of the second inauguration of President McKinley in 1901. In 1893 President Harrison tendered Mr. Edson the position of Commissioner of the District of Columbia, and upon the expiration of the term of Mr. John B. Wight, in 1901, he was again offered the position by President McKinley. In both instances he was obliged to decline the honor, on account of business obligations. John Augustus Swope.— There is no more vener- able or a more picturesque figure in Washington's financial JOHN AUGUSTUS SWOPE. world than Mr. John A. Swope, who has been actively engaged in the banking business for more than half a cen- tury. Although having passed man's allotted three score years and ten by half a decade, Mr. Swope, vice-president of the Washington Loan and Trust Company, is to be found at his office every morning, rain or shine, and dis- poses of the manifold commissions and duties attached to his important post with all the ease and capability of one half his years. John A. Swope is a son of George and Margaret (Smyser) Swope, and was born at Gettysburg, Pa., on December 25, 1827. After a preparatory education in his home school he entered Princeton, which was then a college, and graduated with honors in the class of 1847, and is still one of the alumni. After leaving Princeton Mr. Swope entered the University of Pennsylvania and there took a degree in medicine and returning to Gettysburg en- 25 gaged in a general practice. This vocation he abandoned after a few years, when he went to Baltimore, Md., and en- tered a general business there. In the meantime Mr. Swope succeeded his father to the presidency of the Gettysburg Na- tional Bank, which post he still holds and is now the third generation of his family at the head of this institution. Mr. Swope came to Washington in 1884 as the representative of the Nineteenth Congressional District of Pennsylvania. He was chosen to serve an unexpired term and at its expiration he was re-elected and again returned to the House, serving a full term, but declined a renomination. Having become attached to the national capital and desirous of having his daughters complete their education here, Mr. Swope deter- mined to make Washington his future home, and cast about to elect a business with which to occupy his attention ; his previous life having been one of too much activity to admit of so earl)' a retirement from the financial world. He became interested in the organization of the Washington Loan and Trust Company, was one of its incorporators and was chosen its second vice-president and a little later succeeding to the first vice-presidency. Mr. Swope had been a life long Democrat until the candidacy of President McKinley, for whom he voted. He has twice married. His first wife was Miss Emma C. Wirt, of Hanover, Pa. Of this union there are three daughters living. His second wife was Miss Blanche Mitchell, there also being three daughters born of this union. Mr, Swope and his family occupy a handsome residence at 1312 N street, N. W. Hon. Ellis Spear was born at Warren, Me., October 15, 1834. His father James Marston Spear, was a descendant of one of the old Scotch-Irish families who emigrated to New England early in the eighteenth century. His mother, Nancy Cushman Spear, was a descendant of Robert Gush- man, one of the leaders of the Leyden and Plymouth colo- nies. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1858; taught school and pursued his studies until August of 1862, when he entered the military service of the United States as cap- tain of Company G, Twentieth Maine Volunteer Infantry, a regiment assigned to the Third Brigade, First Division, Fifth Army Corps, and served in that brigade to the close of the war. He was promoted to major of the regiment after the battle of Fredericksburg for good conduct in that battle. He succeeded to the command of the regiment in the fall of 1863, and first commanded it in battle at Rap- pahannock Station, November 7 of that year, and there- alter during the winter of 1863-4. lie commanded the regiment in every battle in the campaign of [864, with one exception, and at the battle of Peebles Farm, September 30, 1864, he was placed in -command of the brigade, for service at which battle he was brevetted. He was subse- quently twice again brevetted for services in battle, finalK as brigadier-general, and received also from his State the commissions of lieutenant-colonel and colonel. He served for a brief period as inspector of division. He was mus- tered out of the service in July of 1865. ■■)\ THE i //')' OF WASHINGTON. Entering civil service in November of the same year, he filled the position of assistant examiner in the l nitcd States Patent Office, [865-1868; examiner, [868-1872; ex- aminer-in-chief in the same bureau, [872-1874; civil service examiner for the Interior Department, and of Assistant Commissioner of Patents, 1874-76. He resigned in [876 to in private business, but in January. [877, accepted the appointment of United States Commissioner of Patents, holding that office until November, [878. He has since leaving the Patenl • >ffice practiced as an attorney at law and solicitor of patents; has been a trustee of the public schools of the District of Columbia, and a director of the Washington Board of Trade, and commander of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the District of Columbia, lie i- second vice-president of the Wash- ington Loan and Trust Company, a director of the Equitable Co-operative Building Association, and president of the HON ELLIS SPEAR alional Socieh of Mount Pleasant. He married. first. Susie Wilde (daughter of Rev. John Wilde), who •'i''' 1 '" l8/3: and. second, Mrs. Sarah (Prince) Keene, A Major Samuel T. Keene. of the Twentieth Maine ' Infantry, who was killed by his side al Pctcrs- 1864. Merchants' l>ansfei and Storage Company. No tthal the intelligent direction of unlimited lish is to be found in the I ij and phenomenal .urtccn vcarsof the old Mer- vhich recently has been Transfer and From an gons engaged in ,hc ,irl "" "I Hie Citv for merchants tile business has developed into wonderful proportions with numerous ramifications, and now it is one of the foremost business enterprises south of New York, and its usefulness is ever en the increase. The firm recently erected and is now occupying the finest and most modern fireproof storage warehouse south of New York which money or science can devise and put up. The storage branch of the business is the most prom- inent ami the facilities afforded for the safekeeping of household furniture of every description are most complete. The building contains 840 separate locked rooms, varying in size, but having a decided similarity. With their huge fireproof doors, it suggests itself to one, going through the long corridors, that he is in a jail, so dominant is the sim- plicity and solidity. The art room, where pianos, large pictures, statuary, etc.. are kept, is on the first floor, and besides being thoroughly ventilated, an even temperature is maintained in this room during the winter months to insure against any possible injury to contents. Next, a special room is fitted for the storage of trunks and luggage. This room immediately joins the ladies' waiting r 11. thereby affording every convenience to those who, having goods stored, desire to examine them. Burglar-proof vaults tor silverware and valuables are also to be had : and. in fact. the company affords unsurpassed facilities for the storage of household and personal effects of even description. The company has in its employ a large force of reliable. expert men for packing furniture, china, bric-a-brac, etc., and shipments are received and forwarded to foreign coun- tries or to any city in the United States. The large moving vans are in charge of careful and experienced men. and everything pertaining to the storage business is complete to the smallest detail. It has one of the best equipped stables in the city, and in keeping with the motto which appears upon all of their vehi- cles and advertising, "We Move Anything," it keeps ij; teams constantly engaged, from a limited beginning it has reached out continually for the business of delivering small packages for merchants, until to-day many of the prominent houses have abandoned their own delivery service. With the thirty wagons that are now constantly engaged in this work a record of [,200,000 packages delivered was recorded last year. I he big warehouse building containing the general offices of the company is located al 920 and 922 !•'. street, northwest, and extends back to a broad alley in the rear where several additional lots are covered with a widening ol the building. The structure is one of the most substantial in the city and is built from designs outlined by the New- bold Brothers, who manage the company's entire affairs. flu offices occupy the E street front of the ground floor, with a long hallway on the west side of the building for the use of employes who have business in the office. The mam counting room occupies the central portion of the I street front with the president's office opening into it, I'.. (he rear is the office of the secretary and treasurer, while back of that is a neatlj fitted up waiting room for visitors. It is equipped with eas\ chairs, desks, and writing material. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. [95 H I MERCHANTS' TRANSFER AND STORAGE COMPANY. magazines and other reading matter are to be found on the tables ; in fact every possible convenience for its patrons. From the inception of the enterprise the delivery of parcels for merchants has always been given special atten- tion. The growth of the business has been marvelous, and so systematized in the last year that its patrons are given four deliveries daily to every section of the city, and at most reasonable rates. In addition to the parcel delivery and storage business the company also does a large business in the lines of heavy hauling, erecting and hoisting, and freight and theatrical transfer. The stables of the company are located at the corner of Third and B streets, southwest, and cover 33,000 square feet of ground. The directorate of the Merchants Transfer and Storage Company is composed of the following well-known business men: Mr. John E. McLeran of the firm of Heiskell & Mc- Leran ; Mr. Frank B. Noyes, of the Evening Star ; Mr. J. Herbert Corning, merchant; Mr. G. Thomas Dunlop, attor- ney ; Mr. John L. Prosise, at the head of the E. Morrison Paper Company; Mr. Paul Starrett, general manager of the George A. Fuller Company, and the Messrs. Newbold. The capital of the company is $150,000. The corporation has many of our prominent citizens interested in its welfare, among whom are: Thomas Hyde, of the Riggs National I lank : John A. Swope, vice-president of the Washington Loan and Trust Company ; S. H. Kauffman, president of The Evening Star Company ; Emil G. Shaeffer, of the firm of E. G. Shaeffer & Co. ; Carl A. Droop, of the firm of E. F. Droop & Co. ; F. M. Detweiler, of Judd & Detweiler ; D. C. Phillips, Arthur G. Peter, of the firm of Marsh & Peter, architects; G. T. Dunlop, president of the Capital Traction Company, and many others. The business, however, is under the direct management of Messrs. John L. Newbold and Thomas R. Newbold, who are the president, secretary and treasurer, respectively. It was the idea of the above- named gentlemen to give to the public a downtown storage building. " for the storage of household furniture," etc., one that would not only be modern and absolutely fire- proof, but centrally located, right in the heart of the busi- ness section of the city, and for this reason their present location, on the south of E street, northwest, between Ninth and Tenth streets, was selected. No enterprise in Wash- ington has progressed with such enormous strides, and this company is certainly destined to become one of Washing ton's strongest institutions, and is, in fact, the largest busi- ness of its kind not only in this city, but in this part of the country. The Equitable Co-operative Building Association may justly be termed the pioneer of its kind in the District of Columbia. Its organization, upon the soundest business principles and financial foundation, a combination which as may be expected has brought it up to its present high degree of excellence and prosperity, was effected at a meeting held at Martin's Hall, on E street, on November 4, 1879. At that meeting James Ii. Saville and John Joy Fdson were elected president and secretary, respectively. Mr. Saville was succeeded in the presidency by Alexander ( iardner, and Thomas Suinmerville in turn, when in 1898. Mr. Edson, who had continued as secretary from its organ- ization, was elected to the presidency, Mr. Frank P. Reeside succeeding to the secretaryship, he having been connected with the company since 1884. That the success of the Equitable was instantaneous is shown by the amount of the loans, which for the first month amounted to $4,800. and for the period extending over twenty-three years they aggregate a sum total of $11,157,400. This record, which is unsurpassed in the history of loan associations, may be attributed to the activity of its members, who take advan- tage of the practical co-operation methods of this associa- tion. The Equitable Association has no real estate holdings t 9 6 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. THE EQUITABLE CO-OPERATIVE ING ASSOCIATION Ilit- handsome building in vvhicli it has its home VV., which ii purchased in [886 for n ;i-iii tlcniand for more room home, in which to more readily cai business. The policy pted particular! crsons of md income. Ii offers no inducements to invite their investments. Ii is con- ii iation principles, and has never deviated from them, which policy lends an added confidence to the small investor. Its statements show the result of small savings on shares, made promptly and regularly every month. By this method there are hundreds of families scat- tered in and around Washington who are happily occupying their own homes, so made possible by the methods of this company. Many of these, profiting by their experience in acquiring their own homes, have purchased additional property through this means, and have gradually become powerful and influential property holders in the community in which they live. Men of long experience are engaged in the management of the Equitable's affairs, and their purpose has ever been to adhere to that policy whereby equable and beneficial results would follow. Its fundamental principle is to instill into the recip- ient of a salary, no matter how small, the virtue of laying by a portion of it each month and thus judiciously turn it over until that person is made to feel with what little sacrifice this can be accom- plished. The officers of the company are all men occupying high positions in their respective voca- tions, and through their efforts the successful opera- tions of the Equitable have been assured. The officers are: John Joy Edson, president; Dr. A. J. Schafhirt. vice-president; George \V. Cas- ilear, treasurer, and frank P. Reeside. secretary. The directors are Ellis Spear, George W. Fisher, P. B. Turpin, Job Barnard, John \V. Schaeffer, A. M. Lothrop, Marcus Baker, George II. Harries, and John 1!. Lamer. Lewis Johnson and Company, one of Wash- ington's oldest private banking establishments, has ong occupied an honored and important place among the financial institutions at the national cap- ital, founded in 1S5X by Lewis Johnson, who "as the president of the Washington City Savings Bank, until its dissolution the same year, the firm consisted oi its founder, his grandson. Lewis Johnson Davis, the present head of the firm, and David Walker. I he firm then occupied offices at the corner of Pennsylvania avenue and Tenth street. Mr. Johnson died in 1N7.?. Mr. Davis and Mr. Walker remained in the firm and associated with them Charles N. Wake as junior member of the concern. Alter remaining at the first stand for forty years, and apprei that the tide ol business was moving up town, the linn moved iis quarters to its presenl location, 1315 I streel V \V., where ii occupies the first floor of the Sun Building. The presenl members of the firm associated with Mr. Davis are I. William Henry and William Andrew Menus, both comparatively young men. men of sterling integrity and business capacity. The counting room and private offices, ai the disposal of the large clientele of the hank's depositors and those who conducl their stock transactions through this house, are comfortabl) and hand- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 197 somely equippec banking: house. the appurtenances of a private New York a first-class Lewis Johnson Davis, senior member of the firm of Lewis Johnson & Co., may justly he termed the dean of LEWIS JOHNSON DAVIS Washington bankers. While there may be mam- men still active in the city's financial centers that are Mr. Davis' seniors in years, there arc none from the standpoint of a continued and honored service. Mr. Davis was born in Washington on July 21, 1834. He is the son of George Madison and Georgeanna Davis, his father having been teller of the Bank of the Metropolis for over thirty years. Mr. Davis was educated in the school of Arnold and Girault, leaving there in December, 1848, when he entered the em- ploy of R. W. Latham & Co., and remained with them until September, 1850, when due to ill health he resigned his position, went to Belair and resumed his studies under the tutelage of Dr. Edwin Arnold. In August, 1851, Air. Davis, with his health restored, returned to Washington and entered the Washington City Savings Bank, then conducted by his grandfather, Lewis Johnson. This institution dissolved in 1858, and the firm of Lewis Johnson & Co. was formed, in which Air. Davis was one of the partners, and of which firm he has for many years been the senior member. Mr. Davis was a Union man during the war and has always been Republican in his sympathies. His name has figured prominently in the charitable institutions of the city and he has given much time and energy in promoting the city's best interests. He was formerly vice-president of the Garfield Hospital, one of the incorporators of the Children's Hospital and a director of the District Historical Society, as well as senior warden of Epiphany P. E. Church, where he has been a member for fifty years. Mr. Davis has been a member of the Washing- ton Stock Exchange since 1883 an( l was ' ts president in 1896. He was chairman of the sinking fund commission of the District of Columbia under the act of the Legislative As- sembly of August 19, 1871, and while in that capacity dis- bursed millions of dollars. Clubs and societies of which Mr. Davis is a member are the Chevy Chase and Metropolitan Clubs ; the Archaeological, American Historical and Colum- bian Historical Societies ; ex-president of the Sons of Revo- lution, and a member of the St. Nicholas Society, of New York. Mr. Davis married Miss Margaret Jane Keller, daugh- ter of Charles M. and Alary Knowles Keller, of New York city, on October 12, 1854. Air. and Airs. Davis have no children. John William Henry, a comparatively young man, but who has taken an important place in the financial and social affairs of Washington, is next in rank to Air. Davis, in the firm of Lewis Johnson & Co. Mr. Henry's business career has been exclusively confined to the present house, of which he is a partner, he having entered its employ as a bookkeeper, when fresh from College. He is the eldest son of the late Captain James L. M. Henry, U. S. Army, and Kate Kearney Henry, daughter of the late fleet surgeon, John A. Kearney, U. S. Navy. Air. Henry was born at Ranelagh, Prince George county. Aid., in October, 1865. His early education was acquired at Maryland's historic old school, Charlotte Hall Military Academy, in St. Mary's count)'. After graduating from there with class honors JOHN WILLIAM HENRY and as capt tin cif a company, corps cadets, Mr. Henry took a course at Columbia University, and in the fall of 1887 entered up< in his duties in the banking house of Lewis fohnson & Co. Eleven wars later Mr, Henry's faithful 77//;' CITY OF WASHINGTON. acumen were- rewarded with admis- sion to the firm. He has ever been prominent in Wash- ington's social life and is a member of the Metropolitan, i hase and Dumbarton I lubs, also the treasurer of i olonial Wars, a member of the Sons of the Revolution, and the Society of the War of 1S1 2. Mr. Henry- married Miss ['"ranees Brockcnbrough Barber, of George- town, D. C. Oi this union there are two children, a son and daughter. The\ reside in a handsome house at 3241 \ street, \. W. WILLIAM ANDREW MEARNS William Andrew (Vlcarns, the junior member of the firm of Lewis Johnson & Co., is also a young num. but • •in- whose business integrity lias gained him recognition, and who occupies an important place in the District's finan- cial field. Mr. Mcarns is the son of Robert K. ami Martha Mearns, and was born in Philadelphia on July i'.. 1870. Mr was educated at tin- Chester, Pa., high school. With his family In- removed to Washington in [888 and entered a law class : ,i the Columbian University, graduating with th<- class of 1892, and was immediately admitted to tin District bar. For ten years Mr. Mearns was in the emplo) 11 -V Mel 'artney, leaving them in June. [898, t<> enter i Johnson X ( o. Mr. Mearns is president of director in the National nd I rust 1 'ompany, secretary of the lion, treasurer of the Columbian Historical and a member of the New York Stock Exchange. men, her of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, and of 111 ' iolf Clubs. In November, iarv 15. Chambers, of I 11 California two children. Crane, Parris and Company, bankers, with com- modious offices at 604 Fourteenth street, northwest, has long enjoyed the patronage of Washington's most represen- tative and influential men. This firm, composed of Augus- tus Crane, Jr., and Albion K. Parris, was organized in 1883, and has steadily increased its clientele until it is now regarded as one of the must successful and conservative private banking institutions in the District of Columbia. Augustus Crane, Jr., senior member of the firm of Crane, Parris & Company, came to Washington in the spring id' 1881. He was twenty-eight years of age at the lime, having keen born in New York City on October 27. 1853. I lis early education was received at the Highland Military Academy, of Worcester, Massachusetts, and later he was a student at the University of the City of New York. His business education was acquired in the Wall Street Banking Uou.se of I lone. Nicholas eS; Company. Mr. Hone is Mr. Crane's brother-in-law, and the firm was very well known, as Mr. Hone had been brought up in the office of his uncle. August Belmont, and Mr. Nicholas was the protege of the late William R. Travers. Mr. Crane left New York in 1870 to accept a confidential position a! AUGUSTUS CRANE. JR. Savannah, Georgia, in the large shipping house of W'ii- liams Y Crane, who were the agents •>!' Williams & Guion, of London and New 'York. A few years later, however, he decided thai his talent and inclination la\ more in the line of business i u . i K i,i 1',,-si worked out for himself, and coming to Washington, he entered into a partnership with Mr. Whion 1\. Parris, under the firm name of Crane. Parris \ Company, and the style of the firm has continued un- changed. Mr. Crane has for many years been a director ol the Washington Loan and ["rust Company. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Albion K. Parris, member of the firm of Crane, Par- ris & Company, is one of the few bankers now doing- busi- ness in Washington who is a native of the District of Columbia, his birthplace being within a stone's throw of his present place of business. His ancestors were of New England stock, and the family name is well known, espe- cially in Maine, where Judge Albion K. Parris was several times governor, and among other positions was one of the organizers and the first president of the Portland Sav- ings Bank. Mr. Parris received but the usual common school education, and his first experiences in the banking business were gained at the age of seventeen. lie has remained continually in the banking line, with the excep- tion of about a year (1877-78), when he served as secretary on the United States flagship Powhatan, making a cruise through the West Indies. He has been a member of the firm of Crane, Parris & Company since its organization in 1883. Mr. Parris enjoys a remarkably extended ac- quaintance throughout the District of Columbia and the East, and is a close student of statistics, and much inter- ested in political economy. He is connected with several corporations and philanthropic institutions, and takes pleas- ure in an active membership with Masonic and patriotic organizations. In respect to service he is one of the oldest members of the Washington Stock Exchange, and. with his firm, is a member of the Bankers' Association of the District of Columbia. William B. Hibbs and Company. Washingtonians may justly feel proud to know that in their midst is a bank- ing and brokerage business conducted along such able and modern lines as that of William B. I fibbs & Co., at No. 1419 F street, northwest. Few, if indeed anv, establishments south of New York are so fully equipped with all the necessary appurtenances, requisite to place their patrons in touch and in momentary communication with the stock exchanges and marts throughout the United States, as is that of Mr. \\ illiam B. Hibbs, senior member and founder of the firm which bears his name. Private wires connect his Washington banking house with his branch offices in New York, the New York Stock Exchange, Chicago Board of Trade, as well as all the leading and important stock centers of the country. Mr. Hibbs, although a comparatively young man, by the closest application to his business and by years of hard work has mastered his profession in its minutest detail and is regarded as one of the shrewdest operators of the South. His phenomenal success is attributable alone to his own efforts, which after all is man's best reward. He was born in Gordonsville, Va., in 1864, just after the close of the civil war. Mr. Hibbs is a son of John W. and Susan (Reed) Hibbs. Educated in the common schools of the District, having been brought to this city in his infancy, he secured a position in a brokerage office when but a lad. Learning- the intricacies of the business and becoming attached to it, he early strove to make a name and place in the world for himself. How well he suc- ceeded is amply attested by the proportions his business has since assumed. His first venture in business on his own account was as the junior member of the firm of I!. K. Plain & Co., in 1882. A few years later he purchased a seat on the New York Stock Exchange, and the Chicago Hoard of Trade, shortly after which the present firm of W. B. Hibbs & Co. came into existence. In i8qo Mr. Hibbs was elected a member of the Washington Stock- Exchange, was made its president in [898, and served three successive terms. His firm is the Washington repre- sentative of several of the largest and most influential houses throughout the country, and is also the correspondent of the International Hanking Company. Associated with Mr. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. I-Iibbs in business arc Samuel A. Drury, as special partner and Jobn Taylor Arms, manager. Socially, Mr. Hibbs has ever occupied a proud position in Washington. A keen sportsman, an excellent judge of h and a thorough man of the world, he reckons his friends by the hundreds and is one of the most uni- vcrsall) popular men in Washington and New York club- dom. He is a member of the Chevy Chase, Columbian Golf and Century Chilis of Washington and the New York and Lambs Clubs of New York city. In 18S5 Mr. Hibbs married Miss Mollie Smith, daugh- ter of Judge Walter TT. Smith, of Mounl Vernon, Ohio. who was Attorney-! ieneral in the Department of the Interior under President Grant. One daughter, Helen, now fifteen years old. was born to Mr. and Mrs. Hibbs. They reside in a beautiful home at 1618 1 8th street. N. W. INSURANCE. The Potomac Insurance Company of the District of Columbia Organized in 1831. This company was chartered b\ special acl of Congress, approved March 2, 1831. The acl was signed by " Andrew Jackson, President of the United States; John C. Calhoun. Vice-President of the United Slates and President of the Senate, and Andrew Oil, Speaker of the House of Representatives." It provided ■'That subscriptions be opened in Georgetown, in the District aforesaid, under the direction of Francis Dodge, Raphael Semmes, Walter Smith. John Kurtz. Wil- liam S. N'icholls, L. G. Davidson, John Marhury. Joel Crut- tenden, O. M. Linthicum, James Dunlop, William G. Ridgcly, Samuel Humphreys, and William [layman, as commissioners, or a majority of them, for raising the capital stock of two hundred thousand dollars, divided into eighl thousand shares, of twenty-five dollars each." \grceablc to the terms of the charter, these gentlemen met and decided that seventy five thousand five hundred dollars should he the amount of capital subscribed for at that time, it] >• >i) which was paid five dollars |>er share, and the paid-up capital of the company remained at fifteen thousand one hundred dollars for several years. The firsl president was John Kurt/. Esq.. and from the old records, il appears thai the first meeting was held on Monday evening, April 11. [831, "in the council chain bcr " of the board of common council in Georgetown, and those pies, 111 were John Kurtz, president; Robert Read, William S. N'icholls, William I layman. John Marhtin. Raphael Semmes, John Barcroft, C. V Burnett, and Wil- liam W . Corcoran. \i this meeting ii was decided to adopt " the polic) of the Franklin Insurance Company," which had hem incorporated l>\ a special act of Congress, in [818. Mr. rvcfl as president until July, (850, and was suc- ceeded b\ Mr. John Marhury, father of the former presi d.ni of the 1 Hdcsl Inhabitants Association. Mr. Marhury !■ nt unlil June 10. 1S7 |. Dr. Joshua Riley, who had In-. 11 appointed president pro tempore on Januai") lected president to succeed Mr. Marhury. rved until his death in February, 1875, when : d b\ Mr. Adolphus 11. Pickerell. Upon the death of Mr. Pickerell in May, 1879, Mr. Henry M. 1 ieorgelown. was elected the failing health of Mi. Sweeney, W . Riley Dceble was elected vice- In Id nun! the death of Mr. hen Mr. Dceble was elected president of the company, and served as such unlil after the purchase of and merger with the Lincoln Fire Insurance Company of Washington, in July, 1899. ( )n October 10 of that year Mr. Deeble resigned the presidency to be succeeded by Mr. John Taylor Arms, formerly president of the Lincoln Fire Insurance Company. Mr. Deeble was then elected vice-president, this action of the board being in conformity with the terms upon which the purchase and merger were made. Mr. John Taylor Arms is now the president of the company. Benjamin Flomans was the first secretary, being suc- ceeded April 6, 1833, by William J. Goszler, Esq. Mr. < ios- zler served as secretary until April 1. 1841, when he in turn was succeeded by Henry King, Esq. Mr. King's health failing. Mr. James W. Deeble was elected secretary August 28, 1865. and at this meeting Mr. King was elected assistant secretary, with permission "to be absent from the office whenever he may think his health may be pro- moted by so doing." Mr. King's death occurred shortly after. Mr. Deeble served as secretary until his death in August. 1887. Hi s successor was Mayhew Plater, F.s<|. Upon the resignation of Mr. Plater in May, iSoj. Mr. Joseph II. Bradley was chosen. Mr. Bradley served until the Potomac-Lincoln merger, when he was succeeded b\ Mr. Elkanab X. Waters. Mr. Waters resigned as secre- tary December, [901, his successor being Mr. Jefferson Pearce, the present secretary. Mr. W. W. Corcoran was one of the most indefatigable workers for the early success of the company. \ ver\ ardent co-worker was Lewis Johnson. Esq., the founder of the hanking firm of Lewis Johnson & Company. Raphael Semmes, one of the incorporators, was the father of Ad- miral Semmes. of civil war fame. Robert Read, one of the first directors, was for many years president of the Farmers and Mechanics Rank of Georgetown. It is interesting to note that much of the original stock of the Company is still held by the descendants of the original incorporators, notably by the families of Messrs. John Kurt/.. Robert Re. id and John Marhury. We find that on Jul) 26. [831, the amount of insurance carried was but on Jul) 30. [832, it had been increased to quite a respectable showing for a company but fifteen months old. The first dividend appears to have been declared Jul) 3. 1S32, a little over one year after the orga'n i/.ation of the company. This dividend was ,> per cent. — lit. to surplus and 6 per cent, to stock holders. In THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. January, 1833. a 14 per cent, dividend — g per cent, to surplus account and 5 per cent, to stockholders — was de- clared. In July, 1833, 12 per cent, dividend was declared — 5 per cent, to stockholders and 7 per cent, to surplus account, thus showing that the tendency of the directors to declare large dividends was quite pronounced in the early history of the company. At the first annual election, August 1, 1831. the directors chosen were: ( ). M. Linthi- cum, Clement Smith, William L. Nicholls, Charles A. Burnett, William Hayman, Raphael Semmes, Joel Crut- tenden, W. W. Corcoran, Robert Read, John Marbury, Lewis Johnson and John Kurtz. In the minutes of April 19, 183 1, we find that the "board met for the first time, at their new office on Bridge street, adjoining the Farmers and Mechanics Bank," and ordered stated meetings " for every Tuesday, at candle light." The charter of the company has been amended several times. On November 19, 1833, a special meeting was called, and it was ordered that application be made to Congress for an amendment to the charter to allow the insurance of lives and marine risks. In March, 1837, it was amended, and the name changed to the " Potomac Insurance Company of Georgetown," the original corporate name having been the " Potomac Fire Insurance Company of Georgetown." In this act it provided that " In addition to the powers, privileges and immunities granted to the said company, in and by their original act of incorporation, the said com- pany shall have full power and authority to make insurance on vessels, merchandise, freights, and all other interest in or touching property at sea, or going to sea, and on all kinds of marine risks, whatsoever; to make insurance on lives, to grant annuities, to receive endowments, to contract for revisionary payments :: " ft was further amended, January 2J, 1851. By this amendment the double liability clause was inserted, and the life of the company extended "to the first day of March, in the yeai 1870, and until the end of the next session of Congress which shall happen thereafter." A further amendment was granted on March 25, 1870, permitting " the removal of the office to Washington." and making the charter perpetual. In 1900 a further amendment was granted authorizing the increase of the capital stock to $1,000,000, and the enlarging of the board of directors. Since the company was organized one hundred and thirty-eight dividends have been paid. The amount paid in on the capital stock, $5.00 per share, was not increased until about the year 1850, when the remainder of the §J^.- 500 was paid up. Upon the purchase of and merger with the Lincoln Insurance Company, in 1899, the capital stock was increased to the sum of $200,000, as provided in the original charter, and from the proceeds of the sale of $100,000 of this stock the purchase of the Lincoln was ac- complished. The remainder, $24,500. was distributed to the stockholders of record at that time as an extra divi- dend. The company appears to have had its ups and downs, quite prosperous at first, and suffering severe losses shortly after. Upon the election of .Mr. James W, Heebie 26 as secretary the assets were in round figures $80,000. At this time the assets of the company, per statement of De- cember 31, 1902, are $575,000. The company is now fully equipped for and doing an extensive agency business (the premium receipts for the past year, 1902. having exceeded the amount of the capital stock), with every prospect of a bright future. The merger with the Lincoln Company was made because the then president realized that to main- tain the company as a purely local organization with its principal office in that section of the City of Washington, formerly known as " Georgetown," meant but the gradual decline of the company, and its final extinction. By reason of the merger new life was infused into it and modern methods were adopted, and the result thus far would indicate the absolute wisdom of the course pursued. In the applications for insurance in the earlier days, which were always made to the board of directors, many- interesting ones were found. Among others were those of Mr. Corcoran ( then beginning the foundation of his for- tune, afterwards tised in such a noble and philanthropic way) for " $700 insurance on his household furniture and books in Mr. Bronough's boarding house," and George Washington Park Custis for insurance on his home known as " Arlington." The present vice-president of the company has been continuously associated with it since October to, 1876, hav- ing entered its employ as a boy. and resigned as its presi- dent on the twenty-fourth anniversary of his original em- ployment, October 10, 1899, t0 accept the position of vice- president in accordance with the conditions of the Potomac- Lincoln merger. Its present president. Mr. John Taylor Arms, formerly president of the Lincoln Company, has been long and favorably known in this community as a successful and prosperous business man. and the management of the company in his hands thus far has been such as its directors can point to with pride, and its future is assured as long as be consents to continue in charge. We find among the early lists of directors, the name of Peter llagner, the father of Justice Hagner, who was elected a director in August, 1839. but served only a short time. Judge Walter S. Cox was a director from August 5, 1863, until the merger. Dr. William 1'. Johnson was elected a director in 1845. and remained such until his death. Among the interesting things in the minute book- kept dur- ing the early history of the company, we find that an underwriters association on a small scale was in vogue, as a request, probably the first of its kind ever made in the District, was received from the firemen's Insurance Com- pany on February 12. 1840, "to meet and fix rates," indi- cating that competition at that time was disastrous. The first agent appears to have been Mr. Nicholas Calkin, who was appointed agent for Washington City at 5 per cent, commission, " lie to make no contracts to bind the com- pany." During several semi-annual periods "no losses were reported." In August. 1858. the removal of the company's offices to the Masonic Hall Building on Thirty - second (High) street, in Georgetown, was authorized. From there THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. it was moved to what is now known as No. [219 Thirty- second street, formerly the residence of Mrs. Mosher, which had been purchased by the company for an office building. Upon the merger of the Potomac Insurance Company and the Lincoln Fnsurance Company the principal offices wen removed to the Washington Loan and Trust Building, where they arc now situated, and Mr. Joseph II. Bradley, tin- former secretary of the Potomac, was placed in charge of an agcnc) at the old home office in < ieorgetown. John Taylor Arms. Prominenl in the financial world of Washington is John Taylor Anns, who, a New Yorker by birth, has made Washington his home since [872. Mr. Anns was 1>i >rn in Lansingburgh, New York, in 1X4(1. and ai the rarly age of fifteen years gained his first insight into as a clerk in the importing department of the mammoth establishment then conducted by the late A. T. Stewart, in New York Citv. There he remained until he JOHN TAYLOR ' I he employ of s. 15. Chittenden S i lie same city. Not caring for that line of business, Mr. \n the banking business in New York City, but fro,,, this he retired because of failing health. ■ ashington. I h ;< ured an appointment in nl under the first civil service rules. he resigned two years later to engage in -. investing largely in Washington Vrms was elected a member of tin hange, and has sin in 1897 was chosen its presi banking firm of W. B. Hibhs contact with the most uul is regarded as an In insur- ance circles he is equally prominent, and joined in the organization of the Lincoln Fire Insurance Company in 1890, and became its president in 1891. and in 1899 was mainly instrumental in bringing about its consolidation with Potomac Fire Insurance Company of Georgetown, accept- ing the ] (residency of the consolidated company, for the purpose of doing business throughout the United States, lie also took an active interest in bringing about the con- solidation of the Real Estate and Columbia Title Insurance Company, accepting the presidency of the former for this purpose. Furthermore, Mr. Arms is a member of the firm of Arms & Drury, established in 1N74. and a director of the National Metropolitan Bank. In 1879 Mr. Arms married Miss Kate Corcoran Wat- kins, of Baltimore. Maryland. Two children, a daughter and a son. have been born to them, and with their parents reside at 1408 M street, northwest, the residence Mr. Arms built about fifteen years ago. The Franklin (Fire) Insurance Company of Washington, D. C. (Chartered by Congress April ninth, eighteen hundred and eighteen). — The Franklin (Fire) Insurance Company is the oldest organization of its kind in the District of Columbia. It was the first fire insurance company established at the national capital. The name of Franklin was selected in honor of Benjamin Franklin, the great philosopher, patriot, philanthropist, statesman and diplomat, in recognition of that eminent gentleman's sterling integrity. The Franklin Insurance Companv was incor- porated under a charter by Congress April 9. 1818. The original act of Congress provided that the act creating the company should continue in force for and during the term of twenty years. This act bears the signatures of I lenry Clay. Speaker of the House of Representatives, John Gaillard, President of the Senate, pro tempore, and lames Monroe, President of the United States. At the expiration of tin- original term of twenty years, there was a renewal of the act of incorporation for another period of twenty years, terminating in 1838. This renewal hears the signa- tures of three other eminent men. who filled conspicuous places in the history of our Government — James K. Polk. Speaker of the I louse of Representatives. Richard M. John- son. President of the Senate, and Martin Van P.uren. Presi- dent of the United States. Since [838 renewals have been made at periods of twenty years, viz:— 1858, [878, and 1898. I'lie act creating the company provided that a sub- scription lie opened in the city of Washington under the direction of John Davidson, Satterlee Clark, Uexander Kerr. R, C. Weigluman. Benjamin ( i. Orr, William Brent, Samuel Miller and William Doughty, or a majority of them, for raising a capital Stock of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000), in shares of twenty-five dol- lars ($25.00) each, and that each person, upon subscribing, pa) to the persons above-mentioned five dollars ($5.00) upon each share so subscribed for; and that the remainder of the said twenty-five dollars ($25.00) shall be secured by negotiable notes, signed and endorsed to the satisfaction THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. of the above-named gentlemen, or a majority of them. This, in brief, was the starting point of the Franklin Insur- ance Company. The original act also further provided that as soon as five thousand (5,000) shares had been subscribed for, the stockholders would proceed to the forma- tion of the company by the election of officers, and a board of directors of twelve (12) shareholders. It is a notable fact that the company was formed with but twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) actual cash in hand, and, while one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars ($125,000) in stock had been subscribed, one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) of this amount was in negotiable notes, the capital stock at no time having been in excess of one hun- dred and twenty-five thousand dollars ($125,000), although Congress provided that it might, if necessary, be made two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000). When the Franklin Insurance Company was estab- lished, in 1818, the insurance business in the United States might be said to have been in its infancy. The population of the District of Columbia was then extremely small, not exceeding 20,000. The Company was founded by some of the leading men of that time, embracing all of the various lines of industry as well as the professions. The original subscription list, which is in a fine state of preservation, is among the archives of the company, and shows the names of many who were foremost in the early days of the na- tional capital, whose descendants have been, and many of whom now are, prominent in advancing its interests and beauty. The historic name of Van Ness is in this original list. Also the Bradleys, Holmeads, Lenoxes, Brents, Coyles, Yarnums, Cutts, Taylors, Belts, Kerrs, Randolphs, Gardi- ners, Knoblocks, McCormicks, Greshams, Ingles, Glovers. Orrs, Fendalls. Shoemakers. Dawsons, Davidsons, Archers, Mays, Stengers, Gales, Seatons, Callans. Hobans, Pairos. Lees, Davis, McClerys, Grahams, Xourses, Briscoes, Wat- ers, Brookes, Appiers, Tuckers, Gassoways, Winns, Ma- graths, Walkers, Hewitts, Whetcrofts, Danas, Gouldings, Grammers, Laws, and hosts of others who contributed much in the early days toward making Washington the progres- sive capital of the young republic. The historic name of Carroll figured in the formation of the Franklin Insurance Company, as it did in the promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, of July 4, 1776. To that document ap- peared the name of " Charles Carroll of Carrollton." In the original subscription of the Franklin Insurance Com- pany is the name of " Daniel Carroll of Duddington," so written by the subscriber. Peter Lenox and Matthew Wright were the two largest subscribers to the stock of the Franklin Company, each taking two hundred shares. There were numerous subscriptions for one hundred shares, the lowest being for five shares. The notes executed were all properly endorsed, one subscriber endorsing for another. When the company was established, capital was not as plentiful as it is to-day. The formation of a company with twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) cash, was then re- garded as a financial enterprise of considerable magnitude. To-day the amount named in millions is an every day affair. The names of many men distinguished in the history of the country figure, also, in the Franklin Insurance Com- pany. In 1821, John Ouincy Adams, then Secretary oi ^.mIhK'* !""«'■ itll" FRANKLIN IFIRE) INSURANCE COMPANY. State, bought stock in this company, and continued pur- chasing while he was President of the United Stales. His son, Charles Francis Adams, the elder, also became a stock holder, and. at one period, the two owned about one-third of the entire capital stock. It was sold by their heirs, in 1888-89, at nnle times the original cost. John Ouincy Adams took great interest in the affairs of the company, serving several years as a most active director, and was ever mindful of its welfare and advancement. Another notable fact in connection ' with the Franklin Insurance Company is that it began paying dividends within the second year of its existence, they ranging from four and a-half per cent, to twenty-five per cent, semi-annually until 1890, when a change in the system was brought about. < >n November to. 1890, the board of directors, by unanimous vote, declared a dividend of twenty dollars ($20.00) per THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 204 share to be paid to each stockholder, the company surren- dering to the stockholders, or their heirs, the original notes for twenty dollars ($20.00) per share executed in [818, then held by the company, and ordered one hundred thou- sand dollars ($100,000) of the surplus camel by the com- be passed to the capital, thus making the cash capital one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars ($125.- 000), Iron, [871 to [891 a semi-annual dividend of twenty cent, was paid on all the original cash capital of twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000). Since (891 a fi V e per cent. (5^ 1 semi-annual dividend has been paid, .■Hid is now being paid on the present cash capital of ont hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars ($125,000). Quite a large portion of the stock of the company is still in the hands of the heirs of the original corporators. Out of the original one hundred and ten subscribers, only six were living in November, [864, and it is believed thai all died before 1872. Following is a list of the officers from the organization to the presenl time: President — 1 818, John Davidson; 1825, Peter Lenox; [833, G. C. Grammer; 1X57. John P. Ingle; 1863, William A. Bradley; [869, .Matthew G. Emery: 1870, Henrj Bradley; [876, Dr. Daniel B. Clarke. Sec- 1818, Charles Clover: [825, A. Bradley, Jr.; 1 *_<*.' Joseph II. Bradley; 1836, Abram Bradley: 1838, fames lioban; [841, William Stettinius; 1X44. Charles Bradley; 1881, I. Fenwick Young; [892, Will P. Boteler; itjoi, Dr. W. P. Young. The present officers are: Presi- dent, Dr. Daniel B.Clarke; vice-president, James L. Norris; treasurer, Charles S. Bradley; secretary, Dr. W. P. Young. \\ I aylor Birch, Ralph L. Gait, Benjamin W. Guy, S. II. Kauffmann, Alexander Porter Morse, James !•'. leorge Ryneal, Jr., Thomas E. Waggaman, George Wright. \t the close of business December 31, [901, the books of the compail) showed: Assets — Cash on hand and in bank, $5,755.70; real estate owned by the company. $72,- 038.20; mortgages (first lien on real estate), $160,150; m'd bonds 1 market value 1. $56,207.89; hills receiv- able, $200; premiums in cms, of collection. $1,333.68; ntcrest, $3,062.39 ; total, $298,747.86. Liabilities- Cash capital, $125,000; unearned premium reserve, S 1 4.- 017.93; reinsurance premiums, $152.24: unpaid dividends. net surplus. S 1 59,5 1 5. 1 . Moline", secretary. Its capital was $100,000, divided into 20,000 shares, with a par value of $5 each. The success of the new company was assured from the start, paying a dividend of 6 per cent, four years after it started, which has since been increased to 8 per cent. The original trustees of the company were M. W. Bever- idge, Thomas Hyde, N. W. Biirchell, John Jay Knox, William FI. Morrison. T. M. Hanson, F. S. Hutchinson, John Sherman and William S. Thompson. At the death of Air. Beveridge, W. S. Thompson, the well-known druggist, succeeded to the presidency, and under his capable manage- ment the company continued to thrive and expand until now it has an accumulated surplus of $75,000. At the death of Mr. Thompson in 1900, Mr. Thomas Hyde, the first treasurer of the company, was made its pres- ident, which office he still holds. The present secretary, Mr. Harry C. Birge, was appointed at the death of Mr. Moline, in 1893. The present officers of the Riggs Fire Insurance Company are : Thomas Hyde, president ; Ward Thoron, vice-president, and Harry C. Birge, sec- retary. Following are the present trustees : Thomas Hyde, T. F. Schneider, William H. Saunders, Charles W. Handy, Albion K. Parris, John L. Weaver, William Cor- coran Hill. Robert Portner, John C. Davidson, Herman E. Gasch, Henry W. Reed, L. O. DeLashmutt, Ward Thoron, John L. Xewbold. Washington Title Insurance Company, organized on March 23, 1889, has taken a foremost place in the ranks of title insurance institutions of this city. Founded the latter part of the year 1889, it opened its doors for business on December 1, the same year, with temporary offices in the Guntori Building, at 472 Louisiana avenue. Its success was instantaneous, which was assured by the integrity displayed in the selection of its general officers and trustees. The first officers and trustees of the company were: Wiiliam R. Woodward, president; William Redin Wood- ward, vice-president ; William Burris, secretary, and Thomas Dowling, George T. Dunlop. Matthew G. Emery, Horace J. Gray, Frederick W. Pratt, Thomas W. Smith, and (iil- bert B. Towles, trustees. On February 1, 1893, the com- pany moved its offices to Xo. 464 Louisiana avenue, which offices it occupied until May 1. 1895, when it purchased and moved into its present building, Xo. 507 E street. X. W. Mr. William R. Woodward was president of the company until March. 1895, when he resigned the office to retire from active business. He was succeeded by Wil- liam Redin Woodward, his son, who held the office until his death in June, i8c;8. Mr. Ashley M. Gould was then elected president, which office he held until February, 1899, when he was appointed Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. Mr. Thomas P. Woodward, the present president of the company, succeeded him. The officers and trustees for T902 are: Thomas P. Woodward, president; Ashley M. Gould, vice-president; George R. Linkins, secretary and treasurer; Edward W. Donn, George T. Dunlop, Jesse L. Heiskell, William V. Cox. John E. Her- rell, J. II. Liehliter, George W. Linkins, A. J. Schafhirt. Charles S. Shreve, Samuel II. Walker, William F. Warren and William R. Woodward, trustees. Thomas Pursell Woodward, son of Mark R. and Martha J. (Pursell) Woodward, was born in Washington, D. C, on August 5, 1865. He was educated in the public schools of the District of Columbia. His first insight into THOMAS PURSELL WOODWARD the business world was gained as ai in the Government Printing Office, 1 positor, where he remained until ill when he entered the office of William Woodward and began the study oi from the law school of Georgetowi admitted to the bar on February Washington Title Insurance Compai Woodward was appointed its exami he remained until 1S93, when he 1 general law practice. ( >n July 7, vice-president of the above compai 1S00, succeeded lion. Ashley M. I Mr, Woodward has ever been an a because of his family's continued re ipprentice at a case, jr becoming a corn- latter pari of t886, . and William Redin ,iw . He graduated University and was . [890. When the was organized, Mr. -, in which capacity igned to engage in 198, he was elected and on .March 2^, lid as iis president. cm Republican, but ence in the District THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. of « blumbia, for four generations, has never taken an active part in politics. < In November 20.1895, Mr. Woodward married Miss Annie Virginia Applcman, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John !'. Applcman of Washington. Mr. and Mrs. Woodward haw no children. Columbia Title Insurance Company. When title insurance was firsl introduced into the District of Columbia nick to realize what a boon this 1 vation would become to them in allaying all risks, whereby an) Haw could occur in tin- title of their holdings. Springing into immediate favor this form of insurance lias now reached sucb proportions thai few, if any. transfers Arms, Judson T. Cull, William E. Edmondston, George E. Emmons, William A. Gordon, Benjamin F. Leighton, James II. Saville, E. J. Stellwagen and H. EC. Willard. The first officers were William E. Edmondston, president: William A. Gordon, vice-president; Henry EC. Willard, treasurer, and John D. Coughlan, secretary. The personnel of the officers remained unchanged until July, 1902. when Air. Gordon retired from the vice-presidency, to be succeeded by -Mr. Coughlan, while Walter E. Hilton was made secre- tary, to be succeeded shortly after by the present incumbent. George G. McElwee. Last July the Columbia Title Insur- ance Company entered into a joint arrangement with the Real Estate Title Insurance Compan) for a term of five years which gives it a combined capital of $350,000, the TITLE INSURANCE COMPANT arc recorded withoui the aid of a title insurance company. Foremost in the ranks of this industrj is the Columbia Title Insurance Company, whose home is at Ihc northwesl corner of l-'iflh and K streets, where a large and well-trained corps ,,1" clerks are employed to care for iug business. The policy of insurance title elsewhere has been to examine, cer- iml insure the titles to realty, and whereas ed on much the same line-, yel in one respect H differs from its competitors, in 1h.1t ii ncitln title where the lumbia ritlc Insuran lu.nhia in Feb- fohn T. original capitalization of the Columbia being Si 50.000, all paid in. Some idea of the magnitude of the corporation's business ma) be gleaned when the books show a record ol 60,000 cases. I lie Columbia Title Insurance Compart) was first in- stalled in the old Columbia Law Building on Fifth street. between 1) and E streets, shortl) afterwards purchasing the site and building its present imposing home ai a cost of $40,000. The trustees of the Columbia Title Insurance Company are Henry K. Willard. B. 11. Warner. William V Gordon, William E. Edmondston, John S. Swormstedt, .Mien C. (lark. Bernard II. Johnston, John D. Coughlan, James M. Johnston, Walter R. Wilcox, M. M. Parker. Ben- jamin F. Leighton, Frank T. Rawlings and John Cammack. CHAPTER XIX. REAL ESTATE INTERESTS. nection Americc [LLIAM II. SAUNDERS, born in 1S56, is a member of a very ancient family, one of his early paternal ancestors having been Sir Harlowen Saunders, an Austrian by birth, who derived his pedigree from Rob- ert, Lord of Insbruck, brother of Rodolph, Count of Hapsburgh, afterward Emperor of Germany. Harlowen Saunders emi- grated to England about the year 1270, and authentic English annals bring the fam- ily by direct descent from him to its con- ith the American branch. Mr. Saunders' first ancestry lived in North Carolina, from which State his paternal ancestor, of the fourth generation, James Saunders, a planter and slaveholder, moved to Loudoun County, Virginia, where his branch of the family have lived for nearly two hundred years. His great-grand- father, Henry Saunders, was a soldier in the war of the revolution, and his grandfather, Everett Saunders, was one of ten sons, nearly all of whom, with him, were soldiers (several of them officers) in the war of 1812. His father, Henry Saunders, is a retired planter in his native county. His paternal grandmother was descended from the Battenbergs, of Hessen, Germany, and a Hugue- not ancestor named Bashaw. His mother, nee Sarah Fran- ces Hawling, is the daughter of a prominent family of English extraction. His principal education was derived from ten years study under an uncle, Valentine C. Saunders, an accom- plished educator, a special course in law under Prof. John B. Minor, at the University of Virginia, and instruction in vocal culture and expression under several rhetorical masters, including Dr. Robert Irving Fulton and Profs. Thomas C. Trueblood and S. S. Hamill. He taught school in Virginia for two years, and after a short term of travel in the United States, he was elected special lecturer in elocution and literature at Washington and Lee University, Virginia, which position he held for five years, until he resigned in 1887 to enter the real estate business in Wash- ington, D. C. His rise in business, and the confidence of the community in which he lives has been rapid, and much of the progress of the sections in which he has been active has been due to his enterprise. His work in his special line of business has absorbed much of his attention, but he is public spirited, is a prominent member of several public organizations for the advancement of the city's interests, a member of a number of societies, among which are The American Association for the Advancement of Science. The National Geographic Society, and The Columbia His- torical Society; he is a member of The Washington Board of Trade, one of the Governors of the Washington Real Estate Exchange, one of the organizers and first vice- president of the American National Bank, a director in the Riggs Fire Insurance Company, and several business SAUNDERS d fin institutions, and trustee lor a number oi est; cial organizations. In 1884 Air. Saunders married Golda Calhoun, daugh- ter of the late Henry DeButts Morris, of \ irginia, a planter and civil engineer, whose construction of railroads in Mex- ico, Cuba. Central and South America, save him an inter- national reputation. Edna Bach and Marie Frances are the two children by this union. Mr. Saunders is a Demo- : crat by training and affiliation, but has never been active ; in politics, and is not a member of any secret organization. (207) James B. Wimer. Tl vhidi Washington 1 i quarter of a century, and v " without streets " one of THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. wonderful development ; experienced during the lich has made out of a JAMES B. WIMER tlit world, is to a ven large degree dt .iml enterj)rise of its real estate broker op|x>rtunily to pass which might contrib tifying and enlargement ol the nation's .-. miplish this end, it was necessary th; hought, sold and exchanged real estate i i ulumbia should not onl\ liave ample iiv posal, but ii required men of foresight, attention to business. Mr. James of the few in Washington who has been business for alxnil I went) years and has < lime and besl efforts to the interests of who b\ doing this with exceptional fideli who have added to ins al their tlis- onservatism and i. Wimer is one n the real estate .•v.. u-d his entire his clients, and y and conscrva- thc valuation oi Washington's real estate. His commodious and well-equip- oi (J street, northwest, where he con- tate brokerage business, and combines with it, loans and insurance. Mr. Iphia, I'a.. on March 6, 1845. Wimei el) identified \ ism of Washington, be being the 1 n small sheet, The American Telegraph, 15, 1851, which turned out i" be the founda- Star. Mr. \\ imer 1 ducaliou at ' i< al the old ( 'olumbian College. C in which he In 1883 he left Wimer wa His father • ilh the carl ditor and one o American Teleg Til 111 James airnal- business, and shortly after dial time took particular interest in that portion of Washington which is now called Wash- ington Heights. IK- exercised every effort in the accom- plishment of the extension of Connecticut avenue ovei Washington Heights, ensuring for that part of the city by his untiring energy and perseverance the beautiful section which it is to-day. Mr. Wimer is at this time, and has been since its reorganization, a director of National Metro- politan Hank, a director of the District Tit'e Insurance Company, and is a director of the National Union Fire Insurance Company. He is a member of the Board of Trade, the Real Estate Exchange, and a numbei of other organizations. Although taking an active part in every- thing that pertains to the welfare of the city and its inhab- itants. Mr. Wimer has never solicited public honors. Hi- entire time is devoted to his business and interests of his numerous clients. Mr. Wimer lives on Wyoming ave- nue, in a handsome residence, in the original Washington Heights sub-division, lie is one of the founders and con- tinuous workers in St. Margaret's Episcopal Church on Connecticut Avenue Heights, being the senior warden therein, from its beginning to the present time, and has exhibited a spirited interest in all that pertains to the g 1 of our people and city. James E. Fitch, of real estate brokers, and this city in April, 1864. ji 1 le joined a firm compost he firm of Fiuii. Fox ec Brown, Hell & Co.. hankers, came to si before the close of the war. 1 of his father. William Fitch, tin JAMES E. FITCH Lemon 1.. Iline (afterwards a Commissioner of the I >is trict), and John Fox, of Cniontown, who were engaged neral claim business and were especialh interested in claim- for damages by the troops. Congress taking THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. adverse action on these claims, the firm was soon after dis- solved, and Mr. Fitch continued the claim business alone, adding to it that of a real estate broker, there being then but two or three firms in the latter business. In Novem- ber, 1865, he associated with him Mr. Robert C. Fox, now deceased, their real estate business soon developing into one of large proportions. In 1872 Mr. Edwin C. Cutter purchased an interest in the business of the firm, and the name became Fitch, Fox & Cutter, and so continued until March, 1879, when Mr. Cutter sold his interest to Mr. George W. Brown, and the firm name became as at present, Fitch, Fox & Brown. In addition to the real estate business, the firm, in connection with Mr. Charles J. Bell (now presi- dent of the American Security and Trust Co.), established the banking house of Bell & Co., which continues to do business under that name. Mr. Fitch is a trustee as well as secretary and treasurer of the Mutual Protection Fire Insurance Co., of the District, which was organized and a special charter obtained from Congress in 1876, through his efforts. He is also a director in the American Security and Trust Company ; a trustee, and the treasurer of the Church of the Covenant ; a member of the board of trustees of the Reform School of the District, and also connected with several charitable organizations. William Corcoran Hill.— One of the leading real estate men of Washington comes of a wealthy and influ- ential family, but what is most unusual in such cases, he has made his own name and position. He was born in Baltimore in the year 1847, where his parents had gone from Washington to reside, his father, a noted Baptist clergyman, the Rev. Steven P. Hill, D.D., having been called to a church in that city, originally coming from the North, his birthplace being Salem, Mass., where he lived most of his life. After coming to Washington he met and married Miss Ellen Corcoran, sister of the great phi- lanthropist of this city. The Rev. Dr. Hill was pastor of the First Baptist Church of Washington for a number of years. William Wilson Corcoran, Mr. Hill's uncle, all Washington must share with pride, for there are few such men in a generation. His reputation was national, and seldom achieved by any private citizen. The accumulation by him of wealth was not for greed, but as a sacred trust for the benefit of knowledge, truth, charity and art. What he has done for Washington is too well known to repeat here and his private and smaller charities are too numer- ous to be counted. It was Mr. Corcoran who made the first sale of American securities in Europe. After the year 1837, and on his return to New York, he was greeted by everyone with marked expression of approval of his success, it being a great relief to the money market, the securing of exchange in favor of the United States. Mr. Hill's grandfather, Thomas Corcoran, was one of the lead- ing citizens of Georgetown ; was a native of Ireland, and came to this country when he was 27 years old ; landed in Baltimore in the year 1783, and began life in America as a clerk, with his uncle, William Wilson, the great East 27 India merchant, and in 1788 he came to Georgetown and there took up his residence, that being the principal place before Washington came to be of importance. He was mayor of Georgetown for a number of years. William Corcoran Hill was educated at Burlington College, and leaving there at the age of eighteen years, his uncle, W. W. Corcoran, secured him a position in the banking house of Riggs & Co., in which institution he served for some years. In 1877 he married Miss Sallie Phenix, daughter of the late Thomas Phenix and Rebecca Smith, who is the daughter of the late John A. Smith, who was clerk of the District courts for forty years. When the real estate boom came on in Washington, Mr. Hill de- cided then to start in that business, in which he has won a reputation through honesty and good judgment, and now the business house of William Corcoran Hill ranks as one of the foremost of real estate firms. He was named after his uncle, W. W. Corcoran, and in many respects resembles ILLIAM CORCORAN HILL him, having the strict business qualifications, integrity, force of will, and generous impulse to help his fellow man. Mr. Hill was one of the trustees of the large Corcoran estate ; he is also one of the trustees of the Riggs Fire Insurance Company; one of the trustees of the Louise Home ; one of the trustees of a fund for the poor of Georgetown, and holds numbers of other small funds of trust of various kinds. He is one of the governors of the Real Estate Exchange, and is much interested in a Workingman's Club of St. John's Church, and has done good work in that line. Mr. Hill is a devoted lover of music, and possesses a fine voice, that might have brought him a handsome income upon the stage, but preferring the practical busi- ness life, he has pursued it with greater success than usually comes to most men. He is a man of striking personal appearance; he is athletic and fond of all outdoor sports f THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. a man of superb physical health, domestic in all his tastes, rind can be found most any evening in his own home enjoy- of the valuable hooks he has accumulated — for he is a great reader — or enjoying music with his friends. nassuming in manners, and makes everyone feel at home in his most hospitable of homes; he is clean and honest in ail the transactions of life; his friend- are numerous and enemies none; he enjoys the confidence of all classes of people, and numbers among his friends from the workingman to the most distinguished men of Washington, lie is very progressive, and believes in a great future for Washington, he being one of the men who have helped to make it what it is. lie is still a young man, and we predict for him even greater success. Hon. Myron Melvin Parker, for thirty-five years, has been identified with the post-bellum progress of Wash- ington. lb' is one of the most prominent citizens of the H GLOVER BUILDING. net. .TLANTIC BUILDING. belongs to the exclusive coterie, which - - entirely independent of politics and the changing com- plexions of national administrations — devotes unselfish ser- vices to the betterment of municipal conditions in the nation's capital. When the civil war broke out. Myron M. Parker was a student at Fori Edward Institute. New York. In November, 1862, when a mere boy. he enlisted in Co. M. First Vermont Cavalry, taking part in many of the engage- ments up to :1k- close of the war. two horses having been shol under him. For four years he was aide-de-camp, with the rank of colonel, on the staff of the ( lovernor of Vermont. Upon the restoration of peace Mr. Parker was appointed a clerk in the War Department. lie was advanced to several positions of greater trusl and responsibility, and during this period of his career, his leisure was bj ''" stud} of law. In [876, he was graduated from die law department of the Columbia University, bavin-" been awarded one of the graduation prizes. Mr. Parker's interest in his alma mater has remained unabated. The annual graduate class is the tribute he pays THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. yearly to the institution, and is named after the donor. In 1S76 he married Miss Nellie Griswold, a niece of the late General Spinner, who for many years was Treasurer of the United States. Mr. Parker was the first president of the Board of Trade, to which office he was three times elected. It was during this time that the Board of Trade originated and prepared the bill for the extension of streets and avenues, and through which many of our im- portant streets and avenues have been extended. Under Mr. Parker's direction the Board of Trade took up the question of sewer extension. It was also largely through its efforts that liberal appro- priations were made for street and other municipal improvements. Up to this time very few conventions or organ- izations had met in Washington. Mr. Parker be- lieved that the gathering together in the national capital of the people from all sections of the coun- try would be of great benefit to the capital city. To this end he appointed a committee to promote and encourage conventions and all organized bodies to meet in Washington. The efforts of this com- mittee met with signal succes, the first distinguished gathering being a meeting here of the governors of nearly all the States, and other prominent and dis- tinguished people, to consider the proposition of a World's Fair. This convention concluded with a notable banquet, and out of this meeting sprung the World's Fair, held in 1893, in Chicago. This con- vention was soon followed by the wagonmakers of the United States, the inventors, and other large and influential organizations, all of which were received and entertained by the Board of Trade. Mr. Par- ker was chairman of the triennial committee to entertain the Grand Encampment, Knights Templar of the United States, and was chief marshal of the parade on that occasion. He was vice-chairman of the Harrison inauguration committee in 1889, com- manding the fifth division of the inaugural parade. For two years he was grand master of Masons for the Dis- trict of Columbia, officiating as such, at the dedication of the Washington Monument. For several years Mr. Parker was actively engaged in the real estate business, in which he was very successful. In 1894, he went out of the real estate business, giving his entire time to corporations. In 1893 Mr. Parker was appointed by President Harrison one of the Commissioners of the District. This appoint- ment was given Mr. Parker without solicitation or recom- mendation, and was accepted with some reluctance, owing to extensive business connections. Having been actively identified with the development and growth of what is known as " New Washington," Mr. Parker accepted the office, and during his incumbency thereof gave his best thought and energy to the betterment of municipal affairs. At the centennial celebration of the laying of the corner stone of the United States Capitol, at which President Cleveland presided, Mr. Parker delivered the address on the Ei-Jl HI UNION BUILDING. part of the Commissioners for the District of Columbia. Mr. Parker's club life is confined mostly to that which gives him out-door exercise, health and pleasure, being a member of the Woodmont Rod and Gun Club of Maryland ; the Blue Mountain Hunting Club (Corbiu Park) of New Hampshire ; the Tobique Salmon Club of New Brunswick, and the Chevy Chase Club. He is also a member of the New York Club, the Reform Club, the Century Club, and the Megunticook Golf Club of Camden, Maine. Mr. Parker is now president of the following named corporations: The Alaska Banking and Safe Deposit Company, Nome, Alaska: the Grant Manufacturing Company; the Union Building Company; the Glover Building Company, and the Washington Fertilizer Company. All of these corpora- tions are local, except the bank. In addition to these, he is first vice-president of the Colonial Fire Insurance Com- pany, and a director in the National Metropolitan Bank, American Security and Trust Company, Columbia Fire In- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. surance Company, and the Columbia Title Company : also a director in the Cincinnati Reduction Company, the Greene Consolidated Copper Company, the Mitchell Copper Com- pan y j an( ] i „,M and Silver Company of Mexico. member of the Washington Stock Exchange, also a trustee of the Columbian University, Providence Hospital, Columbia Hospital for Women, the Washington Hospital for Foundlings, and the Washington Training School for Nurses; also secretary of the Washington Memorial Asso- ciation, and is a member of the Sons of the American Revo- lution, lie was appointed by the late Senator Sherman • me of his executors without bond, and is now a member of the National Republican Committee. Francis H. Smith, president of the Union Savings Bank, presidenl of the F. II. Smith (real estate) Company, president of the \Y. II. West Company, ami a prominent officer in many other large corporal,- and business enter- leader in church ami charily work in the District, ami a famous stenographer of the old times, half a century ire the art was generally known, is one of the most interesting personalities, as well as one of the most im- portant men. in the capital city. ii on March i i, 1829, at \\ ashington, Litchfield COlllH It. Hi- father'.- name was Samuel Mansfield Smith, and his mother'- maiden name I Wheeler. Mr. Smith was educated in the public "couple of winter.- at the academy," after the mam sons in New England at that time. al his home, and has always il, so that he ■nan. 1 le studied phonography at the Win • r the principal of the .-.-ho,,]. Mr- Hem II, one of the first proficient raphers in the 1 to aftet he ca from New England, teaching school in the family of a Virginia planter, occasionally teaching classes in phono- graphy, as it was then called almost entirely. In 1850 Mr. Smith came to Washington and was engaged by his old instructor, Mr. Rockwell, then on the reporting force of the Senate, to aid him in his work. Mr. Smith recalls that during the first day's work he wit- nessed the famous fight on the floor of the Senate between Thomas H. Benton, of Missouri, and Senator Foote, of Mississippi. He also remembers with interest that the first speech he reported was one of Daniel Webster's. For a quarter of a century, until 1875, Mr. Smith was a sten- ographer in the Senate and House, during that time practi- cally creating the present system of exact stenographic reports of the proceedings of the two houses of Congress. During the last ten years of this period he was official stenographer of the House. Mr. Smith did much phono- graphic work in Washington, outside of the Capitol, report- ing the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson, and also much important work outside of the city. He also reported for the old Associated Press the trial by court-martial of those implicated in the assassination of President Lincoln, and the later trial of John H. Surratt after his arrest in Rome and his return to the United States. He reported a hundred or more courts-martial during the civil war. Mr. Smith gave up the work of stenography in 1875. and says he has hardly made a crooked mark since that time. After resigning his position at the Capitol he was appointed by General Grant a member of the Board of FRANCIS H. SMITH Indian Commissioners, which at that time had supervision of the entire Indian service. As the sccrelarx of this hoard and chairman of its executive committee, he traveled all over the United States, visiting ncarh every Indian agency THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 213 and other places of interest from Canada to Mexico. He held this position for three years. Since that time he has been building up his general business interests and con- nections in this city. In an article of this scope it is hardly possible to do more than mention the business, religious, charitable and social organizations of first importance with which Mr. Smith is identified. He is the president and directing spirit of the Union Savings Bank, an organization with over 13,000 depositors and a million of deposits. He founded and has built up to a prominent position the F. H. Smith Company, dealers in real estate. He is also president of the W. H. West Co., an insurance firm, and is a director and one of the founders of the Colonial Fire Insurance Company of this city, and vice-president of the International Building and Loan Association. He is a member of the Board of Trade, of the Business Men's Association, and a member of the Board of Fire Underwriters. Mr. Smith formerly lived at Hyattsville, Maryland, and was instrumental in obtaining a charter for that town, and was for several years the president of its first board of commissioners. He is a director and member of the execu- tive committee of the Columbia_ Hospital for Women, and a director and member of the executive committee for Howard University. He has lived fifty-two years in Wash- ington, and in that entire time has been officially connected with nearly every general religious and benevolent organ- ization in the District. He is a Royal Arch and a Master Mason. He was married forty-five years ago to Miss Anna Birge, of Middlebury, Vermont, the daughter of Cyrus and Adeline Birge, and whose death occurred in 1896. He has four children — Frank B., E. Ouincy, Adalyn S. (Mrs. A. R. Holden) and Louis Percy. The latter was an assistant surgeon in the United States Army during the Spanish war, and died in the Philippines in 1901. Walter H. Acker.— By giving strict attention to every detail in his profession as a lawyer and discharging his obligations to his clients with promptness and conscientious- ness, Mr. Acker has built up an excellent practice in the District of Columbia. His specialty is real estate law and matters pertaining to the collection of mercantile accounts, rents of property, the investment of funds and management of estates. Being a native of Washington, he is thoroughly familiar with the values of property, and conservative in his judgment. He occupies a suite of handsome offices in the business center of Washington, 704 Fourteenth street, N. W. Mr. Acker is a native of this city, being born in October, 1S59. He received his preparatory education at the Emerson Institute in Wash- ington, whence he went to Princeton, New Jersey, and graduated from the famous University of that historical old town in 1882. After his graduation he returned to Wash- ington and commenced to study for the legal profession under H. O. Claughton, Esq., at that time one of the leading members of the Washington bar, and also entered the law school of the National University of the District of Colum- bia. He graduated at the law school in 1885 and was ad- mitted to the bar in the same year. He immediately opened an office in his native city, and has ever since had his time fully engaged with legal business. His natural ability and conscientious work has made him successful and won him the confidence of his clients. His services are sought for outside of his actual practice in the courts, and in giving of legal office advice. He is as successful in his undertakings outside of his profession as he is as a lawyer. He is a large property holder in this District and is a direc- tor in the Potomac Insurance Co., the District Title In- surance Co. and a number of other enterprises. He is a Mason, being a member of Lebanon Lodge, No. 7. He is one of the sons of the late Nicholas Acker, who was a prominent citizen of this District. In 1889 Mr. Acker mar- ried Miss Mary Reinicker, daughter of William J. Rein- icker, Esq., of Baltimore, Md. Out of this union there are two children, Nellie and Swope. The family residence is at 1657 Park street, N. W. Samuel H. Walker. — No individual is more promin- ently identified with the development, improvement and general progression of northeast Washington than is Major Samuel H. Walker, real estate promoter and general life and fire insurance agent, with offices in the Walker Build- ing, at 458 Louisiana avenue. For thirty years Mr. Walker has been in business on Louisiana avenue. The march of time has seen East Washington grow, expand and improve, and many of these improvements are attributable to his efforts and farsighted instinct. Samuel H. Walker, son of Johnathan T. and Amelia Benson Walker, was born in this city on June 7, 1844. After attending Richards School at Fourteenth street and New York avenue, he entered Columbian University, then a college. His edu- cation complete, Mr. Walker immediately launched into a life of activitv and usefulness. In 1861 he entered the 77//; CITY OF WASHINGTON. MR. WALKER'S RESIDENCE iffice, city hall, in charge of land records. Mr. ifterwards engaged in the real estate and insurance Hi i — - was immediate, and his business steadily grew until it has reached its present large pro- I Mir t ions. Mr. Walker formed the National Capital In- vestment Company, ami was made its president. This company built and owns the District Building, which it i- in the Districl government, lie has also been a in the National Capital Hank since its organization, ami was the organizer of the Capital City Benefil Society, its kind in Washington. Mr. Walker has buill many beautiful buildings in East Washington, notably hem his own residence at the corner of Fifth and ••ture both ornamental and commo- style all its own, and designed after plans of Mr. ceplion. Mr. Walker served three days, without enlistment, in 1 ton during the civil war. and has 1 1 ing been presented 1 1 e\ i i ) tes, beginning with Presidenl 'i and superintendent of the Police l88o. \s a Mason his record . he having received every ..nd Scottish 1 ree Masonry, lember of the Sigma lie L. Brad) Mr. and Mrs ■ it* Benning Walker hav( living. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 215 Waggaman. — The Waggaman family figured conspic- uously in the history of the Eastern Shore of Maryland more than one hundred and fifty years ago. We read in the records of the court that Captain Ephraim Waggaman THOMAS E. WAGGAr was commissioned as sheriff of Worcester county in 1752. His brother. Captain Henry Waggaman, was elected as delegate from Somerset county for four successive terms. In fact, from 1752 to 1794 members of the family repre- sented the counties of Worcester, Dorchester and Somerset, Mr. Henry Waggaman having been appointed as one of the delegates from the State of Maryland to accept the Consti- tution of the United States. The Waggamans intermarried with the families of Woolford and Ennalls, and the old home at Monie still stands and is now used as the county almshouse. The family subsequently removed to Fairview in the vicinity of Cambridge. The sons of Henry Wagga- man were George A. Waggaman, who settled in Louisiana and after filling various high positions in the State of his adoption was elected to the United States Senate in 183 1; Dr. Henry Waggaman, of Dorchester county, and Thomas Ennalls Waggaman, who married Martha Jefferson Tyler, a sister of the President. Of the three sons of this marriage Major George G. Waggaman, of the United States army, and Purser Floyd Waggaman died without issue. John H. Waggaman the elder lived to an advanced age in Washington, of which his four sons are now resi- dents. Mr. Thomas E. Waggaman is widely known as a capitalist, a patron of art and a public spirited and benev- olent citizen. Dr. Samuel Waggaman, after serving with Mosby's Rangers, devoted himself to the healing art in its various branches and is one of the founders of the National College of Pharmacy. Mr. Henry Pierpont Waggaman is extensively interested in the development of the most beau- tiful suburban districts around the Capital. John Floyd Waggaman, besides his wide business interests in Wash- ington and other cities, has invested largely in the Eastern Shore of Maryland. Though the owner of a beautiful home in the Capital, where he and his charming wife dis- pense princely hospitality, he purchased some years ago a portion of the old Duvall property on South River, near Annapolis, and erected a shooting lodge which is the scene of many festive gatherings. He is also the chief property holder of Ocean City, Maryland, which owes its great de- velopment of late years principally to his energv and lib- erality. Davidson and Davidson. — Quite the most active and progressive real estate firm in Washington, composed of young men, is that of Davidson & Davidson, with com- modious offices on the first floor of the handsome office building promoted and built by them, and which bears their name, at 1413 G street, N. W. H. Bradley Davidson and John C. Davidson comprise the firm. Upon finishing their collegiate courses these young men, in 1883, entered the real estate field, this city, with an office at + l / 2 and D streets. Later they moved to the LeDroit Building, where they remained some time, again moving to 1338 F street, in which quarters they continued until the com pletion of the handsome Davidson Building in the spring of 1900, which they now occupy. The progressive as well as aggressive tactics of these enterprising young men soon placed them upon a solid and substantial footing, and in an incredibly short space of time the name of Davidson & Davidson figured more and more prominently in large and important transactions, until now the}' devote their attention almost exclusively to promoting large deals. Prominently among these may be mentioned the Bond Building, the large and handsome office structure which they promoted and built, interesting Mr. Charles B. Bond, after whom the building was called and to whom they sold their entire interest upon its completion. The}' are now financing the improvements on the old McLean Square and are building a handsome row of seventeen three-story resi- dences, fronting on S street, between Nineteenth and Twen- tieth streets. Associated with Davidson & Davidson is Luther S. Fristoe, who looks after the details of the renting and collection departments of the business. Mr. Fristoe has so enlarged this department that he practically controls the rentals attached to the apartment houses of the city, and has twenty or more of these edifices upon his books. Mr. Fristoe has been with the Messrs. Davidson about ten years. H. Bradley Davidson, the eldest brother, was born on August 30, i860, at Bethesda, Montgomery count), Md., and is a son of Dr. James H. and Sarah S. Bradley Davidson. His earlier education was received at Hunt's Academy, afterwards graduating from the class of 1880 of Princeton University. Returning to Washington, Mr. Da- vidson took a degree in law at Columbian University, in the class of 1882. A year later, 1883, he founded the firm of Davidson & Davidson. Mr. Davidson is a Democrat, but placed himself on record as voting the straight Repub- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. DAVIDSON H4VIDSOS ■ in In >ili ill.- William Jennings Bryan campaigns. ni ili'- Potomac Fire Insurance * iompany, ill N'ational Bank, Potomac Brick Company, and '■ . Building and Loan Association. Mr. I i ■ ol the Chevj Chase Club, and the Young and an elder in the Bethesda twice married. I tis .of Baltimore, and one daugh- ivcd her mother. His seen,! wife bel . Jr.. and Richard Por- ter Davidson, are the fruits of this union. Mr. and Mrs. Davidson occupy a handsome home at Bethesda. Md. John C. Davidson is less than three years his brother's junior. He, too, was born at the family homestead at Bethesda, Md., and attended Rittenhouse Academy and afterwards Columbian University. Fresh from the uni- versity he entered into partnership with his brother, and at once launched forth as a successful business man. Re- siding in the District of Columbia since he attained his majority, Mr. Davidson has had no voice in politics. He, too, has taken a prominent place in the directorates of various successful enterprises, among which may be men- tioned the Riggs Fire Insurance Company and the Wash- ington Title Company. Mr. Davidson is a member of the Capital Bicycle. Columbia Golf, and Bachelors' Tennis Clubs, and is also a member of the Young Men's Christian Association and a vestryman of St. Thomas Protestant Episcopal Church. He married Miss Minnie R. Chichester, of Falls Church, Virginia, on November 29, 1889. There are three children living, Xellie C, John H.. and Heath D. Davidson. Mr. and Mrs. Davidson reside at 1807 O street, northwest. Tyler and Rutherford Incorporated). — Foremost among the concerns conducting a real estate business in Washington is Tyler & Rutherford, Incorporated, of which Captain Richard Wolsey Tyler is president. The business. consisting of real estate, mortgage loans and insurance, was established in 1872 by Major William Burns and Captain Tyler under the firm name of Burns & Tvler. Major Burns died in 1874, after which Captain Tyler continued the business alone until 1877, when Colonel Robert G. Rutherford was associated with him, and the firm of. Tyler & Rutherford was formed, and the business carried on under the firm name of Tyler & Rutherford until 1901, when it was incorporated, in order to give the younger men connected with the office official status and more prom- inently associate them with the business, as well as to insure its continuance in perpetuity. The officers of the corporation are: Richard W. Tyler, president: Robert G. Rutherford, vice-president and treasurer; Richard K. Tyler, second vice-president, and Charles ( i. Warden, sec retary and cashier. B) strict attention to the interests of their patrons and clients, and the maintenance of an unsullied record for busi- ness probity, Tvler & Rutherford, Incorporated, have grown to be one "I the most solid and reliable institutions in the District. While the) make mortgage loans and the real estate business paramount, they do a general insurance business, representing a number ^\ the strongest of the American and English tire and marine insurance companies. They have been active in the insurance business For more than thirt) years, and are held in high esteem as under- writers b) the leading insurance companies throughout the country. The) make a specialty of real estate and mort- .-. and were f'u'M to bring outside capital i" Wash- 01 investment, and always upon the most favorable THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 217 terms. While their loans during the last twenty-five years run into many millions of dollars, they have seldom had occasion to foreclose a mortgage, and, as a matter of fact, have not made a loss for a lender nor have they even one property taken in at foreclosure. Their real estate depart- ment is under the management of Mr. William W. Herron, who has been actively engaged in the real estate business in Washington for many years, and is devoting his entire time to this branch of the business, and in this connection, it may be said truthfully that no one has, so far as they know, any grievance on account of any investments made by them through this office. Richard Wolsey Tyler was born in Wayne county, Michigan, January I, 1842, in what was known as "the Tyler Settlement," near the village of Wayne. He is the second son of Heman Tyler and Mary Knickerbocker, his wife, and was reared upon a farm, receiving a common school education. He enlisted as a volunteer for the sup- RICHARD WOLSEY TYLER pression of the rebellion, December 26, 1861, at Detroit, in Company K, one of the three Michigan companies of Berdan's First Regiment United States sharpshooters. He was promoted sergeant at once; second lieutenant May 25, 1864, and first lieutenant August 4. 1864. He resigned on account of wounds November 9, 1864, and accepted a lieutenantcy in the Veteran Reserve Corps ; was promoted captain of volunteers by brevet March 13, 1865, for gallant and meritorious services in the war, and was mustered out of the volunteer service October 15, 1866, and the same day accepted a first lieutenancy in the 44th Infantry (regu- lar army), to date from July 28, 1866. He was retired from active service with the rank of captain December 15. 1870, for disability incurred in the line of duty, and loss of left arm. He was brevetted captain in the regular army for 28 gallantry at the battle of Deep Bottom, Va., and promoted from the Volunteer Service to a higher grade in the regular army at the close of the war by General U. S. Grant, upon his exceptionally brilliant military record alone. A record of his service is as follows : In field with troops from 1861 to 1865; with troops in Washington. D. C, and on special duty at War Department from 1865 to 1868; with troops at Norfolk, Virginia, part of 1869, and on special duty at War Department during 1870 until retired ; was sent by direction of General Grant to inspect Bull Run battle field in 1866, and afterwards in charge of a corps of men to gather up the remains of the Union dead, there and remove the same to Arlington National Cemetery, where they were placed in what is now known as the " Tomb of the Unknown;" was detailed for special duty between Bal- timore and Washington for the apprehension and arrest ( if found ) of J. Wilkes Booth, after the assassination of President Lincoln, and afterwards on duty as officer of the day and guard at the trial of the assassins, and also at the trial of " Wirz," who was convicted by a military com- mission, convened at the United States Capitol, and hanged for cruelty to Union prisoners at Andersonville. He par- ticipated in upwards of thirty battles and skirmishes in which the regiment was engaged ; received gun-shot wound through left leg below the knee (bone fractured) at second Mull Run; also gun-shot in left arm at second Deep Bot- tom (Deep Run), resulting in amputation at middle, third, above elbow. He was sent to Judiciary Square Hospital, Washington, after second Hull Run. and to Turner's Lane Hospital, Philadelphia, after second Deep Bottom. By a suit in his own behalf commenced in 1881, Captain Tyler made the principal arguments in the United States Court of Claims, also in the United States Supreme Court, wa> established the right of officers of the army to reckon time after retirement the same as active service, in computing longevity pay. These cases are reported in 1,6th C. C, 22$ and 105, U. S. S. C, 244. He was admitted to practice in the United States Supreme Court in May, 1887. In February, 1867, he was married to Eleanor heavy, of Lexington. Kentucky-, a descendant of Colonel George Nicholas, Robert Carter Nicholas, James Trotter, and Wil- liam H. Leavy, and daughter of John F. Leavv and Marga- ret Trotter, his wife. His family consists of his wife, one son and two daughters, all of age. The son, Richard Knick- erbocker, graduated from Dartmouth College in the class of 1890 and later on from Columbia Law College, and is a member of the bar of the District of Columbia. Captain Tvler is a member of the Washington, D. C, Hoard of Trade, the Military Order of the Loyal Legion (Washing- ton, D. C, Commander)'), the Grand Arm)- of the Republic, the Army and Navy Clubs of Washington, D. C, and New York City; the .Michigan State Association, and the Masonic fraternity. He is a resident of Washington. D. C. but by reason of his status as a commissioned officer of the army, though retired from active service, he still main- tains his legal residence and right to vote in Michigan. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Robert Gedney Rutherford, vice-president and ' e well-known house of Tyler & Rutherford, Incorporated, was born and reared in New York city, receiving his education mainly in private schools and from private tutors. He is the youngest son of Robert Ruth- erford, who was a prominent importing merchant of New York, and grandson, on the maternal side, of Roberf Ged- ney, who was also a prominent merchant of New York and largely interested in the South American trade. At die breaking oul of the greal war of the rebellion, he was a member of the Ninth Regiment, New York State militia, which organization volunteered " for three years of the war." and was known as the Eighty-third Regiment, Xew York State Volunteers; appointed second lieutenant of Company F, May 20, (86i : he was on recruiting duty, enlisting men. equipping them, drilling them and conduct- ing them to the regiment in the field, from that time until ROBERT GEDNEY RUTHERFORD Novcmlxir mi. 1861, when he was mustered into the ser the l nitetl States as second lieutenant 83d Regi- ■• York Volunteers. The above duties were per formed for a period of six months at his own lulj with troops in the field from November 19, i, 1862; on staff of second brigade, trim corps, afterwards third brigade, ion, twelfth anm corps, serving successively with Mat ill m, ' ;corge II. 1 lordon and • 1 amp to Brigadier Villianis. commanding first division, twelfth lieutenant 83d Regiment Xew human 7. [862; promoted to cap- State Volunteers, November ■ I u in jo. [863, hud up at Frederick City, Md., and at Xew York City, suffering from effects of contused wound of right knee joint ; hon- orably discharged and mustered out of the service of the United Slates on surgeon's certificate of disability Febru- ary 26, [863, as captain 83d Regiment New York State Volunteers, on account of injuries received in the line of duty in the field. September 19. 1863, reported for duty with the Veteran Reserve Corps at Depot Camp, near Wash- ington, I). C, having been appointed a captain in that corps by President Abraham Lincoln : on duty with troops at Washington, D. C. and doing duty as officer of the guard at the "Old Capitol" and " Carro'l Prisons." from September 19, 1863, to March 4, 1864: March 5, 1864, com- manded expedition sent from Washington. D. C, for relief of Cherrystone on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, which had been raided by the rebels. March 12 to July 11, 1864, on duty with troops at Washington. D. C, and doing duty as field officer of the day for the defenses of Washington every seci ind day ; was on duty as field officer of the day for the defenses of Washington at the time the rebel gen- eral. Early, made his attack on the national capital in July. 1864, and participated in the battle in front of Fort Stevens, near Washington, D. C. and in the cam- paign that followed; August 15. 1864, to July 12. 1865, was in command of the " Central Guard House." then used as a military prison. He was brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel for " gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Rappahannock Station. Virginia," and for " meritorious services during the war." ( Ictober 4 to De- cember 7. 1865; he was on duty with troops at Camp Car- rington, [ndianapolis, Indiana: May 1. 1807. mustered out of volunteer service as captain and brevet lieutenant-colonel, and mustered into service as second lieutenant 4 7. 1 1 1 Regi- ment of Infantry, United States \rmy. same day, commis- sion dating from March 7. 1867; promoted to first lieu- tenant and captain by brevet, same date, in regular army for " gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Rappa- hannock Station. Virginia," and for "meritorious services during the war"; Ma) 8, [866, to November 3, [868, on "reconstruction duty," last station. Burkeville, Nottowa) county, Virginia; was "military commissioner" for the counties of Nottoway, Lunenberg, Mecklenburg and Bruns- wick; November 14. 1868, to March 25, [869, on general comt martial dut) at Washington, D. C; Jul) 30, 1869, to 1 ictobei 10. 1S70. on dut) at Fort Columbus, Governor's Island. Xew York Harbor, as post quartermaster, post com missan of subsistence, depot treasurer and company com- mander: June 28, 1S7S. retired from active service Oil account of injuries received and disease contracted in the line of duty in the field, lie took part in the Shenandoah Valley campaign, 1862; General Pope's campaign from t'edar Mountain to Washington, t862, and campaign in defense of Washington, [864; participated in battles of Winchester. Rappahannock Station. Beverly's Ford, Sul- phur Springs, Second Bull Run and Fort Stevens; received THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 219 contused wound of right knee joint at Rappahannock Sta- tion, Virginia, and contracted rheumatism in the field, caus- ing great and continuous suffering, and resulting in the distortion of both feet. Colonel Rutherford married, in 1866, Miss Elizabeth McKean King, youngest daughter of William Whetcroft King, Esq., of Washington, D. C, and has two children. — a daughter, who is married to a nephew of the late Bishop Whittingham, of Maryland, and a son who is a first lieuten- ant in the 24th Regiment of Infantry, United States Army, and who has just returned from the Philippine Islands, where he has been on duty for nearly three years. The Colonel is a companion of the first class of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States ; a member of the Society of the Army of the Potomac ; a member of the Society of the Twelfth Army Corps ; a member of the Veteran Association of the 83d Regiment New York State Volunteers ; a member of the Military Service Insti- tution of the United States ; a member of the Army and Xavy Club of New York ; was first vice-president of the Washington Real Estate Exchange for the year 1902, and is a member of the Washington Board of Trade. He is well known in Washington, having resided here since 1877, though retaining his vote in his native city of New York, by reason of being an officer of the army, though retired from active service. Thomas Garret Hensey was born in Rochester, N. Y. His father was John Hensey, and his mother Margaret Welch, natives of Massachusetts and Maine. He was educated in the common schools of New York City, and in the preparatory school of Columbia College ; read law in the office of Henry Nichol of New York City, but was interrupted by the breaking out of the civil war ; resumed law studies in 1869 in Columbian University, Washington, D. C, graduating in 1872. He was engaged in the dry goods importing and jobbing business in New York City, and engaged for four years in the coal business in the same city. He is a Republican in politics, and voted for Abraham Lincoln ; is president of the District of Columbia Suffrage Association, No. 2 ; was employed as a bookkeeper for fourteen years in the Treasury Department ; established the present law, real estate and insurance business of Thomas G. Hensey & Co. in 1885. Mr. Hensey entered the service of the United States in the ship "Shepherd Knapp" in 1861 as ship's yeoman, and served in the West Indies until the following spring, when he was discharged on account of injuries. A few weeks later he entered the army in the First New York Mounted Rifles in the ranks ; was promoted for services at the battle of Black water, Ya., and at the siege of Suffolk ; was on outpost duty on the peninsula; was with Kautz and McKenzie in the cavalry division of the Army of the James, in the battles before Petersburg and Richmond ; served on the staff of General Sumner in the raid on the Roanoke and Seaboard Railroad in North Carolina; resigned at Abingdon, Va., in ( )ctober, 1865. He is a member of several fraternal and beneficial societies, among which are Lafayette Lodge, No. 19, F. A. A. M. ; the military order of the Loyal Legion of the United States ; the past regent Oriental Council, Royal Ar- canum, and a director in the Business Men's Assocaition. He was an active member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for twenty-five years, and is connected with other societies. He was married twice, his first wife being Miss Aminta M. Dupignac, to whom he was married July 11, i860. She died February 16, 1895. Her parents' names were Alexander Dupignac and Phebe Travis. Mr. Hensey is the father of Alexander Thomas Hensey, Melville Dupignac Hensey, Walter Russell Hensey, and George Newman Hensey. He married a second time to Mrs. Ruth A. Bolway, whose maiden name was Miss Rodbird. THOMAS GARRET HENSE1 Colonel Robert Isaac Fleming. Washington is particularly fortunate in having the honor and privilege of calling as one of her own Colonel Robert I. Fleming, the well-known architect ami philanthropist. He is a blessing to the community and his many deeds of kindness have en- deared him to all classes of people without regard to race, color or creed. He is a benefactor in the fullest sense of the term, and in the dispensation of his kindness he has the rare tact of avoiding ostentatiousness and publicity. Colonel Fleming, ever since he made Washington his home, has taken the deepest interest in all questions pertaining to the welfare of the city and jts inhabitants. By those who have had dealings with Colonel Fleming he is looked upon as the impersonation of honor, trustworthiness and sterling- integrity, and he has in his possession autograph letters from hundreds of prominent public and business men in all parts of the country endorsing his rare business abilities and scrupulous honesty. Colonel Fleming is one of the THE CITY OF U'ASHIXGTOX. COLONEL FLEMINGS RESIDENCE. ' ■•■ tli, who, soon after tin """ "i '>'• ms, adopted the national ■ ho has b\ his brave and honorable ; and esteem of nol only the of his former foes. < >f the romiucntly mentioned in con- ioncrship made vacant by the death of Commissioner Ross, none struck the chords of the great popular heart so strongly as his, and his endorsement by the most prominent business men of the community, as well as the Central Labor Union, shows conclusively the high esteem in which he is held by his fellow-citizens. Colonel Fleming is a native of Gooch- land County, Ya.. where he was born on January 15, 1842. He is the son of John Malcolm Fleming, of Aberdeen, a descend- ant of Sir Malcolm Fleming of the historic families of renown in Scotland, and a rela- tive of Colonel William Fleming, the hero of the battle of "Point Pleasants." in Sep- tember. 1774. No name is perhaps more common in the rolls of the revolutionary war, and in civil service it is distinguished as well. His mother was Eliza A. Fleming. of the old Robertson family of Virginia, who, according to recent discovery of his- toric documents, are believed to be lineally descended from Duncan. King of Scotland. Colonel Fleming received his early educa- tion at the hands of private tutors, and when only nineteen years old. and when the bugles sounded the call to arms in the great struggle between the States, he enlisted on April 25, r86l, in that famous old battery. the Richmond Fayette Artillery. That he was worthy even of his gallant associates is proven by the fact that he participated in thirty battles, rising through the grades of corporal, sergeant, and sergeant-major to the lieutenantcy. which he received June 3, 1864. on the battlefield of Cold Harbor, in recognition of distinguished gallantry. But with Lee's surrender came the end. and. re- turning to Richmond, the young soldier was paroled April r8, 1865, and soon after began in that city his business career as an archi- tect and builder, and was shortly honored by being appointed assistant city engineer, lie longed, however, for a wider field ^i usefulness and activity, and early in [867 located in Washington, where he soi ends, and was in iX;_- elected a inein- bei ol the District legislature, under the ter- ^^^^^^^^ ritorial form of government then prevailing, and his fellow-Democrats also honored him with a seal in the national convention which nominated Horace Greeley for the presidency. In [870 he entered the District National Guard as paymaster, and was afterwards elected captain, commanding Company D, First Regiment National Guard. District of Columbia, rising from that grade to that of lieutenant-colonel and colonel, respectively. He was for three years senior officer com manding First Brigade, X. G., D. C. Colonel Fleming was THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. always energetic and with this virtue he combined intel- ligence and liberality. When the Confederate Soldiers' Home at Richmond, Va., saw that it could not afford accommodations sufficient for the old veterans, Colonel Fleming generously donated the amount necessary to build an additional story, which, in honor of the donor, bears his name, ami Governor " Fitz " Lee formally accepted the keys of the building and thanked Colonel Fleming in behalf of the camp and the Southern people in a beautiful speech. Colonel Fleming has always been prominently identified with every movement to promote the growth, prosperity and grandeur of the capital city, and his generous disposi- tion and high public spirit have drawn around him many warm and influential friends from all parts of the country. Many of our most beautiful stores and residences have been erected under his direction ; immense sums have been paid to his employes, all of them union workmen, and he COLONEL ROBERT ISAAC FLEMING has always favored liberal wages and short hours, thereby showing his wisdom as well as his liberality, for every one conversant with the subject knows that a satisfied workman, interested in the welfare of his employer, will perform more and better work in eight hours than the underpaid, over- worked employee will in ten. He always used his influ- ence when president of the Master Builders' Association in behalf of the just claims of organized labor, and the re- duction of hours. As real estate agent for former Vice- President Levi P. Morton, he has just finished extensive improvements at the Hotel Shoreham, aggregating $350,- 000, and is expending over a million of dollars annually in building operations in the city. Colonel Fleming has repeatedly been called the pioneer architect and builder of the capital city, and his works, which can be found in all parts of the city, are masterpieces of thoroughness and skill. He not only designs the buildings entrusted to him, but he also gives personal supervision, and guarantees a strict accounting- of all moneys entrusted to him. Among the structures designed and erected by Colonel Fleming are : Series of buildings at the Howard University : " Stew- art Castle," Judge C. J. Hillyer's residence, residence of the Misses Patten on Massachusetts avenue, British Em- bassy, Department of Justice (now torn down), the first fireproof building in the District : Church of the Covenant (reconstructed after the fall of the tower) ; residence of the late Justice Walter S. Cox ; residences of A. B. Stough- ion, A. Pollock's, now Senator Lean's ; house of the late Dr. W. W. Johnson, National Safe Deposit and Trust Com- pany's building, corner of New York avenue and Fifteenth street ; All Souls Church, stores and houses for the late Colonel William H. Phillips; Hon. George M. Robeson, Secretary of the Navy, at Sixteenth and O streets ; residence of L. P. Morton, Fifteenth and Rhode Island avenue ; resi- dence of the late Senator Pendleton, of Ohio, 13 13 Six- teenth street ; residence of the late Mr. Nordhoff, K street, between Sixteenth and Seventeenth streets ; residences of A. H. Humphreys, F. P. B. Sands, 1222 and 1224 Connecti- cut avenue; M. Goddard, Connecticut avenue and Hillyer place ; Judge Davis, of the Court of Claims ; Paymaster Hoy, of the Navy ; Judge Drake, John W. Field, Paymaster General Cutter, of the Navy ; Charles Payson, the late Senator McPherson, Representative Hitt, Mr. Ashton, Scottish Rite Hall, Third and E streets; Major Wheeler, Paymaster Allen, of the Navy; Mrs. Ellen M. Ware, Dr. Lindleberger, U. S. N. ; Seaton Public School, Sumner School, Senator Gibson's residence, and those of Commo- dore Davis and Lieutenant Selfridge, U. S. N. ; Captain Manley, U. S. N. ; Senator West, Commodores Queen and Wells of the Navy ; David King. Admiral Taylor, Commodore Franklin. Paymaster Deering, two houses for Tudge Hillyer on Twenty-first street, between O and R streets ; residence for Mr. Andrews, the artist ; Commander- Davis, U. S. N.; Robert Isaac Fleming's residence, at 1406 Massachusetts avenue: the Fleming Building, on G street ; Judge Kimball's building, on G street ; the Thompson and Kellogg buildings ; the latter four office buildings, and many others, too numerous to mention. Colonel Fleming has in his possession a large number of letters from people for whom he erected buildings in which they expressed their gratitude for his thoroughness in the construction of his work, and his honesty and 'relia- bility in settling of accounts. Vice-President Morton 'made Colonel Fleming a personal gift of $2,500 as an evidence of the former's gratitude for orders faithfully executed, and work well done. Colonel Fleming is prominent in Masonic circles, being a thirty-third Scottish Rite Mason of the southern jurisdiction. He is also a member of Almas Temple, Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. Colonel Fleming is an Odd Fellow and a member of the order of Knights of Pythias. On October 27, i886,iColo- nel Fleming was married at Washington, D. C, to Miss Bell Vedder, the beautiful and accomplished daughter of Colonel Nicholas Vedder, United States Army, who was THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. General Sherman's chief paymaster. He now has two children, a daughter, Endia-Bell Fleming, born October 3, 1887, and a son, Robert Vedder Fleming, born Novem- ber 3, 1890, and enjoys all the comforts of a happy and beautiful home. Colonel Fleming spends his summers at Oak View, the former summer residence of ex-President Cleveland, which he purchased ten years ago. He was nstrumental in the development of that magnificent residential section of the District, particularly by the location there of a number of important educational institutions. Ili- city residence is at [406 Masachusetts avenue North- west, and in both of his elegant homes (whose walls are adorned with .-.ketches of many of the line buildings which he has erected) he loves to display the delightful, warm- hearted, open-handed hospitality for which Virginia and Virginians have ever been noted. John Southey Larcombe. < >ne of the fraternity of builders who has been eminently successful, and who has built up a practice which extends not only in this city bul in many cities of the United States, and who has largel) contributed to the beautifying of the nation's capital, is John Southej Larcombe, the well-known real broker and builder, with offices at 808 Seven- th nth street, northwest, lie is one of the pioneer builders in this city, having started in the profession eighteen years ago. Mi. Larcombe was horn in Washington, D. C, on < Ictober .}. [850, being the son of John and Catherine Smith (Parker) Larcombe. He received his education in public and private schools in this cit) and after having finished his courses, entered the banking firm of Riggs & Company to learn the banking business in all its branches. After stay- ing with this well-known firm eight years Mr. Larcombe could not resisl his natural inclination and aptitude to .uier the real estate brokerage and building business, and aboul eighteen years ago started out on an independent LARCOMBE'S RESIDENCE. JOHN SOUTHED basis on his future calling, which he is following to-day with such signal success. Among his prominent building operations are: Riggs National Bank, Franciscan Monastery. Marist College, St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, dormitory of the Catholic Uni- versity, Dahlgren Chapel, Georgetown University, St. Cath- erine's Home (Capitol Hill), Mr. Glover's (president of Riggs National Bank) town and country residences. Col. Blunl 1 Engineer Corps) residence, and the following private residences: Gen. Ernst, United States Engineer Corps; Mrs. \1111a ( ;. I hint. Twentieth street and Massachusetts avenue: Map Gen. Corbin, Twenty-second and R streets; Dr. C. R. Shepard, Twenty-first street and Massachusetts avenue; the lion. John Dalzell, 1705 New Hampshire ave- nue; J. Maury Dove, 1740 New Hampshire avenue ; 11. C. Stephen-. Sixteenth near Corcoran street; the lion. T. J. Coffey, 1713 K street: addition to German Embassy; the 1 Ion. James W. Wadsworth, eighteen residences tor the Riggs estate: addition to the residence of the lion. Bellamy Storer, and alterations and improvements to the residence THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 223 of Gen. Draper, and many others. Mr. Larcombe takes a deep interest in everything that pertains to the welfare of the city. He is public spirited and is very liberal in assisting in the amelioration of the condition of the poor and needy. He is a trustee of the Children's Hospital ; treasurer of St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum ; treasurer of St. Vincent de Paul Society ; trustee of the Columbia Insur- ance Company, director of the Capital Traction Company, member of the Historical Society of the District of Colum- bia, and the Forrestry and Irrigation Society, and others. On December 19, 1876, Mr. Larcombe married Mary Alice Griffith, daughter of Ulysses Griffith and Julia (Riggs) Griffith, of Montgomery county, Md. There are three children, John S. Larcombe, Jr., Alice Larcombe Stringfellow, and Griffith Larcombe. Mr. Larcombe dur- ing the winter and social season occupies his town house at 1817 H street, northwest, and in the summer months lives at his country home at Washington Grove, Mont- gomery count}-, Aid. Louis Peirce Shoemaker.— No names are more closely identified with the history and affairs of the District of Columbia than those of Peirce, Carbery and Shoemaker, which are embodied in the subject of this sketch. Air. Louis Peirce Shoemaker, real estate broker, promoter and operator in realty, has been engaged in this business, with offices at 920 F street, N. W., since 1876. From that to the present time Mr. Shoemaker has manifested a public spirit, and has ever been a live and prime factor in those movements wherein the best interests of the community in which he lives were involved. The son of Peirce Shoe- maker and Martha Carbery, lie was born at Cloverdale, or Peirce's Mills, on Rock Creek, on July 2, 1856. The fam- ilies, both on the paternal and maternal side, are among the oldest in the District of Columbia. Mr. Shoemaker has still in his possession many interesting old documents, among them the original patents and grants to the property, a portion of which he still owns, which, by many years antedates the founding of Washington as a city. The tract of land surrounding Peirce Mills, which are still standing in Rock Creek Valley, was originally owned by Isaac Peirce, the building having been erected in 1801. This grant was made to the Peirce family in 1764, the original papers, countersigned by the Chancellor of England, being among Air. Shoemaker's most cherished possessions. By direct descent the property has been handed down to Air. Shoemaker. A portion of this tract, or about 350 acres, was purchased from Mr. Shoemaker and is included in the Rock Creek Park. Mr. Shoemaker was educated at St. John's College, this city, and took his degree in law at Georgetown University. His education complete, he started in the real estate business, and devoted much time to the improvement and development of the property held in his family, lying in the suburbs. Mr. Shoemaker is identi- fied with many other enterprises, among them the Potomac Insurance Company, Washington Loan and Trust Com- pany, Columbia National Bank, and Brookland, Building- Association, in each of which corporations he is a director, and is a director and vice-president of the Washington Cerberite Manufacturing Company. The Brightwood Citi- zens' Association has made itself felt all over the District mainly through the efforts of Mr. Shoemaker, who is its president. He was one of the organizers and is -president of the Takoma Club and Library. His liberal policy and public spirit have been made manifest in the conduct of the affairs of the Northwestern Suburban Association, the Me- ridian Hill and the Lanier Heights Associations, of which he is chairman of the respective executive committees. The executive ability of Air. Shoemaker was clearly demonstrated during the last Grand Army of the Republic Encampment in this city, when as vice-chairman of the committee of arrangements he performed the arduous duties of that important post with ease and celerity. Mr. Shoemakefr in- herits his interest in public matters. His father served LOUIS PEIRCE SHOEMAKER in the levy court under the old form of government of the District of Columbia. His granduncle, Thomas Carbery, was mayor of Washington City in 1822. and one of its largest property owners. Mr. Shoemaker's grandfather, Louis Car- bery, was connected with the local government of George- town, then an incorporated town, where he resided. He served also for many years as public surveyor for the Dis- trict of Columbia, being a civil engineer of marked ability. A'Ir. Shoemaker married Miss Kate Gallaher, of Augusta, Ga.. and one son, Mr. Abner Claud Peirce Shoemaker, now a student at Young's Academy, is the result of this marriage. Air. and Mrs. Shoemaker reside on Brightwood avenue, where their country seat, comprising about twenty acres, is one of the most beautiful around Washington. The spacious lawns of ten acres are dotted by every known variety of ornamental shrubbery, many of which are im- ported. 224 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON Wolf and Cohen. This well-known firm of insur- es is composed of Simon Wolf, Myer Cohen, and Adolph G. Wolf, with offices in their own building at No. 926 I street, northwest, where they have been located for the pasl twenty years, Theirs is one of the busiest offices in Washington, representing the Pcnn Mutual Life Insur- mpany of Philadelphia and a dozen or more of the mosl powerful foreign and American fire insurance com- rhis firm has been and is now regarded as one of the leaders in insurance interests in the District of Columbia, in lit'.- and fire branches, and is one of the best equipped offices to be found anywhere, with a complete system and a corps of trained and intelligent assistants. All three members of the firm are practicing lawyers, caring for and conserving a large practice in the civil courts. Mr. Simon Wolf, the senior member, is a man of brilliant attain- ments and marked versatility, possessed of great public spirit a- manifested b\ his connection with all of the impor- tant charitable institutions of the District of Columbia. successful law practice and claims business. He has since continuously resided here and has been identified with every movement for the advancement of the city's interests, the care of the needy and distressed, and the spread of free education to those of all creeds and sects. He held public office as Recorder of Deeds from 1869 under Presi- dent Grant until 1878 under Mr. Hayes. At that time he resumed the practice of law and founded the insurance business which has grown to such large proportions. In 1881 he served as United States Consul-General at Cairo, Egypt. He is very well known as having taken part in po- litical campaigns for the Republican party and as having been personally acquainted and usually the friend of every occupant of the White House since he. became a member of the community of Washington. He is generally recog- nized as one of the leading Hebrews of the United States, and has been identified with every movement for the bet- terment of the Jews ; he has also been frequently consulted by the various heads of the State Department concerning the international relations of the Hebrews in other coun- tries, and notably Russia and Roumania. On all hands he is conceded to be a many sided man and one of the leaders in thought and action of the city of Washington. He en- joys vigorous health, and displays a remarkable energy in all of his undertakings. He founded the Hebrew Orphan Home at Atlanta, Georgia, of which he is still the head: is the president of the Ruppert Home for Aged and Indi- gent, an unique institution, near Anacostia ami adjoining the German Orphan Asylum (with which institution Mr. Wolf is also connected I : is connected with the Garfield Hospital, a member of the Board of Charities, and the author of "The American Jew as a Patriot, Soldier and Citizen." Mver Cohen has been connected with the business since [88i and a partner since r888. lie is a young man. in the prime of life, and has many friends and admirers. Adolph G. Wolf is the junior member of the firm, becoming a member thereof 111 [897, -00,1 after his return from completing his education at the University of Berlin. Simon Wolf 1- one of ||„. noted citizens of Washing- ton, where he ha- lived for more than forty years. lie is a brilliant orator, and a man whose magnetic personality him hosts of friends throughout the world. 1 le was hon, in German) in [836, coming to Ohio with bis grandparents in 1848, and was early inducted into , tile life. ( if an ambitious turn of mind, however, and being he studied law. and was admitted in New I uly, iSfSi. being then in his twenty- h\ his forensic powers the brilliant future before him. After practicing law at the admitted for one year, he removed rtnership with I aptain 1 upon a Hon. George Tmesdell is a native of New York ; was educated as a civil engineer at Michigan University; en- listed a- a private in [2th Ww York Volunteers in May. [86l : was promoted to lieutenant and captain, ami in June. 1862, while in command of his company, was badl) wounded at the battle of Gaines .Mill. \ a. : taken prisoner and con- fined in Libbey prison. After his regiment was mustered out of service in 1863, he was appointed major and pay- master in the Army, serving in this capacit) until [869. lie received brevet rank of lieutenant colonel for meri- torious service: practiced his profession of civil engineer in Xew Jersey for two wars, and then took up his resi- dence in Washington in [872, where he has since resided: organized the Eckington and Soldiers Dome Railway Co. in iSSS. and was president of same for live years; laid out THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 225 the subdivision of Eckington ; was appointed a Commis- sioner of the District of Columbia in 1894, and served out his term and until his successor was appointed in 1897 ; was president of the Washington Traction and Electric Co., and its constituent companies, during the period of reconstruction ; is a director in the Columbia National Bank, the Washington Loan and Trust Co., and the Wash- ington Railway and Electric Company ; a vestryman of Epiphany Parish ; a trustee of the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation ; a member of the Grand Army of the Republic; Military Order Loyal Legion, and a member of the Army and Navy and Chew Chase Clubs. ARTHUR DULAN-l Arthur Dulany Addison, one of Washington's most active and successful real estate brokers, has long been of the opinion that the business tide was rapidly moving to the northwestern section of the city, and with the courage of his convictions removed from F street to his present commodious quarters at 808 Seventeenth street, northwest, where he is in close touch with his large clientele, which is mainly composed of the residents of that fashionable locality. A. D. Addison was born on April 24, 1852, in Prince George county, Maryland, the Addisons being of Maryland's oldest and most aristocratic families. Fie is a son of Anthony and Mary J. Thompson Addison. His education was attained at his home, Charlotte Hall Acad- emy, and later at Wight's School, this city. Upon its com- pletion Mr. Addison returned to his home and there assisted his father in the management of his farms. Coming to Washington a few years later, he received an appointment in the surgeon - general's office of the War Department, where he remained twelve years. Seeing the possibilities offered in the real estate field, Mr. Addison resigned his position and formed a partnership with John S. Larcombe, 29 under the firm name of Addison & Larcombe, with offices at 1304 F street, northwest, where they conducted a general real estate and insurance business. A few years later Addi- son & Larcombe moved to 808 Seventeenth street, where they remodeled the office building, which they still occupy, although having dissolved partnership some years ago. Mr. Addison has made many important sales in this section of the city, among them the property upon which has since been erected the New Grafton, and the southwest corner of M street and Connecticut avenue. He also con- ducts a large fire insurance business, representing the Fire- man's Fund Insurance Company of San Francisco, Cali- fornia, and the Fireman's Insurance Company, of Washing- ton. D. C, he being a director of the latter company. He is also a director of Union Trust and Storage Company of Washington. Mr. Addison and his family occupy an envi- able position in Washington's social world, he being a member of the Metropolitan Club. His wife was formerly Miss Caroline H. Steele, of Washington. Mr. and Mrs. Addison reside at 2009 O street, northwest. W. Riley Deeble. — Prominently identified with the real estate interests oi Washington is the firm of Deeble & W. RILEY DEEBLE Company, with offices on the first floor of 13 19 F street, northwest. Mr. \Y. Riley Deeble, the founder of this firm, and at present the only member, is one of Washington's most active and progressive operators, ami one who by his industry, sterling integrity and straightforward methods has gained an enviable reputation for himself and a large business clientele. Mr. Deeble is a son of James William and Nicea Pat- terson Fuller Deeble, and was born in Georgetown, District of Columbia, on April 21, iXoo. lie was educated in public and private schools of Georgetown, and the preparatory department of Columbian University, On October 10, 226 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. left school and entered the employ of the Potomac Insurance Company of Georgetown. On May i. [886, he established the branch office of this company and a real estate and insurance business at [319 I' street, northwest. Mn January 7. [890, he was elected a director, and on lanuarj :. [896, vice president, and on September 11. [896, he was made presidenl of said company. He suc- ceeded in enlarging the capital stuck to tin- limit author- ized b) the charter, when granted in [831, and with ; lb,- sale of tin- additional stock effected the purchase and merger of the Lincoln Fire Insurance Company, of Washington, I >. C, and on October i<>. [899, the merger having been completed, he resigned as president and was immediately re-elected vice-president of the en- ompany, which office lie now holds. Mr. Deeble is a bachelor of laws. < olumbian University, 1882. and a member of the District bar. lie was until January 19, 1903, a director and second vice-president of the National Safe Deposit, Savings ami Trust Company, and has been con- ith the First Co-operative Building Association organization, May 23. 1882. as a member of its valuation committee. .Mr. Deeble was made a member of the Washington Stock Exchange October 8, 1884. and has served as secretary, and two terms as vice-president; .1 nomination for the presidency, and is now- one of the governing committee. Furthermore, Mr. Deeble is a membi icil of administration of the Hankers' Association of the District of Columbia. Mr. Deeble resided in Georgetown from his birth until tin death of his father, in [887. Me has always evinced a lively interest in all that pertained to Georgetown, and while not living there since [887, has never failed to ad- far as possible, its material interests, lie was one ounders, and is at present a member of the Dum- barton < lub, one of Georgetown's most exclusive organ- izations. On February 8, r888, Mr. Deeble married Miss Cora I'.. Beggs, of Wilmington, Delaware. Mr. and Mrs. Deeble have four children — Elizabeth, Dorothy, William Riley, Jr., and Margari 1 John F. Donohoe and Son. This enterprising and ive firm, with offices at 308 East Capitol street, con md lucrative real esiatr. loan and insurance and. while confining its attention almosl exclu- ■ tion of Washington, its far reaching been made manifest, and ii is today reckon,-,) and reliable real estate founder. John F. Donohoe, has lived on five years, and knows even inch of and there is possibly no man in the on realty valuations in East Wash in he. Hid Mary Donohoe. John I I lono 11 Albany, \*e\\ .3, ,839. the public sclv in the grocery business •iimued for twet • I (onohoe has been actively engaged in the real estate business, in which line he has made an unparallelled success. Prominent among the large transactions with which he has been identified may he mentioned the 30.000 feet of ground, of which he was a part owner, since absorbed in the opening of Lincoln Park. Mr. Donohoe has been a lifelong Democrat, his protracted residence in the District of Columbia alone pre- venting him from taking an active part in his party's af- fairs. During the civil war Mr. Donohoe was a sutler, and saw a number of the battles along the Potomac River, and was connected with the Fifth Army Corps headquarters. < In < tctober 28, 1875, at Si. Peter's Church. Mr. Dono- hoe married Miss Emily I'., daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John '/.. Jenkins. Of this union live children were horn to Mr. and Mrs. Donohoe. as follows: Clarence P.. Katharine D.. Milburn }., James A., ami S. Dolan Donohoe. Mr. and Mrs. Don,, hue reside at 22n Second street, southeast. DONOHOE Ben B. Bradford. Synonymous with the very rapid growth of Washington and the giant strides of progress ii has mad,-, particularly in its real estate valuations, ma\ he mentioned the name of Pen 1',. Bradford, one of the city's o and prosperous real estate men. who occupies a handsome suite of offices in the Manhattan Building, Fourteenth street, near F street. Mr. Bradford has been actively engaged in this city since 1884. and has seen many changes in the city, and in many instances has recently figured m transactions where the price involved amounted to more than fifty limes as much as it would have brought when In- first came to the city. Mr. Bradford is a son of Dr. R. P.. Bradford and Elizabeth P. (Eddy) Bradford, of Si. Louis. Mo., where he was born. His father spcnl much time in study and travel abroad, and was once hon- ored with the appointment as ambassador at St. i'eters- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 227 burg, although lie did not accept the post. At a tender age Mr. Bradford went abroad with his parents, where he received exceptional educational advantages, entering the Universities at Heidelberg and Stuttgart, Germany, and later- Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, France. There he remained until he was twenty-one years old. Returning to this country he spent a year in traveling through the West, when he came to Washington and engaged in the practice of architecture, until 1884, when he launched into the real estate business, which he has so successfully con- ducted ever since. Mr. Bradford is a member of the Sons of the Revolution, but indulges little in club life. He married Miss Nellie Irene Harvey, daughter of Dr. Gran- ville Harvey, of St. Louis, Mo. BEN B. BRADFORD H. Rozier Dulany. — Rarely do we find men who are so peculiarly adapted to the real estate business as is Mr. Dulany, who, together with a wide range of experi- ence in this business, is a mining engineer as well, and one who has engaged in his profession in the far West with headquarters at Salt Lake City. Mr. Dulany occupies a handsome suite of offices on the first floor of the Dulany & Whiting building at 1320 F street, northwest. He is a son of H. Grafton Dulany and Ida ( Powell) Dulany, and was born at ( )akley, Fauquier county, Virginia, in 1857, the Dulanys of Virginia being one of the ( )ld Dominion State's oldest and proudest families. After graduating at the University of Virginia, .Mr. Dulany took a post grad- uate course at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, after which he became an instructor of mathematics in the well known preparatory school for boys conducted by George Carey, in Baltimore. Mr. Dulany came to Washington from the West in 1885, and became a member of the firm of Dulany & Whit- ing, real estate operators, and is considered an expert in northwestern extension realty. On February 15, 1892, he was elected a member of the Washington Stock Exchange, and has since continued as an active member of that organ- ization. Mr. Dulany is a member of the Metropolitan Club and is also a director of the Columbia Fire Insurance Company. ROZIER DULAN1 Moore and Hill. —A noticeable feature of the per- sonnel of the most successful real estate men in Washing- ton, and those occupying the highest niche in this field, is that they are in almost every instance young men. In this category may be prominently mentioned the firm of Moore & Hill, which, while comparatively young in years, has already achieved a most enviable reputation. The offices of Moore & Hill, located at 717 Fourteenth street., N. W., are among the most complete in the city, and upon entering them one can at a glance discern from the large corps of clerks busily employed and the general businesslike air that pervades the whole office that this firm is thoroughly equip- ped to most efficaciously handle its large volume of busi- ness. The firm of Moore & Hill was organized on January 1. 1900. by David Moore and William A. Hill, which concern was in reality a successor to the business previously con- ducted by David Moore. As the business grew and thrived it was deemed advisable to incorporate it, which was clone on January 1. 1902, with David Moore, president; William A. Hill, vice-president and treasurer, and Charles W. Simp- son, secretary. By the terms of its incorporation the newborn concern is empowered to engage in a general real estate, loan, renting and insurance business. The firm's specialtv is in providing homes, and in this line they far eclipse the majority of their competitors who have been in business many years. 228 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Moore & Hill are also the exclusive agents for the Moore and Barbour addition to the Bloomingdale tract, and incidentally it maj be mentioned that .Mr. Moore's ances- tors there lived long before Washington became a city. The firm has been specially active in disposing of parcels of property in this tract and have sold more than all other rival brokers combined. Mr. Simpson, secretary of VIoore & Hill, confines his attention almosl entirel} to business property, and has been most successful in this line. Only the broker, sold to James II. Rowland, of Baltimore, the property at Fourteenth and G streets, for 'tare tout, which stands on record as being the third highesl price per fool ever obtained for a piece of Washington property. David Moore was born on April 19, 1867, '" this city, and is a son of James F. and Sarah C. (Wise) Moore. Alter finishing his education Mr. Moore entered the Gov- ernment Printing 1 Iffice and learned the printing trade, re- maining .here for mx xear... While there he completed a course '" dentistry, bul finding the work confining I"' abandoned hi. practice and engaged in the real estate business, with the late linn of Barnes & Weaver. Later he cnt er«1 into partnership with Mr. Barnes under the firm " ; ""'-"' W.H. Barnes & Co. This concern was dissolved m 1898, and Mr. Moore continued in business alone until "ciated Mr- Hill with him. Mr. Moore is a director :ens Xational Bank, Potomac Insurance Corn- eal Estate Title and Insurance Compam William Alexander Hill was born in Prince George county, Maryland, on April 23. 1875. and is a son of Samuel beth B. Bowie Hill. After attending ve county. Mr. Hill entered St. fohn's C. and the late El the M-hool. of his n DAVID MOORE and is a member of tli minis. Mr. Moo,-e . of which union 3. Moore reside at WILLIAM ALEXANDER HILL College, this city, afterwards going to Rock Hill College, Elhcott City, Md., a most admirable institution conducted by Christian Brothers. Electing a mercantile life he took a course at the Spencerian Business College, this city. Mr Hill's first venture into the business world was' in the counting ,-oon, of Woodward & Lothrop. Preferring the real estate business he secured a clerical position in this '■ne in which he continued until he entered the present '"'"' oi Moore & Hill. Mr. Hill married Miss rosephine daughter of the late Bishop W. Perkins, of Kansas. Mr. H j j " in haVC 0ne son ' and reslde at Washington Stone and Fairfax. Perhaps no real estate firm in asungton has enjoyed greater success and prosperity " lan lbe well-known linn of Stone & Fairfax, whose offices Contain even convenience and lacditx for handling the ,! 1S1 " eSS entri,s ted to them. They are locate! at \os. 806-8 street northwest, having two large front offices on the ground floor fronting on this prominent thoroughfare. Although the co-partnership between Mr. Charles P.Stone »»d Mr. Charles W. Fairfax was formed in ,807. the firm leai ; ecl lnl " Prominence and is „ ow regarded as leaders in the,,- business. Mr. Stone, the senior member of the firm lias been engaged in the real estate business in this city since 1885, and Mr. Fairfax was formerl 3 connected with Ins office prior to the .late of forming the co-partnership. lllcv are both young men and close students of the man- n« '" their business, and with the numerous com- THE CITY OF If 'ASHING TON. 229 petent employes assisting, every detail receives careful atten- tion, with beneficial results to their clients. They were pioneers in the development of Columbia Heights and Bloomingdale, two of the foremost adjacent subdivisions to this city, and have sold more property in those localities than any other firm. The rental department receives the personal attention of a member of the firm, and they also have a well established insurance business, and a carefully managed loan department. CHARLES P. STONE The record for sales made by this firm has been phe- nomenal, and during the years of 1901 and 1902 they have consummated over 600 sales, aggregating several millions of dollars, and embracing business and resident properties in every section of the city. Many of their recent sales have been to non-residents, who have selected Washington as a home, where they will invest capital. Such a condi- tion will surely continue and be a great help to improve this city. Charles P. Stone, senior member of the firm, is a son of David D. Stone, and was born at Norfolk, Virginia, in 1861. After attending the public schools he finished his education at Tuscarora Academy, Pennsylvania. He then served as an apprentice in a printing office until he mastered the intricacies of the case. Abandoning his trade he entered a mercantile business in Mifflintown, Pa., until he left for New Mexico, where he became interested in mining pursuits. Returning to Washington in 1887, he joined his father in the real estate business, who was then in the same offices now occupied by Stone & Fairfax. Tlie business was conducted by the Messrs. Stone for ten years, when, in 1897, at the retirement of the elder Mr. Stone, Mr. Fairfax, who had been with them some time in a cler- ical capacity, was taken into the firm. Mr. Stone is a director in the Real Estate and Title Company, and inter- ested in various other enterprises. He married Miss Emma Strayer. of Mifflintown, Pa., and with their three children, Muriel, Pauline and Charles Parker Stone, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. Stone reside at Fourteenth street and Kenesaw avenue. Charles Wilbur Fairfax, son of Arthur W. and Lucy J. Arundel Fairfax, was bom in Fairfax county, Va., on June 9, 1873, and is a member of the distinguished Fairfax family that settled in this country on a large grant of land ceded by the English crown. After attending the public and high school in the District of Columbia, Mr. Fairfax took a degree in law at the National University Law School. His education complete, he embarked in the real estate busi- ness in a clerical capacity with the firm of which he is now a member. This was on September 15, 1890, and on June 9, 1897, he was taken into the firm. Mr. Fairfax is a member of Hiram Lodge, Eureka Chapter, Washington Commandery, and of the Almas Tem- ple, Mystic Shrine, of Washington, D. C. On November 16, 1898, Mr. Fairfax married Miss Lillie M. Bowen, daugh- ter of James G. and Rosalie Bowen, of Washington, D. C. Mr. and Mrs. Fairfax have one daughter, Beatrice Bowen Fairfax. CHARLES WILBUR Ft The B. H. Warner Company, real estate brokers and property managers, although only incorporated in 1899, is one of the oldest established -and best known real estate firms in the capital city, and also one of the most respected and generally relied on. The business was established by Mr. B. H. Warner in 1869 and it became the firm of B. H. Warner & Company in 1887. In common with many other large and important firms with wide interests and con- tinuing responsibilities it was incorporated three years ago. Mr. Warnei of the firm, sold his interest in 23 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. i ers, and retired from all connection with the business in May. [902. The present ; the corporation are: George W. F. Swartzell, 1 pence B. Rheem, ' til and treasurer; , T. Hensey, secretary, and J. J. Darlington, Naylor. He has three children. John Naylor, Eliza- Henrv Rodley. He resides at Chew Chase, Marv- rZELL George W. F. Swartzell, the presidenl of the firm. is "iic- ..f die besl known and nmst substantial business mm in Washington. Mr is among the Foremost men in business in the city and in addition is con- nected with several of its financial institutions, lie is also .111 important figure in religious and charitable work. Mr. Swartzell was born in Mifflin county, Pennsyl- vania, "I, Februan 4. 1857. He is the son of John Swartz ■ II. his mother's maiden name having been Sarah Murphy. Me was educated in the public schools and at the Lewistown (Pennsylvania) Academy. Me began his business career with the banking linn of Doty, Parker & Company, at Mifflintown, under the tutelage -1" K. S. Parker, who has since that time become one of the foremost banking men in tin- District, and is the prescnl president of the National Metropolitan Hank. Me came to Washington and entered the firm of I'.. II, Warner in 1876, when he was only nine- < I le became a member of the linn eleven 1X87. Me i. ;, director of the Washington lire* tor in the Potomac ln- II. is a trust,,- of the I [aniline Methodist h, 1 member of the hoard of managers of Training School, a trustee of the 1 director of the I le was married in liss Minnie E \a\loi\ daugll- D.D., and 1 Adams beth and land. Clarence B. Rheem, the vice-president of the com- pany, was born in this city on March 5. 1862. His father was Mr. John Andrews Rheem and his mother's maiden name was Catherine ( i. Schneider. He was educated in the public schools of this city and graduated from the Washington High School, with its pioneer class, in 1878.* a class to which belonged many men that have since become prominent in the city. He was secretary of the hoard of trustees of the public schools from 1880 to 1885, and resigned to accept a position with B. H. Warner & Co. He became a member of the firm in i88y. He has con- ducted the negotiations of some of the largest loans on real estate ever made in the District of Columbia, and has financed many large operations. He is director in the Real Hstate Title Insurance Co. and the Potomac Insur- ance Company ; secretary of the Criswell Chemical Com- pany; trustee of the Industrial Home School: member of Harmony Lodge Xo. 17. F. A. A. M. ; member of the Board of Trade, Capital Camera Club and man) other organizations. Mr. Rheem was married November 2 1. 1888, at Washington to Miss Eulalie Domer, daughter of the late Rev. Samuel Domer. D.D.. and Lydia L. Domer. He has one child, Edmund Domer Rheem. He resides in Washington. CLARENCE B RHEEM Alexander T. Hensey, the secretary of the company, v.. is horn in New York city on April 24, [861. He is a sou of Thomas < i. Hensey, the well Known real estate man and capitalist of this city. Mis mother's maiden name was Aminta M. Dupignac. He was educated in the public schools of the cit\ and was als,, a member of the first THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 23] class of the Washington High School, of which Mr. Rheem was a member. Mr. Hensey was financial clerk of the Washington city post office under Postmasters Tulloch and Conger. He engaged in newspaper work from T889 to 1894. as proprietor of the Washington Sunday Herald. He went into the real estate business in r8i)S, and since that iDER T. HENSEY has been actively engaged in it. He has devoted his atten- tion especially to the negotiation of large transactions in the sale and exchange of realty, in which he has been eminently successful. He became secretary of the B. H. Warner Co. in 1901. He is a member of the Board of Trade, Loyal Legion, and a number of other local organ- izations. Mr. Hensey was married February 19, 1885, at Washington, to Miss Louise R. Rheem, daughter of the late John A. Rheem and Catherine G. Rheem. He has one child, Clarence A. Hensey. He resides in this city. Allen Whittaker Mallery was born on Long Island. New York, on August 27, 1862, and is a son of Reverend Richard and Anne E. Pitman Mallery. His early education was received at Milford Academy, Milford, Delaware. Com- pleting his education, Mr. Mallery entered the emplo} of the Milford Basket Company as a bookkeeper, remaining with that concern nearly six years, when he returned to New York. Next he became connected with the Newburgh Steamboat Company as a purser, resigning this position to take charge of the books of the Wallkill hat works, of Middletown, New York. Shortly afterwards he came to Washington, and launched into the real estate business, in which he has met with great success. It is to Mr. Mallery that the honor is due of first exploiting the possibilities of a Greater Washington. First by precept, and then by example, he led the small contingent of local business men who were far-sighted enough to be- lieve that Washing-ton was merely in its infancy, as far as population, improvement and general importance were concerned. The difficulty of interesting capital in the devel- opment of the city made the beginning of Mr. Mallery's campaign for the Greater Washington a rather uphill fight. Money for the furtherance of his plans was. however, finally obtained in New York. Great tracts of land were purchased in that section of the District now known as Kenilworth ; streets were laid off, trees were planted, and one of the first suburban neighborhoods of Washington was placed on the market. Previous to this time real estate advertising in this city had always been on a small scale, but Mr. Mallery used large spaces. Whole pages and half pages of the local newspapers were employed in acquainting the people with the advantages of Kenilworth for residence purposes, and in an incredibly short time this beautiful suburb was dotted over with elegant villas and cottages, and so great was the demand for lots that the syndicate had to secure adjoining tracts for subdivision purposes. This marked the first real development of Washington suburbs. Since then many oth- ers have followed Mr. Mallery's example, and now all sec- tions of the district are building up with handsome homes. Within a few years after the beginning of his undertaking- Mr. Mallery built an electric road connecting Kenilworth with the Columbia Electric Line, and enabling those who lived in his subdivision to ride to any point in Washington for one car fare. Not content with the merely local ex- ALLEN WHITTAKER MALLERY ploiting of Washington's suburbs, Mr. Mallery was the first to recognize the possibilities of the city from a national standpoint, and in the advancement of this idea spent large sums in advertising Washington property in the New \ ork World and other papers of wide circulation. The result is that many wealthy people from all over the Union have been apprised of the delightful residential qualities of Wash- ington, and arc rapidly converting the capital of the nation into a city of palaces. 232 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Mr. Mallery, with his wife, who was formerly Miss example of this is found in an arrangement originated and Place, of Fishkill-on-the-Hudson, New York, and their three copyrighted by this firm, for the perfect lighting of the daughters and one son, occupy a handsome home at Kenil- dining room. This arrangement stands as one of the great- worth, !' county, Maryland, at which place est achievements of modern architecture in the problem Mr. Mallery has taken an active part in Republican politics. of home building on an inside lot. completely overcoming the usual difficulty of the dark dining room, when built between party walls, and presenting one of the prettiest interior effects ever obtained on a citv lot. Ray E. Middaugh was born at Portville, New York. April 28, 1870. He received his preliminary education in the high school of that place. He was principal of the State Line public school, of State Line. Pennsylvania, and studied law in the law office of VV. V. & J. K. Smith, of Olean, New York. lie then entered Cornell College under a scholarship secured by competitive examination from Al- leghany and Cattaraugus counties, and after graduating removed to Washington, where he engaged at once in the real estate business, finishing his course of law in the office of George Kern, of this city. He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia December 22, 1893. William E. Shannon was born in Baltimore, Md., April 2, [875, and came to Washington with his parents, lames and Alary Laura Shannon, in 1 88 r . He was educated in the public schools here. His first work was as a page [or the United Press, stationed on the floor of the Senate and House of Representatives; later he was employed in the editorial rooms of The Evening Star as a messenger. Then IIDDAUGH Another exemplification young man. and tin Middaugh and Shannon. of the thrift and energy of the prominent place he takes in the affairs of the District, is embodied in the linn of Middaugh & Shannon, promoters and builders, of which Raj E. Middaugh and William E. Shannon arc members. Selecting thai portion of K street, northwest, easl of Second street, in which to direel their energ) towards improving and building up. they mel with scarcely paralleled in the histor) of Washington I he territory selected is in a high, health) location, •"" l immediate!) became eagerl) sought l>\ those in search of homes, a- the operations of these two young men ex- tended, Mthough a formal partnership was n«'t enterci tween these young men until recent years, their identified since turn " '" ibis section of the city. In fact, il - since the partnership was formed Middaugh 8 Shannon began to make it 1 world. \nd how it has grown! Still in ml a more wi lelv known linn -"-nil of the, b nine rapidlv 1 op en ■■ i. with in has invariabl ' private homes. r the marked advance n this city. \ striking I into be It isiness ng their was bul ami the hi :arncd the printers' trade, and later connected himself with .1 leading real estate firm of this city, after which he conducted a lucrative real estate business of his own. His business interests have been closel) associated with that of Mr. Ka\ E. Middaugh since [896. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 233 William 0. Denison, one of the most successful and prosperous real estate operators in Washington, with spa- cious offices at 923 F street, N. W., now stands in a position where he can look back upon a life of activity and useful- ness from his earliest boyhood, and feel that the great success achieved is alone due to his indomitable will and his own efforts. Born on March 15, 1832, he has now passed his threescore and ten years, but despite his active life time has dealt gently with Mr. Denison and he is still hale and hearty and possessed of those faculties which have enabled him to make a name both honored and respected his realty business, and for several years was a director in the Lincoln National Bank, and is now the treasurer of the Mutual Investment Fire Insurance Company of Washington, D. C. On July 7, 1857. Mr. Denison married at Cleveland, Ohio, Miss Ruth, daughter of Judge Wyatt Carr. There were no children by this union. Mr. Denison's first wife died about three years ago, and he has since married his cousin, Miss Georgeana Booth, daughter of the late Edwin Booth, who was at one time editor and proprietor of the Columbia Times, of Cincinnati, Ohio. RESIDENCE. for himself. Mr. Denison is a son of Oliver and Laura Booth Denison, and was born at Elmira, X. Y., and was educated at Dundee Academy, Dundee, Yates county, New York. When at the age of twenty he engaged in the printing business in Dundee, where lie learned his trade. From there he went to Cleveland, ( )hio, and published the first city directory issued in that city. After this he removed to Louisville, Ky., and there became identified with the Daily Courier, and remained there until 1862, when he came to Washington, D. C. Being a Republican 111 polities. he received a position in the Treasury Department, which he retained until 1878, when he embarked in the real estate business, in. which he has since continued. Mr. Denison has been active in the development of the Metropolis View and South Brookland syndicates, and owns a beautiful home in the center of the former, his residence being at 2900 Seventh street, N. E., corner of Galena Place, in Metropolis View. Mr. Denison recruited with the Treasury Regiment during the civil war, and served in the defense of Washington when Breckenridge and Early's forces advanced and attacked the city, fie is also identified with many interests without the pale of 30 John Hartley Soule, the senior member of the firm of Soule & Co.. is descended from sturdy Mayflower stock. Fie was born in Randolph, Massachusetts, and was educated in the public schools of Portland, Maine, and where the greater part of his youth was passed. At the age of eighteen he moved to Rochester, Minnesota, and in 1864 was offered a position in the Interior Department, which he accepted, and came to Washington to reside. This position he held until l &73, when he resigned to engage in departmental practice, in which he has been eminently successful, and has built up a flourishing business, one of the most extensive in that line in the country. His offices were established at the cor- ner of Eighth street and Market Space, and were located there for seventeen years, but in 1894 he removed to hand- somer and more spacious offices, embracing the entire second floor, in the National Bank of Washington Building, where a corps of capable clerks is employed in attending to his large and varied interests. In 1901 Mr. Soule added real estate as an adjunct to his success, and already this branch has expanded to phenomenal proportions. He has made suburban and country properties a special feature, and has probably the largest list of desirable country homes, farms 234 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. and colonial estates to be found in this section, many of which have been sold to the advantage of both owner and Mr. Soule has also figured prominently before the public as a newspaper proprietor, having in [889 purchased the "Washington Sunday Herald." which he conducted with marked ability and success 1 nder his management the paper enjoyed an era ol popularity especially gratifying to its owner, and was recognized as the leading Sunday paper of Washington. He disposed of the paper in [894, in order to confine his attention exclusively to his extensive depart- mental practice. Another publication in which Mr. Soule was identified a> owner and manager for fifteen years was •■The I'nited Slates Gazette." which was well edited and conducted and had a large circulation. JOHN HARTLEY SOULE Mr. Smile married into one "i" Washington's oldest and iinincnl families, his wife being the daughter of the ckner Bayliss, al one time the leading real estate h \1llm1 I mini II Randle comes from old revolution- k, which, in a measure, may ace, mil for the will and energy which infuses all the enterprises in which he interested. Success of an unbounded degree has rts and none mere notable than the and building up of thai beautiful and model town known a^ Congress Heights, which when Mr. Randle was a farm. Mr - ' Eliza C. ] iwrence in Vrtesia, Mississippi, on January randparents, Rev. \ and Man V Rump 1 irolina. His father's iuia and Sarah [om- linson of North Carolina. A great-grandfather. Colonel William Randle, served with distinction and honor during the revolutionary war. Educated at public and private schools at Artesia. Mr. Arthur E. Rand'e later attended Shortledge's Academy at Media, Pennsylvania, and finished his education at the University of Pennsylvania. After leaving college. Mr. Randle. instead of following his am- bit- >ii i" be a lawyer, owing to his ill health at that time, took np m its place a business career, the crowning achieve- ment of which will always stand as a monument to his memory as a man of resourceful energy — the building up of that beautiful section of the District of Columbia known as Congress Heights. The Washington Post, March 17. 1900. in commenting on the wonderful growth of Congress Heights said : "The growth of Washington can be seen in every direction. The northwest has mighty forces at work for that section, but Mr. Randle has been alone in building up Congress Heights. In 1890 when he bought John Jay Knox's farm, which he sub-divided and named Congress Heights, that section of the District was the most neglected around Washington, but by energy and unrelenting work he has placed it ahead of any other suburb of Washington. He built the Capital Railway during the panic, when its rival, the Anacostia road, had him engaged in a struggle, either in O ingress over its charter rights, or before the Commissioners, with every conceivable obstruction, or in the courts with injunc- tions. For eighteen months the struggle continued, but M r . Randle finally won, and when the great railroad consolida- tion took place in Washington. Mr. Randle sold his road for a large sum. with a guarantee of first-class sewi'e to his town, Congress Heights, over the great system of street railroads, so Congress Heights can now be reached over a $20,000,000 system of railways fur one fare. In addition to this he secured an appropriation from Congress for a $21,000 school building, which is located in the center of his town, and is now occupied by five teachers and 250 scholars. He has the streets lighted, postoffice established. churches built, police protection, and a number of other improvements, which assures a great future for Congress Heights. He has fulfilled every promise made to Congress, the I bmmissioners, and the citizens." Mr. Randle's latest enterprise is the development of East Washington Heights. This section of the country today is a wilderness — not a house is on Pennsylvania avenue east of Minnesota avenue and it has no street rail- v..r. facilities. Mr. Randle has acquired the controlling interest in the charter of East Washington Heights Traction Compan) and has been elected president of the same. Since acquiring control of the charter. Mr. Randle has secured from Congress the right to build an electric railroad across the Pennsylvania avenue bridge, which right the original incorporators of the company failed to obtain, and the charier was on the eve of being forfeited when Mr. Randle purchased the same. He has also bought large tracts of land along Pennsylvania avenue, which this road, when built, will develop. Mr. Randle donated the ground, THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 235 and his wife, who was the daughter of the late Dr. Sam- uel H. Shannon, built the Episcopal Church at Congress Heights, dedicated to the memory of her mother, Esther Shannon, who was from Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania. Mr. Randle's father was a cotton planter, and had a ARTHUR EMMETT RANDLE family of nine children. All except Mary Fredonia, John Shu'.er, Charles Clement and William Henry Randle died in infancy. The first named married Dr. O. C. Brothers, a retired physician in Mississippi. They had two children, O. C. Brothers, Jr., and Mary Lula Brothers, the latter marrying Thomas C. Kimbrough, an attorney. John Shu- ler Randle and Charles Clement Randle died when about thirty years old, neither of them being married. William Henry Randle is a physician in Philadelphia, and inter- married with Mellie Lippincott Harmer, daughter of the late A. C. Harmer, who at the time of his death was the Father of the House of Representatives, having been in Congress for about thirty years. Dr. Randle has only one child, Elizabeth Harmer Randle. Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Randle have no children. Mr. Randle is a Democrat and still retains his citizen- ship in Mississippi, where he has been repeatedly urged to run for Congress. Governor Longino of Mississippi has recently appointed him on his staff as colonel of cavalry. He is a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce and the Washington Board of Trade. Joseph Ignatius Weller is another young Washing- tonian who launched early into the real estate and insurance business, and after several years of close application and hard work has built up a well paying and steadily increas- ing business, which is handled by a large and efficient corps of clerks at his well appointed offices, 602 F street, northwest. Joseph I. Weller, son of Michael I. and Rita (Repetti) Weller, was born in Washington on October 26, 1873. After attending the public schools he entered Georgetown University and there took his degree of B.A. in the class of 1893. He then entered the law offices of Edwards & Barnard, the former now dead and the latter justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and there read law, the while attending the law lectures of the George- town University, receiving his LL.B. in 1895. Mr. Weller was immediately admitted to the bar and began practice with offices at the present location. In the course of his practice he had many occasions to figure in real estate deals, and deeming' this business more attractive and remunerative than the law, he devoted his whole attention to this new field. That the step was a wise one is evinced by the many important transactions Mr. Weller has put through. He has sold many large and important tracts to both the United States and District government, among them the recent sale of four large city blocks for the proposed extension of the Washington Navy Yard, and the present site of the Business High School at Eighth and Ninth streets, Rhode Island avenue and R streets, and that of the McKinley Manual Training School, at Seventh street and Rhode Island avenue. Many other transactions of equal magni- tude and importance have been made by him. Mr. Weller is a member of the Knights of Columbus, Columbia Golf Club and of the Di Gamma fraternitv. He is also identified with many other business enterprises and is a director of the District Tile and Insurance Company. .Mr. Weller is married, and with his wife, who was formerly Miss Charlotte L. McCarthy, of Prescott, Ontario, and their little son and daughter, reside at 503 Fast Capitol street. 236 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Charles E. Wood.- « >ne of the most active and pro- operators in Washington realty, both city and suburban, is Charles E. VV I, senior member of the firm of Wood, Harmon & Company, with Washington offices al 525 Thirteenth street, northwest, while the home offices CHARLES E. WOOD are in the Home Life Insurance Building, New York City. Mr. Wood is a son of William and Aseneath Wood, and was born in Lebanon, < )hio, in (851. Mr. Wood's education was received in the town of bis birth, after which he engaged in business, following several vocatipns before finally em- barking in the real estate business. Forming a partnership with Messrs. W. I'"., and C. B. Harmon in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1887, the firm of Wood, Harmon & < bmpany began busi- ness in a very modest way. Since then the business has so prospered and expanded thai they are now operating in of the largesl eastern cities, adjacent to which developed nearly one hundred distinct suburban towns. Their most important operations at present are being vcrj successful and extensively conducted in New 'hiladelphia, Baltimore, Buffalo, Pittsburg, and Washington. In Greater New York they now control about two fifths of the choicest of the whole of Brooklyn's undeveloped territory. Aside from being the senior member of the firm of Wood, Harmon & Company, Mr. Wood is the president of the \\ 1 Harmon Bond Company; the first vice-president of the United Cities orporation. and is a director and large stockholder in the Greater New York Development Companj and ipmenl Company, all of which corporations the laws of the State of New York, with headquarters in the Home Life Building of New York also large mining and real estate well as being connected with sev- eral large and al enterprises in Was The firm rmon S Companj lias the distinction and is well kne I is quite a prominent Mason. 1 hapter, Wash- ington Commandery Xo. 1, and Almas Temple, and also belongs to a number of prominent clubs of Washington and other eastern cities. Mr. Wood married Miss Eurnie I. Cuming, of Franklin, 1 )bio, and their residence is at 2031 Florida avenue. Percy Hickling Russell. — There is no better exam- ple of an enterprising, industrious and successful young real estate operator in Washington than Percy H. Russell, who launched into business for himself about four years ago, and who now occupies a well-appointed office at 913 G street, northwest. Mr. Russell has already secured a large clientele, whose implicit faith he has gained by his sterling integrity and straightforward business methods. Born on August 25. 1875, Percy H. Russell is a son of Dr. William R. and Pauline Fleurv Russell of this city. After attending the public schools of Washington he entered the Business High School (taking the night course), from which he graduated in 1894 and afterwards entered George- town Law School. His first and only position prior to em- barking in business for himself was with H. Clay Stewart & Son, real estate, brokers and insurance agents, by whom be was employed for eight wars. So well did he acquaint himself with the details of the business, thereby gaining the confidence of his employers, that in a short while he was managing the entire business during Mr. Stewart's absence in Europe. In 1898 Mr. Russell decided to start for himself and opened an office at 1206 G street, where he remained for eighteen months, afterwards removing to his present quar- CKLING RUSSELL ters. lie conducts a general real estate. loan and lire and life insurance business, representing the New England Mutual Life Insurance Companj of Boston, Mass.. the Sun Life Insurance Companj of Canada, the Scottish Union and National of Edinburg, and the Riggs Fire Insurance THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 237 Company of this city, and is the Washington representa- tive of the Pittsburg- Mercantile Trust Company. Other interests with which Mr. Russell is identified include the Standard Stone Company of Washington, with offices at 810 F street, N. W., of which he is president. This com- pany manufactures an artificial stone extensively used in the residence and apartment house construction. Air. Rus- sell is a member of the Board of Fire Underwriters, a notary public and a registered patent attorney. new undertaking. Mr. Gannon was born in Long Island City, Queens county, New York, November 9, 1875. His father is Frank S. Gannon, late third vice-president of the Southern Railway, and his mother's name was Mari- etta Burrows. He was educated at the Staten Island Acad- emy, Lehigh University, and graduated from Yale with the class of 1899. taking the degree of civil engineer. He began business life that year in the president's office and the general operating department of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company of New York City. He continued in that position for two years, and in September of 1901 ac- cepted the position of resident engineer of the Atlanta and West Point Railroad and Western Railway of Alabama, at Montgomery, Ala. He was with this company for a year and then formed his present partnership with Mr. Sum- mers. He is a member of the Theta Delta Chi and Theta Nu Epsilon college fraternities. He was married on Sep- tember 20, 1899, to Alary E. Donnelly of New York, in New York City. John Kostka Summers was born in Prince George county, Aid., November 13, 1880. His father is John Kostka Summers, Si\. and his mother's maiden name was Gannon and Summers. -< >ne of the most success- ful of the newer real estate and insurance firms of the District is that of J. W. Gannon and J. K. Summers, of 1422 F street, northwest, formed September 1, 1902. Both mem- bers of the firm are young men, but both have had valuable business experience and are already well-equipped for suc- cess. Messrs. Gannon & Summers hold the agencies for the Philadelphia underwriters ; Franklin Insurance Company of Washington, D. C. ; Baltimore Insurance Company, ot Baltimore, Maryland; the Union Insurance Company of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Casualty Company, Manhattan Life Insurance Company, and are representatives of the American Surety Company, of New York, and the United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company of Baltimore, Alary- land. John Walter Gannon, the senior member of the firm, is a civil engineer by profession and has had a training in this line which he finds invaluable in his new business. He is a college man and has many friends in this city and New York who predict that he will make a success of his Alary Regina Hill, lie was educated at Bald Eagle School. Maryland, and the Business High School of this city. He began his business life in March, 1807. with the E. F. Droop Son's music firm and remained with them a year. In the following year he was with C. E. Clifford & Com- pany, the brokers, and from February, 1900, until September, 1902', he was with Moore & Hill, the real estate brokers as a real estate salesman. He left that firm to form his pan nership with Air. Gannon. Air. Summers is unmarried. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STATION. CHAPTER XX, RAILROADS. NEW UNION STATION, WASHING- ON. — The accompanying map on the pre- ceding page gives a very clear idea of the location of the proposed Union Station to be built by the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, together with the track arrangements in Washington. The tracks in the southwest section of the )*{ city are to be elevated. At Second street, • southwest, a new line will be construced for the use of trains to and from the South, connecting with the new station through the tunnel under Capitol Hill. The south end of this tunne' "'ill be at D street, west of New Jersey avenue. Trains entering here will emerge in the Union Station. The .fre'ght trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad and various southern connecting lines will use the tracks in the southwestern and southeastern sections of the city, exclusively. The locations of the various freight depots and yards are indicated on the map, along the line of the southern viaduct. Trains from the South will leave the m?in southwestern viaduct at Second street and Virginia avenue. Curving, to the northeast they will cross First street southwest, an 1 descend rapidly beyond Canal street to the tunnel ; thence to the new station. The tunnel will be about forty-eight hundred feet in length. It will be what is known as a " twin tunnel " — two single-track tunnels separated, but running parallel to each other. The tunnel tracks will .enter the new station twenty feet below the level of the main track platform. Through trains from the South will reach the level of the northern viaduct by a grade from the Union Station to K street, north. Trains between Washington and the North and West, via the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Baltimore and Ohio will enter and leave the new sta- tion from the north, as indicated on the map. The new station is being planned by Messrs. D. H. Burnham & Co., of Chicago. It is proposed to divide the front of the station into three sections. The public entrance will be in the centre. A second public entrance will be at the western end, and the third entrance, to be known as the " executive entrance," wij-l be at the east end. The latter entrance will lead into a suite of rooms designed for the use of the President and his party, as well as distinguished visitors arriving or leaving the city. The proposed frontage of the new station will be about seven hundred feet. It will correspond architecturally with the Capitol, Congressional Library, and other Government buildings. The present plans call for twenty-two tracks in the main train shed and six depressed tracks to be used by tunnel trains, making twenty-eight in all. It is under- stood a new street will be constructed along the western side of the terminal station. The station will front on a wide plaza. Chesapeake and Ohio Railway.— Of the great trunk lines of the country, the Chesapeake & Ohio far surpasses all the others in historical and natural attractions. Con- sidered solely as a line of rapid and luxurious transporta- tion, it is outclassed by none. When to these practical ele- ments are added the marvelous scenic interest of the entire line, and the associations of colonial and civil war history, it surpasses all others in sustained and intense interest. It is a line with wide connections. With Washington and Old Point, Newport News and Norfolk as its eastern termini, its cars run on to Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. From Cincinnati they run through to St. Louis, Indianapolis, and Chicago, and at Louisville there is immediate connec- tion with the South and Southwest. Nature has lavishly bestowed most striking gifts over the whole way. From the interest of the capital or the vast- ness of the ocean one turns to the beauty of cultivated plain country, succeeded by the entrancing scenery of the Pied- mont Valley, as the train climbs the Blue Ridge and thence descends to the garden of the Shenandoah. Then follow 200 miles of the boldest mountain scenery between the East and the West. The New River canyons have no counterpart east of the gorges for which the Rocky Mountain section is famous, and the ride through it is not a flashing by of scenic wonders, but a long-continued feast. The pastoral beauty of the Greenbrier Valley, shut in by lofty ranges, is not excelled in any portion of our land. The valley of the Kanawha, dominated by lesser ranges, forms a fitting de- scent from mountain heights to the chirms of the beautiful Ohio and to the Blue Grass region stretching nearly across Kentucky to Louisville. There is no other line in the land which presents such pictures as are unrolled for four hours in the continuing panorama of the Blue Grass country. With all these unexcelled natural and historical features, if the (239) 24 r -> THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. trains of the Chesapeake & l Ihio were not fully up to date, when measured by the besl in modern railroad equipment, it could nol secure the patronage of the traveling public. All these latter-da) comforts and luxuries it supplies with a lavish hand, lis road-bed is as perfect as first-class en- gineering can make it. [ts grades and curves are less than upon any other mountain line of similar extent. Ever) modern appliance for safety is in use. Its through trains are vestibuled, heated by steam, lighted by electricity, and provided with dining cars which for table appointments and e rank with the best. To all these comforts is added thai greatcsl desideratum of an American population — speed. The time of its trains brings the Eastern seaboard and the l entral Wesl together 1 y rrarve'ous schedul s. Be- sides being the most directs line from the Eastern coast to the Wesl and Southwest, it is the only line which, both from the East and from the West, reaches the wonderful medici- nal springs region of |the Virginias. To the historical re- sorts, political and social, of the < >ld Smith — Greenbrier White Sulphur, ( lid Sweet, Sweet Chalybeate, Salt Sulphur. Rockbridge Alum, Red Sulphur, and others, the Chesapeake & Ohio has added and deve'oped a Health Resort at the Hot, Warm and Healing Springs, the fame of which has already spread beyond the United States. Charmingly situated in the great Hot Springs Val'.ey of \ irginia, at an elevation of 2,500 t'eet. with surrounding mountains rising 1,500 feet higher, and having a reputation extending over more than a century, the Virginia Hot Springs afford a most delightful resort for health and pleas- ■ is all the year round. The spring, summer and fall c'imatc is incomparable, while in winter conditions of safety and comfort prevail. The scenery is hold and picturesque, the view from ['"lag Rock being among the finest in the land. The mountains are clad with verdure to the \er\ to] . In the early spring every shade of green delights the eye. while the tones in autumn take on all the range from brown to scarlet. The summers here are infinitely cooler than at man) of the popular seaside resorts, the days usuall) being and agreeable, while the nights are always cool enough to make blankets a necessity, after retiring. It is only in recent years that the idea has been tolerated in the \orih tlt.it seekers for summer comforl can find it by going Now, every year rapidl) increases the number of rom that section to the mountain resorts of the ■ been discovered to be as comfortabli In W bite Mountains of New I I. imp e and quickness with which this resort is and from the W est practi Pullman sleeper or compartment cai from 1 otlis ,„■ Chicago, and only eight hours from die man of affairs to put in several at the Springs without materi .1 inlerfer- id, which was fully completed last s an imp 1 , ,,,;'|, , of architects iptation. It has man, ol gn al length. The interior is a model of convenience, neatness and com- fort. The lobby is 150 feet long, 60 feet wide and 20 feet high. At night, when brilliantly illuminated and thronged with guests, it presents a scene of striking beauty. The Homestead has 400 bedrooms and 200 private baths. The building is divided into several compartments by fire walls extending through to the slate roof, with automatic fire doors in the corridors, after the manner of great ocean liners. The sanitary arrangements are perfect ; the cuisine commands unqualified praise. In a word, the hotel is modern in the strictest sense, is conducted on the broadest lines, and is patronized by the highest class. For those preferring more privacy than the hotel affords, there are a dozen attractive cottages, pleasantly and conveniently located, within the grounds. There is a most attractive golf club house, con- taining lounging rooms, cafe, squash court, ping-pong tables, etc. The golf course extends over 6,000 yards and covers a great variety of play. Tournaments are held here each spring and fall. < )ther pastimes include tennis, cycling, billiards, pool, etc. An orchestra selected with great care plays daily at the golf club, the pleasure pool and the ball- room. Among the popular features of the 'Homestead is a brokers's office, with a direct New York wire, and a number of fine shops and bazars, well equipped to supply the needs of guests in jewelry, bric-a-brac, souvenirs, needlework, to.'let articles, etc. A thoroughly equipped livery, provided with well-trained saddle horses, is maintained, and a com- petent instructor gives lessons in riding. Arrangements are made for the care of private horses and equipages. Thir- teen miles of boulevard in the vicinity, together with a num- ber of mountain mads, are especially attractive to those fond of riding or driving; while for pedestrians the numer- ous paths through the mountain forests have an endless charm, and mountain climbing is a favorite pastime. For more than one hundred years the virtues of these springs have been tried by people from all parts of the world. Their curative qualities have been established b) long and unvaried experience, and are attested by the med- ical profession generally. The waters are found to he espe- ciall) efficacious in gout, rheumatism, rheumatic gout, obe- sity, nervous diseases, sciatica, neurasthenia, nervous pros tration, dyspepsia of various forms, early stages of locomo- tor ataxia, old joint injuries, diseases of the liver and kid- neys, and disorders peculiar to women. The bath-house, which is connected with the hotel b) a viaduct, serving .1- a thoroughfare for the bather between his room and hath. without outside exposure, is both handsome and imposing, and the appointments are of the finest order. \ man well known in public life has said: "It is a great place. It is a boon to gouty and rheumatic sufferers: and considering it all — the magnificent hotel, the excellent cuisine, the interesting society, the gracious landscape, the healthful air. the delightful pastimes, and all the rest of it — I can conscientious!) say that never in my life before have I received so royal a return upon my investment. The Virginia Mot Springs should he known everywhere, li is an obligation of philanthropy to diffuse this gospel of 1 nee." THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 241 SOUTHERN RAILWAY OFFICES THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. The Southern Railway Company— Its administra- tion, equipment, terminals, seaport facilities and territory — A in Southern development. — The Southern Railway System is now in the ninth year of its existence. Its career and progress have been phenomenal, unique, a whirl of evo lution. lis work has not been chiefly that of a constructor of new railroads; hut a buyer also of old mads wasted by war and mined in many cases by disastrous circum stance. Ii rehabilitated them; and has made them safe rapid and first-class carriers in the public service. Starting from the national capital, it has taken up. one by one, mam lines leading to nearly every important point in the South', disembarrassed them of involvements and hopeless com- plications; rebuilt their tracks: supplied them with new and modern equipment; constructed warehouses and de- pots; and furnished to the traveler and the shipper luxurious and ample accommodation in up-to-date car service. These improvements are now continually under way along its nearly nine thousand miles of trackage. Its facilities are equal to those furnished by any other of the great rail- road- of the country. It not only taps every desirable market in the South, hut reaches important commercial focii in the West. Its lines extend southward through the ruit, grain and tobacco plantations of Virginia; through the Piedmont region of North Carolina and Geor- gia; through the rice, cane and cotton lands and broad savannahs of Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina and Mis- sissippi; through the coal fields and iron beds of Alabama, Kentuck) and Tennessee; with the most luxurious service to the palm groves of Florida, the mountain districts of the Carolina- ami Tennessee, and the many health resorts oi the entire South. It reaches the ports of Savannah, Charles- ton. Brunswick, Mobile and Norfolk, where ocean steamers load the product. f the South for Europe, Asia, Africa and the Wesl Indies. Haifa million square miles of territory, and nearly 25,- ->' population are served by the Southern Rail- way directly. This territory embraces nearly 150,000.000 fruit, -rain, garden, mineral and timber lands. M this immense area. [50,000,000 acres await the coming of the husbandman, the miner, the developer; and these enterprising spirits are coining into the region in ever- liumlx-rs. Mere the) find the richest mineral covering 800,000 square miles in extent, includ- ippcr, golrl and almost ever) other valuable ■'■" to commerce; marbles, granites, slate, sand- irgill pines and hardwoods covering »s. infinite in variet) and of high commercial values; peach, apple and grape lands easily made to pro- 'f rare quality; stock lands where to an extreme- inufacturing at the vcr\ bases of in even market, domestic il«l list can catccl within the past hen, Railway. conception of their phenomenal growth and numerical in- crease is possible, after noting the fact that these located industries include prosperous cotton mills operating about 5,000,000 spindles and 130,000 looms; 200 furniture fac- tories, many tobacco factories, a vast number of lumber and planing mills, and other factories furnishing even- kind of mechanical employment and diversity of products. During the year 1901, fifty-two cotton mills, equipped with slightly less than 1,000,000 spindles and 14,000.100ms. were added to that industry in Southern Railway territory alt me. The manufacture of steel and iron, on various of its lines, has reached large proportions, and is making- unexampled progress. Peach and apple growing farms are expanding into great fruit belts.- Fine stock farms are multiplying, with results that prove the wisdom of selection ; the best Ameri- can labor is obtainable and never seriously in revolt; cost of living is exceptionally low: while climatic conditions, most favorable to longevity, health and uninterrupted labor, are easily found at thousands of points on the Southern Railway. The steady adherence of the Southern Railway to its strict policy of co-operation with every section tributary to its lines; its liberal and continual outlays in bettering the condition of its roadbeds, improving its service, adding to its rolling stock, building warehouses, bridges, depots, spurs, yards and docks, is known to its countless patrons and the traveling public; while the prosperous condition of the innumerable industries served by its various lines attests its fairness and its good intent. The Southern Railway is altogether in touch with its people; it studies their needs and tries to meet them: its interests are theirs; it searches out each lagging spot and endeavors to make it bloom and prosper, sharing only in what it helps to produce. The Capital Traction Company. The records of this company show that the first horse cars were run for business by the Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company on July 29, [862. This system, with varying success, was continued for twenty-eight years, until the march of progress, recognized by the business men con- stituting its officers and hoard of directors, supplanted it with modern methods. The first change was made to the cable system, the improvement generally adopted in street railway transit by the leading companies of the country. This was put m operation on the Seventh street division on April 20, 1 Son. and on the Pennsylvania avenue and Fourteenth street divisions August 6, [892, An imposing power house station was erected at Fourteenth street and Pennsylvania avenue, a central location. Business devel- oped rapidly, and good and capable management soon con- vinced the people of Washington of the value and import- ance of rapid transit. Under an act of Congress vi March 3, 1895, the Washington and Georgetown Railroad fran- crises, etc., were purchased by the Rock Creek Railway Company, and the name of the consolidation was made the Capital Traction Compaii) on September 25, 1895. I hen was given to Washington the street railwa) system THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 243 which is one of her proud boasts. The cable system was operated until September 29, 1897, on which date the large power house was destroyed by fire. This fire occurred at eleven o'clock at night. Incredible as it may seem, the cars started next morning on schedule time, and drawn by horses, were making four-minute headway. This was the result of a midnight meeting (the night of the fire) of the officers of the road, and was a fair indication of the material of which the board of directors was composed. Seven hundred horses were purchased and put in service. It was at once decided to install the underground electric system in the cable conduits on the Pennsylvania avenue and Fourteenth street divisions. A force of about one the public as this one. It is controlled exclusively by a body of Washington men who study, in their management, only the best interests of the capital city. Their best en- deavors are put forth to the entire fulfillment of a contract to perfectly serve the traveling public, and how well they succeed is attested by satisfied patrons. Visitors to the capital have noticed and commented upon the uniform courtesy and personal appearance of the employe ;s of this company, and the fact becomes more pronounced when compared with other cities. For the benefit of the em- ployees of the company there is connected a relief asso- ciation. The Capital Traction Relief (as it is called to-day) was started twenty years ago, and the company contributed OFFICES OF THE CAPITAL TRACTION COMPAI* thousand men were put at work, not in any material way interfering with travel, and on February 22, 1898, as it were in celebration of the birthday anniversary of the Father of his Country, the first electric cars were operated on the Fourteenth street division. The entire Pennsylvania avenue and Fourteenth street divisions were operated by electricity on April 20, 1898, and the Seventh street division commenced on May 26 of the same year. No city in the country enjoys a better system of transit than that furnished the people of Washington by the Cap- ital Traction Company. Indeed it is doubtful if there can be found in this land a road so admirably managed, and fitted so completely for the comfort and convenience of $5,000 as a nucleus. The men pay as dues one dollar a month, elect their own officers and conduct their meetings. The company supervises the investing of their money, guaranteeing them principal and interest, so there can be no loss. Any member can deposit in the fund, and is en- titled to interest thereon. There is over $100,000 in the fund now, and it is constantly 'growing. If a member be- comes sick he draws one dollar a day until well. If one dies, his wife is given $100 for burial expenses. If his wife dies, he receives $50. If a member leaves or is dis- charged, he receives back money paid in, with interest. If one needs a small loan, he can secure it at six per cent, per annum. A great saving to employees is in uniforms. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. The company makes a contract with a large clothier in quan- tities and guarantees the payment; therefore a lower rate is given. n) are: George T. Dunlop, Cover, vice-president; C. M. Koones, secretar) and treasurer; D. S. 'aril, chief engineer and superintendent. Directors George T. Dunlop. Charles C. i, lover. Henry linn, Edward J. Stellwagon, William Manice, Maurice J. Adler, John S. Larcombe. Routes of the lines of the Capital Traction Company an- as follow.-: Pennsylvania avenue line — Via M street from Thirty- et, northwest, to Twenty-sixth street: via Twenty- sixth street io Pennsylvania avenue; via Pennsylvania ave- ; and Xew York avenue, northwest; via Fifteenth street to Pennsylvania avenue, northwest; via Pennsylvania avenue to First street, northwest; via eel to B street, southwest; via I'. street to Second Street and Pennsylvania avenue, southeast; via Pennsyl- vania avenue to Eighth street, southeast; via Eighth street to \',-iv\ Yard. F and G streets line — Via Twenty-sixth street from Pennsylvania avenue, northwest, to F street, northwest; I strei i to Seventeenth street, northwesl : Seventeenth street to Pennsylvania avenue, northwesl ; thence via Pennsylvama avenue line to Eighth street, southeast; thence via Pennsyl- vania avenue to the Eastern Branch; returning b) same Seventeenth and G streets, northwest: thence via i, street to Twenty-fifth street, northwest; thence via Twen- u fifth street to Pennsylvania avenue, northwest. Fourteenth street line — Via Fourteenth street from Park street, northwest, to Xew York avenue, northwest; via New York avenue to Fifteenth street, northwest: via ", i to Pennsylvania avenue, northwest; via Pennsylvania avenue to First street, northwest: via First northwest : via C street to Delaware avenue; thence by a loop around square 686, bounded b) i avenue, 1'.. First and C streets, northeast. Seventh street line \ ia Water street from P street, southwest, to Seventh street, southwest; via Seventh street to Florida avenue, northwest; via Florida avenue to C street, northwest; via t' street to Eighteenth street, north- ia Eighteenth street to Cincinnati street, northwest; ncinnati street to loop at Rock Creek Bridge. Chevy Chase line \ ia Cincinnati street from loop at avenue, extended; via i m avenue, extended, to Chevy Chase, Maryland; right of way to Chevy Chase Lake, Maryland. Georgi rhomaS Dunlop. 1'he name Dunlop holds a conspicuous place in the histon of the State of Maryland, and m ui name is not less ol business and mat- I lend toward the development of the besl ot tin- I Dunlop • it HI Of one of the oldesl I to tins COUIltn from •• Garnkirk," near Glascow, and settled in Georgetown, then Frederick county, Maryland, about the year 1772.. This family can trace their ancestry in Scotland back to the year 1237, and its members have always been foremost in patriotism, business and public spirit, both in Scotland and America. James Dunlop married Elizabeth Peter, and. settling down in his adopted State and country, became a prosperous tobacco exporter. He was the father of the Hon. James Dunlop, at one time Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, whose daughter married the Hon. Walter S. Cox, of Washington. Another son, Colonel Henry Dunlop, a farmer of Frederick county. Maryland, was o..£ of Western Maryland's leading citizens. He had the honor of commanding the troop of horse that escorted the Marquis de Lafayette to Washington on his triumphant visit to this country in 1824. He was the father GEORGE THOMAS DUNLOP of tin- subject of this article; was born in 1795, and died in 1877. Catherine Louis Ann Thomas, wife oi Colonel Henry Dunlop, and mother of George T. Dunlop. was of an o'd and distinguished family, being the daughter of Colonel |ohn Thomas, a citizen of Frederick county. Maryland. The Thomas family were of Welsh extraction, Hugh, the founder, coming to ihis COlUltr) from Wales in the seven- teenth century, lion. Francis Thomas, an uncle of George T. Dunlop, was Governor of Maryland in 1841. tor twenty- years member of Congress, and was appointed Minister to Peru by President Grant, lie was known as the silver tongued orator of the 1 louse. George Th mas Dunlop was lorn at Otterbum, Fred- erick comity. Maryland, on March 25, 1845. He was edu- cated in a privati school, but being ambitious to earn his own wa\ in the world, prevailed upon hi- father to allow him to tr\ bis fortune, and on SepU nber 12. [860, at the THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 245 age of fifteen, he left home, having secured employment as clerk in the agricultural warehouse of his brother-in-law, where he labored for ten years, the first two for his board alone. In July, 1870, Mr. Dunlop succeeded in borrowing the money to buy out the business, and, taking in a partner, proceeded to lay the foundation of his career under the firm name of G. T. Dunlop & Co. The part- nership continued until 1878, Mr. Dunlop purchasing the interest of his partner, and remaining in business until 1890, at which time he retired, having in the twenty years conducted a remarkably successful and lucrative busi- ness. He had been for several years a director of the Washington and Georgetown Railro.U Companv, which When Mr. Dunlop took charge of the Washington and Georgetown Railroad its capital was $500,000, with a bonded indebtedness of $4,000,000. One of its neighbors was the Rock Creek Railroad, a suburban trolley line run- ning into the sparsely settled northwest section of the Dis- trict. By an act of Congress of March 3, 1895, this little company acquired the right to purchase any intersecting line of street railway in the District of Columbia, to change its name to the Capital Traction Company, and to issue the stock of the company to an amount necessary to com- plete such purchase. Seeing the advantages to be derived by the Washington and Georgetown Railroad Company under the act, .Mr. Dunlop succeeded in securing the con- MR. DUNLOP'S CITY RESIDENCE. was chartered June, 1862, and, foreseeing the possibilities in that direction, determined to take more interest in trac- tion matters. Therefore, in 1893. he was elected vice-presi- dent and manager of that road, and acted as president until January, 1894, when he was elected president of the com- pany. While vice-president he caused to be completed the extension of the cable system and general construction of the Washington and Georgetown Railroad, which had been ably installed under the management of his immediate prede- cessor. This beginning led up to the building of the present perfect underground electric system of street railroads which was accomplished under the management of Mr. Dunlop, and which has given to Washington one of the best street railroad systems in the world. sent of all the stockholders of both companies, and as a result on September 21, 1895, the Capital Traction Com- pany was formed. Stock to the amount of $12,000,000 was issued, with which all the stock and bonds of both com- panies were taken up. George T. Dunlop was elected presi- dent, which position he has fil'ed with admirable executive ability and uninterrupted success to this day. The cable system was operated steadily until September 21 1. 1K07. at which time the disastrous fire, so well remembered 1>\ residents of the District, occurred, when the central power station was completely destroyed. This fire took place at eleven o'clock at night, and was the cause of paralyzing the entire system. Mr. Dunlop was soon on the scene, and his fertile brain was quick to grasp the situation. What 246 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. would ha -< '1 many only seemed to spur him on to action, and a midnighl meeting of the employees was called al the Ebbitt House, at which a plan. was quickly devised, and Mr. Dunlop directed that cars should be run- ning by six o'clock in the morning. He, was laughed at. but he made good his word, and not on'y were cars running, but '.n a four-minute headway at that. How did he do it? By hiring horses temporarily, and later on he started in ind bought them day and night for a week. examining every horse personally, until he had secured over 700 head, which were afterwards sold for almost enough to cover the price paid for them. It was then decided to change the power from cable . and new contracts ail around were entered into. and materials, engines, 1. oilers, e'ectric plant, and every known up-to-date appliance was installed, and the entire He has perfected a system by which the running of a great traction system is made simp'e, and can easily dispose of the entire day's work, leaving nofhing over to the next day. All reports are made and receipts turned over to the treas- urer daily. By a simple system of comparison a record is kept of the receipts of each day, and of the same day the year previous, so at a glance he c?n tell whether there is a gain or a loss. Mr. Dunlop is prominent in many corporations and enterprises of the District. He is a director in the Wash- ington Title Insurance Company, the Union Trust and Storage Company, Washington Gas Light Company, the Fireman's Insurance Company, and also the Board of Trade. I le is a stockholder in many tanks and corpora- tions of the District, among them Riggs National Bank, Farmers and Mechanics Xational Bank, Merchants Trans- DUNLOP'S COUNTHl work was built, equipped and completed throughout in five months, and everything was in smooth running order. More than one thousand men were employed during this period, and no expense was spared by the company in get- ting the best thai mone_\ could procure. Mr. Dunlop, from the time of accepting the management, has ever had the t his employees at heart, and lost no time in per 1 ling bi tween employer and em- mpati) employs aboul one thousand p. r- each o„e must pass a rigid examination before 1,11,1 ' ' leanliness, punctuality and a With such people, the rest is easy. Tin -npany are al Union Station, md promptly at 9 \. m. Mr. Dunlop erve ,| u . , lai | v re p 0rl:s ,,,- „„. ■ erintendents of ca( 1, division. fer and Storage Company. On December 18, [867, Mi Dunlop married Emily Redin Kirk, of St. Mary's. Mar) 'and, granddaughter of the late William Redin, a respected lawyer of this city, and one of Georgetown's earliest in- habitants. Of this union there are six children living, as follows: < leorge Thomas Dunlop, Jr., a graduate of Prince- ton and Columbian Universities, a lawyer, and attorne) for the Capital Traction Company: Emily Redin Simms, Helen Dunlop, John Dunlop. a graduate of Princeton. and Johns Hopkins Universities; Grace Glasgow Dunlop and Walter Grafton Dunlop. Mr. Dunlop occupies as a summer resi- dence the old historic Dunlop homestead (Hayes), located in Montgomery county, Maryland, seven miles north of Washington, and the old house still contains die ver) furniture, fittings, cut glass, silverware, etc.. it did sevent) five years ago. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 247 The Washington Railway and Electric Company- Three years ago there were in this District twelve separate street railway companies. Today the greater portion of the same territory is served by one company. That is, in brief, the acquisitive record of the Washington Railway and Elec- tric Company. To an outsider that is sufficient summing up. The citizen, however, with swift recollection, can read between these lines enough in achievement and in results to make one of the most notable chapters in the record of the material development of the national capital. It is of little consequence to the average resident that millions of dollars were spent. What is known and appreciated in practically every household in the District is that the ad- vantages of a modern street railway system are available for public use. In the collection of the properties that passed into the control of the purchasing syndicate there were some with tern and a common water supply the unification of the old city and the entire District was completed. There were some exceptions. Perhaps the most notable were the street railroad lines. Acting under the authority of charters granted by Congress at the time when the conception of the entire District as the Federal city was not clearly realized, the street railway tracks stopped south of Florida avenue. A few feet away on the other side of this ancient boundary the jurisdiction of another company holding its charter from Congress began. The separation was not merely a question of so many lineal feet, for that could have been borne by the patient citizen. But it was a question also of another fare. And that was serious. There was another consequence of this attempt to en- cumber the limbs of the growing city with the swaddling clothes of childhood. The profits of the business which the trunk lines enjoyed, arising from the increase in the population which was then struggling for more room. OFFICES AND DEPOT OF THE WASH up-to-date equipment. The service on some lines, as far as it went, was admirable. But there was no general trans- fer system. There were no official relations between what were called erroneously city and suburban lines. The old Boundary street of the city, christened in modern clays Florida avenue, had much of the significance to the rail- road companies that was attached to it when it became, more than one hundred years ago by sanction of President Washing-ton, the northern limit of the new Federal city. In its development, however, the city of Washington had disregarded the old lines of a hundred years ago. The population flowed out and occupied the farm lands. Rows of houses appeared in the old-time rural districts, while Congress, the sole source of legislation in the District, rec- ognized that the city bounds and the bounds of the Dis- trict must hereafter be the same. So there was provided one municipal government for the entire District, with a police force and a fire department that had for their territory sixty-nine square miles. With one school svs- RAILWAY JD ELECTRIC COMP/ were not available either in whole or in part to provide the needed facilities beyond the old urban limits. In the opening period of development in the suburbs the receipts from the suburban lines were never adequate for operating expenses and fixed charges, much less dividends to stock- holders. What was the result? Poor equipment and poor service. The public suffered and so did those who put their money in such enterprises. .Much credit is due to the public-spirit of men who contributed towards the building up of these pioneer roads. It was the system, as is now seen clearly, that was at fault. In general this was the condition some three years ago. When men with foresight and with confidence in their judgment came and looked over the street railway situa- tion they saw what was needed, and they proceeded to carry out one of the most colossal undertakings of the sort that has ever been witnessed in this vicinity. It was by no means self-evident that these men were right. The pros- pect was not alluring, because of the kind and condition 248 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. of the strecl railway properties and the entire failure on the pari of many of them to evince any of those qualities that are recognized and appreciated b) the careful investor. I„ the financial world their stocks and bonds, to a large had no standing whatever. Most of the mads were ■ ,. :,, the principal trunk lines: others had their beginning ' "ter of population - from the places where people wanted to g and wandered off through the fields and « Is of the surrounding country. j in the city, horse-cars were still in ■ . or two of the others the equipment of an underground electrical system was up to date, yet in the majority of cases the appliances were ineffective and frcquenth useless. As to the road-beds, the) served a use- demonstrating the topographic character of by men who saw the possibilities of a splendid street rail- way system adequate for the needs of a growing and pros- perous city like Washington. The result of these extensive series of purchases was the acquiring of the following properties: The Metropolitan Railroad Company, the Co- lumbia Railway Company, the Anacostia and Potomac River Railroad Company, the Capital Railway Company, the City and Suburban Railway of Washington, the Brightwood Railway Company, the Washington, Woodside and Forest Glen Railway and Power Company, the Georgetown and Tennallytbwn Railway Company, the Washington and Rock- ville Railway Company, the Washington and Glen Echo Railroad Company, and the Washington and Great Falls Electric Railway Company. Control was also secured of the United States Electric Lighting Company ami the Po- %wtt l -til!_ifl ( POWER HOUSE OF THE WASHINGTON RAILWAY AND ELECTRIC CON the land a- ilie\ brought i" the consciousness of passengers who were trying to think of other things frequent and painful suggestions thai the physical condition of the coun- i like that of the smooth and hard prairies of the West. Then, tod, when one -lanced behind or ahead of the car and saw the slender creations winch had beer .1: ■ ■ the Macks over of the picturesque suburbs, ii was ihle i" derive that gratification from the cnntcmpl; scener) which dines to the mind tl mi immediate causes of anxiety. 1 the wobbling tracks in nowhere and ended about in the Hinted bonds — were all bought tomac Electric Power Company, as it was believed the) might be operate. 1 in harmony with the railroads. Change of ownership, important as it was. marked only the be- ginning of this realh g : gantic undertaking. Following the preliminary step came that era of railroad construction and reconstruction that ended, not merely when sonic four millions of dollars had been spent, hut when the finest road- beds possible bad been provided. Entire roads were rebuilt and long stretches of new lines were constructed, as for ex- ample, the hue to Rockville. Steel bridges were substi- tuted for wooden trestles, and double tracks were put down iii place of single tracks. Stone ballasting was done for miles and miles, and no item of substantial construction known to modem builders was omitted. Underground con- duits were put down, in a style that costs $100,000 per mile THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 249 of double track. The entire system comprising 160 miles of railway tracks was placed in as good condition as money and brains could provide. In the meantime an effort was made to bring all these interests under one harmonious management, not an easy task when one considers the ■rDERMOTT variety that was found in the eleven separate and distinct organizations constituting this system. It was a variety not only in methods, but in equipment. All sorts and condi- tions of cars were in use, with fittings that represented the various stages through which the appliances of the electric street railway had passed. There was, of course, no sched- ule in common, as the roads were operated without much regard to each other and the transfer system was still to be devised. While construction and reconstruction were being car- ried on, problems of administration were being considered with the view of having throughout the entire system such freedom of transfer and convenience of schedule as would provide the public with the best possible facilities. The acquisition of the properties and the construction of the various lines having been completed, attention is now being paid to the details which are essential to complete stand- ardization and uniformity of rolling stock and other equip- ment. It is not claimed that perfection has been or will lie attained, for if that was so, then this system would be out of harmony with everything else which is under the management of mere human beings. Progress in that di- rection is being made, and when consideration is given lint which has been done in the short space of time, it will no doubt be admitted that there is an extremely pleasing prospect almost in full view. As it is, the residents of Washington are able to ride from one end of the District to the other; from beyond Brightwood on the north to the heights beyond Anacostia in the south, from the eastern to the western borders, rapid transit is provided at the rate of four and one-sixth cents for each individual. There are other cities, no doubt, where the nickel will take a passenger quite as far as one of the six tickets which can be bought for twenty-five cents, but in no other place, with the partial exception of New York city, is the expensive underground electric system in use. The city of Washington not only enjoys the facilities and comforts of modern transit, but her streets are free from the overhead wires and the trolley poles which elsewhere are so obstructive and unsightly. Complete as is the present network of tracks, yet it is the belief of those who ought to know that there is still territory to cover. At the beginning of the present year an extension of the Connecticut avenue line to Park street. Mount Pleasant, was completed. Congress has given the company authority to continue the Eleventh street line northward into Holmead Manor. Then, too, the line which extends into Maryland, past Hyattsville, is connected with a road that goes to Laurel. Active work is now in progress in building an electric road between Washington and Balti- more, with also a line to Annapolis. The cars of this inter- urban road are to pass into the District over the tracks of the Washington Railway and Electric Company to the ter- minal at Fifteenth and H streets, northeast. What all this signifies to the business interests of the city as well as to the citizens in general may be difficult to express in a brief space. It is, however, sufficient to note that prosperity. with a capital " I'." so closely fo to demonstrate the sequence of can most careless. There is more busi opportunities for the producer, an choice open to the home-seeker anc (ARRIES lows such conditions as se ami effect even to the less for merchant, wider 1 a more varied field of the home-buyer because 32 25° THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. of the existence of the facilities provided by a comprehensive of streel railroad with modern equipment. If prop- erly value- near the center of things bear no proportion to the lean purse and the slender income, then the street cars ,1, to find a locality where exact harmony can be established between the financial " musts " and '' don'ts." The Washington Railway and Electric Company, which, while it controls all the railroads named at the outset, con- tains only the old Metropolitan, Columbia and Croat Falls Companies, also controls the Potomac Power Company, the source of supply of all the power needed for electric light- ing purposes in the cit) and nearly all necessary for the opcrati t the railroad lines mentioned. The Potomac Company, which recently absorbed the United States Elec- tric Lighting Company, has a great central station at Four- teenth and B streets, northwest, with its 15,000 horse power, and a plant at Thirty-third and Water streets, with 3,000 horse power. In addition to supplying the motive power of 160 mi!cs of street railway tracks, these plants operate in- nl lamp- by the hundred thousand, nearly onethou- sand street arc-lamps, and independent motors aggregating 3,000 horse power. The current is transmitted through hundred- of ton- of copper wire laid in conduits, the lineal •11. 111 of which exceeds 1,250,000 duct feet. The rapid adoption of the electric current to do all kinds of work is '.ue mi' the astonishing feature- of the present stage of what ha- come to he called the electrical age. In the household, as well as for electrical purposes, the con- venience, economy and cleanliness of electricity are being cognized. It nol onl) furnishes the illumination fm- residences, hut ii cooks the meals, rings the hells, heats the irons in the laundry, gives the proper temperature to the curling tongs in the boudoir, runs the sewing machines and lends it- aid to the perfecting of the dainty concoctions of tin- chafing dish. \- a source of light and heat the elec- tric current i- becoming more and more a factor in modern lit',-. It is now proposed. h\ the Potomac Electric Power Compam to unite the force of the Potomac River with that of -team in tin- production of electricit) to supply the mani- fold local demand-. A short tinn- ago this company ac- quired rights in tin- Great Falls Power Company, and is now proceeding to develop the thousands of horse power which have so long gone t" waste a few miles above the city. Wiih such increased facilities the compart) will be llppl) electric power at a rate which would he im- if tin- production was undertaken on a limited lie -mall manufacturer can buy this power much than he can produce it. and the electric supply avail hich modern needs have developed will 111 ideal city. At tl companies which control these in in I .. Mel lermott. a lawyer of business man of extraordinarj found time t<> serve his stale in a nuin: .id was for many ity. I le is a re- elected member of the House of Representatives from the seventh district of Xew Jersey. He is a great power in financial circles, his opinion as to intricate corporate affairs being much in demand, especially with regard to street rail- road matters. He therefore brought to the place he now occupies a knowledge of its duties and responsibilities which made it possible for him to accomplish a great many things most desirable in the local situation. He considers that he is fortunate in having the counsel and assistance of Gen. George H. Harries, who is the vice- president of the companies. General Harries acquired his first interest in railroads out West, and he has not lost that ability to hustle which is believed to be a characteristic of men living in that section of the country. When he eats and sleeps is a problem that none of those who are associated with him in business have been able to solve. The employes of the road have long ago abandoned the hope of ever being able to find an answer, for it is their experience that General Harries is likely to be met with in car barn or along the line at any hour of the day or night. When he was president of the old Metropolitan Company, from which time his entry into street railroad business in this city dates, he had the same reputation for keeping a sleepless eye on business. The other officers of the companies are H. W. Fuller, general manager : James B. Lackey, secretary : W. F. Ham. comptroller; J. T. Moffett, superintendent of transporta- tion; L. E. Sinclair, general superintendent, and E. S. Mar- low, treasurer, of the Potomac Electric Power Company. TELEPHONE SYSTEM. The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Com- pany. — Although less than twenty-seven years have elapsed since the invention of the telephone, modern intercourse has become so regulated with reference to its use that it has become a public necessity. From its inception in an office on G street twenty-five years ago. when it consisted of hut two lines, strung over housetops, one to the Capitol and the other to the office of a local newspaper, and con- nected by a crude switching device, the system of the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company has devel- oped so that it now embraces more than 10.000 telephones in the District of Columbia, three general exchanges, pri vate branch exchanges in all the Government departments and in many hotels, apartment houses and places of busi- ness, and a splendid system of underground conduits, poles and wires. The plant, however, is still in a slate of transition, for. unfortunately, for many years, because of the enactment in isss of a law prohibiting the stringing of additional wires over the streets of the city, and the revocation by Congress shortly afterwards of the power of the Commis- sioners of the District to issue permits for underground construction, the company, which was the first in the world to place its wires underground, had been unable to extend THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 25 1 its plant to the extent necessary to supply demands for service in many localities. But in the month of June, 1902, Congress restored the authority of the Commissioners to issue conduit permits and already more than twelve miles of additional conduits have been constructed by the company in the northwestern section of the city, and it is planning to construct about fifteen miles more during the present season, partly in Georgetown and on Capitol Hill. This has made it possible to establish a new ex- change to serve the northwestern residence section, and one is now in course of erection at the corner of Four- teenth and R streets. A new main exchange building is also in course of erection on the site of Nos. 722 and 724 Twelfth street, northwest The new buildings will be modern fireproof structures, of steel, granite, Indiana lime- stone and cream brick and will be ornaments to the city. They will both be equipped with the latest and most perfect type of switchboard, of 10,000 line capacity each, and all telephones connected with them will be operated by what is known as the common battery or central energy system. The remarkable increase in the use of the telephone in recent years in the sections in which the company has had facilities for installing them has been contributed to by many causes, among them a growing recognition of the many and varied ways in which a comprehensive and efficient telephone system may be of use, but the principal cause has doubtless been the adoption recently of the mes- sage rate plan for charging for service, which has enabled those desiring telephones to obtain them at a cost com- mensurate with the amount of service rendered by the company as measured by the number of messages origin- ating at each station. The flat rate, which was a fixed annual charge for the telephone regardless of the number of times it was used, was found, after years of experience, to be based upon an erroneous principle and impracticable, for, if high enough to be remunerative, it was too high for small users and persons who could not afford a telephone as a luxury ; if low enough to be within the means of all who desired telephones, it must be unremunerative. Upon the adoption of the message rate the number of telephones began rapidly to increase. To illustrate, up to January 1, 1898, when the message rate was first introduced, there were but 2,106 telephones in service in the District of Columbia. During the little more than five years that have elapsed since, the number has increased to about 10,000 — an increase in five years nearly five times as great as the total growth in the previous twenty years. With these extended conduit facilities, up to date cen- tral office equipment and the rational and equitable plan of rates now in effect, it is not hard to imagine much greater strides in the development of the local system than the last five years have produced, and it seems more than probable that within a few years Washington will have a plant serving at least 25,000 subscribers, with a service as efficient as the very best equipment and facilities can make it. WASHINGTON GAS LIGHT. Washington Gas Light Company. — In no industry has more rapid strides been made or more improved meth- ods introduced than in the manufacture of illuminating gas, and of the thousands of plants scattered about the United States, there is none with better facilities for the manu- facture of this necessity than the Washington Gas Light Company. Early in the eighteenth century experiments were first made in England which clearly demonstrated the practicability of the invention, and in consequence, to England belongs the credit of the invention. Yet to Amer- ica and the inventive turn of the Yankee belongs the honor of bringing it to its present high state of perfection. Gas was first introduced in this city by Mr. Crutchett, an in- ventor, who operated a few solar gas lamps between the Capitol gate and his residence, at the corner of First and C streets. This was in January, 1847, and on December 29, 1848, after continuous experimenting, the East Room at the White House was lighted with it to the entire satis- faction of the President and others. Mr. Crutchett was then engaged in erecting his gas works in Washington. The same year marked the origin of the Washington Gas Light Company, for the purpose of supplying the citi- zens of Washington with " solar gas," it appearing that this gas could be successfully manufactured from oil. On Janu- ary 14, 1850, this company published an address to the public, in which they said they were able to furnish gas light equal to that from 75,000 cubic feet of coal gas per day. From further experience, however, it was found that the manufacture of solar gas could not be made a success, and the company erected coal gas works east of Four and a Half street, between Maryland avenue and the city canal, on square C. The main buildings were eight in number. The smokestack or tower was 70 feet high and the excava- tion for the gasometer was 90 feet in diameter and 20 feet deep. The walls were ^A f eet thick and required 400,000 brick. The old gas works were south of Tenth street and cost $100,000, and the new works cost $150,000, making the cost of the new establishment $250,000. About the 1st of January, 1852 (fifty years ago), the new establishment commenced furnishing to the inhabitants of Washington coal gas from coal. Pipes were laid from the works on square C up to Four and a Half street, to Pennsylvania avenue, and then both ways on the avenue toward the Capitol and the President's House. A few extracts from a circular published by the company March 14, 1856, over the signature of Mr. Silas H. Hill, then president, may prove interesting to some of our readers. " Since the completion of the new works, in 1851, the board have constantly acted on the design of supplying all the habitable parts of the city with gas, having laid in this period nearly twenty miles of street mains. The aver- age annual consumption of gas is less here, in proportion to length of street mains, than in any other city. This com- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON pany has thirty miles of street mains and an annual average consumption of 944,000 cubic feet of gas per mile. In Baltimore the average is [,648,000 cubic feet per each mile of pipe; in Philadelphia it is 2,083,000; in New York, o; in Boston, 2,700,000; in Albany, 2,000,000; -in Brooklyn, [,330,000; in St. Louis, [,318,000, and in Charles- inn, [,546,000. In most of these cities also the average number of consumers of gas on every hundred feet of street main- is five, while the number in Washington is not quite one. The gas is manufactured, condensed and puri- fied in the mosl approved manner, and the intention has always been to produce the ver) best quality. Superior bituminous coals suitable for this purpose, and at high prices, have been procured with this view, and the board i.ni that, with rare exceptions, the gas has been equal to that used in any city throughout the Union. With a capital of $424,000, actually and economically expended now that amount is made every hour of the day. Its list of 1,600 consumers has grown to over 30,000, and its taxes have increased from $1,000 a year to largely over $i l ooo a week. It has not only kept pace with the growth of population, but has outrun it by an enormous per cent., the price of gas declining and the quality of it improving all the while. The officers of the company have been as follows: Presidents, John H. Callan, July 14, 1848, to April 14, 1849; Ulysses Ward, April 14, 1849, to January 2, 185 1; Silas H. Hill, January 2, 1851, to June 1, 1856; George W. Riggs, June 1, 1856, to November 11, 1864; Barnabas H. Bartol, November 11. [864, to November 15, 1883; George A. Mclllhenny, November 15, 1883. to Octo- ber, 1892; John R. McLean, October 29. 1892, to the present time. Secretaries, Jacob Bige'.ow, E. Lindsay, Jos- eph F. Brown, Charles B. Bailey, William B. Orme. Treas- 333 . . Ill CY IffPii, '!'. OFFICES OF THE WASh 111 the business and unincumbered by debt, with works of acknowledged excellent'! and 1 ipablc ol producing a supply of superior pas equal to an) demand; with thirty miles of vering, as with a network, almost all the " the citj and so laid as to admit of any h 1,681 consumers, and this number tematized and now gen- I, the conipam have every motive for nol ir utmost requirement, ol fas from time to time, >h<" ad lahle improvement and the justify." X > °> had thirl> miles of mains : now it li 1 lay while IGTON GAS LIGHT COMPANY. urers, Whitman C. Bestor, Charles B. Bailey. Charles C. Glover and John C. Poor, ^.ssistanl secretaries, James D. Clay, William B. Orme and Sanford X. Whitwell. Engin- eers, George \. Mclllhenny and James S. Mclllhenny, the present superintendent of gas works. \i the present time John Leelch is general manager of the company; W. F. Hart, assistant manager: James Wilkinson, superintendent of distribution: A. B. Kelly. cashier, and Arthur B. Claxton, chief clerk. The present ho.ud of directors consists of John R. McLean. James W. 1 >nne. George T. Dunlop, R. II. Goldsborough* and John Mclllhenny, Prominent among the able men who were long identified with this company, rendered it great services and who died iii its directorate, were John C. Bullil of Phil adelphia and William B, Webb of Washington. CHAPTER XXI BUSINESS INTERESTS AND MANUFACTURES. \SHINGTON is not a manufacturing city. It it to this fact, indeed, that it owes the presence of many of its wealthy citi- zens. Nevertheless, in no other city, in proportion to the number of the inhabi- tants, is retail trade so flourishing. The Government departments take the place of extensive manufacturing establish- ments, supplying to many thousands regu- lar incomes, creating comfortable homes J and the prosperous business houses neces- sary to supply the workers with food, clothing and luxuries. This explains what business men from other cities fre- quently puzzle over: How the city has grown to so large a population without more extensive manufactures. In fact these have never been sought after, nor encouraged here as elsewhere. Love of a beautiful city, coupled with the fear that too much manufacturing, too much commercialism, would interfere with its artistic development, has operated as a check upon its growth in the productive line. This feeling, however, was not well founded, and is gradually being eradicated. Nature has accorded from her great wealth such natural advantages as few cities possess, and which in any other part of the United States would have been put to great advantage long ere this. The founders of the city realized these possibilities, and there is abundant evi- dence, in the writings of Washington, Jefferson and Madi- son, they believed that in less than half a century it would take front rank in the commerce and trade of the Atlantic seaboard. The vast river, navigable for deep-water vessels to the very wharves of the city and for light draught boats by aid of canals, far inland ; the power to be had by the utilization of the falls only a few miles away, all combined to make their sanguine predictions appear most just and reasonable. The application of steam to land transportation wrought no greater change in the world than in the destiny of the young Federal City during the nineteenth century. Had it not dethroned water transportation the expectations of Washington and his associates would have been realized. The application of water power to the manufacture of elec- tricity now bids fair to more than make up in the twentieth century what has been lost in the nineteenth. From a commercial point of view the city of Wash- ington, when founded, was nearer to old England than to New England. Sailing packets, one of the best of which was called Mount Vernon, plied between London and Alex- andria, then the principal city on the Potomac. The road south from New York, or rather from Elizabeth, N. J., was fairly good as far as Philadelphia, although it took the fast stage coach — at that time facetiously advertised in the city papers as "The Flying-Machine" — the better part of two days to make the trip. South of Philadelphia the road was well defined as far as Baltimore, but south of that city were dense forests and many tracks made by various drivers to avoid some mudhole discovered on a previous trip. South of the Potomac traveling by horseback was safer. President Jefferson made frequently the hundred mile journey between Monticello and Washington, invar- iably on horseback. Writing to his Attorney General in 1801, he says: "Of eight rivers between here and Wash- ington, five have neither bridges nor boats." To overcome the natural obstacles to trade and com- merce the States of Maryland and Virginia had been at work for many years before the embryo city on the Potomac- became the capital of the nation. Thousands of dollars had been expended to make navigable the Potomac as far west as Harpers Ferry and the Shenandoah and other tributary streams were already bearing to a seaboard market the produce of far interior farms. Manufactures upon a small scale began to spring up at Alexandria, Georgetown and Washington to supply in turn the wants of the shippers of produce. The first record of a manufacturing establishment in this city was Wilson & Handy's furniture shop, " on New Jersey avenue between the Episcopal Church and the Sugar House." A nail factory on F street was second and the shoe factory of John Minchen, brought here from Philadelphia, third. A hat maker came in 1803. The most important manufacturing enterprise of the first decade was " Tunstalks patent threshing machine," price $150, which with the aid of two horses or oxen, would thresh about three hundred bushels of wheat a day. Mayor Robert Brent called a meeting of citizens June 21, 1808, to consider ways and means to encourage home manufactures in the Territory of Columbia. John Law was secretary, and the editor of the National Intelligencer. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Samuel Harrison Smith, presented resolutions setting forth the vario h) the citj was "eminently fitted for attaining manufacturing importance." A committee was appointed to report a plan, and at a subsequent meeting it tl to organize the " Columbia Manufacturing Com- pany," with a capital stock of $30,000, shares $25 each, to manufacture "cotton, wool, hemp and flax, and to promote other domestic manufactures." The companj was organized on the 22nd of February of the next year. Its factory was located at Greenleaf's Point and was operated several years, but does not appear to have paid many dividends to the sto rkho'.ders. Foxall's foundry, located near Georgetown, was known throughout tin- Union, for here were manufactured the cannon which battered British vessels on Lake Erie in the war of 1812. Henry Foxall, tin- owner of this foundry. was a former partner of Robert Morris, in the same busi- ness in Philadelphia. When the British captured Wash- ington, Foxall's foundry escaped destruction, probably ow- 111- to their ignorance of its location, and being a devout man. he established at the corner of Fourteenth and G streets tin- Foundry M. E. Church, recently torn down to make room for the new office building being erected by Thomas E. Walsh. The old foundry was operated after its first owner's death bj General John Mason and a con- parl of all tin- artillery used by this Government in the war with Mexico was cast there. Later it became a distillery, but before the civil war it was converted into a flouring mil'. \fier 1814, manufacturing of all kinds nourished. The earl\ records of the patent oilier show many inventions which were afterwards made and sold here. Fire engines, woolen and cotton clothing, blankets, knit goods, glass, paper, roller! iron, carding and spinning machinery, ropes. leather, etc., of the very best quality, were a'l products of tip- new city's industries. In 1844, having lost a large flouring mill l>\ fire, George ' . Bomford erected a four- "ii factory, in which were operated one hundred I us and three thousand spindles. The power to run was furnished l>\ a water wheel thirt) feet in machinery in this mill was exempted from b\ the authorities of Georgetown, where it was 1 one hundred and lift \ feel long, <>l beam, was built in 1851. \ still larger to Mount \ ernon and a ferr) boat for the W ash ■ It in route, were built the sam ' I iitut . manufai tories multiplied Washingtonians are not accustomed to rather than consumi 1 miination of the latest census ai behind in the tomed to f gas in this cih i he production • dates hack to mi 111 honor of the reunion of the Army of the Cumberland in 1881, when the statue of General Thomas was dedicated. The first experimental electric lighting plant was established and operated in " The Washington Post " building, then owned by Stilson Hutchins, at the corner of Tenth and D streets, northwest. From this small beginning has grown the pres- ent elaborate electric systems, which light the city and oper- ate railways to every corner of the District and far into the adjacent States. A comparison of the census figures for the last three enumerations will show- very clearly how rapidly Washing- ton is forging ahead in the manufacturing w-orld. In 1880. 970 establishments were reported, having invested $5,527,- 52(1, employing 7,146 persons and turning out finished products valued at $11,882,316. In 1890, 2,300 establish- ments were enumerated, having capital of $28,876,258, em- ploying 27,.4/j hands, paying $14,638,790 in wages and products valued at $39,296,259. In 1900 the establishments enumerated were 2,754, with a total capital invested of $41,981,245. The wage earners numbered nearly 27,000, the cost of materials used was $19,369,571, and the value of all the finished products was $47,667,622, an increase in the decade of 21.2 per cent. The figures of the two last censuses include the work of Government manufactories located in the District. Senator Stephen B. Elkins is one who believes and says that Washington is destined to be a great commercial metropolis. His faith is expressed most clearly in the finan- cial support he is giving to the newly projected ( 'Id Domin- ion and Great Fa'ls electric railway, to be built along the Virginia shore of the Potomac. In a recent interview given to the Washington Post, Senator Elkins said: "I believe that the western hank of the Potomac from Washington to the Great Falls will he lined with manufacturing establish- ments before many years. They will do a business aggre- gating m ui\- millions of dollars a year and employing many thousands of men. The Great Falls and the Little Falls are wasting millions of horse power yearly. Everything is favorable to such a development. The growth of any ureal city without manufacturing is unnatural. The Poto- mac river will he in a measure the dividing line between the residence and manufacturing sections, and this will obviate am disagreeable features which a strictly business metropolis may have and which Washington has escaped. There is no reason win the best lover of Washington should object to ;t great commercial development along the west hank of the Potomac, when such a development will greatlj add to the wealth of the city itself." Interested in this manufacturing development with Senator Elkins is John R. McLean. \ tract of forty-five acres of land has been purchased for the power house of the projected electric line, just north of the propert) of the Great Falls Power Company, and the right of way for the line the entire distance to Washington, has been secured. Congress will he asked at its next session to give a right of way across the Aqueduct bridge and thence through the cit\ to Mount Olivet Cemetery, on the Eladensburg road. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 255 Just at the present time the most activity is noticed in the production of every class of building material. Never before in the history of the city has there been so much building actually in progress, such extensive plans for the future, so much money appropriated for new Government buildings. So great is the demand for materials that prices have increased with a bound, stone, brick and wood keep- ing pace with each other. The mercantile history of the city is also interesting. As Washington had newspapers in its infancy, it is easy to trace the depe 1 opment of business in its various lines through the advertisements. The earliest business houses were country stores, keeping for sale everything from iron pots to ladies' dressing tables, from home-made ten-penny nails to the finest imported mathematical instruments. Phil- adelphia and Baltimore were the wholesale depots and schooners and ships the sole means of transporting freight from those cities. The census of 1803 gave 21 merchants, 19 tailors, 2 booksel'ers and 2 grocers. A " country fair," lasting three days, was held in May, 1805, to attract farmers to the city to buy of the merchants. Farm produce, vege- tables, etc., were frequently brought from Connecticut and other Northern States in sloops and schooners and sold at the wharves here. Among the first merchants who established themselves here were Henry Ingle, . John Barnes, Samuel Mclntyre, Kid, Eliot & Co., Adlington & Powers, Sharpless & Smith, Stewart & Beall, William S. Nicholls, and Tunis Chaven. In 1808, the Washington Commercial 'Company was organ- ized to do a general wholesale business. Joseph Forrest was president of the company, which was managed by a board of twelve directors. Those first chosen were : Thomas Tingey, Peter Mi'ler, John McGowan, C. W. Goldsborough, Joseph Forrest, James D. Barry, Alexander Kerr, Adam Lindsay, John P. Van Ness, William Prout, Samuel X. Smallwood and James Cassin. It was not until the early 50's that the merchants organized for protection and to aid in building up the city. At the annual meeting of the " Merchants' Exchange," December 5, 1856, G. W. Riggs, W. B. Todd, Hudson Taylor, M. W. Gait, Philip Otterback and John II. Semmes, each representing a city ward, were appointed a committee " to urge upon the city authorities the absolute necessity of erecting a new market house in the central portion of the city." This organization did not continue during the civil war period. The Hoard of Trade of the District of Columbia was organized in October, 1865, Alexander R. Shepherd being- one of the prime movers. It was this body that first began to urge upon Congress the consolidation under one form of government the cities of Georgetown and Washington and the outlying district on this side the Potomac. The Washington Board of Trade, the present existing body, was organized December 2, 1889. Its first officers were : President, Myron M. Parker ; vice-presidents, S. W. Woodward and S. E. Wheatley ; secretary, Alexander D. Anderson ; treasurer, B. H. Warner ; general counsel, A. T. Britton. This organization now undertakes and car- ries out a wide range of work, resulting in great benefit to the city and its business interests. Nowhere are the merchants and business men more wide awake and up-to- date in their methods, nor more energetic in fostering enterprises that will increase the population of the city, or its commercial, financial or educational advantages. It is a pleasure to give in this connection a historical and bio- graphical resume of some of the most prominent business firms and individuals. Woodward and Lothrop.— The "Boston Dry Goods House," or as it is more generally termed "The Boston Store," is perhaps more widely known throughout the country than any other establishment of a like character. In February, 1880, in the very unpretentious building, No. 705 Market space, Samuel W. Woodward and Alvin M. Lothrop launched the present business. From the outset success rewarded their diligence, and in the summer of the same year the premises adjoining, No. 709, were added. Not long after, the lack of space rendered it necessary for them to secure larger quarters and removal was made to No. 921 Pennsylvania avenue. The year 1887 found their business increasing to such an extent that they were again compelled to remove for lack of space. It was at this juncture of their business career they determined upon leaving the then principal business street — Pennsylvania avenue — and finding the sorely needed room in a location where expansion was possible if necessary. Notwithstand- ing the many prophecies of dire results in thus leaving the old confines of the retail trade, the new location at Eleventh and F streets proved a step in the right direction. The business prospered and increased more largely than in the past, other merchants followed their lead, and F street assumed its position as the business centre of the city. From time to time Messrs. Woodward & Lothrop have added to their selling space, until to-day they occupy the entire block from Tenth to Eleventh street, and from F to G street, with the exception of the Equitable and an adjoin- ing building at the Tenth street corner. Of the buildings covering this space the new structure just completed occu- pies the northern half of the block. This building is one of the handsomest and most perfectly constructed of the recent fireproof structures erected throughout the country, to be devoted to merchandising. In the eight stories not a single square inch of space has been overlooked in pro- viding for the comfort of patrons and employes. The elegance of fixtures and appointments is especially notice- able, and the quality of stocks represented is of the highest possible standard. Exclusive offices and representatives in both New York and Paris, and extensive connections throughout the entire continent of Europe are maintained, thus affording channels of 'direct supply and advance ideas enjoyed by but few establishments. The basis upon which the business of this firm is conducted is : " Trustworthy goods only at uniformly correct prices ; all purchases re- turnable within a reasonable time for re-imbursement if uninjured and accompanied by sales-check." !,'. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. To unremitting perseverance, never flagging indus- try large purchasing capacity and equally large outlet, absolute justice al all times, anticipating needs of patrons, pace with the city's growth and the bending oi eac h thought, effort and energ) towards making this store the representative institution of the capital city, is alone attributable its large su Samuel Walter Woodward was born in Damaris- cotta, Lincoln county, Maim-, aboul fifty-two years ago, active as in earlier youth. He is esteemed the Colonial Fire Insurance Company, president of the Board of Charities, trustee of the Columbian University, member of the board of managers of the Public Library, member of the executive committee and board of directors of the Washing- ton Board of Trade, member of the board of directors of the Washington Loan and Trust Company, member of the Co- lumbia Association of Baptist Churches of the District of Columbia, member of the Archaeological Institute of Amer- ica, member of Almas Temple, member of Lafayette Lodge. No. 19, F. A. A. M.: member of the Sons of the Revo- GOODS HOUSE. and loved •nc nif tlu 11 who do and is iciales a-- well a.' amples o s nol waste lime i> to ex ■in- uti and has sand dol with talk, hut end a helping thousands in hundred thou- ol the Young Men's Mr. Woodward is vic< ed thousands u| given more thai the mal Metropolitan I'.nnk : prcs- il 1 ompaivy.' president of Distric iingt( >n onnect( Columbii .'i\. member ion of New societies an< .1 th Yorl I leorge Washington Memorial Associ; City, and is connected with many othei tutions. Mr. Woodward's greatest pleasure is in aiding and helping forward the Christian work of the Y. M. C. A. He devotes his time and money to this most laudable en- deavor. Through his labors and gifts, the young men of the citj of Washington have opportunities and privileges hitherto unattainable, where they ma) be strengthened into better life. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 257 SAMUEL WALTER WOODWARD A. M« Lothrop was born in South Acton, Massachu- setts, about fifty-four years ago, and has been associated with Mr. S. W. Woodward in the dry goods business since 1870. He is vice-president of .the Union Savings Bank, director in the Equitable Building Association, member of Lafayette Lodge, No. 19, F. A. A. M. ; member of Mount Vernon Chapter, Washington Commandery, and Almas Temple ; president of the Acetylene Company, member of the Sons of the Revolution, member of the Mayflower Society, and interested in many other institutions of the city. Mr. Lothrop's large acquaintance and genial and affable nature have made endless friendships for both the firm and himself. Frank Hume, wholesale grocer, is descended from the ancient Scotch border family of Hume or Home, which has produced many men of distinction in literature and business. George Hume, the second son of Sir George Hume, of Wedderburn Castle, Berwickshire, Scotland, with his father and uncle Francis, joined in the rebellion in favor of Prince Charles, in 1715. In the action at Preston they were captured, and on July 4th, 1716, were tried and con-, demned. Through powerful family influence they were pardoned, Sir George dying in 1720. The following year his son George emigrated with his uncle Francis to the colony of Virginia, settling in St. George Parish. County of Spotsylvania, where he adopted the profession of sur- veyor, receiving, his appointment from William and Mary College in 1737, and in 1751 be was appointed by the crown as surveyor of Orange county, which at that time extended from Spotsylvania county to the Ohio River. FRANK HUME Many of his original field notes, including the original notes of Frederick county, are still in existence. His surveys are known to have extended to the vicinity of Staunton, in the county of Augusta. He also did much surveying with Washington, who was many years his junior. He surveyed the site of the present city of Fredericksburg, and was one of the surveyors in the settlement of the dispute arising from the Fairfax grant. His uncle Francis was appointed by Governor Spotswood, his kinsman, as his factor, and had much to do with the first venture in America of an iron furnace located at Germanna. on the Rapidan River. This colony of Spotswood was composed of German Prot- estants, who were brought by the governor to Virginia for the purpose of making iron, which venture not proving a profitable one, was abandoned as well as the settlement. The only reminder of the great expectations never realized is the old mill race, in a fair state of preservation, and two ancient stone chimneys which stand like lonely sentinels on the hill overlooking the red waters of the Rapidan. 25* THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. led by Zachan Tayli I [e married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Mr. George C. Proctor, of St. George Parish. man and large landed proprietor, ( (ctober [6, 17-7. to whom were born six sons. From the second, Francis, h is descended. 1 te was a planter in the count) of Culpeper, where he married Elizabeth Duncan, by whom four sons and two daughters were born. ■id son, Armistead, also a planter, married Priscilla Calvin, daughter of John and Sarah Calvin, December 25, I died in Culpeper county, January m. [815. The) and one daughter. Charles, the youngest of the -"n-. was born July t, [814, and married Frances Rawlins, daughter of Major Levi Rawlins and Columbia College, the well-known tutor, Mr. Zalmon Rich- ards, being principal. After remaining' in Washington a few years, his father purchased a farm near the old town of Bladensburg, in Maryland, where his son attended the acad- emy. At the age of sixteen he obtained a clerical situation in the wholesale house of Edward Hall until the breaking out of hostilities between the States, and in the latter end of July, 1861, it seemed to him a duty to answer the call of his native State, Virginia, and he left Washington. Cross- ing the Potomac at Pope's Creek with a party of young men. he reached Manassas, where he joined the Volunteer Southerns, the famous company formerly commanded by Jefferson Davis in the Mexican War. but now of the Twen- ty-first Mississippi Regiment. Barksdale's Brigade. He par- MR HUME'S COUNTRY RESIDENCE. ■>. "ii June 21, 1836. Major Rawlins was 11 V Rawlins, Secretan of War, am was appointed cond auditor's office of nt, which he held at the lime of his By this marriage were born seven hi i rank, was born [843, the fain father at that n, .md after 1 . ith and Twelfth licipated in the battles of Seven Pines, Savage Station, rid Heights, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, December 11 and 13, [862; Marye's Heights, Ma) ,; and 4, 1863; Gettysburg, Inly _>. 1863, where he was wounded in the hip: Chester Cap, Chickamauga, < hattanooga, Campbell's Station, Siege of Knoxville, Falling Waters, Bunker Mill, and in May, 1S64, was, b\ general orders, detailed b) Gen eral I. E. B. Stuarl for scout duty. While on this duty Ins chic! was mortally wounded at the battle of Yellow Tavern, and he reported i" General Robert I". Lee in person. He had the full confidence of his chief, remaining in the held, until the surrender at Appomattox, when he secured a farm in the county of Orange, and concluded i.> follow General < irant's advice and " raise a crop." THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 259 After two years of farming he obtained a position as clerk in the wholesale house of Barruch Hall, in the city of Washington, and in 1869 he was asked to become a partner with Mr. Richard Poole, on Pennsylvania avenue, to which, he assented, and the firm of Poole & Hume was formed. Owing to poor health, Mr. Poole withdrew from the firm, selling his interest to Mr. Hume, who has suc- cessfully managed the business. Pie is a member of the Washington Board of Trade, and chairman of the com- mittee on railroads, and is connected with a number of the business and charitable institutions. He married, June, 1870, Miss Emma Phillips Norris, daughter of the late Hon. John E. Norris, a prominent lawyer and politician of Washington, D. C. Mr. Hume for years has resided at Warwick, just across the Potomac, and in view of both Washington and Alexandria, and his friends may at all times be sure of a hearty Virginia hospitality. Pie has been honored with two terms in the Virginia Legislature, being elected both times by flattering majorities, as a Demo- crat. Pie has declined re-election, though always ready to aid in the success of his party. Mr. Hume, through purely humane motives, took an active part in ridding the city of what was known as the " Industrial, or Coxey's Army," which seemed for some time to be a menace to good order, and for this unselfish service President Cleve- land and Secretary of War Lamont extended their thanks at a private interview, and the following resolution was adopted by the Board ■ of Commissioners of the District of Columbia : Office of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, Washington, February 24th, 1897. Mr. Frank Hume, Dear Sir : The Commissioners of the District of Co- lumbia beg to tender to you their sincere and grateful ac- knowledgments for the very valuable services rendered by you to the people of the District of Columbia upon the occasion of the visit of the industrial army to this District in the year 1894. Amid the embarrassments and possible dangers which attended that gathering of discontented men at the capital you evinced a degree of tact and public spirit in aiding the Commissioners to avoid public disturbance during their stay, in providing for their sustenance, and for their return to their homes, in a manner which reflected credit upon yourself and which deserves the gratitude of the people of the District of Columbia. The Commissioners regard this, recognition of your public service as justly due you, and regret the delay which has attended their statement concerning the same. Yours very truly, (Signed) John W. Ross, President, Board of Commissioners, District of Columbia. Mr. Hume took an active interest in aiding the strug- gling Cubans in their war for independence, serving as treasurer of the National Cuban League, which organization did splendid work in arousing the interest and sympathy of the liberty-loving people of our country. After all debts had been paid he (Mr. Hume), by direction of the league, forwarded the surplus funds to General Gomez to be used for the benefit of the sick and wounded Cubans. Mr. Hume is a most companionable man, as well as one of the best known of our citizens, ever ready to lend a helping hand to the distressed. He has the confidence and esteem of our people, and is in every way a most useful citizen. *' G. G. Cornwell and Son. — One of the most com- plete grocery establishments in Washington, carrying a full and complete line of imported and domestic table lux- uries, fancy and staple groceries, and wines and liquors, is that of G. G. Cornwell & Son, at 1412-1418 Pennsylvania avenue. Few stores with such a wide variety and selection of stock are to be found anywhere. The large warehouse and salesroom are models of the architect's skill, combined with the knowledge of the needs of such an institution, established by the astute founder of the business, Mr. G. G. Cornwell, since deceased. The large building occupied G. G. CORNWELL AND SON THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. by this firm is standing on the principal thoroughfare of the nation's capital. It is a five-story brick structure, with stone trimmings, each floor having an area of 50 by 100 feet, equipped with electric lights, steam heat, elevators and all modern applia G. G. Cornwell, who founded this business in 1865, was the - if the Hon. Harry Cornwell and Sally Douglas, and was born in New Lebanon, New York, on June 22. [820. He married Eliza Van Volkenburg, of Chatham, rk. To them were born seven children, S. 1 '•. Corn- well being sole survivor. He came to Washington in 1863, and shorth afterwards embarked in the grocer) business, and through In- honesty, rare tact and a keen insight into the requirements of a growing city, laid the foundation for the business, which has since reached such a magnitude. In 1866 Mr. Cornwell admitted to the firm bis son. S. G. Cornwell "as born in New York city in [859, bis father being at that time a member of the New York Stuck Exchange. He had then finished his education at the VVyomanock Seminary. New Lebanon, New York, and shewed a marked aptitude for the business. .More and mure in his declining years Mr. Cornwell rested upon his son ami successor, until the whole responsibility of the vast business devolved upon him. He has continued the business along the same lines as those laid down by his father, which has accordingly increased under his capable ■ ui. In iNXj Mr. S. ('.. Cornwell married Miss S. !•'.. Marsh, of New Lebanon, New York. Three sons have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Cornwell, as follows: 1 ornwell, named for his grandfather; Harry King, and Douglas Van Volkenburg l ornwell. Mr. and irnwell reside at [359 Princeton street, northwest. William Frederick Gude, one of Washington's most ing young business men, as well as a pre-eminently ul florist, is ,1 member of the well known firm of & Brother, whose attractive salesrooms are at 1 -'-'4 B01 n at l im hburg, \ irginia, when but two years of age Mr. Gude was taken by his parents to Maryland, when they settled in Prince George county. Ibis was in t.Xjo. Mr. Glide's father. I . Gustave Idolph Gude, and his mother, who before marriage was Eredericka Knoll, were from Leipsic and Stuttgart, Germany, tarried at Lynchburg, \ irginia, and his marriage were nine children Icnr) \\ .. Vlolphus, Alexander and W. E. il, and two sisters, Bertha and Marie, ountj school Mr. 1 iude pencerian B , in this lid since that time, with his ntion I- floriculture. ["heir on a small scale. ' d until now the. nut es in this rs are on ; , large ; Washington's most exclusive and weak 1 Mr. Gude is one of the city's representative business men, and his name will always be found prominently men- tioned where the best interests of the city's trade and pro- gression is involved. He is a member of the Board of Trade and president of the Business Men's Association, in which he has always been an active and important factor. Mr. Gude is identified with many of the benevolent and fraternal orders, holding prominent offices in a number of them. He is a past master of Anacostia Lodge. No. 21, 1''. A. A. M.: a charter member of Anacostia Royal Arch Chapter, No. 12: I'. C. He Mo'ay Mounted Commandery, No. 4. K. T. : illustrious potentate of Almas Temple. Ancient Arabic < )rder Nobles of the Mystic Shrine: a thirty-second degree Scottish Rite Mason: P. G. Central Lodge No. 1. I. (). (). F. ; Fred. D. Stuart Encampment I. O. O. F. ; Washington Canton, Patriarch Militant. 1 fe is a member ^ ILLIAM FREDERICK GUDE of Washington Lodge No. 15, B. P. 0. Elks; Junior I Irder American Mechanics, Constellation Council. No. 39; past chancellor Amaranth Lodge, No. 29, Knights of Pythias; member Eureka Grange, No. 177. Maryland; ex-president Societ) of American Florists and Ornamental Horticultur- ists, of which he is a life member. Mr. Gude also has the distinction of being the youngest member ever elected to the presidency of this societ) . He is an honorar) member of the 1 orcoran Cadel Corps and a pasl patron of Ruth 1 hapter No. 1. In [896 Mr. Gude married Miss Kathryn M. I.ocl'llcr. daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Andreas Loeffler. ol Washington. Two sons and two daughters, Ernest An- drew. Amelia Elizabeth Kathryn. Louisa Whitfield Carnegie and Frederick Granville Gude are the fruits of this mar- Mr. and Mrs. 1 iude reside at 3900 New Hampshire THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 261 Clark and Davenport. -Engaged in a business that supplies the wants of the housekeeper of taste and judgment, and those wants being many and varied, there are few busier men in Washington than Mr. Edwin Spottswood Clark, sole proprietor of the extensive furniture and carpet house at Twelfth and F streets, northwest. In this place are to be found all of the latest conceits in beautiful and expensive furniture, carpets, etc., from the hands of the world's most famous producers, which gratify the taste and requirements of the most fastidious patrons, while the needs of those of more moderate means are also satisfactorily supplied. The name of Clark & Davenport in Washington is synonymous with all that is of the best, and few, if any, leave this store without the object of their quest, and at the same time with the satisfaction of knowing they have secured value received. The business was originally established by F. Peterson in 1859. Later it passed into the hands of Theodore Davenport, Jr., and E. S. Clark, under the firm name of Clark & Davenport, and upon the death of the latter, the entire business was assumed by Mr. Clark, and has been since conducted by him with the utmost success. Edwin Spottswood Clark was born in 1859, and is a son of Dr. E. P. and Judith Talleaferro Clark, of Fauquier county, Va., the birthplace of the subject of this sketch. After completing his education at the Broad Run High School. Virginia, he came to Washington in the spring of 1S82, and entered the employ of Hooe Brothers & Company's dry goods and carpet house, an old and reliable firm. There he re- mained for five years, when he went with W. B. Moses & Son, serving them faithfully and well for thirteen years. Then it was that Mr. Clark went into business for himself, and from the first the new business thrived and prospered, and four months after Clark & Davenport began busi- ness they had secured contracts for furnishing the Government with carpets to the amount of £20,000. Last year the firm captured the biggest prizes in the trade in securing the contracts for recarpeting the floors of the Senate Chamber and the House of Representatives. Over 2,000 yards of carpet is required in the House, which is held in position by over 15,000 pins and sockets, all made by the firm. Special designs on cardboard for these carpets were submitted to the committee, one of which was selected in competition with the weavers of the world. About half that amount of carpet is used in the Senate. For each of the thirty new committee rooms that have been constructed where once the Library of Congress was housed, special carpets have been woven, with coloring to match the decorations of the rooms. Mr. Clark is especially grate ful to his friends in this city and New York for the support they have given him in his enterprise. He is assured by the big dealers that never in their experience have the} seen so young a house with so small a capital to start on succeed as this one has. Mr. Clark married Miss Sweet of Washington, and, with their daughter, occupy a hand- some apartment at the Savoy. 262 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. The J. Maury Dove Company.— The fuel business now conducted by The J. Maury Dove Company was es- tablished in 1850 by Solomon Stover, whose office and yard was located in what was known as the old lirst ward, at er of Twenty-first and I streets, northwest. At this time no coal reached Washington in cars, and all de- liveries were I", water, Mr. Stover unloading bis coal at In 1876 Mr. J. Maury Dove entered the employ of Mr. Stover, and. as the latter was in very ill-health, the man- agement of the business was placed almost entirely in Mr. Dove's bands, who immediately secured greater facilities fur the transaction of the growdng business and, for the convenience of the patrons, established branch yards in various sections of the city. Upon the death of Air. Stover the business was taken over by the firm of Stover & Com- \URY DOV COMPANY 1 thai poii stributmg mensc business same - storage yard being thai lime in the rl of Washington, he •1 tin- most prominent honorable business meth- panv, consisting of Mr. J, Maun Dove and Mr. William I. Wilson. Two years later this partnership was dissolved and Mr. Dove controlled the entire business, which, under his sole management, rapidly increased in volume until it became the largesl enterprise of its kind in the city. In September. 1902, The ). Maury Dove Companj was in- corporated. The business of Mr. William II. Baum and Messrs. Hagner & Merriam being merged into the new THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 263 company, Mr. Merriam retired from the firm of Hagner & Merriam, and Mr. Randall H. Hagner associated him- self with The J. Maun- Dove Company. In commercial circles, and among the public generally, it is a well-known fact that the firms of J. Maury Dove, William H. Baum and Hagner & Merriam conducted their business on prin- ciples of the strictest probity, and established a reputa- tion for fair dealing, courtesy and intelligent treatment of their patrons, which won for them a high degree of con- fidence, both among their own trade and in the commercial circles of the city generally. J. tylaury Dove, president, and the largest stockholder of The J. Maury Dove Company, is a native of this city. He was educated in the public schools and at the Rockville Academy, Maryland. In 1876, after graduating from the academy, he engaged in business in Philadelphia, but i September, 1876, returned to this city and entered the em- ploy of Solomon Stover. As previously stated, the growth of the latter's business was entirely due to his management and executive ability, and upon the death of Mr. Stover he was the logical successor to the business. After assum- ing the entire control he immediately introduced modern and up-to-date appliances, and brought the business up to a high state of perfection. After his business was firmly established Mr. Dove connected himself with the manage- ment of the Lanston Monotype Company, and his abilities were so quickly recognized that in a short time he was made president and general manager of the company. The duties of this company require his attention in New York and Philadelphia about four days in each week, the re- mainder of his time being spent in his office at Washington. Personally Mr. Dove is very popular among a wide circle of business and social friends, and is held in high esteem among the most influential citizens of the District. The present standing of The J. Maury Dove Company is due almost entirely to his ability, and he is generally recog- nized as one of the foremost business men of Washington. Mr. Dove has very large interests outside of those men- tioned, and among them he is prominently connected with the hotel syndicates of this city who operate the Raleigh and New Willard hotels, and in the management of which he is very frequently consulted and his advice sought by those who are associated with him in this enterprise. William H. Baum, vice-president of The J. Maury Dove Company, was born in Baltimore during the temporary absence of his family from this city. He was educated in the public schools of this city, and during the war held several governmental positions. At the close of the war he engaged in the grocery business, which he conducted for about three years. In August. 1868, he entered into the coal business, his office and yard being located at Tenth and C streets, southwest. In 1874 ne bought out the business of William ( ruinnand, at 205 Seventh street, southwest, and on account of its more favorable location transferred his main office to that place, where he has continued in business ever since. Mr. Baum is one of the most highly respected citizens in the District of Columbia, and for many years was one of the school trustees, representing the fourth di- vision, and part of this time was president of the school board. He is a man of fine 'personality and generous im- pulses, and has been identified with the business interests of Washington and with every movement tending to benefit the national capital. He is a man of the most irreproachable integrity, and his name is synonymous with the best prin- ciples of sound business probity. Prior to connecting him- 20.\ THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. self with the Dove Company, Mr. Baum had been a warm personal friend of each one of the gentlemen on the board of directors, and in the enlargement of the business he has brought an experience of thirl which is replete with a thorough knowledge of the local conditions of the coal trade. There is probably no coal dealer in the city who is better acquainted with the coal dealers of the Dis- trict than Mr. L'.aum, and he will eventually have the entire of the wholesale departmenl of the company. W. Hamilton Smith, manager, and one of the board of directors of The J. Maury Dove Company, was born in iidon, Connecticut, Me came to ibis city in 1873, ducatcd in the publ'c schools of the city and under private tutors. In 1876 lie entered the employ of II. Clay who at that lime conducted a retail coal and wood omi r -1' Twelfth and 1 1 streets. Upon the retirement of Mr. Stewart from active business this yard was purchased bj Mr. Dove for Solomon Stover, and is still one of the branch yards of the business. In [89 1 Mr. Smith lel'l the employ of Mr. Dove and for one and one- half years was connected with Messrs. Woodward & Loth top, of this city, and with several of the local newspapers tl correspondence and as an ad writer for several • cities, holding the responsible posi- ln 1891 Mr. it ■• mi. .n thai hi arranged Mid up to the in- ii'iec ( ,i with Mr. r, M 1 1 • ni ice compaiv on the date of its incorporation. Mr. Smith is well known 111 Washington business circles as a young \\\z.\\ of un- doubted integrity and fine abilities. He is a pi eminent Mason and has held several high offices in various organiza- tion of that fraternity, and in his capacity as manager has brought to the new business the value of the training and experience which for years he received when in the employ of Mr. Dove. WILLIAM M. DOVE William M. Dove, secretary of The J. Maun Dov< Company, was born in Washington, D. C, and educated at the Emerson Institute and the Rockville Academy. In 1S71 he entered, the employ of Solomon Stover, and left him to engage in business with Mr. C. C. Bryan, with whom he was connected for over ten years. Upon the succession of J. Maury Dove to the business of Stover & Compam he left Mr. Bryan and entered the emplo\ of his brother, remaining with him for several years, but resigned to ac- cept the position of inspector of fuel for the District of Columbia, which office he filled with exceptional ahilitx for over cighl years, and on severing his connection with the District entered the Government service as superintend en I of Station B, citj post office. In this capacity Mr. Dove made many friends and had the confidence of his official -real abilit) in the Conduct of the branch ]*>st office on 1 apitol Mill, lb was regarded as the right-hand man of 1.1] cit) postmasters under whom he served, On on of fhe J. Maun Dove Companj he re signed his position as superintendent of Station I'. and pur- chased an interest m the new company, being connected tan and one of the hoard of directors. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 265 Mr. Dove has a very wide circle of friends in Washington and is deservedly popular with his business associates. He is a hard worker, and his former experiences in the coal business make him a very valuable acquisition to The J. Maury Dove Company. Randall H. Hagner, assistant manager of The J. Maury Dove Company, was born in Washington, D. C. He was educated in the. public schools of this city, and early in life entered the office of Messrs. Hornblower & A/[arshall, architects, intending to make architecture a profession. After an experience of about a year, in which time he dem- onstrated remarkable talent in the details of the profession, he severed his connection with this firm and entered the employ of the Allegheny Company, of this city. He re- mained with the Allegheny Company for four and one- half years, and developed exceptional ability in the con- duct of the outside affairs of that firm. In the spring of 1902 he engaged in the coal business on his own account, establishing the firm of Hagner & Merriam, and the pros pects were very bright, as Mr. Hagner controlled, through his personal popularity and the influence of his family, a RANDALL large proportion of the patronage of the prominent residents in the northwestern section of the city. During the time he engaged in the coal business he has established a very high reputation as a salesman, and when The J. Maury Dove Company was incorporated he accepted the proposition made by them, and the firm of Hagner & Merriam sold out their business to The J. Maury Dove Company, Mr. Merriam re- tiring and Mr. Hagner associating himself with the new con- 34 cern as one of the directors. Mr. Hagner is very highly con- nected, being one of the younger members of the old Hagner family of this city, and numbers among his personal friends the most influential citizens of the District. He is extremely energetic, and is possessed of excellent business judgment, which renders him an extremely valuable addition to the J. Maury Dove Company. COUGHLAr- [Wiehael A. Coughlan, treasurer of The J. Maury Dove Company, was born in Washington, D. C. He was educated at the Christian Brothers' Academy, one of the old- schools of Washington, and after graduating he entered the employ of James O'Hagan, the plumber, having com- plete charge of the business under the supervision of Mr. O'Hagan. In 1881 he entered the employ of Stover & Company, having charge of their branch office on M street. He developed such exceptional abilities as an office man that he was transferred from the branch yard and placed in charge of the main office of the firm. Mr. Coughlan occupied this confidential position with Mr. Dove until the date of the incorporation of The J. Maury Dove Company, when he was given an interest in the new concern and was elected treasurer and one of the board of directors. Mr. Coughlan's promotion was the result of his faithful and nev- er-ceasing efforts in studying the interests of Mr. Dove, and he stands very high in the estimation of the patrons of the company. Mr. Coughlan's long experience in Mr. Dove's office has familiarized him so thoroughly with the affairs of the business that he is particularly adapted to fill the office to which he has been elected by his associates of The J. Maury Dove Company. 266 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. V. Baldwin Johnson is recogni; Wash- ington's mosl progressive and public spirited business men, and to hi and initiative art' due many improve- ments and innovations in the business community of this city, which added to its prestige here and abroad. When Mr. Johnson, in the war [883, entered the coal business the only visible shedding for fuel at the various coal estab- lishments in this citj consisted of a few square yards of rough roofing, designed and used almost exclusively for sheltering kindling wood. The idea of keeping coal and c..ke under cover and in large quantities originated in this city with Mr. Johnson, and its rapid development has been due to and successfully pioneered by him. Twenty years ago the Washington consumer knew little, if anything, h , coal over wet coal, and a request 1,\ a consumer for dry coal was regarded by the average dialer of dial dav more in the light of a "cranky" whim nsible and just n quest. Mr. Johnson has caused hi 1 ti 11 »n el) iliedded with tin and tm-. under which coal, wood and 11 large quantities for deliver) in all seasons, at Ixittom prices, with full weight and measure. Van Wert Baldwin Johnson was born in Dorchester lid, February 26, 1858, and is the sou of Alward Johnson and Man Levin (McNamara) Johnson. 1 in the public schools of bj s native count) and in 1 ntcring thereafter St. John's larvlaud. A progressive spirit and ppermost in Mr. John- his college edu- lined a scholarship by >n. While he was clerking in busi- ; red himself during leisure- moments for his college entrance. A few years after he had finished his college course " multa cum laude," he started in the coal and wood business in this city, in the year 1883. on a very small scale, and it is due to his enter- prise and energy that the business thus founded by him has since grown to be one of the largest in that line in Washington, D. C. In order to supply his ever increasing business, Mr. Johnson was compelled to establish a number of offices and branches in various parts of the city. The main office of the firm is at hot Rhode Island avenue, northwest, with branches at 1802 Eleventh street, north- west ; 420 East Capitol street ; 620 F street, northwest ; saw- mill and railroad dump on North Capitol street, corner of ( i street. Ah hough taking the liveliest interest in all public mat- ters concerning the welfare of this city. Mr. Johnson has never solicited political honors. He is prominently con- nected with the various citizens associations, and is a mem- ber of the masonic fraternity in its various degrees. In r8oj Mr. Johnson married Miss Margaretha Heitmuller. daughter of Anton and Henrietta Heitmuller of this city. There are two daughters from this union — Marguerite and Pauline. Mr. Johnson occupies a handsome residence at 1201 street, northwest. Washington. D. C. Johnson Brothers. — The firm of Johnson Brothers (formerly E. Kurtz Johnson I has been identified with the business interests of Washing-ton for such a long period and in such an enviable light, that there is scarcely any- thing that can be said which would add to that reputation of honesty, reliability and trustworthiness which the firm has always enjoyed and merited. The business was first started by its founder. E. Kurtz Johnson, on principles of honesty and fair dealing, and has made such wonderful progress on those lines that to-day the firm of Johnson Brothers is the leading firm in its line of business in the District of Columbia, The present owners of the firm. 0. Ferry Johnson and (.'has. ||. Johnson, readily recognized when the) took charge of the business that the policy pursued by its founder was the best, and are to-day con- tinuing transactions on those lines. The linn id' Johnson Brothers is composed of I I. Perry Johnson and Charles II. Johnson, having been horn in the city of Washington in September. 1S7S. and March. [88o, respectively. Their father and founder of the firm was F. Kurtz Johnson, and their mother's maiden name was Ann Elizabeth Wimsatt, both of Maryland. The brothers were educated by private tutors, afterwards entering own University, where they graduated with high honors. The firm of which they are the proprietors was organized b\ their father thirty-five years ago, and to-da) it supplies more families with fuel than any other firm in the United Slaies. The main office of the linn is at [312 !■' street, northwest, and its branches are scattered in all of the city — at 1515 Seventh street, northwest: Third and [< streets, northwest : wharves and railroad yards • oi Twelfth street, southwest. The firm possesses THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 267 exceptional advantages for purchasing and handling fuel, making deliveries direct from vessels and their railroad yards and wharves, thus avoiding the additional expense of re-handling. Purchasing in large quantities and being in daily receipt of cargoes of the best varieties mined, the firm insures prompt attention to all orders, and guar- antees a strictly pure and clean coal of 2240 pounds to the ton; also all kinds of wood in the stick and sawed and split at bottom prices. The firm owns and operates the largest kindling wood factory south of New York. Freeborn Garrettson Smith. — The clay is rapidly approaching when the city of Washington, the capital of the nation, will be also its artistic, musical and dramatic center, the veritable pulse of the national life. This is gradually coming to be understood by the nation at large, and the leaders in the various circles named are seeking and securing foothold here. Thus, so far back as 1877, one of the undoubted leaders in the manufacture of pianos. FREEBORN GARRETTSON SMITH, PRESIDENT Mr. Freeborn G. Smith, owner and manufacturer of the world-famous " Bradbury," opened -an establishment for the sale of his products here, the original site of this branch store being at the corner of Twelfth street and Pennsylvania avenue, in the Shepherd building, and of this incipient Washington enterprise Mr. W. P. Van Wickle was put in charge. " Art is long and time is fleeting," but events in America, to the eyes of a world grown old in watching civilization's evolution, more rapidly, compared with like- comparative changes in ancient and but a trifle less modern countries, America has on her seven league boots, and electric impetus replaces ox-cart energy. In 1879 the Brad- bury Piano Company moved to 1 103 Pennsylvania avenue, the government's lease of the Shepherd building offering a good excuse. The popularity of the company, augmented and disseminated by its untiring representative, soon caused it to outgrow these latter quarters and to properly accommo- date the constantly increasing business, Mr. Smith leased the building then occupied by Barlow's Art Gallery at 1225 Pennsylvania avenue, and in February, 1887, erected the present handsome structure extending through to E street. This building is artistic as to front, double in construction, five stories in height on Pennsylvania avenue, four on E street, and of an extreme length of over 200 feet. The lower floor consists of one elegant room 25 by 200 feet and 18 feet in height. The angle formed by the two streets results in an acoustic property superb for showing off the superior quality of the Bradbury's tone. The upper floors are used as piano parlors, and for storing the old pianos taken in exchange for Bradbury's ; the second door front is used for displaying the uprights, quarter-grands and baby-grand " Chickerings," of which piano they are the Washington and District of Columbia agents. Fully seven- ty-five Bradbury pianos are admirably displayed on the lower floor, with no suspicion of crowding. These com- prise some twenty-five styles, among them the superb style i\ T o. 14, Colonial, Columbian, Renaissance, and other late designs of the highest artistic merit. Of these the new style Xo. 14 is probably the most meritorious, and is enjoying a wek-earned and almost universal popularity. The Bradbury piano is the outcome of the life study of William B. Bradbury, one of the most noted of American hymn singers and church music composers, whose desire was to secure a piano that should combine the singing tone of the organ with the vibrant and semi-mechanical effect of the best grades of pianos. In this he succeeded and built up a tremendous business. July 17, 1867, he retired from business and was succeeded by Mr. Freeborn Garrettson Smith, who has since greatly improved the peculiar tone qualities of his product, beside raising the artistic merit of the designs, and this brings us back to the original proposition — Washington's growth in art and music. Gradually increasing in wealth and culture, the national capital sees each succeeding year a new influx of wealthy citizenry, representing all sections and com- posed largely of the refined element of our civilization, and in its architectural embellishment, its merchants' trade displays, and its art, music and drama, the good results are reflected. A gallery in the great Congressional Library devoted in its mural adornments to the Muses, where the characters and attributes of the Idalian Spring are skilfully delineated, attests this growth in classical thought and en- joyment ; sculptured frieze and emblematic fresco in many public and trade buildings still further emphasize it, and the enhanced popularity and wide-spread ownership of Brad- burvs among high officialdom and the elite of the city con- linn it. Doubtless more than a modicum of this popularity is traceable to the undeniable prestige in Washington social and business circles of the wide-awake and up-to-date Dis- trict manager, Mr. Van Wickle and his charming and gracious wife, but by far the greater part, here as elsewhere, is due the superior merit of the instruments themselves. No THE CITY OF WASHINGTON L-J I "IANO COMPANY h of the have attested the Bradbury's preeminence in desirable quali- as a home adjunct, while the list of private citizens of note who cheerfully testify to its value and pleasure- giving is a large and constantly increasing one.. Like his predecessor in the business, Mr. Smith was humbly born, a log cabin, not far from Baltimore. Md., sheltering his infant head. Like so many another great American, poverty, honest but uncomfortable, gave spur to earnest endeavor and wrought a man where perhaps else had been a dawdling weakling. As a boy he assisted his father at blacksmithing. This proving distasteful, he, concluding that to be Smith by name was enough, sought and secured work in a printing office, from which place he graduated to a Baltimore piano factory as apprentice. I [ere the character of the lad began to show. Indefatigable energy, earnest application, an inquiring mind and tenacious memory rapidly pushed him to notice and commendation. During the last year of his apprenticeship he made all the piano keys for the factory in extra work at night, proving himself both a genius and — but there! — "Genius is a capacity for hard work." " The heights by great men reached and kept Were not achieved by sudden flight ; But they, while others played or slept, Were toiling upward through the night," was never more fitly and aptly illustrated. His novitiate complete, the Acolyte of the singing piano served courses of study and work in the emploj of two of the then fore- most piano factories in America, and then came his oppor- tunity and he proved the man for the occasion. Mr. Brad- bury, full nf years and honors, retired from business ami .Mr. Smith succeeded him. The priest of Apollo and Euterpe mounted his chariot and has made of it a triumphal car. Eminently practical, a mechanician and a musician, he at once began the extension and development of the busi- ness. Coincident with improvements in the mechanism of the piano he made improvements in the designs of the eases: increase in the territory covered b\ his salesmen with a like increase in branch headquarters and manufactur- ing plant : improved the machinery and at once took a station in the line of advance, and has gradually improved that position until to-day the Bradbury is a leader — one of the "Great 1'owers" in the piano world. The instru- ment is so constructed that it will stand the severest use. as symmetrical, graceful and attractive as an and modern finish can make it. Its " whole tone " qual- ity, mellow and rich and soul-compelling, is easily recog- mong a thousand various makes, and still marks it a queen of son;;, equal in the opinion of mam to a con- cert grand, and this is largeh the result of Mr. Smith's personal attention, study and improved application of har- monic principles to this instrument. To him is also due the fact that these pianos are sold direct from the factor) to the purchaser, with no middle-man's profits to be added, thus saving to the purchaser fully twenty-five per cent, of the cost of the instrument. This has proven a source of added popularity to that otherwise en THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 269 Freeborn G. Smith, Jr., now an associate of his father in the business, has grown up under that father's training, and is now able to relieve him of a great share of the responsibilities and care of the business. He has much of his father's native talent for music, practical knowl- FREEBORN G. SMITH, JR., TREASURER edge, rare tact in management, and a splendid education and refined tastes. To him the piano is an open book, and he has made numerous betterments in its manufacture. He visits Washington occasionally and may. eventually, reside here. He has been an important factor in building up the trade, now so colossal, of the Bradbury. The firm now runs three great factories, of which that at Leominster. Massachusetts, is the largest and is also one of the largest, if not the largest, case factory in the world. Eighteen branch warehouses report direct to the firm's headquarters in the Bradbury building, at 142 Fifth avenue, New York. These are located in the principal cities of the United States — Brooklyn, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Washington, Chicago, Jersey City , Kansas City, Newark, Saratoga Springs, and Boston, being among the most prominent. With Washington as an example, it is easy to see that Mr. Smith's judgment of men as shown in the picking out his managers for the various branch houses, has been of inestimable value to him and secured and riveted yet more firmly the popularity of the Bradbury. Mr. Van Wickle. the manager here, has been in his employ twenty-seven years, twenty-five of which have been in his present responsible position, and profiting by his employer's ideas, which in many points he has made his own, he has chosen the local staff of assistants wisely and well, Mr. Victor J. Becker having been with him twenty- five years : Mr. Edwin K. Staley ten years, and Messrs. George L. Sheriff, Arthur C. Hindle and Edwin H. King each lesser terms of service. Such length of business con- nection speaks well for all concerned. The manufacturer of the Bradbury is a multi-million- aire and resides in Brooklyn, New York, as does also his son. He is the father of the New York Piano Manufac- turers' Association, out of which grew the National Piano Manufacturers' Association. He is a man of generous instincts, great charity and strict business integrity. He is, save one, the oldest living piano manufacturer in the country and employs nearly a thousand men in his various interests. Washington needs a great music hall and grand orchestra, and in Mr. Smith and his able Washington representative would find valuable and willing coadjuters and allies in securing such. W. P. Van Wickle, manager Bradbury warerooms, Washington, D. C, was born at Lyons, Wayne county, N. Y.. and received his education at the Palmyra (N. Y.) Classical School and the Troy (N. Y.) Academy. He came to New York city in 1876 and entered the Bradbury piano factorv as shipping clerk, and afterwards worked in the repair department and general offices. In 1878 he opened a branch piano wareroom in Brooklyn, E. D., and one in Jersey City in August, 1879. He came to Washington to take charge of the Bradbury warerooms, which F. G. Smith had purchased from Sanders & Stayman. with the under- standing of remaining but a short time, but has remained over twenty-four years. The success of the Bradbury piano at the nation's capital is largely due to Mr. Van Wickle's personal acquaintance with public men and high officials, W P. VAN WICKLE, VICE-PRESIDENT from the Chief Executive down. He is a director and treasurer of the Washington Board of Trade ; a member of the Columbia Historical Society and the National Geo- graphical Society; was secretary of the reception committee That welcomed Admiral Dewey to Washington; was ap- 77//:' CITY OF WASHINGTON. pointed associate secretary of the National Capital Cen- tennial Committee, which commemorated the hundredth annivers; tablishment of the seal of Government in the D lumbia on December 12, 1900, when if ncarlj all th d i erritories were he was also made chairman of the committee on n i his committee designed a handsome medal made of bronze. The cutting of the dies for the commemorative medal was done at the United Stairs Mini in Philadelphia. The headquarters of the National Capital Centennial Committee were in the Bradbury building. Air. Van VVii 5, both in a social and business way, has been largely augmented by Mrs. Van Wickle, who comes from one of the old Washington families and has won many friends by her bright and attractive manners. Mr. Van Wickle has a handsome home located on Q street, near Duponl < ircle. and in an attractive part of Washington. Mr. Van Wickle was appointed chairman of the committee on marking points of historic interest in Washington dur- g ih«- "36th national encampment. Grand Army of the Republic," held here ( Ictober last. ( Iver two hundred sites were marked with suitable signs, and the work of this committee was highly appreciated by all visitors to the national ■ •in June 1 last, the Washington business was incor- porated under the District laws, the incorporate name be- ing the !•'. (',. Smith Piano Company, of Washington, with th, president; W. 1>. Van Wickle. vice-president; lith, Jr., treasurer, and A. J. Powell, secretary. Sanders and Stayman, one of the oldest and most substantial musical firms in the country, has long boasted thai within iis stock could he found any article known to 'I"- musical world, and a visit to the handsome store occu- P' c<1 b > ,l ""' •'' et, northwest, will prove thai : an idle one. The house of Sanders & Stayman was established in Baltimore 'n '867 b 3 the late Prof. Harry Sanders and Stayman, who later associated with Mr. I. \. Midler, and it has lo,,g been considered the leading music establishment in the monumental city, Since the death Sanders the house has formed itself into wth Mr. «;. Wright Nicols .,s p ■ '- of Sanders & Stayman's music "' •' prominenl position among the music nol confined to this is branch wa: j n 1884, and was n! Mr. Jarvis Butler, a gentle- misl and musician. iued the managemenl of the their establish- >rcscnl handsome building. A large degree of the success of this house is due to the ability of Mr. Foster, lie has been prominent in the musical circles of the city for mail) years, and combined with his business tad has become associated with musical plans whenever under contemplation for public meetings. inaugurations, etc. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 271 Percy Semple Foster is a son of Robert Edward and Josephine F. (Wilkinson) Foster, and was born in Richmond, Va., on September 15. 1863. A few years later his parents moved to Baltimore, where young Foster re- ceived his education. After graduating from the Balti- more City College, he took up the study of stenography, and soon became an expert. After filling several positions, including that of private secretary to a leading Standard Oil Company official in Baltimore, Mr. Foster became con- nected with the American Security and Trust Company here, representing the interests of a syndicate controlled by Col. A. T. Britton and Charles J. Bell, afterwards be- coming one of the assistant tellers of that institution. Mr. Foster continued in this position for a short time, resigning to connect himself with the B. H. Warner Com- PERCY SEMPLE FOSTER pany, where he remained until October, 1895, when he was appointed manager of the Washington branch of San- ders & Stayman, where by his capable management the busi- ness has been more than trebled. Mr. Foster has ever possessed a decided musical talent, having a rich baritone voice, as well as being one of the most finished organists in Washington, and now occupies the post of organist and choir director at the First Baptist Church, this city. As a choral director Mr. Foster has few equals in this country, he having trained and conducted many of the largest choruses ever brought together in this country. Notable among these was the choir of 1,500 voices he trained and directed at the Moody revival in this city, the great evan- gelist expressing himself afterwards to the effect that it was the best trained and largest choir he had ever heard. In 1894 Mr. Foster was appointed the musical director of the International Christian Endeavor Convention which met in Cleveland, Ohio, and again in 1895 and 1896, which met in Boston and Washington, respectively. Again he officiated in this capacity in Nashville, Term., in 1898; Detroit in 1899; Cincinnati in 1901, and again in Boston in 1902. When the District of Columbia National Guard returned from the Spanish-American War Mr. Foster or- ganized a chorus of several thousand voices, which wel- comed the soldier boys home. At both inaugurations of the late President McKinlev, Mr. Foster conducted a large chorus, which feature of the inaugural ceremonies was introduced for the first time. The chorus consisted of 450 voices, accompanied by Victor Herbert's band, in 1897, and 550 voices, accompanied by the United States Marine Band, in 1901. The most notable feat accomplished by Mr. Foster was upon the occasion of the Good Citizens' Dem- onstration held at the east front of the Capitol, when he directed a chorus of 5,000 voices. Mr. Foster has always been an active member of the Christian Endeavor Union and was the president of the District branch for two years and represented it at the International Convention held in Madison Square Garden, New York, in 1892, and again at Montreal in 1893. Mr. Foster is a Mason and a mem- ber of St. John's Lodge, No. 11. He is prominently iden- tified with other business enterprises, and is a member of the directorates of several corporations, as well as a member of the Board of Trade and Business Men's Association. In church work he has always taken aii active part, being an officer of the First Baptist Church, moderator of the Columbian Association of Baptist Churches, and the presi- dent of the Baptist Social Union of the District of Columbia. Mr. Foster and his wife, who before marriage was Miss Louise Franklin Wescott, of Virginia, and their two chil- dren, Norman Percy and Ethel Louise Foster, reside at 141 1 Stoughton street. R. P. Andrews and Company.— The firm of R. P. Andrews & Co., Incorporated, wholesale dealers in paper and stationery, first saw the light of day in the spring of 1896, succeeding J. C. Addison. The firm at that time was composed of R. P. Andrews and J. George Smith, both of whom were former employees of Mr. Addison, Mr. Andrews looking after the out-of-town business and Mr. Smith having charge of the Government contracts. The new firm started with practically little or no business. As the Addison business had been in the hands of assignees for some three months, the stock had become run down and the patronage very much impaired. During the first year of the business the parties changed places, Mr. Smith going on the road and Mr. Andrews assuming the general man- agement of the business in Washington. The firm was suc- cessful from the start, finding their quarters at 627 Louis- 272 77//;' CITY OF WASHINGTON. iana avenue too small, and very soon after their business they buill through from the rear of their quarters ai thai time to heir warehouse running from avenue to D street. Not very long after this the premises, No. 629 Louisiana avenue, being vacant, they added that to their warehouse, so that they now occupy _7 and 629 Louisiana avenue and Nbs. 628 ! 1 street, nortl In May, 1901, the firm incorporated, the officers being R. P. Andrews, president and general manager; I. George Smith, vicc-presidenl and treasurer, and L. R. Vinton, I business has grown steadily month by month and war by year, Mr. Andrews still remaining general manag tirs of the com- [11 the earl) pari of the present year Mr. Smith his connection with the linn and Mr. Will S. Brown i - prcsidenl and treasurer Hie firm does '■! "i town business, having live traveling •'-and. Virginia, WV-t Virginia, Southern ' 'I"-. \<>tih Carolina, South Carolina, Ten- I lorida, and it is sa f e to saj that II known among the trade in these this city. The) hold this year the iwarded a Washington in the District of Columbia 1 Pulp and Paper Company, with Imont, \\ est \ irginia ; I \ irginia, and Covington, mplefc stock of the printer and chant, such as wrapping papers, twines, etc. They have supplied a large quantity of paper to the Philippine Islands and Porto Rico, as well as Cuba, and have regular cus- tomers as far west as San Francisco. Their idea has never been to encroach in any manner upon their Washington neighbor's trade, but rather to obtain and keep the business that was formerly given to out-of-town concerns. The firm employs forty-seven people, exe'usive of their traveling salesmen. R.P.Andrews was born in Warren county, Pennsyl- vania, in 1X04. I lis father, James Andrews, was born and lived for the greater part of his life in the same county, and State, his paternal grandfather being one of the oldest pioneers of western Pennsylvania. He received a common school education and entered very early in life upon a business career, and has been identified in some capacity or other with the paper trade and industry since he reached the age of fourteen years. Mr. Andrews is a member of the different Masonic orders: president of the District of Columbia branch of the Traveling Men's Protective Asso- ciation of America ; a director in the Business Men's Asso- ciation, having been so elected on the organization of the Association and has been twice re-elected. NEILL s BROWN Neill S. Brown was born al Nashville, Tennessee, and is a grandson of the late Governor Neill S. Brown of that His father was Neill S. Brown, reading clerk of th< House of Representatives from 1N7N to 1889, tIle linu ' of his death. Mr. Brown was educated at the Georgetown University, and came with this firm in a minor position in (898. Bj strict attention to the interests of the business, aided by exceptional ability, he rapidly rose to his pres- -i onsibh position. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 273 The E. Morrison Paper Company, for more than thirty years purveyors to the social and business circles of Washington in all branches of stationery, is among the most highly respected and successful business insti- tutions in this city. Its patronage, which ex- tends over a wide area, traversed by its travel- ing salesmen several times each year, has so steadily grown that the company has been com- pelled to make large additions to its head- quarters at 1009 Pennsylvania avenue to ac- commodate the large stock which it carries. A handsome and commodious warehouse at 425, 427, and 429 Eleventh street, northwest, has recently been added. The stock carried by the company includes all grades of papers and requirements of the stationery business. In addition to a large general business with the trade, they fill extensive Government con- tracts, and as dealers in paper bags they are the pioneers. Three city salesmen are em- ployed by the firm. Under the management of Mr. John L. Prosise, who began his business career in this house, the business has steadily grown and in- creased until it is now one of the largest and most influential business houses in the South. The foundation of the business was laid by E. Morrison in 1863, who, prior to that time, sold straw paper bags in packages about the streets. Later he began business at 805 D street, where for years he received the patron- age of leading business men. In 1881 Mr. Prosise entered the employ of Mr. Morrison, and by close application and rare business ability advanced himself until, when the busi- ness was incorporated in 1891, Mr. Prosise became its manager and principal owner. John Logan Prosise was born in this city on May 15, i860. His parents, Ben- jamin and Virginia Towner Prosise, were both Virginians by birth, having located in this city after marriage. After finishing his education at Gonzaga and Georgetown Colleges, Mr. Prosise elected medicine as a profession, and studied with Dr. J. M. Toner, once president of the American Medical College. Finding a mercanti'e life more to his liking, Mr. Prosise abandoned a medical career and secured a position with E. Morrison as a stock clerk, and has since there remained. Mr. Prosise is a Mason, and has various business in- terests aside from the E. Morrison Paper Company, among them the Merchants Transfer and Storage Company, of which he is vice-president and a director. In 1892 Mr. Prosise married Miss Letitia A. Brooke, of Fauquier county, Virginia. With their three children, two boys and a girl, Mr. and Mrs. Prosise live at the Belmont Farm, in Alexandria county, Virginia, where they have a beautiful home. E. MORRISON PAPER COMPANY. Charles J. Deahl, secretary of the E. Morrison Paper Company, was born in Alexandria. Va., on February 2, 1S63, and is the son of the late A. W. Deahl. He entered the paper business at an early age, succeeding his father, who handled paper bags in this territory from 1863 until his death in 1899. He was with E. Morrison as salesman for a number of years, and when the present company was formed became its secretary. Mr. Deahl's knowledge of the busi- ness, acquired by long study and experience, is of great value to the company, and on him devolves the handling of the outside trade, which includes Maryland and the South. Mr. Deahl, inheriting his aptitude in this line from his father, being the acknowledged leaders in paper bags, the firm's shipments of these goods to wholesalers and retailers are enormous. He is obliging, painstaking, and courteous, and his straightforward manner of treating customers has won him a host of friends. ^74 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. WAREHOUSE OF MORRISON PAPER COMPAr* Gibson Brothers. Among the early business enter- prises founded in Washington was that of Gibson Brothers, who in the year [862 engaged in a general printing and book binding business, and since that time this firm has so prospered and its business so expanded that now its model and complete plain, ai the southeast corner of Penn- sylvania avenue and Thirteenth streel is second to none in the city. This house was founded l,\ John and George Gibson, and six years after, another brother, William Gib- son, was admitted to the firm. William Gibson until that time had been connected with the Baltimore Commercial, formerly the Hipper. The three brothers continued to con business Until [897, when John died, leaving the establishment in the hands ,,f George and William Gibson, ith agaiii entered the firm, this time claiming Wil- liam Gibson, who died on December 23, j. thus leaving '■ the only surviving member of the firm. The firm's plant, at [238 Pennsylvania avenue, is one of the mosl completely equipped in this section of the every facility for printing, electrotyp- Stcam and electric power nn,! ;i11 machinery, including cylinder of the equipment, New and 11 of the old styles, are reprc- room is furnished with Hoe power presses, ranging from the pon3 " to the large, four- roller, two-revolution, suitable for all kinds of large work. Every- thing is printed in Cibson Brothers' establishment from a visiting card __^ tu a book, and every facility is af- forded for folding, stabbing, stitch- ing, sewing, binding, paging, perfo- rating, numbering, punching, ruling paper, and card cutting. Special attention is paid to lithographing and steel and copper plate engrav- ing. Book pages are electrotyped with care and perfection. During the prosperous and highly successful career of this firm it has done work for the leading business men of the city. From time to time it has exe- cuted large orders for the Govern- ment. Among its many productions are the American Annals of the 1 >eaf, the Catalogue of the Corcoran Gal- lery of Art. the Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, the Bulletin and Proceedings of the American Insti- tute of Architects, the Proceedings. etc., of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Magazine of the National Irrigation Association, the Florence Crittenton Magazine, etc. the eldest child of Joseph and Mary ^.nglo-Scotch descent, was born in Aughnacloy, County Tyrone, Ireland, on October 9, [823, and was educated at Newtown-Stewart. When sixteen years old he embarked for America, landing in Philadelphia, afterwards settling in Baltimore, Maryland, where he se- cured a position as collector with the Baltimore Clipper, a daily newspaper. There he remained until the civil war broke out. As a member of the Independent Greys, a mili- tary organization he had joined in [849, he was despatched to Harper's Ferry, in t (ctober, 1859, and figured prominently in the movements which led to the capture of John Brown. Mr. Gibson entered the Union Army as first lieutenant. Company \. of Purnell Legion, Maryland Volunteer In- fantry, and was promoted to a captaincy on April 24, [862. Mr. Gibson was on dut) .is provost marshal at Accomac Court I louse. Virginia, November and December, 1861, and at Eastville, Virginia, January. 1 Si .j. On March 4. the same yea 1 ., he was made quartermaster, and on August 4 he was appointed inspector of Second Maryland Brigade. Second Division of the Fifth Army Corps. Mr. Gibson saw much active service, and participated in engagements at Harper's Ferry, Chantilly, Virginia, South Mountain. Antietam. Shady Grove, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor; William Gibson Gibson, who were of THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 275 was at Petersburg throughout the siege ; Jerusalem, Plank Road, and at the Weldon Railroad engagements on August 1 8, 19 and 21, 1864, Mr. Gibson was struck in the right breast by a minie ball, the force of which was stopped, however, by photographs of his wife and children, which of which he was president in 1888, and treasurer at the time of his death. He was also a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. Mr. Gibson married Miss Rosabelle Allen, daughter of Henry and Sarah Allen, of Baltimore, Md., on September 18, 1855. Ten children were born to them, seven of whom are living — Mrs. J. W. Scott, Mrs. S. H. Gwynne, Misses Mary, Jane, Isabelle and Martha Gibson and Charles Raw- lings Gibson. Mr. Gibson occupied a handsome home at 1422 S street, northwest, where he died. George Gibson, also a son of Joseph and Mary Gib- son, was born in Newtown-Stewart, Ireland, and when but four years old, with his parents, he removed to this country and located in Baltimore, Maryland. After receiv- ing a public school education he learned the trade of a printer, and in the latter part of 1862 he came to Washing- ton, where with his brother John they established the print- ing house of Gibson Brothers. On May 14, 1861, Mr. Gibson married Miss Margaret Page Allen, a daughter of Henry and Sarah Allen, of Baltimore, and a sister of the wife of his brother William. Eight children have been born to them, only three of whom are now living — a son, William Young Gibson, and two daughters, Flora M. Gib- son and Mrs. Bertha W. Hudson. Mr. Gibson has served his fellow-citizens in various wavs and on many occasions, having rilled in an acceptable WILLIAM GIBSON he carried, together with a packet of papers, in his pocket. Mr. Gibson was also in the battles of Poplar Grove Church, Chapel House and Peebles Farm, and on October 24, 1864, he was honorably mustered out of service. Returning to Baltimore he again entered the employ of the Clipper. Soon afterwards this paper was merged with the Baltimore Commercial, and Mr. Gibson was made its business manager, but shortly after this, or in 1868, he came to Washington and entered the firm of Gibson Brothers, where he remained until his death on December 23, 1902. Mr. Gibson has always been prominent in Masonic circles, being at the time of his death the oldest member and past master of Cassia Lodge, No. 45, of Baltimore, which he joined in 1851, and of the Maryland Masonic Veterans. He was also a member of Washington Royal Arch Chapter and of the Masonic Veteran Association of the District of Columbia, being the president of the latter when he died. Other organizations with which Mr. Gibson was prominently identified include Franklin Lodge, No. 2, I. O. O. F., of Baltimore, which he joined in 1845, anc ^ of which he was a past grand; Golden Rule Lodge, No. 21, I. O. O. F., of which he was a charter member and treasurer from 1880 to 1902; the Grand Army of the Republic, being a member of Kit Carson Post, No. 2, and of the Archons, an association of past commanders of the Department of the Potomac ; the Union Soldiers' Alliance, GEORGE GIBSON manner a number of positions of trust. He has been a mem- ber of the Washington Board of Trade ever since its organ- ization, and is vice-chairman of the committee on public buildings. He was a member of the executive committee on three Presidential inauguration occasions ; chairman 276 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. of the committee on invitations and tickets on both that of President Harrison and the first of President Mc- Kinley, and chairman of the committee on illumination of the second inauguration of President McKinley. Mr. vas om of the committee on badges and medals on the occasion of the one hundredth anniversary of the rstone of the Capitol; one of the committee on finance on the occasion of the one hun- dredth anniversar) of the establishment of the seat of gov- ernment in the District of Columbia; and chairman of the committee in charge of admission to the Capitol at the reception given Admiral Dewey after the war with Spain; one of the citizens' executive committee, and chair- man of the committee on badges during the encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic in 1892; one of the committee during the Grand Army of the Re- public encampment of [902; also in similar capacities dur- ing the encampment of the Union Veteran Legion, in 1897. Mr. Gibson became an Odd Fellow in i860, in Frank- lin Lodge, No. _', in Baltimore; withdrew in 1876 to join Friendship Lodge, No. 10, of Washington. He has taken great interest in Freemasonry, having been made a Mason in federal Lodge, No. 1, in [866, of which he is a life I fe i^ also a life member of Columbia Royal Arch Chapter, No. 1, and of Columbia Commandery, No. 2, templar, being a past commander of the last- named body, and its treasurer, which position he has filled during fourteen years. Me is a member of the Grand Encampment, Knights Templar, of the United States, being a past -rand commander of the Grand Commandery of the District of Columbia, and one of its committee on juris- prudence. IK- is an honorary member of St. John's Com- mandery. No. 4. of Philadelphia, and of Maryland, No. 1. and Monumental, No. 3, of Baltimore, M<1. He is a member of Washington Council, No. 1. Royal and Select Masters, and received the degrees of select and most excellent archi- tects in King Sol, .nion Lodge, in 1S71. along with Com- panion James Vbram Garfield, subsequently President of the I tilled Slates. Mr. Gibson i- grand minister of state ,,f the Supreme Council of the Ancient .u\<\ Accepted Scottish Kite of Free- masonry for the United States of America, their territories and dependencies, and deput) of same for the District of Columbia. Me is a past patron of Esther Chapter, No. 5. Order of the Eastern Star. He is second vice-president of ran Association of the I Hstrict of ( iolumbia and a member of tin- Washington Masonic \ eteran As- .1 kindred body. 1 le is vice president of the Mutual Relief Association of the District limibia. Mr. Gibson is a member of Vlmas • \rabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic he was the chairman of finance for five Mr. Gibson has always been a prime a aid the betterment of this rded as one of us most useful and pub Andrew Butler Graham.— There are few better known photo-lithographers in the country, especially at the national capital, than Andrew But'er Graham, who conducts a modern and fully equipped plant at 1230 Pennsylvania ave- nue. The high excellence to which Mr. Graham's enterprise has attained is alone attributable to the years that have been spent in gradually increasing its facilities, and by the employment of the most highly skilled artisans ob- tainable, as well as the most expensive, and in consequence, the best materials that the market affords. This business was originally founded by Curtis B. Graham, father of the present owner and proprietor, but since dead, early in 1S40. Mr. Graham came to Washington when he had just reached manhood's estate, full of ambition and a determination to succeed. Having learned lithography in New York, his native State, he determined to embark in ANDREW BUTLER GRAHAM that business here. Mis capital, consisting of but $20 upon his arrival, was but a meager sum with which to launch into business, but nothing daunted. Mr. Graham mad,' his start. Fortune attended him from the outset, since in the selection of a lodging house he found himself an inmate of the house in which both Daniel Webster and MeiiiN (la\ ballrooms. Many evenings was young Graham called down from his modest hall bed room to make a fourth hand in a rubber of whist with those eminent statesmen. Taking an interest in the youth, through their offices he received the appointment as lithographer in the Navy department at a salary of $1,000 a year, at which work he continued until the war broke out. Then, by business lie was compelled to abandon the work. although be did not resign the i><>si. nor was a successor appointed in his stead. The business grew and prospered and ere long was one of the most complete in the country. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 277 GRAHAM'S RESIDENCE volume of orders with which it is daily flooded, including a large amount of Government work. Notable among the work executed by Andrew B. Graham may lie men- tioned the reproducJi0Tr~oF~the great seal of the United States in colors, which was executed for the State De- partment to be sent to the American consuls all over the world. This seal, eighteen inches in diameter, done in fourteen colors, is an exquisite bit of work, and is to be reproduced upon the set of state china recently ordered by Mrs. Roosevelt, and which will cost, it is said, $30,000. Mr. Graham is at present occupied in preparing a most voluminous illustrated catalogue to be issued bv the War Department, containing cuts in colors of the new uniforms that have recently been adopted. This work involves the greatest amount of work and care, as the shades reproduced therein have to perfectly match the samples of cloth sub- mitted by the Government. Mr. Graham has added to his already complete plant that of the National Engraving and Halftone Company, so well known here, and the efficiency of which he proposes to bring up to the high standard of his lithographic work, both in regard to style and prompt- ness. Mr. Graham is identified with many of Washing- ton's best known institutions, among which may be men- tioned the Arlington Fire Insurance Company, of which he is a director ; the Riggs Insurance Company, and the Union Trust and Storage Company. Of his social and scientific connections may be included the National Geo- graphic Society ; Sons of the American Revolution, and the Bine Ridge Rod and Gun Club. He is also a member of the Board of Trade and the Business Men's Association. In 1884 Mr. Graham married Miss Jennie G., daughter of Thomas Evans, of Washington. Mr. and Mrs. Graham have three children living — Lorimer, Jerome and Ormonde Graham, who with their parents reside at 1407 Sixteenth street, northwest. Andrew Butler Graham was born in Washington in 1856. His early education was received in the Wash- ington public schools, after which he entered Gonzaga Col- lege, this c.'ty, completing a collegiate course at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. Returning to Washington he entered his father's plant and learned the business in its entirety, his first task being that of polishing the large lithographic stones. After working his way through the various de- partments he received an appointment as a topographical draughtsman in the Coast Survey, afterwards becoming an engraver in that department. There he remained for six years, when he returned with his father, who in his declining years needed an able assistant to relieve him of the onus of his rapidly increasing business. Soon after this his lather retired, and upon his succession to the business he set about to entirely remodel and renovate the plant. This policy he has since continued, until now, with complete equipment of steam machinery and six modern and complete lithographic presses, the plant is a model and amply equipped to, with celerity, fill the large Southern Printers' Supply Company. That Wash- ington is rapidly becoming a trade center is evidenced by the character of its business houses, the broad lines upon which they are conducted, and the wide range of territory covered by their representatives. No one concern has done more to illustrate this than the Southern Printers' Supply Company, with Mr. W. Scion Kent as manager, having office, warehouse and foundry and shops at 304 Tenth street, northwest. The parent house is Barnhart Bros. & Spindler, Chicago, and the Washington branch was estab- lished in 1900, when it was incorporated under its present name, according to the laws of Virginia, all the trade from Delaware to Florida, including West Virginia, coming within the jurisdiction of the Washington branch. The Chicago house is the largest of its kind in the United States, and its work is recognized as being of the highest quality. Its type is known to be the best and produces the handsomest faces furnished to the printing establishments throughout the country. The name under which their type is sold is superior copper mixed type, the name expressing 2 7 8 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. its qualit) to the letter. All of the latest, most improved and labor-saving devices are employed in its manufacture. The plant consists of a complete and modern electro- type foundry, machine shops, roller casting department, salesrooms and warehouse. The electrotype foundry dues the greater share of the work for the local printers and publishers, and also considerable Government work for here and for use in other localities. The machine shops : ving of more than mention. All of the machinery miii there is rebuilt and thoroughly overhauled. The work on rebuill presses, whether they he cylinder or otherwise, i, done under one roof, and has the same careful attention as do all other departments. Still another department is diat which makes printers' rollers. It is needless to say that the same improved machinery is used in this work as is used along the other lines, and the number of firms supplied with all of their rollers is a fair indication of the qualit) of the output. The sales department comprises type, SETON KENT material, machinery and accessories with which to suppl) eed of a printing office. \ complete assortment of platen and cylinder presses is read) for patrons' in- enienl manner in which the stock is cared for expedites the matter of handling both city and '. large corps of traveling salesmen. lipped with both a practical and theoretical knowl- , traverses the South, and is in touch with the trade, keeping it thoroughly posted on all comiuodit h .1 standard and novel nature. omely illustrated printed mat- ter which i- mailed the trade every thirty days. The entire owlb of the Southern Printers' Sup- pl) Comp 1 nt. who for many years prior to openint branch was in the parent firm's nt in traveling the Southern W. Seton Kent is a Marylander by birth, having been born in Calvert county, near Chesapeake City, in 1872. He was educated in the public schools of Baltimore. Mr. Kent entered the employ of Barnhart Bros. & Spindler in 1890, and for them traveled all over the eastern part of the United States, confining' most of his attention, however, to the South. For the past three years he has lived in Washington, and is a member of the Board of Trade. Air. Kent is an en- thusiastic oarsman, and is the only honorary member of the Ariel Rowing Club, of Baltimore, Maryland, which is the oldest rowing club in the United States. Mr. Kent is un- married. Herman Baumgarten. The high standing of the firm of Herman Baumgarten in the official and commercial world of the national capital is sufficient evidence of his reliability and honesty in dealing with his numerous patrons here and everywhere, and the unsurpassed quality of mer- chandise turned out at his establishments and plants. Mr. Baumgarten's success in business is entirely due to his own efforts and his sterling integrity. He has been affili- ated with the business world of Washington for the last thirty years, and ever since his arrival in the capital he has made it a point to do business on principles of absolute honesty and fairness. His various enterprises are ever in- creasing in size and usefulness, — the result of Mr. Baum- garten's popularity and trustworthiness. Mr. Baumgarten is interested in a number of enterprises, of all of which he is the sole proprietor, hut some of which he has given in charge of his sons, he himself retaining the supervision over the branches. The main branch oi the business is that of engraving. Mr. Baumgarten's, father was one of the most skillful and expert engravers in Germany, ami the talent has descended to his son. whose experience and skill in making seals, engraving crests and heraldic devices is unsurpassed. Mr. Baumgarten's official seals are found in almost every department of the Government, as well as in lodges, societies and corporations. Another branch of the business is that of the manufacture of rubber stamps, with headquarters at 414 Tenth street, northwest, which Mr. Baumgarten has placed in charge of his son. Emanuel Baumgarten. Mr. Baumgarten's name is associated with the manufacture of rubber stamps not only in the District, Inn, through his Government work, all over this country. Me makes a specially of supplying the Government depart- ment- with seals, rubber dating stamps, stamping inks and pads, lie has held uninterruptedly for fifteen years .1 con tract with tin I '0-1 l iffice and other departments for sup- plying them with stamps. Every post office throughout the United States and its possessions and territories is fur- nished with stamps of his make. When the number of post offices is considered, some idea of the extent of Mr. Baumgarten's business ma) be gathered. T 1 is facilities are such that he can turn out from ,UXX> to 4.000 Stamps a week in tilling the contract with the Government deparl ments, Mr. Baumgarten is the inventor of three valuable THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 279 labor-saving stamping machines and inking pads. While the bulk of this business is with the Government, he looks well to the interest of his large trade among business and private firms. Air. Baumgarten was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1849, Dut when three years old came to this country with his parents, who settled in Baltimore. Mr. Selig Baumgar- garten, the father of Mr. Baumgarten, engaged in business in Baltimore, and gave his son a good education. After having passed through the public schools, he went to Knapp's Institute, at Baltimore, from whence he graduated in 1863. In 1868, after having finished his trade, young Baumgarten entered into business with his father and his brother William, under the firm name of S. Baumgarten & Sons. Seeing chances for success in Washington more inviting, Mr. Herman Baumgarten, in 1871, removed to the national capital, where he engaged in the rubber stamp HERMAN BAUMGARTEN business. He located at 302 Pennsylvania avenue, and im- mediately obtained contracts for Government work from the Treasury and State Departments for their official seals and stamps. His business grew steadily, and Mr. Baum- garten was obliged to look around for larger quarters. He removed to the Robbins Building, 525 Seventh street, north- west, and from there moved to his present headquarters, 414 Tenth street, northwest. Mr. Baumgarten has three sons — Arthur, Emanuel and Cecil S. Baumgarten. Mr. Baumgarten is a thirty-second degree Mason, being a char- ter member of Arminius Lodge, No. 25, and of Capital Chapter, and other fraternal organizations. He is also a member of the Business Men's Association, and takes a lively interest in all questions pertaining to the welfare of the city and its inhabitants. Mr. Baumgarten resides at 466 Massachusetts avenue, northwest. The National Printers' Supply Company, with head- quarters at 414 Tenth street, northwest, is another branch of Mr. Baumgarten 's firm. This concern supplies type, presses and printing material to the trade in this city and the largest printing establishments in the South. Every- thing needed by the printer for the proper conduct of his business is handled and furnished at a moment's notice. The proper running and management of this branch necessitated the establishment of a branch for the manufacture of ink rollers for printing presses. In the manufacture of the ink pads in connection with his stamp business Mr. Baumgarten employs a composition used in the making of ink rollers for printing presses. As there is no machine plant south of New York engaged in the manufacture of ink rollers for printing presses, he decided to install a Gatling-gun plant in this city. He consulted with many of the leading printers of the city and vicinity, and they advised him to go ahead, promising him their patronage. He has built up a fine trade in this line. Local legislation, however, prohibiting the use of certain fuel used for manufacturing purposes, as well as inadequate transportation facilities, compelled Mr. Baumgarten to erect the manufacturing plant of this branch in Baltimore, where it is known as The Baltimore Roller Company. Mr. Arthur Baumgarten, another son of Mr. Baumgarten, has charge of this part of the business. It has always been the motto of Mr. Baumgarten when doing a thing to do it right, sparing neither money, nor work, nor time. Upon this foundation he has builded and succeeded well. Chapin and Sacks. — Although not a commercial or manufacturing city in the strict application of the term, there are a number of business enterprises in Washington, which have been built up from small beginnings and have had such wonderful growth and prosperity, that to-day they may justly claim rank with any of the most energetic and progressive and wealthy concerns located right in the heart of the manufacturing and industrial centers of the United States, where opportunities for success are not so few and less difficult to overcome. The prospects for success for manufacturing concerns in the capital city arc to a very large degree restricted by legislation, and to be eminently successful in spite of this barrier, in estab- lishing markets everywhere for Washington products is sufficient and conclusive evidence of the energy and enter- prise of that particular firm, (hie of the few of these concerns is that of Chapin & Sacks, wholesalers of butter, eggs and cheese, proprietors of a large private cold storage and electric light plant, and manufacturers of renovated and process butter and ice. The main office of this firm is located at 924 Louisiana avenue, northwest, where is also their immense warehouse stocked with A No. 1 merchan- dise, and their private cold storage and electric light plant. Everything about the place Is fitted up in modern and most convenient style, making the establishment a perfect model in its particular line of trade. Both members of the firm are young men, and with the push and enterprise that goes with youth, they have outgrown many of their old competitors who were in the field years before Chapin & Sacks started in the business. This firm is the largest wholesale firm in their line south of New York, and com- pares most favorably with the best houses in the latter 2 So THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. metropolis. They cater to tli trade and their o be found everywhere. The butter, cheese I lupin & Sacks arc the nd the reliability of the firm in dealing with their ARTHUR CHAPII Another feature "I the enterprise, which, how- taiiagcd on an independent basis, under the name I ! in] tin Sacks Manufacturing Company, of which Arthur A. Chapin is president, ami George I'. Sacks sec- retary, is its plant for making renovated or process butter branch i- located at First and Patterson u. I ha- a capacity for turning out 20.00;) pounds ..f butter daily, ami is running its full quota. The output ..1' the concern i- principally shipped South, but they have also mani customers at Northern points. The ice produced b\ tin- firm 's well known for its sanitary purity and finds ,dr among dealers. Irthlll A. Chapin, 'he senior member of the firm. on an independent basis in the butter business when nineteen years "Id. lie paid the closest attention and it expanded in a short time in such ill) drifted into the butter jobbing \bi>ut twelve years ago he took into partnership with him Mr. (ieorge 1'. Sacks of this city, who previous perience in the same line of bust he firm was first located at Ih ■ ■!■ w.-rc obliged in look larger quarters in order to l'be\ moved to 911 quarters soon also proved too of their present place right in the heart of 1 heirs i- the first pri- tricl of 1 '"hmihia. il Spring Mills. tin -,,,1 of S. I,. Chapin and Sarah (Lawrence) Chapin. Hi? parents moved to Virginia when Mr. Chapin was yet a boy. He received bis education in the public schools of Washington and at an early age embarked in business. Mr. Chapin has always taken a lively interest in the welfare of Wash- ington and is a member of the Business Men's Association and East Washington Citizens' Association. He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity, being on the roster of New Jerusalem Lodge, Eureka Chapter. Oriental Com- mandery, and Almas Temple, Mystic Shriners. On No- vember 1, 1887, he married Frances Williamson, daughter of Walter B. Williamson of this city. There are two children — Raymond E. and Frances. Mr. Chapin resides at 1 1 1 2 E street, northeast. George P. Sacks, the junior member of the firm, is a native of the capital city, being born in 1872. He is a son of Eckart J. Sacks and H. B. ( Laubscher 1 Sacks. Mr. Sacks also received his education in the public schools of Washington, and in order to prepare himself for his future career he entered the employ of Baltimore houses, making himself fully conversant with every detail of the business in which he to-dav is so successfully interested. About twelve years ago he joined partnership with Mr. Chapin, and be is to-day bending his full energy to improve and expand the activities of the firm of Chapin & Sacks. Mr. Sacks is a public-spirited citizen and takes a lively interest in everything that pertains to affairs of the Dis- trict. Fie is a member of the Business Men's Association and the Masonic fraternity — Xew Jerusalem Lodge, Eu- reka Chapter. GEORGE P SACKS Mr. Sacks married in [894 Ida I.. Murphy, daughter of Nicholas Murph) and Fanny !■'.. Murphy, and he is the proud father of two beautiful children, lie is also affiliated with the Young Men'.- Christian Association, and resides I street, northwest. Washington. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 281 Golden, Love and Company. — No city in the United States has among its residents a more widely diversified type than Washington. This is mainly attributable to the presence here of tbe Diplomatic Corps, which represents every civilized nation in the world with which diplomatic ROBERT A. GOLDEN relations are maintained by this Government. In accord- ance with this diversity of types local caterers are often at their wits ends to lay in a stock of goods that will ap- peal to the fancy of each of their customers, many of whom are of foreign birth, and desire to continue their mode of living here upon the same plan as at home. In order to be thoroughly successful in this it is abso- lutely necessary that the material used in the preparation of these dainty and delicious menus can be secured at a moment's notice and be of the very best of quality. There is one house in Washington, above all others, which has the reputation of being the most reliable and trustworthy in that line, and which handles only the very best of goods. It is that of Golden; Love & Co., at 926 and 928 Louisiana avenue, right in the center of Washington's produce mar- kets. It is not only the oldest, but it is in every sense a representative establishment, with an excellent reputation which is widely known and appreciated. This house was established by Messrs. Robert A. and Francis G. Golden, in 1862, and was known as R. A. Golden & Brother. In 1879 Mr. Francis G. Golden died, and the business was continued by his brother, Robert A. Golden, until 1 89 1 , when Major J. F. Love, of Loudoun county, Virginia, entered into part- nership with Mr. Golden. The business increased rapidly, until today the house handles more poultry, which is its specialty, than any other commission house south of New York. The house operates the largest poultry and egg- packing plant in the South, which is located at Morristown, Tennessee, and is the most perfect plant of its nature in this country, from whence nothing but the very best is shipped here. The firm has the largest beef, lamb, and veal 36 trade of the city outside of the " Big Four." The butter and egg business of this house has kept pace with its other branches. The firm is exclusively wholesale, and caters only to the best trade. It is unlike many of the other commis- sion houses of the city, in that it does not handle fresh fruits or vegetables of any kind, this branch of the business being turned over to Whitford Brothers & Co., of which Mr. Carter, the present junior member of the firm of Golden, Love & Co., is vice-president. The firm packs and freezes more poultry and game than any other house of similar character south of New York. Robert A. Golden is a native of Charles county. Md., being born there in 1840, and came to Washington at an early age. He has been in business in the city since 1862, and is widely and favorably known to the trade. Fie resides at 814 B street, southwest, and is a member of the Business Men's Association. Major James F. Love, of the firm, died last March, since which time the business has been carried on by the remaining partners under the same firm name. William G. Carter, the junior partner, was taken into partnership by Mr. Golden in 1893. and attends to the man- agerial part of the business. He was born in Prince William county, Virginia, in 18O9. He received his education at the Washington High School, and after completing his course of studies entered the employ of Golden, Love & Co., as general clerk. It is largely through Mr. Carter's execu- tive ability and his astonishing energy that the business has grown to its present dimensions. It requires the services of ten wagons and twenty horses for the deliverv service of WILLIAM G. CARTER the firm. Not only his private business, but also the in- terests of the city and its welfare are always claiming Mr. Carter's attention. He is a member of the Board of Trade and the Business Men's Association, and also of the Ma- sonic fraternity — New Jerusalem Lodge, Columbia Chapter. 282 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Charles Schneider, the eldest son of eight children of Christian and Philipino (Wunderlich) Schneider, was born on May _>x, 1841, at Schwarzenau, Prussia. I raving attended the public schools of his native town, when sixteen age he entered upon an apprenticeship in a local crving therein until t86o, and receiving the munifi- cent sum of ten dollars as wages for three years of labor. The elder Schneider was himself a baker, and on his death the son terminated 1 hip and during the following five years conducted his father's business for it of the family. Being an eldest son. he was not in the German army, and was therefore able his fortune in America while young in life. This he did, arriving at Xew York just after the close of the civil war. bringing with him a thorough knowledge of his trade but scarcely enough money to meet living neces- CHARLES SCh hortlj after landing he learned that he could secure Brooklyn, bill he was obliged to borrow the two lent- fern fare from a sympathetic young Irishman. For nths he was employed in the Brooklyn bakery at and then he moved to \\ ashington, earned five dollar- a week as a jour- With a fixed aim for success in his chosen letermined and ambitious, but with a cash capital of only fifteen dollars, he established a baker shop of his own in 1 . •■ N ork avenue and Fifth • to \" 1.13 I street, N" \V. building was rented and later pur- The business grew stead nded from time to time g 1 23 and 25 on ■• Fourth street. In 1897 he organized the Charles Schneider Baking Com- pany, to which he sold the entire business, becoming its president and manager. His cash capital has grown ten thousand times — from fifteen dollars to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. In 1868 he had but one small wagon with which to deliver his bread to his customers, and this he pulled about the streets of Washington himself. To-day the big bakery operates twenty-seven wagons, with thirty- seven horses. Bread is the principal — almost exclusive — output of the establishment, and it is familiar to every Washington household. From twenty to thirty thousand loaves are delivered daily. Flour is received by the com- pany in single consignments of six thousand barrels, re- quiring forty or more cars to transport it. When about to set up his first shop, this master of the oven of to-day was tendered a position in the Government service by ex- Senator Flarlan of Iowa, father-in-law of Robert E. Lincoln. The position carried a compensation much more attractive than the wage of a journeyman baker, but it was declined. " I promised my father to stick to the baking business, and I'm going to stick," was the reply. Fourteen years later Senator Harlan was the baker's customer. " I see you stuck," he said, " and wisely." In 1894. as a recognized successful business man, he was elected a director of the Second National Bank. While giving his entire attention to his big establishment, he has possessed himself of valuable properties in Washington real estate, notably on Sixteenth street, on which street he resides. He is a Mason of the 33d degree, and an Odd Fellow, having held every office in the latter order. He was a director and president of Prospect Hill Cemetery, and filled at different times all the high offices in the German Benefit Association, now out of existence. Shortly after locating in Washington he joined and became active in the affairs of the German Evangelical Church, of which he was. successively, sexton, secretary, director and president of the board of trustees. and afterward accepted the treasurership at a time when the church was in dire need of funds. There was not a dollar in the treasury when he took the office. When he resigned he turned over to his successor fourteen thousand dollars. He had furnished a bond for six thousand dollars but this the trustees tore tip when he reported so much mon than that sum in the church cotters. In 1S07 he organized the National Master Bakers' Association of the United States and Canada, of which he was the first presi- dent, serving for two terms. The association started with a membership of fourteen, which has grown to nearly five hundred. At the last convention of the association, held at Cincinnati in September, 1902, he was the recipient of exceptional honors from his fellow tradesmen. On I Ictobei 28, 1868, the year he established himself independent!) in business, he married Johanna Simon, daughter of Caspar and Margurita (Hodermann) Simon-. Of twelve children horn to them, seven are living — Johann. Charles, Edward, Carrie (Mrs. Charles King. )v.l. Anna (Mrs. Frank M. Firor), Minnie 1 Mrs. Charles Loeffkr), and Tillie. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 283 George W. Knox Express Company. The excellent transportation facilities of every description is one of the many blessings which the inhabitants of the capital city enjoy, and which can claim proud comparison with the various systems of transportation and expressage in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago and other large cities of the United States. Although the bulk of the express business in Washington is in the hands of a few firms only, there is no other city in the United States that can lay claim to the fact that its citizens are receiving prompter or more efficient service, by reason of there being a larger number of transportation or express companies attending to their needs. The Knox Express Company in Washing- ton is a model in its particular line of business in every detail. " It works like a clock." The whole enterprise has been so systematized that every patron of the firm can rely with absolute certainty on the information and advice received from this firm. This concern has made it one of their fundamental principles to gain the con- fidence and business of the people by strict attention to their affairs and careful and conscientious execution of their orders. The Knox Express Company is one of the fixtures and features of Washington life and business enterprise. It has grown up with the city and is to-day, comparatively speaking, as well laid out and planned as president ; G. V. Knox, vice-president : J. O. Knox, treas- urer, and M. K. Linn, secretary. W. 8. Knox, the president, is a son of the founder, the late George W. Knox. He was born in Vermont and received his education at Swarthmore College, Pa. are the streets and parks of the capital city, which is recognized the world over as the most beautiful and modern of the world's capitals. The company was incorporated under its existing name, George W. Knox Express Com- pany, in 1894. Its present officers are : W. S. Knox, He is a man of capacity, uprightness and energy, and has been in the company's service since 1881. Mr. W. S. Knox was its general manager in 1892, and president and general manager since 1894. He is a director of the Citizens National Bank, and was one of the organizers and president for two years of the Business Men's Asso- ciation. During his first term he was chairman of the executive committee of the great peace jubilee celebration. He also served as chairman of committees in the last two presidential inaugurations and the recent G. A. R. Encampment, and has taken part in every public movement for the upbuilding of Washington. He is also a member of the Board of Trade and past master of Federal Lodge No. 1, F. A. A. M.; Columbia Royal Arch Chapter; Wash- ington Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar; Almas Tem- ple, Sons of American Revolution and Society of Colonial Wars. G. V. Knox, vice-president of the company, is another son of its founder. He was educated in the public schools in Washington and has been identified with the business since 1881, serving as vice-president since its incorpora- tion. He is prominent in Masonic circles, being a member of Federal Lodge No. 1 ; Columbia Royal Arch Chapter ; Washington Commandery, Knights Templar, and Almas Temple. 2-S.| ////•/ CITY OF WASHINGTON J. 0. Knox, the treasurer, is a brother of the founder, and has been identified with the business since the latter II, has been treasurer since the company was incorporated, tic is a member of Federal Lodge No. i. I'. A. A. M.. Columbia Royal Arch Chapter, Washington Commandery No. i. Knights Templar. M. K. Linn has served in hi- capacity as secretary of the linn since 1898 and is ever on the alerl for the best of the corporation ami its many patrons. All the members of iln- corporation an- noted for their business integrity, promptness and fair dealing with all. Since 1877 this company, in connection with the Bal- timore Transfer Company, has been conducting the Wash- ington fast freight line between the- cities of Washington and Baltimore. Since 1882 ii has been tin- official deliver) agents of the greaf Pennsylvania railroad system, as well as of th<- Norfolk and Washington Steamboat Company ebruary, 1902. In [864 the late Mr. George W. Knox, then in tin emploj of what is now the Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington railroad, established in this cit) a local express under the title of " Excelsior Express," commencing business with a single horse and wagon. Hav- ing faith in the future greatness of this city. Mr. Knox resigned hi- position with the railroad compan) to give the 1 xpress business his entire attention and persona! supervision, and changed the name of his company, giving it the well-known title of the Knox Express Company. Mr. Knox's energy, capacity and efforts were rewarded by the stead) expansion of his business along substantial line-, which ha- continued up to the present time. lie died in 1892, leaving a prosperous transportation company a- part of hi- life's work. Mr. Knox was horn in the Maine in [829, ami in his early life was employed Ik the Fitchburg Railroad Company, lie went to Iowa in 1854, ami returning easl in 1858 was employed by the old Philadelphia. Wilmington and Baltimore railroad. iycd the distinction of having been in charge of the train which so successful!) broughl President Lincoln to Washington in 1861. Shortly after the death of Mr. Knox the entire plant on onsumed by fin destroying four uildings and aboul [30 horses and too wagons. Notwithstanding this serious loss the business was carried "it b) hi nil their customar) pluck and per- rtithoul the interruption of even an hour. Since recr the company has carried mling and storage business, being equipped modern vehicles, tools and appliat tilled and erected the tchinen m man;, of Hie large power plants, and lor in the advance - menl of Littlefield, Alvord and Company.— Every Washing- tonian and a greater portion of the visitors to this city are familiar with the name of Littlefield, Alvord & Co., whose man\- teams are daily and nightly seen traversing die streets of this city : yet, as familiar as many are with this sight, but a comparatively few are aware of the vast pro- portions to which this business has reached, and the equip- ment necessary to so successfully operate such a business. This enterprise had its inception in 1872, when L. A. Little- field made his beginning as a stevedore, with wharfage at the foot of Twenty-sixth street. Not until 1889, however, when E. S. Alvord joined him, was the business expanded to embrace a general hauling and storage business as well, the firm then becoming known as Littlefield & Alvord. With the infusion of Mr. Alvord'' s energy and " hustling " tactics into the new concern the business steadily grew and prospered, until now it stands second to none in the United States. At the beginning five teams were put upon the street to meet the demand of the calls. Step by step the number has been increased, until there are now quartered in the com- pany's stables between 450 and 500 head of horses, and on the company's pay roll are the names of nearly 400 employes. In 1893 the interest of Mr. Littlefield was purchased by Mr. Alvord's uncle, M. IT. Acheson, and nine years later, or in 1902, the business was incorporated under the name of Littlefield, Alvord & Co.. with Mr. Al- vord as president and Mr. Acheson as vice-president. The corporation does even- variety of hauling, from carrying passengers in its 'buses to the transportation of the heaviest machinery. It also does an extensive wharfage and steve- dore business, and in the loading and unloading of vessels it has every facility, owning two wharves in Washington and two in Georgetown. It owns floating docks, which make it possible to discharge cargoes from any wharf on the Po- tomac River. Everything from the piles to the slate on the roof of the new city post office was hauled by it. mosl of the stone being removed from the vessejs under a contract Stipulating a fine for breakage. It has handled all the rails now used by the various street railway companies, with exception of the Ninth street line. It has hauled all the asphalt that ever came to this city, and has hauled the street cars now in use from the freight yard to car house. This corporation also makes a specialty of theatrical hauling, and employs between fifty and sixty men every Saturday night and Sunday, loading, hauling and unloading scener) in con- nection with the various theaters. The plant of the cor- poration al Twent) sixth and D streets consists of a modern, two stoi >■ . fireproof building, occupying an entire block. The plant contains a wagon factor), and employs the latest machinery for the manufacture of wagons, lis own wagons are made here, as well as vehicles for others. A well- equipped harness shop and a coach painting shop are also operated within the plain. flic corporation has a -list mill and cutting machine, which are operated by its own power. The plant is lighted by electricity from the corporation's own electric light plain. The latest and best appliances are kepi for extinguishing lire. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 285 Elijah 8. Alvord was horn in [866 at Indianapolis, Indiana, and after attending the schools of his native city finished a course at Russell Military Academy, in New Haven, Connecticut. At the age of sixteen Mr. Alvord engaged in the provision business, and traveled for two years. Leaving Hartford, he went to Virginia, and for two years lived on a farm he purchased there. In 1887 he came to Washington and engaged in the hauling busi- ness, a little later consolidating his business with that of Mr. Littlefielcl. Since that time Mr. Alvord has devoted his whole and undivided attention to his corporation, and has little time for outside diversions. Mortimer H. Acheson, a son of Thomas and Katha- rine Hooker Acheson, was born in Columbus, Ohio, on July 12, 1862. Mr. Acheson received his education in the common schools of Connecticut, and upon its completion, like Mr. Alvord, became engaged in the provision business in Hartford, Connecticut. Mr. Acheson afterwards went to New York, where he entered the stock brokerage business, and came to Washington in 1888 as the agent of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, in which capacitv he re- mained until 1893, when he became a member of Little- field, Alvord & Company. Purity Ice Company. — The Purity Ice Company, of this city, is one of the few large business concerns that is furnishing a public necessity and has steadfastly refused to be bought up by the ice trust. The Purity Company, by its refusal to become a partner of the trust, has enabled the people of Washington to secure their ice supply at reasonable rates, where, had it accepted the offers of the other ice company, it would have put customers and consum- ers at the mercy of the ice trust. The company was offered a considerable advance on its stock as an inducement to sell, but the offers were summarily rejected by the president, Mr. John Evans McGaw. In consequence of this refusal the company was enabled to keep ice at a figure within the reach of the poor. At that time the price in all the large cities was sixty cents a hundred, but the Purity suc- cessfully prevented an advance here. The business of the company has tripled in the past six years, and is steadily on the increase. The company's plant was completed by the De La Vergne Refrigerating Machine Company, of New York, and is one of the most perfect and modern plants in operation. The factory is located at Fifth and L streets, northwest, and its central and convenient location is con- ducive to promptness and dispatch in delivery. The com- pany has a large number of wagons and carts, and is enabled to furnish any quantity of ice at the shortest notice. By giving its numerous patrons fair treatment and a first-class artice, the Purity has built up a large trade, and it is always on the lookout for improvement wherever possible. John Evans \1cGaw, a practical ice manufacturer, who has managed a number of ice plants in various parts of this country and Mexico, is the president of the com- pany. Mr. McGaw is considered an expert, and it is mainly due to his knowledge that the ice produced by the Purity has its reputation for purity and superiority. Mr. McGaw was born in Baltimore, in 1859, being the son of Robert Franklin McGaw and Susan B. McGaw. His primary edu- cation Mr. McGaw received at the Baltimore public schools, graduating from the high school and Eton and Burnett's Business College, Baltimore, Md. When his father died, in 1879, young McGaw engaged in the commission busi- nes and in agricultural pursuits. This brought him into the fruit and vegetable packing business, running one plant at Baltimore, one at Aberdeen, Maryland, one at Smyrna, Delaware, and one at Elkton, Maryland. Fie did a very large business all over the United States, and subsequently sold out to go to Mexico, where he engaged in the ice manufacturing business but found the climate intensely hot. He contracted fever, and returned to the United States in a very weakened condition, and settled in Asbury Park, JOHN EVANS M C GAV New Jersey, where against all advices of the business com- munity, he erected an ice manufacturing plant and engaged in business. Everybody prophesied his early retirement from the field, as three other natural ice companies were doing business there at the time, but Mr. McGaw not knowing when he was defeated, after he had been in Asbury Park for three months sold almost all the ice consumed in the leading hotels in this popular summer resort, by reason' of having hygienic ice. made from distilled water, taken from the famous artesian wells of Asbury Park, New Jersey, which is known for its purity, thereby causing a great de- mand. The natural ice companies, to save themselves, were compelled to buy Mr. McGaw's plant, which they did. As the ice season in this summer resort is very short, Mr. McGaw, looking for a larger field, came to Wash- ington, where he met Mr. Stilson Hutchins, the present vice-president of the Purity, to whom he made the propo- 2 S6 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. sition to engage in the manufacture of ice. Mr. Hutchins offer, and they have ever since then continued business on an ever increasing scale. The cus- of the Purity have at various times expressed their willingness to patronize the Purity, no mailer what the other competing ompany would charge for its product. The Purity fee Company has added to their plant a wholesale and retail coal business, and are prepared to deliver coal of all sizes and grades at the shortest notice and at the lowest prices. Mr. McGaw is a member of the Order of the Elks and of the National Union and other organizations. Mr. Stilson Hutchins, a well-known capital- ist of tin- city, is vice-president; Mr Lee Hutchins, is rer, and Mr. \V. J. Dante is secretary. The Abner-Drury Brewing Company. Prominent among those business ent< rprises which have rapidly forged to the from in the capital city of late years, and which have ery effort to contribute to the wealth and com- mercial, as well as material, progress of Washington, is "The Abner-Drury Brewing Company." which is owned bj two energetic and broad-minded young men. who years ago selected Washington as their home. Mr. Edward F. Aimer i- the president and secretary, and Mr. Peter A. Drurj i- the vice-president and treasurer of the firm. The product of this firm is favorably known not only in this city, but also in neighboring Slates, and is even exported to Northern and Western States, where it successfully com- EDWARD F. ABNER breweries in the United n r thirty nmpany, which is the founda- which was built the present modern plant organized in 1 87 1. This plant is located in Twenty-fifth street, be- tween F and G streets, northwest, on an eminence over- looking the Potomac river and the Virginia shore. It oc- cupies an ideal place for a brewery. The Albert Brewing Company continued to do business on a less extended scale PETER A. DRURY until 1896, when it was bought by Mr. E. F. Abner. the present president of the firm, who made large improvements and actively entered the business in Washington. In iSgj Mr. Peter A. Drury became a partner of Mr. Aimer, and they conducted business under the firm name " Abner and Drury, Brewers," which in [900 was changed to "The Ab- ner-Drury Brewing Company." The entire stock of the enterprise is held b) Messrs. Abner and Drury, none being on the market. The firm has met with phenomenal suc- cess, breaking all records as to amounl of business trans- acted For the time the) have been engaged in trade. This is mainly due to the purity and wholesomeneSS of the ar- ticle put on the market b) the firm and the fair and honest treatment which the members of the firm accord to their numerous patrons. The Abner-Drury Brewing Company makes a specially of a brand of beer called "Old Glory," which is favorably known to almost every inhabitant in the District of Columbia, and is endorsed for its purity and strengthening qualities by the medical profession every- where. Both partners are active and energetic young men. who come in daily contact with their numerous patrons, and therein have an opportunity to personalh study their desires and wishes and enable themselves to give eminent satisfaction all around. Messrs. Abner and Drury both lake an active part in all matters pertaining to the public interests. The) are members of the Board of Trade and Business Men's Association and other organizations. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 287 Edward F. Abner, the president of the firm, was born in Cologne, Germany, on June 26, 1864, where he received his first school education. In 1882 he graduated from the celebrated " Apostel Gymnasium " in that city. After school he learned the banking business in Cologne, where he se- cured an insight into the business dealings in general and the banking business in particular. In 1885 he came to Washington at the instance of his brother. Christian Abner. In 1887 Mr. Abner returned to Germany, where he managed the paternal estate, his father having died. In 1890 he returned to this city, where he became interested in the National Capital Brewing Company, serving as secre- tary and treasurer for seven years. He then bought out the Albert Brewing Company, and in 1897, with Mr. Peter A. Drury, formed The Abner-Drury Brewing Company, of which he is the president and secretary. Mr. Abner is prominent in social organizations, and is also chairman of the Brewers' Committee, comprising all the local brewers. In 1896 Mr. Abner married Miss Mathilde Vorlander, of this city. His residence is at 1812 G street, northwest. Peter A. Drury, the vice-president and treasurer of the firm, was born in Ireland, in 1865. He received his education in a monastery in Ireland, and in 1885 came to this country, where he finished his education. Mr. Drury at once affiliated himself with the liquor trade, and in T891 he was engaged by local brewers in the capacity of solicitor. This position he held for five years, at the end of which term he entered the firm of Abner & Drurv, of which he was the junior member, but of which he now is the vice- president and treasurer. In 1892 Mr. Drury married Miss Ada Kearnev, of Washington. From this union there are three boys : Peter A., Leo K., and William Drury. His residence is at 1432 Binney street, northwest, Washington, D. C. Charles Jaeobsen, owner and proprietor of the Ar- lington Bottling Company, whose extensive plant is at Twenty-seventh and K streets, northwest, has in the few years since he embarked in this enterprise built up a most flourishing and lucrative business, which gives employment to a large number of clerks and operators, in filling the large number of orders that are daily increasing. Charles Jaeobsen is a son of Captain Herman Jaeobsen, and was born in Baltimore on May 1, i860. After receiv- ing his education at the public schools, and afterwards graduating from the high school of that city, he entered the employ of Dix & Wilkins, fruit importers, in a clerical capacity, and there remained for a number of years. De- ciding to make Washington his future home, Mr. Jaeobsen came to this city and accepted a position in the brewery of Christian Heurich. After mastering the details of his new vocation he decided to embark in business for himself, and accordingly started his bottling plant at the present location, June 6, 1884. His start was a modest one, and his plant somewhat primitive. Then it required but two wagons to deliver the orders of bottled beer and carbonated waters in demand. Since then the plant has been remodelled and enlarged until now it is as complete as any south of New York, consisting of all the latest devices employed in bot- tling beer, together with two large carbonating machines to charge the waters, ginger ales, etc., handled by Mr. Jaeobsen. Now twenty-five wagons are employed in deliv- ering the orders filled at the works, the capacity reaching 2,000 cases per clay. Mr. Jaeobsen is interested in many corporations and enterprises aside from his bottling business. He is vice-president and a director of the Adalinda Zinc Mining Company, of Arkansas; vice-president and direc- tor of the Washington Base Ball Club, and a director of the Citizens National Bank, in Masonic circles Mr. Jaeobsen is equally active and has long been a member of the Almas Temple, Mystic Shrine, as well as a member of the B. P. O. Elks and Fraternal Order of Eagles. With his wife, who CHARLES JACOBSEN was formerly Miss Latterner of this city, ami their five children, Mr. and Mrs. Jaeobsen occupy a handsome home at 2509 Pennsylvania avenue. Colonel M. A. Winter. — One of the best known Washington firms is that of The M. A. Winter Company, with offices at 339 and 341 Pennsylvania avenue. This com- pany employs a force of 100 or more clerks, and does a large business throughout the United States and mariy foreign countries. They manufacture family medicines and sell them through agents in all parts of the world. Their daily mail is enormous, and as hundreds of letters are in various for- eign languages, a large corps pi translators is constantly employed attending to this part of their correspondence. This firm, therefore, not only gives employment to many Washington people, but causes the minds of hundreds of thousands of people in all parts of the world to be directed 288 towards Washington as a center of influence For in- .,;,„,, large shipments of medicine were made by this [ndia during the time of the bubonic plag expressing thankfulness that from Washington had come an alleviation oi that tr.ml.k-. for the medicine had really succeeded in curing man ,„■ ,,„. pla g UC The circulars of the company w. printed in all the Indian dialects, and branch offices estab- lished all over India for the distribution of the medicine, so that a large trade was soon established there. Tins is bul one instani many similar ■ VI. A. Winter, the president oi the company, is t|,'e vounger business men of Washington. His ancicnl lineage is the same as that of Gen. George Wash- ington. Through the Washington fanv'h he is able to trace liis ancestn from parent to parent Lack through cen- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. w^ m Mt^. if anci rough the pean civili he founde I, Hied b\ luued head of Europe can us pedigree than that shown turics "i English auces dawn o birth nf i hrist, to King < klin. I tin- hai ire illustrioi in this ti ilogical record. 1 fe co . his ancestors of Massachusetts anci them having shed their blood for n the colonial wars, the revolutionary - well as our later civil war. ■•i i icorge Deni i Indian fighter. The same ■ ral i ,rant and Admiral ■ wonder that he I trill) Amen The heroic element of the Viking ancestry of Colonel Win- ter, mingling with and tempered by the strict moral quali- ties and religious convictions of the adamantine character of the Puritans, could scarcely fail to produce in his nature that iron will and indomitable energy which so characterize him. If to this ancestry he owes his remarkable originality, tn the French Huguenot blood, which also flows freely in his veins, he probably owes his unusual versatility and artis- tic tastes. It is seldom that originality, versatility and ar- tistic refinement are combined in a purely business career; but all these qualities belong to Colonel Winter in a remark- able degree. Co'onel Winter is the eldest child of Rev. Alpheus Winter, a well-known Congregational minister of Con- necticut, and was born in Onarga, Illinois. September 20. [863, while his parents were temporarily residing there. Soon afterwards his parents returned to Connecticut, "and Colonel Winter's early life was mostly spent in Hartford. He attended school there, and when only eighteen years of age engaged in business for himself. Being in the sub- scription book publishing business at an early age, he began to sell through agents and to learn the various methods of dealing with them, until at this time he has perfected a system of handling agents which is considered by compe- tent authorities to be one of the very best, if not the best, in the entire country. Everything moves with the ease and regularity of well-kept machinery in Colonel Winter's of- fice, and one can scarcely realize that more than eighty thousand agents are under his control, so quietly and smoothly does the business go on. and so perfect is the organization of the work, even to the minutest details. Colonel Winter was married in 1885 to Miss Jessie Townsend Peters, of Hartford, and has one child. .1 boy, Courtney Peters Winter, born in 1888. His wife's health failing, he removed South, where his first wife afterwards died. Coloner Winter was re-married in 1891 to Miss Er- minie Lois Tanner, of Lynchburg, Va., and in 1895 moved to Washington, where he has since resided, anil where he has built up the large and constantl) increasing business of The M. A. Winter Companj on a firm, stable basis, and has attained a most gratifying success through merit alone. His versatility is well known as well as his originality. He is the author of several treatises upon economic questions; is a member of the National Geographic Society: the Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science: the Washington Academy of Sciences, and other scientific societies. He has traveled extensive!) in foreign countries, mainly in the in- terest of his business, and in seeking better methods of transpiirtalii.il for his goods he became interested in parcels post. In 1000 he made a trip to Mexico in this connection, and upon his return prepared an exhaustive am.', eels post, which was introduced entire into Congress and published in the Congressional Record. In preparing this 1 olonel Winter had to stud) several foreign lan- and make man) comparisons of statistics, compiling various tables of comparative values, etc., but he had his reward in being able to present the parcels post question in a form easilv understood, and in presenting unanswerable arguments, carefull) deduced From all the facts in the case. Letters of congratulation soon began to pour in from stu- dents of political science, college professors and the most THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. profound authorities on these mat- ters, as well as from practical business men, stating that nothing had appeared for years so profound and convincing on the subject of parcels post, and so calculated to advance its cause as Colonel Win- ter's article. Much good has al- ready been accomplished by it, and such organization has been perfected which must secure at no distant day the fulfillment of the hopes of all who are interested in establishing the parcels-post system. Colonel Winter is likewise very patriotic, and belongs to many pa- triotic societies, such as the Order of the Founders and Patriots of Amer- ica, Sons of the American Revo- lution, Sons of the Revolution, and others. He is the originator of The Minute Men, an independent mili- tary organization, with several regi- ments located in different parts of the country. He is the acting com- mander-in-chief of the organization, and also the colonel of the first regi- ment, located in this city. For a comparatively young man to have accomplished so much already, we may safely predict that Colonel Winter's future will see still greater achievements, and Washington may well be proud that such a sturdy, upright business man Has identified himself so closely with her interests, and may well wish hirq every success in his noble undertakings, both for his private good and for the public benefit. ALONZO OGILVIE BLISS Alonzo Ogilvie Bliss. — Possibly no name is more widely known, the world over, than that of Alonzo Ogilvie Bliss, who, as the soke proprietor of the Alonzo Bliss Com- pany, manufactures the well-known proprietary medicine, " Bliss Native Herbs." This company operates offices and plants in Washington, Kansas City,*Chicago. San Francisco, Montreal, Canada ; London, England ; Kadina, South Aus- tralia, in fact in every English-speaking country. The firm operates a large private printing plant, and employs hundreds of clerks in conducting the large correspondence and filling orders. Mr. Bliss has ever taken a lively interest in the progress and welfare of Washington. He is a large property holder in the District of Columbia, among his properties being the Driscoll, Astoria, Penhurst, Kingman and Le Grand apartment houses, and the Bliss Building, in which his general offices are located, and which, on account of its nearness to the Capitol and its modern conveniences and accommodations, is much in demand by Senators and Rep- resentatives for office purposes. The building is an up-to- date structure, and is supplied with electric elevators, tele- phones, steam heat, etc., and faces Capitol Park. The Industrial Commission and other Government committees occupied offices in the Bliss Building while they were in existence. B is also headquarters of the Anti-Saloon League, the Knights of Labor, and other firms and cor- porations. Alonzo Ogilvie Bliss was born in New York State in 1845, being the son of Florace Bliss and Deborah C. (Sam- son) Bliss. He received his education in the public schools 290 in his native town and the- Cortland ' N. Y. I Academy. After graduation he enlisted at the outbreak of the civil ivar as a member of the Tenth New York Cavalry; served three years in the field on the stall of General Kilpatrick, and ted in more than thirty engage- ments. After the war he conducted a druv store iii Richmond, \'a. In i.s.s.s i Washington, where he started in the business in which to-day he is so successfully engaged. Mr. Bliss is prom- inent in Grand Army circles and is a I enth New York ( avalry. He is also a charter member of Canby ... 520, of Pennsylvania, F. A. \. \l., and the Washington Board of I rade. Mr. Bliss has traveled exten sively through the European countries. ami has made many acquaintances during these visits. In [867 he married Emma ('. Kingman, and of this union there are four children Harry Kingman, Arthur I... Mania A., and Bertha M. bliss. Mr. bli^s is a liberal and generous - and is held in the highest esteem by every- body who knows him. THE CENTER MARKET. F01 over thirty years Center Market has fully realized the idea of those who planned the present structures. On this site, from the time of the laying out of the city, there has always been a market, with buildings of various shapes and si/. .mil en'arged from time to time as the city grew and the dealers in this largest and most central!) located market of the city prospered. Until the present corporation was given its control this market was under the management of the city government, and neither dealers nor the public at large were satisfied w itli the ar- rangement. The low, unsightly, itninclosed structures, with their dark and narrow aisles, excited no end of criticism ure. After mail) years of discussion the cit) an in. I the appropriate committees of Congress seri- up the projeel of a new market. It was found that not on'y would it be necessan u. remove ever) .me of but, mi new and higher levels, ereel immense in size and speciall) arranged itlth of aisles and providing sufficient light and use far above the means of the ■nmeiit. For several session^ .i Congress II i !ii"ii were under discussion. Many ini insulted. during the period ders who had for so many I the b'ttercst antag- onism, while tl •;,,„, public I control bitter feeling. To THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. HE DRISCOLL. Senator Lot M. Morrill, of Vermont, then chairman of the Senate Committee on the District of Columbia, is due great honor in connection with the plans for this market. He had great faith in the city's future, and for the buildings of this market not to meet all reasonable needs of the city for many years to come, he believed, would be a great mis- take. So he and others, in the preparation of a charter, panned large and liberal things, and as a result the law calling for the present structures was passed. The privi- leges of the charter were conferred upon the following men. all more or less identified with the affairs of the city: Thomas Berry, D. W. Bliss, Henry D. Cooke. William B. Todd. Peter Gardner, Henry S. Davis, George W. Riggs, Byron G. Daniels, M. G. Emery. Frederick P. Stanton. rhomas C. Connolly, S. P. Brown, John S. Crocker. Alex- ander R. Shepherd, W'i liam Clark, Hallet Kilbourn, John R. b'.lvans. B. F. French, C. 11. Michner, James L. Barbour, I. T. Mitchell, T. T. Fowler, T. II. Alexander, J. W. An- gus. W. W. kaplcy and Thomas Lewis. For vari ius rea sons these men were unable to devise means to take up and earn on the work. I'p to this time Mr. Alexander R. Shepherd had taken hut little part in the enterprise. En- grossed as they then were with larger affairs ,.f the city, he and the then Governor, Henr) I'. Cooke, bad permitted their names to be used as incorporators, but they had taken no active interest in working out the details of the enter- prise. With his characteristic energy, Governor Shepherd, having no interest in the matter save the city's good, took up the project in the effort to prevent its failure. He brought together many of the incorporators who had become THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 291 discouraged : besides, by personal appeals he sought the necessary financial aid of capitalists outside of the city. In this way Mr. Carlos Pierce, of Boston, a man of great wealth and enterprise, became actively interested in it ; also Mr. Edward R. Tinker, now president of the company. With these Mr. Fisher A. Hildreth, of Lowell, Massachusetts : Mr. N. G. Ordway and Mr. William E. Chandler, of New Hampshire, both temporary residents of the city and active in various city projects, came into the company. It is to these gentlemen, together with Hon. Matthew G. Emery, that the honors of the enterprise are due. Mr. Emery took the presidency of the company, and to a building committee of members of the board, composed of Messrs. Ordway, Tinker, Emery, Chandler, Hildreth and Shepherd, was as- signed the supervision of the work of construction, which was at once begun. Upon Mr. Ordway, as chairman, fell sons, every known variety of food and table delicacy, brought from every latitude. Its flower stalls have become famous. Its doors are open every week day from sunrise until after- noon ; on Saturdays until 10 at night. People in every walk of life go to this great market. Some come in carriages, others in street cars, that run around it on every side and connect with every line in the city — only a single fare being- needed for one to come to it from a.uy part of the District. Multitudes come afoot, the nearness of this market to the center of the city's population adding to its popularity and its patronage. The displays at Center Market are kaleido- scopic — ever changing, always fresh, always beautiful. For a stranger the displays he here sees are among the city's many wonders, always to be remembered with pleasure. In the preparation of plans for the great structures of Center Market the committees of Congress, the authorities THE CENTER MARKET. the heavy task of personally supervising the construction of all the buildings and the foundations upon which they were placed, many of these foundations being of enormous size and very costly, owing to the swampy character of the site. The enormous market buildings called for were made more attractive than the charter required — wider aisles, more abundant light and ventilation, and perfect drainage in every part. Then, to meet modern conditions and give to every dealer better facilities for handling his products and reducing their cost to their patrons, the company, at an expense of over $300,000, has added cold-storage facilities, with neces- sary refrigerating machinery, elevators, etc. The Center Market lies c'ose to the heart of the city of Wash'ngton. No city in the world has in its very center one so well arranged and so ample. Its 300 dealers have on their ftoo and more stalls, in their appropriate sea- of the District, and the incorporators depended greatly upon Mr. Adolf Cluss, then the foremost architect of our city. To him is due the credit of the best structures of the city built at that time, among these being the Calvary Baptist Church, the Franklin School building, and the Ag- ricultural Department building. The wisdom of Mr. Cluss' liberal views as to strength of the proposed structures and the foundations upon which they are built has been fully vindicated. To the structures as originally planned the company has made large additions, these being necessary for the installation of lighting and refrigerating machinery and the large cold-storage facilities, which have since proved such a benefit to dealers as well as the public. In the work of original construction and of subsequent additions Mr. Cluss has been the responsible architect, and although now- well advanced in years his interest in the company is in no wise lessened. 292 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON The present board of directors of the company is : .'. G. Ordway, William E. Chandler, John ' Edward R. Tinker, William G. Carter, Edward 0. Whit- ford, Frank G. Wilkins, F. T. Chamberlin, George W. '.ray, Paul Butler, Lloyd II. Chandler, William V. Cox ami Samuel W. Curridcn. Mr. Edward R. Tinker, closely con- nected with the company since its inception, is now presi- dent of the board; Mr. W. V. Cox is vice-president; Mr. Frank < i. Wilkins. the superintendent of the company, is secretary, and Mr. S. W. Curriden is treasurer. Mr. Pn >- ton S. Smith, who has hern the clerk of Center Market since its opening, continues in that position — holding the con- :' the company and the good will of every dealer. did much towards making the nation's history. The small green parallelogram between the White House and the Arlington Hotel has undeniably the most interesting history of any locality in Washington. At the time of the revolu- tion it was an insignificant part of the David Burns farm, but in i/ijo President Washington selected the site for the Executive Mansion. lie defined the boundaries for Lafay- ette Park opposite, even thus early giving to it the name of his illustrious friend. And every succeeding decade since that early date, the most famous leaders in Cabinet and Senate, in war ami diplomacy, have ranged themselves upon its border, o'er which the shadows of the imposing Arlington fitfully slant. THE ARLINGTON. HI >l M.S. rhe Arlington Motel. For more than a third of .1 inglon I loiel, local,'. 1 oil our of the most ' . has been the stopping place "i the leading people of ibis and other countries. L'pon mnd names of those who havi nation's history. livery President -1 the of ( irant, with one 1 ' - appellation of " The Second W liitc I I harming 1 m ironment can be found in ;jt cs than that which surround pile of buildings, covering from II to l men who Where the main bodj of the Arlington Hotel now Stands there were three stately residences. One was OCCU pied by William L. Marcy. Secretary of War under Presi- dent Polk and Sccivtan of Slate under President Tierce. and when he retired he was succeeded in this and the adjoining bouse by the Secretary of State under Buchanan, Lewis Cass, who. like Marcy, bad previously held the war portfolio. In the third mansion, but recently superseded h\ the noble extension of the hotel up Vermont avenue, dwelt Reverdy Johnson, minister to England, and there Presidents Buchanan and Harrison were entertained prior to their inauguration, and there Patti, Henry Irving, Presi- dent Diaz "I Mexico. Kin-' Kalakaua, Dom Pedro and Boulanger found that luxurious seclusion which sovereigns THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 293 and artists seek. The H street front of the hotel consists of a union of the former residences of Charles Sumner and Senator Pomeroy, the windows looking- directly upon the White House. President Cleveland went from these rooms to his inauguration. The great double mansion adjoining, on H street, was built by Matthew St. Clair Clarke, long clerk of the House of Representatives, and afterwards it became the home of the British legation. Here lived Sir Bulwer Lytton and his not less famous son and secretary, '" Owen Meredith," now Lord Lytton, who wrote here his most celebrated poem, " Lucile." In later years the house was occupied by Lord Ashburton, who, with Daniel Web- ster, assisted by Featherstonhaugh, drafted the "Ashburton treaty " which defined our Canadian boundary. A still later occupant was John Nelson, Attorney General in Tyler's Cabinet. And so on ad libitum one could mention the names of hundreds who lived within these confines. The Arlington Hotel was erected in 1869 by the late W. W. Corcoran, its doors having been thrown wide to admit guests in December of the same year, under the management of Mr. T. E. Roesselle, who is still its proprie- tor. When the Arlington Hotel was built it was at a time when Washington was sadly deficient in its accommo- dations for guests, au fait, with the more improved methods then in vogue in New York and the larger capitals of Europe. This want was filled by the Arlington and it immediately sprang into favor with just that class to which Mr. Roesselle was most anxious to cater for. Its success was instantaneous and, if possible, it grows in favor com- mensurate with its years. No hotel in the world can boast of a clientele of better or more distinguished patrons. Royalty has more than once been sheltered beneath its hospitable roof. For just such occasions a suite of rooms was designed and set apart by Mr. Roesselle, which can boast of no superior in point of elegance and beautiful appointments. These apartments are known as the "Diplo- matic Suite," and consists of thirty-six rooms. They are lo- cated in the new portion of the hotel. The banquets given at the Arlington are of international reputation and have long since been dubbed as gastronomical triumphs. The cuisine is unexcelled and is ever maintained up to the high standard of excellence which has always characterized this hotel. There is a homelike influence about the Arlington which is one of its chief charms, and so endears it to those patrons who return year after year. Its spacious and attractive parlors, cozv and luxurious lounging and smok- ing rooms are permeated with an air of luxury, comfort and refinement that are dear to the higher class of the ease-loving traveling public. In many respects the Arling- ton may be regarded as Washington's pioneer hotel. Inno- vations were introduced by Mr. Roesselle going far towards revolutionizing the hotel business in this city. It was the Arlington that first established the five o'clock dinner, then but shortly in vogue in New York. So popular did il become that Congress rearranged its hours of adjournment to conform with this innovation. Again it was the first hotel to establish a private hotel telephone exchange, now a feature in every well regulated hotel. A glance at the old registers of this hotel reveal many names of distin- guished foreigners, among them the Japanese embassy in 1872, consisting of 106 persons; the Grand Duke Alexis and party of Russia ; the Emperor of Brazil and party, Princess Eulalie pf Spain, the President of Costa Rica, the President of Mexico, King Kalakaua of the Sandwich Islands, Comte de Paris, Duke d' Orleans, Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, Hon. Charles Hall, and Sir John McDonald and party of Canada, at different times ; the Duke de Vcra- gua, Li Hung Chang, viceroy of China, and his retinue ; the Siamese prince royal and party ; the Rochambeau and Lafayette party from France and every Chinese embassy since its establishment in this country. . Mr. Frank Bennett, the manager pf the Arlington, is an able lieutenant to its proprietor, Mr. Roesselle. Mr. Bennett has been connected with the hotel for twenty-two years and there is no part of the conduct of its affairs with which he is not thoroughly familiar both from a practical and theoretical standpoint. THEOPHILUS E. ROESSLE Theophilus E. Roessle was born in Albany. New York, where he was educated. There he came in contact with scions of America's proudest families, Roscoe Colliding and former President Chester A. Arthur being among his schoolmates. His experience in hotel life dates back as far as 1849, when be became proprietor of the Delavan House, in Albany. There he gained a valuable experience which has stood him in good stead in the conduct of the affairs of the Arlington Hotel. At the outbreak of the war between the States Mr. Roesselle served as commissary officer on the staff of Governor Morgan of New York, and it is a matter of record that at one time he was furnishing food supplies for from 40,000 to 43.000 State troops. At the time of his staff appointment Air. Roesselle was a mem- ber of that famous old Albany Burgesses Corps, a militan 2 94 Tin- CITY OF WASHINGTON. organization which was second to none in the world as to its personnel. As an • \ idence of this the corps numbered nmencement of the war. and ninety- five of its members entered other military commands for active dun as officers. " I-'. very man in the corps is a gen- tleman," was a popular saying in Albany, and many of the afterward held high positions in the military, naval and civil service of tin- government and in business life. Mr. Roesselle i- now a member of the Old Guard of \Yu Vork city, one of the most noted military organiza- thc world. THE RALEIGH. The Raleigh. — Until a very few years ago. Wash- ington's hotel accommodations were both primitive and limited. Then the antiquated buildings, which in several instances have since been replaced by palatial structures, were supported entirely by a floating population : but now- all is changed. .Many of Washington's wealthiest and most representative citizens, preferring the ease and luxury of modern hotel life to the dull and unceasing cares of house- keeping, have taken up a permanent residence at some one of tlie beautiful hotels which go so far toward enhancing the attractiveness of the national capital. The first hotel to supply this long-felt need was the Raleigh. Just eight years ago this modern, well-appointed house was erected at the corner of Pennsylva- nia avenue and Twelfth street, upon the historic sight of the old Kirk- wood House, in which Andrew John- son took the oath of office immedi- ately following the assassination of President Lincoln. Admirably lo- cated, it is in the center of the busi- ness section and within easy walking distance of all of Washington's thea- ters. Hence its attraction to the better class of tourists, who make it their headquarters while in this city The success of the hotel was in- stantaneous. So rapidly did its clien- tele increase that, after a year or two. it was found expedient to enlarge it. Accordingly a large block of prop- erty, abutting the original hotel on Twelfth street, was purchased, the beautifully proportioned new dining- room added, and above the sleeping accommodations increased from 145 to 300 bedrooms. With this addi- tion the entire interior of the house was changed. A series of private dining-rooms was installed on the second floor, each beautifully ap- pointed and decorated, while on the same floor reception rooms, parlors, and women's writing rooms were set apart for the use ol guests, each ex quisitely furnished with the same simple elegance and refinement of taste which pervades the entire house. The chambers, single and en suite, contain every modem con- venience known to hotel life, while the adjoining baths are equipped with all the latest devices known to sanitary engineering. On the top floor of the Raleigh is located the spacious ballroom and banquet hall. I hi^ loft} apartment is beautifully proportioned, its color 1 heme being of i\ ,m and -old. u THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 295 the northern end of the room is the pretty gallery, in which the orchestra is concealed. The ante-rooms are divided into cloak and retiring rooms, all charmingly appointed, where a large and wel'-trained corps of assistants is in constant attendance. Many of Washington's most fashionable func- tions are held in these rooms throughout the gay winter season. The Raleigh has been under the capable management of T. J. Talty, a hotel man with a long and valuable ex- perience, and his artistic tendencies are reflected upon every turn in the decorations and furnishings of the hotel. The large foyer, or lobby, on the Twelfth street side, is patron- ized by men and women, who lounge in the invitingly com- fortable chairs and settees set about, and enjoy the after- noon and evening concerts given by the hotel orchestra. The walls of the foyer are covered by several fine paintings, notably among them " The Departure of Sir Walter Ra- leigh," the " White Cliffs of Dover," and an exquisite group of English pastorals by C. Y. Turner, whose mural decorations in the courthouse at Baltimore are heralded ,far and wide. Another canvas in the foyer which attracts universal attention and admiration is Chelmonski's "After the Fair." The men's cafe on this floor is a triangularly shaped apartment, whose decorations consist of lofty marble pil- lars, and the finest example of imitations of Bordeaux tap- estries. Adjoining the cafe is the bar, where, too, hand- some and showy paintings adorn the wall, the best of which is probably R. L. Johnson's " Meeting of the Arab Sheiks." One of the most striking features of this apartment is the magnificent wrought iron grill, which partitions it from the entrance on Pennsylvania avenue, in which is located the news and cigar stands. This grill is of a rich bronze tone, over which gracefully twining vines and clusters of grapes are artistically worked in. The same scheme of design is carried out in the handsomely carved bar and fixtures. Be- low is the rathskellar, known as the Boar's Head. Here is presented the work of the master hand of Mr. Turner, the artist. The walls are liberally emblazoned with apt and appropriate quotations from the Rubiayaat, above which is an exquisite frieze, in soft tones, encircling the entire room. Everything in the way of decorations, furnishings and ap- pointments in the Boar's Head are of the Elizabethan period. Adjoining is a cozy little room known as the Dutch Room. Here, too, Mr. Turner was given full sway in the decorations adorning its walls. Mr. Talty came directly to Washington from the mam- moth Auditorium Hotel, of Chicago, believing that with the proper facilities to aid him he cou'd make for himself here an international reputation, and well has he succeeded, since the Raleigh may be mentioned in the category of the leading hotels of the world. Col. 0. G. Staples, Builder of the Thousand Island House. ( >ne of the most marvelous enterprises of north- ern New York was the conception of building a first-class watering place hotel at Alexandria Bay, and its successful erection and furnishing by Col. O. G. Staples. Certainly nothing short of the highest business genius could have accomplished the feat under such untoward circumstances, and it marked him as a Napoleon of finance. At the time it was done, in 1872, Alexandria Bay was chiefly known as the home of Azariah Walton, the fisherman story-teller and entertainer of New York celebrities who came to the St. Lawrence River for a week or so of outing, disporting themselves by alternate hours of fishing and hearing Uncle Azariah tell stories. The present world-wide celebrity of the Thousand Islands and the sublimely placid scenery of the St. Lawrence archipelago were no more thought of by the people at large than we now think of making a tropical paradise in the Adirondack's. We know of only one man who then read correctly the grand future of the St. Law- rence River and its transcendant charms. That man was COL. O. G. STAPLES O. G. Staples, and with the boldness of Napoleon at the bridge of Lodi, he took hold of the enterprise of building and furnishing a hundred thousand dollar hotel without a salted dollar of capital of his own, with only two endorsers of moderate means. In 1873 he sold the Thousand Island House and bought Willard Hotel, at Washington, out of which, during the past eighteen years, he has made half a million of dollars, establishing the fact that lie " knows how to keep a hotel," said to be one of the highest indica- tions of accomplished wisdom. The opening of the Thousand Island House was the " open sesame " to the beginning of the present era of the St. Lawrence River visitations from all quarters of the globe. H is unquestionably the most expansive, the most calmly beautiful region, affording the most charming social delights, both day and night, that the round earth affords. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Thai this should have all been foreseen by this enterprising young man. is of itself evie'erce o*f genius of almost pro- phetic order. Advertising the hotel necessarily took in the ncry. The successor to Mr. Staples, in running the Thousand Island House, told the writer that it was otel in the United States. lie said everybody knew of it, and whoever came once desired to come again, and the thousands that came the first summer ipened told their neighbors of the grand delights of the region, and tin other thousands were added, an 'ear the throng swelled. Associa- conceiving, building and advertising the Thousand Island House — the first grand step to the consummation of the present renown and glory of the St. Lawrence River region. All northern New York, our farmers, our railroads, our builders and our furniture dealers have been greatlv bene- fited by the prophetic foresight of the builder of the Thou- sand Island House, and his face belongs to the history (if the section. In [883 Col. Staples re-opened Willard's Hotel in this city, which had been closed for several months after the death i!f its former proprietor, Mr. Cook. Col. Staples '■•IV purchased for parks and 'in live in six thousand people hither for temporary summer habitation, and nol . visit the lion. The landholders m-ihlcss for agriculture, hav. sold bur i amis of dollars worth, and if the islands It | hand-, ii was nol nns and Comwalls, who owned 111 .,,,. m „|, T ,.,.,..„ ' I I. Staples in immediatel) set aboul renovating the hotel and put it in such condition, and conducted ii so admirably that it enjoyed an era of prosperity unknown in an\ hotel in Washington since tin- days .>f the civil war. When (.'. W. Spofford failed at the Riggs House in 1891, Col. Staples bought the furniture under the hammer and re-opened tin hotel in October of that year, ami still conducts it with his characteristic energy and success. In 1895 be sold Willard's t" Mr. M. I). Lewis, and bought it back in 1897, under foreclosure proceedings, selling oul finallj in 1899 I" a syndicate. In [896 he purchased the lease and furni- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 297 tare of the National Hotel and still conducts that hostelry with marked. success. In 1897 he re-purchased the Thou- sand Island House, and spent $50,000 in renovating, improv- ing and rehabilitating that famous hotel built by his own energy. It is now one of the finest resort hotels in the world. Col. Staples was born at Watertown, N. Y., October 14, 1851, his father being Nathan Staphs, his mother Amanda Staples (nee Curtis). He was educated at the common schools in Watertown ; was in the patent medicine business, manufacturer of cigars ; the originator of the prize package candy business, and did a general merchandise business. He was elected alderman of the city of Water- town as a Republican, and in 1872 was appointed colonel on the staff of General Pratt's. He is a 32nd degree Scot- tish Rite Mason. The Shoreham Hotel. Fresh from the hands of a hundred or more artisans, and entirely remodeled, redeco- rated and refurnished, the Shoreham Hotel now stands out as one of the handsomest and most complete hotel struc- THE SHOREHAN tures in this country. Located at the corner of Fifteenth and H streets, in the center of the most fashionable section of the city, and within a stone's throw of the heart of the business section, its locality is all that can be desired. The hotel was originally erected by Hon. Levi P. Morton, ex-Vice-President of the United States. Because of the stateliness of this imposing structure, and its delight- ful environment it immediately became popular, and for years was the home of the wealthiest and most fashionable set that made Washington a temporary home. Appreciating the rapid progress made by Washington in the character of its buildings, it was decided lately to remodel the Shore- ham, and in this effort neither pains nor expense was spared, and now upon its completion it is a masterpiece of the builder's and decorator's art, nearly half a million dollars having been spent on it by Mr. Morton. The first floor lias been entirely remodeled and will consist of a restaurant, American dining room, ladies' par- lor, smoking room and office. The restaurant will have a wainscoting of onyx marble and the walls and ceiling will be finished in yellow and green. This room deserves special mention. Tt will be lighted by numerous win- dows on H street and without doubt will be pronounced one of the best lighted, most comfortable, and ele- gant restaurants in the city. This new restaurant will doubtless receive the patronage of a great number who demand elegant surroundings and plenty of light when taking their meals. The ladies' parlor, opening into the restaurant, will be beauti- fully finished. The ceiling will be modeled in plaster and gilded. The ladies'. cafe, on the office floor, will be appreciated by the ladies who patronize the hotel. A palm room - has also been arranged for the office floor. On the lower floor is situated the gentlemen's cafe, parlor, toilet rooms, and buffet. The buffet has an entrance from the corner, and is reached by descending a few steps below the sidewalk. John T. Devirre. the proprie- tor of the hotel, has surrounded himself with so capable a corps of assistants that the high standard of the house will be maintained. Au- gust Coder, formerly chef of the Club House at Saratoga, will pre- side ii\cr the kitchen and personally superintend the many gastronomical triumphs that have earned him a national reputation, while the res- taurant will be in charge of E. Witte, formerly head waiter at Sherry's, New York. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. John T. Devine, was born in Brooklyn fifty years ago and after receiving his education in New York, he < ,„ ,,„. ,,,,, For a great many years Mr. Devine irated old St. Janus, in New Y,,rk. since torn down, later the Hoffman House, and then opened the Hotel St. Marc Several years wen- spenl on | an( l i,, the same business, when he came to Wash- ington ten yeai Levi Woodbury. ( >ne of the mosf historic and pop- ular hostelries in the national capital is the St. Jam,- Hotel, situated at the southeast corner of Pennsylvania avenue •1, street, northwest, an.! within a stone's throw of the Pennsylvania Railroad station. Synonymous with the nam.- of this hotel is thai of its proprietor, Mr. Levi . has been identified with the conduct of its affairs since iSTxi, when he was engaged as the hotel's Reaching his majority, Mr. Woodbury was appointed station master and telegraph operator at Windham. New Hampshire, for the Concord and Boston Railroad, after which he entered the lumber business, where he remained until he came to Washington. After serving two years in the capacity of steward at the St. James, he leased the restaurant attached to the hotel and so successful was his venture that three years after his advent in Washington hotel life he leased the entire hotel, refurnishing and re- decorating it in tasteful and modern style, which policy he has since adhered to, thus bringing it up to the high standard of the first-class hotels of the city. Mr. Wood- bury's early training for a life of activity stood bun in good stea.l and he has always been identified with business ven- tures that have been stamped with the approval of success. Chief among these is the Norfolk and Washington Steam- boat Company, of which he was one of the organizers, and is still its president. Mr. Woodbury may justly feel proud of his connection with this company, which he fondly alludes to as his pet enterprise. Since 1881 he has been a director of the Central National Bank, and until a year ago had been one of the most active members of the Board of Trade, of which he was one of the organizers. Mr. Woodbury has always been keenly alive to Washington's best interests and all steps towards beautifying and improving the city. Until i8<)o Mr. Woodbury lived at the St. James. At that time he built a beautiful home at No. 11 Iowa Circle, where he spends about eight months each year. The balance of the time during the summer and early autumn months he spends on Canobie Lake. New Hampshire, where he has a beautiful home, in which he liberally entertains his many friends. The old homestead which he inherited at his Horn of old New England mi county, New I lampshire, h ill in the publii 1. nt on his father'; stock in Salem. |S,U. he received if his native town. farm, after which in the manufacture of shoes. Mr Wood- revolutionan stock. His grandfather, Israel 1 lampshire, served all through >;77- :i1 llu ' age of eigh- •. .11- he was active in both town anil mi- in both branches latlirc, and lived to the -teal ■ months and thirty days. Mr. • I Woodbury, Jr.. and Eliza ,ui active usetls, for man\ father's vat ion a leath in .1 perfec he ke in a high state of culti THEATRES. The National Theatre. No institution in Washing- ton holds a warmer place in the affections of its residents than does the National Theatre, upon whose stage the stars of both the ( )ld and the New World have appeared in their respective roles before brilliant audiences, for the most part made up of the most distinguished men and women of America. Long ere Washington was aught hut a quag- mire, and when a trip from the While House to the Capitol nlons journey, the National Theatre was erected upon its present site. Three times it has been visited by devastating fires, yet, phcenix-like, in an incredibl} short space of lime it was rebuilt and each time ><\ far more ele- gance than its predecessor. This theatre was first conceived a | a meeting held on Sepember 17. 1834, at which the stock for the new enterprise was subscribed. The board of man- agers chosen to select a suitable location and erect a build- ing included Messrs. I lenrx Randall. Richard Smith. Cor- nelius McLean. Jr.. George Gibson and William Brent, thorough and exhaustive search the present location was decided upon and the lot purchased from John Mason. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 299 the deed bearing the date of October 16, 1834. Several of the subscribers, however, failed to come to time with the amount pledged, and when the theatre was about half com- pleted it was found necessary to make a deed of the lot and uncompleted building to W. W. Corcoran, who advanced the funds and in turn reconveyed the property to the trustees, who were then Henry Randall, William L. Brent, Richard Smith and B. O. Tayloe. The spacious edifice was com- The house was packed to the doors, and the event was heralded far and wide as a gala event in the social side of the affairs of the national capital. The lessees of the new theatre were Messrs. Maywood, Rowbotham and Pratt, with Mr. J. G. Pratt as business manager. Following in rapid succession, all the celebrities of the footlights of that era appeared at this theatre, the first being Mrs. Wheatley, a native-born actress of rare ability. Then came Junius Brutus plcted in the fall of 1835, and its present name, " The Na- tional," was chosen as the one most appropriate for the virgin theatre. The doors of the theatre were thrown open to the public for the first time on the evening of December 7. [835, Xacklen's comedy, "The Man of the World," being the vehicle chosen to exploit the well-selected cast, tin- enter tainment concluding with the musical farce " Turn ( kit. Booth, in " Hamlet,*' whose advent drew crowded and fash- ionable audiences, who were held spell-bound by this un- equalled tragedian's art. A year after the house opened Mr. Pratt was succeeded in the management by Mr. Ward, and during his regime such artists as Burton. Vandenhoff. Hackett and Forrest appeared. Then another change came, and with it Miss V. Monier assumed the management. The dramatic year of 1839 was ushered in by Rdwin Forrest, THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 300 wh oheld his audiences transfixed by his delightful versa tiHty Th. same year Ellen Tree appeared in Shak roles Following in ra, *> appeared such artists ,.. | itt i e Miss Davenport, then eleven years old, as Richard the Third; Fanny Elssler, the then incomparable danseuse, v ,„, ,,,. idience b) her grace, beauty and un- llcther |i m bs. Booth and Forrest played alternate v , .,.,.. c , urill g the Xmas holidays, the season closing with ., ,„,„.,-„ to Miss Monier. Mr. Ward resumed the man- „ i n ,842. opening with Mr. A. Adams, who was starred in "Damon and Pythias." The year [844 was mark( H C ess in "Falstaft," which stands todav unparalleled. His consummate art in both his make- I the intelligence with wind, he read his lines places him far and ahead of an) artist who has since essayed the ,,,,,. f the rollicking tipster. In February oi tins year Mr. Hiekl was appointed manager, and there continued to the em , o( ^e season, being succeeded in turn by S. M. Emery and William E. Burton. ,Jt was during the regime of the 1 ,i e Bull, the wonderful violinist, gave so notable a performance. On March 5, 1845, the National Theatre was com- pletely consumed by fire, only the bare walls being left ding. Nothing daunted, reconstruction was begun, and in 1850, under the auspices of Willard & Reeside, Jenny Li„ ( l made her initial bow to a Washington audience in th c rejuvenated theatre. In [851 the theatre was trans- ■ a circus, and tiers upon tiers of hastily con- nected. ( In January 21 of that year, I almost to suffocation with an assembled au- dience, thc walls gave way, carrying many of the frantic inmates witli them. The house was again rebuilt, and the third opening occurred on December 15, [852, with E. A. Marshall as manager. The opening attraction was Matilda II in " riic Hi which the President and bis entire Cabinet were in attendance. Appearing later were Madame Celeste, Julia Dean. Lob Montez, Charlotte Cush- man, thc ' ompany, Forrest, Emma Fitz- I the 1 '.rand Italian ( ipera Company. I tenry C. n | the theatre in 1855, when Agnes h Jefferson, John E. < 'wens and E. L. pearcd. it was in 1856 that Kunkle & Co. 1 the theatre, and John T. Ford, of Baltimore, was made its manager. At ibis dale Maggie ,i the first time, ! th. nineuth in the affairs ol the I In another change, in 1856, when nlrol. January 12, 1851), saw . at which time mil; there. completed Appearing there this year were Clara Louise Kellogg. Mr. and Mrs. W. ]. Florence, Lucille Western, Yankee Robin- 's, ,n \nnie PrevosL and the following year the never-to-be- fl „,,, ltt en h .hn Wilkes Booth. This marked the first year of the & late and deeply lamented W. W. Rapley's active con- nection with the National Theatre. From that time on the house entered upon an era of success which remained un- broken to the present time, the management of the house having been in the bands of h : s son, Mr. W. H. Rapley, since 1885. ' Space alone prevents a recital of the many brilliant events' transpiring under this historic roof. Such stars as William II. Crane. Mrs. Bowers, Maggie Mitchell. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kean, and Lotta, followed until i860, when . Rapley & Spaulding assumed the managment. Then , Joseph Jefferson, with his "Bob Acres:" Ristori, l„ e "Mary Otteen of Scots" held her audiences spell- bound ; and on New Year's night, 1867, Mr. Jefferson played a return engagement and for the first time presented "Rip Van Winkle." John Sleeper Clarke followed, and scored a triumph. In 1870 Joe K. Emmett, the sweet warbler in Dutch roles, was first seen and heard here. A year follow- ing Mr. Rapley stepped out. and Spaulding assumed the sole management, releasing it a year later to J. G. Saville. the most notable presentations by him being that of Lester Wallack in "Central Park," and Dion Boucicault in " Arrah Xa Pougue," and the advent of Christine Nielson and Ma- [ahauschek. For the third time the National became a prey to flames. ( In the night of January 28. 1873. it was totally destroyed, entailing a loss to Mr. W. W. Rapley, then the sole owner, of Si 38,000, with but $40,000 insurance. So severe a loss would have been a death blow to one of a less indomitable will than that possessed by Mr. Rapley. but nothing daunted he set to work and rebuilt the structure, and on December 1. 1S7V its doors were again thrown wide to admit the throng assembled, more likely to do honor to the man whose pluck and courage bad again provided them with a place of amusement. On that night President Grant and Governor Shepherd occupied a box. Then came such stars as the prima donna Kellogg, Sothern, Salvini, Adelaide Wilson. John McCullough, George Ringgold. John T. Ray- mond, Clara Morris. Mary Anderson. Stuart Robson, Irving and Terry, Booth and Barrett, Kate Claxl n, until those celebrities oi a later date, with whom all of the present ration are familiar. Vbout three hours after the conclusion oi the perform- ance of "Yictor Durand." bv Wallaces New York com nam on February 27, [885. the National Theatre was again d'estro e, entailing a loss of many thousands ol .lobars upon' Mr. Rapley; and again he started afresh and 11 rebuilt the house upon its original sue. 1 be new the- atre is now o„e of the finest in the United States, its beau- tif«l and costlv decorations forming a fitting environment for the thousands of exquisitely gowned women and well- men that throng it each season. This theatn an 1 more than $200,000, while each year , upended in rebanishing and touching up. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. William W. Rapley, the late owner of the National Theatre, was born on February 22, 1828, in Baltimore, Maryland. After attending the public schools of his native city, and appreciating the advantages offered by Washing- ton at that time, he walked to this city, and the day fol- lowing was working n the dome of the Capitol. There he was employed for two years, and then opened a coach- making establishment on Eighteenth street near Pennsyl- vania avenue, he having learned the trade in Baltimore prior to coming to Washington. This business expanded and when he became sufficiently possessed of this world's goods Mr. Rapley established a line of steamboats on the Potomac, with three steamers plying between here and Aquia Creek. He also established a ferry line between Washington and Alexandria. This experience brought him i:i daily contact with many influential men of affairs, which acquaintance ripened in many instances into warm friendships, among whom were General Grant and Governor Shepherd. Mr. Rapley established his home in Montgomery count}-, Mary- land, the house being surrounded by a beautiful and fertile 301 farm of 600 acres. There he gave vent in the fullest scope to his taste for fine horses, and his farm was ere long the rendezvous for many lovers of the thoroughbred, including his warm friends, General Grant, President Garfield, Gov- ernor Shepherd and Ceneral Sherman. At the beginning of the civil war Mr. Rapley formed a company' of home guards, of which he was made commander. It was at this time, when a terrible financial depression pervaded the whole country, that Mr. Rapley first became identified with the National Theatre. In 1862 he purchased the properly, sur- mounted by the charred ruins, the result of the second fire, together with William E. Spaulding. He was at first un- decided what to do with his newly acquired property, but later decided to erect a theatre upon it, with .Mr. Spaulding as his manager. The history of the house from then on has been above detailed, yet, despite the many vicissitudes which attended this new venture, Mr. Rapley weathered the storms, and when he was called to the great beyond, on November 17, 1892, his life closed upon a career of honor and usefulness. The theatre he left to the able management of his son, Mr. W. H. Rapley, will ever stand as a fitting monument to his memory. Mr. Rapley married Miss Char- ity Stansbury Harryman. of Baltimore, of which union there are four children — W. H. Randolph R., and Edward E. Rapley, and one daughter, now Mrs. C. G. Stone. Mr. Rapley's wife died in April, 1901. W. H. Rapley, now the sole manager of the National Theatre, was born on April 26, 1857. in this city. After attending the District schools he was sent to Hanover, Germany, for a time, and returning entered the United States Military Academy, at West Point, by an appointment from General Grant, an intimate friend of his father. Mr. Rapley remained at the Point but two years, the army thereby losing a splendid officer, both from a physical and an executive standpoint, he being a splendid specimen of manhood. The rare tact be has displayed in conducting the affairs of the theatre, which he entered upon his return from the Point, has done much toward making an engagement ai the National a treat to even company which visits it. Mr. Rapley married Miss Batchelor, of Maryland. One son was born to them, who is at present a student at Law- renceville Academy, preparing for a course at Cornell Uni- versity. Mr. and Mrs. Rapley reside at the " Farragut." 3°2 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. RESIDENCE OF MRS RICHARD SCOTT TOWNSEND. : A, CHAPTER XXII. - j j BUILDING INTERESTS. fOMAS W. SMITH.— In their endeavors to make Washington the most beautiful city in the world, the national law makers, in whose hands, to a great extent, rests the tfp/^vfN .i 'jfgiffl fate and future of the national capital and its residents, have the earnest and unqual- ified support of Thomas W. Smith, the well-known lumber merchant of this city. Mr. Smith is one of Washington's most public-spirited men, and he permits no t opportunity to pass unimproved which may redound to the benefit and welfare of Washington, its taxpayers and residents. He has been closely identified with the business community of Washington for the past thirty-four years, and it has always been his chief aim and object to make Washington the manufacturing center which it should be. He has been a man of business since the day he first came to this city ; is a " self-made " man, and has by careful attention to business in its minutest detail, and by integrity and energy built up one of the largest and best assorted lumber and manufacturing establishments in this part south of New York. He is, in short, one of Wash- ington's best citizens, generous, progressive and broad-mind- ed, and enjoys the confidence and esteem of his numerous business and private friends and citizens of all classes. Mr. Smith is a descendant of old Dutch and Irish stock, those sturdy old pioneers who escaped religious and political persecution in the old country and sought the freedom of the Stars and Stripes. He was born in Gordonsville, Penn- sylvania, in 1846, and attended public school in his native town, and completed his education at the Columbia (Penn- sylvania) Academy. When sixteen years of age he took up the study of pharmacy, and qualified himself for that pursuit. In 1864, in company with his father, he moved to Maryland, where the latter leased a farm near Cabin John Bridge. The)- remained there four years, and removed to Washington in 1868. Young Smith entered the employ of George W. Linville & Company as a general clerk, and in that special capacity he showed marked ability. A joint convention of the board of aldermen and common council elected him lumber inspector, which office he held for two years. This was under the administration of Sales J. Bowen. the first Republican mayor of the capital city. He was afterward taken into partnership by tin lumber firm which first gave him- employment, known as George W. Linville & Company. Later the business was sold to W. P. Cotrell & Company, Mr. Smith, however, retaining his interest in the firm. In 1874 Mr. Smith established his present business at the corner of First street and Indiana avenue, where he keeps in stock his finished work and a full stock of building material and lumber. Mr. Smith has been for many years a manufacturer of sash, doors, blinds, moldings, finished cabinet work, and all other items manufactured out of wood, and has gradually increased this part of his business until THOMAS W. SMITH now he has. al the foot of New Jersey avenue, a mill and lumber sheds which compare favorably with the very largesl and best manufacturing establishments east o\ the Alle- gheny Mountains. Connected with this mill he has a lumber drying kiln containing 27 rooms, something unique in ii> arrangement, where more than too, feet of lumber is kept in a dry condition ready for use for cabinet work at a moment's notice. This plant is located immediately on the \.nacostia river, lnu a short distance from the \ channel. This part of the business is quite .m extensive one, (303) 3"-l THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. and one which Mr. Smith considers an entering wedge to the industrial progress of the national capital. In tins plant there are more men employed than in any other enterprise of its kind in the city. It- factories and buildings occupy acre, of land and give employment to more than a hundred men. In the yards of the mill are stored enormous quantities ; from al si ever} section of the country. The machinery building is a two-story structure, in which is turned out a variety of material of the finei class to be used in the construction of buildings. In this, as well as in the other departments of the factory, the work is done in the mosl orderlj and systematic manner, as the employes are men who understand and appreciate the fact that they are working for a man who does not fail to recognize their loyalty to his interests. The relations which exist between ih. employer and his employes are of a most cordial nature. as each man is well paid for his work and receives generous treatment. The annual business done by this establishment amounts to hundred?- of thousands of dollars. A large part of the output i- -"Id in Washington, where it is used in the con- struction of apartment houses, dwellings, churches, office fixtures, desks, store fixtures, etc. Nearly everything needed in the construction of a building may he bought here, ready i.i In- put together, not only saving lime, hut money as well. In this way the cost of material is greatly reduced, and a house which under ordinary circumstances it would take a year to build can now he erected within a few mouths. In addition to material for buildings and dwellings, the Smith mill- manufacture bridge and warehouse necessities, a de- partment of the concern which is steadily on the increase. Indeed, ;, man may step into the office on First street and leave hi- order for a house complete, and within two weeks u -. materia] is delivered and he may have his house under ever. Vlthough there is a constant demand upon the office for lumber, nevertheless orders are promptl) tilled. Mr. Smith has always taken deep interest in the educa- tion of youth, and in this direction he has shown his gen ■ asioilS. I [e is one of the trustee- of ih.- \merican L'niversity, ami vice-president of the National Capital I'.ank, on.- of the city's strong financial institutions. ■o :u business he has built up by his own personal has not only added to the city's wealth, but has hundreds of the city's population to the doorway of employment. His -pirn of energy and enterprise ■■'in and again by the business com 'dent of the Hoard of 01 iation, and ens' Association. K nal Civil Service a membi i a tneuil- societies and organizations. ( >n November 12, 1872, Mr. Smith married Caroline Gatchel. of Chester county, Penn- sylvania. ( Hit of this union there sprung a large and happy family of children, six of whom are living. Mr. Smith resides at 616 East Capitol street. Church and Stephenson. — Mr. Charles B. Church is the founder of the firm of Church & Stephenson, lumber merchants, in Washington. Their main office is located at Maryland avenue, E'ghth and Ninth streets, southwest, and their yards cover the entire block bounded by those thoroughfares. This firm is one of the oldest lumber firms in this part of the country, and consists of William A. H. Church and Thomas P. Stephenson. From their immense and well-stocked yards has come the building material for many of Washington's most prominent business houses. residences, churches, schools, manufacturing concerns, and Government buildings. At their yards is to be found the largest and most diverse stock of manufactured lumber of all grades and kinds. Nothing but the best that the market produces is furnished to builders here and everywhere by this reliable firm. It has always been the motto of this old and reliable establishment to accord its numerous cus- tomers honest and fair treatment, and furnish only the very best article. Upon this foundation the business has been conducted from its very inception, and today it occupies n high standing in the community of Washington. William A. H. Church was born in Washington, D. C, ; n 1853. the son of Charles R. Church and Matilda S. Har- ris, lie was educated in the public schools ^\ Washington, and Columbian College. Leaving college in his sophomore year, 1873, he entered the firm of C. R. Church & Co., where In- learned the lumber business, in which he toda) 1- so suc- cessfully engaged. In 1873 Mr. Church's father, then at the THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. head of the lumber firm of C. B. Church & Co., took him in the business as partner. Today Mr. Church is the senior member of the firm of Church & Stephenson. Mr. Church is a director in the Citizens National Bank ; vice-president of the Washington Asphalt Block and Tile Company; vice-president and treasurer of the Brennan Con- struction Company; manager and treasurer of the Mutual Fire Insurance Company, Washington, D. C. ; is a mem- ber of the Board of Trade, Business Men's Association and Young Men's Christian Association; is prominent in Ma- sonic circles, and takes a lively interest in all matters per- taining to the public welfare. Mr. Church was married twice, his first wife being Margaret, daughter of the late John B. Clark, doorkeeper of the Senate for a number of years, and property clerk for the District of Columbia. His second wife is Miss Mabel Spicer, daughter of the well-known commission merchant, O. O. Spicer, of this city. There is one son, William Alexander Harris Church. Jr. Mr. Church resides at 317 Eleventh street, southwest. Mr. Church is prominent in church affairs, being a member of the Westminster Church Memorial, on Seventh street, between D and E streets, southwest. Thomas P. Stephenson, junior member of Church & Stephenson, was born in Washington, D. C, November 1, 1855, being the son of the late John A. Stephenson, the pioneer expressman, who ran the first fast freight line be- THOMAS P. STEPHENSON tween the national capital and Baltimore, Md., and was one of the most prominent business men in the city. Mr. Stephenson's mother's name was Margaret, daughter of William Harris. He received his education in the public schools of Washington, and after absolving a classical and practical course at Columbian University entered the well- known firm of Smith & Wimsatt, lumber dealers, of Wash 305 mgton, D. C, where he learned the business in all its branches. He remained with this firm from 1873 until October, 1879, when he bought the interests of C. B. and C. W. Church in the firm of C. B. Church & Sons. The firm's name thereupon was changed to Church & Stephen- son. Mr. Stephenson is taking a deep interest in all matters pertaining to the public welfare, and is affiliated with the Board of Trade and the Business Men's Association; is treasurer of the South Washington Citizens Association; treasurer of the Lumber Exchange; member of Wash- ington Centennial Lodge, No. 14. F. A. A. M. ; Washing- ton Commandcry; Almas Temple, Mystic Shriners; past grand master of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; director of the Masonic .Mutual Relief, and other organiza- tions. In 1880 Mr. Stephenson married Miss Clara White, daughter of the late Captain White, superintendent of the Norfolk and Washington Steamboat Company. From this union there are four children: Clara Marguerite, John Anthony, Joseph White, and Annie Agnes. Mrs. Stephen- son died in December, 1889. Mr. Stephenson's second wife is Jeanie Hope Sands, daughter of John Sands, of Annapo- lis, of the well-known naval family of that name. From this union there is one child. Dorothy Hope Stephenson. Mr. Stephenson resides at 707 C street, southwest. Marsh and Peter. — Of the many professions in America there is none more honorable or occupying a more exalted place than that of architecture as it now exists. At the same time there is no profession wherein its devotees can display to such marked advantage their individuality and originality and stamp their work with so main- char- acteristics of either latent or well defined and highly cul- tivated talents, like the architects. Standing well at the lop of this class may be mentioned the firm of Marsh & Peter, which consists of William Johnston Marsh ami Walter Gibson Peter, both sons of the District of Columbia, where Lheir early education and architectural training was ac- quired. Few firms that have been launched in business but ten years can turn and point out the man) noble struc- tures that have been planned, designed and erected under their supervision, as can the Messrs. Marsh & Peter, whose success has been Utile shorl of phenomenal. As compared with many competitors in this and other cities, while young in years, their work stands boldly forth bearing all the characteristics of the combined talents 01 the members of this most progressive firm. iVIarsh & Peter have a large and varied practice in all classes of buildings in Washingti 111, as well as outside places, and number among their clients 'some of the most prominent and influential people in nearly every section of the country. Prominentl) among the man} beautiful buildings de signed by this enterprising young firm maj be mentioned the following business structures: Die Evening Star build- ing, bank building of the Union I rusl an I Stor; 39 3 o6 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. pany, W'yatt building, and stores for Mr. II. EC. Fulton, Captain Herbert Bryant, Captain Joseph E. Willard, and the Kibbey estate, as well as city residences for Dr. Charles W, Richardson, Gilbert II. Grosvenor, Mrs. F. P. Vale, Dr. i . \. Crawford, I'. S. X.. Major R. II. Montgomery, ('. M. [relan, Mrs. McKn : ght Moses, Frank B. Noyes, Major I.. W. T. Walier, L T . S. M. C, and others; and ih<- following country ami suburban residences: Rudolph Kauffman, Herman Hollerith, Crosby S. Noyes, Mrs. E. II. Griffith, C W. Spicer, F. C. Stevens, II. R. Wimsatt, Dr. S. S. Adams, and Captain Joseph I''.. Willard. Also several school buildings for the District of Columbia; In- dustrial Home School and the Assembly Hal! at the Hoys' Reform School. William Johnston Marsh, s< m i if < His W. and I tarriet Haliday Marsh, was born in Washington, D. C. Educated in the public schools of the capital, he studied architecture and building construction in private offices. For eight •/ears Mr. Marsh was in the offices of Hornblower & Mar- shall, architects, as bead draftsman and confidential assist- ant. In the year [892 Mr. Marsh began to practice on his own account, and five years later formed a partnership with W.di.r G. Peter. Mr. Marsh is a member of the Cosmos ( lub. Washington Architectural Club. Washington Chapter uf American Institute of Architects, and in [895 was made a fellow uf the American Institute uf Architects. Mr. Marsh married Miss Margaret Lamond of Washington in [81 18 and has niie daughter. OHNSTON MARSH Wallet adcm\ Gibson Peter, ! ,.t the line and pf the firm, littenhouse ated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Fol- lowing his graduation Mr. Peter was connected with the offices of Smithmeyer & Pelz, A. B. Bibb, and Hornblower & Marshall, resigning a responsible position with the latter WALTER GIBSON PETER firm to engage in business with Mr. Marsh, his present partner. Mr. Peter is prominently connected with social life in the capital, and is a member of the Chevy Chase and Dumbarton Clubs. Washington Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, and is an associate of the American Appleton Prentiss Clark, Jr., architect, was born November 13, 1805, in the city of Washington, D. C. His parents are Appleton P. and Elizabeth C. (Woodman) Clark; the former a native of Massachusetts: the latter, ni' New Hampshire. Mr. Clark was a pupil of the public schools from the primary to the high school; with honor- able distinction, a graduate of the class of 1883. His proficiency in all the branches of study were more pro- nounced in literature and drawing. In the competition under the auspices of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals for the essay >>i must excellence on a staled subject, he was awarded the gold medal. This was in bis youth. In mature wars he has been identified with literary and other societies of learning and he contributes occasional papers of instructive interest. His predilection to bis future profession was indicated at an early age, for while at school be received a gold medal fur original design : n the special drawing class, lie served a pupilage in the office <>i the late A. I'.. Mullett, although his education s largel if obscn "bis be supp snted a tout THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. At the inception of his practice, Mr. Clark won the prize of two thousand dollars offered by the municipal government of New York for a city building, a competition in which he had competitors of national repute. The first APPLETON FRENTISS CLARK, JR. important work confided to him was the Academy of Music, which he designed and supervised. From the outset he has been intrusted with important constructions of varied char- acters, not exclusively in the nation's city, for examples of his genius and skid are in different sections of the country. Mr. Clark is recognized as an authority upon architecture, and was of the number designated by the Commissioners to revise the building regulations. Upon commissions of the local government he has executed plans for school buildings and others of the semi-public kind. In November, 1.891, Mr. Clark married Miss .Florence Perry, daughter of Waldo G. Perry of Vermont and Mary (Hanover) of Connecticut. He resides at 241 Delaware avenue, northeast. Among the buildings designed by Mr. Clark are the " Washington Post " Building, Columbia Theatre, Garfield Memorial Hospital, National Capital Bank, West End Na- tional Bank, Home Savings Bank, Eastern Presbyterian Church, New Foundry Methodist Episcopal Church, resi- dences of Hon. Wayne MacVeagh, Hon. Beriah Wilkins, Thomas M. Gale, Esq., James M. Green, Esq., the Irving- Apartments, the Albany Apartments; without the District of Columbia, the Mary Washington Lodge at Fredericks- burg, Virginia, the Carnegie Library at Fairfield, Iowa, the Intermont (hotel), at Covington, Virginia. George 8. Cooper. — No young man has played a more important part in the active growth and great de- velopment of Greater Washington than ( leorge S. Cooper, architect, who has designed and superintended the con- 307 struction of many of the handsomest office buildings, apart- ment houses, private residences, and blocks of residences in and about Washington. Mr. Cooper occupies a suite of offices in the Davidson Building, which he designed, where a corps of draughtsmen are busily employed execut- ing the plans as designed by him. Equipped with a splen- did training acquired in the offices of architects whose names are associated with many of the finest achievements in the building world, Mr. Cooper, when he launched in business for himself, immediately forged to the front, and has now a large clientele, who not only depend upon his judgment as an architect, but rely upon his knowledge of realty, and entrust him with their funds for building in- vestments. That these ventures have been pre-eminently successful is attested by their contin ' Born in Washington on December is a son of Henry C. and Georgeanna J. Cooper, both of whom are Kentuckians by birth. After graduating through the District public schools, Mr. Cooper took a private course to fit him for his career as an architect. His first position as a draughtsman was with the firm of Gray & Page, where he continued for four years. He then entered, in turn, the employ of Hornblower & Marshall and A. B. Mullett, also of this city, remaining with these respective firms a period covering about eighteen months, when he decided to start for himself. Accordingly, in t886, Mr. Cooper associated himself with B. Carlyle Fenwick, a mechanical draughts- man, and opened an office in the St. Cloud Building, at the corner of Ninth and F streets, where now stands the Wash- patronage. I, 1864, Mr. Cooper GEORGE S. COOPER ington Loan and Trusl < bmpan ing. This arrangement continue year, when Mr. ( looper, seeing a out for himself. This was in [86 lice build- are than a . branched 1 time Mr. 3o8 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Cooper has continued alone and prospered. Among the man) buildings he has designed may he mentioned the Bond Building, at New York avenue and Fourteenth street, an office building second to none south of New York; another model structure, of the same character, being the David- son Building, at 1413 G street, erected for Davidson & Davidson, and built by John H. Nolan. It may be thought that Mr. Cooper's forte lies in designing apartment houses, since the handsomest in the city are a result of his genius, among them the Westover, Sixteenth and U streets; the Gladstone, R street, between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets: the llawardcii. located in the same block; the La- las cite, Seventh street, between Q and R streets, as well as the Berwyn, < Iregon, Helena. < (nondaga, Oneida and Mon- II,, Pebbleton and Analostan Flats, apartment houses for Samuel Ross and Colonel Truesdale in George- town and Eckington, respectively, were also designed by Mr. 1 boper, a- W< 11 as a residence for John H. Nolan, Rhode [sland avenue between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, and the block on U street between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets, for same party; also residences for C. W. Simp- son, () street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets; II. Bradlej I >a\ tdson, ( ieorgetown, 1). C. ; John L. Weaver's cottage at Chevy Chase; L. I. Fristoe's cottage at Mt. Pleasant; residences for Charles Early, Twenty - first and treets; F. M. Detweiller's block of houses in George- town; three residences on Wyoming avenue, Washington Heights, for Mr. F. L. Hanvey; four residences on Co- [umbia road for Mr . John Sherman, and a block of houses for |bhn ||. Nolan at Nineteenth street and Kalorama avenue. Tin Stores for I'. M. < 'riswell, at Seventh and T and Dr. T. V. Hammond, on Eleventh street be- tween F and G streets, were also the work of Mr. Cooper. Mr. Cooper, on September 25, 1884, married Miss Margaret II. Slier, of this city. With their four children, three girls and one boy, Mr. and Mrs. Cooper reside at 1 S07 R street. ni irthwest, Albert Gocnner. Much of the architectural beauty ami improvements of tin- capital city is due to the enterprise and skill of Mr. Albert Goenner, to whose energy and busi r.rss insighl is due to a very large extent the introduction of apartment houses in Washington, having been connected before his advent in this city with prominent architectural linns in New York who made a spccialt) of modern and nl apartment houses. After settling in Washington Mr, Gocnner thought that the capital cit) should be a g 1 field foi 'ion of the apartment house idea, and in iXN- I,,- opened offices here and at once set to work on his favorite plan, having ever since achieved remarkable 1 ioenner was born in German) in [860. al education at the cell brated irt, Wurttcmherg and /.enrich. ibsolved his studies '» ork. where he at once entered enl architectural firms, ol their specialties, Mr. Goenner devoted his entire attention and endeavors to this subject and remained in New York until 1887 when he came to this city, where he opened offices and conducted business on an independent basis. Among the numerous edifices designed by him, the following may be mentioned as proof of his skill and thor- oughness : Concordia Church. Twentieth and G streets, northwest; Alexandria County Court House; seed dis- tributing building of the Agricultural Department : Krae- mer building on Seventh street ; Herman building, Seventh street; Solomon's building, and large additions to the store of Lansburgh Brothers; George Mueller candy fac- tory, Pennsylvania avenue ; remodeling of Fritz Renter's hotel on John Marshall Place and Pennsylvania avenue; and the following apartment houses : the Bertholdt, Wary- land avenue and Second street, southwest ; the Oswaco, ALBERT GOENNER at Lincoln avenue and R street; the Albert, on F and Nine- teenth streets northwest; the Driscoll, at First and B streets; the Kingman, at Massachusetts avenue, near Fifth street: the Roland, at Second street and Maryland avenue, northeast; the Sandringham (plans in preparation), at Sixteenth street, near K street, northwest. Among private residences designed by Mr. (ioenner the following may be mentioned: Dr. Maxey's, Rhode Island avenue and Twelfth streets: Albert G. Gross, [722 Seventeenth street; the stone country residence of George X. Saegmueller. in Alexandria count) ; Robert Cook's country residence in Anacostia, D. C. ; 1'rofessor Ridgway's country residence. in Brookland, D. C, and others. Mr. (ioenner is fond of literature, art and music, and be is an enthusiastic member of the Washington Saenger bund. lie is also a member of the Technical Society, of THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 309 Joseph Richardson.— A very large share of the arch- itectural beauties and constructions of any city is clue to the genius, skill and conception of its builders and contrac- tors. This argument applies with striking force to the District of Columbia and to Mr. Joseph Richardson, the well-known builder, who occupies offices at 613 Fourteenth street, northwest. He has contributed an unusually large quota to the architectural improvements and beauties of the nation's capital, and his works, which are to be found not only in every part of this city, but in nearly every State of the Union, are lasting monuments to his enterprise, skill and genius. Mr. Richardson, the son of James and Helen (Kirkpat- rick) Richardson, was born in St. Pohn, Kings county, N. B., Canada, on November 7, 1858. After having absolved his school duties and passed through preparatory education fICHARDSON for his future calling, Mr. Richardson went to New York where he engaged in business and established for himself an enviable reputation among his colleagues and investors bv reason of his close application to the work entrusted to him and its highly satisfactory execution. Seeing the field more inviting in Washington, Mr. Richardson removed to that city in the summer of 1889, where he at once opened offices. His name and fame had preceded him, and busi- ness pouring in on him he associated James Burgess will- him in partnership under the name of Richardson & Burgess in 1891, which firm continued until July 16, iqoo. when Mr. Burgess withdrew on account of ill health. A list of the prominent buildings erected by Richardson & Burgess is as follows: Washington Public Library, Ml. Vernon Square ; Wvatl building. Fourteenth and F streets, northwest; Typographical Temple. 423-425 G street, north- west; Union Trust and Storage Company. 1414 I 7 street, northwest ; Colorado building, owner, Mr. Thomas F. Walsh, Fourteenth and G streets ; powerhouse and car barn, Fifteenth and H streets, northeast; car barn. Thir- teenth and D streets, northeast ; car barn, Eleventh street and Florida avenue, northwest ; powerhouse, Thirty-third and Canal streets, and the residences of Mr. Thomas Nelson Page, New Hampshire avenue and R street, northwest: Admiral T. O. Selfridge, Jr., Kalorama avenue and Colum- bia road; Dr. T. Morris Murray, 2107 O street, northwest; Mrs. Lillian T. Janeway, 1604 I street, northwest; Mr. George E. Hamilton, New Hampshire avenue and S street, northwest; Chinese Embassy, Nineteenth street and Ver- mont avenue, northwest; Concord apartment house, New Hampshire and Oregon avenues, northwest; Highlands apartment house, Connecticut and California avenues, north- west; All Saints Episcopal Church, Chevy Chase. Md. : Grace Reformed Church, Fifteenth street, between Rhode Island avenue and P street, northwest. Being an enthusiastic Mason, Mr. Richardson is a member in good standing of Pentalpha Lodge. No. 23. F. A. A. M. ; Columbia R. A. Chapter, No. 1 ; De Molay Mounted Commandery, No. 4, Knights Templar; Almas Temple, A. A. O. M. S. He is also a member of the Board of Trade, of the Business Men's Association, and the Master Builders' Association, of which organization Mr. Richardson was first president. William Edwin Speir.— -The beautiful architectural aspect of Washington is due to a very great extent to the profession of architects and builders, to whose private in- terests, as well as public benefit, it is to submit and rec- ommend to their clients plans for edifices which are not only modern and convenient in every particular, but which are also specimens of architectural beauty and symmetry, and, as equally important, if not more so, the able, skillful and mechanical construction of the same. The national capital is fortunately provided with a corps of the ablest and most skillful architects and builders which the country has produced, and their works and creations are looked upon by connoisseurs as specimens of architectural perfec- tion and beauty. Prominent among these nun is William Edwin Speir, who in his long and useful career has erected a large number of public and private buildings in various parts of the country, and who for over five years, as in- spector of public buildings, had charge of the construction of ail the public buildings erected by the United States Treasury Department. Mr. Speir is a self-made man in the fullest meaning of the term, and his success is due solely to his ability, energy and sterling integrity. Mr. Speir has made reliability and honesty in dealing with his clients the principal foundation of his business, and upon this he has built up one of the most extensive and lucrative practices in the United Slates. Mr. Speir was bom in New York city, April [3, 1848, being the son of William Speir and Louisa L. (Weed) Speir, of New York city. He received his education in the public schools and from private tutors. His professional education he acquired at the Cooper Institute, studying the 3 IQ technical, architectural and engineering branches and gradu- ating with honors. When seventeen years old, in [865, Mr. Speir was entered as apprentice to learn the carpenters' rom 1865 to 1872 he worked at carpentry. During the winters of 1869 to [871 he studied at the Cooper In- stitute architecture and engineering, and graduated there- from. After that he worked successively in a number of architects' offices in N'ew York and Brooklyn as draughts- man, and in ..ilier capacities until he went Smith to take charge of the erection of the residence of George W. Wil- liams, at Charleston, South Carolina, costing $75,000, and which is considered the finest residence in thai part of the country. From 1872 to [876 Mr. Speir was superintendent of the W . I'.. Russell Manufacturing Company, at Charles- ton, South Carolina, supervising the making of building supplies, doors, sashes, blinds, etc. In [876 Mr. Speir 77/7:' CITY OF WASHINGTON. • >j >.ii.. Biiss, residence for Mr. Edward Graves, resi- dence for Mr. A. Gary Johnson, residence for Mrs. Rhoda ( '.. Kennedy, residences for the Walbridge estate. West End Market, alterations to the Center Market, County Court House at Harrisonburg, Virginia ; LTnited States court house and post office at Monroe, Louisiana: business building for Mr. F. Freund, the William McKinley Manual Training High School, the new District work House, the Kingman Apartment 1 louse, the Hygienic Laboratory. Marine Hos- pital Service; the power house at the Government Hospital for the Insane, about one mile of tunneling at St. Elizabeth Insane Asylum, and other extensive building operations. In 1873 Mr. Speir married Anna B. Moore, daughter of Mr. Samuel Moire, of Albany, New York. From this union there are two children — Jennie I., and Esther B. Mr. Speir resides at 1301 Yale street, northwest. John [VleGregor. Scotland has no sturdier or more representative son in Washington than John McGregor, who in the course of his business career as a leading builder has done so much towards beautifying this city. Mr. McGregor can point with pride to the long list of beautiful edifices erected by him in and about Washington. each bearing the distinct stamp of his most excellent handi- d ["Catherine 1 was horn in Fortingall, Perth- id, in April. 1S47. After receiving his educa itne schools he learned the carpenter trade and John McGregor is a son of Hun McKerchar A shire. Scotlam lion iu the ' worked in Glascow, Scotland, until 1869, when be came to America and settled in Hartford. Conn. There he remained until 1871 when he came to Washington, and was engaged a- carpenter al the Botanical Gardens, under Superinten- dent W. K. Smith, where he continued for ten years. In 1881 Mr. McGregor decided to set up for himself, ami engaged in a general building ami contracting business THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. at 518 Twelfth street, where lie remained for fifteen years until he bought the present building at 729 Twelfth street five years ago. Mr. McGregor is a Scottish Rite Mason ot the 32nd degree, belongs to Almas Temple Mystic Shrine and the Washington Chapter, Columbia Command- ery; Lebanon Lodge and also Royal Order of Scotland He is a member of the Master Builders' Association of the District of Columbia. Among the buildings erected by Mr. McGregor may be mentioned the beautiful residence of' Hon. Wayne McVeagh, on Massachusetts avenue between Seven- teenth and Eighteenth streets. Mr. McVeagh 's residence is one of the handsomest in Washington. Another residence built by Mr. McGregor, which is the purest type of colonial architecture in the city, is that of Mrs. Mary D. Heyl, at 2009 Wyoming avenue. Other residences constructed by him are those of Senator Mathew S. Quay, D. C. Phillips, Charles W. Needham, Mrs. Norton, F. O. Horstman. Chief Justice E. D. White, Hon. H. A. Taylor, Lieutenant Beak, U. S. N. ; H. A. Seymour, Senator Stephen B. Elkins, Sena- tor John Sherman, S. H. Kauffman. Mr. McGregor also built the Mexican Legation, on I street; Gunton Temple Memorial Church at Fourteenth and R streets; First Bap- tist Church at Sixteenth and < ) .streets ; the School of Law and Diplomacy, Columbian University; the Coywood apart- ment house, Prince Karl apartment house, [Cellar .Memorial Church, Columbian University Hospital and Medical Col- lege; warehouses for the American Security and Trust Company, and the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone building at Fourteenth and R streets, northwest. In 1875 Mr. McGregor married Miss Maggie Cameron, of Washington, to whom two daughters were born — Belle, the older, now Mrs. Dr. Noble P. Barnes, and Miss Nannie McGregor. Mr. and Mrs. McGregor live at 212 Maryland avenue, northeast. 3" James Louis Parsons.— Few persons have figured more prominently in the growth of Washington, beautifying it and its adjacent towns than has James Louis Parsons, one of the leading builders of the national capital, with offices at 1425 New Jersey avenue. Mr. 1 'arsons, orig- inally from Louisa county, Virginia, is a s m of 1 Iswald L. and Susan H. Armstrong Parsons, and was born on March 19. 1847. His early education was acquired in the county school of his home. There he remained until he was nine- teen years old. when he went to Fort Leavenworth. Kansas, and in the United States Quartermaster's Department learned the trade of a carpenter. Coming to Washington in 1873. Mr. Parsons worked for a few years as a journey- man and then went into the building business .,11 his own account. The business gradually grew and expanded until it acquired its present far-reaching proportions, and many of the handsomest structures now in Washington erected by Mr. Parsons will stand for generations as a monument to the memory of one whose successful career is entirely ami exclusively due to his own efforts and perseverance. When but fifteen years old, Mr. Parsons responded to the call of his country and joined the Confederate Army at Gordonsville, Va., on July 25. 1862. Young I 'arsons was first under fire at the Battle of Cedar Run, and fought at Culpeper Court House, having enlisted in the 23rd Infantry, attached to Stonewall Jackson's division. Con- tinuing, Mr. Parsons was in the thick of the fighting at Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, and continuously below Richmond, until the close of the war. Mr. Parsons was married twice. His first wife was Wilhelmina Ryles, and his second Louisa Rathbone. They have seven children, as follows: Annie. M., Charles W., James L.. Jr., Edith, Florence, Susan 1 [.. and David A. Parsons. Mr. Parsons is a Mason in the Blue Lodge; member of tin- Royal Arch Commandery, Mystic Shrine, Master Builders' Association, and a member of the executive board and president of the Employers' Association. Some of the principal buildings erected by Mr. Parsons are tin- Business High School. Eighth street, northwest; addition to Central High School. Harrison School Building, family building ami water tower for Re- form School, addition to Bureau of Engraving and Print- ing; building of office looms in the t'nitcd States Talent Office Building, temporary roof on United States Pension Office, United States fish ways, Great Falls; two cavalry stables. Port Myer, Va. ; administration building, Fort Myer; Fourteenth street ear house. Capital Traction Com- pany : remodeling ( ieorgetown power house. ( Capital Traction Co.; National Capital Bank building, building for Wash- ington Title Insurance Company, T. W. Smith's mill. Wil- liam M. Call iv Company's mill, bakery for tin- I lavenner Baking Company, addition to St. Mark's Church. Van Horn office building, store for C. Auerbach, Hygienic Ice Com- pany plant, store for Dulin & Martin, - Histon building. American University, United States i ensus < )ffice, Jennifer office building, warehouse for p. < t. Whitford, 3 I2 m Park, Marlborough apartment house, Corby's bakery Hubbard memorial building, alterations to First rian Church, to Strong Building, to Washington Market Melrose Institute, Hyattsville, Md. ; six residences a, Hyattsville, Md. ; residences for W. W. Dannenhower, Prince George's county, Maryland; Mr. George W. Gray/ THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. he left the parental roof and secured a position at Brookline. Massachusetts, the duties of which were to superintend a large country place nearby. There he remained two years, when he decided to learn the trade of a carpenter, which he did at Brookline. In October, 1875, he came to Washington and worked as a journeyman, and for the most part in the employ of the government, engaged in the construction of the State, War and Navy Building. This place he re- signed in December, 1879. and engaged in business for himself. Associated with him was James G. Gettinger, under the firm name of Langley & Gettinger, with offices at 200 Twelfth street, northwest. The firm prospered and grew, and in September. 1886, its present quarters, 310 Twelfth street, northwest, was purchased. In May, 1889, Mr. Gettinger retired from the firm, and the business has since been conducted by Mr. Langley. Since embarking in business Mr. Langley has erected hundreds of handsome homes, and among them may be mentioned those of Hon. Samuel Shellabaugar. Hon. S. S. Cox. Senator George Hearst, Com. T. B. M. Mason. Mrs. Julian James, William J. Boardman. Herbert Wadsworth, William C. Whitemore, Admiral J. H. Upshur, U. S. N. ; A C Barney, Mrs. J. C. Cunningham. M. W. Beveridge, William F. Mattingly, A. H. Buer, Mrs. Katherine Smith, Mrs. Cheatham, A. Lisner, Samuel L. Phillips, H. Rozier Dulanv. Charles A. Spaulding, Daniel Fraser, F. De C. May Gifford Pinchot. Chief Justice Richardson, Mrs. Anne D. Paulding. Col. T. L. Denny, Mrs. B. H. Roberson, JAMES LOUIS PAR Prof, Rawson, Mr. I). S. Carll, S. II. Walker, T. W. Smith. . , 1 :i ias : row -1" houses for Dr. W. P. C. Ilazcn; row of houses for Mr. George H. Whiting: row the Acker estate: row of houses on North Capitol and I', streets. Mr. Parsons is now beginning the leigh Court apartmenl house. In [892 Mr. Parsons was appointed by the lion. William E. Chand- ler, chairman of a Senile committee, as an expert to in- .,„..., ,|„. character of the work and to examine into the contracts for the improvement of the emigrant station on land. New York harbor, winch amounted to an expenditure of over $600,000. The report was submitted 011 Jim Charles Albion Langley.— It is (Iniiahle pride that Charles \. Lang'c. ■ • nj m • ol m ignificenl built by him in Washington. Perhaps no individual builder I his efforts more exclusively to this • construction than has Mr. Langley, that none has been more successful. Like in hi- profession, Mr. Langley's beginning ne. Born on March 16, 1850. hire, he is a son of Moses and Sarah in his childh I h ; s parents moved . the oM homestead in Maine. was a Honied by When but sixteen years old just and par- point to the CHARLES ALBION LANGLEY Colonel William Hoffman, and Julian B. Alexander. Mr. Langle) built the Grafton Hotel, the Richmond, the Army and Nav\ Club, the Children's Hospital, the J. II. Small Building, and has had charge of all the improvements and work at the British embassy for the past twent) years. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Mr. Langley was one of the organizers and the first president of the Builders' Exchange, its present building being erected under his regime ; one of the organizers and still the president of original Master Builders Association, organized in 1879, continuing in office for 11 consecutive years, and again recently re-elected ; is also a member of the Board of Trade and one of its membership committee, and since its organization nine years ago, president of the Woodburn Citizens Association. As an Odd Fellow Mr. Langley is equally prominent, having filled all the offices of the subordinate lodge, and is at present past grand of the local lodge, as well as past high priest of encampment branch. In January, 1880, Mr. Langley married Miss Annie E. McShea, of this city, of which union there are seven children, three sons and four daughters. Mr. and Mrs. Langley occupy their country home on the Blair Road, in which all the modern improvements, comforts and con- veniences of a well-appointed city residence are embodied. Samuel Jenness Prescott, one of Washington's best known builders, was perhaps, when he entered this field of work, better equipped with both a practical and theoreti- cal knowledge of construction than any of his competitive builders. Though having hardly reached the prime of life, there are numbers of stately buildings now standing in Washington and other cities erected by him, which bear ample testimony to his prowess and thorough knowledge of a'l the intricacies of his work. Mr. Prescott is a son of Samuel W. and Emma Jenness Prescott, and was born at Weirs, Belknap county, New Hampshire, on August 10, 1867. He attended the public schools at Weirs and Man- chester, and finally graduated from Pittsfield Academy, at Pittsfield, X. PL Born on a farm, his summer vacations were invariably spent at work in the fields helping his father. In 1882 Mr. Prescott began the trade of house- and bridge framing, most of the heavy construction being hewn and framed in the woods. After mastering this branch of his trade, he took up general carpentering and building- construction, and in 1886 came to Washington, where he pursued his trade. Being naturally ambitious Mr. Prescott at the same time studied engineering and mechanical draft- ing, after which he took a course in architecture and archi- tectural designing under Professor Charles Schlarr, of this city, finishing his studies by a special course in technology. The next two years Mr. Prescott spent in travel, dividing his attention the meanwhile to the best specimens of archi- tecture and intricate construction throughout the country. When he returned to Washington in i8go. Mr. Prescott immediately embarked into a general building and con- tracting business. Since that time Mr. Prescott's business has prospered and thrived, and a long list of buildings erected by him are a result of his efforts, among them many of the handsomest residences of the city. His offices are located at 507 Twelfth street, northwest. Among the many business buildings built by Mr. Pres- cott may be mentioned the Stumph building at Seventh street and Massachusetts avenue ; the House & Herman building, corner Seventh and I streets, northwest ; the United States Electric Lighting plant, at Thirteen and a Half and B streets ; Littlefield, Alvord & Company's storage and ware- house, at Twenty-sixth and F streets, and the Franklin Laundry, Thirteenth street, near E street. Air. Prescott has erected several large buildings for the Chris. ITeu- nch Brewing Company, including their entire plant at Norfolk, Virginia. The new store building belonging to J. S. Topham was built by Mr. Prescott, also the large addition to the warehouse of W. B. Moses & Company, at Eleventh and F streets. Now in course of construction are the Home Savings Bank building, at Seventh street. Massa- chusetts avenue and K street, and the Rudolph West build- ing on New York avenue, between Thirteenth and Four- teenth streets, both of which Mr. Prescott expects to shortl) SAMUEL JENNESS PRESCOTT complete, toegther with several jobs in Virginia. Mr. Pres- cott is a member of the Washington Board of Trade. Bus- ness Men's Association, and is at present president of the Master Builders' Yssociation. He is identified with mam outside interests, his business abilit) ami straightforward methods rendering him a valuable acquisition to any busi- ness enterprise. Mr. Prescott is a Mason, a Red Man and a Knight of Malta, being a past commander of Cceur de Lion Command- ery, No. 264, and an officer for the Grand Commander) of the District of Columbia and 'Virginia. In [891 Mr. Pres cott married Miss [da A. Ailing, daughter of George 1. .Mi- ni;, of Palmyra, Xew York. Mi', and Mrs. Prescott have three daughters — Ida Blanche, Helm Jenness, and Evelyn Constance Prescott, who with their parents reside at [518 Howard avenue, 40 3 J 4 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. George Clinton Hough.— To say of a man "He knows his business" means a great deal, and when this is applied to Mr. Hough it is to convey with it all that trie claim implies, for he is master of the situation. Washing- tains mam contractors and builders of note, and : high in the list is the gentleman to whom this ,ti d. Although but a young man, his ex- is extensive and varied, and has been acquired in the best schools. " lie knows his business," and those for whom he operates get the full benefit of that knowledge. II,- fulfills all contracts with promptness, and there are never disappointments over the quality of work or the time consumed in execution, and the secret of his success ttributed to the fact that he satisfies all customers. iton Hough was horn at Waterford, Loudoun GEORGE CLINTON HOUGH y, \ irginia, on Januan 21, 1863, the son of John and Hannah (Schooln ) Hough. Mis is an old and distin- 10 '■! s ha\ ing figured conspicuously ncl pi ilitii \\\ histon of Virginia. The father of Mr. Hough was a well-known contractor and builder at Water ford, a man of exemplar) character, es ■ him, \fier receiving his educa- public schools, young itli his father and learned the In rem lined until twenh one he came to Washington and worked • partnership with his diet-. In [898 I, and Mr Hough .Marled li r of work that hand and direction speak in no uncertain measure of the success attained by this hustling builder. The building operations of Mr. Hough have been ex- tensive, and some of them — to show the versatility and scope of the builder — might be mentioned. For instance, he bui't the Montgomery apartment house. North Capitol and M streets; the Standard Butterine Company's plant (a magnificent specimen of the builders' art) at Langdon, which throughout was under his direct supervision, turn- ing it over read)' for occupancy; residences for Dr. Koeber, Sixteenth and T streets, and Major Fuger, adjoining; Dr. Francis I'. Morgan. 1739 P street; Dr. Sofie Nordhoff Jung, 1229 Connecticut avenue; Senator Hoar, 1605 Con- necticut avenue; Mrs. Fannie T. Scott, Eighteenth street and Columbia road ; H. O. Holt, East Capitol and Twelfth streets; Dr. E. McComas, Fourteenth and L streets: J. B. Linton, Eckington ; C. E. Brandenburg, Waslr'ngton Heights; three houses, semi - colonial style, 1624-26-28 Twenty-ninth street, and three, 1003-5-7 L street, for E. K. Fox ; row of nine houses on Baltimore street for Frank B. Jonas ; Cameron apartments, at Tenth street and Ver- mont avenue; warehouse for J. B. Kendall, on Missouri avenue: two houses, 1441 Rhode Island avenue and 1922 Nineteenth street, northwest, both for Thomas F. Swayze, formerly chief clerk of the Treasury. Mr. Hough is secretary of the Master Builders' Asso- ciation. He is prominently connected with the Knights of Pythias, and grand lecturer of the order. He is also mem- ber of the Order of the Golden Cross and the Knights .of Macabees. In 1892 he married Miss Lillian C. Harper, of Loudoun comity, Virginia. With their two children, Han- nah and George Stewart, Mr. and Mrs. Hough reside at 502 T street, northwest. James L. Marshall.— The good State of Virginia — the "mother of Presidents" — has not only furnished the national capital with a full quota of illustrious sons, wise in statecraft and glorious in patriotism, but her contribu- tions of business men have been generous, and the material welfare of the city has been greatly enhanced by the adop- tion of these children ol the grand "old Commonwealth." lames p. Marshall, oik of Washington's enterprising and progressive contractors and builders, like scores of his pred- ecessors and followers, has. by application to his chosen profession, helped to make this city the pride of the people and the glory of the republic. Mr. Marsha'.] was horn at Woodstock. Shenandoah count). Virginia, on Maj 22, 1866. lie was educated at the public schools of his count), and early apprenticed to the trade of carpentry. After mastering the fundamental principles of carpentering, as identified with building, he came to Washington in 1SS5. Here he si-cured employ- ment, and worked for the leading builders. His aptitude attracted the attention of those h\ whom he was em- ployed, and his work made an impression on all with whom he had business dealings. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 3*5 Mr. Marshall was made assistant superintendent, rep- resenting the building- committee, in the construction of the Corcoran Gallery of Art. At the completion of this building, in 1897, "e engaged in business for himself as con- tractor and builder, and success attended him from the JAMES L. MARSHALL start. One of his first contracts was that for remodeling the old Corcoran Art Gallery, at Seventeenth street and Pennsylvania avenue, now occupied by the Department of Justice. Among the many buildings erected by Mr. Mar- shall may be mentioned the Century building, Dewey Hotel, Mendota apartment house, Twentieth street aand Kalorama avenue ; additions to the Carolina apartments. Eleventh, near G street: the Dickinson, I betweeen Twelfth and Thir- teenth streets ; remodeled the Chevy Chase Club house ; erected a number of handsome residences on Eighteenth street and Columbia road ; residences of J. J. Darlington, Twentieth, between Q and R streets, and S. T. Fisher. Wyoming avenue ; Chapel of the Good Shepherd, Seventh, between H and I streets, northeast ; and has now in course of construction anil pushing rapidly toward completion the Glenora, on Lanier Heights, one of the largest and finest apartment houses in the city. Mr. Marshall is treasurer of the Master Builders' As- sociation. He is a thirty-second-degree Mason; member of Lafayette Lodge, No. 19, and Lafayette Royal Arch Chap- ter, No. 5, Almas Temple, Mystic Shrine; patron Naomi Chapter, O. E. S. ; is past chancellor of Equal Lodge, No. 17, Knights of Pythias, and also member of the building committee of that order. His acquaintanceship is extensive, and he is popular wherever known. Mr. Marshall married Miss Lula Fuller, of Front Royal, Virginia, of which union there are two children, William Lee and Helen Margaret. His residence is at 1335 O street, northwest. John H. Nolan — Few men's talents lie in more than one direction, and fewer still cultivate those talents to such an extent that each has reached a degree of excellence, whereby either could be used toward bringing in a hand- some revenue. Nature has been generous in this respect to John H. Nolan, one of Washington's best known con- structors of modern buildings, and at the same lime the possessor of a beautiful, rich, well placed bass voice that has brought its possessor prominently before the public of this and other cities. That Mr. Nolan's natural bent lay in the building line was demonstrated in his early youth, ami by closely applying himself he has risen step by step in his profession until many of the finest edifices that adorn this city were fashioned by him. John H. Nolan is a son of James P Nolan, and was born in this city in 1861. After completing his education at St. John's College he entered the employ of Robert 1. Fleming, a prominent builder, as an apprentice. There he remained until he had mastered every detail of the building business, and was fully equipped to start for him- self. Flis beginning was of course on a small scale, but gradually he extended his operations until he did not eon- fine himself to contract work, but branched out and erected buildings as an investment, and in ev.ery instance found a ready purchaser. The more notable of these may be mentioned — the " Westover " apartment house, at Six- teenth and M streets. This is by far the handsomest apartment house in Washington, and is a beautiful adorn- ment to 1l1.it locality. This building, which Mr. Nolan sold last February, was designed In George S. Cooper, whose office adjoins that of Mr. Nolan, in the Davidson Building, ai 1413 G street, northwest, which structure Mr. Nolan also built. Another example of Mr. Nolan's skill is the Bond Building, at Fourteenth street and New York ponenl of the modern office building it) in this country than this beautiful edifice, mmetrical lines and artistic decoration are admired hv all. Mr. Nolan also built the handsome row of resi- dences on I ' streel between Fourteenth and Fifteenth streets. occupying number 1423 with his family as his residence. Another row of residei < ed by Mr. Nolan is on between Nineteenth and Twentieth streets. Other buildings erected by Mr. Nolan are the Kensington, Leam- 1 lladstone and Hawarden. He also built the David- son Building, previously mentioned, and the Bancroft Hotel. The beautiful residence of Mr. Frank T. Browning, at Glen, considered by many to be the handsomest in Maryland, is also an example of Mr. Nolan's skill. Air. Nolan twice married. His first wife, formerly Miss Wil- liams of this city, he married in [885, and several years after her death he again married a VVashingtonian in Miss l.ida Anderson. The George A. Fuller Company. To attain that of excellence whereby all competing rivals are far outstripped is indei d an enviable position and one long since enjoyed bj the George A. Fuller Company, pioneers in the erection of the modern sk) scraper. This company stands distinct and alone ill this branch of modern and scientific construction, which has reached such gigantic proportions .in those cities where every inch of ground, valued at fabulous sums, has to be utilized in order to make the m a paying one. Story upon story is built up from the subterranean foundations, to give the requisite amount of floor space whereby the rental accrued may ommensurale with tin- investment. This problem has long since been solved by George A. Fuller, the founder of this concern, hut who unfortunately died three years ago. No more fitting monument could be erected to his manor) than the towering buildings planned by Ids master mind, and constructed upon the lines first evolved by him. among these may be mentionel the world famous Flat lion Building of New York, which stands as a sentinel ed by the intersection of Broadway, Fifth avenue and Tweilt) third street, and running hack In reality this is the Fuller for it, founder, hut its striking to a flat iron has gained for it the sohric|iiei familiarly known. The George A. m \\ ashington by Mr. James ■ uaget 01 tin southern I Building. Mr. Dinwiddic mil wiih mail) years practice h I mill a practical ami hi) represent a l.eo,,,, \. I ,,11,., nurse he ■11 after 77//:' CITY OF ]\'ASHINGTOX. wards commenced his business career as a draughtsman in the office 'of J. E. Fuller, his uncle, a most successful architect of Worcester. He later became identified with a Boston firm of architects, and when made a member of the firm he opened the Xew York branch office. He soon saw. however, that his talents lay in the channel of a con- structor of buildings, and after going to Chicago he organ- ized the George A. Fuller Company. He it was that in- vented and first demonstrated the practicability of the steel skeleton sky scraper, and after a few years these buildings began to spring up in amazing short order all over the country. With the failure of Air. Fuller's health in 1896 the management of the business devolved upon Air. H. S. Black, his son-in-law, who ably carried out his plans. In 1900 Air. Fuller died, when Air. Black succeeded him to the presidency of the company. The company now has offices in the following cities : The home office at 137 Broad way, Xew York City; the Marquette building, Chicago; the Brazer building, Boston; the Maryland Trust building, Baltimore; North American building,_ Philadelphia ; the Frick building, at Pittsburg ; Commercial Hank building. Albany, X. Y. ; Lincoln Trust building. St. Louis. Its Washington office is located in the Home Life building. As before stated, the business in the South is under the management of Air. J. H. Dinwiddic. who is now a resident of Washington. Some of the firm's work is shown in Washington. They erected the Star building. the Xew Willard. and have under construction an eight- story building for General Ansen Alills. at the corner of Seventeenth street and Pennsylvania avenue, and the new Willard addition. They have also under construction the new pumping station for the District, located on Trumbull street. They have just completed a handsome private resi- dence for Mr. R. W. Patterson, near Dupont Circle. The) also constructed the Merchants' Transfer and Storage Com- pany building, eight stories. The Frick building (twenty- two stories) at Pittsburg, said to be the finest ever erect- ed, was built and completed by this company in eleven months, hi Baltimore they constructed the Union Trust building, twelve stories; the Calvert building, twelve stor- ies; the Maryland Trust Building, ten stories, and the hank- ing building for Messrs. Alex. Brown & Sons. They erected the Equitable building at Atlanta. Ga. A few of the prominent buildings in Chicago are the Monadnock and Marquette building, the I lid Colony building and the Women's Temple. They have several specimens of their work in Xew York, among which is the Broadway Ex- change, which is the largest office building in the world, costing $7,000,000, and is twenty stories high, and the Macy building, the largest department store in the world. The now famous Fuller building is their latest great building there. ( )ne hundred and lift) large structures could be enumerated, representing man) millions ^\ dollars, the con- structions of which have been intrusted to tin George V Fuller Company. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. James Harman Dinwiddie, manager of the George A. Fuller Company, is a Virginian by birth, having been born m Halifax county on February 12, 1864, and is a son of James and Elizabeth Carrington Dinwiddie. Mr. JAMES HARMAN DINWIDDIE Dinwiddie took a special course in civil engineering at the University of Tennessee, at Knoxville. After this Mr. Dinwiddie spent seven years in the offices of D. H. Burn- ham, in Chicago, designing and superintending the erection of fire proof steel buildings, and for the ensuing six years practiced architecture in Chicago and Atlanta, Georgia, until 1 901, when he became identified with the George A. Fuller Company. Mr. Dinwiddie, who is unmarried, is a keen sportsman, and is a member of the Century and Dumbarton Clubs of Washington, the Baltimore Yacht Club, and the Merchants Club of Baltimore. He is a Mason, a Knight Templar, and also a member of the Mystic Shrine. Samuel Heston Edmonston is a striking example of the self-made man, who by dint of close application to his business, has risen step by step, until to-day he occupies an enviable position of prominence, in the long list of Washington's most successful builders. Mr. Edmonston is a son of Jackson and Jane Elizabeth Edmonston, and was born in this city on August 18, 1846. After attending the public schools of this city, as well as private schools in Maryland and Virginia, he elected to follow the trade of carpentry, and entered the employ of William II. Johnson, a well-known builder. There he served as an apprentice for four years, and continued in his service two and a half years as a journeyman, when he joined his uncle, Charles Edmonston, and while in his employ, covering a period of twenty-seven years, superintended the o tion of many of the finest residences in this city, including those of Senator Eugene Hale, at Sixteenth and l\ streets, northwest; Secretary Hay. Sixteenth and If streets, north- west; the Adams home, adjoining that of General Ander- son, also at Sixteenth and K streets; the Tuckerman resi- dence, and those of W. B. Gurley, at Sixteenth and O streets ; S. G. Ward. 1608 K street, northwest : the Car- lisle house on I street ; the Postal Telegraph building on E street, and many other equally prominent structures. In 1897. at the death of his uncle. Mr. Edmonston succeeded to the business, and has since conducted it upon the same lines that brought such renown to his late relative and employer. Since engaging in business for himself Mr. Edmonston has been engaged on many structures where the greatest care and skill were required t,, be exercised In this category may be mentioned the large addition but recently completed to the Woodward and Lothrop building, which now embraces the entire block bounded by Tenth, Eleventh, F and G streets. The building is a fine model of the artisan's skill, and its construction has been characterized by great celerity, as well as fine workmanship. For the same firm Mr. Edmonston lately erected a large storage warehouse close by. Other work which he has been engaged upon includes the large addi- tion to the Hooe building, on F street, better known as the Geological Survey building. The present quaint structure on New York avenue, known as " The Halls of the An- cients," is another example of his work. Mr. Edmonston also recently remodeled the residence , of General Mills, on Dupont Circle, and that of C. P. Russell, on 1 street. His shops are located at 611 G street. He is a member of Central Lodge, I. O. O. F. Mr. Ed Miss Mary fane and < '1; JEL HESTON EDMONSTON . with his wife, who was formerly icr, and their two children, Martha Imonston, reside al ijj.j Eighth stre 1 3i8 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Arthur Cowsill — ( •».- of the most popular builders, who has proved himself worthy of the large amount of work entrusted to his care, is Arthur Cowsill. He com- menced business in this city in t886, first as sub contractor, then as general contractor. Since that time he has been William Alexander Kimmel, the son of Peter and Elizabeth S. I Brandt) Kimmel, was born at Bloomington, Maryland, on November 21, 1859. Early in life he developed an inordinate aptitude for the art of building, which started his career in ibis city. Beginning as an apprentice, by sheer force of character, the application of push, energy and practical ideas, and a perseverance in all the traits needed for the accomplishment of a definite purpose, Mr. Kimmel has attained a prominent place in the list of building con- tractors of Washington. Since establishing business in 1886, his operations in this city and contiguous territory have been extensive, and many prominent buildings bear the impress of his master hand. As examples a limited number may be mentioned: The Berean Baptist Church, St. Paul's M. E. Church. Temple Baptist Church, Wash- ington Heights Presbyterian Church. Hecht's Store, 514 Seventh street, northwest, besides hundreds of private dwell- ings. He erected the King Building at the Soldiers' Home, and the Brightwood gate houses. His office is located at 1613 New Jersey avenue, northwest. Mr. Kimmel is prominent in fraternal organisations, being a past master of Pentalpha Lodge, No. 23, F. A. A. M. ; member of Mt. Horeb Royal Arch Chapter. No. 7; Columbia Commandery, No. 2. Knights Templar. In Scot- tish Rite Masonry he is identified with the following: Mi- thras Lodge of Perfection, No. 1. Evangelist Chapter of Rose Croix, Robert de P. nice Council of Kadosh, and Albert Pike Consistory. He also holds membership in Martha in evidence in most of the large and important buildings m die city, including the Government post office building. Union Station, Loan and Trust building, Columbian Law building, the Southern railway building. Manual Training School. !' street, between First and. Third streets, north- wesl : Riggs House and several other hotels, several apart- ment houses and many line residences. Mr. tow sill was horn near Manchester, Lancashire. England, in 186 to America in 1882, and after spending four years in the West he located in Washington. ilways identified himself with the institutions of the country, being a zealous supporter and contributor to the the same. I le owns some of the finest , and has a peculiar regard for the the 1 it \ in all that claims recognition. I !< further believes in beautification and substantial structures, l of placing brick masonry on the • amely, 320 feel high on the , and the strongest brick tna brick masonry, if the buildings ti d. wilh- tnns before cracking. ^nidation under •I 1 1 1 >5 tons hen architects the sup- W1LLIAM ALEXANDER KIMMEL Chapter \ : o. 4. Order of the Eastern Star: Alma- Temple A. \. (). X. Mystic Shrine; Calanthea Lodge, No. n Knights of Pythias; past master of Senate Lodge, No. 4 V I 1. I . W. of which lie is a charter member. Mr. Kim- mel is the representative of his blue lodge to the Masoni< THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Temple Association, an important trust, in view of the pro- posed erection in this city of the grandest Masonic building in the world. His zeal for the order and record as a builder of the highest class invited this distinction. He is also a member of the Master Builders' Association of Washington. Mr. Kimmel stands high in the community, profession- all) and socially. His skill as a builder has proceeded from the experience that clusters around a man who has been an apprentice and a journeyman. His unfailing integrity and his affability appeal to all his acquaintances and hold" them as close friends. He is an exemplification of the homely adage, " Honesty is the best policy," and " by that sign he conquers." On October 25, 1886, Mr. Kimmel married Adah S., daughter of Frederick J. and Harriett Winckelman, of this city. Of this union there are four children — Frederick Francis, aged 15; Harriett Elizabeth Ray, aged 12; Adah Roberta, aged 8; and Florence Belle, aged 5 years. Mr. and Mrs. Kimmel reside on New Jersey avenue, between O and R streets, northwest. 319 PSCOMB W. P. Lipscomb, bom in King William county, Vir- ginia, is a scion of the slock that left England in the [6th century to make homes in wild America, lie was educated in the old-field schools. Too young to go into the war of the sixties earlier than 1804, he volunteered at the age of seventeen and followed its fortunes to the close, at Appomattox. His father, Warren Lipscomb, Sr.. now dead, and a widowed mother, Elizabeth Lipscomb, with seven children, with only a farm left for their support, and thai ravaged by both armies, young William soon realized thai what fortune there was for him pointed to other fields than the farm. He left home with a limited amount of cash in his pocket, walked to Richmond, Va., and in thai city learned the carpenter's trade. He came to Washington in 1871, and secured employment with one of the prom- inent builders of the city. In 1873 he started business on his own account, and notwithstanding the odds against every new competitor, with limited means to withstand and live, he, in a short time, became one of the first among the builders and contractors. From the beginning his work was appreciated, he having gained the confidence and esteem of the general public by putting his own character and indi- viduality into his work and business, which speaks lor itself Someof his buildings are: II. C. Perkins, Esq., 1701 Con necticut avenue; George W. McLanahan, Twenty-first and Q streets; the late Col. A. T. Britton, T325 Sixteenth street; P. E. Chapin, Esq., 1735 Massachusetts avenue Dr. Charles W. Richardson, 13 17 Connecticut avenue; Dr Z. T. Sowers; Capt. W. M. Fdlger, New Hampshire ave- nue, later owned by Admiral Sampson; Admiral Crosby, Connecticut avenue; Admiral Stanley. Connecticut avenue: Col. B. R. Russell, 1616 Eighteenth street: .Major Thomas M. Gale, 2300 S street; Hon. J. J. Hemphill, 2108 Bancroft Place; Mr. Lyman Tiffany, 1705 Connecticut avenue- The Willard building. The Fendall building, and man) others, -Mr. Lipscomb married Miss Lulie K. Wade, daughter of John Kirby and C. A. Wade, of Washington, and has two children. Helen Irene and George William. IP- is a member of the executive board of the Master Builders' Association, and a member of the official board of officers of Vermont Avenue Christian Church, and other city organ- izations. Frank Noble Carver.— A Marylarider by birth and a Washingtonian by adoption, Frank X. Carver lias contribu- ted largely, during his career as a builder, to the advance- ment and beautification of the national capital. Many of its loftiest and handsomest buildings were constructed by him, and he is still one of the most active builders here. Mr. Carver is a son of Richard II. and Amelia Bruce Carver, anil was born in Charles county. Marxian.!, on D< cember 6, 1843. When but live years old. with his parents. he moved to Washington, and received his education in the public schools of this city. Shortly before the civil war Mr. Carver elected coach-making as a trade, and worked at it for a short while. When the call for volunteer, was to respond, and enlisted in the Fayette Artillery, of Rich- mond, and served with it from tin- beginning to the end of the war. Al its close he engaged in the building busi- ness in Richmond, but deeming Washington .1 letter held for bis operations he removed here and began business Oil a small scale at the start. His shop was then located at Fifth and K street.-, northwest, There be remained for five years, ami removed to I. streel near Vermont avenue, where he made bis headquarters for fourteen years, Mr. Carver's office is now p'.eisantly located in the Kellogg Building, at 1.4 M> F street, northwest. 3 2Q THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. The first large contract undertaken by Mr. Carver was the Atlantic building, on F street, which was the first of the large office buildings erected in this city. Close by he has since built the Columbia National Bank, the Academy of Music, and, of more recent date, the beautiful Raleigh John T. Walker, one of Washington's best - known builders, was born at Bridgenorth, Shropshire, England, on October 29, 1852. He is the son of David and Elizabeth Bladen Wa'ker, members of old families of that section of his native country. Young Walker was educated at private schools in the South of England. At the age of fifteen he was bound out as an apprentice to learn the trade of car- penter and joiner, and after serving his apprenticeship he engaged in the building trade in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, Brighton and Eastbourne, Sussex, England. He was early in life attracted by the opportunities pre- sented to young men in this country, and in 1885 he emi- grated to Florida, where he engaged in orange-growing. After spending some time at this he discovered that there were greater opportunities in the building business. He went to Gainesville, Florida, where he conducted business as a builder for two years. In 1887 he decided to come to this city, where the educational opportunities for his chil- dren were greater. For the first two years alter coming here he was foreman for Jerome Sanner, who will be re- membered as an old bui'der. He then went into business for himself, employing one boy to assist him. Since then, at times, his force of workmen has frequently approximated one hundred. Mr. Walker has built a name for himself in building- circles as a result of conscientious work, attention to details, fair treatment to his men and thorough reliability. Among the numerous buildings in this city which he has from time itel, ai Twelfth treet anc etail wo: om« \\ ill: SI illH nnsylvania avenue, which in- ( Ither large structures built houses, one at Georgetown ir-ancl a-hali street, lie also tly occupied by the city post ( ', street, and completed the 1 street. Among the hand- liini 111 i\ be mentioned those Willi built for II. G. Davis at of their type. Mr. Carver built a large addition to the Shon ham some years ago, and only very recently finished the construction of the Wi lard building, on Fourteenth street, which is now an imposing structure. The large warehouse of the Union Trust and Storage Company, at I irst and Is streets, northeast, was built by Mr. Carver, as was the beautiful residence for II. S. Parker, at Kalorama 1 [eights, ill.' first house erected in that vicinity. Mr. Carver lias never sought club life, and with the exception of Mope Lodge, No. 20, I-'. A. A. M.. belongs to 1 organizations. In 1863 he married Miss Blunt, of Richmond, Virginia. Of this union there are six chil- dren, as follows: Emma, now Mrs. lb, ward lie 1 ; KlV.a- eth, who married Charles I .en/ ; Raymond, who is the chief 1 of the Federal < onstruction Company, doing ex- tensive railway vvorl in the West ; Jcne, Vlhert and Arthur. The last three reside with their parents at 1431 L street, to time constructed may be mentioned the following: Wash- ington Home for incurab'es. residence of limn Cabot Lodge, several buildings for the W. W. Corcoran estate, the residence of W. R. Young, Sixteenth street, and the large Doric structure on Connecticut avenue occupied by THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 32i Stumph & Lyford. Many of the handsomest residences of the city were erected by him during the past few years. During Mr. Walker's career in Washington as a builder he has always attracted attention by his excellent work, and he is in great demand by those who desire a building con- structed in the very best manner by one upon whom they can rely with every assurance of being pleased by the result. Mr. Walker is a member of the Master Builders' As- sociation ; the Business Men's Association ; Washington Centennial Lodge, No. 14, F. A. A. M. ; Mount Vernon Royal Arch Chapter, No. 3 ; Washington Commandery, No. 1, Knights Templar; Almas Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. ( )n June 7, 1875, he was married at Tunbridge Wells, Eng- land to Eliza Hinkley, daughter of Henry and Harriet Hinkley, of Ockleigh, Sussex, England. Five children were born to them — two sons, John and Henry, both of whom •served five years' apprenticeship with their father, after- wards filling responsible positions in the business; Henry died September 23, 1901, just as he was becoming a useful and efficient member of the trade ; three daughters — Annie (now Mrs. J. Morton Rissler, of this city), Lizzie (who died in England), and Bessie, born in Florida. Mr. Walker, with his family, resides at 1820 Thirteenth street, north- west, while his office is at 1920 N street, northwest. BLUNDON'S RESIDENCE. Francis A. Blundon was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, on April 14. 1S67, and is the son of John F. and Fannie (Nolan) Blundon. His father, who was a well- known contractor and old resident of Georgetown, moved to Virginia in the sixties, remaining there but a few years, returning to Washington when Francis was about five wars old, where he was educated in the public schools. Young Blundon early evinced a disposition and a faculty for con- tracting and building, and entered as an apprentice in car- pentry. He served as apprentice and journeyman about eight years, and developed a keen insight into the business and a comprehensive knowledge of all its details. About ten years ago he entered the field as a contractor and met with success from the start. Mr. Blundon has been careful and conscientious in all his dealings; has given bis best energies to the prompl and proper fulfillment of all contracts: has ever studied the interests of those by whom be was employed, and has thus won the confidence of a large clientele. He has erected in the ten years of business about se\en hundred houses of different character and style in Washington, among them many fine residences and noteworthy places of business. Mr. Blundon built for Joseph K. 1 Winer the Virginia — the first flats erected in the citj ol Wash- ington — at the corner of Seventh street and Virginia avenue, southwest, lie builds many houses on speculation. Purchasing desirable sites, he erects thereon residences for the market, and generally secures purchasers before their completion, (in this plan he is just finishing a row of magnificent houses on Connecticut avenue, between Milwaukee and Newark streets, opposite the National Zoolog- ical Park. Mr. Blundon has a wide acquaintance, and is popular with a large circle of friends. His" ever increasing business has given him but little time to devote to social organizations, and is therefore not prominentlj identified with any. Mr. Blundon's residence at the southwest ner of first and W Streets, northwest, plat I erected 1>\ himself, an illustrat on of which is here with given, is a line specimen of the architi ■ builder's art. It is an imposing tl basement brick structure, with ornate ti 1 modeled for both beauty and utilit) is highly finished in quartered oak. and the plan of arrangement makes ,,f evet corner. The entire house is heated b\ ; by the most approved system, and elegance gn hand in hand throughout tl ments of this model In Mr. blundon on Jai Idren. 322 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. West Brothers Brick Company.— This is one of the solid concerns which, for more than half a century, has sustained a reputation for making the best brick in the District of Columbia, and the name " West " has always been considered a guarantee of quality. The original firm was founded by John P. West in 1844, and twenty-four years later the business was turned over to the two sons of the founder, William H. and John T. West, who, as the firm of William II. West & Brother, did the largest business of their time, and remained in active business until their de- cease. At the beginning of the year 1902 the partnership business was changed into a stock company with the title as stated above. It is to-day still a " close corporation," as all the stock is held by members of the original family, with one exception, and has never been put on the market for sale. I he company owns sixty acres of land in Alexandria county, Virginia, and the plant is equipped with the most modern machinery. The capacity per diem is 50,000 ma- chine made black' and 17.0110 hand-made brick. Their prod- uct has always been accepted as the standard for Govern- ment buildings, and their brick have been used on the Capitol. Smithsonian, new addition to the White I louse, all the buildings al Fori Myer, besides in the very best elass .if resident and hiisiness buildings. Their business is nol confined to die District, and frequent deliveries arc made as far north as \e\ V N"< »rk city and as far south as Richmond. Virginia. Their high grade ornamental front brick and pressed brick are much sought after by the best f builders. Mr. Henry I'. West, president of die company, is a nal 1 ecutivc ability, ami 1] the company. The other officers of the company are : Cuno H. Rudolph, vice-president ; William D. West, secretary, and L. Perry West, treasurer. The above gentlemen, together with Charles E. West, form the present board of directors. The Washington office is No. 720 Fifteenth street, northwest. The Washington Brick Company. Only a few realize that while Washington is not a manufacturing city, yet the greater portion of the bricks used for building and construction purposes in the District of Columbia are home made. No one company has been more active or furnished a larger quota to the sum total than has the New Washington Brick Company, which was originally organ- ized in 1874, then known as the Washington Brick Machine Company. The works of the New Washington Brick Com- pany are located at Abingdon. Va., while its offices are in the Evans Block at 1420 New York avenue. The officers of the company are: T. L. Holbrook, president (who has been actively at the head of the several companies since 1876) ; C. J. Bell, vice-president ; E. L. White, treasurer, and William F. Mattingly, secretary; while the directorate includes Nathaniel Wilson, Z. T. Sowers, Ward Thoron, William A. Richards and M. F. Talty, together with the officers. The Washington Brick Machine Company was organized in 1874, and the charter was renewed in 1894 as The Washington Brick Company. When the New Wash- ington Brick Company was incorporated in 1900, it pur- chased all the property of the parent company, with the exception of the realty. It was then decided to change the site of the works, and 216 acres of clay land were purchased in Alexandria county, A'irginia, and a modern and up-to-date plant was erected with a capacity of 30,000.000 bricks per annum. It is estimated that this company manufactures one-fourth of all the common bricks used in the District of Columbia. The total output of its kilns is sold through the Standard Brick Company, which buys and sells the brick of this and other companies on commission, guaranteeing the payment of all sales. The original officers of the old com- pany included Henry A. Willard, Nathaniel Wilson. Andrew Wylie, Walter S. Cox, Charles F. Peck. Lewis Clephane, Dr. W. P. Johnson, and John ( ). Evans. Theodore Lewis Holbrook, who has been actively identified with the brick industry in Washington since 1S70. was horn in Boston, Mass.. on January 11, 1S30. and is a son of Theodore and Rachel 1'.. Smith Holbrook. His Hopkins Academy in western Massachusetts. Mr. Hol- brook 's first insight into business was with his father, who was then a lumber merchant in Chicago. In [861 he entered the I 'hicago post office in a clerical capacity and was soon made chief clerk, where he remained for six years, after which he came to Washington, and was connected with the money order office of the I'.. si t iffice Department. He was soon promoted and made a general agent. He remained in die Post < Iffice Department until 1S74. when he resigned and was soon appointed to the position of THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. committee clerk in the House of Representatives. This Mr. Holbrook held for two years, when he engaged in the brick business. In 1888 Mr. Holbrook married Miss Catherine Robinson, of this city. Mr. and Mrs. Holbrook have four children, three daughters and one son, who with their par- ents reside at Cleveland Park. in the construction of much of the important work through- out the territory in which the company operates. Conspicuous among the well-known buildings of Wash- ington in which " Hydraulic " bricks have lwn used are the New Willard, the Cochran and the Grafton hotels; the Farragut apartments, the Portlier, the Columbia, the Sherman, the Albemarle, the Cumberland, the Plaza and the Mendota; the Colorado and Willard office buildings: the Trumbull Street Pumping Station and the Stonclcigh Court apartments are now building. Notable among the residences are those of Attorney-! leneral Knox. Mr. Thomas F. Walsh, Mr. 11. W. Wadsworth, Lieutenant-Commander Miller, Mrs. Sarah I',. Postlewaite, and Senator J. B. Foraker. The officers of the Washington Hydraulic-Press Brick Company are: E. C. Sterling, president, St. Louis. Mo.; F. G. MiddlekaufY, first vice-president, St. Louis, Mo.; II. W. Eliot, secretary and treasurer. St. Louis. Mo.; Harris A. Walters, assistant secretary and treasurer. Washington. I). C. ; George A. Lass, general manager. Washington, I). C. George Arthur Bass was born in Kankakee county, Illinois, August to. 1864. Was educated in tin 1 public schools, and was graduated from the Northwestern University in 1888. Entering commercial life in Chicago, THEODORE LEWIS HOLBROOK The Hydraulic-Press Brick Company was organized in St. Louis forty years ago. It began the manufacture of bricks by what is known as the dry-clay process, using special machinery and kilns of its own make and patent. To meet the increasing demand for its product at distant points other associate companies were from time to time established. In addition to the parent company there are now thirteen associate companies located in eight different States. The combined product of these companies is over 300,000,000 bricks per annum. The Washington Hydraulic Press Brick Company was organized in 1889. Its works are located at Arlington Junction, Va., and in addition to its local offices, salesrooms and offices are maintained in St. Louis, Boston, New York, Baltimore. Norfolk and Atlanta. The company manufactures face brick exclusively, and its output of over fifteen millions finds its market about equally divided between New York and New England, Washington, and the Southern States. In May, 1899, the original plant was totally destroyed by fire, but was at once rebuilt, the company constructing a larger and more modern factory, which, in the completeness of its equip- ment is not excelled. In addition to its red clay properties the company owns extensive light burning clay deposits, and since the advent of colored bricks it has made a spe- cialty of a great variety of shades in mottles, cream white. GEORGE ARTHUR BASS ight gray and iron spots, ich have been extensive!} 111., he came to Wa bing ton, in 1805 and has 1 general manager of tl . \\ ishinglon 1 1 draulic-Pn Companj for tin past five years. 1 1> \ as married her [6, 1898, l< Mi- 5 Zil ella I'.hert and ha ld. Mr. and Mrs. 1 nth stra t. m rtliw :st. 324 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Amandus Frederick Jorss. Washington has no bet- ter type of the self made man than Mr. A. F. Jorss, whose busy shops, at 315-317 Thirteenth street, northwest, are daily turning out the most beautiful and artistic exam- ples of ornamental iron and metal work. Mr. Jorss, as his name suggests, is a German, and was born in Hamburg on April 28, 1863. Attending the schools of his native city until he was thirteen years old, young Jorss entered the shops of an ornamental iron-worker as an apprentice, and there remained five years, learning each branch of his trade with a care and thoroughness which is so plainly manifested in his work today. When 18 years old he left the parental roof and came to this country. After reaching Wash- ington he saw the opportunity for such as his work here, so began on a small scale for himself. Work was plentiful, and his modest little shop at 12 18 C street, northwest, was AMANDUS FREDERICK JORSS taxed to its utmost capacity in turning out the daily in- creasing orders. There he remained a year, when he re- moved tn a larger shop at 304 Thirteenth street, staying 1 he it two years, when he bought the more commodious plant at 315 and 317 Thirteenth street, where he has since re- mained. Hie work done by Mr. Jorss will hear the closes! scrutiny, anil there arc few hanking houses, offices and private residences in Washington built within the past dec- ade that have utilized this class of work in their interior or exterior embellishments that was not turned out by Mr. Jorss. \mong the finest examples of this work turned out by Mr. Jorss ma) be mentioned the ornamental iron work adorning the residences of Senators Elkins and Foraker; Messrs. Henderson, Wale.. it. Sherman. Dal/ell. R. Wood- ward, Uriah Wilkin-. Christian Hcurich, Herbert Wads- worth, k. 1. Fleming, Barney Beales, D. C. Phillips, Bardman, Gales, J. Maury Dove, F. F. Schneider, Colonel Ernst, Dr. Shepherd and Colonel Bates. His work is to be found in many banks and office buildings, among them the Riggs Bank, American Security and Trust Com- pany ; also in the Shoreham Hotel, Driscoll Apartment House, The Chapin, The Dickson, The Bliss, Columbia Law Building, Twentieth Century Building, The Fendall Building, Halm shoe store, the Grafton, Reuter's, Scottish Rite Hall, the German, British and Chinese Legations, fences for Glenwood Cemetery; the one surrounding the Mary Washington Monument at Frederick, Maryland, and that erected to the memory of the Maine heroes at Key West. Florida. He has recently received a contract from the Gov- enment for an iron fence of about seven thousand feet around the reservoir at First street, northwest. Mr. Jorss is a prominent and influential man of affairs today, and his influence is felt in all German circles. He is a Scottish Rite Mason, and a member of the Almas Temple, Mystic Shrine. He is a member of the board of directors of the Saengerbund. this city, and also a director in the Charles Schneider Baking Company, as well as being connected with various other corporations and business en- terprises. In 1889 Mr. Jorss married Miss Albrccht. and with their two children. Karl and Elsie. Mr. and Mrs. Jorss occupy a handsome home at 1449 Bacon street, north- west. The B. F. Smith Fireproof Construction Company, of which Mr. Bartholomew- F. Smith is sole owner, is rec- ognized as the largest and most extensive builder of fire- proof structures in the world. The company builds annually scores of courthouses, county jails, and other public build- ings, ranging in price from $15,000 to $50,000 each. In the last two years the firm has built thirty-five courthouses and jails in the Southern States, and are still conducting ex- tensive operations through those sections. The work is uni- versally commended, and Mr. Smith is constantly receiving the most flattering endorsements and words of praise. Bartholomew F. Smith.— Hie life of Mr. Smith, the founder and owner of the company, is a most interesting one, his career having been varied and full of activity. He was horn in the town of Washingtonville, Columbiana county, Ohio, on November 13. 1847, his father being John X. Smith, and his mother Sophia Smith, born in France. lie was educated at the district school in Fulton county, Indiana, where his younger days were spent on a farm. Mr. Smith has a unique war record, in that while it lasted three years, and was a brilliant one. it was made before he was eighteen years old. He enlisted as a private soldier in Company l\. One Hundredth Indiana Volunteers, on the 29th da) of May, 1862, at the age of fifteen years four months, weighing eighty-five pounds at the time of entering service, lie passed through the various battles of Vicksburg, ('anion. Jackson and Brandon, in Mississippi; Lookout Mountain and Missionar) Ridge; marched to Snake Gap, Peach Orchard, Culp's Farm, Pallas. Kenesaw Mountain. Lost Mountain, and all the battles in and around THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Atlanta, and started with Sherman in his march to the sea, where he was wounded in the face (the bullet now resting in his left jaw), in the battle of Griswoldville. He was dis- charged on the 29th day of May, 1865, being eighteen years of age the November following his discharge from the army. Mr. Smith now has an application pending for a medal of honor. Before he was seventeen years of age, at the battle of Dallas, by order of Col. R. M. Johnston, he relieved the skirmish line of the Fifteenth Army Corps after the army had fallen back to a new position at Kenesaw Mountain, passing along the line extending over two miles and giving notice to each man on the skirmishing line to fall back and go to a flag in a cotton field, and bringing off from the line over three hundred and fifty skirmishers, with- out leaving a single man on the line. Mr. Smith beean his business career in the Forest City BARTHOLOMEW House, Cleveland, Ohio, and remained there a number of years. He then engaged in the sale of fireproof and burglar- proof safes, as traveling salesman for H. H. Warner, of Rochester, New York, with whom he remained for several years. In 1874 he acquired the general agency of the Hall Safe and Lock Company's safes, and operated in the city of Chicago. Later he became a dealer of safes, controlling the territory of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan. Wisconsin, Penn- sylvania, a part of New York State, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee, having business houses at Cleveland, Olno, Richmond, Virginia, and Atlanta, Georgia. In [894 h< sold his stock of safes and engaged in the construction fireproof buildings, organizing the B. F. Smitl Construction Company. Later he purchased the the various stockholders, and now conduct: for himself. Although trading under the name F. Smith Fireproof Construction Company, Ik- i> tl owner and proprietor. Mr. Smith i- of the Orrine Company, incorporated, m" Washington, ma turers of Orrine, a preparation fur the cure of tin- liquor habit. The manufacture of this preparation was menced on a small scale, and had earned even bill local reputation, but with the formation of the comp capitalization, incorporation and election of Mr. Smith its president, sales have become phenomenal an.! - assured. Mr. Smith is prominent in Masonic circles, ' thirty-second-degree Mason, and is a member of Lafayette Lodge, No. 19; Mount Vernon Royal Arch Chapter, No. "• Orient Commandery, X". 5. Knights Templar; Albert Consistory, No. 1; Almas Temple, Mystic Shrine, lie i- also a member of the Grand Army of the Republic and Union Veteran Union. Mr. Smith married Miss Frai Jane Griffith, of Dubuque. Iowa, <>n January 3, [870. I have three children, George < i.. I .oiia Frances (the wife the librarian of the House of Representatives) Fiesco, the last named being nineteen years ai months younger than his sister Lotta. Mr. Smith dence is at 1747 P street, northwest, and i- finest homes in the city. Washington Granite and Monumental Company. One of the most successful business the manufacture of monuments, mausoleums, van! stones and building stone is the Washington G Monumental Company, corner of Elevcntl York avenue. Some of the finest examples of ii have been made by this company, and its handiwork 1 the last resting place of some of Washington's tinguished dead. Among the best work of the may be mentioned the following : Ex-( ommissioner Whc ley's monument and the C. I'. Russell monument in 1 Cemetery, and the Archibald II. Lowery monument Creek Cemetery, made in the form of ;l Celtic cr the most, elaborate and difficult- pieces of work 1 ever undertaken. This company also made and has cemetery the Bain mausoleum, tn Glenw ,y..rk is represented Iw the Mackej the Detweiler, Clephanc and McFarla has also just completed the Met all" ial Cemetery. The company ■ Mi. i Hivel ( emcten ;rea l work do,, by this company, il ah 5 hin o stone for buildings. Tin- department L11) lias furnished stone for the New Willat e ( olorado Building, Fourteenth and !W Telepho.u Office Building. Fourteenth and K e Washington Post Building, and others. The business was established iu iM anl [ardine and William Archil ward" died leaving the 1 iess Both Mr. [ardine and Mr. Bona thev learned the business, When I coinpan ument merits. Congre ford monument in W itland, when 326 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. pany began it confined its work to monuments, but it has since branched out in manufacturing- building stone, in which branch a large business is done.' The company has been highly successful, and commands a large number of patrons. The enterprising spirit and excellent knowledge of the business possessed by the members of the company have paved the way for an enduring prosperity. Success has been secured through hard work, excellence of work- manship, and a desire to turn out only the very best product in its line. Francis S. Carmody, founder of the F. S. Carmody Construction Company, is one of Washington's best-known contractors, and one who has figured prominently in the vast building improvements which have been so manifest throughout the District within the last decade. Mr. Car- mody is a Washingtonian by birth, and the son of Simon and Margaret Griffin Carmody, both of Washington. D. C. As a boy he attended the District schools, finally graduating FRANCIS S. CARMODY from the Washington High School. After leaving school Mr. Carmody engaged in a general contracting business, later founding the construction company which now bears his name. For fifteen years, 1>\ close application to business, hard stud) and deep thought, he has so mastered his chosen profession that, where a difficull foundation is in he laid for a large structure, his services are considered well-nigh indispensable, and the contract generally falls into his hands. Vmong the mosl important work of this character suc- cessfully prosecuted b\ the I'. S. Carmody Construction Companj maj be mentioned the foundations for the Bond Building, the Washington Savings Bank, the Barber & Ross Building, the National Fire fnsurance Company Build- ing, and the new Government Printing Office, fn tin course of the past year Mr. Carmody rebuilt the Benning race track, making it the fastest track in the United States, which was clearly demonstrated by the manner in which track records were broken during the meeting in last November. To the efforts of Mr. Carmody is largely due the credit for returning Senator Arthur Pue Gorman, of Maryland, to the United States Senate. He organized and headed the ticket of the Reform Republicans in. Prince George county, Maryland, in 1901, thereby defeating the regular Repub- lican ticket in the county, and which ultimately gave the Democrats a majority in the State Legislature, which chose ex-Senator Gorman to succeed Senator Wellington in the United States Senate. The aggressive campaign conducted by Mr. Carmody signalized him as a man of power in State politics, and there was little within the gift of his constituents that could not have been his had he chosen to sacrifice his business interests for a life of political activity. All of these overtures, however, he modestly cast aside, and chose to continue on in the life of business usefulness and activity. Mr. Carmody, however, still continues as the pres- ident of the Prince George County Citizens League. On October 14, 1892, he married .Miss Mary M. Chaffee, daughter of William E. Chaffee, the well-known Washing- ton contractor. 8. S. Shedd and Brother Company. A demand for something out of the ordinary stimulates inventive genius, and innovations in methods are encouraged and welcomed by progressive people. Washington's progress in the building line created an extraordinary demand for sani- tary plumbing, heating, cooking and lighting appliances, and the firm of S. S. Shedd & Brother Company promptly met it with an up-to-date equipment and the best methods for its application. This firm had a small beginning, but under the guiding hand of its senior member. Mr. S. S. Shedd. has attained to a position that places it among the leaders at the national capital. The foundation of this business was really laid when S. S. Shedd. in 1S71, entered the office of Hamilton & rear- son to study business methods — to acquire a knowledge thai would lit him for taking up the reins of an employer and conduct to a successful issue the business he might elect. In 1K7S he commenced business in a small wa\ in the rear of old Lincoln Hall, corner of Ninth and l> streets. In two years an increase in business enabled him to take up more commodious quarters on Ninth siren, and in 1886 his place of business was destroyed l>\ tire. Nothing daunt ed by this reverse — encouraged by a future oi promise — he moved into the quarters — 432 Ninth street — at present occupied by the linn. Here he set up a model establish- ment, and fortune smiled upon him. In 1887 John 1 .. Shedd. a practical and experienced plumber, and for five years assistant inspector of plumbing for the District of Columbia, resigned his position and entered business with his brother, the firm becoming S. S. Shedd & Brother. Business steadilj increased and demands upon them grew greater with each succeeding war. fo better meet these \ THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. demands and facilitate business in its various branches, the firm in December, 1902, was incorporated under the laws of Virginia, with the name of S. S. Shedd & Brother Company, with increased capital and enlarged scope for business. S. S. Shedd was elected president; John L. Shedd, vice-president, and C. C. Lacey, secretary. A recent addition to the store at 432 Ninth street, and the new shops and storage rooms practically doubles their storage capacity. Among the many buildings in which this firm has con- structed the plumbing may be mentioned residences of Pro- fessor Charles W. Needham, Justice Henry B. Brown, Hon. Beriah Wilkins, Dr. T. Morris Murray, ex-Senator John B. Henderson, and Miss Grace D. Litchfield ; Chi- nese Legation, Raleigh Hotel, -Willard office building, Marl- borough apartment house, Highland apartment house, Franklin apartment house, Stoneleigh Court, apartment house owned by Secretary John Hay, and many others ; remodeled plumbing in the National Hotel, Metropolitan, the old Willard, the Colonial, the St. Louis, and the Arlington, and the plumbing in the Corcoran building, the old Corcoran Art Gallery, and a very fine residence for W. C. Eustis at < )atlands, Virginia. s. s. SHEDD 8. 8. Shedd, founder and president of S. S. Shedd & Brother Company, was born in Washington on Novem- ber 20, 1850. His early education was acquired at the pub- lic schools of the District, after which he entered Columbian preparatory school. He left school, however, to take up a business life, and after a course of study in the office of a representative business firm he started out a; ploying plumber. His success has been that of founding and conducting the business above mentioned. For four terms of two years each Mr. Shedd mayor of Takoma Park, Maryland, declining a tilth in 1902. During his administration a com] sewerage was put in, and water works added to die town. The system of sewerage is one of the finest in the country, and is contemplated with great pride by the residents. Mr. Shedd is a master mason, a member of Takoma Washington Royal Arch Chapter. Washington Command- ery of Knights Templar. Almas Temple of the Shrine, and a thirty - Scottish Rit< Mason. Robert B. Caverly. Perhaps no man in V. ton made a more modest or humble start in bush himself than Robert I'.. Caverlv, and vet there at ROBERT B. CAVERLY in their respective vocations, who have attained a higher place or whose efforts have been more universal! with success than this young man. at 504 and 506 Tenth street, northwest. There • are to be found every conceivable appliance known modern and sanitan plumbing. I5ath-rooms elaborate furnishing are set up with a luxuriousness can only be likened unto the baths of the.. Id Romans tastes and extravagance in this direction have in eclipsed. The best work, shown in the Ian of the city, including office buildings, apartment public buildings and hotels, h; Robert B. Caverh was born in New \ May 5, 1869. When he was eight ye; removed to Washington. P. C. where lie 1 mon school education, supplementing this imbian University prep Of sixteen be became an appi and after serving at ll passed one year in working in tin countn acquiring :. ki pursued in Hie plumbit institutions, 328 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. tinued to apply himself assiduously during the day to the practical working of his trade, and at night to a thorough course in sanitation, drainage and water supply, from the standard text books of the times. In 1894 Mr. Caverly started in the plumbing business in a small way, with a cash capital of exactly $35, taking up his quarters in an 8 by 10 office and with absolutely 110 shop facilities. By strict attention to his business and with the aid of his splendid practical and technical training, he has built up the largest concern, doing first-class work only, in the City of Washington. His place of business now occupies the large double stores 504 and 506 Tenth street, northwest, which contain what is said to be the most elaborate collection of modern sanitary appliances in anv like establishment in the United States. Mr. Caverly's part in the development of the city has been a notable one. He has engineered the plumbing and drainage systems in a majority of all the large office buildings, hotels and apartment houses. The list of his triumphs is a large one and covers practically all the fine buildings of the city, among them the United States Cap- itol, the While House, the New Willard Hotel, the Mills Office Building, the Colorado Building, the Evening Star Building, the Washington Public Library, the McKinley Manual Training School, the Wyatt Building, the Chapin apartment house, the Kingman apartment house, the Trum- bull Street Pumping Station, the Landmore apartment house, the Driscoll apartment house, Mr. R. W. Patterson's residence, Mr. Larz Anderson's residence, Admiral T. O. Selfridge's residence, and hundreds of others equally prom- inent. James Nolan and Sons.— The firm of James No- lan & Suns is one of the oldest existing establishments car- rying on the plumbing business in the city of Washington. James Nolan, deceased, was associated with William Whe- lan, in the business, which had been established in 1857, and the 'alter retired to private life in 1879. His interest was purchased 1>\ James Nolan and the business continued at the old stand, 1411 I'' street, northwest, until 1SX2, when it was moved to 721 Fourteenth street, northwest, at which place il has since been located. The present firm consists of John J. Nolan and Walter I ). Nolan, who became full partners in the business in iK(jX. Trior to ibis lime they had both been actively engaged in the management of the business, mid had served their apprenticeship at the trade of plumbing in their father's shop. The linn of James Nolan & Sons have completed some of the largest plumbing contracts in this section of the construction. One >. C. He is also a practical plumber, having served bis appi ship after completing his education, lie has been prcsid of the Master Plumbers' Association for two ten a member of the board of governors of tin Association of Master Plumbers. In 1895 he married Man C. Parker, a daughter of Matthew C. Parker and Annie F. Parker, of Washington, D. C, and ha? 33° THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Hubbard Heating Company. The largest and best- equipped establishment in Washington devoted exclusively to steam and hot water heating is the Hubbard Heating Company, with its offices at 918 F street, northwest, and workshop in the rear. There are but few large buildings in Washington thai have nol been equipped with heating appa- ratus by the Hubbard Company. Prominently among these in which the heating plant was installed by them may be men- tioned the old Willard Hotel, Biggs House, Hamilton Hotel, Congressional 1 Intel, Palais Royal Building, new Star Build- ing, Jenifer Building, new Census Building, Bond Building, I [echl Store Buildings, Grogan Store Building, Haines Store Building, Masonic Naval Lodge, Hebrew Temple, Lutheran Memorial Church, Eastern Presbyterian Church, Fifth Bap- tist Church, Gay Street Baptist Church ; the Franklin, Far- ragut, [owa, Sherman, Plaza, Marlborough, Albemarle, Dtt- pont, Cumberland, Portner, Columbia, Westover, Lenox and .Ml. Vernon apartment houses; residences of Mrs. Toseph Beale, \\ . B. King, F. B. Noyes and Elizabeth Wagner. JEROME IHUBBARD Jerome Hubbard, the founder of -this business, came Washington ten years ago, then equipped with ten ars of practical and theoretical knowledge of the heating siness, having made a close study of it while in the employ his uncle, in Baltimore. Jerome Hubbard was born at ■eston, Maryland, in t86i, and is a son of Francis M. and artba E. Cannon Hubbard. After at tending the public hools of Caroline county, where he was born, Mr. Hub- rd went to Baltimore, in [882, and entered into partnership ith bis uncle, Alva Hubbard, in the beating business. tere In remained until 1892, when he came to Washington id formed the Hubbard Heating Company, with himself president and treasurer, in which capacity he continues, r. Hubbard married, on June 1 |. [902, Miss Winifred R. 1 Sackvillc, Mew Brunswick, Canada, the daugh- r of Vlberl I , 1 a\v< 1 tt and Kathrina Read Fawcett. The Cranford Paving Company.— The pride every Washingtonian takes in the beautiful streets and avenues throughout the city is beyond a doubt justifiable, since no city in this country, or abroad, has more miles of smoothlv laid streets upon which the rumble of a wheel can scarcely be heard. To no one concern is more credit due for these conditions than the Cranford Paving Company, pioneers in the art of laying these streets. This has been a per- plexing problem in this, as well as other cities, for a gener- ation or more, and remained unsolved until the late Major Henry L. Cranford laid the first of the water-proof pave- ments that combined both comfort and durability. The first of these pavements was laid in Brooklyn in 1867 by the concern known as the Scrimshaw Pavement Company, which became widely known as the " Scrimshaw pavement." The ingredients employed were coal tar, broken stone and sand. Knowing the need of such an innovation in Wash- ington, since all efforts were being directed towards making it the model city of the world, Major Cranford came to this city in 1871 and engaged in a general contracting and street paving business and was the first to operate in asphalt paving in Washington. At this time Major Cranford clearly demonstrated that asphalt was in every way more durable than the mixture of coal tar, rubble and sand, and its use became general throughout the city, the work being clone by his company. The first example of this work here was on Vermont avenue, between H and I streets, in front of the Arlington Hotel, and ably withstood the tide of travel that streamed over it for nearly twenty - five years, and is to-day, since repaired, one of the finest pieces of asphalt paving in the country. Governor Shepherd, who did so much towards beauti- fying Washington, found an able lieutenant in Major Cran- ford, who laid its streets, and these smooth, glistening thoroughfares will stand as a fitting monument to his mem- ory for generations to come. To .Major Cranford also belongs the credit for introducing the granolithic and arti- ficial stone pavements here, the first being laid in front of the National Plotel in 1880, and is still in good repair. When the operations of this company reached such vast proportions it was found expedient to incorporate the busi- ness, which was done under the laws of West Virginia. as The Cranford Paving Company, with Major Cranford as president. At his death, on August 23, [896, his son, foseph 1 1. Cranford, succeeded him and is still the president of the company. The Cranford Paving Company occupies a handsome and spacious suite <>i offices on the ninth floor of the Home Life Building at the corner ^i Fifteenth and (', streets. The present officers of the company are J. 11. Cranford, president and treasurer; Percy Cranford, vice- president and general manager, and II. S. Houghton, sec- retary. Huiing its existence the company has laid over 500,000 (half a million 1 square yards of asphalt street pavements and thousands of square yards of asphalt footwalks and roadways in the United State- government reservations. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. etc. It has also laid thousands of yards of cement sidewalks in the District for the District of Columbia. The company for many years confined its work to asphalt and artificial stone paving, but during- late years, besides all classes of paving, has made a specialty of concrete construction. HENRY L. CRANFORD Samples of special work done in this line are : Basin of experimental model tank at the Washington navy yard, constructed entirely of concrete. It is about 500 feet long and 60 feet in width. Century building, No. 412 Fifth street, northwest, constructed entirely of concrete, including partitions reinforced with twisted steel bars, under the Ran- some system of concrete construction, representing the most modern of fireproof construction. Massive concrete founda- tions and walls for Ohio Hall of Government, American Uni- versity grounds, near Tenallytown. The company has also constructed many heavy foundations, among which are those for the new building of the United States Electric Lighting Company, Fourteenth and B streets, northwest, where six feet of concrete, the area of the building, was placed on top of a pile foundation, and also foundation for addition to this building erected at Thirteen and a Half and B streets ; also foundations for Union Trust and Stor- age Company warehouse, First and K streets, northeast, and for the Carnegie Library, etc. It has done work for all branches of the District and United States governments, among which should be mentioned the water-proofing of foundations and basement walls, vaults and court of the new building for the United States Government Printing < >ffice. Henry L. Cranford was born in Newfoundland in 1833, and soon after birth was removed to New York by his parents. There he was educated and at the age of fifteen he became engaged in the dry goods business. living of this he yearned for a sailor's life and shipped before 331 the mast, embarking with the clipper ship the war broke oul he entered militar of Company C, Eighty-fourth New York Vo he demonstrated the stern stuff of which and beginning with the battle of Bull Ru, eclly under fire. The spring following h, the siege of Falmouth and Fredericksburg was detailed for staff duty by General Au§ on his staff as well as,,,, those of Generals H day and Reynolds, and Lieutenant-General 51 participated in even battle in which the Arm Potomac was engaged from [862 to 1865, when Lee surrendered, and was repeatedly houorabh n for his signal braver) on the field. \, tl war he returned to Brooklyn, and after tv, in the coal business, Major Cranford embai ness which has broughf him so prominently before the pub lie. On August 28, i86r, Major Cranford ,„, Margaret J. Munn, of Montclair, X, dren were born of this union, but two surviving II. and II. Percy Cranford. Joseph H. Cranford, eldest so Cranford. is the president, and the Cranford 1'avii pany has secured an abb- successor to take up of management laid down by the father. Mr. under the careful and watchful trainine CRANFORD and by years of association with him, h.i modern paving industrj in it- minul, ing and pushing the vigorous success. Born on 1 > the public schools of the l> 332 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. the Emerson Institute. His education complete he entered his father's concern, and there worked in its various depart- ments until he was equipped with a practical as well as theoretical knowledge of the work. Mr. Cranford has ever been popular in Washington society and is identified with many of its most exclusive organizations. He is a member of the F. A. A. M., Knights Templar, Mystic Shrine, Loyal Legion, and belongs as well to the Army and Navy and Blue Ridge Rod and Gun Club. Other institutions in which he is interested, aside from the paving business, include the Citizens National Hank and Union Trust and Storage Company, he being a director of each. Air. Cranford married Miss Ada Tys- sowski, of this city, and with their three children, reside at 1604 Park street. H. Percy Cranford, vice-president of the Cranford Paving Company, is the youngest son of Major Cranford, having been born on ( )ctober 30, 1877. After graduating from the Emerson school he took a course at the Hill School at Pottstown, Pa., and when seventeen years old embarked in business with his father. He, too, worked through the various grades of the work until a thorough knowledge of its details was acquired. Mr. Cranford is unmarried, and, like his brother, is a member of the Knights Templar, Mystic Shrine, and also belongs to the Y. M. C. A., Columbia Club and Columbian Golf Club. RESIDENCE OF MR. H. C. PERKINS ft £ CHAPTER XXIII. THE PRESS. HE first newspaper published in what is now the City of Washington was " The Times and Potowmack Packet." It began in February, 1789, the exact date being- uncertain. Nothing like a complete file of this paper is in existence. Harvard University has some numbers in 1 79 1 and the Library of Congress has one issue, that of April 23, 1789. This probably owes its preservation to the fact that it • contains the announcement of the depart- ure of General Washington for New York, where he went to take the oath of office as the first President of the United States. Washing-ton City did not then exist, except perhaps in the ever-active mind of the President-elect, but George- town looked upon itself as quite a rival of Alexandria for the expected commerce of the Potomac with Europe and with the great unknown West. This paper is also valuable in that it contains the farewell address of the Mayor of Alexandria, and Washington's reply, and also the account of Washington's passing through Georgetown the next day. Charles Fierer and Thomas N. Fosdick were the print- ers, who also " performed " job-work, " with Care, Elegance and Expedition." They invited in each issue of the paper Subscriptions, Advertisements, Articles of Intelligence, Original Essays, &c." The paper was delivered to subscrib- ers in town by carrier " at their houses, weekly on Wed- nesday, and to those at a distance, by the quickest convey- ance.'"' Just below the head it bore this motto, taken from the writings of Junius : " Let it be impressed upon your minds, let it be instilled into vour children, that the Liberty of the Press is the Palla- dium of all the civil, political and religions Rights of Free- men." How long this paper lived is not known, but certain it is that it occupied its field without a rival only a little over a year. In March, 1790, day of the month unknown, ap peared the first issue of " The Georgetown Weekly Ledger." Harvard University and the American Antiquarian Societ) at Worcester, Mass., each possess a portion of the file of tins paper which is extremely rare. Five issues have been pre- served in the Library of Congress. These are replete valuable historical information concerning the new F< City located in that year. Day and Hancock, printers, probably the first publishers of the " Ledger." Theii appear upon the first number known to be in there was a change of ownership prior •■ 1791. for the issue of that date. Vol. _'. \'<>. _•; by Alexander Doyle. Saturday was the " Ledgi r cation day. The latest issue known is Vol. 2. \ : o. vember 26, 1791. whole number 85, Doyle still publisher. Both these papers probably dropped ml prior to 1793. In December of tl il year another tir Georgetown printers essayed a vvi bian Chronicle." which struggled along for nearly a half years. It was a semi-weekl; . Fridays. It carried at it- head the same motto from Juni as " The Times and Potowmack Packet," ami the: for believing that tin same type was used in tin publ tion. A second motto followed the one from Jul quotation from Lafayette: " For a 1 '■ sufficient that they Will it." The first km ruarv 3, 1795) bears the imprint "by Hanson & P and the location "opposite Dr. Smith'-." Some hav< tioned. if Dr. Joseph Priestle) was not He came to America in 1704 and went at onc< berland. Pa., but may have afterwards conn which by this time, as we have already advertised. The issue for Tuesday, August 11. 1705. n Samuel Hanson alone as publisher. Probabl Tuesdav. May 10. 1796. wa- tin presses, g 1 will, etc., b of Green, English & Company, who in tl the publication of a paper called " I and < leorgetown Advertiser." In the meantime the construction ■ were well under way and an altei boom Greenleafs Point as the mi in rivalrj with the bettei 1 l bl *l was deemed a necessity to the furlhei T Wilson began the 1 |> .tree', "Impartial Observer and Wasl per annum, one to be paid al tl othera , the expiration of six monll first to bear the imnrii lished about a 334 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. " The Centinel of Liberty and Georgetown Adver- tiser " was published twice a week. The price was $3 a year, exclusive of postage, " the price of six months to be paid in advance." The place of publication was given as " George-Town on the Potomak," thus changing the hitherto accepted spelling of the name of the river. A year later the publishers had discovered that they could not pay ex- penses on $3 a year and the subscription price was raised to $4. In 1797 the heading contained this quotation from Montesquieu : " Liberty is a right of doing whatever the laws permit ; and if a citizen could do what they forbid he would be no longer possessed of liberty, because all his fellow citizens would have the same power." Substituted for these words of the French philosopher, we find in the issue for February 20, 1798, this from Wash- ington : "Every portion of our country finds the most com- manding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the Union of the whole." The same publishers issued a weekly edition, evidently for circulation in the mails, with the title, " The Centinel and County Gazette," of which only a few numbers are known to exist, but it is believed that this paper both started and ceased with the publication of " The Centinel of Liberty." " The Washington Gazette " was started on Wednes- day, June 15, 1796. It was the custom in those days to give two dates at the head of each paper; thus Vol. 1, No. 1, of the " Gazette" was dated " From Saturday, June 11, to Wednesday, June 15, 1796;" the last date in each case being the day of publication. This paper in its heading exhibited an engraved design presenting a human eye with .the motto " Nunquam Dormio," supported on one side by a figure of Liberty and on the other by a figure of Justice. The colophon read : " City of Washington. Published by Benjamin More, every Wednesday and Saturday, price 4 dollars per aim. at the house next west of the Hotel, where subscriptions will be thankfully received. Hand-bills, &c. printed at the shortest notice." "The house next west of the Hotel," was situate near the corner of Ninth and F streets, northwest, almost upon the site where now towers aloft the nine-story fireproof structure of the Washington Loan and Trust Company. Mr. More, in his prospectus candidly announced that his object was "-first, to obtain a living," and "second, to amuse and inform his readers." The first object was not easy of attain- ment, lie calls upon his subscribers to pay a dollar at the end of each quarter. The need for a paper twice a week does not seem to have been a crying one, for in a little over a year, September [6, 1797, it changed to a weekly, issued Saturday, at $2.50 a \ear, and SO continued until the end, Vol. 2, No. 35, " From Saturday, March 3, to Saturday, March 24, [798." Thanks to Peter Force and Librarian Spofford, who prevailed upon Congress to purchase the ollection of Vmerican newspapers and books, the complete file of this paper is preserved in the National Archives. The year 1799 found no publisher with sufficient cour- age, in the face of the six failures of the decade, to attempt another paper, and it was not until 1800 that a young Har- vard graduate, Charles Prentiss, class of '95, associating with himself a practical printer, A. Rind, started " The Wash- ington Federalist," at Georgetown. Prentiss was born at Reading, Middlesex county, Massachusetts, in October, 1774, a son of the Rev. Caleb Prentiss. " The Federalist " had only a brief existence and young Prentiss went from this city to Baltimore, where he published the " Child of Pal- las," devoted mostly to the Belles-Lettres, and afterwards for nearly two years, a semi-weekly called " The Republican or Anti-Democrat." In 1809 he published in Boston a dram- atic paper called " The Thistle," and in 1812-14 he was again in Washington as a Congressional correspondent. In 1818 he was editing the " Virginia Patriot " at Richmond, and two years later he died at Brimfield, Massachusetts. Charles Cist began the publication of " The Washington Daily Gazette," October 1, 1800, but it was short lived. Samuel Harrison Smith, publisher of " The Universal Gazette," at Philadelphia, brought that paper to the new- Federal City soon after the removal of the seat of govern- ment hither and just prior to the assembling of Congress. The first issue in this city was dated November 6, 1800. Smith also made use of his printing plant to publish a tri- weekly, which he happily named " The National Intelli- gencer," a paper which quickly obtained a National repu- tation, became a recognized power in the political economy of the new- Republic and maintained both reputation and position for nearly seventy years. The first issue of " The National Intelligencer" was dated October 31. 1800. Joseph Gales, whose republican principles had involved him in trouble with the English Government, came to Phil- adelphia in 1793. His son, Joseph Gales, Jr., in 1S07 became connected with " The National Intelligencer." of which he continued as editor until his death in i860. William W. Seaton, a brother-in-law of Gales, became a partner in the ow-nership of the paper in 1812. Both Gales ami Seaton were elected as mayor of the city. After the death of Gales, July 21, i860, aged 7$ wars. Seaton continued to edit the paper with the assistance of James C. Welling. The daily edition of the " National Intelligencer " was 1„ gun in 1813. Semi-weekly and tri-weekly editions were pub- lished during many years. A weekly edition was started June 5. 184 1, at $2 a year. Seaton sold the paper December 31. 1864, to Snow. Coyle & Co.. who continued its publication and enlarged it to seven columns on April 1. 1865. Absorbing another paper, the title became " Intelligencer and Express." [lie paper was again sold November 30, 1869, tin purchaser being Alexander 1 Vlmar. a former chief of the [reasurj Bureau of Statistics. IVlmar tried hard to improve the paper, but it lacked support and its last issiir was on Janu- ary in. 1S70. "The National Intelligencer" marked a new era in journalism in this section and a new departure lor the editor, as he himself announced in his prospectus which he published in the last number of " The Universal Gazette," issued in Philadelphia, September 1 1. 1800: THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. " In the management of The Universal Gazette, the Editor has confined himself, agreeably to the original plan, to recording events as they occurred, with but little animad- version on their causes or effects ; and as far as opinions were involved, to relating those of others rather than his own. The Universal Gazette will still be continued on the same plan ; the only change that takes place, will arise from its being printed at the seat of government at Wash- ington, instead of Philadelphia; whereby its value will be appreciated rather than impaired. " With respect to the National Intelligencer, another plan will be pursued. Over a faithful and comprehensive detail of facts will preside a spirit of investigation, a desire to enlighten, not only by fact, but by reason. The tendency of public measures, and the conduct of public men, will be examined with candour and truth. " In addition to the mass of information, formed by do- mestic and foreign events, and especially by a detailed state- ment of the debates and proceedings of Congress, as much original matter will be furnished as the exertions of the Editor shall be able to command. And if he be not deceived, he can promise the readers of The National Intelligencer, an organ, which shall communicate the language of truth with accuracy, with dignity, and with spirit." In 1810, according to Thomas' History of Printing, six papers were published in the District of Columbia, which then included Alexandria : " The Alexandria Daily Adver- tiser," the only daily, and the predecessor of the present " Alexandria Gazette " ; the " National Intelligencer," " The Monitor," and "The Independent American" (tri-weeklies) ; the " Spirit of Seventy-Six " (semi-weekly), and the " Uni- versal Gazette" (weekly). In 1828 there were nine papers and in 1840 fourteen. The longest lived of all was the " National Intelligencer." " The African Repository," a periodical established in Washington in 1825, lived almost as many years. The census of 1880 showed five daily news- papers in the city, while now there are only three. In the first half century of the Republic the Washing- ton newspapers were generally regarded as the personal organs of successive administrations, yet amongst the strong- est journalists of that time were Gales and Seaton, of the " National Intelligencer," and Francis P. Blair, of the Washington Globe." The ultimate failure and disappear- ance of these papers were not due so much to the loss of executive patronage as to' the gradual loss of prestige through the springing up of journals as good or better in other parts of the country. It was the mail facilities they enjoyed which gave to newspapers like the " National In- telligencer " a reputation and a circulation such as no paper, however superior, can command in these days of telegraphic communication. Everywhere the people were obliged to await the arrival of the "Intelligencer" before they amid learn what had transpired in Washington on the day pre- vious to its publication. Everything was in favor oi the city daily and against the country weekly. The daily was the sole source of the country editor for his general news, and the postal rates being equal for all, the country paper was greatly handicapped. The invention of the telegraj changed all this and made possible the wondrous journ tic development throughout the United States. "The National Intelligencer" is the best illustration of the changes which took place in journalism in the past century. Its influence in politics was truly national, tor t circulation extended into every State of the Union. Its decadence was due to no fault of its own, but t., tl,. of the provincial press and t.i the telegraph. The " \WvkIy Register of Political X. « ; in November. 1807, by J. 1', Colvin; the "Was City Gazette" in r8i2 by William Elliott, with Watterston, afterward Librarian of Congress, as editor; the "Washington City Weekly Gazette" in 1815, a weekly becoming a daily in [817; the "Washington Rqmblican'" in 1S22, published in the interests of John C. I becoming t h e " National Journal." established h in November, 1823; the "United States Telegraph" in 1826 and the "Washington City Chronicle" in The "United States Telegraph" was publisl Duff Green and was generally accredited as tin the Jackson administration. Benton, however, -a • rather the personal ..roan of John C. Calhoun. Difl between Jackson and Van Buren resulted in the establish- ment of another paper. "The Globe." Its editor. I P. Blair, was a personal selection by Jackson, lui strong article against nullification written by Blair and pub- lished in the Frankfort 1 Ky. 1 " Argus." " The < llobe," with the President for its backer, became at once a great power in national polities. John C. Rives was a partner with Blair in the publication of the paper and its bi editorials, written by Amos Kendall, upon the lit down by "Old Hickory." who was one of the stront most original thinkers of his time, lie ex] too, in the most forcible, it' not always the mosl English, and many of these editorials were red-hot from the President's own pen. or flirtation, smoothed here and there by the pure diction which Kendall imparted to every article he wrote or edited, for eleven years " Tin prosperous on official patronage, having a mom | the Government advertising and printing, until I I became 1 'resident. < Ince again the the Government organ but no longer than the date of Bank Bill vetoes l>\ Tyler, when it broke with til istration and ardently supported Henn I Blair and Rives having sold "Tin in 1S40 tin- contract for publishing the debat< and began publication of " The Congt predei essor of tin- presenl " Record," publish ( fovernmenl Printing 1 >fhce. Blaii Rives in [849, who continued to publish it until li after which it was continued b) his In 1838 six papers flourished in V ies, two tri-weeklies and two " The Globe," the organ of th< National Intelligencer." the moiithpie triweeklies were " The Madisonian " and the weeklies " The Nativ nd " The Hun- Royal filled with ridicule, abuse, or prais public men. I 'raise was, lv abuse ill it- column-. thai the oditres. bad I counl upon a 336 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. weeks. "The Native American " had for its motto: " Our Country, always right; but right or wrong, our Country."' "The Madisonian" was established August i, 1837, "to elucidate the principles of Democracy, as delineated by Mr. Madison." It became after the disaffection of " The Intel- ligencer," the Tyler organ, but was short-lived. Thomas Ritchie, a powerful editorial writer, who for many years had moulded public opinion for the Democratic party of Virginia through the columns of the "Richmond Enquirer," was brought to Washington by President Polk in [844, together with John P. Heiss, of the " Nashville Union," to take charge of "The Globe," as an adminis- tration organ. Ritchie and Pleiss bought " The Globe " and changed the name of the paper to " The Union." \ ol. 1, No. i was issued May 1, 1845. For five years it flour- ished as the Government organ until the Whigs were again victorious. The election of President Taylor resulted in the establishment of a new organ, "The Republic." for he would have none of the old " National Intelligencer," which was devoted to Daniel Webster. Taylor was bitter .against Webster, for the latter had said of Taylor's nom- ination that it was one " not fit to be made." " The Re- public " was edited by rohn O. Sargent, who was brought from the " New York Courier and Enquirer," and by Alex- ander Bullitt, of the "New Orleans Picayune.' Ihese men, graduates of different schools of journalism, did not make a great success of the new organ, which remained an organ only until the death of President Taylor. With Fillmore in the White House, and Webster in the Cabinet the " National Intelligencer" resumed its sway as the ex- ponent of the administration. The election of Pierce was its overthrow, however, and "The Union," still edited by Ritchie again received the lion's share of the Government patronage, which it held also during the Buchanan admin- istration Ml the Government Eavors, however, could not make it a successful paper and in 1 859 George W. Bowman who purchased it and a paper called "The States." changed the name to "The Constitution," which he proposed to make'" a thorough!) Democratic paper." It passed into the hands of William M. Browne, who alter about two years' trial discontinued it. The old "Telegraph" was succeeded by "The Spec- tator," the controlling spirit in which was Senator Rhett, of South Carolina. This paper also changed its name to "The Constitution," which had a very short and unsatis- factory existence. "The National Era," the great anti-slavery organ, was established in 1847, by a fund of $20,000 subscribed by mists of the Northern States. William Blanchard and Martin Bud were the publishers and the editor was Dr Gamaliel Bailey, of Cincinnati, nhio, former publisher of 'the famous " Philanthropist," whose office in [836 and again hi 184. was wrecked by a mob. the press being thrown into the river. "The Era"wasabl) ed.ted and had the assistance of all the great writers in the Abolition partv fohn G. Whittier, S. P. Chase. Charles Sumner. Theodore Parker, Edward Everett Hale. Wendell Phillips, ll and Dr. Pierpont among them. Mrs. Har- eecher Stowe's famous " Uncle To,,,'- Cabin was first published as a serial in the " Era." The office ol the " Era " was twice attacked by a mob. once in April. 1848, and again in i860. Nothing less than an entire volume could give the history of all the papers in the District of Columbia. A mere list, so far as the record has been kept, occupied nearlv an entire page in the recent fiftieth anniversary issue of the " Evening Star." ( Inly the more important journals can be mentioned here. "The American Telegraph," established in 1851 and edited by Thomas C. Connolly, is famous for being the first paper in this city to use the word " telegram " in con- nection with the dispatches received ewer the wires from Baltimore. Beverly Tucker, in September, 1853, began the publication of " The Washington Sentinel." It supported " the principles of the Democratic-Republican party," but it received onlv feeble support and suspended in August. 1856. Republican success in i860, culminating in the election of Lincoln, was the reason for the establishment of the " National Republican." the first issue being dated Novem- ber 26. Lewis Clephane was one of the principal founders. During the war the paper save strong and helpful support to the Government. In 1868 the paper was sold to S. P. Hanscom and William J. Murtagh, the former being its editor. Various editors tried to guide its fortunes during the next few years, at the end of which it ceased publica- tion. John W. Forney, of the " Philadelphia Press." came to Washington in iSr>i and established the " Sunday Morn- ing Chronicle." an independent paper edited by Joseph A. Ware. It was independent in politics, but strongly opposed to the Southern Confederacy. Becoming a daily, it suc- ceeded in getting public patronage. The paper was sold in 1870 to John M. Morris, former clerk of the United States Senate. In 1870 the Democrats of the country decided they needed an organ at the capital, and a fund of $100,000 was subscribed by a number of wealth) gentlemen for that purpose. The paper was called " The Dail) Patriot." and its hiM issue was November 14. James (',. Berretl. formerly mayor of Washington, was made business manager, James E. Harvey, editor-in-chief, and Oscar K. Harris, news editor. Within less than two years a complete change in the personnel had taken place. A. G. Allen was editor- in-chief and Colonel W. II. Philip at the head of the direc- tors. It was an important paper, hut short lived. The oldest of the three dailies now published in the cit\ is the " Evening Star." which has only recent!) passed its fiftieth milestone. It was established December t6, 1852. bj (apt. I. I'.. Tate, and first printed on a hand press, the edition being about eight hundred. Captain Tate sold to \\ . D. Wallach, who sold in 1807 to Crosb) S. Noyes, S. II. Kauffmann, \lc\andcr R. Shepherd. Clarence Baker and G. W. Mains For$iio,ooo. Messrs. Noyes and Kauff- mann are today the principal owners. The paper's most interesting histor) has been told in detail by Messrs. Noyes, Kauffmann and others in the recent anniversary issue. It todaj occupies it- handsome new building on the northwest comer of Eleventh street and Pennsylvania avenue, opposite the new postoffice.. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. HISTORY OF THE WASHINGTON POST. Like its schools, its churches, or its temple of art, the newspapers of a city bespeak its substantial attainments. The well-established newspaper is not the product of a day", or a month, or a year, but the outgrowth of many years. The Washington Post is an institution of the national capital. It is a part of the daily life at the seat of government. Ask the well-informed man anywhere about the press of Washington, and he will at once speak of The Post. This is not only true throughout the broad domain of the United States, but equally so abroad. " No American newspaper is so well known in Europe." said a foreign visitor at a Washington hotel recently, " as Tin-: Washington Post. Wherever I have traveled I have in- variably. heard The Post mentioned in connection with any reference to affairs of your capital." And this is the tes- timony of trave'ers generally. It is due to the fact that The Post is thoroughly identified locally and in a national sense with Washington, and has likewise kept in touch with the whole world in its discussion of international affairs. The Post came into existence a quarter of a century ago, but its real achievements, its progress and develop- ment, are embraced in the shorter period of the last four- teen years. The first issue appeared December 6, 1877. It was a modest, unpretentious folio, which printed the important local and telegraphic news in a small way, but did not seek or expect to cut a figure in the newspaper world. The Washington of that day was not the Wash- ington of today, and The Post as it was issued then was supposed to be as good a paper as the city would support. The field appeared so circumscribed, with the larger papers of Baltimore. Philadelphia and New York reaching here at an early hour, that there was an apparent timidity in branching out. Washington newspapers had many ups and downs, and the capital became known as " a newspaper graveyard." An illustration of the prevalent feeling of that time is to be found in an editorial expression in The Post to the effect that Washington was " not an eight- page town " — a comment prompted by the extraordinary move on the part of a short-lived contemporary in increas- ing its size from four to eight pages. It was reserved for The Post itself in years to come to demonstrate that Wash- ington was not only an eight-page town, but a twelve, fourteen, sixteen, and even forty-eight-page town as the occasion warranted. The old Post, however, never had the temerity to get beyond a sixteen-page issue of its Sunda) paper, and this was a veritable feat in those days. The Washington Post of today — the paper that is known the length and breadth of the land and in foreign climes — had its start in January, 1889. That was beginning of the new era not only for The Tost, bu the journalism of the capital. The truth of this is readily attested by the files of Washington newspapers 43 It was then that Tim P m der new man .. — mto hands that transformed it. put entci gave it life and ambition, and made [ it that found friends and readers by the thousands field of progress and influence kept constantly wi and enlarging. In the natural coun have occurred in the personnel of the staff thai anew the destinies of The I'osi'and contributi brilliantly to its success, but the policies adopted have ever been closely followed and there has hewing to the line in the efforts to maintain and in standards set at that time. With the passing of Tin-: Post to its new mat Kin 7. [889, there appeared in the issue of thai day editorial, under the title, '" We < Irect > "Tim-: Washington Post appear; ing under new proprietorship and new mat in its business and editorial departments, ness management will lie under the direction of Mr. Beriah Wilkins, and the editorial and news nient will he under the control of Mr. Frank Hat- ton. "The new management have no promises to make. N T o effort ..r expense will be spared to make Tin- POST a thoroughly I newspaper, giving the news and all the news, with- out personal 01 partisan bias. Having elusive franchises in both the New York \. Press and the I Tiie.] Pn ss Vssi ciatio opportunity for obtaining all th< i passed by any other paper in the country. The news gathered through these superior med be presented in the most attractive and form. •• Editorially Tin Post will liavi opinions on all public and "tin; will endeavor to express them in such ; as to leave no possible doubt a- 1 '• In addition to hcillfi a Compli I The Post will he devoted to tin greal city of Washing devoted 'to discussing th foreign countries than will fort to even project thai I provcmenl and advancement of \\ ■• l in Posn inti in Washington interest last, and all the lime. •• With this brief leave each succeeding nitmli 1 for itself. onK adding will early discover tl an honest • a fa ; r paper to all •■ inments* but fmi 338 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. became leading characteristics of its news service. It had the best press reports that money could buy. A special telegraphic service from every important news center was organized, the first of the kind ever undertaken by a Wash- ington paper. Mail letters from skilled correspondents sup- plemented the general and special service by wire, and in short order The Post became a metropolitan journal. People here were then able to depend upon a local paper for the latest news, domestic and foreign ; they also had assurance that The Post would furnish them with considerable mat- ter that was exclusive. Local readers of New York and Philadelphia papers soon found that The Post had facilities to keep its forms open for out-of-town and city editions later than any other paper east of the Alleghenies. It often had news which New York papers did not print till twenty- four hours later. Editorial writing in Washington has been dignified by The Post, whose editorial page has often been pro- nounced by its devotees the best and brightest in the United States. Under its present management The Post has never been a party organ. Republican administrations have given way to Democratic administrations, - and vice versa; the panorama of political events has favored one party and then another, but The Post has preserved independence in its editorial utterances. It has invariably assailed enemies of good public service. Personal ambitions and party ad- vantage have never shaped its policy. Thus the paper has commanded respect among its readers, who include nearly every man in public life here at Washington and within a considerable radius, as well as a large contingent living at great distances, but wishing to keep in touch with .sen- timent at the national capital. Those who sometimes dis- agree with the paper editorially are among its staunchest friends. Tin: Post's reputation likewise rests much upon its eminence among all the newspapers of the country as a high clas- political journal. A very large portion of Wash- ingtonians an- directly or indirectly concerned about politics. They watch with eager anxiety every mow on the checker hoard of national affairs. The paper has always catered to this influential contingent by printing daily accounts of political doings everywhere between the two oceans. It keeps on its staff a corps of writers and editors who have a wide and intimate personal acquaintance with public men. I hi Post's campaign forecasts and election news have attracted widespread attention, and are accepted with per- fecl Faith by all parties, because it is understo:d that the information i- free from partisan bias. Its enterprise in reporting great political conventions has been characteristic, as far hack as the exciting Virginia campaign of 1889, The great national struggle of 1890 was presented in 1' 1 1 1 PoS'l in detail, and not Ofll) were in dications of the sweeping change to be made in tie per- sonnel of the Mouse of Representatives announced in ad- vance, but the earliest and most reliable news of the over- turning, including the election of Pattison as Governor of Pennsylvania, was set forth in an early extra edition. Even- campaign of any significance in any State of the Union since that time has been promptly and carefully chronicled in its various stages by The Post, with an array of special matter, gathered by its own trained men. National con- ventions of both parties have teen covered so completely and vividly as to leave nothing to be added by the big New York dailies. However the political centre may drift between Chicago and New York at other times, the as- sembling of Congress means for a time that the political heart of the country is at Washington. Therefore, in its facilities for reporting Congress, The Post enjoys excep- tional advantages. Appearing, as it does, almost under the very shadow of the Capitol, it is enabled to keep in the closest touch with the statesmen in both branches of Con- gress and to give their views and predictions with all the detail which their importance may warrant. During the life of The Post Congress has furnished many memorable contests, all of which have been treated in a manner to win praise. The telegraphic exploits of The Post have had a wide range. The citizens of Washingtcn have first heard of most of the remarkable events of the last twenty years through its columns. An extra Post was issued February 26, 1889, telling of Mr. Harrison's journey from Indianapo- lis to Washington and covering his movements seven and a half hours later than did the accounts appearing in the New York, Philade'phia and Baltimore papers. The first news in Washington of the Johnstown ll lod on May 31, 1889, was conveyed by The Post, as was the case w'th tie great Boston fire of that year. The earliest publication in the East of the details of the dramatic reversal by Minister Blount of Minister Stevens' action at Honolulu was another evidence of the enterprise of The Post as a news-gatherer. Scores of other similar instances m'ght be cited down to the time of the Spanish war. Tut-; Post had the first news in Washington <>i the eventful battle of Manila Bay, an- nounced in an extra edition, win e its extra giving the first intelligence here of the victory oil Santiago, issue. 1 aboul 1 V M. July 4, [898, caused the longest and most patriotic celebration of that holiday ever known in the history of the Tin I'osi has also long pursued the liberal polic) of bulletining imp >rtant news at night. Tl is has not been confined to election returns, but has been practiced when- ever the occasion demanded it. and several times ever) year a throng of man) thousands of spectators assembles in the broad space in front of the building to learn about notable happenings, concerning which they are too eager to await tin- editions of the following morning. Tin-: POST early organized a special service for the nearle, Southern Slate-. While it rapidh earned fame as THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. a national newspaper, it has for many years chronicled the news of the Virginias, the Carolinas, and adjoining States, in many instances with more thoroughness than the news- papers in those respective localities. Bold and alike in- dependent in its editorial policy, striving to be fair to both sides in every controversy, the paper has enjoyed the unique position of being practically the only outside daily that comprehends Southern questions and is willing to treat them without partisanship or sectionalism. The Post has made a record for its souvenir editions, beginning with the inauguration of President Harrison. March 3, 1889. Its great edition on that occasion was the first twenty-four-page paper ever published at the capital, and the features thereof, particularly the publication of the portraits of all the Presidents, were made models for subsequent work by other newspapers. The same experi- ence was repeated in 1893, and at every subsequent in- auguration down to and including 1931. The Knights Templar Conclave was the occasion for another beautiful souvenir edition replete with the news of each days' pro- ceedings and supplemented with material of an h'storical and personal nature. A high-water mark for souvenir edi- tions was set by The Post during the great Grand Army Encampment of 1892. The paper had been prominent in bringing the encampment to Washington, publishing a special edition of its own in Detroit when a committee of citizens went there to ask for the encampment. The vet- erans were still talking about the souvenir edition of 1892 when they came to Washington for the encampment of 1902, on which occasion the paper again outdid all previous records with its splendid presentation of attractive features. These two special Grand Army editions went into prac- tically every town and hamlet of the land, a compliment that has been paid very few American newspapers. In the field of strictly local news The Post has scored many successes. It has given always all the local news that was fit to print in a e'ean, respectable newspaper. The transactions in the various departments of the general Gov- ernment and of the District, the sessions of the local courts, the festivities, gayeties, accidents, arrests, weddings, deaths, and other happenings that go to make up the life of any great city have been faithfully recorded. The local force covers such events in Washington city proper and in the numerous outlying suburbs, in Alexandria and neighboring towns along the Virginia shore, as well as outlying towns in Maryland. A sporting department has been one of the features of The Post from its inception, the writers in charge of which have often been men of national reputa- tion in that line. The growth of The Post has been constant, but in nothing has this been more marked than in the Sunday paper. Starting with modest issues, the Sunday Post has developed to large proportions. The paper now appears generally in four parts, which comprise articles of current interest and literary merit sufficient for a day's reading, and the announcements of practically all the busin. = ' of the city. The careful editing of everything tl into the paper, the intelligent ; ; ter. proper displa) of news, and ncal typ. g apl ic; tion are well-known characteristics of all as well as daily. There has been no emergency affecting erable number of citizens in the District of Colunil The Post has not been to the fore. It prompt! a subscription for the victims of the lord's The; aster, in [893; arranged for a concert, and swelled the relief funds to $30,000. It raised $5,0 ter for alleviating the suffering of the city's \ r. The next year it raised a fund of $7,000 for the Young Men's Christian Association. In later years it has pari in numerous like charitable undertakings. On every reasonable occasion The Post ha> demon- strated a public spirit for the upbuilding of Was It has championed District people and District ii fought for good government, and opposed bad administra- tion. The management has always sou-lit to mak( high-class newspaper, fulfilling all the functions of a publication in one of the most influential cities of the world. THE WASHINGTON POST MARCH. John Philip Sousa wrote the most famous of musical compositions in the spring of t8yo, and callei the " Washington Posl March." It has carried his name, as well as that of The Post, many times around 1 There is no nation or race of civilized men to whoi are not familiar. The march was played for the first tim afternoon in June. [890, at a gathering of the Was Post's Amateur Author's Association, in the grounds Smithsonian Institution. Mr. Sousa, then leader of the Ma- rine Band, had written the march specially for the oceas his work was most enthusiastically received, It. 1 was marvelous. Ii became the musical rag< the American continent, and ill almost thirl demand has been so great and so constant that over million copies of the march have been print Its strains have probabh sounded 1 vania avenue during that time than lhos< composition, not even excepting the natioi played with enthusiasm and spirit 1 at the World's hair in way Plaisance. Before Ion ling it on the streets of London: thence llv were disseminated lo nearl British empire. It was played as much in 1 dens of \ ienua as in the I'nit. crowds clamored for it : Berlin w; pleasing harmonj of the ••Washington !'••• The " Washington Post March " band on Admiral Dewey's flagship 34° THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. battle of Manila Bay. The Empress of China, in 1895, paid a high tribute to the composition. She ordered the intro- duction of an orchestrion into her palace for no other reason than that through this instrument her Royal Highness might listen as frequently as she desired to the march. Jean de Reszke, the renowned singer, who finds recreation Beriah Wilkins, editor and publisher of The Wash- ing ;t<>x I '(1st, was born in Union county, Ohio. July 10. 1846. He developed, early in life, an aptitude for finance, and was chosen manager of the principal bank in Uhrichs- ville, Ohio, before he was of age. He was connected with this institution for many years, eventually acquiring a con- lis stable of race horses, used to have the band at the trolling interest in it. i the Democratic parly in Ohio. In [879 lie was elected to the Slate Senate, and in [882 lu became a member -1 tin Democratic State Central THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 34 1 Committee. In 1883 he was elected to Congress and served three terms, becoming one of a group of Democrats with Cox, Randall, Crisp, Carlisle, Morrison, Kurd and others who made famous the Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth and Fif- tieth Congresses. Mr. Wilkins became chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency and took a prominent part in the consideration and discussion of all questions of finance. Fie was known in Congress as a " Randall Democrat," on ac- count of his belief in the policy of protective tariff. In- cluding his six years in Congress. Mr. Wilkins has now (1903) been identified with the city of Washington for twenty years. In January, 1889, just before his retirement from the House of Representatives, he acquired a majority interest in The Washington Post. His original plan of a thoroughly independent newspaper, with no political axes BERIAH WILKINS to grind and devoted always to the best interests of Wash- ington and the District of Columbia, has hern zealously and scrupulously adhered to, as is more fully set forth in the history of The Washington Post in this volume. His proved a happy and successful theory, the growth and in- fluence of The Post dating from the moment it passed into his control. In April, 1894, Mr. Wilkins became both editor and publisher, acquiring the minority interest, since winch time he has, with his two sons, controlled the entire prop ert > r - Always optimistic of the future of Washington Mr. Wilkins, after taking up his permanent residence here four teen years ago, became thoroughly identified with the na- tional capital in a business way. He is a director oi Traders National Bank, and stockholder in many ol Hi, prominent corporations and financial institutions i built up the wealth and prosperity of Wash! forts have been given freely to all projects for tin- advanc ment ami improvemenl of the capital city, and proba other man had more to do with tin- securing of the 1. District municipal building, lie i- a member of 1 of Trade and the Business 1 lion, a I the Historical Societ) of the District of Co'.i served on important committees in connection with gural ceremonies, the celebration of the Cz\ and other notable events. For many \ear- lie h; treasurer of the Citizens Relief Committee, which has r; many thousands of dollars lor the deserving 1 ROBERT C WILKINS 342 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Mr. Wilkins was married in Marvsville, Ohio, Oc- tober 1 8, 1870, to Emily J. Robinson. Their present Wash- ington residence, 171 1 Massachusetts avenue, northwest, which was completed in 1902, adjoins the home which they had previously occupied for several years. Their two sons, John F. and Robert C, both graduates of Princeton Uni- versity, are closely and actively associated with Mr. Wilkins in the management of the affairs of The Post, the former being the business manager and secretary, and the latter the treasurer of The Washington Post Company. Scott C. Bone, managing editor of The Washington Post, is a native of Indiana, born in Shelb}- county, Febru- ary 15, 1S60. He began newspaper work at the age of six- teen years as local correspondent at Shelbyville of Cincin- nati, Indianapolis, and Chicago papers. In 1881 he located at Indianapolis, and was employed on the press of that city SCOTT C. BONE and po il write for seven years .is reporter, city thus acquiring an all-around training in newspaper work. lie came t>> Washington in July. r888, to take service with Tin'. Post as telegraph editor. Later he became news editor and then managing editor. For several years he has been i losch associated with Mr. \\ ilk ins in the editorial direction and conduct of 'I'm. POST. lie was married at Anderson. Ind.. June 15. 1N.S7, to Miss Mar} Worth. They have a family of five sons and a daughter. Their home is at 1^7 I' stn Invest. THE EVENING STAR. litor-in-chief of the Washington Crosby S. Noyes, Evening Slav for nearly ball' a century, bus been one of the mosl notable and distinguished journalists at the national capital, ami one who has ever been an advocate oi all that 1- pure ami wholesome in journalism, as well as a tower of strength in advancing the interests of bis city of adop- tion. No other individual has done more in this direction than Mr. Noyes, and the strong, forceful and striking edi- torials from his facile pen have gone far towards settling controversies and wrangles in the halls of Congress, where a question of expenditure towards beautifying and improv- ing Washington was involved. Born in the State of Maine in 1825. Mr. Noyes early in life elected journalism as a profession, and when but a youth wrote a dialect sketch entitled "A Yankee in a Cot- ton .Mill." which appeared in the '" Yankee l'.lade." of Bos- ton. The sketch, replete with pathos, wit and humor, was widely copied in other journals and attracted much attention to the young writer. Other efforts were equally sucessful and from then on the boy journalist's star was in the ascendancy, and he became a regular contributor to the Maine journals. Failing in health he decided to leave the scenes of his childhood and its rigorous climate, ami came to Washington in 1847. He entered the national capital afoot, ami this advent and his first glimpses and impressions of the scene of his future successes were graphically portrayed by Mr. Noyes in an article which lately appeared in the centennial number of the Evening Star. Mr. Noyes became Washington correspondent of some Lewisfon, Boston and Philadelphia papers, and his con- tributions were written in a style both picturesque, keen and vividly true to life. His descriptions of the stirring scenes in Congress at this time attracted widespread atten- tion and much favorable comment. In 1855, desiring to broaden his views and the scope of his information he made a tour of Europe afoot, and delightfully retailed bis experi- ences in a series of letters to the Portland Transcript. Upon his return to Washington, at the close of the same year, Mr. Noyes joined the reportorial staff of the Star, lie at once manifested his keen appreciation of news, an instinct inherent in all successful newspaper men. and after serving his paper well he was promoted grade by grade until he became assistant editor. In 1867 he organized a company for the purchase of the Star, and was chosen by his asso- ciates editor-in-chief, which position he has since filled. From that time his public history and that of the journal with which be is connected have been the same. Xo higher tribute can be paid to Mr. Xoyes' journalistic ability than the high standard of success the Star has at- tained under his able and careful guidance and manage- ment. It has long occupied an honored ami influential place among the representative journals oi the world, and has justl) earned a reputation for veracity in the strictest sense, which so endears it to its life-long patrons. Through the columns of the Star Mr. Xoyes has been a potent factor in the development of modern ami greater Washington and was one of \. R, Shepherd- staunchest co-operators, help- ing him to put into practical operation in the national capital the manifold municipal improvements of which they bad both dreamed and fought for se. zealously, while fellow members of the Common Council in [863. Again Mr. Noyes was foremost in the movement which led to the assumption by the national government of one-half of the debt and expenses of the District of Columbia and tile reclamation "i the Potomac flats. He was equallj as active THE CITY OF WASHIh i CROSBY S. NOYES in the fight for the establishment of : ' 'ark, ami was chairman of this executive committee, havii \ es on that committee as Cliarles I A. T. Britton, II. II. Warner, i Richardson. As before stated, Mr. mcmlicr of the City Council in [863, and served I terms as alderman from the old seventh v.. Washington. His services were both valual tive. Since that time, however, he ] public service. .Mr. Nbyes has been an extensive traveler and all parts of both the old and new worlds, tlv 1 journeys were always a series of most vivid pen pictures of scenes and life in foreign parts, appearing in In 1856 Mr. Noyes married Miss Elizabeth S. William; and has four children living: Theodore W. editor-in-chief of the Star: Frank B. No; the Associated Press and editor and publisher of tin I Record-Herald: Thomas C. N'oyes, cit\ editor of and Mira ('.. now Mr-. George W. I'.oyd, of Philadelphia. Mr. N'oyes spends a portion of each year at h country place, Alton Farm, situated in tin region in Maryland, about seven miles from V. .. RESIDENCE OF MRS. BENJAN 344 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. JESIDENCE OF MRS. ELLEN M. COLTON. £: CHAPTER XXIV. : ^ BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. G/ v3 HARITY and benevolence have nowhere more active, ardent workers than in the city of Washington. The improvident and the unfortunate are attracted here, from various causes, in unusually large num- bers, and yet less actual suffering is known here than in many cities not half the size of this. Two citizens' associations annu- ally collect large sums which are distrib- uted during the winter to the needy poor. • A large hospital is maintained fur the benefit of those who can not afford to pay for treatment, and free dispensaries are to be found in various sec- tions of the city. Spe- cial institutions for the insane, the deaf and dumb, and the blind are maintained at Gov- ernment or private ex- pense. The medical treatment of the poor is under control of the District Health Offi- cer. The District is divided into twenty- one subdistricts, fin- each of which a physi- cian to the poor is ap- pointed, and there are nearly as many drug stores where medi- cines prescribed by these physicians may be obtained free. There is no need for any family, or per- to be without competent medical^ at- tendance in case of need. The list of charitable- institution, and reformatories is a long one, comprising about ■ five different organizations. A general superintendent of charities \ an act of Congress approved Augusl 6, i^ 1 appoints, with the consent of the Senate, h i> the duty of this official "to formulate, for the purpi penditures *** such a plan of organized charities * as will by means of consolidation, combination or other di- rection, in bis judgment best secure the objects contem- plated by the several institutions and associations for which appropriations are made and for the other charitable w.>rk .. the District." It is his duly also to examine into the admin istration of the various charitable institutions, to know the sums privately contributed to their support, and to mend annually such appropriations as are in his judgment required for tl •r prosecution York of charity and eform in the 1 • Children w ' ■ ■ >r whose parci I their children proper!) . alter b) Children' I created i always • PROVIDENCE HOSPITAL. thci nomes fants 'be P: cha (345) dependence Alter a term of train ire provided in good families for lh< nrl children in delicate health are | is quickh Industrial Home Sell n supported b\ 346 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. ST. ROSES INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL. Il takes care of about one hundred children, both boys and girls, educating them in useful occupations, including car- pentry and gardening. A boys' reform school, established in 1866, rescues from a vicious lift about one hundred boys a year .-it a total cost of about forty-five thousand dollars. Vbout two hundred boys are usually in the school. A girl's reform school was opened November 4, 189,3, and lias done a splendid work ever since. Congress appropriates for its support about twelve thousand dollars a year. WCII known all over the United States, as it de- serves 1.' lie. is the Columbia [Institution for the I 'eat and Dumb, located at Kendall Green, a beau- tiful old property, once the home of Amos Kendall, comprising ;il t one hundred acres. Since [857 which is now generously aided by the Government. Deal mute children whose parents are <■ tected with the army or navy, or those residing in the Dis- trict, may here obtain ;i free education. A collegiate course at this institution is open at a very reasonable expense to students from all parts of the United States, both army and navy. Here, too, are treated all the insane of the District. This hospital was established in 1855, the grounds — over 400 acres — and the necessary buildings at first erected costing nearly Si, 000, 000. Located on the crest of the Anacostia hills, overlooking the entire city, the buildings, crowned with battlements and towers, have the appearance of an ancient castle. William W. Corcoran, a wealthy and philan- thropic gentleman, of Washington, in 187 1 set aside a portion of his estate for the establishment and maintenance of a home for aged ladies without means — impoverished gentlewomen. It was a me- morial to his dead wife and daughter, and is called "The Louise Home." Its endowment fund of a quarter of a million dollars is managed by a board of trustees, the members of which are women. The home is a handsome, four-story brick residence, sur- rounded bj r spacious, well-kept lawns and gardens. facing on Massachusetts avenue, northwest, between Fifteenth street and Scott circle, one of the finest locations in the most fashionable section of the city. It cost to build $200,000, and is handsomely fur- nished. One of the ladies now residing here is Mrs. Letitia Tyler Semple, the daughter of a President, and a former mistress of the White House. The National Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphan Home was established in 1866, and is liberally supported by the National Government. This institution is also under the control of a board of women, and cares for and educates the orphans there until they are sixteen vears old. Adjoining Howard University is the Freedmen's Hospital, which has accom- modations for about two hundred patients. Here the phy- sicians and surgeons are in large part of the colnrcl race. States. Tin the oil,, mouth. tmenl if the -tin of physician; unfortunates tin- service whose 1 if the I' THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 345 Other benevolent institutions, some of which are supported in part by the Government, are the Home for the Aged, corner of Third and H streets, northeast ; the City Orphan Asylum, corner of Fourteenth and S streets, northwest ; St. John's Hospital, on H street between Nineteenth and Twen- tieth streets, northwest ; Garfield Memorial Hospital, Tenth street and Florida avenue ; Providence Hospital, Second and D streets, southeast and the Columbia Hospital for Women, corner of Twenty-fifth and L streets, northwest. The organized charities of the District of Columbia arc in part under control of a board of citizens. The present membership is : S. W. Woodward, president ; Charles 1 '. Neill, vice-president ; John Joy Edson, George W. Cook and Simon Wolf. The secretary of the board is George S. Wilson. The work of the board is classed under four prin- cipal heads: (1) Reformatories and correctional institu- tions; (2) medical charities; (3) child-caring institutions; (4) miscellaneous institutions. The last report of the board to Congress shows that an additional building is needed at the workhouse, to which institution there were 4,223 com- mitments during the year. The daily average number in the boys' reform school for the year was 234, and recom- mendation for an additional building here, too, is made. The daily average number of girls in the similar institution for that sex was 55, of which 52 were colored. In the medical charities the contract system now pre- vails, the Government paying not more than $1 a day for the treatment of each charity patient in Providence, Gar- field, Columbia, the Children's and the Homeopathic FIos- pitals. Every applicant for admission as a free patient must be approved by the board, and this fact deters patients who are able to pay from making application for admis- sion. Non-residents are denied admission. When neces- sary, temporary care is given, after which such patients are returned to the communities from which they came. Recommendations have been made for a municipal hos- pital, and in its last report the board submitted an estimate of a quarter of a million dollars for beginning such a build- ing. It is urged that there is great need for the care of chronic cases, convalescents, inebriates, and of patients suf- fering from tuberculosis. Experience in Washington and other large cities has taught that private general hospitals are not likely to make provision in any considerable number for the classes of patients named. The site for this hospital has already been selected on high ground in an especiall) healthful locality, where indigent patients, suffering from tuberculosis in its advanced stages, can receive the maxi- mum care and attention with a minimum of clanger ol in fection to the community. "The need of making provision lor inebriates," says the report, " h upon us by the judges of the police court, wl brought before them again and again bccaus ness, and who feel that a shorl confinement in tl is without effect in remedying this condition. with this class of patients, a law should Ix; ci the courts power to commit habitual drunk 11 nicipal hospital for confinement and treatu Provision for caring for convali ■ the most noticeably important of tin nicipal hospital. Under present conditions it poor persons in public and privah from severe illness, to return to their honn before they are sufficiently recovered to resume thcii employments, or are even well enough i<> withstand tin- 1 conditions, in the way of food and shelter. t> in many (if the homes of tin- 1 r. The a 11 is a great burden in the poor family, and tin the family are usually such a.- to retard tin •• patient, or even to cause a relapse "i tin- illi The child-caring work in tin not so we'd organized as it might 1« much duplication of effort, and results art somi tin isfactory. There are at least seven separati agencies through which children me. maintained in whole or in part In appropriations money. The Board of Charities strongly adv< this work be centralized in the Board of Children' ians. In so doing tin- board offer- no criticisn good work being clone by private institute contrary praises them, while insisting thai ommended "will, in the end. be much betl tutions themselves, and in every \v; opment of a reasonable and effective system of c work in the District of Columbia." Blind ch sent, under contract, to Baltimore, and fecble-minde< dren to Elwyn, Pennsylvania. The District Almshouse provided last fiscal year for 237 persons, and a new aim- accommodate 300 1- to be built. In the plans the inmates will be lodged on the first ai the employes on the third floor. Ampli porches are provided and provision is 1 so that in the few instances where il admit both husband and wife to the almsl be necessary to scpara arrangements. 348 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON-. RESIDENCE OF GENERAL WILLIAM F. DRAPER. CHAPTER XXV. BENCH AND BAR. va YW, of all the professions represented in the District of Columbia, is paramount. ff'teM^ ^iP\ * n *' le ' la '^ s °^ Congress the lawyers pre- LL-~ V- J-^ >vMl dominate. In the resident population their proportion is greater than in any other city of the Union. Attracted by the lucrative practice before the Supreme Court, the courts of claims and the departments, some of the brightest legal lights which other States have produced have become perma- J nent residents. On the other hand, the educational advantages found here for those desiring to fol- low the legal profession have been so excellent that the District has produced from its native sons many brilliant barristers, attorneys and counselors-at-law. The Supreme Court of the United States is the balance wheel of the Republic. Its authority is unquestioned. Leg- islation is not the law of the land beyond question until passed upon by the Supreme Court as to its constitutionality. Whatever criticisms may be expressed upon its judgments, their execution has never been resisted. So great is the number of cases brought before the court, that the justices have little rest. When court is not in session, the justices are at work on the circuits or in chambers. When they take vacations, work goes along with them, for opinions are to be handed down when the court meets for another term. This annual session begins the second Monday in October, and usually ends about May 15. As stated by the Constitution, its power extends " to all cases in law and equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made or which shall be made under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more States, between a State and citizens of another State, be- tween citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different Stales, and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens, or subjects." Under the provisions of the Constitution, the first Con- gress created the Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice and five Associate Justices. Two circuit courts were also pro- vided. With the growth of the country these have ii to nine, one for each member of the present court. The first Chief Justice, appointed by President Washington in 1789, resigned in 1795. The Presidenl appointed as his successor, John Rutledge, of South Carolina, whom the Senate refused to confirm. Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecti- cut, was then appointed, serving three years, and then tendering his resignation. His successor. John Marshall, was not appointed until 1S01. but held the office until his death, nearly thirty-live years. Roger Brooke Taney, of Maryland, was appointed by General Jackson, in 1836; he died in 1S64. President Lincoln appointed Salmon Chase, of Ohio, whose death in [873 again created a va- cancy. This was filled by General Grant by the appoint- ment of Morrison R. Waite, who presided over tin deliberations nearly fifteen years. Death again mad the office, and Melville W. Fuller, of Illinois, was appointed by President Cleveland. To Chief Justice Marshall was given the title " the great Chief Justice-." I lis honor and integrity were never questioned; he possessed profound learning, and in ability to sift out the merits of a legal argument and state it clearly and concisely he had no peer. I le possessed many endearing personal traits and many peculiarities. Tall of figure ami rather loose-jointed, lie miglll have been the - save for the quiet dignity which seei him as with a mantle. It is related of him that " in the coldest weather he never wore an overcoat, and was often seen on winter days walking at a rapid pace through the si Washington, clad only in his rusty, thin, black suit, lie was very fond of society, exceedingh hospitable, and frankly acknowledged he enjoyed the pleasures of the table." Bill- iards and quoits \\>ie his favorite pastimes. Besides writing the exhaustive opinions he rendered from the bench, lie found time to win fame as a historian by writing a life of \\ ashington. The Supreme Court, as \at present constituted prises: Tli,- Chief Justice, Melville W. Fuller, ol Associate fustices fohn Marshall Marian, of Kcntucl vid losiah' Brewer, of Kansas; Henry Billings Brown, of Michigan; Edward Douglass Win" • Rufus W. Pcckham, of Xew York; Joseph McKcnna, fomia ; Oliver Wendell Holmes, of M md Will- (349) 350 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. iani R. I Jay. of ( )hio, the latter having recently received his appointment from President Roosevelt as successor to Jus- irge Shiras, who retired on account of age and long service. ' (fficers of the Supreme Court are: Clerk, James M. McKenney; deputy clerk, Charles B. Bcall : marshal, J. M. Wright; reporter, (harks Henry Butler. Next in importance to the Supreme Court is the Court of I llaims, established by act of Congress, February 24, 1855. h has general jurisdiction of all "claims founded upon the Constitution of the United States or any law of Congress, . cepl for pensions, or upon any regulation of an executive department, or upon any contract, expressed or implied, with the Government <>i the United States, or for damages, liquidated or unliquidated, in cases not sounding in tort, in States, payable out of the public Treasury. An appeal, only upon questions of law, lies to the Supreme Court on the part of the defendants in all cases, and on the part of the claimants when the amount in controversy exceeds $3,000. The findings of fact by the Court of Claims arc final and not subject to review by the Supreme Court. By the act of March 3, 1883, called the " Bowman Act," the head of an executive department may refer to the court any " claim or matter " pending in his department involving controverted questions of fact or law. The court is required to find the facts and its conclusions of law and to report the same to the department for its guidance and action. The same act authorizes either House of Congress or any of its committees to refer to the court any " claim or matter " in- UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT CHAMBER. 1 whirl) claims the parly would he entitled to re- insl the 1 hiited States, cither in a courl of law, cquitj or admiralty, if tin- Tinted States were suabli ■ win- out of the late civil war and commonly war claims," and certain rejected claims. laims of like character which to it by any executive department, involving controverted questions of law, where the amount in ■ the decision will alt. h furnish a prccedcnl for the any executive department in the adjustment 'here any authority, right, privilege, tin 1 institution, In all the abovc-menti . when it fiuds for the 1 laim iudgmcnl against tire I fnited volving the investigation and determination of facts, the court to find the facts and report the same to Congress for such action thereon as may there he determined. This act i- extended h\ act of March J. 1887. A statute of limita- n. m- prevents parties from bringing actions on theii own motion lor six years after the caifse of action accrued, hut the department may refer claims at any time, if they were pending therein within the six years. Idle only limitation under the Bowman Act is that the courl -hall have no juris- diction of any claim barred before the passage of the act by any then existing provision of law. By act of January 20, 1885, Congress gave to the courl jurisdiction over "claims to indemnity upon the French Government arising out of illegal captures, detentions, seiz- ure-, condemnations, and confiscations prior to the ratifica- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 351 tion of the convention between the United States and the French Republic concluded on the 30th day of September, 1800." The time of filing claims is limited to two years from the passage of the act, and all claims not presented within that time are forever barred. The court finds the facts and the law, and reports the same in each case to Congress. By act of March 3. 1891, the court is vested with juris- diction of certain Indian depredation claims. The Secre- tary of the Navy has re- ferred to the court, under the act of March 2, 1SS7, all cases growing out of claims for bounty for war vessels captured in- destroyed by the United States during the late war with Spain, involving a consideration of every naval conflict that took place and the rights of all the officers and men engaged. There are five judges, who sit together in the hearing of cases, the con- currence of three of these being necessary for the decision of any case. The court sits in this city, in the old Corcoran Art Building, at Seven- teenth street and Penn- sylvania avenue, north- west, on the first Monday in December each year, and continues into the following summer and until all cases ready r for trial are disposed of. Cases may be commenc- ed and entered at any time, whether the court is in session or not. The personnel of the Zourt of Claims at pres- ent is as follows: Chief Justice Charles C. Nott, Judge Lawrence Weldon, Judge Stanton J. Peelle, Judge Charles B. Howry. Judge Francis M. Wright; Chief Clerk Archibald Hopkins, As- sistant Clerk John Rando'ph, Bailiff Stark B. Taylor. Claims growing out of the war with Spain are referred to a special commission, of which Ex-Senator William E. Chandler, of New Hampshire, is the president, and W. V Maury, W. L. Chambers, of Alabama, J. V. Wood, of < >hio, and G. J. Diekema, of Michigan, the other members. This commission is under the Department of Justice, as is the CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL. commission to revise the laws, consisting of Alexander C. Botkin, of Montana; David K. Watson, of 1 >hio, and Will- iam D. Bynum, of Indiana. . The Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, con- sisting of one chief justice and two associate justices, was established by act of Congress in 1S01. The jurisdiction of this court then covered Washington and Alexandria county, the latter, of course, ceasing with the reti of the Virginia part of the district to thai State. From the Circuit Court of the I )is- trict it was provided an appeal might be taken to the Supreme 1 lourt of the United States in where the amount ex < eeded moo. This limit was afterward-, h 1 to Si, 000. and afterwards to $5,000 i" order to pre win overcrowding of the highest court with petty local litigation: Certain cases, named in the Stat- re excepted from this limit. The District w as also given, almost at the start, an orphan's court and a register of wills. In 1S02 a district court was created, over which the chief justice of the circuit court should preside, and to whom was given jurisdiction in bankruptcy and admi- ralty cases. In 1863 Con gress established an en- tirely new system of courts for the I • The judicial of the District of Co- lumbia now comprises a court of appeals. ... su preme court, 1 court, and flfteei of the peace, b number of I . - rs. The Court of Appeals was created in [893, in order to relieve the Supreme Court of the United States of a vast burden of District cases. The firsl appointed were Richard II. Alvcy. of Maryland: Martin F. Morris, of the District of Columbia, and Setli Sbepard. of Texas, who still hold their offices. The court was form- ally organized on the firsl Monday in May. 1893. It is the court of last resort in all criminal cases coming up from the Supreme Court of the District, and in all ci from the same court where the amount in controvi ' 352 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. eed $5,000. The Courf of Appeals is also empow- ered i" hear and determine appeals from the decisions of the Commissioner of Patents. Robert Willett is clerk of the court, and II. W. Hodges, assistant clerk. The Supreme Courf of the District consists of a chief nd five associate justices. The powers and juris- of this court arc the same as those of United States districl and circuit courts, having circuit, chancery, district, probate and criminal branches. This court is also the only ssing the power to issue writs of mandamus against ■ o rs of the United States. It lias appellate jurisdiction over the District justices of peace, and con- current jurisdiction where the amount in controversy ex- ceeds Sioo. It has jurisdiction of all felonies committed within the District, and certain misdemeanors; of all cases in law and equity where one or both of the parties are residents, or are found within the District; of all causes in which the United States is a party; of all seizures on land and water: of all penalties and forfeitures arising or accru- ing under the laws of the United Stales; and of all causes arising under the copyright and patent laws. This court, i .ii present constituted, is: Chief justice Harry M. Clabaugh; Associate Justices Alexander I'.. Hagner, Thomas II. Anderson, Job Barnard, Vshlcj M. Gould and Jeter C. Pritchard. Justice Gould was formerly the United States attorney for the District, and ! the late Andrew C. Bradley. Justice Pritchard was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the promotion of Justice Clabaugh to chief justice upon the recent retire- ment of Chief Justice Edward F. Bingham. Justice Hag- ner retired from the bench June i, 1903, on account of age and long service, and his successor ma\ be appointed before this history is off the press. A former justice of this court, now retired, is Hon. Alexander VVylie, of [205 Fourteenth northwest. Judge Waller S. Cox, another retired lied recently . The United Slates attorney for the District is appointed b\ the President, subject to confirmation b\ the Senate, for a four years' term, but may be removed or continued at the will of the President. In all cases to which the United .1 part) he i- its legal representative. He ha- the appointim ociates, subject, however, to the ap- il the Department of Justice. The present force : United Stales Attorney Morgan II Beach, As- 1 hoi .1 1 Taylor, Peytoi 1 don an. I Alexander K. Mullowny. ai hal is provided for the District in i - him is given the cus- ing of all papers issued irl .md the Court of Appeals. 1 : his chief office dep- gislcr of wills. fohn 1 '"" , •' sl " c latter i appointed ''. v ,Iu ' ' '' v (luring their pleasure. He is the only person authorized to make sur- veys that ma}- affect officially recorded land boundaries in the District, and is the legal custodian of such recorded surveys. The District Police Court is divided into two branches, one for the trial of minor offenses, and one for more serious offenses, including inquiries into cases which may be brought from the grand jury. Cases where the penalty of conviction is more than $50 are tried by jury upon demand of the de- fendant. The police judges are: Charles F. Scott and Ivory G. Kimball. James L. Pugh is the prosecuting attorney. Fifteen justices of the peace are appointed by the Presi- dent every four years. These have jurisdiction in all civil cases where the amounts in controversy do not exceed $300: also in attachment and replevin proceedings. No criminal jurisdiction is given the justices of the peace, although in certain cases they can issue warrants, which, however, must be served by the police department. The attorneys of the District perfected an organization which was incorporated as "The Bar Association of the District of Columbia," on June 5. 1874. It has rooms in the City Hall, and here it has collected a valuable working library of about ten thousand volumes, which are accessible between the hours of 9 .\. M. and 4 p. m. to all members of the association, and to visiting non-resident attorneys. The officers of this association now are: President. Benjamin F. Leighton ; first vice-president, J. Holdsworth Gordon : second vice-president, Hugh T. Taggart : secretary, Percival M. Brown; treasurer, Charles II. Cragin; directors. I'.. F. Leighton,Percival M. Brown", Charles H. Cragin, Leon To- hriner, Julius A. Maedel, Benjamin S. Minor, F. II. Thomas, .M. I. Colbert; librarian. James I'.. Robinson. Hon. Melville Weston Fuller, the Chief Justice of the United States, was horn in Augusta, Kennebec county, State of Maine, February it. [833; his father, grandfather and great-grandfather having all been leading citizens of that state. His grandfather, Nathan Weston, was chief justice of tin- common pleas prior to 1820. then was associate justice of the supreme court of Maine from iSjo to 1834, and chief justice of the state from [834 to 1841. His paternal grandfather, 1 fenry Weld Fuller, a classmate of I )aniel Web- ster at Dartmouth College, became a lawyer of ability, and was at the lime of his death a judge in Kennebec county. Maine. His father. Frederick Augustus Fuller, a graduate of Harvard Law School, was also a lawyer of distinction. After being well grounded in the rudiments of an educa- tion, young Fuller entered Bowdoin College, and was grad- uated from thai institution in 1853. Having descended from a Ion- line of lawyers, he at once decided to enter that m He studied in the office of his uncle. George Melville Weston, in Bangor, Maine, and then look tin of lectures at Harvard Law School, After his admission io the bar he began to practice at Augusta in 1855. in part- nership with his uncle. Benjamin A. C. Fuller, with whom he was also associated for a short time as editor of The •emocratic paper. The next year be was president THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. of the common council of Augusta and performed the duties of city solicitor. Before the year 1856 had closed he removed to Chicago, 111., where he continued in the practice of his profession, having already at the age of twenty-three displayed remarkable ability as a lawyer. His engaging manners, brilliant attainments, and his readiness and eagerness for hard work, soon brought him clients, and within two years of his location in that rapidly growing city, he appeared before the supreme court of Illinois as attorney in the case of Beach vs. Derby. His first case in the Supreme Court of the United States was that of Dows vs. Chicago, an attempt to restrain by bill the col- lection of a tax upon shares of the capital stock of a bank. The first case that he argued in person was that of The Traders' Bank vs. Campbell, involving the interesting ernes- Lion of a judgment against a bankrupt. His ability and CHIEF JUSTICE FULLER loyalty to the interests of his clients were so fully recog- nized that he soon acquired a large and lucrative practice, embracing all branches of the law. In commercial law and the law of real property he had no superior at the Chicago bar. The impression he made on the jurisprudence of Illinois can be estimated by the fact that cases in which he was interested appear in more than 100 volumes of the law reports of that State. The most celebrated case in which he was interested was the trial before an ecclesiastical court of Rev. Dr. Bishop Charles Edward Cheney, over a charge of canonical disobedience, and the subsequent case in which it was sought to prevent him from further acting as rector, and from occupying the parsonage and using the house of worship as such. Mr. Fuller appeared it defense of the bishop, and in the trial displayed a knowl- edge of ecclesiastical law and a familiarity with the writ- ings of the church fathers that was astonishing even to the learned churchmen before whom the case was 45 353 tried; while bi^ argumenl before the Supreme <'>uirt of Illinois, to which tribunal the case finally went, has been pronounced a masterpiece of legal argument and forensic eloquence. In this case Mr. Fuller held, and was sup- ported by the court in his position, thai the church society held its property subject to no ecclesiastical judicatory or governing body, lint solely for the use of the society or congregation, and to decide otherwise would be to overrule the statute under which the society was formed, and to ignore the corporate body which the law interposed between church and State, that they might lie separated as widely as possible. He had an extensive practice in the Federal Court early in his career. In fact, it is a singular coincidence that in the first case heard by the late Chief Justice Waite, when he assumed the duties of his office in [874, Mr. Fuller, his successor in the office, was counsel. Mr. Fuller dis- tinguished himself in the celebrated "Lake Front Case,"' before Mr. Justice Harlan and judge Blodgett, in which he successfully represented the vast interests of the city of Chicago. It was a great legal contest, and the conduct of the case attracted wide attention. A marked character- istic of his methods as a practitioner at the bar was thor- oughness, to which end he always made a careful preparation for his cases before they came up for trial. In addressing court or jury he spoke with clearness and earnestness, and some of his arguments in important cases contain a wealth of research and scholarly reasoning. A desire for justice dominated him in the conduct of cast's, rather than a desire to win. In his thirty-three years' practice at the Chicago bar he rose gradually to the highest rank in the legal pro- fession. He was a personal friend and ardent admirer of Stephen A. Douglas, and during the civil war gave a loyal and earnest support to the cause of the Union. In 1862 he was a member of the convention to revise the Mate Constitution of Illinois, and in 1863 of the lower house of the State legislature. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of [864, 1872, 1 876 and 1880, making an eloquent speech in 1876 in placing Thomas A. Hendricks in nomina the convention, \fter [880 Mr. Fuller retired front active participation in politics. and gave his entire attention to his profession. On April 30, [888, he was nominati tl b) ' > land to he Chief Justice of the United States a s the sue Morrison R. Waite. who died on March -'.; of the same year, lie was confirmed h\ the Senate, and conn July jo. 1888, being then with one exception the member of the Supreme Court, over which he h; presided with dignit} and grace. He ; ~ well versed in gen- eral literature and history, is familiar with modern lai and is a fine scholar in the ancient classics, lie is | of an amiable disposition and geni rous impuls early public addresses, one welcoming Stephen \ lid another oil ■■ . which is prefixed to Breesc's " Earh I tiston of special mention. He distinguished iiimsell in an address before both 1 1 of the first 1 354 THE CFTY OF WASHINGTON. following degrees from institutions of learning: A.B. and A.M. from Bowdoin College, and that of LL.D. from Northwestern University, Bowdoin College, Harvard Uni- versity, Yale University and Dartmouth College. Hon. Richard Henry Alvey. There is always more attention paid to presidential appointments than to the filling of any other public office. I!\ reason of safeguarding the the country and satisfying its citizens, the nl takes the greatest pains in selecting for public posts the best-qualified men for the positions. \'<\ appoint- ing the Hon. Richard Henry Alvey. Chief Justice of the 1 ourl of Appeals in the city of Washington, D. ('.. Presi- dent Cli bowed bis appreciation of the high quali- fications of the present incumbent of the office, which so eminently fitted him for the responsible post be toda) occu- pies with honor and credit to himself and Ids country, jurist of the highest order, and Ins opinions and decisions have always been considered excellent speci- men- of sound reasoning and good logic. Richard Henry \l\cv was born in St. Mary's county, Maryland, in March, [826. Mis carh education was acquired in the public schools unity, lu [844 he entered the clerk's office ty, Maryland, as clerk, which place he held lie studied law, and in [849 was admitted to the bar. In the following year he renn >wii, Maryland, where he engaged in the practice Public honoi night by him. hut they sought him. In is-.. Judge Alvey was elected one of During the war he was im- impany with the W illiam Brown and others. After tin rv committee of the constitutional convention of 1867, and was elected chief judge of the fourth circuit under the new constitution, and was re-elected in 1882. He was designated in 1883 by Governor Hamilton as chief justice of the Court of Appeals of Maryland, to succeed Judge Bartol. This place he resigned to accept the office of chief justice of the Fed- eral Court of Appeals in the District of Columbia, in April. 1893. His court is the appellate court of the District of Columbia, and has general jurisdiction in patent cases. Pres- ident Cleveland, in January. 1896, appointed Judge Alvey a member of the Venezuela Boundary Commission, which office he filled to the highest satisfaction of the American people. { "pon the death of Chief Justice W'aite. during Mr. Cleve- land's first term, some of the justices of the Supreme Court. who had been impressed with the opinions delivered by Judge Alvey on the appellate bench of Maryland, urged the President to appoint him Chief Justice of the United States. This the President, it is said, was disposed to do, but it is understood was deterred by the fact that Judge Alvey was a Southern man, and it was feared that for that position to go South might create animosities. In 1897 Justice Alvey was made chancellor of the National Univer- sity. District of Columbia, a position which he still holds, and in June, 1902. the honorary degree of doctor of laws was conferred upon him by the University of Princeton. New Jersey. In 1862 Judge Alvey married Miss Julia Hays. Their home residence is Hagerstown, Maryland, and the Judge's official address is Washington, D. C. Hon. Martin F. Morris, associate justice of the ( ourl of Vppeals <>i the Districl of Columbia, was educated at \n College, in this District, and having studied for the legal profession, was admitted to the bar. in Balti- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 355 more, in 1863. In 1867, returning to Washington, which had been his home, he formed a partnership with the late Richard T. Merrick, then at the height of his reputation as a lawyer, and was associated with him in the noted trial of John H. Surratt. In 1870 he was instrumental in establishing the law department of the University of Georgetown, in which in 1876 he accepted a professorship, which he continued to hold for upwards of twenty-five years. In 1877 he received the degree of doctor of laws from his alma mater, the University of Georgetown. In 1893, entirely without solicitation on his part, he was appointed an associate justice of the Court of Appeals of the District, then newly established, and contributed greatly to the successful organization of that court. He has to a considerable extent combined the pursuits of literature with the profession of the law, and is a member of the Washington Literary Society, the Columbia Historical So- ciety, the National Geographic Society, the Philosophical Society, and various other organizations. Mr. Morris has never married. Hon. Edward Franklin Bingham was born August 13, 1828, at West Concord, Essex county, Vermont, being the fifth son of the late Judge Warner Bingham and Lucy (Wheeler) Bingham, and a descendant of Thomas Bing- ham, who emigrated from Sheffield, England, and settled in Norwich, Connecticut, in 1659. Judge Bingham received his early education at the public and select schools of Vermont and later at the Academy at Peacham, of the same State, one of the oldest and best endowed and most distinguished educational institutions of the State at that time. In 1846, while on a visit to Ohio, he determined to make that State his future home. After spending a brief period at Marietta College he read law with his brother, the Honorable Harry Bingham, at Littleton, New Hampshire, concluding, as he commenced his law studies, under the late Judge Joseph Miller of , Chillicothe, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of that State in May, 1850, the late Chief Justice Peter Hitchcock presiding. The legislature had in the preceding March created the county of Vinton, and on June I, 1850, he opened a law office at McArthur, the county seat of the new county. Although a total stranger, he soon found warm friends and steadfast clients, with plenty of business. A vacancy occurred in the office of prosecuting attorney of Vinton county, and the follow- ing November he was appointed to that office by the Court of Common Pleas, and in 1851 he was elected for a term of two years, and re-elected in 1853, serving five years. In October, 1855, he was elected representative for the counties of Vinton and Jackson, and served in the legis- lature during the sessions of 1856 and 1857. Although strongly urged to accept a renomination to the legislature he declined, desiring to devote himself to his law practice. In 1858 he was complimented by his party with the unani- mous nomination for the office of judge of the Court Common Pleas for the second sub-division of the judici: district composed of the counties of Vinton, Jackson, I 'ike Scioto and Lawrence. The Democratic party being in tin minority in that sub - division, he was defeated by a very small majority by his competitor, the Honorable W. W Johnson. In 1859 the Democratic convention for the coun- ties of Vinton and Jackson nominated him for representa- tive in the legislature, but he declined the nomination. He was a delegate from the eleventh I ongri ssional district of Ohio in i860 to the Democratic National Convention held first at Charleston, S. C, and by adjournment at Baltimore, and was an eye witness of the thrilling proceed that body. In January, [861, he removed to Columbus, Ohio, where he resided until he removed to Washington. In 1868 Judge Bingham became chairman of the State Democratic executive committee. From [867 to 1S71 lie was by election solicitor of the city of Columbus, Ohio. From 1863 to 1S68 he served as a member of the board of education of the same city and was re-elected to the board in 1872. In March. 1873. he was nominated by his HON. EDWARD FRAN BINGHAM party as a candidate for the judge ol the common ■ the fifth judicial district, and at tile election the follow Jul; month was elected without opposition. He was twice re- elected, each term being for live years, without op| In [876 he was delegat* to the Democratic N'ational Con- vention at St. Louis, which nominated Samuel I. Tilden for President of the United States. The Democratic State convention in [881 nominated him for the ' Hiio supreme court bench, but with the balance of the ticket he was defeated. In [8S6 he was strongh recommended bj the bench, bar and citizens of Ohio, irrespective of party, to President Cleveland for Judge of the sixth United States judicial circuit. Judge Howell E. Jackson, then United States Senator from Tennessee was. however, appointed to that position. On April 25. 1887. while occupying a place on the Ohio common plea- lunch. Judge Bingham was l'\ President Cleveland appointed I liief Jti 356 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, which position he occupied until April 30, 1903, when he retired on account of age. He has always taken foremost rank as a lawyer, and on the bench his success has been more ced than it was as a lawyer. Few of his decisions id by higher courts. linn. W. II. Webb, then a prominent member of the bar of Washington, in the "Centennial History of Wash- ington," -oon after the appointment of Chief Justice Bing- ham to the Supreme Court, District of Columbia, makes the following mention of him: " lie has been for so short a 1 justice of this court that little can he said, except thai he has shown himself to he a strictly correct and up- right judge, Mis decisions are manifestly fair, and show a ureal deal of ability and learning, and there is every rea- son to apprehend that his career mi the bench will be hon- orable to himself, as well as eminently useful to his fellow- citizens." It may he truthfully said that this prediction has been full) verified, and that as a judge he had the full con- and respect of his associates on the bench, of mem- the bar, and of citizens of the District. Chief Justice Bingham was married on November 21, 1850, to Susannah F. Gunning, of Fayette county, Ohio, who ;usl _'. [886, leaving two sons and two daughters. The judge was next married Oil August 8, 188S, to Mrs. Lin < '. Patton, daughtei of the late United States Senator Allen T. 1 aperton, of West Virginia. Chief Justice Bing- 1007 I I street, northwest. Hon. Alexander Burton Hagner. The Supreme Court bench of the District of Columbia is occupied by jurists who are the peers of their profession and men of the highest integrity. The decisions of the District Supreme Court are always followed with the keenest interest by the i the legal fraternity everywhere, being considered as reliable authoritj in the interpretation of law upon main important questions, which no other court in the United cepl the Supreme Court of the United States, has jurisdiction to decide. One of the associate justices was andei Burton Hagner, a public minded citizen, as well born in the city of \\ ash- 11 Jul) 13, 1826. Me was the youngest, but famil) oi ten children. Mis parents were Peter and Frances (Randall) Hagner. Mis father was a valued public ..Hi., 1 from 1792, when he was appointed a clerk during the administration of President Washington, until the office of Third Auditor of the 111 the creation of that ■ nt to the be I'll, and in 1843 was entered ciliated in June. 1845. "land, with bis uncle. ndall, with whom, in 1854, In uued until [876, when lie linn of Randall & Hagner liner partner. I. \\ irt Air. Hagner has actively engaged in the duties of his profession in the court of appeals, circuit courts of Anne Arundel, Calvert, and other counties, and in the courts of Baltimore city, and before committees of the State leg- islature. During this time he was engaged in numerous important cases involving novel and interesting questions, among which were the mandamus cases of Marshall versus Harwood, respecting the title of the office of the State Librarian ; of Magruder versus Swann, and Gwinn against Groome, involving the question of the right of a State court to issue a mandamus against the Governor : the adjutant general's case of McBlair versus Bond, and the injunction cases of Gilbert versus Arnold, and Hunt versus Town- shend, which determined the question of property in Mary- land between the M. E. Church South and the M. E. Church. He was engaged for the defense in numerous conspicuous HON. ALEXANDER BURTON HAGNER criminal cases, among which were those against Mrs. \\ liar ton For the poisoning of General Ketchum and of Mr. Eugene VanNess. Under the constitution of Maryland, of 1864, he acted as a special judge in Trine county, in a large number of case- where the county judge was disqualified, He was judge advocate of tin naval court of inquiry, of which Commodore Morris was presi dent, called in 1X50 to investigate the conduct of Com mander Hunter, in the capture of the Alvarado; and also of the naval general court-martial, which was in session in San Francisco, from February to June. 1876, for the trial of l'a\ Inspector Spalding. \lr. Hagner was the attorney for the Farmer's National Bank of Annapolis. M,l.. of which he was a director for several years. In politics, he belonged to the Whig party, and as such was elected to the legislature in [854, and dur THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 357 ing that session served as chairman of the committee of ways and means. In 1857 lie was the independent union candidate in a strong Democratic district for Congress but was defeated; and in 1874 was again a candidate, endorsed by the Republican convention of the district, with the same result. He served in i860 as a Bell and Everett elector for Maryland. On the 20th of January, 1879, he was com- missioned as one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, to succeed Judge Olin, and served until June 1, 1903, when he retired on account of age. He married in 1854 Louisa, daughter of Randolph Harrison, of Goochland county, Virginia. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon Justice Hagner by St. John's College, Annapolis. He is a member of the Cosmos Club, the National Geographic Society, Virginia Historical So- ciety, Columbia Historical Society, and of the Sons of the American Revolution. CLABAUGH Hon. Harry [M. Clabaugh.— Maryland has been the birthplace of many jurists who have achieved greatness and gained places of prominence by reason of their quali- fications and eminent fitness. This State has supplied men of thought and ability for the leading places on the bench and at the bar in all the principal judicial branches of the Government. Among the youngest to hold positions oi great responsibility and trust is the Hon. Harry M. Cla- baugh, chief justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and in this selection, made by President Roosevelt, the State of Maryland has reason to feel grati fied at the deserved recognition of another of her favorite sons. Harry M. Clabaugh, the son of G. W. and Ellen Cla- baugl,, was born at Cumberland, Maryland, on July 1856. In 1862 his parents moved to Baltimore, where they resided until the year 1873. While in Baltimore he received a preparatory education at Loyola College. The family left Baltimore and moved to their country home. "Antrim," Carroll county, Maryland. Young Clabaugh entered Pennsylvania College, and graduated from that in- stitution in 1877. He showed a marked predilection for the study of law, and after leaving college entered the office of Bernard Carter, one of .Maryland's leading lawyers, at the same time pursuing his studies at tin- law school of the Maryland University. From this institution he gradu- ated in 1878, and at once entered into active practice. Mr. Clabaugh was at once recognized as a young lawyer of promise. He was associated in the prosecution of many celebrated cases and with counsel of distinguished legal talent. The force in the character of Mr. Clabaugh, added to his ability as a lawyer, won the attention of the leaders of the Republican party of Maryland. They were casting about for a man to nominate for the office of attorney- general who cou'd win at the election. They settled on Air. Clabaugh. He was a staunch Republican and an able lawyer — one whose accomplishments were attractive and personal strength great. In 1895 he was nominated and won in that election when Lloyd Lowndes was chosen ^>v- ernor and the political complexion of the State changed. In this office Mr. Clabaugh served ably and well until March. 1809, when he resigned to accept the appointment of Presi- dent McKinley to an associate judgeship of the Supreme Court of the Districl of Columbia, made vacant b\ the election of Judge Louis E. McCouias to the United States Senate. Here Judge Clabaugh has rendered distinguished service and given eminent satisfaction. ( In the retirement of Chief Justice Bingham, Ma\ 1. 1903, President R promptly appointed Judge Clabaugh to till the vacancy, and as chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Dis Columbia he is proving himself peculiarly fitted to the po- sition and an exemplary administrator of justice, lie was for four wars chairman of the Republican State Commit- tee of Maryland. Justice Clabaugh has a host of admirers and friends who rejoice at his well-merited elevation. fudge Clabaugh married Katherine. daughter of lion. John A. Swope, and the) have two daughters Helen and Katherine. With his famih he resides at 1527 Rhode Island avenue, northwest. Hi- summer resident Antrim. Maryland. Hon. Thomas H. Anderson. < the Supreme Court of the District of Columl illustration ^\ the successful American citi/en. H is a son f |,,hn and Amelia Dallas Anderson, and was Iwrn in Belmout county, 1 'hit.. < in both his paternal and maternal s ij cs l ie 1 : from distinguished Robert Alexander Dallas, grandfather of Justice Anderson, was of Scotch descent, and belonged !■• the Dallas family of which Hon. Alexander Dallas, of Pennsylvania, the Treasury under President Madison, and his ge M. Dallas. \ ice-President of the Unto 358 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. with President Polk, were conspicuous members. His great- grandmother on his father's side, Letitia O'Neil, was the daughter of Lord O'Neil, an Irish peer. Justice- Anderson was educated at the public and select i his county and at .Mount Union College, Ohio. After leaving college he taughl Eor a short time in the schools of Belmont and Guernse) counties, when he became principal of the Cambridge high school, which position he held until the fall of i S70, when he resigned to complete his law studies. In June, 1871, he was admitted to the bar at Mount Vernon, Ohio, and entered upon the practice of his profession at Cambridge, Ohio, in partnership with Hon. foseph D. Taylor, afterward a member of Congress. IK- took high rank in his profession almost immediately and soon found himself launched in a large and lucrative 11. the state and federal courts. Upon the election HON THOMAS ANDERSON of Mr. Taylor 1- Congress in 1883, he succeeded to the entire practice of lh'' firm, which he not only retained, hut increased. In 1884 he associated with him in the practice, John I.. Locke, Esq., under the linn name of Anderson & Locke, which was dissolved in Vpril, 1893, when he removed to Washington. Here, as in Ohio, his .1 lawyer and his high character as a man soon won i"<>i him an honored place in the legal profession. 1 in < le- nt McKinlcy tendered to Justice An- ion of United States I listricl Attorney for i. which he accepted and tilled with conspicu 1901, President McKinlcy appointed him a member of the Supreme Court of the i hi- appointment was made In the President in re he Judge's splendid record as United States District . levation to the hench he has proved himself an able and upright judge. He has a keen sense of justice, thinks for himself and always impresses those who practice before him with the fact that he is not controlled by prejudice or partiality, but in all things is fair, reasonable and just. During the four years that former Secretary of the Treasury Foster was governor of Ohio. Mr. Anderson served on his military staff with the rank of general. In 1887 he was a prominent candidate for attorney general of ( )hio, and in 1889 was appointed by President Harrison as minister resident and consul general to Bolivia. At that time he was chairman of the Repub'ican executive committees of his county and Congressional district, a mem- ber of the Republican State executive committee, a member of the city council and school board of Cambridge, and president of a number of corporations, besides holding other positions of trust and honor. Congress having ad- vanced the rank of the Bolivia mission in 1890. President Harrison appointed Judge Anderson envoy extraordinary and minister plenipoteniary of the United States to that republic, which position he filled with marked ability. While residing in South America he made many valuable reports to the Government on the resources, industries and trade re- lations of Spanish-America, and at the request of Mr. Blaine, then Secretary of State, wrote the " Handbook of Bolivia," published by the bureau of American republics in 1893, and distributed throughout the United States and Central and South America. Judge Anderson has always taken an active interest in public affairs, and there are few men who have a larger personal acquaintance with men in public life than he, and fewer still whose friends are as warm and devoted, lie is an eloquent ami experienced public speaker, and until appointed to the bench had been prom- inenl on the stump in every political campaign during the past twenty-live years. B) reason of his ability as a speaker and the knowledge gained by him while a resident of tin free-silver countries of South America, he was in wide demand during the presidential campaigns of i Son and 1900, speaking throughout West \ irginia, Ohio, Maryland and other sections of the country. Before his appointment as judge he was prominently connected with a nun her ol financial institutions and has an enviable record as a citizen, diplomat, business man and lawyer. Justice Anderson is a member of the American Bai Association, the Sou- of the American Revolution, the ( )hio Societj of New York, the Historical Societ) of Washington and its affiliated branches; a member ><\ the board of trustees of the American University, and ^i Howard University, and an active member and trustee i>i the Metropolitan Me- morial Methodist Episcopal Church < simii 3 6 4 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. before the beginning of the struggle for liberty alluded to. Hi- was accompanied 1>> his brother Lawrence, an (.flicer in the British army; but that gentleman returned to England when a disruption between the colonies and the mother countrj became inevitable, while John remained. ( Ine of his grandchildren, named after him, was reared in Baltimore, Md., but before the year 1800 removed to own, I). ('., where for many years he carried on an 1 xtensive mercantili business, and became one of the most honored and popular citizens of this city. For twenty-four years he served as mayor, having been elected to no less than twelve consecutive terms, lie was patriotic, and in 1S1 1 took up arms in defense of the capital, and was a colonel of volunteer troops. Colonel Cox was first married to Matilda Smith, and of this union was horn Clement Cox, the father of fudge Cox. ALEXANDER THOMPSON BRITTON Alexander Thompson Britton, son of Alexander Britton and Susan Towers, was born in New York City, December 29, 1835. At the age of eighteen he entered Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, graduating in 1857. \dopting law as his profession he studied in of [Ton. James T. Brady and Nathaniel Jarvis, Mew York city, and at Harvard Law School. \ few titer his graduation he was admitted to the bar, via the Supreme Courl of Rhode Island, and began practice in that State, removing in i860 t.. Madison, l-Torida. His vehement unionism and fearless proclamation of his senfi- mpelled his return t<> the North, and the outbreak of the civil war found him in Washington, I ». t '. Among the lirsl to offer his services to the United States, ami as ing member of the "National Rifles," he Bridge in the advance guard when Burnside's army crossed into Virginia. Settling perma- nently in Washington he. in 1864. organized the law firm mi' Britton & Gray. Recognized as an expert upon the sub- ject of land titles, he was in 1877 appointed by President Hayes one of the two civilian commissioners to codify the public land laws — the result, a codification in three vol- umes, many times republished by Congress but never re- vised. The firm of Britton & Gray soon ranked among the most successful in the city, its senior member being an acknowledged leader in questions of settlement of public land titles. It is impossible to give here more than a brief outline of Alexander T. Britton's character, abilities and achieve- ments. He was greatly interested in the prosperity and material advancement of Washington, his adopted home, and any project tending to these results was sure of an ardent, eager supporter in him. His reputation for strictest integrity and his_ acknowledged financial and executive abil- ity made him largely sought in the promotion and organiza- tion of enterprises, and many of Washington's most suc- cessful ventures owe their prosperity to the energy and wise guidance of this many sided man. He was president of the Atlantic Building Company ; member of Board of Police, Washington, D. C. and its last president — ap- pointed by President Grant : director Georgetown and Ten- nallytown Railroad; director Eckington and Soldiers' Home Railroad, and director and vice-president of the Columbia National Bank ; president, vice-president, chair- man executive committee, director. American Security and Trust Company; trustee Emergency Hospital; director Columbia hire Insurance Company; trustee Tunlaw Heights Syndicate (for improvement Georgetown Heights property); chairman of committee having in charge the inauguration of President Harrison; director and general counsel of the Norfolk and Washington, I'. C, Steamboat Company: member Hoard of Trade, its general counsel, and chairman of committee to secure codification of District Laws; trustee Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation and chairman of its building committee; charter member hi Society of Sons of American Revolution of District of Columbia ; commissioner to Columbian Exposition from Pis tiTl of Columbia; chairman executive committee on awards. Columbian Exposition; trustee New York Avenue Presby- terian Church. He died at his home in Washington. D. C, July 7. 1 S, ,, ,. Alexander Britton, sou of Alexander Thompson Brit- ton and Man Britton, was born in the District of Columbia January 1. 1867. He received his preparatory education at Emerson Institute, entering Princeton University from that school in 1SS4. Graduated from Columbian Law School with B.A, degree in 1888, and received M.A. degree in 1889. I le was admitted to the Supreme Court of the United States through the Supreme Court of the District of Co- lumbia ami is an active practitioner before that tribunal. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON 36' JDER BRITTON Iii 1889 he married Louise S. Reed, daughter of Wil- liam Bushrod and Catharine Schneider Reed, the result of such marriage being two girls. As a member of the Board of Trade and the law firm of Britton & Gray, he has been active in the affairs of the District. He is a member of Princeton Alumni Association ; Blue Ridge Rod and Gun Club ; National Geographic Society : Capital Club, Chevy Chase Club, and Columbia Golf Club. Daniel William Baker, was born at Calvert College, New Windsor, Carroll county, Maryland, October 4, [867. His father was Andrew Hull Baker, a well-known teacher and mathematician, who founded Calvert College and was afterwards professor of mathematics at Mount St. Mary's College. Mr. Baker was educated at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg, Md. He entered Georgetown Law. School in 1S91 and received, in 1892. the degree LL.BI, and in 1893 LL.M., and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia on < fctobcr 10, 1892. In 1897 Mount St. Mary's College conferred upon him the degree of A.M. honoris causa. Mr. Baker was appointed Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Columbia under Mr. Henry E. Davis, but re- signed after about a year, to engage in private practice. ( >n January 1, 1901, he entered into partnership with Wilton J. Lambert, under the firm name of Lambert & Baker. Mr. Baker is a lecturer in the Law Department of George- town University upon the law of real estate and the law of evidence. Birney and Woodard, attorneys at law, with a hand- some suite of offices in the Washington Loan and Trusl Building, at Ninth and Y streets, are foremost among Washington's most influential and successful practitioners. The firm is composed of the Hon. Arthur Alexis Birney, late United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, and Henry F. Woodard, until his association with Mr. Birney, an active and prominent business man of Wash- ington. Few law firms in Washington have conducted the affairs of their clients with so much success and marked integrity. Hon. Arthur Alexis Birney is a scion of a family which for three generations has produced men of distinc- tion. His paternal grandfather, James Gillespie Birney, was one of the most eminent advocates of the abolition of negro slavery in the United States, and his great courage and ability, united with remarkable purity and strength of character, gained for him the high regard of even his po- litical opponents. He was in 1840. and again in 1844, 110m mated by the free Soil party for President of the United States. Of his sons. James, the eldest, was lieuteili ernor of Michigan during the civil war, and Iatei for eight years as Minister of the United States to the Netherlands; William and David wire lawyers of distinc- tion, and each attained the rank of major-general in the war for the Union, while two younger sons wen- captain and major, and lost their lives in that fierce struggle. Of the four sons and one grandson of James G. Birney who took up arms for the Union, onlj one. the father of the subject of this sketch, survived the war. Arthur Alexis Birney is a son of General William and Catherine Hoffman Birney, and 'was born in Paris, France, Oil Ma) 28, [852. When his parents returned to this country Mr. Birney was placed in the public schools of Cleveland, Ohio. After finishing at the Clevelai school, he entered the University of Michigan, where he took his degree as a lawyer with the class of 1S7;,. I mine- 3 66 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. diately after graduation Mr. Birney came to Washington and was al once admitted to the bar. Early in the year 1X74 he was appointed an assistant to the attorney for the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, and as such conducted prosecutions at the police court until the summer hfON. ARTHUR ALEXIS Bll • >i 1875, when he received tin- appointment of Assistant United Stales Vttorney. In December, 1877, he resigned from tin- office, and until Fcrbuary, [893, continued as 1 member of the firm of Birney & Birney, attorneys, of which his father, General Birney, was the head. During this period Mr. Birney developed into one of the most astute trial lawyers al the Washington bar. In the last month of President Harrison's term he appointed Mr. Bir- ney t" the United States Vttorneyship for the District of Columbia. The Senati rmed the appointment, and Mr. Birncy's tenure of office continued undisturbed for tin- full term of four years, throughout the administration dent Cleveland and his several Vttornej Generals, and although a Republican in politics he gained the un- bounded respect and confidence of thosi of contrary political (1 States Utorney lie prosecuted many important raves with success, notable among them being the indictment against Elvcrlon R. Chapman, in the trial tin' validit\ of a statute providing punishment 1 questions propounded ing committee, was for the lirst time established; tin insl II. W. flowgate, indicted rom the i >istrict of * 'olumbia, bursing officer, and the -nix. ' II.' also trial for murder, in which, for the .1 defendant \\,is con >ugh an abertion, tin- death of an infant, prematurely born. Retiring from public office in 1897 Mr. Birney, as senior partner of Birney & Woodard, has been active in his profession. In 1897 he was retained by the Commissioners of the District of Columbia as their special counsel in the matter of highway extensions. In 1898 he was employed with ex-Senator George B. Ed- munds in the prosecution of charges against Senator Clark, of Montana, before the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections, the result of which was the forced resignation of the Senator, after a unaiv'mous adverse report. For over twenty years Mr. Birney has been a member of the faculty of the law department of Howard University, which has done much towards placing the law course of that univer- sity upon a high plane. Mr. Birney is past master of Pentalpha Lodge, F. A. A. M., and a member of the Board of Trade. On November 3, 1S95, he married Helen, eldest daughter of Richard II. and Jane S. Conway, of Baltimore, Md. Mr. and Mrs. Birney have seven children living. They are Richard C, now a business man of Rutland, Vermont; Margaret M.. Edith S., William M., Dion S., and Catherine. Another daughter, Helen, married Charles R. Gantz, of Baltimore. .Maryland. Henry F. Woodard is the son of Henry and Eu- genia Woodard. both of Washington, D. C, and was horn in this city on October 30. 18(14. He attended the public schools of the District and later entered Columbian University. Mr. Woodard was engaged in business at the corner of Fifteenth and F streets for some years, until he engaged in the practice of law in June. 1S01. IIk prac- tice grew apace, and Mr. Woodard was soon singled out as among the most prominent attorneys at the Washington bar. lie continued in practice alone until August 31. 1 S07. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 367 when he became associated with Hon. A. A. Birney. Mr. Woodard is the counsel and a director of the Business Men's Association, vice-president of the Washington Sav- ings Bank, and secretary of the Columbian Marble Quarry- ing Company at Rutland, Vermont. Mr. Woodard mar- ried Lillias M., daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Scott, of Washington, D. C, on October 20, 1886. They have two children, Lillias Gertrude, born August 5, 1888, and Harry Ridley Woodard, born April 26, 1899. Aldis Birdsey Browne, a member of the law firm of Britton & Gray, is one of Washington's best-known cor- poration lawyers, and one who has devoted his whole time to practice since his graduation and admission to the bar in 1879. Mr. Browne is a son of Jerome, Jr., and Mary E. Padgett Browne, and was born in this city on December ALDIS BIRDSEY BROWNE 11, 1857. His earlier education was acquired at the public and private schools of the District of Columbia, after which he entered Columbian University and there took his degree in law. For three years after his admission to the bar Mr. Browne practiced alone, and in February. t8S2, he became one of the firm of Britton & Gray. Mr. Browne has since earned an enviable reputation for himseli in cor- poration law. and in consequence is retained by many large and influential corporations to look after their varied ii terests, among them the American Security and 'Trust ( om- pany, of this city, and numbers of railroad and other cor porations. Despite the many calls upon his time, coincident with men of affairs, Mr. Browne has many interests aside from his law practice, and his name is found among the directors in many of the philanthropic, educational, religious and sci- entific institutions of the city. He is a director of loth the Atlantic and Pacific Building Companies; trustee of the American University, of this city, and a directo Washington Hospital for Foundlings: trustee of St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, this city, and of tin- Woman's College, Baltimore. Among other societies ami institutions with which .Mr. Browne is affiliated may lie mentioned the Columbian Historical Society, the National Geograph- ical Society, the American Geographical Society, the Amer- ican Society for the Advancement of Science, the Ameri- can Forestry Association, and the Columbian University Alumni Association. Mr. Browne is equally prominent in fraternity circles, and is a member of the I 'hi Kappa Psi, Greek Letter Society, and president of the District Alumni Association of this city. His name is also t , , be be found on the rosters of the Cosmos Club, of this city, and the Lawyers' Club of New York City. On December 1. 1880, Mr. Browne married Mary 1!.. daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Jacob B. Delahay. Seven chil- dren, all of whom are living, have been born to Mr. ami Mrs. Browne — Evans, Helen, Alexander Britton, Aldis Jerome, Jesse Delahay, Arthur, and Mary Browne. Hon. Marion Butler. There are few men who have honors thrust upon them so early in life as has Marion But- ler, ex-United States Senator from North Carolina, who, by dint of hard work and perseverance, despite the innumerable vicissitudes that strew his path, has risen step by step. until to-day he has readied that enviable position when he can look back and feel with complacency thai the goal is well worth the struggle. Always endowed with an indomitable will and energy. Senator Butler ma\ justly be regarded as one of Washington's most successful attorneys, with a large clientele in both Raleigh. North Carolina, ami New York, where he has branch offices, with large and well diversified business interests, his Washington office being pleasantly located in the Bond Building. Marion Butler was born in Sampson county, North Carolina, in [863, and is a son of the late Wiley Butler. Born on a plantation at a lime when educational facilities in his native State were at their lowest ebb. his earlier education was looked after 1>\ his mother, who before her marriage was Miss Romelia Ferrell, and when he entered his first school, the Salem High School, lie was already well -rounded in geom- etry. Finishing there, he entered the Universit) of North Carolina in l88l, and graduated with the class of 1SS5 lust prior to graduation young Butler was called home 1>\ th e death of his father. This put a temporary end to his dreams of finishing a law course already begun, and he was compelled to assume the business affairs of l,js father. including farming ami a large general store. The affairs of the high school being then in a precarious condition. \| r Butler assumed the management of ibis institution ;,, connection with his other duties, in order that his six brothers and sisters mighl he afforded educational advan- tages, which otherwise they would Ik- deprived of. When Ins brother became sufficiently advanced' he turned over the 368 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. home affairs into his hands and embarked in journalism, and bought the Clinton Caucasian, a weekly paper. In its columns he openly championed the cause of the fanners and their organization known as the Farmers' Alliance, HON MARION BUTLER and by his staunch advocacj of their rights was elected to the State Senate in [896, thus talking his first step into public life. At this sessidii of the Worth Carolina State legislature the State railroad commission was strongly agi- tated, and so vigorous was Mr. Butler's prosecution of this thai he was made the chairman of the joint com- mittee from both houses. This bill was passed, became a law and still exists, and as it now exists in North Carolina ighi ,i,. rs over the tr corporations carries in port.itio,, companii s and all versing its broad acres than in any oilier Stale. In iSu_> Mr. Butler was elected president of the State organization of the Farmers' Vlliance and scnl as a delegate to the national convention, where lie was chosen vice-] of the national body, and made its president at the next venlion. Then came his election to the 1 niied tnd : ,ii ;,,-,. familiar with the aggres- tics employed by this new and youthful member, there not onl) to he heard, but to be listened atten- hi ' ntiments and convictions voiced ore fruit in all the channels in which What will ever stand as a monumei the tfortli Carolina Senator, wlin un t crm ;,, that august die rui en hill, for which he toiled, had the keen satisfaction as an experimental paltry $J thousand by thousand, until now it has reached the handsome pro- portion of $7,000,000, and since it is self-supporting Senator Butler is satisfied, and feels that his work was well done, and he expects to see mail delivered to every farmer's house in the United States. Another long-cherished hope of Senator Butler lies in the postal savings bank. This measure he introduced and bitterly contended for until it was favorably reported by the committee, and may come up at any session of Congress. His researches in this direc- tion entailed a vast amount of forethought, detail and work and he hopes yet to sec the bill become a law. It was the farmer's vote that sent Senator Butler to the Senate and it was their interests he ever had at heart while there. Since his retirement from public life Senator Butler has become identified with several large and powerful min- ing corporations, whose affairs are prospering. His time, upon which there are many demands, is divided between his home city, Raleigh, this city, and New York, and at times taking him as far away as Arizona, and sometimes to Alaska, where he is also interested. Another distinction which belongs to Senator Butler, as well as to his alma mater, the University of North Carolina, is that he is the first United States Senator, that is known of at any rate, to take a law course while in the Senate. His interrupted course, begun in 1885, was completed in 1899, when he spent three months at the University and received his de- gree. In 1894 Senator Butler married ?diss Florence liai- son, of Sampson county, North Carolina, five children having been horn to them. HON. FRANK L. CAMPBELL Hon. Frank L. Campbell, who has recently been ap- point.,! Assistant Attorney-General tor Department of the Interior, was bom in Hancock county. West Virginia, in 1843. His fathet W. Campbell, and his mother's THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 369 maiden name was Hindman. He was educated at the Paris (Pennsylvania) Academy, and at Washington and Jeffer- son College of Pennsylvania. In early life Mr. Campbell was a teacher and superintendent in the public schools in Ohio. In the early seventies, however, he gave up his work in the Buckeye State and came to Washington, where he has since resided. He entered the Government service immediately. For six years he was a legal exam- iner and reviewer in the Pension Bureau, He was trans- ferred to the office of the Secretary of the Interior twen- ty-five years ago, and has been promoted steadily since that time from one grade to another under the various heads of the Department. For two years he was in the board of pension appeals and for twenty years an assistant attorney for the Interior Department; for three years he occupied the position of Assistant Secretary of the Interior Department. Mr. Campbell is a member of the bar of the District of Columbia Supreme Court and of the Su- preme Court of the United States. He occupies the chair of federal administrative law in the National University Law School of this city. He received the degree of LL. D. from Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania-, his alma mater, on October 15, 1902, at the same time that Attorney-General Knox and Dr. Radcliffe, of the New York Avenue Church, of this city, received the same degree. In politics Mr. Campbell is a Republican. He served a short time in the civil war in the Fifty-eighth Pennsylvania Regiment of Infantry. He was present with his regiment and participated in the capture of the famous raider, John Morgan, in Ohio in August, 1863, after a chase of several days. Mr. Campbell is a member of Lafayette Lodge No. 19, F. and A. M. ; is P. H. P. of Lafayette R. A. Chapter and P. G. H. P. of the District of Columbia. He is also a member of Columbia Commandery No. 2, of Knights Tem- plar of the District. Mr. Campbell was married in 1866 in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, to Miss Mary J. Pollock, the daughter of Thomas S. and Mary Pollock. They have two children, Margaret C. (now Buell) and Edgar C. David Abbot Chambers, son of Dr. David and Mary Ann (Abbot) Chambers, was born in Zanesville, ( )hio, and received his early education in the public schools of that city. He removed with his parents to Washington in 1853. where he entered the Union Academy and subsequently Columbian University, remaining until his junior year, when he completed his college course at Marietta College, Ohio, graduating in i860, and receiving from that college the degrees of A. B. and A. M. Returning to Washington, Mr. Chambers held various Government offices until and since then he has practiced as an attorney. IF attorney for the Southern Pacific Company, the Union Pacific Railroad Company, the Pacific Mail Steamship < om- pany, and their allied railroad and steamship lines. He a trustee of the Columbian University and of the I alvar) Baptist Church; a member of the Cosmos Club Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, and of the Phi Beta Kappa, the Sigma Upha Epsilon and the Di Gamma societies. Mr. Chambers. October 26, [865, married at Zanesville, Ohio, Elizabeth I - er, daughter of John Tileston, Jr., and Keturah Benson (Keyser) Fracker. Mr. and Mrs. Chambers have three children, two sons and a daughter. The oldest son. Tileston Fracker Chambers, gradi Princeton University in the class of [890, and at the Theo- logical Seiumarv at Rochester, \\ Y., in [894, and has since then been pastor of the First Baptist Church of Sara- toga Springs. New York. Miss Man Beard Chambers, the daughter, married William Andrew Mearns, a member of the Banking House of Lewis Job of Wash- ington. David Laurance Chambers, t] n, grad- uated at Princeton University in [900. He I graduate course, and received the degree oi V M. DAVID ABBOTT CHAMBERS Hon. Charles Cleaves Cole was born in Hir; ford county. Maine, on May ^. [841. and is a son - Hammonds and Ruth Eastman Cole. He was educated in the common schools of Maine, and later 1 Academy and Maine YVesleyaii Seminary, Kcnts 11,11. Maine, and afterwards graduated from the la f Harvard University in the class of 1867. During his earlier life, he was a teacher in tl ; duation from Harvard be was admitted to at Portland, Me., and ever since that lime lias practiced ;s ion Shortl) aft. r graduating from Harvard University Mr. Cole removed 1- Wesl Virginia and there aw. His abilitj beinj nized lie was elected ttomey of Doddridge county, which position lie held during th. (87 2 in [873 be moved to Parkersburg. Wesl city solicitor ' l 875, until 37° THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. January i, 1878. In 1878 he moved to the District of Co- lumbia and established law offices here. Soon afterwards his brother, Wyman L. Cole, followed him from West Virginia and with him formed the law firm of Cole & Cole, which continued until he was appointed by President Harri- HON. CHARLES CLEAVES COLE son, I "'it, .1 States Attorne) For the District of Columbia, in which position he served from March 3, [891, until Feb- ruary 11. [893, when by the same President he was ap- pointed an associate justice of the Supreme Cour ; i of the Districl of ( blumbia. "'" Justice Cole sal as a member of this court until \ 1901, when he resigned his judicial position to tigage in the practice of law. Immediately upon his resignation from the bench he secured and has since held •■i large and lucrative clientele, and is now justl) among the very forefront of the lawyers at our bar. J ucl £ e < " lr is •' Mason, being a Sir Knight of Columbia Commandery, K. T. lie is a member of the District Bai ' Order of the Loyal Legion, and ol the Metropolitan Club. Judge Cole entered the Union arm) on :. 1862, when he was j US | twent) one yeai ol ag( '''■ ; "" 1 came out as a captain, after serving in iged in 43 en- I irmishes in the second and ■ of the Potomac, and was '■■■" a single day during this 1 in all the bal hci 13. t86 2 , ... Vppomatox, on redcricl burg, < I •■ 11 from the Wilderness bar in this Districl Fudge ' i» the trial of many of the most important cases. When he was United States Attorney for the District he prosecuted Howard Schneider for the murder of his wife and brother-in-law, which case was bit- terly fought by an array of accomplished legal talent for the defendant, but finally resulted in the conviction which was afterwards confirmed by the appellate courts, and dur- ing the time he was an associate justice he presided at the trials of many important cases. On January 11. 1887. Judge Cole married Miss Elizabeth H. Settle, of Virginia. Clarence Woods De Knight is a member of the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States, of the Court of Claims, and of the local courts, and also of the courts of the State of New York, with offices in the Kellogg Build- ing, 141 6 F street, northwest, this city. He was born at Rocky Mount, Franklin county, Virginia, September 23. [867, while his father was temporarily stationed there as a volunteer officer of the Union Army. His mother, Roselia H. Pettibone, is the daughter of the late John Pettibone, who was a sucessful business man and extensive real estate owner in the city of Washington. Mr. De Knight was edu- cated in the public schools of Washington, and attended the preparatory school and college of the Columbian University. Me received from the university law school the degrees of LL.P... LL.M., and master of patent law. and was admitted to the bar in 1892. Prior to his admission to the bar he received a thorough training in governmental affairs, both local and national, having served as private secretary to Senator Gorman, of Maryland : the late Hon. S. A. Whit- CLARENCE WOODS DE KNIGHT .field, first assistant postmaster general: and the three En- ommissioners of the District of Columbia — Colonel William Ludlow, Major Charles \\ . Raymond and Colonel Henry M. Robert — all of whom were prominent engineers THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 37i in the United States Army. He also served as secretary of the Committee on Naval Affairs of the United States Senate ; as secretary of the Unfted States Armor Factory Board, created by act of Congress ; as secretary of the Porto Rican Evacuation Commission, and was an assistant sec- etary of the Republican National Convention of 1900. When he came to the bar and entered into active practice this training, as well as his inclination, naturally led him to make a specialty in his professional career of governmental mat- ters. He is retained by many large Government contractors in their dealings with the Government, and represents large railroad, shipping and other corporate interests before Con- gress and the executive departments in Washington; and his energy, integrity and loyalty to his clients have given him an enviable position in his profession. Some years ago the late C. P. Huntington, the great railway magnate, offered Mr. De Knight a position as attorney for the South- ern Pacific Company in Oregon, but he declined the offer in order to continue his practice in Washington. Andrew Carnegie, whom he first met in 1896, wrote him in the same year as follows : " You are bound to succeed. I should bet on you." The most valuable part of the tract of land in New York city on which stands the three-million-dollar palace of Senator Clark, of Montana, was purchased through Mr. De Knight after others had failed to conduct successful negotiations. He is a member of the Phi Kappa Psi and Phi Delta Phi fraternities ; of the Knights of Pythias and the Masonic order. Charles A. Douglas. — Among the many names on the roster of practicing attorneys in Washington none stand higher than that of Charles A. Douglas, who has figured prominently in legal matters, and as a member of the faculty of the law school of Georgetown University since adopting Washington as a place of residence, in 1895. Though a South Carolinian by birth, Mr. Douglas spent much of his youth and obtained a portion of his education here, and at that time contracted a fondness for the mani- fold attractions of the nation's capital, which ultimately resulted in his forsaking his native State and permanently settling here. Mr. Douglas was born at Winnsboro, Fairfield county, South Carolina, on January 31, 1862, the son of John S. and Margaret Boyce Douglas. His early education was received in the schools of his native State, and after grad- uating from Erskine College he entered the Columbian University, this city, where he pursued the study of law. and there received his degree of LL.B. Mr. Douglas then took the bar examination and was admitted to practice in the District of Columbia before he had reached his majority. He returned, however, to Winnsboro, and there engaged in general practice in 1883. When he was twenty-four years old Mr. Douglas was elected a member of the South Carolina Legislature at the head of his ticket, and the following term was re-elected by a handsome majority. Mr. Douglas was again the choice of the people in 18SE when he was returned as elector-at-large for South Caro- lina, and cast his vote in the electoral college for Grover Cleveland. Mr. Douglas left Winnsboro in 1891 and re- moved to Columbia, South Carolina, where he actively prac- ticed his chosen profession until 1895, the date of his coming to Washington. Immediately upon his arrival here Mr. Douglas formed a law partnership with Mr. II. X. O'Bear, under the firm name of O'Bear & Douglas. Simul- taneous with this professional arrangement Mr. Douglas was elected one of the professors and lecturers in the law department of Georgetown University. He began his lectures the same year, his theme being "The I Torts," and the year following he was designated also to the chair of "Negotiable Instruments." and since that time he has discoursed upon both topics. Of this latter subject Mr. Douglas has made a deep and profound study, and now has in press a book for students on negotiable instru- ments, which will be used at Georgetown and other similar law institutions. With Senator Daniel, Mr. Douglas is now engaged in getting out the fifth edition of "Daniel on Nego- tiable Instruments." Upon the death of Mr. < ('Bear in 1897 Mr. Douglas continued to practice alone for one year, when be was joined b\ bis brother, Mr. E. Scot! Douglas. as junior member of the linn, now known as Douglas iv Douglas, occupying a suite of offici s in the Fendall Building, within the shadow of the imposing old I lourl I louse. While Mr. Douglas lias appeared for the defense in several import- ant homicide cases, nevertheles ted bis attention almost exclusivel) to civil cases, in which he has met witb marked success. Mr. Douglas was chief counsel in the celebrated Bonine case, in which Mrs. Bonine was with the murder of James Seymour Avers in the Kenmore Hotel in May, [901. Mrs. Bonine was tried in November, [0 ,oi. liu trial lasted tour weeks, attracted national at- tention, and resulted in an acquittal. In 1886 Mr. Douglas married Miss Augusta Aiken, of South Carolina, and witb their three children, two boys and a girl. Mr. and Mrs. Douglas live at 2012 Wyoming avenue. 372 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. William Henry Dennis comes of an old Rhode Island family, but was born in Philadelphia, Pa., February 21, [856. His father was Edward Griscom Dennis, who died of yellow fever in that year, and his mother's maiden name was Katharine Matthews, of that city. He has lived in Washington continuous!) since [869; was graduated A. 1'.. from Georgetown Universk) in 1874, and from its Law School in [876, in which year he was admitted to the bar. lie found time to teach himself the printing trade, did considerable writing for newspapers, and read law in the die United States Attorney. Afterwards he was deputj and acting register of wills for some years, ami is 0! a highly commended book ^n the " Probate Law imhia." lie v in practice with Col. Enoch Totten, mi- railroads, tin latter's death, in [898, and was the local I Mew York in the Supreme the United States for some years. Recently his have In en in requisition a.- a fiduciary of trust uch as (hose left b) the late Dr. J. Fred. May, lame- E. I [arvey, ami others, lie ' 1 r of the comm i . and one of the four I Inked Stales 1 by the court for thi> I )istrict. lie hington June 20, 1901. t lis wife's I ec I lughletl, tlaughli Daniel 15. Hugl Robert Golden Donaldson bom in the 1 , [875. lie is I te \\a- in this I listrict, an graduated, in the first class, from the 'Washington Business High School, and was the valedictorian of his class. In his earh life Mr. Donaldson, while attending the public schools during the day, kept the books of account for a large local business house in the evenings. After leaving the Washington Business High School, in 1892. he went into the law office of Wyman L. Cole, a brother and law partner of Hon. Charles C. Cole, who was at that time the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia, and who a little later was appointed associate justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia by President Benjamin Harrison. While in a law office during the day, Mr. Donaldson attended in the evenings the law depart- ment of Georgetown University and graduated from that institution in 1895. Shortly thereafter he was admitted to the bar in the District of Columbia, and continued his as- sociation with the office of Wyman L. Cole until the lat- ter's death, on August 7th. 1899, when he succeeded to his practice, which be has retained and very largely increased. In 1901 Mr. -Donaldson was unanimously elected presi- dent of the alumni association of the Business High School, which he assisted in organizing the previous year, and which has many novel features, unusual in alumni associations, among which is an employment bureau, which has been widely successful in keeping all graduates of the school in acceptable employment and in many instances accomplish- ing substantial advancement for them. He declined re- election, and since that time has been a member of the executive committee. Mr. Donaldson has been" one of the ROBERT GOLDE most sucessful of the younger members ^i the District bar, and now enjoys a large and lucrative practice. lie has been associated in a number of large and important mat- ters, and is nov - counsel in important cases ical courts. Me took a leading part in the proceed- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 373 ings for the extension of Sixteenth street, northwest, in- volving an expenditure of about one million dollars by the city of Washington, and which is the largest and most im- portant condemnation proceeding instituted in this District. Mr. Donaldson is a member of the Bar Association, the Washington Board of Trade, and the Business Men's Association. He is also a prominent Mason, being a mem- ber of Washington Centennial Lodge, Mount Vernon Royal Arch Chapter, and a Knight Templar in Washington Com- mandery. He is also a noble of Almas Temple, Mystic Shrine. On November 20, 1899, he married Antoinnette Collet, daughter of Eustace and Mary J. Collet the former a distinguished linguist. They have a daughter, Ruth, who is now approaching three years of age. Hon. William Wade Dudley. Outside of the high officials of the National Government, there are few men in the United States who are more widely and favorably known than is General William Wade Dudley, the lawyer, states- HON. WILLIAM WADE DUDLEY man and patriot. He served his country in the hour oi danger, and in its defense lost a limb, but he gained urn versal recognition for his bravery and intense patriotism, and the gratitude of every loyal American. As a politician General Dudley has no peer, and his administration ol go^ ernmental affairs was marked with prudence ami wisdom and justice. General Dudley was born at Weathersfiekl Bow, Windsor county, Vermont, August 27, [842. He 1: descended from early settlers of Connecticut, and he is son of the Rev. John Dudley and Abigail (Wade) Dudley. He obtained his classical education at Phillips Vcadem , at Danville, Vermont, and at Russell's Collegiate Institute, at New Haven, Connecticut, acquiring in the latter insti- tution a thorough knowledge of military tactics, lie re- moved to Richmond, Indiana, where he eng; milling business in i860. He raised the City Grays pany of that city, and soon was elected captain of that organization. His company entered the service of the United States July 5. 1861, and was mustered into the United States service with the Nineteenth Regiment of Indiana Volunteers at Camp Morton, [ndianapolis. This was the first three-year regiment from Indiana. General Dudley served throughout the war of the rebellion with marked distinction, taking part in the engagements at Lew- isville, Virginia; Rappahannock Station, Sulphur Springs, Gainesville, second I hill Run, and Soutli Mountain, Antie- tam, Fredericksburg, Fitzhugh Crossing, ChancellorsvilU-, and the Pennsylvania campaign. At ( iettysburg ( '1 ill inel 1 >ud- ley was wounded in the right leg, causing amputation. For "gallantry in action" in this engagement he was breveted brigadier general. He remained in service, doing duty as inspector and judge advocate until the close of the war. From 1866 to 1874 he was clerk oi the courts oi Wayne circuit. Indiana, and in the meantime was admitted bar at Richmond. Indiana. I te was cashier of the Richmond Savings Bank from 1875 to 1 Sj<;. when he was appointed United States marshal lor the district of Indiana, serving until 1881, when he was appointed Commissioner of Pen- sions by President Garfield. The administration office by General Dudley was marked b\ firmness of character and administrative and executive abilities of the highest order, combined with energy, promptness and decision. General Dudley resigned from this post November 10, 1884, to engage in business with Bateman & Company, and later, in 1SS7. became a member of the law firm "\ Britton & Gray, in Washington. I). (.'. lie has been a mem- ber of the bar of the Supreme Court of the United S since 1887. General Dudley always took a prominent part in politics. In the Presidential campaigns of 1880 and 1884 General Dudley took a most prominent part. In the campaign of 1888 he was treasurer of the National Republic: mittee, and took an active interest to nominate General Harrison for tin Presidencx and to elect him. Notwith- standing the many bitter attacks to which General Dudlex was always expos,.,], growing from political animosities, he always retained the highest respect and friendship of those who knew him best. From 1885 lip to the present lime General Dudle\ has been engaged in the practice of law in Washington, I'. C. First be was a partner in the law firm of Britton & Gra) : now ; ~ senior partner in the law firm of Dudley & Michener, and the patent law and claim fi rni of W. W. Dudlej S Company, Washington, which linns occupy a handsome suite of offices at 624 General Dudley is an enthusiastic Mason, being ber of the blue lodge and the chapter; is als. of all degrees; member of the Washington Commandery of the Royal Legion; and the past department commander. Department Indiana, (band Armj of the Republic. nanu- is on the lost,-,- of the Union Veteran Legion, Post N - () ,„, 1 1 ilumbia, and llv m l nion, anmand, Washington. D. C. and other so- cieties and organizations. 374 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. I Ictober 18, 1864, General Dudley married Theresa Fiske, daughter of the Rev. George F. Fiske, of Richmond. She died November u, [897, and of this union there are five children — John \\'., George F.. William Northrop, Charles Tarbell and Theresa. 1 in March 8, 1899. General Dudley married again, his second wife being Nannie Robinson Finch, daughter of John Robinson and Elizabeth Kunkle, of Maryland. There are no children of this marriage. Gen- eral Dudley has a home in Washington, D. C, at 2431 Co- Itimbia Road, northwest. Hon. Andrew Brown Duvall. There are few mu- nicipal offices, if any, accompanied with greater responsi- bility, than that of corporation counsel for a great munici- pality like the District of Columbia; the officer in some cities is called city solicitor. To discharge the duties of this highl) responsible posl in the spirit of justice, fair- HON. ANDREW BROWN DUVALL ncss and impartiality there is required nol only staunch . bul also the possession of a thorough knowledge ral and municipal law. The Districl of Columbia I be proud in having such a man occup} the posi- or|K>ration counsel in tl Vndreu Brown Duvall. who is held in the highesl esteem l>\ the members of the bar and lunch and the people of Washington. A native of Washington, D. C, where he was horn '.-cendant of Mareen I luvall, • not. who emigrated and settled in Mary- land in the middle of the seventeenth century. Mr. Duvall's 5cd iii the capital city. I le attended ill of < Columbian ( iollege, where he in 1867. After graduation he was tutor in the coll udied law in the same in which he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia and immediately entered upon the practice of law. For several years he was in partnership with the late Hon. Joseph H. Bradley, a leading member of the District bar. Mr. Duvall was for two years lecturer on equity and torts in the law department of Georgetown University, and is one of the judges of the moot court of the law department of Columbian University. He is trustee of the American University. He has served as a director and treasurer of the Bar Association, and he is one of the charter members of the alumni of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He is also a prominent member of the Metro- politan Methodist Episcopal Church, and is the president of the Methodist Home. Before his appointment to his present post he enjoyed a large and general practice in the courts, and has been engaged in his share of the important cases of public interest litigated here. Among these may be mentioned the case of Hutton against the District of Columbia, in which he succeeded in obtaining the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, opening mem- bership on the Metropolitan police force to others than those who had served in the army and navy : the compli- cated case of the United States against Captain Howgate, and the sureties on his bond, as signal officer, in which that court sustained the reopening of the officers* accounts, which had been settled by the Treasury Department; and the case of the United States against Ewing, disbursing officer of the Department of Justice, in which there was an interesting question as to a claim of credit. The Commissioners of the District of Columbia, recog- nizing the ability and integrity of Mr. Duvall. on March 15, 1899, appointed him attorney for the District. The title of the office later was changed by Congress to city solic- itor; and, again, by the District code, as amended, to that of corporation counsel, the last change being accompanied by an increase in salary. Novel and important questions constantly arise in connection with the conduct of the affairs of the municipality, and. as might be expected, many of these questions are eventually carried to the courts for adjudication. As a consequence, the corporation counsel lias a heavy court docket, which taxes the energies of him- self and his assistants. A prolific source of litigation was developed in the matter of condemnations for numerous streel extensions to acomniodate the growth of the " Greater Washington." The general scheme of Congress in all its acts for Street extensions was to charge one halt of the condemnation damages upon the property abutting the pro- posed sir, -ei extension. In a case of great public interest (Wighl el al \. Davidson, l8l U. S.. 371) the Supreme Courl of the United States, reversing the District court of sustained the constitutionality of the act of Con- the street extensions. Rarel) does a term of the I niud Slates Supreme Court pass hut that some District case, involving questions "i taxation or municipal liability, is reviewed In thai court, while in the courl of appeals there are always several such e.ises. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 375 In May, 1872, Mr. Duvall married Mary M. Walker, daughter of Mr. Charles E. Walker, of Washington, and niece of Captain Samuel H. Walker of Mexican war fame. There are six children, four daughters and two sons — Juliet Maud (Duvall), married to Dr. H. T. A. Lemon, of Wash- ington, D. C. ; Andrew B., Jr., graduate of Princeton University of the class of 1899, a practicing attorney in this city ; Louise, Mary M., Marjorie B., and Walker Mareen. Mr. Duvall occupies a comfortable residence, No. 1831 M street, northwest, while his offices are in the Colum- bian Building, on Fifth street, northwest, opposite the United States court-house. John Warnock Echols was born at Clarksville, Mer- cer county, Pa., May 13, 1849. On the paternal side he is of Scotch Presbyterian descent, from Virginia ancestors, who emigrated from Scotland to the " Province of Virginia " JOHN WARNOCK ECHOLS in 1683, and on the maternal side from Scotch-Irish Pres- byterian Elder Robert Lyle, who emigrated from the north of Ireland and settled in Northampton county. Pa., in 17.27. and whose son, Aaron Lyle. was a member of Congress from that State from 1804 to 1817. Pie attended West- minster College and Lafayette University, but did not grad- uate; was traveling salesman for wholesale drug houses in Philadelphia and New York in 1870-73, taking partial courses in pharmacy and medicine during intervals between trips; went to Augusta, Ga., in 1873. and formed the firm of Echols & Co., cotton factors and commission merchants; married December, 1874. Mary Lou, daughter of the la Hon. Joseph H. Echols, member of Confederate Congress from Eighth Congressional District of Georgia. In 1877 Mr. Echols began the study of law with General Robert Toombs at Washington, Ga. ; was admitted to Georgia bar in 1879, and bar of Supreme Court of Georgia in 1SS0. He is also a member of the bars of the United States Supreme Court, the Supreme Court and Courts of Common Pleas of Allegheny and Mercer counties, Pennsylvania, and all the courts of the District of Columbia: practiced law at Lexington, Georgia, till 1888, superintending at the same time the extensive family plantations : then, on account of change of climate required for an invalid member of his family, removed to Pittsburg, Pa., and practiced law there till 1892; then in Atlanta, Ga.', till 1896; and since in Washington, D. C. He was supreme president 1 if the American Protective Association during 1S96-97: proprie- tor of The Republic, published weekly in Washingt 1896 to 1899; member of the executive committee of the Scotch-Irish Society of America for several years, and per- sonally managed the congresses of that society which met at Pittsburg in 1890 and Atlanta in [892; secured tin- attendance of President Harrison and a portion of his Cabinet at the Pittsburg Scotch-Irish Congress, and at the President's request replied for him to the address of wel- come and resolutions of the Congress. He is six feet one and a half inches tall, an all-round athlete, fond of rowing, fox hunting and golfing: a member of the Columbia Golf Club, a Knight Templar of the Masonic body and member of the Order of the Mystic Shrine., Mr. Echols resides at Falls Church, Ya., and bis business offices are rooms 706-7 Columbian Building. Washington. Clayton E. Emig was born in York county. Pennsyl- vania, on the 4th of November, [862. lie is the youngest of ten children of Ely and Magdalena Emig. All of his brothers are engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was brought up on the old homestead farm purchased by his ancestors from the descendants of William Penn. Mis father died in 1877. He engaged in farming the homestead during the years [882 and [883. \t the age of twenty-two he entered Eastman's Business College, of Poughkeep- sie. Xew York, having attended the public schools and the Emigsville Academy in his native county. After gradu- ating at Poughkeepsie he entered ( laskell's Busim s in Xew York City, completing a special course in penman- ship, where he was afterwards employed as a teacher. In [885 '"' entered the preparatorj department of Oberlin College. 1 >hio, where after a two years' course lie entered the college department and pursued a three years' course of Study. In 1890 he entered the law department of the University of Maryland, graduating in [892. lie was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Baltimore City in the same year, and in 1893 to the bar of r of Appeals of Maryland. .Mr. Emig took up his residence in the Disl Columbia in June. [893, and was admitted to and began the activi law before the Supreme Com District of ( lolumbia, the I >i of Vppeals and the United State- Court of Claims, during the same year. In 1S04 he married Miss l.elia A. Dromgold, daughter of \\ \ \-. a prominent manufacturer, of York, 376 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. mia. In [898 he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Courl of the United States on motion of Solic- hards, in which court he appeared as coun- sel For the plaintiffs in error in the cases of George W. : al., executors, versus The United Stales. sonic College, Dayton, Rhea county. East Tennessee, which position he filled for about three and a half years, and re- signed in order to accept a position in the War Department in Washington as clerk in the Surgeon-General's office, which he secured solely by competitive civil service examina- tion. He entered Georgetown Law School a few weeks afterwards, to wit. February, 1889, and received the degrees of li. L. and Al. I., at said school. In [893 he formed a law partnership with W. Wa'ton Edwards, the firm being known as Fulton and Edwards. This firm continued until September; 1896, when the same was mutually dissolved, and .Mr. Fulton then formed a law partnership with A. E. L. Leckie, under the firm name and style of Leckie & Fulton. Mr. Fulton is a Democrat in politics, hut has never held any political office. Recently he was quite prominently men- tioned for the position of Commissioner of the District of Columbia, made vacant by the death of lion. John W. Ross. For this position he had perhaps as large, if not the largest, local endorsement of any of the candidates, which was particularly strong among the members of the bar. who perhaps knew him better than any other class of citizens in the District of Columbia. He is a member of tin.' ( Idd Fellow and Masonic fraternities, the Golden Cross. Fra- ternal Mystic Circle, and a member of the Columbia His- torical Society of the District of Columbia, lie is a past grand of both the orders of ( Kid Fellows and Golden Cross, and a member of the Grand Lodge of the Independent t Irder CLAYTON E. E^ and 1 Hivcr l , Bosbyshell versu li and the inent. Mr. and Mrs. I'.mig are ; Baptisl 1 hurch and Sundaj sc three daughters. I le is a trustei I'he United States. I lis if the District, the United lartments of the ( lovern- ve members of Calvary il, and have a family of ( 'alvary Baptist Church, large Bible class, a director of the Central Union Mission, a member of the Hoard of Trade, president of the Bloomingdale and LeDroit 1'ark Citizens' Association, a member of tin- Washington Business Men's Association, 1 of I larmom I ,odge of the Masonic - irdcr, and ted \\ orkmen, Creed McT< < ' Fulton was ho ounty, Vi i Mary ( I So irginia, being the third 'atherine Fulton. I lis Catherine Rietl. His the birthplace of this subject, and In- 1 ounty, Virginia. Mr. Creed M. \u\ academic schools of tnd completed his literary edu- rtunty, East T( < \.K. and lay, 1885. ■ ton Ma- CREED M'TEER FULTON of I Idd Fellows of the State of Tennessee. He was married June 17, 1SS0. to Miss Emma V. Walsh, of Spring Valley, Grayson county, Virginia, daughter of Rev. John and Lu- cretia M. Walsh, and has two children — son and daughter — treed Walsh Fulton and Marv Ana Fulton. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 377 John Creswell Heald. The legal profession in Wash- ington counts among its members many men whose fame for legal acumen and attainments is not restricted to the capital city, but reaches to all parts of the United States. Washington offers an exceptional!)' remunerative field for CRESWELL HEALD the' good lawyer, and once established in the confidence of the people, his way to success seems comparatively easy, one of whom is Mr. John Creswell Heald, the well-known attorney at law, and member of the firm of "Worthington, Heald and Frailey, attorneys at law." who occupy a large and handsome suite of offices in the Columbian Building, 416 Fifth street, northwest, and enjoy one of the best pay- ing general law practices in this part of the country. Mr. Heald has mastered his chosen profession in all its intricate ramifications, and he is perfectly at home in the handling of civil as well as criminal cases. Perseverance, integrity and conscientious application to the affairs of his numerous clientele have assisted Mr. Heald to build up one of the best paying law practices in the United States, and his clients are numbered among the best class of people and wealthy corporations. In civil cases it was the Holt will case, and in criminal cases it was the Howgate and Canty case which assisted in putting Mr. Heald in the front rank of his profession. John Creswell Heald, the son of Edward and Caroline (Creswell) Heald, was born in Philadelphia April 16, 1850. Pie received his education at the Newark (Del.) Academy, St. Timothy's Hall. Catonsville, Md„ and at the University of Virginia, graduating from these institutions with high honors. After having finished his educational courses he entered the study of law, and when twenty-five years of age established himself in Washington. Ever sine forum of this city his rise in bis professii unceasing, until to-day he is partner in one of ;i known and busiest law firms in this country. Mr. Heald is also prominent in social life of the capital and is a mem- ber of the Cosmos Club and Chevy Chase Club, lie has always taken a deep interest in all matters pertaining t<> the welfare of Washington and is an active member of the Board of Trade. On October 31, 1876, Mr. Heald married Emma C. Bradley, daughter of Charles and Catherine C. Bradley. From this union there are three children — Edward C, twenty-five years old; Bradley, twenty-three years "Id. and Catharine B. Heald. Mr. Heald resides at 1720 X street, northwest. Hon. L. G. Hine. — There are but few men in Wash- ington occupying a more coveted position than L. I >. Hine, president of the Moholine Composing Company, who has. since his residence in this city, dating from [862, filled many positions of trust, notably among them that trict Commissioner. In each capacity Mr. 1 line's record has been an enviable one and one of which he may justly be proud. Mr. Hine was born on a farm on April 14. [832, and was educated in public and private schools, and later in Norwalk Seminary, Baldwin University and the State and National Law School. He was the editor of the Cleveland Commercial in 1851-52. and was practicing law in Cold- water, Michigan, at the outbreak of the civil war. when he assisted in raising a company for the Northwestern Rifle steady and Regiment, and was elected its captain, but declined and was commissioned first lieutenant in the 441)1 Illinois Volunteers, and served until April, 1862. when lie resigned be | oss f voice. In Ma\ following lie came to Washington ,,,, a visit and has since continuously resided in this city. 37§ THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Early in 1863 he became a member of the firm of Fitch, I fine & Fox, and attended exclusively to the business of that firm in the Court of Claims until the autumn of [864, when he formed a partnership with ex-Governor Ford and attended principally to trials before courts martial and military commissions, until the autumn of i860, when, after six months study of tin- law and practice peculiar to the courts of the District of ( lolumbia, lie in the spring of 1807. opened a law office in this city and from that time con- tinuously practiced law in the local courts of the District until the summer of 1885. when a malignant attack of neuralgia affected his speech to such an extent that he retired From practice in 1887. From [869 until [885 he was employed in, and personally conducted one side in the trial more than one-sixth of all the civil cases that were tried in the courts of record of the District. While practicing law that seemed to be valuable in that line. A few months later Ottmar Mergcnthaler explained to him a device ap- parently more feasible than any before known, and the money was at once furnished Mergenthaler to make a model machine. This seemed practical, and in January. 1884, he organized the National Typographic Company to develop and construct the Linotype machine. In 1886 the Mergen- thaler Printing Company was organized to construct the Linotype for sale and use in North, Central and South America. Mr. Hine was annually elected president of the former company from its organization, and of the latter from March, 1889 (succeeding Whitelaw Reid), to Sep- tember, 1892. In the summer of 1890 he was elected general manager of the business of the latter company and October 1. assumed its management. During the succeeding year JE'S RESIDENCE. In- was twice elected president of the Bar Association of 1 he Dislricl of Columbia. In 1868 he was elected to the board of common council, and in 1870 to tin- board of aldermen of the City of Washington. IK- was Demo- cratic candidate for delegate t" Congress, for the District, in 1872, hui \va the polls, lie was appointed and again in December of thai year, a Commis- ■ mfirmed by the Senate, bcr, 1890, when he resigned. I lis a most enviable one, his resig- nation 1" ' throughout Washington, and widely commented upon by the press of the country. In the autumn "i 1882 Mr. I line became interested in mechanical typi nul in connection with Frank I lume sooi in all inventions the success of the machine became so completely established that the stockholders desired to enlarge its factory, and some of them to increase its capital stock. The latter only was in dispute, and it was finalK agreed to refer the qucs- 1 i. mi to Francis Lynde Stetson, of the firm of Bangs, Stet- son. Tracj & McVeigh. After an exhaustive investigation, lasting fr..m October i-( to November 6, 1801. Mr. Stetson reported on value as follows: " In consequence of my in- vestigation I am of opinion, and believe that the exclusive right of tin- use of this machine in North, South and Cen- tral America, exclusive of tin- Dominion of Canada, is worth $5,000,000, and thai the stock of this compail) if issued to thai amount, will, within a short time, have a cash value of that amount." Thereupon the Mergenthaler Linotype Company was organized with a capital stock of THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 379 $5,000,000 and the property of the two above named com- panies in that territory was transferred to it. His agency in the development of the Linotype is stated by Ottmar Mergenthaler in his Biography and History of The Linotype, published in 1899, as follows: "It will be seen by the foregoing that Mr. Hine undertook the devel- opment of Mr. Mergenthaler's plans on his own account and not in the interests of the company. It was Mr. Hine, Frank Hume and Kurtz Johnson of Washington, who, for a long time, paid for all the work done by Mr. Mergenthaler under his new plans, and the consolidation of the interests held by them in his latest invention with the interests rep- resented by his former invention did not take place until January, 1884. Mr. Hine being the owner of a controlling interest in the old system and absolute owner of the new one, had practically absolute power to consolidate, or to keep the new system as his own separate property. He concluded to do the former. In Mr. Hine the right man had been brought into the right place. He combined all the qualities essential for a leader in an embryo enterprise, being a man of sterling integrity, of commanding- and confidence-inspiring appearance, not an enthusiast, but a man of rare persistency. Liberal almost to a fault, and always ready to give due weight to the opinions of those who, by reason of their special training and talent, were better qualified to judge mechanical problems, he, better than any one before or after him, understood the require- ments of the situation and allowed the inventor that liberty of action which is so essential to success." In the interference case No. 13,523, in the United States Patent Office in 1889, Mr. Mergenthaler testified substantially to the same facts. Mr. Hine is still the presi- dent of the Monoline Composing Company, although since the spring of 1898 he has taken no active part in any busi- ness. William Goodyear Johnson, of the Washington bar. was born in the city of Washington June 8, [860. Mis father, Henry Lezziardi Johnson, was also a native of this city and was born May 21, 1824. He was educated at Georgetown College and for nearly forty years prior to his death, which occurred in 1888, was in charge of the mail equipment division of the Post Office Department. Mr. Johnson's paternal grandfather was of English descent, his father, Philip, having come to America early in the eighteenth century and settled in Maryland, where he en- gaged in farming, and where his son Henry was born December, 1797. Henry Johnson came to Washington early in the nineteenth century. He was also in the Post < Iffice Department, but retired some years before the civil war to a farm he had purchased in Fairfax county, Virginia, where he continued to reside until his death in 1874. 1 le married Angelique Lezziardi, of Turin, Province of Piedmont, ltal\ Pier father, Antoine Lezziardi. removed from Italy I" France, and subsequently served as an officer of the Twent first Regiment of Dragoons under Napoleon. Mr. Johnson's mother, Emily E. Fitz Gerald, is a native of Connecticut, and was born in New Haven. Feb- ruary 2, 1834. She is the daughter of \\illi am Pitt Nelson Fitz Gerald and Sarah A. Goodyear. Mr. Fitz Gerald was the son of John Fitz Gerald, an ensign in Colonel leaser's regiment under Burgoyne, which was cut to pieces at Saratoga in 1777. Fie came to tins country from England, during the revolution, with this regiment, whose member- had p'edged themselves not to return to England until the colonists were subdued; a pledge which Ensign Fitz Gerald kept by remaining in America, lli- son, William P. N. Fitz Gerald, by reason of poverty, acquired his edu- cation under circumstances of great hardship, bul his own unaided efforts he overcame these obstacles and himself became an educator, being at one time a pi in Amherst College. He studied law at Yale and was State's attorney in New Haven in [841. IL.LIAM GOODYEAR JOHNSON Sarah A. Goodyear, Mr. Johnson's m; mother, be'onged to the colonial side of the revolution- ary conflict, her ancestors and other kinsmen being in the colonial armies in the war for independence. the daughter of Thaddeus Goodyear, of New Haven, and Fliza Van Randst, of \,- u York, the daughter nelius Van Randst, a Dutch resident of Manhattan She was the cousin of Charles Goodyear, the inventor. and the lineal descendant 1 fifth generation) of Stephen ( roodyear, deputy governor of \Yu I [av< 1 ,143 to [658. Mr. Johnson's early education was obtained b\ private instruction at home and at Gonzaj formerly known as the Washington Seminary. He completed bis education at the Columbian \ ■ Washington, in 1880, and in l88l filtered its lav. 3 8o THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. graduating therefrom in [883, and in the following year the post graduate course, receiving the degree of LL. M. in 1884. During his course at the law school he also pursued his studies in the offices of Messrs. Hanna and [ohnston, a law firm of considerable prominence, com- posed of Mr. John I-'. Hanna, who died in 1885. and Mr. James M. Johnston, who subsequently retired from the liar to engage in the banking business as one of the firm of Riggs & Company. Mr, Johnson acknowledges invalu- able advantages from the practical experience he gained in the office of this firm during the prosecution of his studies in tlie law school. ( )n [une 4. [884, Mr. Johnson was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, and before completing his first year at the bar enjoyed the advantage of having responsible charge of important legal business and of litigation involving large interests. He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United State- in 1889, and the records of that court show that he has had his full share of important litigation before it, in which he has achieved gratifying success. In [887 he became associated professionally with the late Calderon Carlisle, which association had the advantage of bringing to him new and valuable professional experi- ence, and this association becoming closer with each year of its continuance, culminated in the formation of a part- nership in January, 1894, which continued until, through the until Mr. Carlisle, in September, 1901, it was dissolved, involving the irreparable loss of an invalu- able professional associate and an affectionate and generous friend. For more than twenty years prior to his death Mr. Carlisle had been legal adviser of the British Govern- ment at Washington through its legation and embassy, and upon the death of Mr. Carlisle, Mr. Johnson had the honor of being selected as his successor. In [89] he was chosen b tin trustees as one of the faculty of th<- law school of the Columbian University and has continued such ever since. Mr. Johnson has never held am office, nor been a candidate for anj official posi- tion, and has never engaged in any business or occupation other than the practice of the law. In [892 lie was married to Mary Anna, the daughter of the late James F. Moore ill C. Mo,. re. Having always lived in Washington. Mr. Johns,, n b. electi\ e franchise, and i.ii red from any participation in constructive poli- never been affiliated with am political party or lion. rallmadge A. I ambert, - ! " of the leading attorneys ">' Hh' V 011 of the late David Lambert • Lambert. His 1 ollege, of I tartford, lied law in New York City and was the Territory of \Vis- family, and where Tallmadge mb, r Jo. 1842. ' Mr. Lambert was educated at Georgetown University, District of Columbia, where he received his degree of A.B. in July. 1S62. being class valedictorian, after which he entered the law offices of Messrs. Merrick & Morris, the firm being composed of Richard T. Merrick and Martin F. Morris, at the same time attending lectures at the law department of the Columbian University. In the fall of 1869 he was admitted to the bar of the District of Colum- bia ami. in regular course, to the bar of the Supreme Court of the L'nited States and also the Court of Claims, and has practiced his profession continuously since. His alma mater conferred upon him, in addition, the degree of A.M., in 1871, and in 1893 the degree of LL.D. Mr. Lambert occu- pied the chair of civil law in the law department of the Georgetown University from 1893 to 1900 when, his health failing, he resigned his professorship. During his career at the bar he has been prominently identified with leading causes of the Supreme Court of the Lnited Stales. Among others, may be mentioned (because of their peculiarly local interest) : Van Riswick v. Wallach, 92 U. S. 202. arising from the confiscation act of 1862; Shoemaker v. United States, 147 U. S., 282, founded on the Rock Creek Park- condemnations and the special act of 1890; United States v. Morris et al., 174 U. S.. 191, known as the Potomac River Mats litigation which originated from the special art of August o. [886, and which involved nearly the entire river fn mi of the city. Mr. Lambert served as one of the trustees of the public schools of the district of Columbia, and has always been dceph interested in educational matters. lie was the attorney for the Great balls lee Company from 1874. and was its president from 1883 '" ' s "" ; also attorney for the Mutual Lire Insurance Compan) from t88o until [898; THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 38i the attorney and director of the Lincoln Bank of Washing- ton, and one of the organizers of the Union Savings Bank of Washington, D. C, and was one of the directors. He was furthermore one of the charter members of the Wash- ington Board of Trade and was a director until ill health forced him to resign in 1901. Mr. Lambert took part in the incorporation of the Citizens' Relief Association of the District of Columbia, and is one of the trustees, and is also a member of the National Geographic Society and a manager of the Columbia Historical Society. He was one of the organizers of the Bar Association of the District of Columbia, and is a member of the American Bar Association. In the intervals of professional work he has contributed to divers periodicals both legal and otherwise. Mr. Lambert was married, at St. Aloysius Church, in Washington, by the Reverend Charles Stonestreet, on the 27th of April, 1870, to Miss Avarilla Van Riswick, second daughter of the late John Van Riswick and his wife, Mary Van Riswick, nee Fenwick, now deceased. Three children have been born of this marriage, the eldest — Wil- ton John Lambert — is a lawyer, and is associated with his father, and two daughters, Miss Maud C. Lambert and Miss Mildred B. Lambert, who reside with their parents, at No. 1 2 19 Massachusetts avenue. Wilton J. Lambert was born in 1871; is a native of Washington, and the only son of Mr. and Mrs. Tallmadge A. Lambert. Mr. Lambert is descended on his father's side from one of the oldest families in the State of Connecticut, his ancestors having founded the town of Wilton, near Norwalk, in that State. His grandfather on his mother's side was Mr. John Van Riswick, who was one of Wash- ington's most successful business men. Mr. Lambert re- ceived his early education at Emerson Institute, this city, and graduated from Princeton in 1892. He studied law at the law department of the Georgetown University, and graduated from there in 1894. He was president of his class at the law school, and was admitted to the bar of the District of Columbia in 1894, upon which he entered into active practice with his father, the firm being at first Lam- bert & Lambert, and subsequently Lambert & Baker. In June, 1896, Mr. Lambert married Miss Bessie Gorman, daughter of Senator Arthur P. Gorman, and has two chil- dren, Miss Elizabeth and Master Arthur Gorman Lambert. Mr. Wilton J. Lambert has been very active in the prac- tice of his profession, having been identified as counsel with a number of important legal controversies, including the Rock Creek Park condemnation and assessment suits, the Potomac Flats cases, the contests between the rival electric lighting companies, and the contests over the will of Columbus Alexander, involving about $1,000,000. and of the will of George W. Utermehle. involving about $1,500,000. and many others of unusual prominence. Mr. Lambert is attorney for the Washington Base Ball Club of the Amer- ican League, and for the Standard Stone Company. He is also a director of the Business Men's Association, the L T nion Savings Bank, the Colonial Fire Insurance Company, the Cerberite Manufacturing Company, and is first vice-presi- dent of the Brightwood Citizens' Association, besides being connected with a number of other' important corporations and organizations. John Bell Larner.— It would be a difficult task to name a man who is closer identified with the progress and welfare of Washington than is John Bell Larner. the well- known attorney and counsellor at law. with offices in the Adams Building, 1335 F street, northwest, Washington, D. C. He has not restricted his efforts towards the interests of this city to one particular line, but has given his best endeavors to advance the commercial, as well as industrial, educational and charitable interests of Washington, and his high standing in the community, among all classes, is sufficient evidence of his integrity, honesty and fair- mindedness. Mr. Larner was born in Washington August 3. [858. He is the sou of the late Noble D. Larner. His rudi- mentary education was received in private schools in this city. In 1874 be attended the preparatory department of Columbia College, after which be was engaged with his father in the insurance business until the fall ■<( [876, when be entered the law office of Merrick & Morris. Before commencing the Study of law he became greatly interested in'amateur journalism, and at one time edited and pub- lished The Tribune, a monthly paper, and later The Eclectic, the latter being at first a monthly and afterward a weekly journal. In 1 S77 he entered the junior class of the law department of Columbian University and was admitted to t h e b ar ,,1 the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia in May, [879, three months before reaching his majority. In [tine of the same year be was graduated from the uni- versity with a degree of LL.B., taking a prize for an essay 3 82 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. on "The Law of Mortgages." [mmediately after his admission to the bar he commenced the practice of law, being associated with Messrs. Merrick & Morris. Upon the nendation of Mr. Merrick, he was appointed junior counsel of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad for the Dis- JOHN BELL LARNER tricl of Columbia, Mr. Merrick being the senior counsel. Alter holding this position For aboul two years his increas ing private practice compelled him to resign and open il his own. He was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United Stale- April 28, [886. B) close application to business Mr. Larner soon limit up one of the largest and most lucrative law practices in the Dis- trict of Columbia. He gave much attention to the law ite corporations, some of the largest corporations in Washington having been organized under his counsel, thers, the Washington Loan and Trust Company, the first trust compam organized in the District of Colum was also active in securing the passage of the of I >ctober 1. 1890, authorizing the incor- ipanies in the District of Columbia. >r and general counsel for the \\ ash- 1 ompany; a director in the Equitable iation; vice-president of the Glass Insurance Company; director of the politan Bank, the National Galleries of \n. ■ ' nivcrsity. lie was also lumbin National Ban! I the National Bank of the Inch he was a director, and vice- ial counsel for • and Investment I 1 In additi the general settlement of estates, in which he has had wide experience. Mr. Larner is connected with a num- ber of religious and charitable organizations, and is a prominent member of the Xew York Avenue Presbyterian Church, one of the vice-presidents of the Young Men's Christian Association, and a member of the Board of Di- rectors of the Washington Hospital for Foundlings. He was also a trustee of the Washington Public Library. Always closely identified with the business interests of Washington, Mr. Larner is an active member of the Board of Trade. He has not only been successful in his profession as a lawyer, but in the field of literature Mr. Larner is well known. He is the author of an interesting translation of Alexander Dumas' "Life of Napoleon," published in 1894. This work had never before bep'.i published in the English language. Mr. Larner possesses one of the largest private collection of valuable and rare books in this section of the country. He is a member of the London Ex-Libris Society, and his extended collection of book plates is inval- uable. Mr. Larner is also taking the deepest interest in the researches of archaeology and is an ardent member and treasurer of the Washington Society, Institute of Ameri- can Archaelogy. He is also prominently identified with the Masonic fraternity and the Columbian Historical Society. His wife before marriage was Miss Anna Parker, daughter of E. Southard Parker, president of the National Metropolitan Bank in this city. There are three children — Ruth Parker, Margaret Parker and Isabella Wilson Earner. Mr. Larner lives at 1709 Nineteenth street, northwest. A. E. L. Leckie, born in Axyshire, Scotland, in the year 1S0-, is on< of the most prominent and promising practitioners at the District bar. lie has won his way to the front rank of the legal profession in Washington bj rce of industry and intellectual ability. Starting as THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 383 a poor boy, he has struggled unaided to the top. He came to this country when a lad of twelve, with no money in his pocket and no capital to back him, save the persistence of his sturdy Scotch ancestry and the ambition and determina- tion to succeed. In Schuylkill county, Pennsylvania, where he first settled, he toiled and studied, night and day, to lay the foundation for an education in the common schools. Then, with the practice of law steadily in mind, he equipped himself in the Bloomsburg State Normal School for teach- ing, and for five years thereafter devoted himself to teach- ing in order to obtain sufficient funds with which to enter upon the study of his chosen profession. He came to Wash- ington, where he could have the benefit of and access to the finest legal library in the country, as well as the inspira- tion which proximity to the great legal minds on the su- preme bench must give, and matriculated at the law school of the Georgetown University. There he proved a brilliant scholar, and came out with the degrees of LL.B. and LL.M. He was admitted to practice in 1894, and the same quali- ties that had helped him through his earlier career brought him success almost immediately in the field to which he had consecrated the hopes and aspirations of his youth. He soon had a lucrative practice, and was recognized as one of the coming men at the District bar in both the civil and criminal branches of the law. His talent was early recognized by his legal associates, and the part he took in handling the defense of Mrs. Lola Ida Bonine, who was tried for the murder of James Seymour Ayers, Jr., as well as his connection with a number of other notable cases, not only created a demand for his services, but established his reputation as one of the most trustworthy lawyers in Washington. Benjamin Farnsworth Leighton, reckoned among the most prominent members of the Washington bar, is also a man of wide business affairs and his name figures in the directorates of several of the leading financial institutions of the city. Mr. Leighton occupies a handsome suite of offices in the Columbian building. Born in Pembroke, Washington county, Maine, on November 1, 1847, he is the son of Charles H. and Sarah J. Farnsworth Leighton. Mr. Leighton is of English descent on both the paternal and maternal side. On the paternal side he is a descendant of the English family of Leightons. The grandparents on both sides of the house were born in England and came to this country in the early years of its independence. Desirous of fitting him for a profession, his parents afforded him every opportunity for an ample education. He first attended Kent's Hill Seminary, Maine, and later entered Eastman's Business College, at Poughkeepsie, New York. For two years, 1871-2, Mr. Leighton taught in the Corinth Academy, at Corinth, Maine. Severing his connection with thai institution he came to Washington in 1873, and took a course in law at the National Law School, this city, was admitted to the bar in 1875, and immediately engaged in general practice. Ere long he had surrounded himself with a large and influential clientele. Mr. Leighton has been a director in the Columbia National Bank since 1887, and vice-president of the People's Fire Insurance Company since its organization, in which he played an important part. He has also been a director of the Columbia Title Insurance Company since its organization. In 1892 he was elected president of the Bar Association, and has been the dean of the law department of Howard University since 1881. When the American University was founded in 1893, Mr. Leighton was chosen one of its trustees. Mr. Leighton is a Republican, but because of his long residence in the District of Columbia he has never taken an active part in politics. He served with distinction in the civil war, having enlisted in January, 1864. at the age of seventeen, in Company I, First D. C. Cavalry, at Augusta, Maine. He was wounded in battle on June 29, 1864, and later taken prisoner, and confined in Libbey Prison, where he ■ARNSWORTH LEIGh was held for two months prior to his exchange in September following. Mr. Leighton is a prominent member of the Grand Army of the Republic. On August 8. 1870. Mr. Leighton married Miss Sarah Adams Foss, daughter of Cyrus King and Sarah Adams Foss. of Fairfield. Maine. Mrs. Leighton is a descendant on the maternal side of John Adams and John Quincy Adams. Presidents of the United States. Mr. and Airs. Leighton now reside at 708 Massa- chusetts avenue. Hon. Joseph K. McCammon.- Years of experience in public and professional lite, diligent application and scru- pulous fidelity t<> the interests of his large and ever in- creasing clientele, have made the Hon. Joseph Kay Mc- Cammon, our of the most widely and best known attorneys in the United Slates. His legal training began at an early age, and to his deep knowledge of the laws and skill in handling intricate cases, is due the solution of many in- 384 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. volved public questions as well as law points. General of Assistant Attorney-General of the United States, in which ,,„ has always ta ken the deepesl interest con- capacity he served until 1885. In 1881 Mr. McCammori cerning public affairs, and has held a number of highly was also appointed United States Commissioner of Rail- rcsponsible positions in the public service. Outside of his roads, and in the same year President Garfield appointed | ar&e pra , , ,[ McCammon finds time to devote him to treat with the Bannock and Shoshone Indians. himself i" scientific researches which is attested by his President Arthur in 1882 appointed Mr. McCammon to treat with the Flatheads and affiliated Indians. During the civil war Mr. McCammon was a member of a militia or- ganization in Philadelphia. He was Judge Advocate Gen- eral on the staff of General Ordway, N. G, D. C. He has written a number of books relating to well-known law cases and public affairs, among them being: Report on Indian Service. 1878; Report of Councils with Bannock and Shoshone Indians, 1881 ; Report of Councils with Flathead and other Indians, 1882; Arguments in cases affecting Pacific and other railroads, and others. Mr. McCammon is a member of the American Whig Society, Phi Kappa Sigma, a National Geographic Society, Metropolitan Club, Cosmos Club, and Chevy Chase Club, Washington, D. C. ; University Club, of Xew York; Art Club, of Philadelphia. ( >n September 22. 1870, Mr. Mc- Cammon married Catherine Ormsby McKnight of Pitts- burg, who has since died. There are three children — ( Irmsby, Abbie Bristow, and Edith Nassau. Mr. Mc- Cammon resides at 1324 Nineteenth street, northwest, and his offices are located in the Bond building. Fourteenth street and New York avenue, where he has associated with him in the practice of a general law business. James II. Hayden. Esq. membership of tin- National I ieo 1 osmos < 'lull. I fc is prominent on the roster of exclusive clubs and Philadelphia. 'Hie I Ion. Joseph K. Mc( 'ammon dclphia on ( Ictober 13, [845, being the sou of David t'bam- 1 .million and Josephine Ka) (Drummond) Mc- Cammon. The elder Met 'ammon was a prominent mer- chant of Philadelphia, and the owner of sailing and steam- moiiR the former being the celebrated clipper ship "Morning Light," built by the Cramps for him in [853. educated at several academies in Philadcl- rinceton College (now Prince- 111 which he was graduated in the ind later rec< i \l. I [e is the president of his class, and has been president of i \lumni Assi I was for \lumni Vssoci leaving I Vie. interest ■'pointed '. counsel of tin- '..dins in intimate be hid the appointment raphic Society a id the n social circles and is I this city, New Y< irk ila- William Edgar Moses was horn near Mount Sterling. Drown county, Illinois, on February 15, 1844. and is a son Creth and Anna llohhs Moses. At the age of L-ighteen years, the war of the rebellion being waged, he enlisted in Company F. [19th Regiment, Illinois Infantry. m August o. 1862, and served until September o. 1865. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 385 The three years spent in the United States service were active, he having participated in thirteen battles. On his return home, in 1865, he entered actively in business in Illi- nois, Kansas and Missouri. In 1880 Leadvillc, Colorado, seemed to offer superior inducements, and in April of that year he cast his lot in that gold camp. While there he engaged in the purchase and sale of real estate. In 1883 he embarked in the land scrip business. In April, 1885, he removed to Denver, Colorado, and prosecuted his busi- ness more vigorously. In 1899, finding that his business had increased to such large proportions, and having a large and increasing cli- entage, he established himself at Washington, D. C, (con- tinuing his Denver office) where he could the better serve his clients whose interests he represented in the Department of the Interior. Today he enjoys the reputation of being one of the most successful and reliable dealers in Government land scrip in the United States. On January 1, 1903, he incor- porated his business under the laws of Colorado, adopting the corporate name of " The W. E. Moses Land Scrip and Realty Company," with a capitalization of $100,000.00. All of the stock was quickly subscribed for, is fully paid up, and is worth par. Although Mr. Moses is president and general manager of this company, he devotes his atten- tion largely to land practice. He enjoys a large clientage extending throughout the public land States. He is essen- tially a self-made man. In politics he has always been a Republican of the purest type. He has never classed him- self as a politician, manifesting an interest in politics only when the business of the country seemed to demand the attention of all of its patriotic citizens. Secret societies have not been given much attention. In the early sixties he affiliated himself with the Masonic order. He has been an active member of the Grand Army of the Republic, being past post commander of his (Reno) post; ex -president of the Grand Army of the Republic Memorial and Benevo- lent Association, which is composed of all of the Grand Army Posts of Denver, Colo.; also ex-chief of staff, Depart- ment of Colorado and Wyoming, Grand Army of the Re- public. On November 25, 1872, he was united in wedlock with Miss Ella Oppy, daughter of Moses Oppy and Hannah Jefferson Oppy. Arthur Peter was born in Rockville, Md., on Novem- ber 16, 1873. His father, the late George Peter, was a lawyer of prominence in Maryland, and held various politi- cal positions, among which were State's Attorney, President of the State Senate, etc. Lavinia Gassaway, his mother, was a descendant of Judge Nicholas Gassaway, judge of the Superior Court of the Province of Maryland in [691. Major George Peter, U. S. A., a member of Congress from Maryland for a number of years in the early part of the last century, was a grandfather, and Robert Peter, the first mayor of Georgetown, District of Colum- 49 bia, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch. The Peter family is Scotch, and are related to the Douglasses, the Scotts and the Campbells of Scotland. Arthur Peter was educated at the Rockville Academy, Mary- land, and at the Rittenhouse Academy of this city, receiving the scholarship prize at the last-named institution. At the age of seventeen he started the study of law, and the following year entered the National University of this city. At the age of twenty he was graduated in law from that university, receiving the faculty and MacArthur gold med- als, it being announced that Mr. Peter had made 100 per centum in all examinations, a record never before or since equalled in that university. < )n his twenty-first birthday he was admitted to the bar in Maryland, and at once moved to this city and engaged in the practice of law, entering at first the office of Arthur A. Birney, Esq., at that time ARTHUR PETER district attorney for the District of Columbia. [11 1896 Mr. Birney offered Mr. Peter a partnership, which was continued for a short while, and terminated by the illness of Mr. Peter, who was compelled to retire from business for nearly a year, lie then returned to this cit) and again engaged in the practice of law, forming a partnership for a time with Hon. John J. Hemphill. In [899 he was en- gaged to deliver a omrse of lectures in testamentary law al die National University, and in [900 became a lecturer upon the same subject at the Columbian University in this city. In tool, upon tin- resignation of the late Justice Walter S. Cox. he was given the chair upon real property by the last named institution. Mr. Peter is a director in tin- Lincoln National Bank, a member of the Par Associa- tion, of the Metropolitan and Chevy Chase Clubs, of the Bachelor Cotillion, and of the order- of Masons and < Md fellows. 3 86 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. William H. Robeson was bom in Athens, Tennes- see, September 8, iKu>. He was educated ai Emory and limn College, Virginia, Easl Tennessee Wesleyan Uni- versity, Vtliens, Tenness.ee, and Vanderbilf University, ■Nashville, rennessee. Mr. Robeson was admitted to the bar Jul) i. [883; was appointed Assistant Attorney in the Department of Justice September 15, [893, in charge of the defense of Indian depredations cases, and resigned \11g11sl 15, i8< general practici tin ias been engaged in tli William Carlysle Shelley, son of James T. and Mar- tha McElwee Shelley, was born at Post Oak Springs, Roane county, East Tennessee, August 12, 1854. He was edu- cated in private schools and at Rittenhouse Academy ; was admitted to the bar at Kingston, Tennessee. December 10, 1877, and is a member of the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States. Mr. Shelley has a'ways been a Repub- lican in politics, and as such represented his native county in the legislature of Tennessee, 1878-1880. He was not in the army, except as a " refugee " to his father, who was colonel of the Fifth Regiment of East Tennessee Volunteers in the Union Army. Mr. Shelley is a thirty-second-degree Mason, and a member of the Sons of the American Revo- lution. Captain Ammi Amery Thomas. — There an few- men who are as well and as "11 in the world as is Captain Thomas. Having sponsible positions in the Government, -E SHELLEY occupied high and being affiliated with the best interests of the national capital, his influence and experience is sought by all classes of people. His knowledge of the law and distinct skill in handling difficult cases to a successful result have aided him in building up one of the most lucrative law practices in this city. He occupies a large suite of offices in the Atlantic building, 930 F street, northwest, and his large clientele is ever increasing. Captain Thomas was born in Alexander, Genesei county, New York, August 29, [844. lie was educated at Middlebury Academy, New York, and St. John's Academy, Nashotah, Wisconsin. lie studied law ill Milwaukee. Wisconsin, and was admitted to the bar in 1872. He had been previously appointed assistant United States marshal of Wisconsin, and served as such THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 38/ in 1870 and 1871. He married Elizabeth Parks, of Ocon- omowoc, Wisconsin, on August 8, 1869, and removed to Kansas in 1872, where he continued the practice of law, receiving in the same year the appointment of register of the United States Land Office, at Cawker City, and after- wards at Kirwin, continuing here until 1877, and removing the same year to Washington, D. C, where he practiced as an attorney before the departments, though confining himself principally to business connected with the general land office and the Interior Department. He prosecuted, with signal ability and success, some of the most important land contest cases that the department ever was called upon to consider, some involving vast tracts of the public domain, and others involving titles to town sites worth millions of dollars. Gradually relinquishing his practice before the General Land Office, because of the general falling oil" of business in that bureau, Captain Thomas turned his attention to such active pursuits as invited investment, and with the capital he had accumulated, he soon became a stockholder and president of the United States Electric Lighting Company ; director in the Second National Bank, the Metropolitan Railroad Company, the Brightwood Rail- way Company (of which he was the originator and Presi- dent), and other enterprises. He is a director in the Amer- ican Security and Trust Company, a director and large stockholder in the Atlantic Building Company, and one of the three projectors and -owners of the Union building, a mammoth structure on G street between Sixth and Sev- enth streets, northwest, formerly occupied by the Wash- ington City post office. Captain Thomas' military career began in June, 1862, two months after the civil war commenced, when he enlisted in Company A, Twenty-Eighth Wisconsin Infantry, being less than fifteen years of age. After a period of service in this command, he enlisted in Company A, Thirty-Ninth Wisconsin, in May, 1864. In August following he was taken prisoner and detained in confinement in Alabama until February 22, 1865, when he was paroled. Pie was finally mustered out of the service in March, 1865. Captain Thomas comes from old revolutionary fighting stock, his ancestors having been actively engaged in the revolutionary war, as we'd as in the war of 1812. His father was Amery Thomas, a prominent lawyer in the State of Xew York, his mother being Flora (Butler) Thomas. Captain Thomas occupies a handsome residence at 13 14 Twelfth street, north- west. Pie is a prominent member of the Masons ami Other fraternities and societies. Hon. John Mellen Thurston, former United States Senator from Nebraska, is one of the many who came to Washington in an official capacity, and becoming enamored of the manifold attractions and possibilities of the national capital elected to make it his home. Mr. Thurston upon his retirement from the Senate, opened a handsome suite of law offices here in the Bond Building, corner of Four teenth street and New York avenue, northwest, with a branch office at Omaha, Nebraska, and also an office as general counsel of the Yacqui Copper Company, at 170 Broadway, New York. He numbers among his clients business firms from all sections of the country of the high- est standing in the commercial and financial world, as well as public men of influence and power. He is regarded as occupying a position in the front rank of the legal fraternity in the United States. Senator Thurston was born at Montpelier, Vermont, on August 2t, 1847. His ancestors were Puritans, and their settlement in this country dates back to 1636. His grandfather, Mellen, and great grandfather, Thurston, were both soldiers in the revolutionary war. His parents, Daniel S. and Ruth (Mellen) Thurston, moved to Wisconsin in 1854. His father was a private soldier in the First Wis- consin Cavalry, and died in the service in the spring of 1803. Senator Thurston was educated in the public schools HON JOHN MELLEN THURSTON po IIW Wise >iisin, earns and manual labor, lie was admitted to the bar May 21. 1869, and in Octobet of the same year located in < Imaha, where he has since resided. In that cit) he was elected a member 1874. and a member of the Nebraska legislature in 1875. lie was a member of the Republican National Convention in 18S4. ami temporary chairman of the Republican Na- tional Convention in 1888; was president of the Republican League of the United States from 1889 1- 1891, and was selected as permanent chairman of the Republican National Convention held in St. Louis June 16, 17 and [8, 1896, which nominated Major William McKinlej of Ohio, foi President. In 1877 he became assistant attorney for the Union Pacific Railway Company, and in February, [888, was appointed general solicitor of the Union Pacific system, 3 88 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. and held that position at the time of his election to the Senate. He was the Republican caucus nominee for United States Senator in the Nebraska legislature in January, 1893, and received the entire party vote, lacking five votes of election. On January 1. 1895, he was tendered, in writ- ing, the unanimous vote of the entire Republican member- ship in the legislature, and was elected January 15, 1895, for the term commencing March 4. 1895. In 1901 Senator Thurston was appointed United States Commissioner for the St. Louis Exposition. With bis wife and four children Senator Thurston occupies a handsome home at 2132 Wyo- ming avenue, northwest. Hugh T. Taggart, son of Hugh T. and Elizabeth (Fairgreave) Taggart, was born in Baltimore County, Md., August 15, 1844. When but a child his parents removed to Georgetown, D. ('., from which place, alter a residence of a few years, they removed to the State of Georgia, locating near Dalton, where his father purchased a tract of land which was cleared and converted into a farm. While here Mr. Taggart began his education at a crossroads school, and continued it at a school in Dalton. His mother's health failing, the family returned to Maryland, where he attended the public schools in Baltimore, and graduated from the high school in 1863. While reading law in the office of John Blair Hoge, esquire, he accepted the position of clerk to the contractor who erected the building for the Depart- ment of Agriculture in this city. Afterwards he entered the law office of the late (•en. Enoch Totten, attended the lec- tures at the Columbian Law School, and was admitted to the District bar on November 5, 1869, When General Tot- ten became the attorney for the city government, in 1870, Mr. Taggart became one of his assistants. Mr. Taggart established The Washington Law Reporter, which began its existence January 13, 1874, and conducted it for several years. It is still in existence, and has become indispensable to the profession and the public of the District. On October u. i.xXi. Mr. Taggart was appointed assist- ant I nited States attorney by Colonel Corkhill, and practi- callj tin- first duty which devolved upon him as such was the preparatii £ the case of Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, for trial. In one of its aspects, the case presented was that of a mortal wound infli< ted in the District of Colum- bia and the death of the injured person in the State ol New Jersey another jurisdiction and the serious question arose whether the offense of murder was legal!) complete in either place. If it was not. the jurisdiction of the courts of the District extended no farther than to convict merely for the assault there committed. This question was wideh discussed in the newspapers 1>\ lawyei throughout the country. Mr. prepared the Government's briefs for the argument upon it in the trial court, and in the appellate court after ( luiteau's com iction of murder. Bj the ;,, 1 oi < ingress entitled " \n act t.i provide for protei tiiij! the interests ol the I nited states in the Potomac River flats in tin- District of Columbia." it was 1 dut) ol the Utome) General to institute in the supreme court of the District of Columbia a mil against all persons and 1 or] tions who ma) have, 01 pretend 1- have, an) right, Nile, claim, or interest in an) part of the land or water in the I 'istrict of Columbia known as the Potomac Hats. ( >n mmendation of A. S. Worthin ton, esquire, then United States district attorney, the Utorne) General on De- cember 1-,. t886, appointed Mr. Paggart as a special assist- ant to the district attorney to take charge of the suit which was instituted under this act. The questions of law and fact which arose were numerous and intricate, and the magnitude of the interests involved made the case the most important one that had ever been heard or decided in the courts of the District. Among the defendants with extensive interests were the heirs of James Marshall and those of his brother, the late Chief Justice John Marshall; of Henry Harford, the last pro- prietary of the province of Maryland: the heirs and grantees of John J,. Kidwell; the descendants of Robert Peter, an original proprietor of lands in the city, and others. The de- fendants were represented by leading members of the bars of the District of Columbia. Maryland, and Virginia. The de- cision of the court below was in favor of the Government on all points in controversy, and this decision was affirmed b) the Supreme Court of the United States. In the condemnation proceedings for the acquisition of certain tracts of land for Rock Creek Park claims were set up by some of the defendants that the value of their lands HUGH T. TAGGART was greatl) increased b) the existence of mines of gold upon them Mr. Taggart was associated in the case, and to him was assigned the dut) of meeting the pretension. 'Phis he did successfully, demonstrating that under the charter of Lord Baltimore and the patents issued b) him as Lord Pro prietar) title to mines of -old and silver in patented lands did 11, .t pass to the grantees, but to tin- State -1 Maryland, and. in turn. In its cession ot the District, to the I nited States. 1 pon the conclusion of the above-mentioned specially assigned duties. Mr. Taggart ag; b • meof the regular assistants of tin- district attorney, a position he still holds. having charge of the grand jury business and the prepara tioil of indictments. In [877 Mr. Taggarl married Miss Annie M. Jackson. ,! ol Lie hard 1. Jackson, of Fairfax County, \ a. Ten children have been bom of the marriage, all of whom are living. Mr. Taggart's home is in that part of the city which was lormcrh known as Georg< THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Josiah [VI. Vale. — Occupying a spacious suite of of- fices in the Bond Building, Mr. J. M. Vale, attorney at law, enjoys a large and lucrative practice, and is a prominent member of the Washington bar. A Pennsylvanian by birth, but, like many others, appreciating the opportunities of- fered to young men of energy and brains in Washington, he settled here early in life and has since made it his home. Mr. Vale is a son of Elisha and Edith Griffith Vale, and was born in York, Pennsylvania, on February 16, 1843. After passing through the common schools of his native town, he entered White Hall Academy, and after complet- ing a course in that most estimable institution, he took his degree of law at the Columbian University, this city, and was at once admitted to the bar. Mr. Vale practiced law both here and in Iowa, and has the distinction of being the first citizen of the United States to be admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands. Mr. Vale entered public life here for awhile, and was chief of a division in the United States Treasury, ending his career as an officeholder at the beginning of President Cleveland's first term. Mr. Vale was a Union man in his sympathies, and received a commission as second lieutenant in Company F, 47th Iowa Infantry. He is a life member and past master in the Columbia Lodge, No. 3, Free and Accepted Masons, of the District of Columbia; a life member of Columbia Commandery, No. 2, Knights Templar, and a member of the Loyal Legion. Hon. Willis Van Devanter.— The volume, variety and importance of the United States law business requires not only sterling integrity and high professional learning, but also superior industry and executive capacity in those who are chiefly charged with its control and disposition. Among these is Willis A< r an Devanter, Assistant Attorney General for the Interior Department, one of the most difficult sta- tions in the public service. Born at Marion, Indiana. April *7> I 8S9, Judge Van Devanter received his education in the public schools, Indiana Asbury (now De Pauw) Uni- versity, and the Law School of the Cincinnati College. He began the practice of his profession in his native town in 1 88 1, and three years later located at Cheyenne, Wyoming, where he has been city attorney, member of territorial leg- islature, commissioner to revise Wyoming's statute law, chief justice of the supreme court (appointed by President Harrison during territorial government and elected by peo- ple at first State election), chairman of State Republican committee, delegate to national Republican convention and member of national Republican committee. He was ap- pointed to his present position by President Mckinley March 23, 1897, and his splendid work in it has both sustained the confidence and esteem in which he is held in the Western country and won for him the commendation of Presidents McKinley and Roosevelt, and Secretaries of the Interior Bliss and Hitchcock, in whose adminis- trations he has served. Judge Van Devanter has come into closer contact with Washingtonians and Washington institutions than is usual for those whose residence in the capital is temporary and official. He frequently participates in the conduct and argument of important government cases in the courts of the District of Columbia and in the Supreme Court of the United States, and is a member of the law faculty of Co- lumbian University, being professor of equity jurisprudence and of equity pleading and practice. With a clear percep- IS VAN DEVANTEF tion and resourceful mind he uni aptitude fur hard work. These a new country ever presenting n have made him a strong man ai enviable attainments and reputati lie experience m :ms i" be solved essful lawyer of 39° THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Landon Cabell Williamson.— No name stands higher at the Washington bar than that of Landon Cabell William- son, who has been an active practitioner before the Dis- trict tribunals since 1874. A Virginian by birth and a member of one of the oldest and proudest families of the DON CABELL WILLIAMSON (ild Dominion State, Mr. Williamson was born at Char- lottesville, nn October 12, 1853. I lis parents are Samuel I), and .Marion Rodford Preston Williamson. His early education was received at his home from a private tutor. until be entered the National University, and received his degree in law. Immediately thereafter Mr. Williamson was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the Dis- trict of Columbia, and later before the United States Su- preme Court. In politics Mr. Williamson is a Republican, lml due to his protracted residence in tbe District of Colum- bia (having lived here since (869), lie has taken no active par! in politico, nor has he held political office. Mr. Williamson has ever been active in church affairs. When united in marriage with Miss Almeria Shipherd Van \ Ink. daughter of William and Elizabeth Van Vleck, of WW York on March 3, t88o, Mr. Williamson was a member oi Ik- First Presbyterian Church. Since thai, however, he ha- been on,- .,1 1 In most active members of the Assembly's Presbyterian Church, of which he is an elder. Twice he was made superintendent of its Sabbath School, and Mill instinct- a large Bible class there. For four years Mr. Williamson was president of the local Young Men's ( hristian \ ociation, and is still one of its directors. In Masonic circles Mr. Williamson has always taken a foremost pari. Me first entered the Washington Centennial Lodge, No. ij. and for three years was its worshipful master, and, with others, founded the 1 Isiris Lodge No. 26, in which he still retains membership. Other societies with which Mr. Williamson 1- connected ma\ be mentioned: -LaFayettc Royal Arch Chapter No. 5, of which he was at one time high priest; Orient Commandery, Knights Templar, No. 5, and as a thirty-third degree Mason belongs to the A. A. Scottish Rite for the southern jurisdiction of the United States. He is also a member of the Order of the Eastern Star, was the first Patron of Naomi Chapter, No. 3. and first Grand Patron of the Grand Chapter, O. E. S.. District of Columbia, as well as the Most Worthy Grand Patron of the General Grand Chapter of the 0. E. S. Mr. William- son is one of the incorporators and directors of the Eastern Star Home and for four years was president of the Masonic Relief Association of the United States and Canada. Mr. and Airs. Williamson have no children. Jesse Henry Wilson, the son of John Henry and Marcelina V. Wilson, was born at Georgetown. District of Columbia, on January 3, 1855. He entered the college of Columbian University, graduating therefrom in the year 1874, and in 187(1 from the law school of the same in- stitution. He 1 to 1876. Since the practice, of numerous client: himself. Mr. Wilson has served several terms as a director of the Ear Association, and is at present one of the examiners of candidates for admission to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, lie was from September 30. 1893, to the reorganization of the present Hoard of Educa tutor at the university from 1872 Mr. Wilson has devoted himself to ) the satisfaction and profit of his with a laree measure of success to JESSE HENRY WILSON lion. June 6, 1900, a member of the hoard of trustees of the public school-, being for most of this period chairman of the committee on ways and means and of the high and norma! schools committee. It was during Mr. Wilson's term of office that the line Western High School building THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 39i on Thirty-fifth street was erected, in which project he had a large part, and the departure from the stereotyped style of school architecture inaugurated by this building was in a large measure due to his efforts. He is a trustee of the Peabody Library, a member of the Columbia Historical Society, a member of the board of directors of the Potomac Insurance Company, and a trustee of the Dumbarton Street Methodist Episcopal Church, one of the oldest churches of that denomination in this country. Mr. Wilson's father has the unique distinction of having been the leader of the choir of this church in Georgetown for the past fifty-five years. Mr. Wilson has represented for the past twenty-five years as attorney or counselor most of the financial insti- tutions of Georgetown. He is an expert real estate lawyer and a sound counselor. He was married December 19, 1877, to Lizzie Woodward, daughter of George Thomas Wood- ward and Rebecca Woodward, and has had five children — Jesse Henry Wilson, Jr., Guy Woodward Wilson (died in June, 1901), Irving Thomas Wilson, Ralph Octavius Wilson and Elizabeth Wilson. Nathaniel Wilson, the son of Charles G. Wilson and Harriet Abbot Wilson, was born August 9, 1836, in Zanes- ville, Ohio. Pie received his early education in the public schools of that city, after which he entered Shurtliff College, Illinois, whence he was graduated with high honors. He moved to Washing-ton over forty years ago and was ad- mitted to the bar of the District of Columbia in 1861. Since that time he has been steadily engaged in the general practice of law, and has been of counsel in many of the most important cases tried in the District. PATENT ATTORNEYS. JAMES LAWSON NORRIS James Lawson Norris. A Washingtonian by birth and education, with the exception of a few years spent at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., James L. Norris, now one of the foremost patent attorneys at the national capital, has devoted the best years of his life to the advancement and improvement of his home city, and by his tireless energy and steadfast principles has attained a high place among the best representatives of Washington's citizens. Descended from an old and distinguished family both on his paternal and maternal sides, Mr. Norris was born on October 15, 1845. His grandfather, Barnett T. Norris, who was born in St. Mary's county, Md.. moved about 1790 to the vicin- ity of Waterford, Loudoun county, Va. After settling on a farm he married Miss Barbara Ordner, of Frederick county, Md. Sixteen children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Norris, one of whom died in infancy, and the survivors, with the exception of two, who lost their lives in their country's service, one at the battle of Craney Island, in the war of 1812, and the other in the Mexican war, were in the course of years scattered in different parts of the country. Of this large family John Edmund Norris, father of the sub- ject of this sketch, a lawyer of distinction and a€I}ity, and a politician of much prominence, was born on October 23. 1816, and was educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Penn- sylvania, where he married Eliza Tidings Phillips, daughter of John Phillips, who was early connected with Dickinson College after it came into the hands of the Methodists. James Lawson Norris is the fourth child of this union. - After attending Everett Institute, then a noted school of Washington, presided over by Professor E. W. Parley, he received a collegiate education at Dickinson College. While there he read law with Judge Graham, a well-known jurist of Carlisle, and subsequently with his father, John Edmund Norris. During his college life Mr. Norris became a mem- ber of the Belles-Letters Society and of Zeta Chapter, Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, and upon his return to Washington, with- several others, founded (he Alpha Chapter of that fraternity at Columbian College, in the District of Columbia. After leaving college Mr. Norris entered the United States Patent Office, serving on the examining corps in the classes of mechanical engineering and philosophical instruments, under Chief Examiners Albin Schoepf and William I'.. Tay- lor. In 1869 Mr. Norris resigned his office and entered upon the practice of his chosen profession, establishing offices at the northeast corner of F and Seventh streets. I lu~ efforts were so crowned with success that ten years later he purchased the proper!) on the northwesl corner of F and Fifth streets and circled thereon the office building now- bearing his name. Mr. Norris, as his father was before him in politics, is a staunch Democrat, lie has always worked 392 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. with great energy for the success of his party in all cam- paigns, National, State and Congressional, and has held many posts of honor in the councils of his party. Upon his father's death,, in 1887, who for many years had been presi- dent of the Jackson Democratic Association of the District of Columbia, next to Tammany the oldest political organ- ization in the United States, Mr. Norris was unanimously elected to this position, and has been re-elected each suc- ceeding year, holding that office at the present time. Mr. Norris has held many positions of honor and trust in the councils of his party. From 1888 to 1892 he was advisory committee of the Democratic National Committee for the District of Columbia. In 1892 he was elected a dele- gate from the District of Columbia to the Democratic Na- tional Convention at Chicago, and served as national com- NORRIS BUILDING. mitlccman from the District I'n.m [892 to [896. In the latter year he was appointed assistant treasurer of the Demo- cratic Committee, and two years later, upon the death ol lion. William P. St. John, was made treasurer. For many years he has been the treasurer of the Demo- mgressional Committee, and also served as the rep resentative of the District of Columbia on that committee. In October, 1889, Mr. Norris was designated and recom mended by the Democratic Central Committee of the Dis tricl ol Columbia to be Democratic National Committee man, and was imanimoush seated by the Democratic Na- tional < lommittee, February 22. [900, whereupon he resigned the treasurership of thai committee, ii being the unwritten law that a member of the committee could not b< urer. April to, moo. the primaries were held in the Dis- trict of Columbia to select 66 delegates and 66 alternates for the city convention to select six delegates to the Kansas City Convention. Out of this number Mr. Norris received 56 delegates and 56 alternates, three delegates and three al- ternates, elected on an independent ticket, afterwards throw- ing their votes to Mr. Xorris. The Norris delegation carried the city, 20 legislative districts out of 22. His plurality was 5,926 out of some 14,000 votes cast. Mr. Norris, aside from his large and growing profes- sional duties, is interested in many corporations and business enterprises. In 1898 Mr. Norris was elected president of The Oak Hill Cemetery Company, having been a director and trustee from about 1890, he being elected president on the death of its president. Mr. Matthew W. Gait. In 1898 Mr. Norris was elected director of the United States Elec- tric Lighting Company of the Dis- trict of Columbia, and later made its president. He has been a mem- ber of the Board of Trade of the District of Columbia from about the date of its formation. On may 22. 1899. the board of directors of the Washington Board of Trade passed a resolution requesting the Commis- sioners of the District of Columbia to name one hundred citizens to serve as a reception committee to Admiral Dewey, and of the one hun- dred Mr. Xorris was a member. Mr. Xorris. with five other members, re- ceived the President. Mr. McKinley. and Admiral Dewey at the Capitol: also received President McKinley's entire Cabinet and conducted them to the -rami stand, east front of the Capitol, where the sword was deliv- ered. Mr. Xorris was a member and vice-president of the Schley Home Fund, and in the centennial of the location of the seat of Gov- ernment at Washington he was a member of the committee, and with Dther members escorted the Diplomatic Corps into the House of Representatives where addresses were delivered b) Sena- tors Daniels, McComas and others. Cor years Mr. Norris was a director of the National Bank of the Republic, and later was elected a director and vice president of the National Bank of Washington, which position he now hold-, as well as those of director and vice- president of the Franklin Insurance Company and director and vice-president ol the Mutual Protection Fire Insurance 1 ompany. I lis name has long been identified with the chari- table institutions of this city, he being at the present time a trustee of the Children's Hospital, a member of the board of visitors of the Providence Hospital, and a member of the executive committee of the American Colonization Society. In movements denoting a public spirit Mr. Xorris is equally THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 393 prominent. In 1897 he was appointed a member of the Na- tional Pure Food Drug- Congress, appointed by the Commis- sioners of the District of Columbia. In November, 1898, he was selected as a member of 200 citizens of, the District, des- ignated by the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, to receive the District regiment on its return from Cuba, and escorted President McKinley to the stand in Convention Hall, where the returned soldiers were received and ad- dressed by President McKinley. In 1891 he was selected by the Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Co- lumbia as one of three commissioners to appraise lands con- demned by the Government for the formation of the Na- tional Rock Creek Park. This commission, of which Mr. Norris was chairman, determined the value of nearly 2,000 acres of land, an area nearly one-third the territory of the District of Columbia, under the titles of more than one hun- dred claimants. The awards of the commission, despite some contests, were approved by the Supreme Court of the District. Property owners and the public were satisfied with the equitable spirit of the board, and there was a gen- eral sense of relief when title to the park was finallv vested in the Government. Mr. Norris is too well known, both nationally and locally, to need encomiums here, but suffice it to state that he is a rock-ribbed Democrat of the Jackson school, a fearless fighter, a most pronounced party man, one of the solid men of Washington, and at the head of a prosperous patent busi- ness. Pie was a member of the inaugural executive commit- tee at the first inauguration of President Cleveland, in 1885, and in 1892-1893 he was chairman of the inaugural com- mittee having in charge the second induction into office of Mr. Cleveland. Pie also served as a member of the inau- gural executive committee at both inaugurations of Presi- dent McKinley. He accompanied Mr. Bryan through a por- tion of his tours in the eastern and western sections of the country during the campaigns of 1896 and 1900. In 1S67 Mr. Norris married Miss Annie Virginia Robin- son, daughter of Col. Israel Robinson, of Martinsburg, West Virginia, who served during the civil war at the head of the Sixty-ninth Virginia Regiment. At the death of the distinguished Confederate, in 1863, he was buried from the capital at Richmond, Virginia, being a member of the lower house at the time. The married life of James L. Norris was most happy, but it was sadly terminated on January 12, 1895, by the death of Mrs. Norris. ( )f the seven children who blessed the union, five survive. Edith Norris married the Rev. P. Parker Phillips, rector of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church, of Alexandria, Virginia, and Grace James Norris became the wife of Arthur Pue Gorman, Jr., son of the distinguished Maryland Senator. Emma Virginia, James Lawson, a member of the bar of the District of Columbia, and Rastus Ransom Norris, the younger children, are still under their father's vine and fig tree. Mr. Norris lives at 331 C street, northwest. There he seldom allows business to intrude, and he enjoys the com- panionship of his children and his many friends to the fullest extent. Sturtevant and Greeley, attorneys and counselors in patent and trade-mark causes, Atlantic Building, Washing- ton, D. C. Foremost among the patent attorneys in this city is the firm of Sturtevant & Greeley, consisting of Charles Lyon Sturtevant and Arthur Philip Greeley, both men of marked ability and sterling integrity. With a lucrative prac- tice as a patent attorney established by Mr. Sturtevant, and with years of experience" gained by Mr. Greeley as a high of- ficial in the Patent Office, this firm is ably and fully equipped to most successfully conduct the affairs of its large and ever increasing clientele. Charles Lyon Sturtevant, the senior member of the firm, is a Washingtonian by birth, and a son of parents who came to Washington in the early sixties, and received his entire education in Washington. He is a son of Albert L. and Susan A. Sturtevant of Springfield, Mass.. his mother's CHARLES LYON STURTEN maiden name being Kinslcx original settlers of the sub Sturtevant was graduated fi- ll is father was one of the rb of Mount Pleasant. Mr. n the high school in the class of 1SS1. In 1885 he took his degree of I'.. S. at the Columbian University, and later entered the Law School where he took his degree of LL.B. and LL.M. in 1888 and 1889, respectively. After admittance t<> the District bar he engaged in general patent practice, opening his own office in [89) and practicing alone until Mr. A. P. Greeley, former Assistant Commissioner of Patents, became associated with him. Mr. Sturtevant is also a member of the bar of the Supreme Court of tin' United States. On February 14, 1893, Mr. Sturtevant married Miss Bessie Dillon; three children, Allien Dillon. Ruth Howard, and William North Sturtevant, being born to them. Mr. Sturtevant is a member of the prominent clubs, and his name is to be found on tlu- roster of the Cosmos, the Chevy 50 394 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON Chase, the Columbia Golf Club of this city and the Reform Club of New York. He is also a member of the May- flower Association and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the Anthropological Society, and the Board of Trade, and Historical Society of this city. Other orders that claim him as a member are the B. B. French Lodge, F. A. A. M. ; Hiram Chapter, Washington No. i, Com- mandery; Almas Temple, Mystic Shrine; Phi Kappa I 'si college fraternity, and Phi Delta Phi legal fraternity. ARTHUR PHILIP GREELEY Arthur Philip Greeley, the junior member of the (inn, was born in Meihneii, Massachusetts, and is the son of ihe Rev. Edward II. and Louise M. (Ware) Greeley, the former a direct descendant of Andrew Greeley, who settled m America in t68o, and was one of the original settlers and proprietors of Salisbury, Massachusetts.. Mr. Greek) was educated at the Concord High School, from which he graduated with high honors in (876, From thence he entered Dartmouth College, where in the class of [883 he took his degree of A.B. In [886 he received his degree of LL.B. from the Columbian University, and that oi II VI, in the District < ourts, and subsequently was admitted to practice before 1 he Supreme Courl of t le United States. In |NN| Mr. ( ir •eley began his career i 1 the Patent < >f- lice in the capac t) of assistant examine 1 le was made principal examin , ,,, 1891, and examine - in chief in [895 b) 1 'resident tie eland. Me was appoint? d Assistant I om missioner of Pi tents in 1897 b) Pr< sident McKinley. That his appoin mi hi was virtually a r< ward of merit is substantiated by the fad thai the promi tion was entire!) unsolicited upon his part, the Senate confirming the ap- pointment witho 11 so much as ing voice. From [891 to [893 M . Greele) v\ .'is a membc r of the commit- tee which arranged the patent exhibit at the World's Fair, Chicago, and later on that which served in the same capacity for the exhibit at Atlanta, Georgia. The late Presi- dent McKinley commissioned Mr. Greeley to revise the patent and trade-mark laws under an Act of Congress passed June 4, 1898. In April, 1900, Mr. Greeley resigned his post in the Patent Office and the partnership with Mr. Sturtevant was then formed. Fond of outdoor sports. Mr. Greeley is a member of several clubs, among them the University, New York, and the Cosmos of this city, and is also prominently identified with the B. B. French Lodge. F. A. A. M. : Lafayette Chapter R. A. M., and Columbia Commander)'. Knights Templar, and Psi Upsilon college fraternity. < In November 16, 1892, Mr. Greeley married Miss Helene H. M. Herzog, daughter of Charles and Hildegarde Herzog. < If this union two sons, Arthur E., and Philip PI. Greeley, were born. William George Henderson, by his untiring efforts and unceasing energy has built up a large and lucrative practice in patent and trade-mark cases in both the District of Columbia and before the United States Circuit Courts throughout the States where litigation is in progress. Mr. Henderson occupies a bright and attractive suite of offices WILLIAM GEORGE HENDERSON at 501 I' street, northwest. William G. Henderson is a son of William and Sarah J, (Faucett) Henderson, of Bal- timore, Md., and was horn in Washington city, 1 Ictober 15. 1852. lie received his education in various private schools, including the preparator) school to Columbian College. Receiving an appointment as clerk in the office of the in- spector of building materials for the ITreasur) Department's extension, he remained there until he secured .1 better appointment in the Agricultural Department, leaving this I THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 395 in 1868 to accept a clerkship in the United States Patent Office, where he was for a number of years a member of the examining corps, until 1874, when he resigned. At this time he received his degree of bachelor of law from Columbian College Law School, graduating with the class of 1874, and was admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. For two years after be- ginning the general practice of law Mr. Henderson had his office in connection with the offices of the late Walter D. Davidge. Subsequently he concluded to make a specialty of patent cases before the federal courts. On the motion of Mr. Davidge Mr. Henderson was admitted to the bar of the United States Supreme Court on May 10, 1880. Mr. Henderson is also identified with many interests outside the pale of his practice, among them the Washington Board of Trade, of which he is a director, and chairman of its committee on streets and avenues. He was the first president of the North Capitol and Eckington Citizens Asso- ciation which was organized in 1896. He has served in this capacity with the exception of two terms, and is still its president. Mr. Henderson is a member of the Masonic fraternity and is a past master of The New Jerusalem Lodge, No. 9, F. A. A. M., and past grand master of Masons of the District of Columbia. He belongs to Columbia Royal Arch, Chapter No. 1, and Washington Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar. Mr. Henderson married Miss Kate S. Nicholls, of Blackshear, Georgia, whose father John C. Nicholls, represented the first Georgia District in Congress for two terms. Four children of this union are still living : Namee Clopton, wife of Mr. Ralph H. Bowles, professor of English in the Phillips- Exeter Academy, of Exeter, New Hampshire; Sara, Louise Adelaide, and Shirley Dee Hen- derson. Mr. Henderson, with his family, occupies a hand- some home at Eckington. Wilkinson and Fisher.— One of Washington's best known and prominent patent law firms is that of Wilkinson & Fisher, with large and well-equipped offices in the Atlantic Building, 930 F street, northwest. The firm is composed of Ernest Wilkinson and Samuel T. Fisher, which member- ship was formed in 1897. Ernest Wilkinson, the senior member of the firm, was born on his father's plantation in Plaquemines Par- ish, Louisiana, in 1859, and was graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in 1880. He served in the United States Navy, after graduation, for ten years, during that time making a cruise to the Arctic, in search of the Jeannette, and later a cruise on the North Atlantic Station, followed by a trip around the world. Mr. Wilkinson also served while in the Navy, lor two years on the scientific staff of the Smithsonian Institu- tion, and for two years as an instructor at the United States Naval Academy. He studied law while in the naval service, was admitted to the bar and resigned his commission in July, 1890, having in the meantime spent some months in the law offices of Charles S. Whitman, the eminent patent lawyer and author on patent law, and was immediately taken into partnership by Mr. Whitman, and remained a member of the firm of Whitman & Wilkinson until the death of the senior member of that firm in 1896. In 1897 he formed a partnership with Samuel T. Fisher, then Assistant Com- missioner of Patents, who resigned from that post to enter the firm of Wilkinson & Fisher. Mr. Wilkinson has con- fined his attention almost entirely to patent law and has made a specialty of matters pertaining to ordnance and war material generally. Fie has been employed in many impor- tant patent causes relating to ordnance, notably the suit of Sir William Armstrong, Whitworth & Company, of Lon- don, England, versus Admiral O'Neil, Chief of Ordnance, and others, in which he was employed by the Attorney General of the United States to defend the Government officials who were being sued. He was also employed in die suit of the Howell Torpedo Company against the E. W. ERNEST WILKINSON the American ( Irdnance Company and (inn and Ammunition Company; and the Hotchkiss Company <> the hyphenated name has been frequentlj dropped, unless used separately. Mr. Prevosl i- the youngest child of Andrew \ the Columbia Golf Club, lie married Miss Nellie S. Salmon, of ibis city, in iSmj. and resides at 1717 Willard Place. Ernest Wilder Bradford. Foremosl among Wash- ington's patent lawyers is Emesl Wilder Bradford, with offices in the Washington Loan and Trusl Company's build- in-, at tin cornel oi Ninth and F streets, northwest, lie enjoys a large and lucrative practice, having Keen success fully associated with many large and intricate cases in litigation. Few men who have risen to the prominence at- tained h\ Mr. Bradford can with truth say, as he can. that their success is due entirely and alone to their own efforts. Mr. Bradford is a sou of Charles Gamaliel Bradford, and was born al Mattawamkeag, Penobscot county, Maine, THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 399 on May 23, 1862. Five years later both parents died and the orphan boy was taken to live with relatives. His early education was received in the district country schools of Winslow, and at Oak Grove Seminary, a Friends' prepara- tory school at Vosselboro, Maine. When seventeen years Lernest wilderi. Bradford: 3 old Mr. Bradford left the home of his relative and started out in the world to carve a name for himself. By working at farming and teaching school during vacation time he acquired sufficient means to secure his degree from Oak Grove. He then went to Indianapolis, Ind., and while clerk- ing in a law office took a course in law at the Central Law School of Indiana, graduating in April, 1882, and was at once admitted to practice in the State supreme and United States circuit courts. In 1893 he was admitted to the United States Supreme Court bar. For several years prior to this date he was a member of the law firm of C. & E. W. Bradford in Indianapolis. In the fall of 1893 Mr- Bradford came to Washington and opened offices, and has been unusually successful ever since. An ardent and active Republican, casting his first vote for James G. Blaine and every successive Republican Presidential nominee, Mr. Bradford has never held a public office of any kind. He is an active Odd Fellow and a past officer of Beacon Lodge No. 15, Fred. D. Stuart Encampment No. 7. (anion Washintgon No. 1, P. M., is now going through the chairs of the Grand Lodge I. O. O. F., of the District of Columbia, and is at present commissary-general on the general staff of the commander-in-chief of the Patriarchs Militant branch, 1. O. O. F. for the world, with the rank of brigadier-general. Mr. Bradford is unmarried. Edward Gregory Siggers.— Tuesday, May r. 1899, was the day on which Edward Gregory Siggers, the well- known patent attorney of this city, started out to practice in his own name, after years, of experience in assisting others, — years in which he learned every minute detail of the patent business. To-day Mr. Siggers occupies a prom- inent position in the front rank of patent attorneys. That he has been able to build up so large a business in such phenominally short time, and yet to keep its various branches so specialized that the interests of each individual client receives the same attention and care they received when the office was not so extensive, is possible only through Mr. Siggers' ceaseless attention to detail and his tireless energy and application. Mr. Siggers is a Virginian by birth, son of George Siggers and Mary E. (Gregory) Siggers. He was born in Alexandria, Ya., on February, 14, 1864. At the age of four his parents moved to Washington, where young Sig- gers received his education in the public schools. At the age of sixteen he left school and accepted a place in the office of a prominent patent attorney, where he stayed until October, 1882, after which he engaged with another firm of patent lawyers, always learning that which would be of benefit to his future career. On February 14. 1885. when Mr. Siggers was twenty-one years old, he was taken in as a member of this firm and until May 1, 1899. the firm remained as then constituted. During the years 1887-88-89 he took a course in law at the National University, and EDWARD GREGORYHSIGGERS: was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the Dis- trict of Columbia in June, [889, In June, 1896, In- received the degree of Piaster of patent laws from the Columbian University of Washington, P. C. Mr. Siggers occupies most advantageous offices in the National Union Building, 4oo THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 918 F strict, northwest. He is within one minute's walk of the Patent Office, and the building in which his office is located is one of the finest in the city. At present Air. Siggers has an office force of eighteen employes, and his offices occupy seven rooms on the third floor of the National Union Building. I lis Patent Office force comprises three specification writers, two examiners, five typewriters and stenographers, and three draftsmen. In addition to the management of the patent business, Mr. Siggers conducts the Inventive Age, a scientific journal devoted to the patent business, and furnishes weekly correspondence to over 3,500 newspapers scattered throughout the United States and Canada. Although taking- an active interest in all matters pertaining to public affairs, Mr. Siggers has never held nr solicited a public office. His entire time and efforts are devoted to his ever-increasing business. He is a Mason in ii- various degrees, a Knight Templar and a member <>f tlie ( irdcr of the Golden Cross. On August 10,1888, Mr. Signers married Miss Myrtle Stalnaker, and from this union there are three children — Paul V., Philip E., and Mary P. Mr. Siggers' family residence is at 306 F street, northwest. ARMY AND NAVY CLUB. Tf CHAPTER XXVI. REPRESENTATIVE MEN. ALEB CLAPP WILLARD.— One of the most striking examples of the self-made man in Washington is Caleb Clapp Willard, now one of its wealthiest citizens and one who has toiled unceasingly for more than half a cen- tury to reach the enviable position he now occupies. Reaching Washington when but a lad of fifteen years, and, after re- ceiving an education, he was launched into the hotel business at Old Point Com- l fort, Va., and there and in other places he gained an experience which stood him in good stead when he entered the hotel field of Washington as proprietor of the Ebbitt House at Fourteenth and F streets, which hostelry has for years been one of Washington's most exclusive and popular hotels, as well as the acknowledged headquarters for Army and Navy officers, who are pro- verbial as seeking the good things of life. While Mr. Willard's fortune is a large one, and he is said to pay more taxes than any individual in the District of Columbia, not excepting the late W. W. Corcoran, yet with it all he is a modest, unostentatious man, living in an unpretentious home, where the late Mr, Kingman, whose writings over the nom cle plume of "Ion," were familiar to all, lived for so many years. In this house, at the corner of Four- teenth and P streets, Mr. Willard with his family now lives. Mr. Willard is quite as unostentatious in his charities as in the mode of his living, and few who appeal to him for help, if- worthy, are turned away empty handed. Descended from an old distinguished New England family, Caleb Clapp Willard was born on August 10, 1834, in Westminster, Vermont. His parents were Joseph and Susan Dorr Clapp Willard, both of Vermont. On his father's side he is a direct descendant of Simon Willard, builder of Pjimker Hill Monument, while his maternal an- cestry is quite as illustrious. His maternal grandmother, Nancy Dorr, was a direct descendant of Ehenezer Dorr, who accompanied Paul Revere on the night of his memor- able ride from Old South Church, Boston, to sound the war alarm. When ten years old Mr. Willard went to live with Judge Baxter at Bellows Falls, A^ermont, where he attended school, at the same time working in a store. A year later, he went to Wisconsin to be with his uncles. In those clays there were no railroads and the trip was made by canal from Troy to Buffalo, thence by steamer to Milwaukee, Chicago at that time not being deemed a place of sufficient importance for the steamers to stop at. Remaining there but a year Mr. Willard returned to New England and thence to Washington to join his brothers, Henry A. and Joseph C. Willard. then the proprietors of Willard's Hotel. This was in 1849 a °d after attending the Washington Seminary, now Gonzaga College, Mr. Willard received his first insight into the hotel business, which ifte CALEB CLAPP WILLARD ; proved to be the nucleus of his fortune. When he reached the age of nineteen his brothers put him in charge of the old I lygcia lintel at 1 )ld Bunt Comfort, Vir- ginia, which at that time had ;i capacity for one thousand guests, and was the only summer hotel south of New York, the Messrs. Willard having purchased it from Reynolds & Mehaffy. Yellow fever became an epidemic in Norfolk. Virginia, a few years later, or in [855, and the house was closed. Shortly afterwards it was purchased by the Hon. Joseph Segar. .Mr. Willard then decided to trj hi- for- 4-02 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. tunes in the West, and drifted to Chicago, where he became connected with the Tremont House, then owned by Gage Brother & Drake, with whom he remained one year, going on to Prairie Du Chein, Wisconsin, to engage in the com- mission business with his brother-in-law, George M. Dick- inson. Phil Armour, the late millionaire, was a regular customer of this house and visited it weekly to purchase grain and hides. A year later Mr. Willard came back to Washington on account of the illness of his brother Joseph. It was at this time that he purchased one-half interest of Mr. Segar in the Hygeia Hotel and had the exclusive man- agement of it until 1862, when the Government ordered the hotel to be torn down. The privilege of superintending for six months' rations for 10,000 troops. He returned on a transport with 1,000 three months' men from Vermont under General Phelps of the United States Army. This regiment was composed of the best young men from the ( rreen .Mountain State, and was camped in tents where the present Xew York Post Office now stands. Upon his return to Fort Monroe, Mr. Willard was appointed com- missary storekeeper, and ordered to receive the stores from New York, and had under his charge one hundred Bos- ton stevedores, each man measuring more than six feet. After attending to this commission Mr. Willard resigned. His hotel destroyed, he hardly knew which way to turn, and went to Xew York and became half owner of the EBBITT MOUSE. this destruction, however, was granted Mr. Willard, one hundred soldiers and fort) carpenters being placed at his disposal. The ground was cleared off in two weeks. The furniture, consisting of eleven hundred suites, and all the lumber was taken to Camp Hamilton, two miles distant. For this destruction Hon. Joseph Segar and C. C. Willard put in a claim, but up to this date have received no compen sat ion. Later Messrs. Segar and Willard were allowed 1 small hotel nu the dock which formed the nucleus of the present new large Hygeia, now being removi d b the order of tin- United States I iovernment. At the outbreak of the civil war Mr. Willard was sent to Xew York for the Government to take the firsl order Girard Hotel with the late Milford Smith of the Grand Hotel, Broadway, There he remained hut a few months, finding that business again called him to Fort Monroe. Before the destruction of the old Hygeia Hotel the Cnv ernmenl reserved three fourths of it for hospital purposes^ requesting Mr. Willard to keep the other part for the accommodation of officers and exchanged prisoners from both North and South, who were placed in his custodyj ( If these, by means of his universal kindness and 1 Mr. Willard made many friends, some of whom are living at the present time. Mr. Willard is among the few sur- vivors who witnessed the memorable battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac. In 1864 Mr. Willard came THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 4°3 to Washington and purchased the Ebbitt House, and built it up to what it now is, which, up to fifteen years ago, was equal to any hotel in the country, and can show upon its registers more prominent names than any hotel in the city. Mr. Willard made the Ebbitt a home for army and navy officers, and during the time Congress made no appropria- tion for their pay he invited the officers to be his guests. This offer was duly accepted and highly appre- ciated, and made him many life-long friends, among them General Sher- man, who always spoke of Mr. Wil- lard's success with personal enthusi- asm, saying, ' he made a fortune and there was not a dirty shilling in it. " Mr. Willard was a personal friend and ardent admirer of President Mc- Kinle} r . One of his most cherished possessions is a photograph where both were taken together, showing a striking facial resemblance between the two. Mr. McKinley was a guest at the Ebbitt for fourteen years, and went from there to the White House. Mr. Willard was tendered the Com- missionership of the District of Co- lumbia by Mr. McKinley, as well as many other important offices of trust, but these he invariably de- clined, preferring a life of retirement to an official one. In the develop- ment of F street Mr. Willard was the pioneer, and was the first to con- struct large office buildings in that section, notabl}^ among them the Adams Building, a large, double iron structure, still one of the finest in the city. His confidence in this locality was so great that, at low prices, he secured the frontage on F street, from Thirteenth to Four- teenth streets, on which are now located the Ebbitt House and Geo- logical Survey Building, his modesty preventing him from ever putting up his own name over any of his buildings. In 1889, after conducting the Ebbitt House for twenty-live years, Mr. Willard leased it to a syndicate and retired from business. He reserves a handsome office in the Adams building, where his time is fully occupied in looking after the many details connected with the management: of his large estate. Of the many large office buildings in Washington and especiallv of those on F street, none stand on more historic ground than the Adams building, the line six-story iron office structure owned by C. C. Willard. It was orig- inally a stately and roomy edifice, which was occupied by John Quincy Adams about 1X20. and from which he went to the White House after he had been elected President in 1825. While .Mr. Adams was Secretarj of State, Mrs. Adams gave the most brilliant receptions of the period in this old mansion, and it is stated that the most beautiful women and the most distinguished men always graced the receptions of Mrs. Adams. To this building Mr. and Mrs. 4 o 4 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON Adams returned after his presidential term had expired. The property has only changed title once from the Adams estate. In 1884 it was conveyed to L. M. Hubby, of Cleve- land, ( >hio, and a year later to Mr. Willard, its present owner. Mr. Willard has completely remodeled the old structure, about the only thing left standing being the old wall in the room where Mr. Adams used to sit in his chair and gaze from his window at the Capitol, for there were no buildings at that time to obstruct the line of vision. The new Adams building is a fine lofty edifice built of iron and made as nearly fireproof as possible. It has fourteen distinct brick fireproof vaults. It is seven stories high and most of the walls have four-foot foundations and arc twenty-two inches in thickness from the ground up. Every care was taken to make the building solid and sub- stantial and only the best material was employed in its construction. Another of the many handsome properties owned by Mr. Willard may be mentioned the J looe iron building, almost adjoining the Ebbitt House, on the south side of F street. This building is occupied by the Geological Survey Bureau of the United States Government. Its size and proportions at once strike the eye as the structure looms above the buildings on each side, rivalling in height tin- Ebbitt House. It was completed at an estimated cost of more than $250,000, including the price of the land on which il stands. It is seven stories high, 159 feet deep, with a frontage of 75 feet. The first story is divided into three large and well appointed stores, with a large hall running through the center of the structure. The building is thoroughl) fireproof and is an ornament to Washington. Levi Zeigler Leiter was born November 22, 1834. in the town of Leitersburg, Washington county, Mary- land, founded by his ancestor. Jacob Leiter, a Dutch Calvinist, who sailed from Rotterdam, Holland, in 1760. His parents, |oseph and Ann Zeigler Leiter. were both ol" the same faith. This faith was carefully instilled into the mind of the so,,. Joseph Leiter was able to give his so,, a careful education in tin- schools of the town founded by his ancestors, but was powerless to re- strain — even if he bad desired to— the spirit of enter- prise, backed by sound judgment, that determined the son early in life to si els in the larger and more promising fields of the then Ear West an outlet for bis energies, which the small town nestling among the foothills of the Blue Ridge gave no promise of affording. At the age of eighteen young Leiter settled in Springfield. ( >hio. Here be entered the employment of Peter Murray, a prominent merchant, where be remained one year. This time sufficed to convince him 1l1.it the arteries of commerce would inevitably con- verge where nature had provided cheap and effective water transportation and where tin- facilities for collecting and distributing tin- produce of that vast region known as the Mississippi Valley, if not at hand, would by the force of natural causes be created. It is this faith in the future greatness of Chicago which in 1854 determined Mr. Leiter to settle there and which, since that time, has prominently connected his name with nearly every effort to advance the commercial, industrial, political, moral and intellectual de- velopment of the western metropolis. In a community famous for the number of its public-spirited citizens the name of L. Z. Leiter will always retain an honored place in the front ranks of those who have " deserved well of the State'" — few equalling it and none surpassing it. Mr. Leiter 's commercial career in Chicago began by employment in the house of Downs & Van Wyck, and sub- sequently that of Cooley, Wadsworth & Co. It was not yen- long, however, before he was able to do business on his own account. Together with Marshall Field, who had been, -EVI ZEIGLER LEITER like himself, connected with Cooley, Wadsworth & Co.. he purchased an interest in the business of Potter Palmer. Under the name of Field, Palmer & Leiter the new firm did business for two years, at the end of which period a reorganization, under the name of Field, Leiter & Co.. w.i, effected Hie exercise of ran- intelligence, based upon the soundest business principles, rapidly increased the pres- tige of the linn until it attained a position and standing which can justl) be said to have left it in its own chosen field without a rival in the country. On January 1, 1881, .Mr. Leiter, bavin- large real estate and other interests, and desiring freedom from the daily duties of an exacting busi- ness, sold bis interest to his partners, thus enabling him to devote more of his time to his family, to travel, and to his choice library, which contains, among other treasures, one THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 405 of the best private collections of " Americana " in the United States. Since 1883, Mr. Leiter has maintained a residence in Washington, D. C, where he remains during the winter months with his family. In the rebuilding of Chicago, since the fire of 1871, Mr. Leiter has proved himself to be one of the most pro- gressive and energetic of its citizens. He has erected many handsome office and store blocks in the business dis- trict. For many years he was director of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society, and gave much time and patient study to the wise distribution of charity ; and not only in this enterprise, but in all intelligently directed charities he has been an indefatigable worker and liberal contributor. a moving spirit. His means and his business sagacity have been enlisted in many worthy enterprises. He was the first president of the Commercial Club, and is now a lead- ing member of the Chicago, the Calumet, the Washington Park, the Metropolitan, the Cosmos and the Union League Clubs. He took an interest in reorganizing the Chicago Historical Society after the great fire, and contributed liber- ally to its building fund, for the purchase of books, and for the payment of the debt which had for a long time ham- pered the operations of the society. He was also in 1885 president of the Chicago Art Institute. For many years, in fact ever since its organization, Mr. Leiter has been a heavy stockholder in The Illinois Trust and Savings P.ank. ■s RESIDENCE The American Sunday School Union has always been one of his favored instrumentalities for doing good. With a keen insight into the springs which govern human action he has never courted popularity, but has preferred, at all times, in speech and action, to do his whole duty to the community in which he lived, as he saw it, and without reference to the applause it might bring him. For that reason he has never sought or held public office, though he has ever been a diligent student of politics and a singu- larly clear minded commentator of current events. In- all that goes to advance the social and educational, no less than the business interests of Chicago, Mr. Leiter has been ( in ( Ictober in, [866, he was married to Mar) Theresa, daughter of Benjamin Carver, a descendant of the family of John Carver, first governor of Plymouth Colony. They have four children — Joseph, actively interested in assist- ing his father in his business affairs; -Mary Victoria, who was married to the Right Honorable George Curzon, now Lord Curzon of Kedleston, Viceroy of India; Nancy Lath- rop Carver, and .Marguerite Hyde. In addition to his house in Washington, he has residences in Chicago; " Lin- den Lodge." on Lake Geneva, Wis.: "Walton House," a small fishing preserve, also on Lake Geneva, and "Big Red," a ranch in Wyoming. 406 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. George Westing ho use. — Although Washington counts an unusual number of famous men among its residents, it is probable that none of them are so widely known through- out the world as George Westinghouse, for wherever the railway has gone, his great invention of the air-brake has made traveling safe and swift, and his name is familiar to the dweller in Siberia and South Africa, as well as in Europe and America. Mr. Westinghouse is not a native of Washington, hav- ing been born at Central Bridge, Schoharie county. New York, in October, 1846. His life has been romantic enough in his mature years, but it lacks that touch of romance common to so many of our rich men. of having been a poor boy. His father was a manufacturer before him, so that his mechanical genius comes to him naturally. Al- though only a boy during the civil war, his large stature ig wl /ESTINGHOUSE enabled him to gratify his desire to fight for the I he lia-, trie unique rro.nl of bavin- served in the and cavalry of the army, and. For the last year ol as an enngineer officer in the nav\ fighting was over. Alter a short stay at Union ( Allege I which has honored itself, since he became famous, by conferring a degree on him) he began active business life in the exploitation of a railroad switch which he had invented. This brought him in touch with railroad problems, of which the most im- portant was the discovery of an efficient power brake. While studying the problem the successful use of compressed air in the construction of the Mont Cenis tunnel was made public. He alone grasped the hint. His mind had already formulated the mechanism. Here was the power — com- pressed air. Thus, in 1868, he invented the air brake, which is undoubtedly the greatest advance ilroacling since Stephenson's use of forced draft in the Rocket. We cannot go into the story of the introduction of the brake and of its improvement, but it is to be noted that Mr. Westing- house has always studied to improve it, and his later in- ventions of the " triple-valve " and quick-action brake are almost as epoch-making as that of the air-brake itself. It is not exaggerating to say that these inventions have made modern, high-speed railroading possible and safe. Mr. Westinghouse is not only a mechanical genius and inventor, but a skillful executive and financier. As soon as he had the brake well developed, he organized a factory for its manufacture, which has grown to the great works at Wil- merding, Pennsylvania, one of the most remarkable exam- ples of highly specialized and efficient manufacturing in the world. It is worth noting, in this connection, that in his air-brake works, as far back as the 70's, Mr. Westinghouse introduced the Saturday half-holiday and the 54-hour week, a practice followed in all his later works. Applying the experience gained in the use of com- pressed air with the brake to his old work with switches led to the pneumatic switch and signal, now so common. and this line of industry has developed into another of his works, the Union Switch and Signal Company. With the the use of electricity to operate the valves in the pneumatic system he was brought to study this comparatively new agent, and out of this has grown the greatest of his com- panies, the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Com- pany. One of the qualities for which Mr. Westinghouse is noted among those who know him best is his remarkable foresight. Twenty years ago he seems to have foreseen the tremendous possibilities of electrical development and even the line along which they would proceed. Nearly all other workers in the electrical field were developing direct current, but he saw that the transmission losses would keep this form within narrow limits. Alternating current would take care of tlie transmission, but a means must be provided for readily changing the high pressure needed for trans- mission to the low pressure needed for application. 1 he ( laniard and Gibbs transformer patents offered a solution; these he bought, and started the electric company, t hie more thing was needed for complete success — a simple and reliable motor. This was supplied h\ Tcsla. who was hacked by Mr. Westinghouse while working it out. The story of the tight to introduce alternating current, which was carried on by .Mr. Westinghouse single handed against incredible opposition, is as fascinating as a romance, but space limits forbid going into details. We may only mention the light ing of the Chicago Fair and the great Niagara plant as among his earliest triumphs. He has the satisfaction now of seeing his ideas approved by the whole electrical industry, and what was ;l feeble infant grown to a giant. The great dynamos for the elevated and under-round toads in Xew York, ami for the underground road in London are among his latest triumphs. Besides the work thus far described, Mr. Westinghouse lias taken a foremost part in the de- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 407 velopment of the gas engine and the steam turbine, which are built by the Westinghouse Machine Company. He was also the moving spirit in the exploitation of natural gas in the Pittsburg district, his special merit coming from work- ing out its piping over long distances, which was at first thought impossible. Works for the manufacture of the air-brake have long been established in England, France and Germany, followed by electric works in France, and more recently by the great works of the British Westinghouse Electric and Manufac- turing Company, at Manchester, England, which in the first year of operation are employing about five thousand men. plished what he has done, and even now he works harder than any of his lieutenants. The Westinghouses have for a number of years occu- pied the Blaine house, on Dupont Circle, in the winter (they purchased it a few years ago), making their summer home at Lenox, Massachusetts, where they have one of the most beautiful estates. They have also their fine old home in Pittsburg, where it was among the first of the large houses in what is now the residential district. His numerous business cares do not leave Mr. Westinghouse much time for social enjoyment in Washington, although he has entertained many distinguished guests, including MR. WESTINGHOUSE'S RESIDENCE. In all. Mr. Westinghouse is president of nearly a score of companies employing about thirty thousand people, and representing a capital of nearly one hundred millions of dollars. With all this wonderful achievement to his credit, the man himself is modest and unassuming. Indeed, owing to his great dislike of anything like personal advertising, and his absolute refusal until very recently to let his por- trait be published, only those who had met him personally know his appearance. He is a man of very attractive per- sonality and charm of manner, and of large and vigorous physique. It is obvious that only a man of tremendous capacity for work and splendid health could have accom- Lord Kelvin, the nestor of science. Mrs. Westinghouse, in all of her beautiful homes, is the ideal hostess, gracious and charming, and possessed of that rare tact which, without apparent effort, makes ever) guesl feel thoroughly at home and draws out his best efforts towards the general enter- tainment, assured of a sympathetic audience. She is oni of the most generous contributors to the Associated Chari- ties, a patron of music, and deservedlj beloved for her bene factions. In May of 1899 Mrs. Westinghouse gave a grand reception to the Society of .Mechanical Engineers, of which Mr. Westinghouse is an honorary member, which is said to have been the finest reception ever given in a private 408 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. residence in Washington. They have one son, George Westinghouse, Jr., who is now a student at Yale. Mr. Westinghouse has been decorated with a number of foreign orders, including the Legion of Honor, the Royal Crown of Italy, and the Order of Leopold of Belgium. He is also one of the two living honorary members of the American Assosciation for the Advancement of Science. Washing- ton may well be proud to count among its distinguished residents this man who has done so much for industrial development, and who, by the invention and perfection of the air-brake, is justly entitled to a high place among the benefactors nf the race. Noble D. Larner. — Occupying an exalted position in local matters, insurance and Masonic circles, Noble D. Lar- ner, a Washingtonian by birth and residence, spent a life fraught with usefulness and distinction. The son of Michael NOBLE D. LARNEF and Christiana Larner, he was burn on January 9, 1830. lie was "in- nf the organizers of the National Union Fire lii-m, in.,' Compan} in [865, and was elected its first sec- retary, which position he held continuously to the time of In death, on March 19, [903. Asa Mason .Mr. Larner held ever) important position within the gift nf the subordinate and grand lodges, and at the time nf his death was past grand master, past grand high priest and past grand com- mander nf the District "f 1 :ohnnbia, and past general grand high priest vA the United States, His earlj education was received at the District private Schools, after which he entered the printing establishment of his grandfather, Jacob Gideon, and there learned the "art preservative nf arts." In April. [861, Mr. Lamer answered President Lincoln's first call for troops for ninety- days' service and served until the expiration nf bis term of enlistment. Some time after Mr. Larner bad been dis- charged from the army he was drafted to serve for three years under a call by the President. Sometime after this, he, in connection with others, formed what was known as the Third Ward Draft Club, its object being to secure money to purchase substitutes for those citizens of the third ward that might be drafted. In this effort the club was so successful as to procure substitutes enough to re- lieve all that were drafted in that ward except the last two who were sent to the army. Some time afterwards President Lincoln decided that he would place in the army a substitute to the credit of the District of Columbia, and communicated his desire to the provost marshal general of the District, with the request that he select the gentleman who should fulfill his wishes. The provost marshal general sent for Mr. Larner, stated to him the President's wishes and placed the matter in his hands. After considerable trouble, substitutes being scarce, he succeeded in getting one. He was sworn in, dressed in uniform, taken to the White House and introduced to the President, who spoke verv pleasantlv to him as to the duties of a soldier. Presi- dent Lincoln subsequently sent Mr. Larner a check on Riggs Bank in this city in payment of the price he had paid for the substitute. At another period during the year 1864 or 1865 the city council of Washington received notice that a dele- gation of the Baltimore, Maryland, city council intended to make a visit to Washington. The council of Washing- ton appointed a committee, of which Mr. Larner was chair- man, to receive and escort them to the places of interest in the city. After visiting various places they expressed the desire to visit the President. After entering the President's office and being introduced to him. he was informed that the visitors desired to sing him a song or two. The Presi- dent said he would be glad to hear them. They then formed a circle around him and sang several patriotic songs, much to the pleasure of the President. During the singing they used a tine American flag which they waved around his head. After they bad concluded their singing and the President had thanked them for the pleasure they had given him they repaired to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station in return home. After they had gotten upon the train they called Mr. Larner to then) and presented him with the Hag they bad waived around the President's bead. That flag is still in the possession nf Mr. Lanier's family and very highly prized by them. In December, [860, be received an appointment to a clerkship in the Interim- Department, where be remained until 1865, resigning In accept the .secretaryship nf the National Union lire Insurance Company, "i Washington, which position be held till death. Mr. Larner was equally prominent in the District's public affairs, and as a mem- ber "i 11- city council be left a most enviable record. He became a member nf the council in June. [863, serving until rune, 1865, and was chairman ^( the committee on improvements throughout his incumbency and was vice- presidenl ^\ that bod) for one year. While a member nf the council Mr. Larner introduced many important measures, among them the bill to arch the old canal; to THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 409 sewer the old Slash Run, on L street, northwest, and to arch the sewer which ran from what is now Florida avenue down Eighth street, northwest. The measures were de- feated at the time because of the great cost involved, but were subsequently introduced and adopted by the Board of Public Works. Mr. Larner took an active part in the passage of the act establishing a paid fire department in the District. He also introduced and had passed the bill in both branches of the council for the establishment of the paid fire alarm telegraph system. Another important bill introduced at his instance was that providing for the re- moval of ashes from residences. This bill was not passed, because of lack of funds, but the District government his since adopted the regulation. Mr. Larner always took an active interest in politics, and was Democratic in his sym- pathies. On the 19th of October, 1863, Mr. Larner became a Master Mason of B. B. French Lodge ; the following De- cember a charter member of Lafayette Lodge, No. 19, and on the 31st of December he was elected secretary; in 1864 senior warden, and worshipful master in December, 1865 and 1866, serving as such two years. November 6, 1866, he was elected grand secretary of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia, and served for five years, and was grand master in 1881 and 1882. He became a member of Mount Vernon Royal Arch Chapter No. 20, then under the registry of Maryland and District of Columbia Grand Chapter. In 1867 he united with others in the formation of the Grand Chapter of the District of Columbia. On June 1, 1867. he became high priest of the new chapter, Lafay- ette No. 5, and served as such two and a half years. He became grand secretary at the time of the organization of the Grand Chapter, serving until November, 1872, when he was elected deputy grand high priest, and served one year. He was also chairman of the committee on cor- respondence of the Grand Chapter for many years. In November, 1873, Mr. Larner was elected grand high priest. At Nashville, Tennesee, in 1874, he was elected general grand captain of the Host of the General Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the United States, and general grand scribe of the same order at Buffalo, August 24, 1877: general grand king- at Detroit, Michigan, in 1880: deputy general grand high priest at Denver. Colorado, in 1883, and general grand high priest in Washington, District of Columbia, in 1886. He first attended a convocation of the General Grand Chapter held in St. Louis, Missouri, in [868, and has been present at every convocation held by that body since that time. He received the order of knighthood in Co- lumbia Commandery, No. 2, of Washington, !). C, in May, 1866, and affiliated with De Molay Mounted Commandery, No. 4, February 16, 1872, and was elected eminent com- mander from the floor, December, 1877. Upon the organ- ization of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar in this city, Mr. Larner was elected its first grand commander, • which office he held for one term, during which the duty of organizing and placing the Grand Commandery in proper working order devolved upon him. which duty was per- formed to the entire satisfaction of the members of the Grand Commandery. In cryptic masonry he united in the movement made in Washington in organizing a council of Royal and Select Masons, in 1870. In the following year (1871) he was elected thrice puissant grand master, and in 1878 he received the degrees of the Ancient Scottish Rite up to and including the thirty-second degree. On January 31, 1887, Mr. Larner assisted in the formation of the Washington Masonic Veteran Association, and refused to accept the office of president at that time. Subsequently, on February 22, 1893, he was elected president of the asso- ciation and has continued to hold that office. On February 22, 1901, he was elected president of the District of Colum- bia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, and on February 22, 1902, he was re-elected. During his incumbency it was more successful in the number of new members enrolled than at any previous time, and in 1902 Mr. Larner was elected vice-president of the National Congress of the Sons of American Revolution. On November 25, 185 1, Mr. Larner married Miss Ann Margaret Keller, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. ( )f this union four sons were born — Philip F. Larner, now secre- tary of the National Union Fire Insurance Company of Washington, and John B. Larner, a member of the Wash- ington bar; Harry Day Larner, who died in infancy, and Charles N. Larner, who died on October 30. 1895. in the thirty-fourth year of his age, at that time being assistant secretary of the National Union fire Insurance Company of Washington City. Mr. Larner died suddenly on the 19th day of March. 1903, at a meeting in the lecture room of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church, after presenting his report as treasurer of the board of trustees of that church, having been a trustee of the church for nearly twenty years. Me was buried with high .Masonic honors from the church on March 23. 1903, and his remains were interred at the Con- gressional Cemetery in Washington. Henry Augustus Willard.— Prominent in Washing- ton's history for more than titty years has been Mr. Henry A. Willard. who although in his eighty-first year is still active and robust, with an alert and keen mind, and who daily dispenses the duties connected with the management of his affairs and the many interests in which he is directly or indirectly connected. Mr. Willard since his residence in Washington, has taken a foremost place in its affairs. He is a self made man. There are few of the city's large financial institutions that Mr. Willard is not identified with at the present time, as he has been in the past. His name 52 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. is synonymous with the rapid growth and prosperity of Washing-ton, many of which changes and improvements lie was mainly instrumental in bringing about. Henry Augustus Willard is a son of Joseph and Susan Dorr (Clapp) Willard, and a great-grandson of Joseph Dorr, one of the "Tea Party" who destroyed the tea in Boston harbor in the revolutionary times. He was born at Westminster, Vermont, on May 14. 1822. His education was acquired at the common schools of his -native town and at the academy at Walpole, Xew Hampshire. The early years of his manhood were spent in a life of useful- ness and energy, so much so, in fact, that his fame as a purveyor to the public's taste preceded him to Washington, and upon the receipt of an urgent request from Benjamin ( )gle Tayloe, Mr. Willard came to Washington and assumed the management of the old City Hotel, which occupied the propei Hotel. 1853, Willai I aylo Willa his bi of 1 - HENRY AUGUSTUS WILLARD he now magnificent Willard Hotel, which prior to ie had not been a pecuniary success. From that the hotel prospered and flourished until its reputa- o\v international. In a short while after his assump- he management of the hotel Mr. Willard leased the • and changed the name to that of " Willard's A little more than live years thereafter, thai is. in c and his brother .1. C. Willard, purchased the Hotel property of the late Hon. Benjamin Ogle He first i—k his eldest brother, the late I dwin her, the late Joseph C. W illard, became a pan- he business. In [858 they purchased the adjoin pert) and erected a large addition on the corner ■teenth ; nd F streets, northwest. The\ continued to conduct the hotel under the firm name of J. C. & H. A. Willard until 1861, when they leased the hotel to Sykes, Chadwick & Co., and subsequently to other parties. In 1892 H. A. Willard sold his half interest to his brother, the late Joseph C. Willard. In 1867 he organized the National Savings Bank, now the National Safe Deposit, Savings and Trust Company, and was its president for several years. For a number of years he was vice-presi- dent of the National Metropolitan Bank, resigning in 1897. He was appointed by President Grant a member of the board of public works, serving with the late Alexander R. Shep- herd, and on the latter's being appointed Governor of the District of Columbia, he was elected to succeed him as the vice-president of the Board of Public Works. He held this office until the change to the present form of municipal government was made by Congress. He was also appointed by President Grant a member of the Board of Public Health. He was elected a director of the Columbia Railway Com- pany, and subsequently, about 1874, became its president and continued to hold this office until 1889. Mr. Willard organized the Columbia Fire Insurance Company in 1881 and was its president for nearly eleven years. He was one of the organizers of the Garfield Memorial Hospital and was on the committee which selected the present site. 1 Ie is at present vice-president of this institution. He was appointed by President Grant a member of the board of trustees of the reform school and held that office for many years. In 1877 he was chairman of the board of trustees of All Souls Church and superintended the building of the present church edifice. ' He was not only the largest individual contributor to the building fund, but was instru- mental in raising the funds necessary to build the church. lie has been active in building operations in this city, having erected many dwelling bouses. He built bis present liome, [333 K street, in 1873 and has lived there contin- uously since, lie is at present a director of the American Security and Trust Company, the National Safe Deposit, Savings and Trust Company, the Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company, and a member of the Columbia His- torical Society of Washington, and of the Vermont Slate Association of Washington. Mr. Willard has just erected the Willard Building, a fireproof building for office pur- poses, on the site of bis ftVsl residence. 513-515 Fourteenth street, northwest, which in design and construction is one of the handsomest buildings in the city. 1 In November 6, [855, Mr. Willard married Sarah Bradlej Kellogg, of Westminster. Vermont, she being the daughter n\ Judge Daniel Kellogg, and great-granddaugh- ter of Hon. Stephen Rowe Bradley, first Senator of Vermont, and granddaughter of Hon. William C. Bradley, elected to Congress from Vermont in 1814, and again in [826. Mr. and Mrs. Willard have one son. Henry Kellogg Willard. who was bom October 20, 1856. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Charles Mather Ffoulke, son of Benjamin Green and Jane (Mather) Ffoulke, was born on July 25, 1841, at Quakertown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania. His paternal and maternal ancestors for generations were land owners, and several of them were land surveyors and conveyancers and were called " counsellors of the peace " because of their devotion to the amicable settlement of controversies of all kinds among the county families. His father was prom- inent among this number, and, on account of the reliance upon his equity and justice by the people in the counties MR. FFOULKE'S RESIDENCE. traversed by the North Pennsylvania Railroad, he was invited to secure, without restrictions, the right of way for said railroad, and did so without a lawsuit. The Ffoulke family is of Welsh origin, and its ancestry for eight generations in this country is recorded in the "History of Gwynedd," by Howard M. Jenkins, and is traced in Welsh documents without a break from 1125 to 1625. Mr. Ffoulke's daughter, Helen, is the seventh generation born upon the same land — that is, on part of the large tract taken up by his ancestor, Edward Ffoulke, on his arrival in this country, and under the provisions granted by William Penn. All of Air. Ffoulke's ancestors in America were members of the Society of Friends, and he was educated in the Friends' schools in Quakertown, Gwyn- edd and Philadelphia. Mr. Ffoulke's first occupation was as teacher in the Friends' school in Philadelphia, of which Aaron B. Ivins was the head. He was afterwards, for two years, principal of the Friends' school in Quakertown. In 1 861 he entered the wool business in Philadelphia, from which he retired in 1872, and since that time he has not been engaged in any commercial business. Mr. Ffoulke went abroad in 1872, and remained on the other side of the Atlantic over two years in the study of art, particularly as expressed in paintings and in tapes- tries. In 1884 he went abroad again for the same purpose and remained there over live years, and also made many trips between 1874 and 1884, as well as subsequently. He owns one of the largest, most varied, and important collections of antique tapestries in private hands in the world. In 1888 he acquired the en- tire collection of the Barberini fam- ily of Rome, consisting of one hun- dred and thirty-live antique tapes- tries, practically all of which are included in the inventories for the year 1690 of Cardinal Charles Bar- berini and his brother, the grand prior of France, both of which in- ventories are still preserved in the Barberini library at Rome. Pope Urban VIII, who was a Barberini, assisted by his nephew, Cardinal Francis Barberini, began the collec- tion in i6to. It is the only collec- tion of a sovereign that will ever come to this country. Urban YIII was not only Pope, but exercised temporal sovereignty over an ex tended part of Central Italy. Mr. Ffoulke has been oc< upied for a number of years in writing a "His- tory of the Barberini Collection of Tapestries," a "General History ol Tapestries," and '•The Art Tapestries in America." He has frequently published articles on all these subjects, and has lectured on them before art societies or under the auspices of art museums in Boston. New York. Philadel- phia. Chicago, Washington, etc. Mr. Ffoulke is interested in several important com- panies. He is a director of the Fletcher Manufacturing Company of Providence, Rhode Island, in which company his children will be the fourth generation holding a COntill- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. INTERIOF OF RESIDENCE. nous interest for over a century. The company has been in existence one hundred and five years, during all of which period it never defaulted on a note or an obligation of any kind, and never failed to make fash dividends annually mi its shares. Mr. Ffoulke has never held any political office, nor taken an active part in politics exccpl as a member of the Union League Club of Philadelphia, from which he resigned some years ago. He was one of its earliest members and was deepl) interested in its work of raising several regiments for service in our civil war, being incapacitated by physical infirmities from taking an active part in the struggle himself. lie is a member of several leading clubs, among which are the Metropolitan, Country and Chevy Chase Clubs, of Washington, D. C, and he was For several years president of the latter, lie is also a member of the Geographical and Historical Societies of Washington, l>. C, of the Na- tional Arts Club of New York, and of several other societies in this country and in Europe. Mr. Ffoulke was married in Paris, December io, [872, to Miss Sarah \. Cushing, of Providence, Rhode I -land. They have five children, viz. : Horace dishing, Helen Seagrave, Gladys, Gwendolyn and I hat le Math r Ftou ke, Jr. CHARLES MATHER FFOULK THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 413 Amzi Lorenzo Barber, A. M., LL. B., was born at Saxton's River, Windham county, Vermont, on June 22, 1843. His father was the Rev. Amzi Doolittle Barber, whose grandfather, Thomas, and father, Calvin, settled and lived in Townsend, Vermont. Thomas Barber, with two brothers, came to this country before the revolution. One brother, named Joseph, settled in Massachusetts ; the other brother went West or South, and of him nothing fur- ther is known. Mr. Barber's mother was Nancy Irene Bailey, who was born in Westmoreland, Oneida county, New York. His ancestors on his father's side were Scotch-Irish, and on his mother's side French-English, and he has, per- haps, in some degree, inherited the striking characteristics of these four different nationalities. His father was a 1ZI LORENZO BARBEF self-educated Congregational clergyman of great simplicity of purpose and strength of character. He was one of the students who left Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati because the discussion of the slavery question had been pro- hibited by the faculty of that institution, and he walked across the State of Ohio to Oberlin and entered < Iberlin College, from whose theological department he graduated in 1841. His father was engaged in ministerial work up to within a short time of his death in 1901. Early in life Mr. Barber contemplated a professional career. The family moved to Ohio in 1852 and lived at Bellevue, Huron county, until 1858; then in Cleveland un- til 1862, and afterward in Austinburg and Geneva, Ash- tabula county. Mr. Barber attended various schools and academies, including the high school of Cleveland, dur- ing his minority, and in 1862 he entered Oberlin < ollege at the head of his class in the preparatory department, An attack of pneumonia compelled him t<> leave college for a year, which he spent in the wilds of northern Michi- gan. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1867. taking the degree of bachelor of arts, and subsequently received from that institution the degree of master of arts. By working upon farms in the summer time and teaching school in the winter, he saved enough money to meet his college expenses. While pursuing a post graduate course in the theological department of Oberlin College, he was invited by General O. O. Howard, then at the head of the Freedmen's Bureau, to take charge of the normal de- partment of Howard University, and in April. 1868. he moved to Washington for that purpose. Subsequently he took charge of the preparatory department, and later on was elected to a professorship of natural philosophy in that university. In 1872 he resigned his connection with that institution and engaged in the real estate business in Washington. A year later there followed the panic of 1873, which was commenced by the failure of Jay Cooke's banking house. The depression in prices was very great- and continued for several years, during which time many people engaged in the real estate business in Washington lost heavily. Mr. Barber, however, held on to his real estate interests and ultimately sold out to good advantage and realized a handsome profit. Real estate operations in the District of Columbia led him to appreciate the value of good streets, and in 1878 Mr. Barber became interested in the laying of Trinidad sheet asphalt pavements, and intro- duced this pavement into many cities of the United States and Europe. During the twenty-one years of his connection with the business, upward of 30,000.000 square yards of asphalt pavements were laid. In 1899 the consolidation of a large number of companies was effected. He soon after retired from active business to become largely interested in the manufacture of " Locomobiles." In 18(18 Mr. Barber married Celia M. Bradley, of Geneva, Ohio, who died in 1870. In 1871 he married Julia Louise Langdon, daughter of J. LeDroict Langdon, formerly of Belmont, New York. They have had live children, of whom four are living, namely. LeDroict Langdon, Lorena Langdon (Mrs. Samuel T. Davis, Jr.), Bertha Langdon, and Roland — the first three being adults and tin last six teen years old. Mr. Barber retains a strong affection foi ( Iberlin College, and has long served it as one of its trustees. In 1 Sj5-(> Mr. Barber took the course of lectures in the law department of Columbian University at Washington, and received the degree of Bachelor of Laws. Subsequently he was admitted to the bar in Washington, hut has never made a regular practice of law. lie is now a director of the Washington Loan and Trust ^Company. years has spent much of the summer season living with his family on hoard his steam yacht, at anchor in the harbor of New York, or visiting the many places of interest and beauty along the coast from Bar Harbor to the Chesapeake. In the winter of 1893-94 he took his famiL on a yachting trip through the Mediterranean Sea. visiting all the prin- 414 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. cipal points of interest from Gibraltar to Jaffa, and from Marseilles to Constantinople. He considers money so spent as wisely invested, not merely in the pursuit of pleasure and of new sights, but in the direction of health and knowl- edge, geographical, scientific and historical. Since Mr. Barber has become a yachtsman, it has been his desire to build a steam yacht to meet his own ideas and requirements, and after giving much careful thought to the matter, he placed an order in 1901 for the " Lorena," having a length of about 300 feet. The " Lorena," was launched January 14, 1903, and will be ready for sea during the summer of 1903. She is equipped with turbine engines, being the third of that type constructed. Mr. Barber is a member of various scientific and social organizations. He is a Isl- ington, but now a part of that city. Under Mr. Barber's personal management this enterprise was remarkably suc- cessful, and realized large profits to all persons interested. Mr. Barber reserved the choicest part of the property for his own use, and built a fine stone mansion with stable, known as " Belmont," which has been the permanent home of the family. He purchased the property known as " Ards- ley Towers." at Ardsley-on-Hudson, built by Cyrus \Y. Field for his son, whose financial difficulties made a sale of the property necessary. Mr. Barber has occupied this place a part of each year. His library and picture gallery contain many rare and beautiful works of art. Mr. Barber is a man of literary and artistic tastes, benevolent disposi- tion and great energy. MR. BARBER'S RESIDENCE. he American Soc iet) ( of the Sociel V 1 1 I A. ts of the Royal Thai les N Mi'ln ipi 'lil.'in. 1 im ers in Civil Engineers ami a i London, lie is also a In Club of London, ami Republican. New York Yacht and Atlantic ('lub of Xew York, ami of the Vmerican Geographical and the New England ami Ohio Societies of -v. i ork, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. and the American Museum of Natural History, lie is also .1 non- resident member of the Buffalo Club of Buffalo. In 1SS0 he became associated with Senator John Sher- man ami others in the purchase and sale of the Stone ipert) . 1 20 acres, then situated '>n the outskirts of \\ ash Hon. John Brooks Henderson. — Few nun in any State's history have Found so main- opportunities, or have more usefullj embraced the same to mark- out an honorable career, than has John Brooks Henderson, lawyer and states man. Ili> efforts for the benefil of his country and humanity ai large are engraved in indelible letters on the pages of history, and In- name will go down in history hand in hand wuli those "i the heroes who gave their best endeavors and sacrificed their lives for their country's honor and stand- ing. General Henderson was born in Pittsylvania county, Virginia, November id. iNjo. His father. James Hender- son, married lane Dawson. They removed to Lincoln \/ THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 4i5 county, Missouri, in 1832. Both parents died before Tohn 'j was ten years old, leaving him with other and younger children, with small means of support. But he obtained I a good education from the common schools and from excellent classical teachers, so that by diligent application J he acquired a more than ordinary education in the English branches, mathematics and in Latin. Whilst teaching district J schools he studied law, and was admitted to the bar of the Pike county circuit in 1848, beginning the practice a year I later in Louisiana, Missouri, and continuing there until ! 1861. He was elected to the legislature from Pike county j in 1848 and again in 1856. In i860 he was defeated by J James S. Rollins in a memorable and close contest for Con- I gress wherein, however, he displayed the qualities as a State troops. In 1862 he was appointed by Lieutenant- Governor Hall to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate caused by the expulsion of the Hon. Trusten Polk, and the next year was elected by the legislature to fill out the term, and then to serve six years ending March 4. 1869, his vote being 84 against 42 for John S. Phelps. General Henderson's pronounced unionism carried him into the Republican party, as was the case with so many others in Missouri. In the United States Senate his ability was promptly recognized by his election to the important com- mittees of Finance, Foreign Relations, Postofhce, Indian Af- fairs, Claims, District of Columbia and others. As chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs, and as special commis- sioner in 1867, he organized the Indian peace committee ANDERSON'S RESIDENCE. debater and political tactician for which he became noted in after years. He was a Douglass delegate to the Charleston and -Baltimore convention in i860 and from that time forward opposed secessionism and its kindred ideas with all the force of his character. In i860 he was a presi- dential elector on the Douglass Democratic ticket, the only full electoral ticket pledged to Douglass that carried any State. In 1856 he was a Democratic Presidential elector. In February, 1861, Mr. Henderson was elected as a Unionist to the State convention, called to consider the relations of Missouri to the other States, and in the several sessions of that body took a conspicuous part. He was in the sum- mer of 1861 appointed by the provisional government as a brigadier-general of militia and organized a brigade of which concluded treaties quieting the Sioux, t heyennes, ami other hostile tribes who had been ravaging the upper Mis- souri River country. As a Senator he effected the reimburse- ment from the Federal Treasury of Missouri's war expendi hires, thus re-establishing the State's credit, lie contributed to the country the thirteenth amendment to the United States Constitution, abolishing slavery, which amendment he wrote and introduced into the Senate, and was among the original agitators of the suffrage amendment embodied in the organic law as the fifteenth amendment. Senator Henderson voted tor acquittal of Presidenl Andrew John son at his impeachment trial, thus contributing to save him from conviction. This act of justice, however, doubtless COSt Senator Henderson his re-election and ended his public THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. career in Missouri, for, although his party nominated him for Governor in 1872, it was as a leader of a forlorn hope. ( hi the expiration of his senatorial term in 1870, having on June 25, 1868, married in Washington Miss Mary New- ton Foote, daughter of Judge Elisha Foote, of New York, HON. JOHN BROOKS prac- Grant he removed to St. Louis and devoted himself tice. In May. 1875, he was appointed by Pre to assist the United States district attorney in the prosecu- tion of violators of the revenue laws relating to the whisky tax. In [884 he was president of the National Republican Convention that nominated James G. Blaine for the Presi- dency of the United States, and ex-officid chairman of the committee of notification. As a writer on economic sub- jects, finance particularly, General Henderson's contribu- tions to literature have been numerous and forceful. Whilst living in St. Louis the home of General and Mrs. 1 lender- son was an attractive social center. For sunn- years past, however, their residence has been in Washington, where, moving to Washington < ieneral I [enderson lias been a regent of the Smithsonian Institution, elected by Congress in Janu- ary, [892, and again in 1 S< )S. lie was a member of the International (Pan American) Conference, composed of delegates from all the North, Central and South American Republics, held in Washington 1889-90. It is. however, in connection with Missouri affairs thai General Henderson's life has been chiefly spent. Mrs. General Henderson is a highly accomplished woman and takes a lively illteresl in art and the advance of science and literature. Her hospi- tality in her beautiful home, " Boundary Castle." Sixteenth street and Florida avenue, is unstinted. .-111(1 her intellectual brilliancy, her Familiarit) with European capitals, and her fluenc) in French make her ver_\ popular in diplomatic anil social circles m \\ ashington, She is a member of a number of art, .scientific, patriotic and philanthropic societies, Curtis Justin Hillyer is another exponent of that class who, after spending a greater portion of their lives else- where, ultimately succumbed to the manifold attractions offered b\ Washington both as a place of residence and as a rich field for investment. Mr. Hillyer is a son of Justin and Bathsheba Howe Hillyer. who late in the last century emigrated from Xew England to Granville, < )hio, where their son was horn on May 31, 1828. After attend- ing the public schools of his native town. Mr. Hillyer entered Yale University as a sophomore, and graduated with honors in the class of 1850. he being chosen to deliver the valedictory oration on presentation day. After leaving Yale Mr. Hillyer studied law with Bellamy Storer, of Cin- cinnati, supporting himself in the meantime by teaching in the high school. When ready for examination for ad- mission to the bar, iii 1S52, his health failed him, and he determined upon a trip to California, by the Isthmus route. At this time the gold craze was at fever-heat in the far West, and after reaching California Mr. Hillyer worked in a mine 111 Placer county for awhile, there regaining his health, which has since, despite of his threescore and ten years and more, remained unimpaired. In the spring of 1853 he opened a law office in the mining district of I'lac.r county, and after three years spent in most successful prac- tice he removed to Auburn, Colorado, and formed a law- partnership with C. A. Turtle, and there continued in prac- tice until [862, when Governor Stamford appointed him reporter of the Supreme Court of California, a position which, together with the sale of his reports, netted him alioiit $7,000 a year. The appointment was for a term four years, bul al the end of the second •" Mr. ilillyc resigned to enter the law linn in Virginia City, Nevada of which United State.- Senator Stewart was the senio member, From 1864 to 1881 Mr. Hillyer, with one or tw THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 417 short interruptions continued in the active practice of law and after building a number of residences there during the m Virginia City, Nevada. During that time he was engaged 8o's his faith was rewarded, as the property took a boom and in most 01 the important litigations where mining interests were involved, especially in the defense of disputed titles, and he enjoyed a large and very remunerative practice. Mr. Hillyer's connection with Washington began in 1871, when he first visited the city on professional business. Being much impressed with the prospect of the city as out- lined by the plans of the Board of Public Works under the new regime, and in connection with Senator Stewart and others, he purchased a considerable number of unimproved lots in the northwestern section of the city, paying usually one-third cash for them and the balance secured by mort- gages on the property purchased. By the receipts from bis practice on the Pacific Coast, he was enabled to hold on to his property and meet the payments as tney became due, throughout the panic which ensued from 1873 to 1879, when the valuations so decreased that they were not considered worth the amount for which they were mortgaged. His faith in the future of this location was unbounded, however. he realized handsomely on the investment. In 1873 Mr. Hillyer built the fine residence on Massachusetts avenue, between Twenty-first and Twenty-second streets, in which he lived for many years. In 1881, his hearing having be- come impaired, he gave up bis practice on the coast and since has resided constantly in Washington, continuing for a few years to attend to cases in the Supreme Court of the United States, until increasing deafness compelled him to retire from practice. The last impor- tant case argued before the United States Supreme Court by Mr. Hillyer was one of unusual interest to property holders in Washington, which involved the right of a court of equity to grant affirmative relief to holders of lots for the period prescribed by the statute of limitations and without any other title. This case was won by Mr. Hillyer, and established a precedent which gave a clean and marketable title of hundreds of lots owned by various holders in the city who previously were in the same position as his client. Mr. Hillyer. though taking always an active part in politics, and though often urged, refused to accept official positions, devoting all his time and energies to the practice of law. Only once did he yield in this direction, when he consented to be returned to the legislature of Nevada, in 1869. At that session he introduced a constitu- - tional amendment giving suffrage to women, and supported it in a speech which was widely published in Nevada and California. The amendment was (allied by a two-thirds vote in both houses, but was lost in the succeeding egislature. Mr. Hillyer is a staunch bimetallism and lias written on this subject many articles for the journals and a pamphlet entitled "A Silver Basis." which was extensive!} circu- lated and attracted much attention, lie is still an advocate of free coinage, and expects t" see it restored. In 1856 Mr. Hillyer married Miss Angeline Alex- ander, daughter of James and Mary !•'.. Alexander, of Sacramento. California. Threesons — E. C. Frank M. and W. L. Hillyer — are still living. Mr. and Mrs. Hillyer re- side in a beautiful bouse al c6i8 Twent) first street, north- west, which is in the heart <>i that district to which Mr. Hillyer pinned bis faith and money when be first came to Washington. Mr. Hillyer is still bale and active, and is a constanl attendant at the Metropolitan and Chevy (base Clubs. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Alfred S. Gillett. — There are few men residing in Washington who have a closer intimacy with the city and its affairs, extending over so long a period, than has Alfred S. Gillett, the organizer and president of the Girard Fire In- surance Company, of Philadelphia, who for the past ten years lias maintained a palatial residence here, at ifiij Twentieth street, N. W., although he has been a regular yearly visitor to MR. GILLETT'S CITY IRESIDENCE. the national capital since [837. Alfred S. Gillett, although for fifty years a resident of Philadelphia, was horn in the parish of Gilead, town of Hebron, Connecticut, on March 17. l8l8, and is a son of Reverend Nathan Gillett and l.\dia Jones, the former a pastor there for twent) five yeai His both on his father's and mother's side weir among mists of Ne'A England. I [1 of the seventh generation from Nathan Gillett. who, with his brother Jonathan, had emigrated from near Dorchester, England (where the family had long before fled from France to avoid religious persecution ) , and settled at Dor- chester, Mass., not many years after the landing of the Pilgrims. From here the family scattered in course of time to various parts of the country, the ancestors of the subject of this sketch locating prior to 1700 in Windsor, Conn. Many of these ancestors aided in the building of the block houses to defend the in- habitants against the French and Indians, and Mr. Gillett's most cherished possession is the commis- sion of a captaincy conferred upon Samuel Jones, his maternal grand- father, from King George of Eng- land, and who took an active part in this war. Upon his mother's side. Mr. Gillett is descended from the Jones family, famous in colonial and revolutionary times. Among the first to lay aside the plow and respond to the war alarms sounded at Lexington, marking the begin- ning of that memorable and success- ful struggle for independence, were Nathan and Zacheus Gillett, grand father and grand uncle, respectiveh . of Mr. Gillett. The former served as a lifer and the latter as a captain in the continental army. Alfred S. Gillett, as a boy. went to Western New \ ork with his parents, hut was sent hack to Connecticut to finish his business education, and subse- quently to enter the counting house of an elder brother, where lie re- mained until 1837. Then he went to Georgia as bookkeeper for a large house. After mastering the details of mercantile life. he. with a large stock of merchandise, emigrated to Texas in 1S40. and realized hand- some profits from his venture. \\ bile there he was intimately acquainted with Samuel Houston, then presi- dent of that republic. Mr. Gillett is replete with many charming anec- dotes <<\ the western life of those troublous times, and although he has considerably passed his fourscore years, lie is a rare reconteur, his mind active and alert, supplemented by a keen sense oi the ridicu- lous, which cannol fail to charm his listeners. \ shorl time afterwards he returned to Georgia and engaged in business for himself near his former location, and on Janu- : "'\ 17, 1843, ,lc was appointed postmaster at Haynesville, THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 419 Ga., by Postmaster General Charles C. Wickliffe, under President Harrison. Mr. Gillett still has the original docu- ment — the certificate of his commission. For awhile his business prospered, but the discontent and animosity which finally culminated in the civil war, made it uncomfortable for a man of his temperament and determination, familiar with and having ties which strongly bound him to both North and South, touching the questions at issue, hence he again sought the region of his nativity, where he again engaged in business. He located in Chicopee, which is now a part of Springfield, Mass., and after spending some time in the law office with the Hon. Charles R. Ladd, he, in 1847, entered into the vocation to which the greater part of his life has been devoted, that of insurance. He was among the earliest if not the actual pioneer in the starting of a general insurance agency system. In connection with the number of insurance agencies he held, he issued on March 6, 1850, the initial number of the Insurance Ad- vocate and Journal, the first insurance publication issued in the United States, and so far as known, in the world. In the same year Mr. Gillett decided upon Philadelphia as a future field for expanding his insurance interests, and there located. There he drew around him the leading men of the Quaker City, including Hon. Joel Jones, first president of Girard College, Chief Justice George W. Wood- ward, Judges Loring and Strong, Hon. Judge Cunningham, Hon. Furman Sheppard, Messrs. Swain, Abell and Sim- mons, then publishers of the Philadelphia Ledger, and many other men of similar worth and prominence, and with them organized the Girard Fire Insurance Company. Mr. Gillett wrote and obtained the Company's charter in 1853, with an original capital of $200,000, and Hon. Joel Jones was selected as its first president ; Hon. George W. Wood- ward, vice-president, and Mr. Gillett its secretary and treas- urer. .Shortly afterwards Mr. Gillett succeeded to the presi- dency, and has continued actively at the head of this flour- GIL-LETTS COUNTRY RESIDENCE. 420 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. ishing institution until the present time. In delivering his annual address to the directors of the company a short while ago Mr. Gillett pointed to the fact that of the original officers, directors and stockholders of the Girard, he was the only survivor. Much of Mr. Gillett's time has been devoted to travel and there is hardly a spot in the United States of interest that he has not visited. He is an earnest and whole-souled American, proud of the part his ancestors took in carving out the history of this great Republic and charitable to a fault. Mr. Gillett has twice married. His first wife was Miss Martha Fuller, daughter of General Asa Fuller, whom he married in 1841. Two children, a son and a daughter, graced this union, but both died early in life, their mother Dr. Abram P. Fardon was born in Monmouth county, New Jersey ; attended public schools and a classical insti- tute ; continued his studies at New Brunswick. Xew Jersey, and Brooklyn, New York, where afterwards he practiced his profession, and also in his native State. His great- great-grandfather was born in France, and emigrated to America in the seventeenth century and settled upon a large tract of land at Hempstead, Long Island, where some of his descendants now reside. His grandfather, Thomas, was born there, and died in Brooklyn, New York, in 1802. At the date of his death he was a merchant and owner of a large tract of land upon which the finest ' portion of that city is now built. The father of Abram P., also named Thomas, was born in Brooklyn. New York, in 1793. and -ETT'S COUNTRY RESIDENCE. following them in [880. Again, in [883, Mr. Gillett mar- ried, this time his choice Falling upon Miss Ella Gratz, daughter of Mr. Edward Gratz, a well- known Philadelphia merchant. No children have been bom of this union. In homes VIr. Gillett is well supplied. \.s before stated, his winter residence is in this city, while the Spring and fall ire penl at bis beautiful farm. "Evergreen Lodge," near Leesburg, Loudoun County, Va., consisting of 200 acres. brought i" the highest state of cultivation under his super- vision, and improved with modern farm buildings, while the residence is a delightful example of colonial architec- ture. The summer months Mr. and Mrs. Gillett pass at I h< Hermitage," near Media, Pa., where they have a beautiful and mi >dei n home. died in 1S77 at the advanced age of eighty-five years. He was a non-commissioned officer in the war of [812-15, and participated in most of the battles in Canada and New York, lie was at Lundy's Fane with Scott, and aide-de- camp of General Pike when he was killed at Little York. lie was made a Mason at Sacket Harbor, Xew York, ill [814. After the war he was principal of a large academy in Monmouth county, Xew Jersey. While there he mar- ried Eliza Ketcham, the daughter of Daniel Littleton Ketcham, descended from Lord Littleton of England, whose ancestors came to America and settled upon a large grant of land on the " Nave Sink" Hills or Highlands of Xew Jersey, and was one of the organizers of a Baptist church at Middleton in [668. After the marriage of the parents THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 42] of Abram P. they moved to Staten Island, and his father established a boys' academy at Tompkinsville, which he conducted for several years. In 1832 he, with others, formed the " Trinity Land Company," establishing mills and trading posts on Trinity river and vicinity in Mexico. During the Texas revolution all of its investments were swept awav. Returning to the United States, he settled in Monmouth county, Xew Jersey, and resumed teaching. After this he became a nursery-man and fruit raiser. From early man- hood he was an active church worker, and held several positions of honor and trust. He was a prominent Demo- crat until after the war of the rebellion, when he left that party. His son Abram, however, became a Republican a long time before he cast his first vote in 1859. He was almost politically alone in his own neighborhood and town- ship. There were scarcely a dozen Republicans in a voting population of three hundred or more. He took an active part in the Lincoln and Hamlin campaign in i860, speaking daily for several weeks in his native State. After the election of Lincoln, his Republican friends of that section were so well pleased with the effective young champion of their cause that they purchased the only Republican paper, at that time, The Inquirer, in the county, and tendered it to him as a present if he would consent to become its editor. After much persuasion he did so, and conducted it successfully for a year or more. He was pour, and though this afforded a neat income, he did not desire to com- mence life with a gift, preferring rather to rely upon his own efforts for success. Having an opportunity to sell il at cost, $4,000, he ascertained the names of all the generous donors, and returned to each the full amount of their sub- scription. He then resumed the practice of his profession, and served on a State military commission for the organi- zation and examination of volunteers. His first visit to Washington was in the summer of 1864. Xew Jersey was the only Northern State that did not by legislative act allow its soldiers to vote in the field or camp during the war of the rebellion. Its legislature during the whole war was strongly Democratic. Repre- senting the Republican State committee, he came to Wash- ington to represent its political interests, and to have as many soldiers and sailors, as well as civilians of his State to get a leave of absence for them to go home to their respective districts to vote, and also many other matters relating to the welfare of his State. He had frequent interviews with the President, his cabinet and other civil and military officers of government. He became well ac- quainted with President Lincoln, who manifested much interest in him, and when he was about to return to his State the President suggested that he remain in Washington and take a position in the internal revenue service. He accepted an appointment, and resigned from that office as chief of a division in 1871. After he had concluded to make Washington his home he invested in real estate. He purchased several lots in the neighborhood of what is now Dupont Circle in 1867, and in 1871 purchased, with others, forty acres of land north of the boundary of the city, and which is now the finest portion of Washington Heights, east of Columbia Road. From that time to the present he has confined most of his investments to real estate, and has at various times owned many properties, both urban and suburban. He is now a large holder of realty, and has always been prominent and persistent in the develop- ment of the national capital. He was elected a member of the common council from the first ward in 1869, a,1( l was chairman of the committee on public schools ami the com- mittee before Congress. This gave him the opportunity to advocate and carry forward his idea of improving and beautifying the national capital. At that time but few of the streets and avenues were paved. The sidewalks were laid along and abutting the building line, and all the rest of the thoroughfare was a broad, treeless expanse of mud or dust. He inaugurated the street parking system — that is, establishing carriage-ways in the center of from thirty to fifty feet wide, with sidewalks twelve feet wide on either side, and the rest of the si reel to the building line devoted to parks: and. also, that no private citizen be allowed to plant trees upon the streets, but all in lie done uniformly by the Government. After its endorsement by the council and board of aldermen of the city of Washing- ton, the authorit) of Congress had to be obtained. After persistent effort and arguments before the Senate and House Committees, Congress enacted the law. The fust done under this law was in 1870 — a block on K street east of Fourteenth street and has continued from year to year upon all resident avenues and streets as they are graded and improved. This beautiful feature exists in none Other of the world's capitals, but is exclusively ours. These grand parks and well-shaded streets, so beautiful and attrac- tive, is a lasting monument to its originator, Dr. Fardon. His life in Washington has been a bus\ one in both public 422 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. and private affairs. He was a marshal representing New Jersey at the inauguration of Lincoln in 1865, and also at his funeral ; on the inaugural committee, and one of the managers of the ball, March 4, 1865 ; was secretary of the school board for a number of years; paymaster for the District of Columbia under its territorial government, and afterwards connected with the Board of Health ; was president of the Union Railroad Company that built all that portion of the road now owned by the Metropolitan Railroad west of Seventeenth street ; was a charter member of the humane society, and for many years was a director and active worker in the Associated Charities; was chair- man of the Republican and citizens' committee in the election of Mayor Emery; one of the incorporators of the West End National Bank, and for several years its vice- pi esident, and at various times a director in other organ- izations; is now president of the Columbia Real Estate Company (incorporated) ; director in the Washington Loan and Trust Company and the Columbia Fire Insurance Com- pany ; is a director, a member of the executive committee, and chairman of the committee on public schools of the Board of Trade ; a member and one of the vice-presidents of the National Board of Trade; prominent member of the Masonic Order, the Mystic Shrine and the Eastern Star; a member of the Baptist church and the Young Men's Christian Association; is well known in Washington and vicinity, with a large circle of friends ; is an interesting speaker, and prominent in social and business life, and enjoys the esteem of the business community. Dr. Fardon was vcr\ strongly endorsed for District Commissioner as the successor of Commissioner Truesdell. lie has always taken a .ureal interest in the public schools, and has given much time and labor for their good. 1 lis kind and benevo- lent nature has not Only been shown to bis elder brothers and sister and their children, but to many others. Not- withstanding bis long residence in Washington, he has ever retained bis interest in bis native State, and has always taken part in speaking there in every Presidential cam- paign since [860. Me represented his State in man) con- ventions, and has delivered many addresses upon other lersev, under fine cultivation, with large Eruit orchards. He spends much time there each summer, enjoying the friendship and hospitality of his many friends in thai section. Stilson Hutchins.— Few men in Washington have been as prominently identified with the growth and progress Of this city, as well as its material welfare, as has Stilson Hutchins. whose name will ever be perpetuated by manifold deeds prompted by a public and philanthropic spirit. Mr. Hutchins was bom at Whitefield, Coos county, New Hamp shire, November 14. 1838, bis maternal ancestor being Francis Eaton, who came over in the Max (lower, and his greal uncle Nathaniel Hutchins, who foughl at Bunker I lill. 1 le is a son of Stilson and Clara 1 EatOIl 1 Hutchins. Mr. Hutchins was educated in Sanborn University at Hop kinton, New Hampshire, ami the Dana Preparator) School of Harvard University. Electing newspaper work as bis profession he began his career on the Boston Herald in 1855, being then but seventeen years of age. In 1856 he went with his parents to the new State of Iowa, where he started a country newspaper. His vigor and force as a political writer soon attracted the attention of party leaders, and the result was an invitation to take charge of the leading organs of the Democratic party, first at Des Moines, the capital, and shortly afterwards at Dubuque, the largest and most prosperous city of the growing State. There he first edited the Herald and soon acquired it. At the close of the war in 1866 Mr. Hutchins went to St. Louis, where he founded the St. Louis Times. After bringing it to an enviable state of profitableness and influence, he sold it at a high price in order to indulge in a year or two of needed rest. In 1877 Mr. Hutchins again took up the work for which he seemed best constituted and founded The STILSON HUTCHINS Washington Post, selling it some years after to its presenl owners at a handsome profit. Not heme; content to retire from the journalistic field he purchased the Wash ington Times, which was started and conducted ^w a co- operative plan b) printers. This propert) he successful!) conducted until it was placed on a well paying basis. In November, [901, he sold it to Frank A. Munsey, of New York, at a large advance over its purchase price. Mr. Hutchins has ever been an ardent Democrat and always used bis influence to elect the choice of his party, and served several terms in both the New Hampshire and Missouri legislatures, lie has contributed much toward enhancing the beaut) <>i Washington and has erected and presented to the city several handsome statues. .1111011- which the marble statue of Benjamin Frankltn which stands at the intersection of Pennsylvania avenue and Tenth and 1) streets, northwest, and the bronze statue of Daniel THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 423 Webster, located in Scott Circle, directly opposite the pala- tial residence of Mr. Hntchins, 1613 Massachusetts avenue, northwest. To him is mainly due the credit for bringing about the establishment of a home for the blind in this city, he having donated the major part of the purchase price for the building in which the home is situated. Mr. Hutchins is one of the largest stockholders in the Mergen- thaler Linotype Machine Company, and is interested in a number of manufacturing plants in the city. He has been twice married, and has two sons by his first wife, who are actively engaged in business in this city. His present wife before her marriage was Miss Rose Keeling of Balti- more, Md. Charles B. Church.— One of the solid and substan- tial men of Washington, one who has contributed more than his share to the improvement of the city, and added more CHARLES B. CHURCH to its material welfare than many of Washington's citizens whose names are more publicly known, is Mr. Charles B. Church, of 306 Eleventh street, southwest. Mr. Church's life history is replete with evidences of his sterling in- tegrity, push, industry and energy. It is interesting as well as instructive, showing the indefatigable zeal of a man who was bound to succeed in life and attain results by honorable and fair means and measures. Mr. Church was born in Jefferson, Frederick county, Maryland, September 11, 1826, being the son of Shephard Solars Church and Eliza Cherry Church. He received his final education at Professor Wells' Institute, at Norfolk, Virginia. When fourteen years of age (in 1840) Mr. Church came to Washington, where he entered the firm of William A. Harris to learn the carpenters' and joiners' trade. On March 4, 1847. he married Matilda S. Harris, the daughter of his employer. After having finished his apprenticeship he embarked in business on an independent basis in 1845, an( ' carried on the carpenters' and joiners' business until 1876. In 1861 be added to his already flour- ishing business that of the lumber business, and carried it on under the firm name of C. B. Church & Co., com- posed of Charles 1!. Church and S. H. Howell. In 1X7,, Mr. Howell withdrew, and the lumber business was con- tinued under the name of C. B. Church & Sons, and is now- being carried on by W. A. II. Church and Thomas P. Ste- phenson, a nephew of C. B. Church. In 1866 Mr. Church assisted in organizing the Great Falls Ice Company, of which he was elected vice-president and general manager. In 1873 he was elected president and general manager of the Independent Ice Company, which position Mr. Church held until the conipam was merged in the American Ice Com- pany, in 1898. Mr. Church, on account of his intimate knowledge of the Washington market and the general es- teem in which he was held by the business men of New York and this city, was elected director and general manager of the American Ice Company for Washington, which position he held until his health, which was poor, compelled him to resign a few years since. In 1876 he was appointed by the citizens committee of one hundred, of which Mr. George W. Riggs was chairman, to the position of chair- man of the river and harbor sub-committee, which office Mr. Church held to within a few years ago, when he resigned. At the time of Mr. Church's appointment to that position the depth of water at the wharves was only from twelve to fourteen feet, and now-, after accomplishment of tin work of the committee of which Mr. Church was chairman, there are from eighteen to twenty-two feet of water, and vessels drawing twenty-four feet can come up as far as Alexandria. Mr. Church lias served a number of years as a director of the Washington Board of Trade, and on its railroad committee. He assisted in organizing the first co-operative building- association in Washington, in [867, and was its treasurer for eleven consecutive years. Mr. Church also helped to organize the first National Building Association, and was its president during its existence. Mr. Church, in 1852, being then a young man of twenty years, performed a great service to the city of Washing ton, showing his energy and enterprise as well as his public spirit and concern for the welfare of Washington and vi- cinity. When in the spring of [852 a freshet -wept awaj the Long Bridge, connecting Washington with Virginia, the municipality of Washington was in a quandary as to how and who could restore the structure in as short time as possible. The name of Mr. Church was suggested to Mayor Magruder, and he requested Mr. Church to investi gate and report to him (the mayor). Mr. Church reported that the bridge could be restored for something like $5,000, being a much lower sum than the municipal authorities had estimated. Mr. Church, by resolution of the city coun- cil, was authorized to restore the bridge. This piece of work was completed by Mr. Church in the remarkably short time of twenty-one days, thus restoring to the citi- 424 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. zens of Washington and Virginia the only means of com- munictaion and transportation between the two points. Another feature of Mr. Church's enterprise which re- dounded to the benefit of Washington is the building up and the improvement of the southwestern part of Wash- ington, lie built rows of houses, drawing his own plans and specifications, and being his own builder and con- tractor. These buildings he sold on easy terms, and today those who invested in Mr. Church's houses are the pro- prietors of valuable property, due to the liberal and gen- erous disposition of Mr. Church. Not only to the building of houses did Mr. Church restrict his usefulness. He also built boats, and he is the builder and designer of a number of the fastest crafts afloat in these years on the Potomac and neighboring waters. The interest and welfare of Wash- ington was always nearest his heart, and it is largely due to his efforts before Congress that the river and harbor improvements received that close attention they did, and which made the capital city accessible to crafts of more than twenty-four feet draught. Mr. Church is a member of the Masonic fraternity, being on the roll of Centennial Lodge. In 1847 Mr- Church married .Matilda S. Harris. He has four sons, all of whom arc prominent business men in this city. They are: C. W. Church, of the firm of D.ep'ue & Church; W. A. 1 1. Church; of the firm of Church & Stephenson; Richard II. Cliurch, engaged in the ice business, and Frank Lee, who is an invalid. There are also four daughters — Henri- etta, Mary A., Alice Virginia Depue, and Mattie E. Berkley. Mr-,. Church died September 26, 1901. Mr. Church re- sides at 306 eleventh street, southwest, Washington. Brainard H. Warner was born .May 20, 1847, at Great Bend, Susquehanna, county. Pa. He came to Washington in April, L863, when but fifteen years of age, and entered Judiciary Square Hospital, where he was employed three months as clerk in the office. He then entered the general service of .the United Slates Army under enlistment of five years, and was detailed for duty in the office of the Adju- tant General, War Department, where he remained until December 31, [866, when lie received .-in appointment in the Treasury Department. In the following May he was appointed Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for the Ninth District of Pennsylvania, and at once entered upon In- duties. Me remained here a year and a half, during which time he commenced to study law with the Honorable Thaddeus Stevens, who was at that time a Representative in Congress. IF resigned his position, and. after a brief tour through the West as a newspaper correspondent for the Harrisblirg Telegraph, returned to Washington, and 1 olumbian College Caw School, where he gradu- ated in [869. lb' was reappointed to his position in the Treasur) Department, remaining there only four months. win 11 he entered the real estate business, in which he was engaged up to Maj 1. [902, when he sold his interest in the I'.. II. Warner Company in order to enable him to attend to other interests which he desired to promote. Mr. Warner has probably had a more active career in reference to the formation of associations, companies and corporations than any other citizen of the District of Colum- bia. For nearly thirty years he has been connected with every important public project in some capacity. He has devoted a great deal of time, not only to the promotion of individual interests, but to public work. He has been presi- dent of several building associations, a number of syndicates, was one of the originators of the Belt Line Railroad, was a charter member of the Second National, Central National, and Columbia National Banks, was formerly a director in the National Safe Deposit, Savings and Trust Co., Metro- politan Savings Bank, and the National Metropolitan Bank. In 1887 he founded the Columbia National Bank, and was for some years its president. In 1889 he founded the Washington Loan and Trust Co.. erecting for both these institutions handsome business structures lie has been several times school trustee, and was president oi the school board some ten years ago; was president of the National Philharmonic Society, the Choral Society, and is now president of the well-known Georgetown Orchestra. He was treasurer <<\ the 26th National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, and aKo of the Harrison Inaugural Committee. In [890 he founded the town of Kensington, Maryland, buying a farm in that section, and stimulating the growth of the community so that at present it is one of the most rapidh growing and prosperous towns in Maryland. Mr. Warner has been frequently spoken of for various political positions, and although he denies any intention to enter public life, he is still regarded by politi- cians as an available dark horse in case of Congressional or Senatorial complications where other candidates cannot be agreed upon, lie has a winter residence at No. Jtoo Massachusetts avenue and a summer home at Kensington. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 425 General Anson Mills was born on a farm near Thorn- town. Indiana, August 31, 1834. his father, James P., and his mother Sarah Kenworthy both being of Quaker descent. He attended the district schools during the winter and GENERAL ANSON MILLS worked on the farm during the. summer season and at the age of eighteen his father sent him to the Charlottesville Academy, Schoharie county. New York, where he remained until appointed a cadet at the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1855. On leaving the academy in 1857 he went to the frontier of Texas, and engaged in engineering and land surveying. He laid out the first plan of the city of El Paso, Texas, in 1858, and was surveyor to the boundary commission that established the boundary between New- Mexico, Indian Territory and Texas. In February, 1861, on submission to the popular vote of the State of Texas, the question of " Separation " or " No separation," he cast one of the lonely two votes in the county of El Paso against separation, to 985 for separation. In March, 1861, he abandoned the State, going to Washington, and there joined the military organization known as the " Cassius M. Clay Guards." armed and equipped by the United States and quartered in the old " Willard Hall," and served there, protecting Federal officers and property, until relieved by the volunteer forces called out by the President. He mar- ried Miss Hannah Martin Cassel, of Zanesville, Ohio, Octo- ber 13, 1868. General Mills was appointed a cadet at the United States Military Academy July 1, 1855; resigned February 18, 1857. On May 14, 1861. he was appointed first lien- tenant, Eighteenth Infantry, on the recommendation of every member of the class which succeeded him at the Military Academy, and had inscribed on his sword " No 54 abolition ; no secession ; no compromise ; no reconstruction — The Union as it was from Maine to Texas." During the four years of the war of secession General Mills was never absent from his regiment either on leave or for sickness, and was present at all of -the engagements in which it par- ticipated. Fox's " Regimental Losses " states on page 2 that his regiment (Eighteenth Infantry) lost more in killed and mortally wounded than any other regiment in the regu- lar army, and that his company, H, First Battalion (page 420), lost more in killed and mortally wounded than any company of his regiment. He was promoted captain, April 27, 1863; transferred to Third Cavalry, January 1, 1871; major, Tenth Cavalry, April 4, 1878; lieutenant-colonel. Fourth Cavalry, March 25, 1890; colonel, Third Cavalry, August 16, 1892; appointed by joint resolution of Congress RESIDENCE. Mexic; merits [893; active Bouncian " o 1I1 mel igadier-gen rvice fune Dec June id. 1897, and 1 Si ,7. luit to continue id emolu •mbcr 12. ired from duties as 426 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. boundary commissioner. He was breveted captain, Decem- ber 31, 1862, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee; major, September 1, 1864, for gallant and meritorious services in the battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, and during the Atlanta campaign ; lieutenant-colonel, December 16, 1864, for gallant and meri- torious services in the battle of Nashville, Tennessee, and colonel, February 27, 1890, for gallant services in action MILLS BUILDING. againsl Indians al Slim Buttes, Dakota, September 9, 1876. He participated in the siege of Corinth, S.pril 29 to June 5, [862; battles of Perryville, Kentucky, October 8, 1862; Murfreesboro, Tennessee, December 29, iNi.j. to January 5, 1863; Hoover's Gap, rennessee, June 25 and 26, [863; Chickamauga, Georgia, September im and 2c [863; siege of Chattanooga, Tennessee, September 21 in November 4. 1863 ; Missionary Ridge. Tennessee, November 24 and 25, 1863; Tunnel Hill, Georgia, February 23 and 24, 1864; Buzzard's Roost, Georgia, February 25 and 26, 1864: Atlanta campaign. May 3 to September 8, 1864; Resaca, Georgia, May 13 to 15, 1864: Dallas, Georgia, May 24 to June 5, 1864; New Hope Church, Georgia, May 29 to 31, 1864; Kenesaw Church. June 22 to July 3. 1864: Neal Dow Station, July 4. 1864; Peach Tree Creek, Georgia, July 20. 1864. where he was wounded: Utoy Creek. Georgia, August 7, 1S64: Jonesboro, Georgia, September 1, 1864. and Nash- ville, Tennessee, December 15 and 16, 1864. He was a member of the Board of Visitors of the United States Military Academy in June. 1866: commanded Big Horn expedition. September and October, 1S74: in engage- ment against hostile Indians at Little Powder River. Mon- tana, March 17. 1876: at the battle of Tongue River. Mon- tana, June 9. 1S76: Rosebud River. Montana, June 17. 1876, and at Slim Buttes. Dakota, September 9. 1876, where he commanded: was military at- tache to the Paris Exposition. May. 187s. to March. 1S79. While in active service he in- vented what is known as the Mills woven cartridge belt and the loom for its manufacture, now adopted exclusively for tin- United States army, navy. and marine corps, as well as In the army of Great Britain. Ob retiring from active service in the regular army, in addition to devoting himself to the duties of the boundary commission, he conducted the manufacture of his belt at his factory in Worcester. Massa chusetts. He recently built what is known as the " Mills Building," on the corner of Seventeenth street and Pennsylvania avenue, in this city, now leased and occupied b) die \av\ Department, where die Admiral of the Nav) and Commanding General of the Marine Corps and various oilier officers and departments of have quarters. His residence is No. 2 Dupont Circle, and i» considered one of the most beautiful of that of the city. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 427 Duncan Clinch Phillips. — Few cities in the world offer so many attractions and the pleasant environments for a place of residence as does the national capital, and each year its colony of residents is increased with the ad- vent of families of wealth and culture, who, untrammeled by the cares of business or profession, choose this beautiful city in which to spend their winters, or, indeed in many instances, settle upon it as a place of permanent abode. In this category may be mentioned Duncan Clinch Phillips, ex-army officer, and a retired glass manufacturer of Pitts- burg, who came to Washington in 1897 and built the beau- colonial service, and afterward was colonel of a regiment of New Jersey militia during the revolutionary war. Major Duncan Clinch Phillips is a son of the late Captain Elias Phillips, U. S. A., and Mary Mahon Ormsby, daughter of Oliver Ormsby, one of the earliest settlers of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. He was born March 1. 1838, in Pittsburg. After attending- various schools in his city, among them the Western University, Mr. Phillips entered Brown University, at Providence, Rhode Island, and graduated with the class of 1861. At the beginning of the civil war, fresh from college, he elected a military career, and first saw service as a lieu- IPS' RESIDENCE. nlii tiful home at 1600 Twenty-first street, nortlrv with his wife and two sons, he now occupies. Major Phillips' ancestors for many generations have been military men. They were from Lawrenceville, New- Jersey His father, Captain Elias Phillips (graduated at West Point in 1823) and two of his (Ellas') brothers were officers in the regular army. His grandfather, Major John Phillips, and two of his (John's) brothers served as officers in the New Jersey continental line, and later 111 the New Jersey militia until the close of the war. His great- grandfather, Joseph Phillips, was an officer in the British tenant in the Fourth Pennsylvania Cavalry. His regiment was a portion of the Army of the Potomac, and throughout that memorable struggle, in winch this corps took so active and gallant a part, the Fourth Cavalry was ever in the thick of the fray, and young Phillips participated in ami witnessed war in its grimmest aspect. On February 16, 1865, he resigned, having in that time risen to the grade of major. Returning to Pittsburg, Mr. Phillips engaged in the manu- facture of glass, under the firm name of Beck, Phillips & Co. The business prospered and grew, until in 1886, ha\ in-' amassed a comfortable fortune. Mr. Phillips retired 428 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. from business. Being aware of the manifold attractions of Washington, he, with his family, removed here in 1897. In 1883 Air. Phillips married Miss Eliza Irwin Laughlin, daughter of James Laughlin, Esq., of Pittsburg. Their two sons — James Laughlin, and Duncan Clinch Phillips, Jr.— are now preparing for college. Mr. Phillips is a member of the Metropolitan and the Chevy Chase Clubs. DUNCAN CLINCH PHILLIPS Hon. Thomas Hudson \1cKee. There are few men in the service oi the 1 nited States Government who discharge their duties with as much painstaking conscientiousness and in such accomplished manner as does the Hon. Thomas Hudson IVIcKee, Journal Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives. Gen. McKee is one of the best known men at the Capitol and what he does not know about public men. Senators and Representatives, and public measures, 1- nol worth the knowing. He is well posted on all ques- tions ol national import, and brought to his present respon- sible posl a deep and comprehensive knowledge of political science and statistical data, having been engaged in this s " rl "' work for tin' last twenty-five years. Mr. McKee was born in Washington county, Pa., and is the son of Roberl V . McKee and Adaline Orwin McKee. He never attended school, except a few months in bis childhood. He 1- a self-educated and self-made man in the fullest and truest sense ol the meaning. Public men and public ques- tions have always attracted his attention more than any oilier subject, and for twenty-five years he has devoted lnniseU to political writing and statistical work. He came to Washington, I). C, in 1SS1, and having the full confi- dence ol both branches of Congress served as document clerl ol the Mouse and Senate for eight years. In [895 he was appointed journal clerk of the I louse of Representa- tives, which position he still holds. In politics, Mr. McKee is regarded by the party man- age... oi the Republican party as a potent factor and his advices concerning political management are sought by those occupying the highest positions in the councils of the Republican party. He was associated with the National Republican Committee in 1892, 1896 and 1900 as the man- ager of distribution of literature, which important post and duty he discharged with most gratifying results and to the greatest satisfaction of the party. Not only public affairs attracted Mr. McKee's attention, but be is also closely identified with the business interests of Washing- ton, having been secretary and treasurer of the M. A. Winter Company, .339 and 341 Pennsylvania avenue, north- west, since the organization of this firm in 1898. Mr. McKee has also an enviable war record, establishing his ardent and intense patriotism. He enlisted on September 11, 1861, at Wheeling, W. Va., in Company B of the First Regiment Virginia Infantry. He was promoted success- ively from private to first lieutenant. When West Virginia was formed as a State in 1863 the regiment took the name " West Virginia." Mr. McKee took part in the battles of Winchester, Va., March 23, 1862 ; Port Republic, Va., June 9, 1862; Cedar Mountain, Va., August 9, 1862; Pope's campaign, closing with the second battle of Bull Run, August 28, 29 and 30, 1862. He was captured in an engagement at Moorefield, Va., September 11, 1863, and was held as prisoner of war for eighteen months, being paroled at Wilmington, N. C, March 1, 1865. Mr. McKee is prominent in Grand Army and Masonic circles, being HON. THOMAS HUDSON M'rKEE a member of the Loyal Legion of the United States ; Kit Carson Post G. A. R., Washington, D. C. ; Harmony Lodge, F. A. A. Masons ; Washington Almas Temple, Mys- tic Shrine; Royal Arch and Knights Templar. October 14, 1869, Mr. McKee married Nancy M. Funk, daughter of George and Man' Funk, of Juniata county, Pennsylvania. There is one daughter living (married). THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 429 Frederick Augustus [Miller, lieutenant-commander "nited States Navy, retired, is one of the staunchest be- evers in the future of Washington, which he predicts will n the course of a few years not only be the most beautiful ity in the world, but is fast becoming the Mecca for the wealth, fashion and culture of the United States. With [be courage of his convictions, within the past few rears Captain Miller erected at the northwest corner of Massachusetts avenue and Twenty-second street one of the most beautiful homes in the national capital. No Ixpense was spared in this work, and the house stands joldly forth on the bluff it occupies, as one of the best Captain Miller's beloved profession furnished the theme for the many nautical figures that there abound. The same taste, elegance and refinement are displayed in its furnish- ings, while on the walls many, handsome canvasses are displayed. Frederick A. Miller was born at Elkton, Cecil county, Maryland, on June 12, 1842, and is a son of Frederick A. M. and Martha Mason Abercrombie Miller. His early education was obtained at home schools, after which he attended Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut. When the civil war broke out he was in South America, but return- ing home, declined an appointment to the naval academy at CAPTAIN MILLER'S RESIDENCE (i Examples of the architect's (Pelz) art and skill. It is of jthe French Rennaissance school, so careful in its treatment (that the French Ambassador, M. Jules Cambon, requested permission to forward a duplicate set of the plans to his iGovernment, that the proposed French legation at this city jmight possibly be modelled on the same exquisite lines. The thief charm of the Miller home lies in its detail, which has been so carefully planned and executed that the master hand of an artist is plainly noticeable at every turn. The hand Icarving which adorns the newels, cornices and arches are Iworks of art, while in design it is plainly discernible that 01 MASSACHUSETTS AVE.. N. W.) Annapolis, Maryland, preferring immediate action, and en- tered the navy as master's mate on September 1 1. [861. He took an active part in the fights at Donaldsonville ; some small affairs cm the Mississippi River; in the capture of Mobile, and in the operations in Mobile Bay. He was recommended for promotion three times, rose grade by grade until lie reached that of lieutenant-commander in April, 1882. Captain Miller was retired on November 30, [885. Since then his life has been mainly that of an altruist, and there are many charitable institutions in the District with which he is connected. Among them ma) be mentioned St. 43° THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. John's Orphanage, of which he is treasurer ; a director of the Workingman's Club; a director of the Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital and a regent of the Blind Men's Home. He is vice-president of the Emergency Hospital, a vestryman of St. John's Protestant Episcopal Church, and vice-presi- dent of the Churchman's League. Possibly Captain Miller's most, cherished work is done in the Newsboys' Home, he being president of the board of trustees. He is now ear- nestly at work endeavoring to enlarge the scope of this noble charity, and has every assurance of success. Captain Miller is a member of the Metropolitan, Cosmos and Chevy Chase Clubs of Washington, and the Corinthian Yacht Club of Philadelphia. Captain Miller married Alice, daughter of Charles A, Townsend, of Brooklyn, New York. Of this union there are two daughters and one son. Mrs. Miller ably assists her husband in his works of charity, and is one of the most active workers in those institutions whose affairs are governed by the representative women of Wash- ington. Colonel Henry [Slay. — The Mays of this country are from the Anglo-Norman family of De Maies (such it seems was the original spelling), and are the descendants of two Knights, Eleaz and John De Maies, of the Demesne of Barfleur, Val de Saire, Normandy. These gentlemen en- tered England in the suite of William the Conqueror, and for valorous services at the battle of Hastings were, by royal charter, granted the manor known as "King's Chase," after- wards Mayfield, in the county of Sussex. Here the family lived in opulence, and as befitted their rank, up to the close of the " Wars of the Roses," when through such mis- fortunes as overcame many others of the nobility, they were reduced in circumstances, and turned their attention to business pursuits. A descendant of Eleaz and John He Maies was John May, born at Mayfield, England, in [590. In 1616 he came to America in the ship St. James. landing at Boston, and subsequently locating at Roxbury, Massachusetts, where tin- family lived for many years, and where were born and reared some of its illustrious son>. John May here died in 1670. Colonel John May, ., grandson of the American pioneer of the family, was a soldier in the Continental army of the revolutionary war; served as colonel in the First Massachusetts Regiment, and later did service under Rochambeau in the Rhode Island campaign. Me was also a member of that hand of patriots who composed the "tea party" in Boston harbor on that memorable December 16, 1773. When Washington was hut a straggling town, attrac- tive 011I3 in location, Frederick May moved hen from Roxbury, Massachusetts. He took up his residence in New Jersey avenue, on Capitol Mill, in what is now known as the " Ma\ residence," a place of historic interest, and still in good state of preservation. Here was born Henry '.. 1 of the presenl I tenry, in the year 1816. \\ an early age he moved to Baltimore, and soon became one of the prominent figures of Maryland in social, business and circles. He was a lawyer of prominence, and of exceptional forensic power. He was a member of Con- gress from Baltimore, and served well his constituents and his country. In 1845 Henry May married Henrietta, daugh- ter of William de Courcy, of Bracknock, Oueene Anne county, Maryland, whose ancestors came over with Lord Baltimore from Kinsale, Ireland, and Eleanor Rosier (Not- ley) de Courcy, of Prince George county, Maryland, both of prominent families of that State. He died in 1866 full of honors. A brother of Representative May was Dr. John Frederick May, an eminent surgeon, and well remem- bered by Washington's older residents. This epitome of family chronology brings us to Colonel Henry May, of Washington, who at first glance impresses one with his fine soldierly bearing, a representative scion of a famous house of military men and heroes. He is affa- ble and courteous, and with a directness of manner that bespeaks the gentleman and the tactician. Colonel Henry COLONEL HENRY MAY May, die -on of the Hon. Henry May, was horn in Haiti- more in 1855. lie received his education at various Jesuit colleges of Europe and the Polytechnic Institute at Stutt- gart, Germany. In 1S75. when twenty-one years of age, he went to California, where he became interested in quick- silver mining, and lor a number of years was superin- tendent of the Guadalupe Mines of Santa Clara county. Here he was actively engaged until 1883, when he went to Europe. After several years of travel throughout the countries of the Old World, he returned to this country, and settled in Washington, occupying the house [325 K street, northwest, for some years the residence of the late Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War in the Cabinej of President Lincoln. Here Colonel May has continued to reside and has surrounded himself and famil) with comforl and elegance. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 43 1 The male members of the May family have always been distinguished for their fine physique and great stature, and the Colonel is no exception. He has grouped in his dining hall the portraits of six brothers (his father and five uncles) of a former generation, whose heights aggregated thirty-seven and a half feet. In contemplating these pic- tures one recalls the magnificent specimens who composed the body guard of Frederick the Great. These brothers were : John Frederick May, surgeon ; Charles May, colonel Second Dragoons, United States Army; George May, merchant of New Orleans; Hon. Henry May (father), member of Congress and lawyer; William May, United States Navy, who rendered distinguished service in Mexico, and was of the South Pole expedition party, and Julian May, of the Mounted Rifles, United States Army, in the Mexi- can war. The instinct of the soldier with Colonel May is inher- ent, following as if predestined the profession of many of his illustrious progenitors. He is colonel of the First Regiment of the District National Guard, which position he has actively filled since 1898, and his work as an organ- izer, together with his keen appreciation of the requirements of a good soldier, have been of great benefit to the organ- ization. He is a hard worker and very popular with his regiment. Aside from his interest in quicksilver mining he has no direct business connections. In social circles the Colonel is a well-known figure, and is a member of many clubs, among them being the Union, now known as the Pacific Union Club, of San Francisco; Maryland Club, of Baltimore; Social Science and Union, of New York; the New York Yacht Club; Southampton, Long Island, Club; Pequot Club, of New London, Connecticut; Aztec Club, of Mexico; Metropolitan, Golf and Country Clubs, of Washington. In 1881 Colonel May married Isa- bel Teresa, daughter of James Leigh and Maria Louise Coleman, of New Jersey. Of this union there are four children — Henry Coleman, a student at Harvard Univer- sity ; Isabelle Louise, Gerald de Courcy, and Cecilia Jacque- line. The Colonel maintains a delightful summer residence at Quinnepeag, Connecticut. Dr. Henry D. Fry was born in Richmond, Virginia, April 11, 1853. His ancestry came from English stock, and its first noted representative in this country was Colonel Joshua Fry, whose name is so closely associated with Vir- ginia in the early colonial days. Joshua was born in Somer- setshire, England, and was educated at Oxford. It is uncertain when he came to America, but his name is found in the parish register as a vestryman and in the records of the court as Commissioner of Essex county, between 1710 and 1720. He married the widow of Colonel Hill, a large landed proprietor on the Rappahannock River. Her maiden name was Mary Micou, and she was daughter of Paul Micou, physician and surgeon, a Huguenot exile from persecution in France. Colonel Joshua Fry settled in Madison county, and the old homestead, which is still standing in a good state of preservation, is described in a memoir of his life, published by Rev. P. Slaughter, as "having in it a historical room originally dedicated to the muses of music and the dance, in which William Wirt, in his youth, played his pranks and wrote comedies ; where Thomas Jefferson, in his journeys to and from Wash- ington, in his French landau, refreshed himself with hos- pitable cheer." Quoting from the same work, the author says : "I know of no other person in our history of like social position, wealth, capacity, character, and public ser- vice as Colonel Fry, about whom there is so little to be found in print, and that little so scattered in infinitesimal items. We have to trace his career by the posts of honor which he filled, as we would track the general of an army by the names of his battles in ignorance of the details of his campaign." Among the posts of honor we find he occupied a professorship in William and Mary College. The foundation of the president's house of that institution was laid on the 30th of July, 1732. Joshua Fry was one of the five who laid the first five bricks. Many honorable trusts were confided to him by the governor. He was one of the commissioners of the crown for marking the line defining the western limit of the northern necks and the line between A'irginia and North Carolina. In 1745, with Peter Jefferson, the father of Thomas Jefferson, he finished a map of Virginia, known as Fry and Jefferson's map. In 1752 he was one of the commis- sioners for Virginia in negotiating the treat) of Logstown. In 1754 troops were raised to resist French aggression in the Ohio Valley, and Governor Dinwiddie appointed Colonel Joshua Fry commander-in-chief of the Virginia regiment. George Washington was lieutenant-colonel, and went in advance to clear a road for the artillery, which was in follow with Colonel Fry. When the expedition had reached Fort Cumberland, on the Potomac River, at the mouth of Will's Creek, Colonel Fry died. May 31st. 1754. George Washington, being next in rank, succeeded to the com maud. Among the family papers is a manuscript which states that Colonel Fry was buried near Fort Cumber- land, and that Washington and (he army attended the funeral. On a large oak tree, which now stands as a tomb and a monument to his memory, Washington cut tin- fol lowing inscription. "Under this oak lies the body of the good, the just, and the noble Fry." Colonel Fry made Peter Jefferson his executor and left him his mathematical instruments. Their sons. Rev. Henry Fry and Thomas Jefferson, were intimate friends. Among the letters in possession of the family is one from Thomas Jefferson to tin' Rev. Henry Fry, dated Washington, June 17. 1804, in which he advises him to ride a trotting horse tor relief of lii^ "visceral complaint." Jefferson says he suffered from the same trouble, and. on the advice of Dr. Kustis. of Bos- ton, he was cured by Sydenham's method of riding a trol ting horse. Hugh Walker Fry, Jr., the fourth lineal descendant of Colonel Joshua Fry, was bom April 14. iSji>. lie grew up and received his education in Richmond, and with his father anil brothers conducted an extensive commission business. 432 THE CTTY OF WASHINGTON. He entered the militia service of his State when quite young, arid was commissioned first lieutenant when twenty-two years of age. At the breaking out of the civil war he was major of the 179th Virginia Regiment, and served through- out the war with General Henry A. Wise. He married Mary L., daughter of John Davidson, of West Washing- ton, D. C, and the only living offspring of the marriage is Dr. Henry D. Fry. His boyhood and school days were spent in Richmond and Washington, and on reaching man- hood his inclination led him to the study of medicine. At the age of twenty-three he was graduated from the medical department of the University of Maryland, and the same year obtained an appointment by competitive examin- formed in the District of Columbia. He has since had a second successful case. Both operations were done after the Sanger method. He also has to his credit the perform- ance of the first symphysiotomy in the District, and saved mother and child. Dr. Fry was an early advocate of anti- septic midwifery. In 1887 he translated from the French Dr. Paul Bar*s " Principles of Antiseptic Methods Applied to Obstetric Practice," and at various times has contributed to medical literature articles on the same subject. His most recent contribution was the President's Address for 1894 to the Washington Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society, in which he demonstrated by statistics from the Health Department of Washington that deaths from puer- S RESIDENCE. ation as interne in the Jersey City Charity Hospital. Hav- ing completed the term of service at that institution he returned to Washington, in 1S7X, and commenced the active practice of his profession. ID formed the acquaintance of Dr. W. W. Johnston, who controlled a large and selecl clientele, and for fourteen years they were associated in ' perience was added to years. Dr. Fry grad- ually dev 1 for special work, and drifted almost unconsciouslj into gynaecological and obstetrical practice. In [890 he visited Europe for the purpose of enlarging his knowledge of operative work by scrutinizing the meth- ods "i the besl foreign operators. In the sartie year Dr. Fry did the fust successful Cesarean section ever per- pend septic diseases were lamentably frequent, and still showed a lack of COinformity to antiseptic rules, lie has sent numerous contributions to medical periodicals on gyn- aecological and obstetrical subjects. In 1890 Dr. Fn was appointed professor of obstetrics in the medical department of Georgetown University, lie is in charge of the gynaecological and obstetrical service at the Garfield Memorial Hospital; is a member of several local medical societies: was president for several years oi the Washington Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society, and is a member of different national medical societies, anion-- them the American Gynaecological and the South- ern Surgical and Gynaecological. Owing to the increased THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 433 demand of his private work, in 1899 Dr. Fry resigned the chair of obstetrics in the medical department of George- town University, and was elected emeritus professor of obstetrics and clinical professor of gynaecology. He is also obstetrician of Columbia Lying-in Hospital and pro- fessor of obstetrics and gynaecology in the Washington Post-Graduate Medical School. Dr. Fry married Miss Ger- trude M. Campbell, of Washington, who died in 1891, leaving him two little girls. ?E'S RESIDENCE Hugh S. Legare.— Among Washington's young men prominent in the city's affairs is Hugh S. Legare, who occupies one of the most beautiful residences on Massa- chusetts avenue. Mr. Legare, a South Carolinian by birth, is descended from an old Huguenot family which settled in the Palmetto State early in 1600. Mr. Legare is a son of George Washington Seabrook and Alice Brown Legare, of Charleston, S. C, and was there born on February 4, 1863, and was named for his cousin, Hon. Hugh S. Legare, Secretary of State under President Tyler. Attending the schools of Charleston, he entered West Point Military Academy, but left before completing the prescribed four years" course. Mr. Legare then came to Washington and received an appointment in the State Depart- ment. After remaining there for some time, he resigned to become a silent partner in the banking house of Crane, Parris and Company, but this, too, he resigned several years ago. In social matters Mr. Legare has ever been prominent, and is a member of the Metropolitan. Coun- try, and Chevy Chase Clubs. In icS 9 2 Mr. Legare married Mis- Uberta Kent, daughter of Syd- ney A. Kent, of Chicago. One son. Sydney, now nine years old, is the only child of this union. The Le- gare residence at 17 14 Massachusetts avenue is a large double structure of red sandstone, with an imposing, large, square hall, whose mullioned windows and paneled oak ceilings and walls are suggestive of an old English castle, with charming and coiners, where cushion -cats face a large open fireplace, in which gas logs crackle merrilj . and spread a fitful glow about the apartment. The drawing, reception, music, and dining rooms all open upon this hall, and their walls are covered frames, from the brushes ol old master. Above, the arrangement is to be found, and alto-ether the home is one of the besl and most richh appointed in \\ ashington. 434 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Hon. Thomas Barker Ferguson is a son of the late Col. James Ferguson, a soldier of the war of 1812, and a grandson of Mr. Thomas Ferguson, a member of the council of safety of the Provincial Congress of South Carolina, a member of the legislative council of the General Assembly of that State during the war of the revolution and a stren- uous promoter of the independence of the colonies. Thomas B, Ferguson was born on his father's estate, near Charles- ton, South Carolina, on the 8th of August. 1841. He was in that city at the commencement of hostilities in the late war between the Stairs, being a member of the graduating class of the State Military Academy, which is an institution modeled after West Point Academy, and occupying the citadel of Charleston. He was detailed in the winter of 1861 as cadet engineer to superintend the construction of the " Star of the West Battery," on Morris Island, and with his fellow cadets manned the guns .which opened lire on the :.HON. THOMAS IBARKER FERGUSON Steamer " Star of the West," when she attempted to relieve Fori Sumter. Subsequently he served continuousl) in the armies of lite Confederate Slates, and was severely wounded at Jackson. Mississippi, in (863, having been shol through the right lung, while in command of the artillery of ( ieneral Walker's division of (ieneral Johnston's army. Prior to and at the imie of die evacuation of Charleston and the Carolina sea coast, he commanded the first military dis- trict of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, with his headquarters at Georgetown, South Caro- lina. On evacuating Georgetown he joined General John stmi's army in North Carolina, and oil its surrender took the oath of allegiance to the United Stales. ||, thereupon returned to his home iii South ( 'arolina and devoted himself earnestl) to repairing the devastation which the war had caused in his native land and to establishing good feeling between the seel i< >ns. In 1867 he removed to Baltimore and became a citizen of Maryland. He soon became identified with the public measures and politics of the State of his adoption and held positions of honor both in the city and State. He was appointed State Fish Commissioner on the organization of the Fish Commission of Maryland. His labors in that capacity soon brought him into contact with the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries then recently established. The head of the commission at that time was the lamented Professor Spencer F. Baird. who was quick to recognize the energy and ability with which Mr. Ferguson conducted his commission, and invited him to the Smith- sonian Institution that he might carry on his experiments and original researches in the compartively new field con- jointly with the United States Commission. Mr. Ferguson had earned a national reputation in matters pertaining to fish culture, when in 1876 he was selected as expert judge of awards at the Centennial Exposition of that year. In 1878 he was appointed by the President assistant commis- sioner to the Paris Expositon, and on his return at the close of the exposition he was tendered the position of Assistant Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for the United States, which office he accepted and held until the death of Professor Baird in 18S7. During Professor Baird's able administration of this department, which commenced with an appropriation of $9,- 000 in 1872, and had developed and grown to a great work supported by an annual appropriation of nearly half a mil- lion of dollars at the time of his death, he freely expressed to many of those then and still members of Congress or occupying other important positions in the Government, the opinion that Mr. Ferguson's discoveries, inventions and devices had revolutionized the fish culture of the world and made it possible to conduct the artificial culture of fish on a wholesale scale. When Professor Baird fell his end approaching he wrote to the President as follow-: " Far gone with a disease of the heart which may have a sudden termination any moment, I anticipate the vacancy which may he produced in the office of United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries by respectfully asking that Mr. T. I'.. Ferguson, the present Assistant Commissioner, he promoted l'\ appointment to the place. IK- i- thorough!) acquainted with the details of the complicated business of the Com- mission; in every way competent to conduct it. Know- in- this, ami with ever) confidence in his integrity, I have no hesitation in assuring you that to the best of m\ knowledge .and belief there is no one else in the United Slates so able to discharge the duties of the United States Fish 1 omniission." Mi. Ferguson was appointed envo) extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Sweden and Norway h\ Presi- dent Cleveland during his second administration. The was unreservedly commended by the contempo- raneous press in terms of which the following is an ex- ample; "Major Ferguson is not only well qualified for the post to which he has been named, hut would make one -1 [lie best ministers the country has sent abroad for many THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 435 years. He has tact and manners, as well as ability, and is accustomed to the uses of diplomatic intercourse." That he fulfilled the expectations of his friends and served his country well is abundantly attested by those who had af- fairs with the legation and by the many citizens of the United States who visited Stockholm during his residence in Sweden. Mr. Ferguson married, in 1867, Jean I'.yrd Swann, a daughter of Governor Thomas Swann, of Maryland, who represented Baltimore city for many years in Congress. Three sons and a daughter survive Mrs. Ferguson, who died in 1893. Mr. Ferguson moved his family to Wash- ington in the spring of 1879, and has been identified with the advancement of the city of Washington. Soon after he made Washington his home he built a residence on High- land Terrace, Massachusetts avenue, in which he lived many years until it was sold to the Imperial German Government and became the embassy of that nation. Robert Portner, merchant, was born at Rahden, Wes- phalia, Prussia, March 20, 1837, son of Henry and Henri- etta (Gelker) Portner, and was educated in the Prussian school, Annaburg, Saxony, where he remained until sixteen years of age. In 1853 he came to the United States and held various positions until 1861, when he went to Alexan- dria, Va., and started a small grocery business with a friend; also a small brewery, and was largely engaged in selling supplies to sutlers of the armies. At the close of the war they dissolved partnership, Mr. Portner retaining the brewery as his share of the business. Fie incorporated the same in 1883 as the Robert Portner Brewing Company, some of its stock being sold to the employes. The business soon became so extensive that the National Capital Brewing- Company of Washington was organized, of which he became vice-president, and a brewery was built in that city. Pie also became interested in artificial refrigeration, and invented the first successful machine for that purpose, with direct ammonia expansion, in 1878. He started three building and loan associations in Alexandria, of which he was presi- dent ; originated the Alexandria ship yards, to build a—' ROBERT PORTNER :pai later the president. 'nnan Banking Company, _h elected him president, lie is a stockholder and director in the National Bank of Washington, the American Security and Trust Company, the Riggs Fire Insurance Company, the Virginia Midland Railway, the National Bank of Manassas, Virginia : president of the Capital Construction Company, and in 1880-81 was president of the United States Brewers Association. In 1881 he removed to Washington, D. C, where he has since resided and invested largel) in real estate. His summer home -Annaburg." Manassas. Virginia, consists of 2.500 acres, on which are to be Eound main fortifications and breastworks thrown up during the civil war. On April 4. 1S72. he was married to Anna. daughter of johann Jacob von Valaer, a native oi Switzer- land. They had thirteen children, ten of whom are living. PORTNER FLATS. 436 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. John Cammack, the son of William and Ann Cam- mack, was born in Washington on December 23, 1828. His father and uncle, Edmund, left their home at Spauld- ing, England, in the year 1817, and sailed for America. Attracted by the promising outlook in the " Federal City," although at that time but a city in name, they cast their lot here and located in Georgetown. Edmund engaged in merchant tailoring, while William, the father of John, started the business of gardening and floriculture. For a number of years William Cammack was foreman in the gardening business for Jesse Brown, proprietor of the "Indian Queen" hotel (now the Metropolitan ), at that time the leading hostelry of the city, and operated on " The Island," as South Washington was then called. It is interesting in this connection to note that the Metro- politan is still in the family of the Brown's, being owned by Jesse Brown and Mrs. Wallach, widow of ex-Mayor Wallach, grandchildren of William Cammack's employer. John Cammack received his education at private schools of Georgetown, and as a boy commenced work with his father on a tract of land he had purchased, known as Lot 240, and bounded by Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and R streets. This part of Washington was then open country (save for some remnants of forestry), and largely under cultivation, devoted to the raising of garden produce and feed for stock. The nearest house to this garden — a grocery store — was located at about the corner of Four- teenth and L streets, and to the north there was but one house within the city, that the home of an overseer for Joshua Pierce, a gardener, between R and S streets, on Fourteenth, who had under cultivation six squares of land. In this square, once cultivated by Mr. Cammack, now Maud hairdsome residences, two churches — St. Andrew's Prot- estant Episcopal and Unity Presbyterian — and on all sides stretches an unbroken city of buildings. Here the business of gardening and floriculture was successfully conducted for man) years by the Cammack family, consisting of the father and three sons, John, Robert and Edmund, the two latter now deceased. Subsequently tin- linn opened branch greenhouses al Thirteenth and E streets, and here did a flourishing business, three houses on the site, since erected, being now owned by Mr. Cammack. They were the lead- ing florists of Washington, and then, as now, the business in flowers was an extensive one. Mr. Cammack 's mother died in February, [870, aged 76 years; the father in 1X71. aged 74 years. Mr. Cammack retired from business in 1X7,1, a wealthy man and one of Washington's most sub- stantial citizens. \li- Cammack has an interesting fund of Washington reminiscences, and can tell much of die city's earl) his- tory. In connection with his business as florisl lie remem hers with clearness the visit to Washington of ih, Princi of Wales (now King Edward VII), in [860. The 1 am the contract for furnishing the floral decorations for < >dd Fellows Hall, then the leading place of entertain menl of the city. Mr, Fountain was at tin", time ministei from England, and his wife was in charge of the decora- tions. He can tell of the extravagant display of flowers, the prodigal expenditure of money, and the immense crush of people in according the visitor a royal reception. He recalls the popularity of the vegetables raised in their gar- den on Fourteenth street, and how eagerly they were sought by the proprietors of the leading hotels. Henry and Caleb C. Willard, proprietors of the Ebbitt House, were regular customers in the sixties, and would daily make trips to the place to secure fresh asparagus. Mr. Cammack re- members distinctly and was acquainted with Daniel Web- ster, Henry Clay and other distinguished statesmen of that period, and supplied the flowers for many social functions in their set. He remembers Presidents Harrison, Tyler, Polk. Taylor, Fillmore. Pierce and Buchanan and many interesting incidents and episodes connected with their from a tract of comparative waste land into a beautiful cit) .1 center oi education, refinement and general pro- gress and can well feel proud of his connection with Ibis growth. Mr. Cammack is an extensive owner of real estati . and holds connection with many financial institutions of the city. He is a director of Columbia National Bank; stock- holder in Riggs National Bank, Washington Loan and 1 rust Company, American Securit) and Trust Company, Washington das Light Company, Georgetown Gas Light Company, Mergenthaler Linotype Company, and others, as well as member of the Board of Trade and trustee of Co- lumbia Title Insurance Company. Before the street rail- ways ot Washington were merged into the Washington Railwa) and Electric Company he was a director and the largest stockholder in the Metropolitan and the Columbia THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. iv lines, the shares of which were purchased by the new com- pany. His nephew, Robert D. Weaver, former president of the Metropolitan Railway, is president of the new com- pany that will operate the Great Falls line. Mr. Cam- mack has twice married. His first wife was Sarah Little, daughter of William and Annie Little, of Buffalo, New York, from which union there were three daughters. His second wife is Lizzie May, daughter of Philip May, a re- tired business man of Washington. They have one son. Mr. Cammack still owns the homestead, at 3553 Bright- wood avenue, where he resides. Robert Reyburn, M- D., of Washington City, D. C, was born August 1, 1833, in Glascow, Scotland, and is of Scotch descent. His early education was received at the public schools of Philadelphia, Pa. He studied medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. Lewis D. Harlan, and was graduated M.D. at the Philadelphia College of Medicine in 1856. He received the degree of A.M. from Howard Uni- versity in 1871. He practiced medicine in Philadelphia from 1856 to 1862, then entered the United States Army, as acting assistant surgeon, on May 7, 1862; was commis- sioned as assistant surgeon United States Volunteers on June 4, 1862; was recommended for immediate promotion and commissioned surgeon United States Volunteers on June 13, 1862. He was mustered out as brevet lieutenant-colo- nel volunteers in 1866, and was commissioned as assist- ant surgeon United States Army, with rank of captain in 1867, but resigned the same year and commenced the practice of medicine in Washington, D. C, where he has been located ever since that date. Dr. Reyburn was chief medical officer of the Freedmen's Bureau during the last two years of its existence, in 1871-1872; was surgeon in charge of the Freedmen's Hospital from 1867 to 1875; professor of clinical surgery, medical department, George- town University, 1866- 1867; professor of surgery, medical department, Howard University, 1868; professor of anat- omy, medical department, Georgetown University in 1878. In In 1880 he was appointed professor physiology and clinical surgery in the medical department of Howard University. In 1902 Dr. Reyburn was appointed professor of preventive medicine and hygiene in the medical department of Howard University, and in the same year was elected dean of the medical faculty of the same institution. He is a member of the American Medical Association; member of Medical So- ciety, District of Columbia, and the Medical Association, District of Columbia; member and vice-president, 1891-2, of the National Microscopical Society ; member of the Micro- scopical Society, District of Columbia; member of the An- thropological Society; member of the Biological Society; member of the American Society of Anatomists ; consulting surgeon to Providence Hospital, and Freedmen's Hospital, District of Columbia; visiting physician to St Church Orphanage; member and president of Board of Health, District of Columbia, in 1870-1 ; member „l board of school trustees of Washington, D. C, in 1877, 1878 and 1879, and was one of the board of councilmen of George- town in 1865. He was married in 1854 to Catharine White, and to them were born eight children. In 1881 he was chosen as one of the six surgeons who had charge of the case of President James A. Garfield, and from the time he was wounded until his death. Dr. Reyburn has written a large number of articles for the various medical journals. His list of papers contributed to medical journals are ; American Journal of Medical Sciences.— No. 1, Remarks on Disease among the Freed People of the United States, April, 1866. p. 364; No. 2, Four Cases of Aneurism Treated by Liga- tion, July. 1868, p. 112; No. 3, Reduction of Dislocation of Fourth Cervical Vertebrae, January, 1871. p. 110. I 'apers to National Medical Journal, Washington, D. C, and other ROBERT REYBURN. publications.— Two Cases oi Trephining, July, [870, p. 228; Case of Popliteal Aneurism (Ligation Followed b\ Tetanus), September. 1871. p. 224; Rupture of Uterus Followed by Recovery, October, 1877, p. 200; Lacerated Wound of Abdomen, Recovery, November, [871, p. 351; Life Histon of Micro-Organisms with its Relation to the Theory of Evolution, Monograph, 1890; Vaginal Hysterec- ,,„ m for Carcinoma of Uterus, Medical News, February 10. [894; Diphtheria ["rcated b) the Earl) Local Use of Germi- cides! March 5. 1802; Aseptic Surgen in the Hospitals f p ar i Si [892, Medical News, December 7. 1892; Llfe Growth of the tell Applied to Human Anatomy, Maryland Medical rournal, October 7, (893; Life Histon oi Bacillus Tuberculosis in its Relation to the Cure of Tuberculosis i„ Man. Medical Age, August 10. i*.,,: Eas } Methods ol Carrying Out the Principles of Aseptic Surgery, Maryland 438 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Medical Journal, June 2. 1894; Electricity in Modern Sci- ence, Journal of American Medical Association, April 14, 1898; On a New Industrial Application of Professor Roent- gen's X-Rays, Photographic Times, May. 1897; Type of Disease Occurring among the Freed People of the United States, Monograph, 1891 ; Vaginal Lithotomy, Medical News, October 25, 1890; Treatment of Purulent Tubercular Peritonitis with Illustrative Case, Journal American Medical Association, August 20, 1898; Treatment of Diseases of Children Two I kindred Years Ago, Medical Record, Sep- tember 24, 189S; Clinical History of Case of President James A. Garfield, Journal American Medical Association. March 5 to March 24, 1894; Pollution of Potomac River, Journal American Medical Association, February 4, 1899: Life History of Bacillus Tuberculosis in its relation to the treatment by Tuberculin. Journal American Medical Association, October 1, 1898; Curiosities of Homoeopathic Pharmacy, Journal American Medical Association, Octo- ber 4, 1890; Laws of Growth of Bacteria Applied to Aseptic Surgery, Journal American Medical Association, October 7. 1893; A Day with Professor Pasteur, Maryland Medical Journal. ( Ictober 23, [886; Aseptic Surgery in the Hospitals of Paris in [892, Medical News, December 17. 1892; A Day with Professor Virchow at Chavite Hospital, Berlin, in 1892, Journal American Medical Association, March 11, 1893; Type of Disease Among the Freed People, Mixed Negro Races, of the United Stales, Medical News, December 2. 1893: Abstract of Case of President James A. Garfield, American Medicine, September jX. 1901; Prevention of Disease Infection through Mouth and Nasal Cavities, American Medicine. June. [90) : Inertness of Petroleum Compounds when Used Medicinally. Medical News, August 24, 1901 ; Failure of the Knife in the Cure of Cancer, Medi- cal Record, 1 Ictober [9, \^>\ ; Simple Methods of Testing Strength of Galvanic Currents l>\ Milliarrjpere Meier, and also of Using a Galvanoscope as Milliampere Meter, Journal Advanced Therapeutics, May I. l<)<>2; (ails,- of Cancer. Medical Record, August 2. 1002. Dr. Reyburn has always been an ardent Republican, and has been identified for several years with tin secure the rights of suffrage ami a representative govern- menl to the citizens of the District of Columbia, [n [901 Dr. Reyburn and the Rev. Dr. Ceo,-, \\ . Lee were can- didates for the positions of Republican Presidential electors for the District of Columbia, on the occasion of the second election of Presidenl William Mckinley. The election For Presidential electors was held in the District of Columbia on March i>. [900. ["hough the Rev. Dr. George \\ . Lee and Dr. Robert Reyburn received the majorit} of vo tes cast, yet by means well know,, to professional politicians they "'"' "counted out." Dr. Reyburn has for many years taken a deep interesl in the affairs of the District of Co lumbia. I le has written a large number of articles on mat- ters "'" '"''■• |l interest, and has written a number of short poems, which have mostly appeared in the columns of the daily papers of \\ ashington 1 it v. A. B. Richardson, A. M., M. D.— In October. 1899, Dr. A. E. Richardson was appointed superintendent of the Government Hospital for the Insane, and in making 'his selection President McKinley was guided by wise discrim- ination and rare judgment. To fill the position of super- intendent of such an institutions requires a man of excep- tional parts, and to find this man it is necessary to search carefully among the students of medical science, both general and special. To care for the insane— to compre- hend, or approximately understand human nature as di- verted by the hobbies of an aberrated mind, to grasp the limitations of a diseased brain— comes within the scope of a man who has not only made a study of these ailments and learned the proper care and treatment, but who is also in thorough sympathy with the work and its subject. To discern between treatment for the ravin-' maniac imeiil to simp ICHARDSON. Illllll en analyst and the SSOtirces oi a master of method. Such a man was Dr. Rich- rdson, and to his efforts and organization are due the 'lniirahic system and successful adminstration of affairs 1 St. Elizabeth, District of Columbia. Dr. Richardson was born at Portsmouth, Scioto county, >hio, on September It. 1S52. and was educated at the "union schools of the county, the Ohio University at thens, < »hio, and the < ihio Wesleyan Universitj at Dela- are > Ohio. lie took a course in medicine at Cincinnati. I afterwards at New York city, graduating from Bellevue Hospital, at the latter place, in [876. lie was at once recognized as a leader anion- the specialists in nervous disorders and kindred ailments, and his course at Bellevue and close application to the study of the insane. course in practice. 1 le was m for the Insane ( >h led him to adopt thi physician at ih his Athens THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 439 ,for about three years, and for two years following prac- ticed medicine at his native town, Portsmouth. In March, 1 88 1, he was appointed medical superintendent of the Athens Asylum, and remained in that position until May, 1890. After severing his connection with this institution, he engaged in private practice in Cincinnati until 1892. when he was appointed medical superintendent of the Hos- pital for the Insane at Columbus, Ohio. This position Dr. Richardson held until 1898, when he was made medical superintendent of the State Hospital for the Insane at Massilon, Ohio, and opened the hospital for patients in August of that year. This position he was not long per- mitted to retain, as President McKinley, searching for the right man and attracted by the course of Dr. Richardson, chose him for the superintendency of the Government Hos- pital for the Insane, and in October, 1899, he received the appointment. In 1892 Dr. Richardson was appointed by Governor McKinley member of a commission of three to locate a situation for a new hospital for the insane of Ohio, and on a report of this commission in the fall of 1892, was appointed for five years on a board of trustees to prepare plans and construct the institution, serving out the term. Seeing the need for improvements at St. Elizabeth Asylum, Dr. Richardson asked Congress for an appropria- tion of $1,000,000 with which to carry out his plans. The recommendations were recognized as timely and the improve- ments needful for the better care of the unfortunate insane, and the appropriation was at once allowed. These philan- thropic plans were being carried out and the construction going on when Dr. Richardson died, on June 27, 1903. The doctor was married in 1876 to Julia D. Harris, of Athens, Ohio. Four children were born to them — Dr. William W. Richardson, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, who has been appointed on the medical staff at the Govern- ment Hospital for the Insane; Mrs. W. G. Neff, Edith H., and Helen. Dr. Richardson was a courteous and affable gentleman, and deservedly popular with the medical officers an 1 at- taches of the St. Elizabeth hospital, and warmly commended by visitors to that institution. He was the author of many valuable treatises in medical science, and was a recognized authority in his special lines. The doctor was a member of the ( )hio State Medical Society, the American Medical Association, the Medico-Legal Society of New York, and the American Medico-Psychological Association. William Harrison McKnew, for many years proprie- tor of the large mercantile establishment at 933 Pennsyl- vania avenue, was born in Washington in 1855. He re- ceived his primary education in the schools of the District of Columbia — completing his education at Rensselaer Poly- technic Institute in Troy, N. Y., where he obtained the degree of civil engineer, graduating at the head of his class. Mr. McKnew early gave promise of attaining distinction in his chosen profession, while engaged in various engineer- ing enterprises in the West, and especially while superin- tending important engineering work on the upper Missouri River, near Plattsmouth, Nebraska. He returned to Wash- ington in 1885 to superintend the construction of a sea wall around the Potomac flats. Upon the death of his uncle, Mr. R. H. Taylor, lie succeeded to the well known mercantile establishment at 933 Pennsylvania avenue. As a merchant Mr. McKnew displayed the same energy and ability which had marked his career as a civil engineer, and in a short time had built up the largest ladies' cloak and suit business in this city. Since Mr. McKnew's death, which occurred April 6, 1902, the business has been continued by Mrs. William H. Mc- Knew, under the management of Mr. Anton Stephan, who had been associated with Mr. McKnew for many years. Mr. McKnew was a man of singularly kind and gentle nature, combining with every desirable attribute of the successful business man, a lovable character that endeared him to a large circle of friends and won for him the respect HARRISON M=KNEW and admiration of his business competitors, and the devotion of his employees, by whom he was regarded more as an adviser and friend than an employer. He was an enthusi- astic Mason and had attained the honor of the thirt) second degree, was a Knight Templar of many years standing, and was a member of the Scottish Rite and Lafayette Lodge. His well known probity and his interest in local financial affairs made him a director in the Traders National Bank and the Union Trust and Storage Company. One of his chief interests was the welfare of Columbian Qni versity, with which he was intimatel) associated the first year after his return to Washington. He soon became a trustee of die institution and until his death served as chairman of man) important committees. Me contributed liberally to man) charitable enterprises. Me was an earnest member of Calvary Baptist Church, and was repeatedly elected chairman of the board of trustees. 44° THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Hon. John Walker Babson, descended from an old and influential Puritan family, has been identified with the official life and public affairs of Washington since 1861, when he left his native State of Maine, and from that time until the present has uninterruptedly held important posts in the Government service, his present position being that of a chief of division in the United States Patent Office. Mr. Babson was born at Brooksville, Maine, on August 15. [835, and is a son of Samuel Brown and Nancy Tapley Babson, both of whom died at a ripe old age. The advent of the ancestors of Mr. Babson to this country is somewhat unique. In a party of emigrants which left England in 1(132 were James Babson, his wife, Isabel, and their son James, two years old. 'While en voyage the father died. The widow, a woman of courage and ability, proceeded to Salem, Massachusetts, and thence to Cape and her son James." This lot, through which now passes Fronl street, ('ape Ann. remained in the possession of the Babson Family for upwards of 150 years. From the in- fant James have descended all the Babsons now in this tober to, 1700. was a captain of privateers in tin- revolu tionary war, anil still another, who died December 30. [831, was engaged in privateering during the war of [812. John W. Babson, the subject of this sketch, is the seventh in lineal descent From the widow fsabel. Mr. Babson was educated in the Maine public schools, and Bluehill Acad- : finall) at the Maine Weslyan College al Redfield. on taught for a time at the latter institution, as well as in the public Early in life Mr. Babson manifested a keen interest in politics, and on his twenty-first birthday was elected chairman of the Republican town committee of his native town, and has participated in every campaign since then. He was president of the stormiest Republican convention ever held in Hancock county. In the Fremont campaign in 183d, when accompanying Hon. Hanibal Hamlin, afterwards Vice-President, an incident occurred by which the latter's life was endangered. A friendship then started between the two which remained unbroken until Mr. Hamlin's death. When the Lincoln administration began in 1861, Mr. Babson was made postmaster of his native town, but resigned the same year to come to Washington with Vice-President Hamlin, and remained with him until the expiration of his term in 1S65, and continued an officer of the United States Senate, where he remained until February, 1800. resigning to accept an appointment tendered him by Secretary of the Interior James Harlan, in the Pension Bureau. Here he soon reached the position of chief of a division, which be held for some years. Mr. Babson was commissioned by President Grant Deputy Commissioner of Pensions on December 21, 1875. This post he resigned in February. 1877, to enter the more inviting Bureau of Patents, where in 1878 he assumed charge of the publication of the " Offi- cial Gazette," then a comparatively small weekly, which under his capable management, has expanded to its present imposing proportions. In 1880 the Issue division was ab- sorbed by the Gazette division and it has since become known as the Issue and Gazette division, of which Mr. Bab- son is the chief. In the affairs of the District he has always taken an active interest. He was one of the originator- of the East Washington Citizens' Association — the oldest organ- ization of its character in the District, permanently organ- ized in 1871. and in active existence since that date. He was its president for live years, voluntarily retiring, but has ever since continued a member of its executive com- mittee, lie was a member of the ( lid Citizens' Committee of One Hundred, and chairman of its committee appointed for the purpose of securing the selection of this city as the location of the World's Exposition ^\ 1803. and made an exhaustive and vigorous report in its favor, which was commended by the public press. The initiative ^i tin move ment for the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the cornerstone of the National Capitol on September iS. [S93, was taken by the East Washington Citizens' Association at its monthly meeting May 5, (893, An elaborate report made by Mr. Babson. then its president, resulted in a delegation waiting upon the District Com- missioners, the calling of a public meeting, and the appoint- ment of a general committee, of which Mr. Babson was one. He was also chairman of the committee Oil scope. Mr. Babson was also one of the promoters of the " Patent Centennial." held in this cit) April 8. o and 10. 1 So 1 . chairman of its central committee and a member of its executive committee. lie was appointed by the CommtS- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 441 sioners of the District on June 1, 1899, a member of the committee of one hundred to make suitable and timely preparations for Washington's welcome to Admiral Dewey, upon Ids return from Manila, and was selected as a member of its executive committee, and elected and served as its treasurer. Mr. Babson was a member of the special escort committee, who met Admiral Dewey at New York with a palatial railroad train on October 2, 1899, and brought him to Washington to receive the sword voted by Congress, at the hands of President McKinley, at the east front of the Capitol, October 3, 1899. He is a member of the Board of Trade, and chairman of its committee on public library. He has now entered upon his second (three years) term as one of the directors of the Board of Trade. Mr. Babson has twice married. His first wife was Louise A. Tibbetts of Brooklin, Maine, to whom he was married on November 5, 1855, and who died in this city, October 2, 1863. By this marriage there were three chil- dren. His second wife was Eliza A. Tibbetts, a cousin of his former wife, to whom he was married in Boston, Mass., September 1, 1868. Mrs. Babson has vied with her husband in active interest in the affairs of the city and has become well known in charity work. She is a member of the Board of Children's Guardians, a member of the Citizens' Relief Committee, appointed by the District Commissioners, and a veteran in the work of the Associated Charities, of the board of managers of which she has for many years been an active member. She is a member of the Church of the Reformation, and prominent in the ladies' work of that church. By this marriage there have been five children. While for over forty years a resident of this city, and an owner of property here, Mr. Babson has retained the ownership of the old family homestead in his native town, in Maine, where his family spend their summers and he his vacation, and where he has uninterruptedly retained the right of suffrage. Christian Heurich.— Many efforts have been made in the past and are being made every day by public spirited and enterprising citizens of Washington to utilize the natural and other advantages of the national capital to their fullest extent in order to make it not only the most beautiful city in the world, but also the manufacturing center it deserves to be. These men have by their own efforts proven to the people of this city and manufacturers of other places that Washington is well qualified to accommo- date within its borders manufacturing enterprises of all sorts. Head and shoulder with these public-spirited men stands Christian Heurich, the well-known brewer of this city, who by sheer progressive energy and strict attention to business has succeeded in building up one of the finest plants in his particular line of trade in the country. Thirty-one years ago Mr. Heurich came to Washing- ton and started in business on his own account, conducting a small brewery in conjunction with Mr. Paul Ritter, whose interest he bought in the succeeding year. From this small beginning has grown the great modern brewery , c< ivering the tract between Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth. D and Water streets, northwest, which in equipment and quality of product is second to none in the world. Mr. Heurich has been a public benefactor in many directions. It was due almost entirely to his efforts and his enterprise that the price of ice was lowered in this city, at a time when exorbitant rates for that necessity prevailed. He installed an ice-manufacturing plant in 1895, and not only made ice for his own immediate use. but supplied it to his cus- tomers and patrons, which had the effect of bringing the high price of that commodity, charged by other concerns, down to the normal rate. Mr. Heurich has always been a zealous advocate of pure foods. He is a warm champion of the pure-food bill, and is using his best efforts Lo secure its passage by Congress. In this connection Mr. Heurich is a striking example of the man who does what he preaches. His master stroke was his action which resulted in com- pelling the Agricultural Department to publicly announce the results of an analysis of different brands of beer on sale in Washington, D. C. The analysis was made under the pretext of exposing adulterations of food and drink, and when published by the department stated in what cities the beers were manufactured, but failed to give the names of the manufacturers. Mr. Heurich insisted that the anal- ysis of his beers be made known to the public. It was at first refused, but on appealing to Congress the Department of Agriculture yielded and announced that the Heurich beers were found to be "pure and free from admixtures." The winning of the silver medal at the Paris Exposition by Mr. Heurich was most significant and the products of his establishment having been endorsed by the American, as well as French Government for purity and wholesomeness, are finding ready market everywhere. Mr. Heurich's career is interesting and instructive, and may with profit be read by the younger generation. Ik- was born at Haina-by-Roemhild, Saxe-Meiningen, Ger- many, in 1842. His first education was received in his native town. In [866 he came to the United States and his first work in a brewery, in this country, was in Bal- timore: thence he went West and found employment with Seipp & Lehmann, of Chicago. He remained in their employ until 1868, when he returned to Baltimore and was engaged as a malster. Mr. Heurich's ambition to be- come a master of his own establishment asserted itself, anil he decided to go into business for himself and receive the benefits of his energy and efforts. In [872 he cum to Washington where lie has since remained. His thor- ough knowledge of his profession stood him in good stead traveled extensively in Germany and Austria, visiting all the principal breweries of those countries. This experience covered a period of seven years, during which time he worked as a journeyman in all the celebrated breweries of die Fatherland and the Austrian empire, in order to perfect himself 111 the art of making heel's. 442 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Mr. Heurich's brewery is of modern construction and supplied with the best equipments. This structure may justly be termed the model brewery of the world, from a standpoint of construction. In conjunction with the archi- tect \vh< i planned the buildings, and the engineer who super- intended its construction, many valuable hints were made by Mr. Heurich, whose practical knowledge of the require- ments of such a structure proved of valuable aid. The i w w \ \ ■■ ' / m ^m^Y'f' 1 ft / U ; 1 **< r if ^r^ f /jB ypfl MR. HEURICH'S RESIDENCE brewer) in even respect is as near fireproof as ii is possible to make a building of its massive proportions. Mr. Heurich's influence is far reaching, and no man occupies a higher place in business circles throughout the city. < 'n January i i, [899, Mr. Heurich married Miss Amelia Keyser, of this city. One sun. Christian Heurich, Jr., has graced this union. The Heurich residence, a mas sive granite structure, at the corner of New Hampshire avenue and Sunderland Place, embodies all the features of modern architectural beauty and artistic embellishment. This residence was the first fireproof dwelling built in Wash- ington. To the architects called upon to submit plans for such a structure it was long a perplexing question, and not until a few valuable suggestions offered by Mr. Heurich, was the problem solved. Every precaution and device known in the construction of modern office buildings to guard against the ravages of fire have been herein embodied, regard- less of cost. The interior of the palatial Heurich home is well worthy of mention. The spacious hallway, triangular in shape, is of beautiful proportions, and leads to a library, on the left of the entrance, whose rich walls are covered by many fine canvasses of the modern school. Hack of this large room rises the stairway of brass, marble, and onyx, whose graceful curves greatly en- hance the beauty of the hall. Op- posite the library is the drawing room, a lofty apartment of noble proportions, whose richly decorated ceiling, done by a master hand, of exquisitely delicate tints, fade to a handsome and richly carved ivor) frieze, which, in turn, blends into the softer tints of the paneled side walls. The reception room is next to the drawing room: then music room and dining room. The draw in- room opens into the music room, a smaller apartment, which is over- hung by a mezzanine gallery, and is also \ isible from the front hall- way. Another reception room, in the rear of the music loom, is be. in tifully proportioned, furnished, and lighted, and opens into the large. stately, superbly paneled dining room. In the rear of this room the conservator)', rookery, fernery. and aviary, wherein the plash of an electric fountain lends an en chantmenl to the charming environment. Above stairs the apartments are sumptuous and regal in their magnificence. The slate chambers, a suite designed b) Mrs. 1 teurich, are i'u for royalty. The same beautiful taste and refinement re- flected in the soft tones and color scheme of the house throughout, are to be found at every turn, and which places the Heurich residence far in the lead of the many beautiful homes in this beautiful city. M':#,7f THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Albert Carry was born at Hechingen, Hohenzollern, Germany, on February 17, 1852. After obtaining an edu- cation at the schools ot his native town, he entered the employ of a brewer, where he learned the trade which has been the means of gaining for himself a competence and •443 especialh popular ALBERT CARRY a conspicuous place in the commercial world. When twenty years of age, with a well-grounded knowledge of the busi- ness of brewing, he came to this country, landing in New York. In that city he remained a short time, when, seeing a brighter prospect in Cincinnati, he went there and ac- cepted a position as brewmaster. Thus began a successful career. Being a faithful worker and of thrifty disposition, Mr. Carry began an accumulation of money, by careful saving of earnings, that has now, in its fruition, compen- sated him for his many practices of economy. He remained with this firm in Cincinnati for sixteen years, and then came to Washington. He invested his earnings by purchasing an interest in what is now the Washington Brewery, and was thus engaged in business for three years. At this time a small brewery, owned by Henry Rabey, at 1337 D street, southeast, being for sale, ami the outlook bright and time propitious, Mr. Carry bought it. Forming a company, he was 'made the presi- dent of what is now the National Capital Brewery Com- pany. Then commenced a rebuilding, the introduction of new machinery, and a general system of improvement. From time to time additions have been made and new plans adopted, and a thoroughly up-to-date brewery with facilities for increased output is the result. The capacity of the National Capital Brewery is to-day 100.000 barrels. The plant is a model one. with every known convenience and facility, and is largely the outgrowth of the directing mind and hand of its president. The reputation of the products* of this brewery is far reaching, and with patrons in this city. Aside from his connection with this brewery, Mr. Carry is identified with many of the city's business and financial institutions. He is a director of the National Capital Bank and of the American Security and Trust Com- pany, and also an extensive owner of real estate, lie owns the Columbia apartment house, on Columbia Heights; the Lincoln, on' Twelfth street, southeast, and will be one of the stockholders in the new hotel to be erected on the site of the Lawrence. His residence at 135 Twelfth street, southeast, is a handsome home of comfort and convenience. He also owns a fine country seat, " Red Gables," in Prince George county, Maryland, a well-ordered farm, in a high state of cultivation, surrounding an attractive building, which he occupies as a summer residence. Mr. Carry in 1875 married Miss Wilhelmina Bock Hauck, of Cincinnati, Seven children have been born to them — two boys and five girls. Charles Gordon Patterson, merchant ami railroad builder, has resided here since 1898, but previous to that date led an active life in New York City, and in various parts of the West. Several important railroads of the country are the direct result of his business ability. Mr. Patterson was born in 1835 at Plattsburg, Burlington county, N. J. Pie is the son of Charles Gordon Patterson, M.D., his mother's maiden name having been Catharine CHARLES GORDON PATTERSON B. Wainwright. lie was educated in the district schools >'i Monmouth county. X. J. Mr. Patterson began Initios in a general merchandise store at Freehold, X. J., in [851, and later lie was with the linn of Amos & Abbot! Lawrence in Xew York City, and continued with them until [859. 444 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON After this experience of eight years, which was chiefly edu- cational, he went to California, and returned to New York in 1861. In the fall of 1868 Mr. Patterson established a home in Yonkers, N. Y., and lived there until 1872. In politics he lias never been a pronounced partisan, but during this residence became a candidate for the mayoralty of the city on the Democratic ticket. He was defeated by a small majority in favor of Robert P. Getty, who was his neighbor and personal friend. In 1875 Air. Patterson moved to Boston, Mass., and remained there until 1888, where he was actively engaged in the construction and management of railroads. He first built what is now known as the Cleveland, Canton & Southern Railroad, in Ohio, being general manager of same from 1878 to 1883. In 1884 he commenced the Topeka, Salina & Western Railroad and in 1886 sold it, unfinished, to Jay Gould. This road has since been incorporated into the Missouri-Pacific system. Mr. Patterson began the building of the Findlay, Fort Wayne & Western Railroad in 1890, and was its general manager until completed in 1895. He resumed his resi- dence in New York City in 1896, and moved to Washing- ion in 1898. Hon. Dominic I. \1urphy was born in Philadelphia. Pennsylvania, and is now in his fifty-sixth year. He was educated at the public schools, graduating from the high school in 1865. For some years be was associated with his father and brother in the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods. In 1871 he came to Washington and re- ceived an appointment in the Pension Office, where he re- mained until 1889 — just previous to the inauguration of President Harrison — when he resigned. As an emplove of this bureau Mr. Murphy at once attracted the attention ol his chief by close application to business, a comprehensive grasp of his duties, and their ready and faith ltd perform- ance. Recognition of merit followed, and during these years of service in the Pension < Iffice he rose by successive steps to he chief of division, supervising special examiner, and chief clerk. Alter the second election of President Cleveland, Mr. -'oner oi pensions, which he accepted. With the changes of the heads of depart incuts and bureaus incident to the reversal of administration, came the retirement of Com missioner Loughran, and Mr. Murphy was appointed Com missioner of Pensions, the appointmenl being promptly confirmed bj the United States Senate. His administration was eminently successful and satisfactory, and his conduct of the office wo,, him the confidence and friendship ol all "ill: who,,, he had dealings, and rendered him espectall) popular with the employes of the bureau. He filled the office until some time after the inauguration of President Mckinley i first term i, when he resigned to become a mem ber oi the firm of Hopkins, Murphy & Hopkins, attorneys, lie carried into this able and well known firm of attorneys a knowledge of pension law and technicalities, and a judg- ment for applying same, that has been of inestimable value in the prosecution of their work. The firm, with offices at 27-32 Washington Loan and Trust Building, takes rank with the first in the country. Mr. Murphy is publisher and general manager of The New Century, a weekly journal of high character and great influence — an ideal family paper of clean literature. It is Catholic in tone, but emi- nently fair and impartial in its treatment of religious sub- jects. Mr. Murphy is a gentleman of culture and refinement, and is deservedly popular as a man of broad and liberal views. He is prominent in Catholic societies, being con- nected with the Knights of Columbus, Carroll Institute, Catholic Benevolent Legion, Catholic Knights of America, and is a trustee of St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum. He i> a widower, and the father of two children, die elder. Joseph James Murphy, being the editor of The New Century, while the younger, Don F. Murphy! is a medical student. HON. DOMINIC I. MURPHY Lord Oqilvie. The Right Honorable Robert Walter Findlater Ogilvie, the Lord of Banff and heir to the Earl- dom -1 Findlater in Scotland, is well known in Washington as a successful lawyer. He is a graduate of three uni- versities, having won the degrees of A.B. and A.M from Princeton; those of LL.B. and I.I..M. from the Columbian, and is also a graduate from the Universit) of \ irginia. He is a practitioner at the bar of the United States Supreme Court, in addition to the courts of the District of Columbia. The family of Lord Ogilvie, from and through whom he succeeds to titles and estates in Scotland, trace their lineage back, through direct male descent for more than a thousand years, to the time when the Scottish clans were known and designated by the names of their respective leaders. The " Ogilvies " were distinguished for courage and loyalty. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 445 The founder of the family won his honors and titles in the eleventh century. Under the designation of " Gillis- chroisd," as chief of the Ogilvies, he led his clan in support of the royal line and against the bloody usurper, Macbeth, in Scotland. He fought so valiantly that upon the down- LORD OGILVIE fall and death of Macbeth, the King Malcolm Canmore made the chief of the Ogilvies the Earl of Angus, at the same time conveying estates commensurate with the titles. It was about this period, 1120 A. D„ that the title of " Earl " was introduced into Scotland, to supplant that of " Thane,'' previously used. Thus " Gillischroisd " was the founder of the family under the noble designations, and with die estates that come down to the present day. The record of this noble and historic family on down through the centuries has been preserved unbroken and entire, and, together with patents of nobility, and divers other evidences on parch- ment and otherwise, is now in possession of Lord Ogilvie, the present peer and representative. The Ogilvies have been conspicuous and distinguished in every era ot Scot- tish history. The British peerage, besides the illustrious earldoms of Findlater and Airlie and several barons ot high consideration, contains the names ot many other members of this distinguished family. Lord Ogilvie married January 3°, I9° 2 . Miss Innasule Bledsoe Desha Harman, Kentucky's greatest beauty the _ youngest daughter of the late Colonel Bledsoe Desha Har- I man, of Kentucky, a distinguished cavalry officer of the ' Confederacy, and Mary Loftin, a former famous belle of I Tennessee. Though an American by birth. Lady ( gilvie is I of French and German lineage, and is descended from the I nobility of both countries. The Harman family also repre ' sents the best blood of the old Virginia-Kentuck) ans tocracv. Lady Ogilvie is a lineal descendant of Gen. Isaac Shelby, the first governor of Kentucky, a great-grand- daughter of General Joseph Desha, who was governor of Kentucky, besides filling other prominent public positions. General Isaac B'.edsoe, of revolutionary fame, was another ancestor. General Bledsoe won high military honors even prior to the war of the revolution in subduing the Indians in Tennessee. He was designated by the Indian title " Talla- Tuska," The Waving Corn Blade. The Indians had a superstition that General Bledsoe was invincible. Lord and Lady Ogilvie maintain a spacious home in Washington. They spend a portion of the year on their Scotch estates, where amid the moors and forests of the Highlands of Scotland, are their ancient and historic castles of Findlater, Banff and The Boyne. George W. [M. Custis, A. M-, M- D., son of William H. Custis, of Accomac county. Virginia, and Eliza Bury Wheeler, of Washington, D. C. was born June 5. 1830, in Washington, D. C, and received his early education in the private schools of that city. When in his seventeenth year he was offered the position of assistant teacher in one of the public schools, which he accepted and served as such for six months. At eighteen be went to New Castle. Delaware, and entered the locomotive works then existing there to learn the business of engine building. It was the beginning of an experience which led him through the various grades of the railroad mechanical department to the position ot master of machinery, and then to that of superintendent of transportation, and eventually general superintendent ot railroads. Wli and Atlantic R; as a represent at and during bi- le general superintendent of the Camden tilroad of N'cw [crsey he was twice elected ; ve in the I louse of Vssembl) of thai State, second term was speaker of thai body. 1 ie subsequently stu< ine and graduated from the 446 THE CTTY OF WASHINGTON. medical department of Columbian University, which had previously conferred on him the honorary degree of master of arts. Afterwards he took a post graduate course in medicine at the Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia and graduated from that institution in 1888. Dr. Custis is a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy ; president of the Washington Medical Society of the District of Columbia ; member of the Society of Colo- nial Wars and of the National Geographic Society; is an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and frequently represented his church in presbytery and synod, and was twice elected by his presbytery as commissioner to the General Assembly, the highest court of the denomination. He was married to Sarah Evans Wells of Chester county, Pennsylvania, who is a member of the Society of The Daughters of the American Revolution. Their children aie Dr. J. P. Gregg Custis and Villa C. Cuslis. J. B. GREGG CUSTIS, M. D. J. B. Gregg Custis, M. D. - For more than a quarter of a century Dr. J. B. Gregg Custis has been an active medical practitioner in this city, and no name in the school of homoeopathy stands higher than his. Born in i8s" a son of Dr. G. W. N. and Sarah £. Custis, his early edu- cation was received at Femsmith's Preparatory School, in Philadelphia'. He then entered Columbian University and there received the degree of bachelor of arts in 1875 He then attended the New York Homoeopathic Medical School graduating and receiving the degree of doctor of medicine in 1878, since which time he has practiced his profession in tins city, first on Capitol Hill, and during the last two years occupying as his office and residence the handsome premises ai 912 Fifteenth street, northwest. Or Custis has always been actively engaged in advancing the cause of homoeopathy, and was one of the original promoters of the Homoeopathic Hospital, of which he was chief of staff in 1885 and 1886, and from 1890 to 1894 inclusive. Pie is also chairman of the committee on legislation of the Homoeopathic Medical Society, and represented the society in the work of securing the passage of the medical practice act, and the law requiring medical colleges, not incorporated by special act of Congress, to make reports to the Com- missioners of the District. Since the establishment of the medical examining boards he has been president of the homoeopathic medical examining board and member of the board of supervisors, of which he was also president from July, 1898, to July, 1900, and was again reelected in 1902. Dr. Custis was chair- man of the committee on arrangements for the entertain- ment of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, at its ses- sion held in Washington, in 1S92. Pie was also chairman of the local committee, as member of the national committee that erected the monument to Samuel Hahnemann, which occupies the site on Scott Circle. In 1897 Dr. Custis was chosen president of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, of which organization he has been a member since 1879, and since 1897 he has been chairman of the International Bureau of Homoeopathy. He is also a member of the International Hahnemann Association, the American Plom- oeopathic Ophthalrnological, Otological and Laryngological Society, the National Geographic Society, National Society of Colonial Wars and the Washington Board of Trade. In 1879 Dr. Custis married Miss Catherine, daughter of Alfred Ritter, of Frederick, Maryland. Two sons, J. B. Gregg, Jr., and Horace H, and a daughter, Catherine Cus- tis, were born to Dr. and Mrs. Custis. Hon. Abraham Depue Hazen.— The late Hon. Abra- ham Depue Hazen, Third Assistant Postmaster-General, be- longed to the New Jersey branch of the family of that name, which was of English origin. Its genealogy in this country is traced back two centuries and a half. He was the second son of David B. and Susan (Depue) Hazen, and was born at Lower Mount Bethel, Pa., February 24, 1841. He re- ceived his early education at Belvidere, N. J., where Gen. E. L. Campbell was one of his teachers. Afterwards he entered as a student at Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., in the class of 1863, but left college in his junior year. Sub- sequently he removed to Washington, and in 1866 was appointed a first-class clerk in the Post Office Department. Here he was promoted regularly up through all the grades until 1870, when he was assigned as principal clerk in charge of the stamp division. In conjunction with his other duties he was appointed by President Grant, in 1872, a member of the civil service examining board for the Post Office Department. In 1874 the office of chief of the division of stamps, with a handsome increase of salary, was created lor him by act of Congress, upon the urgent recommendation of the Postmaster-General, in recognition of his services in connection with the introduction of the postal card system and of official stamps for the use of the several departments, rendered necessary by the abolition THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. of the franking privileges. It was during his tenure as chief of this division that the mode of collecting postage [on newspapers and periodicals mailed to subscribers was changed by requiring prepayment in special adhesive stamps. In the meantime he devoted his evenings to the study of DEPUE HAZEN law, and graduated from the Law Department of Co lumbian University in the class of 1877, having been hon- ored with the presidency of his class, numbering about fifty members, and shortly afterward was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Vt the commencement exercises at Lafayette ( ollege, in Jinn 1877, the trustees conferred upon him the honorary degi of master of arts. In the same mouth. General Barbe having resigned the office of Third Assistant Postmaster- General, Mr. Hazen was appointed by the President succeed him, upon the recommendation of I General Key, who had been quick to discern In- execul ability, efficiency, and the purity of his personal At the first executive session of the Senati ination had been sent in, it was unanimously confi The appointment was universally commended b; at the time as one highly creditable to the administi and as a practical example of civil servi Mr. Hazen was much liked and respected I dinates, and his kindness of heart and unifot endeared him to all with whom he came in his private life Mr. Hazen was much respi simplicity and purity of his habits, uprightness. His charities were numeroi of heart had won for him a In 1865 Mr. Hazen married (In V. Painter of this city. On D died after a protracted illm >s general breaking down of his continued work. I It- funeral was concourse of condoling friends, among win men prominent in publi national capital. I [c was buried in tin Mount Bethel cemetery. His widow 1 northwest, Washington, Dr. William P. C. Ha/cn in Lower Mount Bethel, Northamptoi son of the late I >avid B. and ? brought up on the old famih homes! common schools of the count) . ical course at Belvidere Academy, Bel N.u Jersey. Leaving the hum in was appointed an ajxjthecan in tin and detailed t.. do duty at the N'aval I D. C. While there he took up am medicine, graduating from ll lege in the spring of 1877. July 17. 1S77. and accept, d tin ; physician to the Washington \sylui lion he occupied until September 11. as ward physician from Dcccmher 1882, when he ri sigw cian to tit is a meml 448 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. and Surgical Society; served as president of the Medical and Surgical Society, and was one of the organizers of the so- ciety, in the deliberations of which he takes a prominent part. He was one of the organizers of the Emergency Hos- pital, and was a charter member of the Casualty Hospital, in which institution he filled the chair of diseases of women for a number of years. lie has been a frequent contributor to some of the leading medical journals. To his energies was due the starting of the National Capital Bank, having called the first meeting for the purpose of organizing at his office in September, i SS a broad-minded, public-spirited man, and has always taken deep interest in the welfare of Washington, and stood for the best improvements in educational facilities. Dr. Hazen was horn in [846 in Upper Mount Bethel, North- ampton county, I'a., being the son of David I!. and Susan 1 Depue I Ila/.en. I lis early education he received in the public schools of Lower Mount Bethel, I'a. At the age of sixteen he entered I'.elvidere Academy, Belvidere, \. ).. knowledge, as well as classical literature. Young Ila/.en at thai age had determined to earn sufficient money to enable him to secure a cpllegc education and prepare him self for his present profession. At intervals he taught school in Upper Nazareth Township, I'a., from there again returning to I'.elvidere Aca.demy to finish his education. He afterward also taught public schools in Oxford Town ship. V J. After having saved some mone) in older to continue the pursuit of his studies, he came to Washington, D. C, in 1870, where he has since resided, and where he has hllilt up one of the best and most lucrative medieal praC tices in the city. Upon his arrival in the city he matriculated at the Medical Department of Georgetown University, grad- uating in 1873 with high honors. In order to perfect him-: self in his chosen career. Dr. Hazen occupied the position|' of resident physician at the Washington Asylum for two 1 ' years, and also at the Xaval Hospital. In recognition ofr his meritorious services. Governor Sbepard appointed Dr. 1 I lazen, in December, 1873, physician to the poor, which posi- tion he held for three years. After that he was appoint^ contract surgeon to the Army at the Washington Arsenal,' performing this duty for a period covering four years. Ever. since then Dr. Hazen engaged in private practice, which on account of his thoroughness and skill, has grown to he one of the best in Washington. His conscientious atten-| lion to his professional engagements did not prevent Dr. Hazen from taking a deep interest in matters pertaining to the education of the youth of Washington, lie serve! as a member of the Hoard of Education from [890 to [900, proposing many schemes and improvements in the existing educational systems. Dr. Ila/.en is a member ot the Medi cal Vssociation of the District ^\ Columbia, the American Medical Association, the Medical Societx of the District of Columbia, the Board of Trade. Lebanon Lodge, \o. -, V. A. A. M. < )n l Ictober --3. (878, he married Emma Louise Honey - llian, daughter of Robert and Margaret I loncyman of \Yw Jersey, ["here is one son, Henn Honeyman Hazen, a grad- uate of the public and high schools of Washington, and also of Johns Hopkins University. Baltimore. Young Mr. 1 lazen absolved the Washington schools with great credit to himself, and graduated from Johns Hopkins "multa cum laudc." He is now in the first year of his medical course at ibis latter institution. Dr. I la/en resides at \OTJ Sixth street, southwest, Washington. D. C. THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 449 Dr. Robert B. Donaldson was born in Loudoun county, Virginia, in 1826. Having lost his father in child- hood, he was sent to Alexandria, Virginia, to school at the age of seven, where he remained until he was seventeen. DR. ROBERT B. when, having his own way to make in the world, ami hav- ing a natural aptitude for mechanics, he secured a position in this city with a mathematical and philosophical instru- ment maker, with whom he remained until he was twenty- one years of age. He then commenced the study of dentis- try, and in 1852 entered upon the practice of that profession in this city, and for a period of forty-five years enjoyed a large and lucrative practice, during the course of which he served some time as professor of operative dentistry in the Maryland Dental College in Baltimore, and was the recipient of honorary degrees from two dental colleges. In the course of his long practice, he invented several new and useful dental instruments and appliances, and since his retirement from the practice of his profession he has been engaged in the manufacture of dental instru- ments of his invention, which are highly esteemed in the profession and have a large sale throughout the world where dentistry is practiced. Dr. Donaldson has for many years been prominent as a Mason, and served during the years 1869-70-71 as grand master of Masons of the District of Columbia. He is a director in the Union Trusl and Storage Company, and enjoys the respect and con- fidence of the community. John Doyle Carmody. -Business energy and tact are among the chief characteristics of John 1 )< 9 le ( arm. id) . and were mainly instrumental in placing him in a position of prominence in both the business and social worlds oi Washington. Mr. Carmody is descended from old colonial and revolutionary stock. His maternal great-grand father, Captain John Doyle, came to this country with General Lafayette, and commanded the first independent company of Pennsylvania troops raised in the city of Philadelphia during the revolutionary war. He was born in London, England, and is a son of John Philip and Marian Doyle Carmody. He was educated atGonzaga College, the public schools of the District, and later at Georgetown University. His first insight into active business life was as secretary and counsellor of the Korean Legation, he being the first to fill that post. In 1897 Mr. Carmody became associated in business with II. K. Fulton, at 314 Ninth street, northwest, where he has since continued. Mr. Carmody is a licensed auc- tioneer, a notary public, and is the Commissioner for tin- State of Minnesota in the District of Columbia. In politics he is a Republican, and is a member of the city council of Mountain Lake Park, Garrett county, Maryland, where he maintains his residence. In the affairs of the District Mr. Carmody has always taken a keen interest and promi- nent place, although but a young man. lie is serving his second term as a director of the Business Men's Association and a member of the Board of Trade. In social organiza- tions he is equally prominent, and is among the members of the National Geographic Society, a member of the board of managers of the Sons of the American Revolution, Sons of the Revolution, and ( )rder of Cincinnati. Among other organizations of which Mr. Carmody is a prominent mem- ber are the B. P. < ). Elks, of which he is a life member, and a past president of the Fraternal < )rder of Eagles. \ eteran Asocial ary affairs he is equallj active, lie was re ,1 an officer in the Naval Battalion, D. C. A G.; ice -president of the Washington Light Infantry id also a member of. the District of 450 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Columbia Revolver Association, and is the donor of the beautiful " Carmody Trophy," presented by him to encour- age revolver practice in the District of Columbia between the Metropolitan Police and the citizens. The contest for this trophy has aroused such enthusiasm that the Montreal Revolver Association of Canada have asked for a match with the local team. Mr. Carmody has served as a member of important local committees, among them the Peace Jubilee, the Dewey Celebration, the Capital Centennial, the last inauguration of President McKinley, and the last G. A. R. celebration, and was appointed on the committee composed of five members each from the Board of Trade and the Business Men's As- sociation, by the District Commissioners, to investigate the alleged discrimination against Washington in the delivery of coal. Mr. Carmody is a keen sportsman, and is a mem- ber of the Columbia Golf Club, Palm Beach Golf Club of Palm Peach, Florida, Swannanoa Golf Club of Asheville, North Carolina, and of the National Automobile Club of this city. Mr. Carmody married Miss Florence Mabel Pul- ton, daughter of Mr. and .Mrs. 11. EC. Fulton, and with their two children, John Fulton and Alice Marian, reside at 1 213 Vermont avenue. Cotter T. Bride was horn in Monanville, County Cork, Ireland, on July 30, 1846, of Scotch-Irish parentage, and of a family renowned in its country's history. His father, Daniel Bride, was a government contractor, and as such supervised and planned the construction of roads through- out the county. His mother, Nora McCarthy, traced among her ancestors the famous McCarthys who built Blarney Castle in the eleventh century and the later McCarthys and Muskerrys who erected Drishane, considered by many to be Ireland's most beautiful ruin. These estates wore for- feited to the crown during the reign of Henry VII] for failure to follow his religious teachings. Colter was the eighth of ten children to grace the union. His early edu- cation was gotten from a tutor engaged by the family, and later he attended tin- academy at Mallow, wIh-it he received an academic education. In 1866, after taking quite an active part in politics, he came to America along with many others from his immediate neighborhood and settled in Baltimore with his brother, Judge Daniel Bride, then one of the prominent jurists of Maryland. Mr engaged in the plumbing business in Chicago, Peoria, an, I other western cities and afterward in Washington, where he has since remained. While engaged in plumbing, he invented sev- eral articles that are still used by the trade. In iK holdings was of great financial value. He wa interested in the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Rail- road, of which he was for man) years president. This road across the upper peninsula was constructed through (453) 454 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. muh^^. II it SENATOR M= 'S LATE RESIDENCE. rail- Mi road prospects I'm- the development of no ami Detroit. IK' was interested in numerous banks, having been for several years a director of the First National Bank hi" Detroit ami of the Detroit Savings Bank, lie was prominently connected with the Detroit Cit) Railway Com pany, with tin- I >. M. Ferrj Seed Company, which is one hi' the largest concerns of the kind in the United States; in ih«> Detroit Railroad Elevator Company, ami in the Union Depot Company, of that city. I lis estate includes immen e holdings of Detroit property, ami of property in ilir District of Columbia, outside of his splendid residence, mi I Vermont avenue, lie hail three other line bomes — I'm- in Detroit, a suburban home at Grosse Point, near that city, ami a summer home at Manchester-bv-the-Sea, Senator McMillan was the genuine type of gentleman. He possessed with it a rare administrative ability that enabled him to keep a grasp on his extensive wealth and yet find leisure for personal recreation and improvement. One characteristic was his ability to select and attach to himself men of good judgment and business capacitv. He was quick and sure in his judgment of character, and trusted fearlessly when once he had given his confidence. He was ready in decision, broad, clear, and liberal in his views, and wise and just in administration. Thoroughly quiet and unostentatious in his manner, he was an agreeable and loyal friend. Notwithstanding the arduous work he per- formed, he kept the physical man in the best possible condition, and. as a result, his nat- ural kindliness of disposition remained un- changed. He never displayed fatigue or impatience such as to repel the multitude of people who were constantly seeking him here at the Capital and in his own State. Senator McMillan's political career be- gan in 1879. when he succeeded the late Senator Chandler as chairman of the Re- publican State Central Committee, and was chairman in 1SS6, 1S90. 1892, and 1894. It is noteworthy that both men died at al- most the same age. and that they hold the longest records of service in the Senate from Michigan, Senator Chandler having served eighteen years. Mr. McMillan's earlier am- bition was to become governor of Michigan, but he was notable to secure the nomination. In the campaign of t8S6 he announced him- self as a candidate tor the Senate, but was defeated by Stockbridge, who died in [894. IK' was a Presidential elector in 1SS4. ami was president of the 1 letroit Park Commission for three years. He received the unanimous of the Republican members of the Michigan ami was elected to the United Stales Senate Thomas Witherell rainier, and look his seal 889. In 1895 he received every vote in the March 4 joint legislative convention for re-election, and was again re cKcie. 1 in nun. When death ended a useful and brilliant career, Senator McMillan was serving on the following committees: District of Columbia (chairman), Coast anil Insular Survey, Commerce. Corporations Organized in the District of Columbia, Naval Affairs, Relations with Cuba. In hi- general legislative capacity at the Capitol, outside of District mailers. Senator McMillan was one of the fore- most men. Mis advice and _ counsel were a factor in the proceedings of that body, and made him what compara- tive!) few men attain to there, one of the prominent leaders. lie was next to Senator l-'rvc. the chairman of the Commit- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 455 tee on Commerce. Since Senator Frye became presiding officer of the Senate, Mr. McMillan assumed a large part of the duties of presiding over that committee. He took an active part in the framing of the ship subsidy bill, on which he possessed much practical knowledge, having been an extensive ship builder as well as a ship owner, and was the leading conferee of the river and harbor bill. Senator McMillan was of philanthropic disposition, and gave generously to charities and to institutions of learning. Among his many benefactions was a well-equipped hospital in Detroit — Grace Hospital — established to the memory of a daughter who died some years since. He was long the president of that institution. Palestine Lodge of Free Masons, in Detroit, of which he was a member, received from him from time to time large donations. He gave to the University of Michigan one of the most complete Shakespearean libraries in the United States, and he also gave to that institution McMillan Hall. To the Michigan Agricultural College, at Lansing, he gave the Teper col- lection of insects, and to Albion College the McMillan chemical laboratory. He also gave to the Mary Allen Sem- inary, of Crockett, Tex., a school for the education of colored girls, $16,000, necessary to complete its endowment. He also gave much money to churches of different religious denominations, among them the Jefferson Avenue Presby- terian Church, of Detroit, where he ami his family attended. Senator and Mrs. McMillan, who was Miss Mary L. Wet- more, of Detroit, before their marriage in i860, have been prominent in the best society of the capital ever since they came here. The Senator was a member of the Metropolitan and Chevy Chase clubs. They had five children, four sons and one daughter. Senator McMillan was a popular man here not only because of his manifest interest in the welfare of Wash- ington, but also by reason of his many admirable traits of character and sterling principles. He was admired, re- spected and esteemed by all, and no man has departed this life within the history of Greater Washington who was more sincerely and universally mourned. Commissioner Macfarland upon learning of the death of this friend of the District, thus expressed himself: "This is the time of bereavement for the District of Columbia. While our flags are still at half mast for Commissioner Ross we received the shock of this new and great sorrow. Our personal grief is great, but it is exceeded by our sense of the loss to the District. This amounts to a calamtiy in the present crisis of the District's affairs in Congress. The District has many friends in Congress, but they all recognized Senator McMillan as its chief friend. As chairman of the Senate District Committee he, during the past decade, be- came more and more interested in the District's affairs and more and more devoted to its welfare. He was the Senator for the District of Columbia, its representative and advo- cate, quite as much as he was a Senator for Michigan. * * * He had great personal influence in the Senate and exerted it all for the District of Columbia in an entirely disinterested way. His circumstances gave him opportunity to serve the District which other Senators just as willing did not have. He improved this opportunity on every occa- sion, in the District Committee, in the Appropriations Com- mittee, and on the floor of the Senate. We are under a great debt of gratitude for his varied and important ser- vices. We shall realize it more as we miss him in the future. Personally he was a modest, courteous, and gener- ous gentleman. Neither his unusual ability nor his unusual success affected his manners, and he was kind to the 1 r and sympathetic with the suffering. I am told that he gave away one-half of his income in wise ways of benevolence." The "Washington Post" of October 11, 1902, spoke editorially as follows: "The sudden death of Senator Mc- Millan, of Michigan, will fall upon the country, as it has fallen upon Washington, with all the horrors of astonish- ment. Under any circumstances, had the event been ex- pected as a natural consummation, the decease of this ureal public man would have brought widespread affliction in its train. Especially here in Washington, where for so many years he has been conspicuous, not merely as a slates man and a lawmaker, but in society and in the domestic affairs of the District, his loss will be felt on all hands with a poignancy both intimate and profound. Few members of Congress during the past quarter of a century have be< n so closely related to Washington, so prominent in the social and governmental affairs of the capital < Hit in Petroit, where his home was and where he was affectionately known to everybody, he has been always spoken of as " the mayor of Washington." His deep and genuine interest in this beautiful city, his constant and sincere labors in the interest of Washington's advancement and adornment — all this has endeared him to us. while it ha- challenged the ap- proval and admiration of his fellow-citizens in far-of) Michigan. The splendid patriotic work, inaugurated b\ the venerable Morrill and the brilliant Ingalls, has been carried on with equal enthusiasm by Senator McMillan. What they designed for the glory and beautification of this capital he has earnestly striven to realize, and it will be remem- bered of him with gratitude and honor thai hi- efforts were inspired by a tact as delicate as it was potent, lie brought to his chosen task the vasl influence of high position and a commanding and attractive personality. lie enlisted the indifferent, he spurred the sluggish, he convinced the skeptical. And. over and above all. there was the charm of an ingenuous sincerity that won the heart. This is a loss thai will he felt in every class and coterie — social, political, or official. What it will be to Michigan we can onlj guess, but we take no risk when we assert that here at the capital, whether in public or in private life, bis lament- able decease will he mourned with practically universal sorrow. Quite apart from his gifts as a statesman and his devotion as a patriotic' legislator, the interest he has displayed in our immediate affairs and the good will be has earned 011 all hands as a gracious and a kindly gentle- man will evoke from every resident of Washington the tribute of a genuine lament." 456 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON Hon. William Andrews Clark, pioneer, miner, mer- chant, banker and United States Senator, was born on a farm near Connellsville, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on the 8th day of January, 1839. He is the son of John and Mary (Andrews) Clark, both natives of that county. His grand- parents emigrated from County Tyrone, Ireland, and settled in Pennsylvania soon after the revolutionary war. His parents lived in Pennsylvania until 1856, when they moved to Van Buren county, Iowa, where his father died in 1873. In religious belief his father was a Presbyterian, and an elder in that church for forty years before his death. His mother, Mrs. Mary Clark, now lives at Los Angeles, Cal- ifornia, and is eighty-nine years old. Senator Clark's father being a farmer, his boyhood days were spent on the homestead, where he enjoyed the advantages of three months' winter school, and nine months HON. WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK of farm work. At the age of Fourteen he entered Laurel Mill Academy, where he prepared for college. Alter the removal of the family to Iowa, he attended an academy in Birmingham for a shorl time, and afterwards entered Iowa Wesleyan University al Alt. Pleasant, and later studied law for two years. In [859- [.860 be was teaching school in Missouri, ami in iXi.j he spenl ili«' winter working quartz mines in Central City, Col. In [863 he started for Bannock, a town then in Eastern Idaho, and after sixty-five days' travel with an ox team arrived in time to join a stampede I" Horse Prairie. It was here, in the working of a claim which be located, that be made the basis of bis future fortune, making a net profit of $1,500 the first year. Me did not, however, continue in the mining business, but took advantage of the opportunities offered for trade and busi- ness, and was soon ai the head -1 one -1 the largest mer- cantile establishments in tile Territory. Mis first venture in this new district was to bring in a wagon load of pro- visions from Salt Lake City, in 1863-1864. In 1865 he opened a general store in Blackfoot City, and in 1866 he went to Elk Creek and started another, selling out in the fall and going to San Francisco, making a good portion of the journey on horseback. In 1866 Mr. Clark made a trip in the East and South, visiting some of the principal cities, and returned to Montana the following year, where he contracted the star route between Missoula and Walla Walla. In 1868 he went to New York and formed a co- partnership with R. W. Donnell. and later S. E. Larabie was admitted into the business, and the firm of Donnell, Clark & Larabie entered upon a successful mercantile and banking career, first at Deer Lodge, and then at Butte. Later Messrs. Donnell and Larabie were succeeded by James Ross Clark, brother of the Senator, when the banking house of W. A. Clark & Bro., of Butte, Montana, was established, which is still in existence. Senator Clark soon turned his attention to the develop- ment of quartz mines, and in order to fit himself for the business, in 1872-1873 attended the School of Mines at Columbia College, where he took a complete rnetalurgical course. Since that time he has been closely identified with mining industries, and its auxiliary interests in Montana, Utah. Wyoming. Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico and Ariz- ona, and has been for many years the largest individual cop- per producer known in the metal world. I lis business inter- ests to-day are scattered from Maine to San Francisco, and include banking, mining and smelting, railroading, maim facturing, merchandising, and, in fact, there is hardly any line of business in which he is not more or less directly or indirectly connected. Notwithstanding his busy and stren- uous life, be has found time to hold many positions of honor and trust during his career, as well as having made a thor- ough study of art. and with his family, went to Europe and mastered the French and German languages. .Mr. Clark has probably the finest private collect ion of pictures in the United States. Governor Potts in [876 appointed him State orator to represent the Centennial Exposition from the State of Montana. In 1877 he was elected Grand Master of the Masonic Lodge of Montana, and it is said that he has conferred every degree in Masonry upon can- didates in this order, with the single exception of the thirty- third. During the \ez Perce invasion, in [878, Mr. Clark received the commission of major, and led the first battalion to the front against Chief Joseph. In 1SS4 be was appointed by President Arthur as one of the commissioners of the World's Industrial and Cotton Exhibition at Mew Orleans, where he spent several months in the interests of his chosen rerritorj . Mr. Clark received the Democratic nomination for del- e-ate to Congress in [888, hut was defeated. When Mon tana was admitted to the Union be was elected a membei i<\ the constitutional convention, and was afterwards chosen presiding officer. In [899 he was a candidate for United Siate- Senator, and received the unanimous vote of his THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 457 party in caucus and in joint session, but by reason of a Republican majority in the Senate, his claims for a seat were not long- considered. He was again a candidate for Senatorial honors in 1893, and would have been elected but for a split in the Democratic party, one wing of which was headed by Marcus Daly. In 1898 Mr. Clark was again elected to the United States Senate, but a protest was filed against his taking his seat in the Senate. After a long and bitter fight before the Committee on Privileges and Elec- tions of the United States Senate, Mr. Clark resigned and returned to the State of Montana, where the question was again submitted to the people of that State. It was soon discovered that a very friendly feeling existed throughout In March, 1869, Mr. Clark was married to Kate L. Stauffer, of Connellsville. Pennsylvania, and started on their wedding day for their future home in the Rockies. Mr. Clark has attributed his success in a very large measure to the good judgment, advice and intelligence of his beau- tiful wife, to whom he was devoted, and who was a fitting helpmate, always willing to do her part during his early struggles in surmounting difficulties with which only pio- neers are familiar. It was on the 191I1 day of <>et<>ber. 1893, that Mr. Clark met with the greatest loss of his life, in the death of Mrs. Clark, at their family resilience in New York. Six children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Clark, four of whom arc still living. SENATOR CLARK'S RESIDENCE the State, and when the fall election was over it was apparent that a very large majority of the members of both Houses would support Mr. Clark for the United States Senate. As soon as the Legislature assembled, and a joint ballot was taken, Mr. Clark was elected by a very large vote. He proceeded to Washington and took the oath of office on March 4, and has since enjoyed without interruption the honor conferred upon him. By reason of his modes! de- meanor, broad experience, and great intellectuality, he has proved a power in the Senate, and was soon assigned to a large number of the most important committees oi tin- Senate, and to-day has the distinction of being a member oi more committees than any other United Stales Senator, amongst them that of Foreign Relations. 58 Hon. Chauncey Mitchell Depew. — The pages of history furnish no name more familiar to the reading pub- lic than that of Chauncey M. Depew, and no name is more closely identified with the business and social worlds than that of the junior United States Senator from New York. To give anything akin to an exhaustive sketch of the life of Senator Depew, one thai would comprehend bis busy life in its multifarious callings, would be impossible in an article of this scope. To summarize his undertakings, his achievements and his successes would lead one to wonder thai so much could be crowded into a lifetime. Yet with all these affairs, so main business interests to keep straight, such a multitude of concerns to demand his directing band. the Senator has found time to mingle in the social circle 45» THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. and be a leading spirit, for he is the prince of entertainers. As an after-dinner talker and a ready orator Mr. Depew is pre-eminently the fashion, and the function that secures him as the orator is indeed fortunate. Mr. Depew was born in Peckskill, New York, on April 23, 1834. He prepared for Yale College, and was graduated from that institution in 1856, and in 1887 received the degree of LL.D. from his alma mater. Choosing the pro- fession of law, he entered the office of Hon. William Nelson, of Peekskill, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and commenced the practice of his profession the following year. In 1861, at the age of twenty-seven, Mr. Depew was the choice of his party as a member of the assembly, and in [862 was re-elected, serving as chairman of the committee on ways and means during the latter session. I [e was elected Secretary of State in [863 by 30,000 major- HON. CHAUNCEY MITCHELL DEPEW and refused a renomination for the office, lie was ap- pointed minister to Japan, and the appointment was con- firmed b) the Senate, but he declined to accept the office. In t866 he was appointed attorney for the New York and Harlem Railroad Company, and has since continuously been identified with that and the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company, the successor of the prising and allied to the Vanderbilt system as general counsel: became president of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad in 1885. He resigned in [899 to becomi chairman of the boards of directors of the New York Central, the Lake Shore, the Michigan Central, and the New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad companies. In [867 he was appointed count) clerk of Westchester County by Governor Fenton and resigned; in [870 was made emigration commissioner by the New York legisla- ture, but declined to serve; in 1875 was appointed and served as boundary commissioner, fixing the State line with adjoining States; in 1872 was candidate for lieuten- ant-governor on the Liberal Republican, or Greeley, ticket, but acted with the Republican party the next year, and has canvassed the State and country for the party even- year since 1872, as he had every year before 1872. begin- ning the year he graduated from Yale College. In 1874 Mr. Depew was elected regent of the State University, and appointed one of the commissioners to build the State cap- itol ; in 1S81 was a candidate for United States Senator to succeed Thomas C. Piatt, who had resigned, and after a protracted and exciting contest, in which he received the votes of a majority of the Republican legislators, he withdrew and Warner Miller was chosen: in 1885 the Senatorship was tendered him. but his business and pro- fessional engagements at that time prevented acceptance : was a candidate for the Presidential nomination at the Republican national convention at Chicago in 1888, and received 99 votes: was delegate at large to the conventions in 1892 and 1896, presenting the name of President Har- rison for renomination to the former and that of Governor Morton to the latter. Mr. Depew has been the orator on three great national and international occasions — the un- veiling of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, the statue having been purchased by the contributions of the people of France and brought over here by the members of the cabinet, of the legislature, and of the army and navy of the French Republic: the centennial celebration of the inauguration of the first President of the United States. George Washington; the opening of the great World's Fair at Chicago, in 18^2. celebrating the discover) of America by Columbus, lie was also selected by the legislature to deliver the oration at the centennial cele- bration of the formation of the constitution of the Slate of New > ork, at Kingston: at the centennial of the organiza- tion of the legislature of the State of New York; at the services in the legislature in memory of General Sherman, Genera] I lusted, and Governor Fenton, and at the memorial services of President Garfield in New York, and was also selected as the orator for the unveiling of the statue of Alexander Hamilton in Central Park, and at the centennial celebration of the capture of Major An. lie at Sleepy Hol- low. Mr. Depew was elected to the United States Senate to succeed Edward Murphy, Jr., Democrat, and took his seat March 4. [899. In that hod\ he serves on the follow- ing committees : Revision of the Laws <>i the United States (chairman), Commerce, Forest Reservations and the Pro- tection of Game, Judiciary, Pacific Islands and Porto Rico In the business world Senator Depew's connections are many. He is a director oi the following railroads and institutions: New York Central and Hudson River Rail- road. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. Michi- gan Central Railroad, New York and Harlem Railroad, THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 459 West Shore Railroad, Canada Southern Railroad, New York, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad, Chicago and North- western Railway, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway, Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, Chicago, St. Paul, Min- neapolis and Omaha Railway, Boston and Albany Rail- road, New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, New York, Ontario and Western Railway, Fonda, Johnstown and Gloversville Railroad and the Delaware and Hudson Company ; the Equitable Life Assurance Society, Equitable Trust Company, Union Trust Company, Mercantile Trust Company, Western Union Telegraph Company and West- ern National Bank. Hon. Stephen Benton Elkins, lawyer, financier. Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Harrison, and now United States Senator, a man of striking appear- ance, exceptional ability and unlimited capacity for work, has gained for himself by his own' talents and application, an honorably attained fortune. He was born in Perry county, Ohio, September 26, 1841, his father being a farmer. During his early boyhood the family moved to Missouri. Mr. Elkins received an excellent education in the public schools and at the University of the State, and displayed ambition even in school, where he applied himself so diligently as to attract attention. He graduated in i860, at the head of his class. After fitting himself for practice of the law, he was admitted to the bar in 18(15. SENATOR DEPEV Senator Depew holds membership in the following clubs and societies of New York : the Century, Metropoli- tan, Union League, University, St. Nicholas, Transporta- tion, Lawyers, Tuxedo, Riding, Yale, N. Y. Yacht, Ardsley, Players, Lotus, Republican, Authors', Strollers, Psi Up- silon, and Phi Beta Kappa Clubs; the Holland Society, Sons of American Revolution, Lafayette Post, Kane Lodge, Huguenot Society, New England Society, Young Men's Christian Association. In Washington — Metropolitan, Country, Chevy Chase and Alibi Clubs. Senator Depew was married on November 9, 1871, to Miss Elsie Hege- man, to whom one son was born. She died in March. 1893. His second wife, who was Miss May Palmer, he married in December, 1901. RESIDENCE. During (he war. he joined the Union forces, and for a while served on the Missouri border, with die rank of captain The spirit of adventure and a desire to practice Ins profession in a field which was not overcrowded, led him in 1864 to cross the plains to New Mexico, then a rougli border country, inhabited by a population two thirds oi whom were Spanish. The life of the territory was full of hardship and danger at that linn-, but presented op- portunities for success to an enterprising man. Finding it necessary, at once, to master the Spanish language, Mr. Elkins became proficient in that tongue within one year. Stalwart and capable, he soon attracted important clients and a large practice, and gained popularity and influence. In 1866 he was elected to the legislature. His speeches in ihai ImkK revealed greal force of character and devotion 460 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. to the welfare of the territory. In 1867 he rose to the positon of attorney-general of New Mexico. In 1868, President Johnson appointed Mr. Elkins to be United States District Attorney of the territory, and he was one of the few officials of that administration whom President Grant did not remove. In this position, it fell to the lot of Mr. Elkins to enforce the act of Congress, prohibiting slavery or involuntary servitude in the terri- tories of the United States, and he had the satisfaction of restoring to liberty several thousand peons, who were then held in'practical slavery by the Mexican residents. He was the first public official to enforce this law, and per- formed liis task in the face of serious opposition, against the prejudices of the rich and influential and under threats of personal violence. In 1869 Mr. Elkins was elected president of the First National Bank of Santa Fe and held HON. STEPHEN BENTON ELKINS Ibis in for thirteen years. Mis income from law practice and other sources was considerable, and. being careful in his expenditures, at an early day he was enabled to invest large sums of money in lands and mines, so. m tak- ing rank among the largest land proprietors in the country and an extensive owner in the silver mines of Colorado. In [873 Mr. Elkins received an election as delegate from New Mexico to Congress, defeating bis opponent, a Mexi- can, by 4,o(K) majority. In Congress, he served his con- stituents so well, that, in [875, while traveling in Europe, notwithstanding a positive refusal to accepl the office again, the territory re elected him by a large majority to the Forty- fourth Congress. He could do no less than accept the honor thus bestowed and serve a second term. In Congress be quickl) gained prominence by industry, ability and effective support of important measures. During his second term, he was especially untiring in efforts to secure the admission of New Mexico as a Stale. An elaborate speech, setting forth the resources and claims of the then little known territory, gained for him a national reputation. While in Congress, Mr. Elkins married a daughter of ex-Senator Henry G. Davis, of West Virginia, a woman of great refinement and social ability. Four years of experience in Washington brought Mr. Elkins well into the arena of public affairs. From the beginning, an active, earnest and aggressive Republican, he favored especially the policy of protection to American industry. His advocacy of constructive measures made him, during his first term in Congress, one of the leaders of his party, and in 1S75, a member of the Republican National Committee. Upon this committee he served dur- ing three Presidential campaigns. In 1884 the executive committee elected him chairman. A warm and intimate friendship soon sprang up between James G. Blaine and Mr. Elkins, and the latter was influential in bringing about the nomination of Mr. Blaine for the Presidency in 18S4. He was equally instrumental in the nomination of Benjamin Harrison in 1888 and 1892. December 17, 1891, he became Secretary of War under President Harrison. He was especially well fitted to perform the duties of this office, having had a large acquaintance with the army and affairs of the War Department in the West. His appointment brought into the service of the army a man of intellectual strength, an excellent organizer and a courteous gentleman. He was invariably cordial and obliging to persons engaged in public business, and exceedingly helpful to Senators and Members. Patient in investigation, prompt in decision, and sincerely desirous • of promoting the welfare of the army, he proved a successful and useful Secretary of War. Mr. Elkins' reputation does not rest entirely upon his public services. His progress in the field of business and finance has been marked. About 1878 he removed from New Mexico to West Virginia, and there devoted himself, in company with ex-Senator Davis, to the devel- opment of the railroads of the State, and the coal and timber lands of the Cumberland region. While practical affairs soon compelled him to abandon legal practice in the courts, he has always retained his interest in the law. and superintends all legal matters connected with his various enterprises. Success has followed effort in these enter- prises, but it should be mentioned that while adding to SOm< extent t<> his private fortune. Mr. Elkins has conferred upon the people of his adopted State far greater benefits than lie has received, lie has been vice-president of The Wesl \ irginia Central & Pittsburg Railway Company since its organization, and of The Piedmont & Cumberland Rail road, and is president of The Davis Coal & I oke Company. Through his agency large amounts of capital hav< been brought into the State, and employment provided for thousands of nun. In December, [892, Mr. Elkins received the com- plimentary vote of the Republicans of the Legislature of West Virginia For I nited States Senator. A forcible ora- tor, he has made many public addresses, all of which have shown originality, public spirit, and thorough acquaintance with economic and political questions. During the cam- paign of [894, he led the Republicans of West Virginiz in the Struggle, which, for the first time since the period THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 461 of reconstruction, broke the Solid South. Congressman Wilson, in whose district Mr. Elkins resides, was defeated by a decisive majority; four Republicans were elected to Congress ; the Legislature was made Republican by twenty- nine majority on joint ballot ; and the State carried by 13,000 majority. As a result of this revolution the Legis- lature elected Mr. Elkins United States Senator in 1895. His home is the beautiful country seat of " Hallie- hurst," at Elkins, in Randolph county, West Virginia. dence in New York, where his business affairs required him to pass much of his time, he associated himself with many local interests, thoroughly in accord with his ener- getic nature, and became a member of the Union League. Republican, Ohio, United Service, Metropolitan and Man- hattan Athletic Clubs, and the Southern Society. Like other public-spirited citizens, he also contributed to the support of those favorite projects of refined New Yorkers, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the American .Museum SENATOR ELKINS' RESIDENCE This large mansion stands upon a mountain site of unusual beauty, containing a magnificent view of the valley beneath and the forests and mountain peaks which frame the scene. The house, four stories high, with towers, seems from a distance greatly like an old-time castle. A porch surrounds the structure on three sides, and the main hall, fifty-eight feet long by twenty-five feet wide, indicates the size of the other apartments. During his casual resi- cograpn lil, more of Natural History, as well as the S.mer ical Society. A man of Sjtrong and slur than six feet in height, with fine features, and a large head set firmly on powerful shouiders, be is yet in the prime of life and an active force in affairs. His favorite room at In nne is bis library, and be spends most of his time there, in the company of a large and well selected collec- tion -1 I ks. 462 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Hon. Thomas C. Piatt, the senior United States Senator from New York, was born in Owego, Tioga county, New York, on Jul}' 15, 1833. He is the son of William Flatt, for many years a lawyer and land agent in that town. After having attended school at a local academy, Thomas C. Piatt, in 1849, went to New Haven and entered the class of 1853 at Yale. He left college after about a year and became a merchant at home. He carried on a lumber business in Michigan for a time, then became president of a bank in Owego, and finally a director and afterward president of the Southern Central Railroad Company. His first office was that of county clerk of Tioga county, to which he was elected in 1858. About that time he formed a friendship with Alonzo B. Cornell, who was active in politics in the neighboring county of Tompkins, and the two were of material aid id each other in their future HON. THOM/ C. PLATT Mr. I Mail was nominated for Congress in 1870 as the result of a deadlock between two candidates, to one of whom lie was pledged, lie declined in accept the nomina- tion, :ind im.'ilh his man won, Me was elected to Congress in iXjj, and again in 1X74. In bis first term lie served on the Committee on Post < iffices and Post Roads, and in the next Congress served on the Committee on Pacific Railroads. Mr. I ' 1 ,- 1 1 1 was an unsuccessful candidate I'm- 1 be Postmaster- General in the Cabinel of President Hayes. Failing to re- ceive ibis appointment, be retired from office and devoted himself to business. In 1X7,1 l ie was elected general manager and secretar) of the United States Express Company, and in [880 president of that corporate m. The ncxl appearance "i Mr. Piatt in politics was at the Stale Convention of 1877. al Rochester. President [-Iayes had removed Mr. Arthur from the office of collector of the port of New York, and Mr. Cornell from the office of the surveyorship. This action brought on war between the administration and the Conkling machine. Senator Conkling had been chosen to preside over the State con- vention, but he substituted Mr. Piatt in his stead, and the latter opened fight on President Hayes in a speech, attacking the administration and the civil service reform policy. The more noted speech by George William Curtis and the reply of Senator Conkling took place at the same convention. The contest for the United States Senatorship to suc- ceed Francis Kernan in 1881 was a lively one. The prin- cipal candidates were Richard Crowley, of Lockport, and Thomas C. Piatt. Vice-President-elect Arthur favored Mr. Crowley, while Governor Cornell favored his old friend Mr. Piatt, from the southern tier of counties. Mr. Piatt carried the Republican caucus and was elected Senator on January 18, 1881. His career in the Senate might have been one of great interest, except for the quarrel between President Garfield and Senator Conkling over the disposi- tion of New York patronage. The President, on March 23, 1SS1, sent to the Senate the name of William 1 1. Robert- son to be collector of the port of New York. Judge Robert- son had been a delegate to the Chicago Convention of 1880, and organized the bolt against the unit rule in the New York delegation, which had been instructed for General Grant, and so contributed materially to the possibility of General Garfield's nomination. Senators Conkling and Plait bitterly opposed Robertson's confirmation, and finally the Presi- dent was driven by their opposition to withdraw from the Senate the other Xew York nominations which had been made with a view to conciliating Mr. Piatt and Mr. Conk- ling. Among these was that of General Stewart L. Wood- ford to be United States District Attorney, and Louis F. Payn to he United States Marshal. The next day Senators Conkling and Piatt resigned their seats in the Senate of the United States. It was said at the time that the excitement caused by their action was not exceeded by any event that occurred in the most excit- ing days of the Rebellion. The resignations were entirely unexpected. At the beginning of the session of the Senate that day it was noticed that the Vice-President, General Arthur, was flushed and nervous. Before the chaplain had finished his prayer, it was observed, however, that In- had resumed his usual composure, and when the journal had been read he handed to the clerk what appeared to he an ordinary communication with the remark: " 1 am directed to laj before the Senate the comrhunication which the Clerk will now read." The Clerk read the resignation of Senator Conkling. Senator-, heard the reading of the letter with amazement, and several requested that it might be read again. Before they had time to recover from their aston- ishment, the Vice-President laid before the Senate a second communication, which was read 1>\ the Clerk as follows; SENATI l 11 VMB1 K. Ma\ [6, l88l. T 1 Hon. C. V \ki in k. Vice-President: Sir: I have forwarded to the Governor of the Stale of \,-„ York my resignation a- Senator of the United Stales for the State >ntario, on April 11, 1S62, the son of Thomas and Margaret ( Mailer ) Kearns. He attended the public schools of his neighborhood until ten years of age, when he moved with his parents to Holt county. Nebraska. HON. THOMAS KEARNS nit the natural was not prom Mere the outlook lor young Kearns — to bent of the rising statesman and financier - ising. Until the age of fourteen he worked on his father's farm, when he commenced the business of freighting, ami lor several years carried the goods of the miners from the end of the railroad in Nebraska to the mining and cattle camps in the P.lack Mills. This, though apparently work cut out for the seasoned frontiersman, was performed by this pluck} youth with an earnestness and promptitude that indicated the character of the coming man. Upon attaining his majority Mr. Kearns moved to Utah, settling first in Salt Lake Cit\ and afterwards at Park City. At the latter place he was employed as a miner in the 1 Intario mine, and later became one of the owners of the Mayflower and Silver King mines. With a residence at Park City began hhe public and political career of Mr. Kearns. Me was made a member of the city council of I 'ark City in 1895, and was elected THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 469 to the constitutional convention of the State of Utah in the same year. In 1896 he was sent as a delegate to the Re- public National Convention at St. Louis and was one of the silver Republicans who withdrew from that body be- cause of their differences with the financial plank in the Republican platform. In 1900 he again represented his State, this time at the National Convention at Philadelphia, when the late President McKinley received his second nom- ination. As a fitting culmination of the triumphs of this man, whose western push turns aside all obstacles, and who permits nothing to stay the car of progress, he was elected by the legislature to the United States Senate from the State of Utah, succeeding the Hon. Frank J. Cannon, whose term of service expired March 4, 1899. The Demo- cratic legislature of Utah failed to make a selection of Senator at their session in 1899, and thus the term of Mr. Kearns expires on March 3, 1905. The eminent standing at- tained by him in this august body is attested by his important committee assignments, as follows : Forest Reservation and the Protection of Game, Indian Depredations, Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands, Mines and Mining, Pacific Islands and Porto Rico, and National Banks (select), of which he is chairman. Throughout his political life Mr. Kearns has been modest and unassuming — never self- seeking and the honors of office have been thrust upon him by a constituency that recognized and rewarded worth. He is extremely and deservedly popular with the people of Utah, whose interests are his interests, and his work in the Senate and on his various committees marks him as a useful and pains-taking Senator. Senator Kearns is largely interested in mining, bank- ing, real estate and railroads, and is one of the progressive men who are making of the West a center of wealth and commerce. Amid the bustle and responsibilities of a very busy life Senator Kearns devotes much time and aid to charity and other worthy causes. Among his noble chari- ties was his liberal contributions to St. Mary's Cathedral at Salt Lake City, and Mrs. Kearns built the St. Ann's Orphanage of that city. Senator Kearns is a member of the Elks, and is popular throughout Elkdom. On September 15, 1900, he married Jennie J., daughter of Patrick and Sarah J. Judge, of Park City, Utah- Of this union there are three' children — Edmund J., Thomas F., and Helen M. Kearns. Hon. Henry C. Payne.— When one pauses to re- flect upon the vast system governing the transmission of the voluminous mail that is daily handled in the United States the thought naturally reverts to the head of this, the most important branch of the National Government. It can be but interesting to learn something of the person- ality and the qualification of our Postmaster-General that fit him for the post upon which so much devolves. No member of President Roosevelt's cabinet stands closer to the Chief Executive than does the Postmaster-General, Henry C. Payne, who is a keen possessor of a skilled knowl- edge of sagacious politics, and whose advice is always based on the soundest principles. A retrospect of the life of General Payne can but ex- emplify the old adage, " Where there's a will there's a way." The son of Orrin P. and Elizabeth (Ames) Payne, he was born at Ashfield, Massachusetts, on November 23, 1S43. Graduating from Shelburne Falls Academy in 1859, he removed, four years later, to Milwaukee and secured a position as cashier in a dry goods store, where he remained until 1867, when he married Miss Lydia W. Van Dyke. Becoming actively and prominently identified with the Re- publican party of his home city by adoption, he has served consecutively since 1872 as the secretary and chairman of the Young Men's Republican Club ; secretary and chair- man of the Republican State Central Committee, retiring from the latter post in 1892. He has been a member of the National Republican Committee since 1880, of which he now is the vice-chairman, and a delegate to the National HON. HENRY C PAYNE Republican Conventions of 1888 and 1892. General Payne's first technical knowledge of postal affairs may in truth be said to have begun when as an office boy be did chores in the humble little post office at Shelburne Falls. Miss. Broadened by bis contact witb affairs of both the business and political life at the thriving Winconsin city, be was ably fitted for the appointment of postmaster of Milwaukee, which was conferred on him in 1870. and which he held until 1886. He has ever been identified witb Milwaukee's best enterprises, and since [886 has been president of the Wisconsin Telephone Compaii) ; president of the Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Compam since [889; president of the American Street Railwaj Association in t& was in 18.13 | also appointed receiver of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Mr. Payne is not onl) an able politician. In the responsible position of Postmaster-General be also brings a wide range of commercial knowli 47Q THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. the greatest business establishment in the world — the pos- tal system of the United States. In the ponderous granite home of the Federal Post Office in Washington he has direct supervision over 1,000 minor officials and clerks. More than 100,000 postmasters and over a million employes work out the details under his orders. Personally the Postmaster-General is a man of genial disposition and easy to approach. He is a man capable of grasping big problems in a broad way and possesses ample business capacity to handle them in a practical manner. Hon. William Eaton Chandler, president of the Span- ish Treaty Claims Commission, was born in Concord, New Hampshire, December 28, 1835. He studied law in Con- cord, and was graduated from the Harvard Law School in 1855. For several years after his admission to the bar in 1856 he practiced in Concord, and in 1859 was appointed reporter of the New Hampshire Supreme Court, and pub- lished five volumes of reports. From the time of his com- ing of age Mr. Chandler was actively connected with the Republican party, serving first as secretary, and afterward as chairman of the State committee. In 1862 he was elected to the New Hampshire House of Representatives, of which he was speaker for two successive terms in 1863-4. In November, 1SO4, he was employed by the Navy Depart- ment as special counsel to prosecute the Philadelphia Navy Yard frauds, and on March 9, 1865, was appointed first solicitor and judge advocate-general of that department. ( In June 17, 1805, he became First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. ( )n November 30, 1867, he resigned this place and resinned law practice. During the next thirteen years, although occupying no official position except that of member of the constitutional convention of New Hamp- shire in 1870, In- continued to take an active part in politics. Mr was a delegate from his State to the Republican na- tional convention in 18(18, and was secretary of the national committee from that time until [876. In that year he ad- vocated tlie claims of the Hayes electors in Florida before the canvassing board of the State, and later was one of the counsel to prepare the case submitted by the Repub- lican side to the electoral commission. Air. Chandler after- ward became an especiall) outspoken opponent of the South- ern policy of the I laves administration. In 1800 he was a delegate to the Republican national convention, and served as a member of the committee on credentials, in which place he was active in securing the report in favor of District representation, which was adopted by the convention. Dur- ing the subsequent campaign he was a member of the na- for United States solicitor-general, bul the Senate refused to confirm him, the vote being nearly upon part) lines. In thai \ear he was again a member of the New Hampshire legislature. I »n April 7. [882, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy. Vmong the important measures carried out li\ him were the simplification and reduction of the un- wieldy navy yard establishment; the limitation of the num- ber of annual appointments to the actual wants of the naval service ; the discontinuance of the extravagant policy of repairing worthless vessels ; and the beginning of a modern navy in the construction of four cruisers — the Chicago, Boston, Atlanta and Dolphin — one of which did good service at the famous battle of Manila. The organization and successful voyage of the Greeley arctic relief expedi- tion in 1884 were largely due to his personal efforts. Mr. Chandler went out of the cabinet at the close of the Arthur administration, in 1885, and resumed the prac- tice of the law in Washington, but continued to spend much of his time in New Hampshire, where he took his usually active part in politics. On June 14, 1887, he was elected to the United States Senate to fill the unexpired term of the Hon. Austin F. Pike, which ended March 3, 1889. He was re-elected on June 18, 1889, and again on January if). 1895, his service as a United States Senator expiring on HON WILLIAM EATON CHANDLER March 3, 1901. During his senatorial career he was chair- man of the Committees on Immigration, the Census, and Privileges and Elections, and an active member of the Com- mittees on Naval Affairs, Interstate Commerce and Post Offices and lost Roads. lie was the dominant Spirit in the framing of the immigration laws which have been in force for the past twelve years, and largely through his efforts the control of immigration matters at New York and other ports was transferred from the various State bureaus 1- thai of the United States, lie also look an active in- terest in all legislation pertaining to the navy, and devoted much lime to postal matters, especiall) to the development of free rural deliver) and the pneumatic tube service. In general legislation he took a conspicuous pail, and was one of the mosl forcible and interesting debaters in the Senate during In- service there. Immediatel) after the close of hi- senatorial term, on March 9, 1901, Mr. (.'handler was THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 471 nominated as president of the Spanish Treaty Claims Com- mission, and he was confirmed by the Senate the same day. This position he still holds, and with his fellow-commis- sioners is drawing to a conclusion the adjudication of claims amounting to $60,000,000. Mr. Chandler has always been interested in the devel- opment of the city of Washington, and has aided its pro- gress in many ways, He was one of the original pro- moters of the Washington Market Company, which cor- poration built and still owns and manages the famous Center Market, on Pennsylvania avenue, in many respects the finest establishment of its kind in the United States. Since the formation of the company Mr. Chandler has been one of its largest owners, and a member of its board of directors. In 1871 he acquired the property at 1421 I street, northwest, which he remodeled, and which has since been his Wash- ington home. He spends his summers at Waterloo, New Hampshire, where his farm of several hundred acres, pic- turesquely located on the Mink Hills, and in the beautiful valley at their base, gives him ample opportunity for out- door exercise and renewing his energies with life-giving ozone. Hon. Charles Newell Fowler was born on his father's farm at Lena, Illinois, November 2, 1852. There he lived the life and did the work of the typical American country- boy, learning persistent endeavor from the patient soil, and gradual development from the germinant spring and fecund summer. By the work of his own hands he was enabled to prepare himself for college at Beloit, Wisconsin. In 1872, he entered Yale University, graduating with the class of 1876, the class of which President Hadley, his life-long friend, was valedictorian. He pulled a lusty oar in the famous 'Varsity crew of which " Bob " Cook was captain. After graduation Mr. Fowler taught school and studied law, graduating at the Chicago Law School, the second in his class. Thence he went to Beloit, Kansas, where he practiced his profession for five years with marked success. From the law, he naturally passed into important business enterprises; for in the wonderful commercial ac- tivity of the early eighties there was a demand for a sturdy, honest manhood, capable of indefatigable toil, undismayed by defeat, not inflated by victory, which he, in physical, mental and moral qualities fulfilled. He came east, settling in Union county, New Jersey, first in Cranford, and then in Elizabeth, his present home. The succeeding years were years of extraordinary in- dustry—industry, ever a friend and never a taskmaster. As at college, Mr. Fowler worked, but he did not stifle his nature by working; and when, at the age of forty, he felt that he had achieved such a competency as would enable him to carry out the ideals of his boyhood, ever fostered amidst the tumult of strenuous life, his nature, broadened by his associations with men, and kept free from moth and rust through humane interests, responded buoyantly to the call. From his college days, Mr. Fowler had been a close student of economics, a careful, thorough' investigator of the laws of finance. He recognized the evil tendencies of the day, the ready appeal of fallacies for inflation, for free silver, for any kind of cheap money so long as it was plentiful. His prescience perceived, before the crisis came, the duty of the Republican party to preserve the honor of the country even as it had saved its life. In the most engrossing period of business cares, he found time for political thought, for political work and advice. For many years he was chairman of the Republican city committee of Elizabeth ; in 1894 he was elected Representative in Congress from the Eighth Congressional District of New Jersey within which that city is situated, a district hitherto conceded generally to be Democratic. In the Fifty-fourth Congress Mr. Fowler received a recognition from Speaker Reed rarely accorded to a new member. He was assigned to the Banking and Currency Committee, whose membership at that time of stress and panic was a matter of national concern. The average Congressman, then was ignorant of finance. He realized that something was wrong with the fiscal condition of the country. Just what remedy should be applied it was difficult for him to tell. Mr. Fowler at once attracted general attention to himself by a speech in favor of the gold standard — a courageous position then to as- sume and maintain, as there were only two other Repub- licans in the House who likewise boldly declared themselves. In the following year Mr. Fowler introduced a general financial and currency bill, in which he sought to attain the following objects: The establishment of the gold stand- ard, the retirement of the demand obligations of the Go^ eminent, the funding of the debt into two per cent, gold bonds, a system of credit currency and branch banks. While nothing can be slower than financial and cur- rency reform from its very nature, this bill, the pioneer oi its kind, has already produced two concrete results. The gold standard has been established by statute, imperfect though the act of 1900 be, and the debt has been funded into two per cent, gold coin bonds, Mr. Fowler's plan being followed in precise terms in the act. Furthermore, it is conceded that true currency reform must progress step by step along the lines laid down by Mr. Fowler seven years ago and at that time scoffed at as impracticable. Mr. Fowler in his advocacy of these principles oi finance has spared no expense. He believes that a high educational demand has been made upon him by reason of his identification in the public mind with financial and cur- rency reform, and most generously does be respond is an unusual thin- for a Congressman to spend bis own money rather than the people's in advocating and explaining the legislation in which be is interested. Without counting the very wide distribution which Mr. Fowler gave his speech of March. 1897 (a speech by the way which 1 served as a treatise and thesaurus on finance ever since. though now supplemented by the broader SO research of the speech of June, IO02), he at his own ex- 472 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. pense in 1902 distributed over one million copies of his report on the " Fowler " bill, besides circulating- almost as widely his great speech of June, 1902. in support of that measure. Tt is a conservative estimate to say that simply and as a matter of course he has thus far expended over $20,000 in his effort to enlighten the public mind on the subject of finance. Mr. Fowler did yeoman's work in the I 'residential campaigns of 1896 and [900 for McKinley and sound money. In 1896 he opened the campaigns in Wisconsin and Indiana; in 1900 he opened the campaign in Maine. In both years his voice was effectively heard, as that of one well fitted to speak with authority; and the influence of his eloquence and arguments had much to do with the results. He is recognized as an almost ideal campaign orator ; because he is simple, sincere, having the courage of kRLES NEWELL FOWLER ich he speaks. ( lutside of the political an •r has been in great demand as an apo ial reform, lie was one of the leaders al monetary convention in 1897; he debai ik currency against lial paper money will ..11 the subjects Wi rner of 1 )hio al Fx iosi1 ..n i 1 [898 \s ..rial ion ; I New Mr I-'. >\ ler has foi rth, Fift) -fifth, eig uh ( ongi esses. the Ban sing 111.I Cn of thai , comi Sp< aker llel derson he addressed the American Bankers' ( Irleans in [902. been successively elected to the Fift) Fifty sixth, Fifty-seventh and Fifty All this while he lias been assigned to renc) I 1 >mrmttee. In I lecembei . 1901, in name, as he long had been in fact, titherto il had been impossible to mi obtain the concurrence of any three members of the com- mittee to any particular measure of general currency re- form, but after months of hard, unremitting labor, calling alike for statesmanlike tact and the knowledge of an expert, Mr. Fowler in April, 1902. by the unanimous direction of the Republican members of the committee, drafted and reported the general financial bill, widely known as the " Fowler " bill. This bill, so comprehensive in its scope, was mainly educational in design. It furnished a plan of currency reform toward which the country might grad- ually progress. From a mass of chaotic and contradictory theories, it brought forth an orderly, logical plan. It focused public attention on what was meant by financial and currency reform. As such a compendium of the best finan- cial thought and purpose, this measure attracted far more notice and comment than any other prominent bill intro- duced that session. The press of the country considered it gravely and at large; and its verdict was written in the leading editorials of all the great newspapers, with a half- dozen exceptions, praising its principle, scope and method, and calling upon Congress to step by step ratify and adopt its plan. In the second session of the Fifty-seventh Congress Mr. Fowler, on his own suggestion and again by the unani- mous direction of the Republican members of the Banking and Currency Committee, in accordance with this plan of successive legislation, drafted and reported that portion of the original Fowler bill, which responded the trios! read ily to the exigency of public needs. The new Fowler bill, authorizing the issue of 2$ per cent, of credit currency. is now before the House for consideration. Should il he- come a law, it is believed that it will avert that danger of currency famine and financial panic which bounteous har- vests bring each fall under our ill-considered system. What- ever its fate, however, Mr. fowler will continue his propa- cussion of the people he finds his reward, even as in them he reads the infallible signs of ultimate success. But Mr. Fowler is no specialist. Thousands of his constituents who have called upon him to perform the multitudinous minor duties which make the Congressional life such a bus) one can attesl to his faithful and assiduous care for their inter- ests, lie has been unusually successful in obtaining govern mental benefits For his district ; as. Eor instance, the appropri- ation of $135,000 for a new public building at Elizabeth, and the appropriation of $696,0 10 Eor the deepening of tin greal waterway of the Kill von Kull. Ever} public question, too, is a question of though) and investigation for him. As mem- ber of the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the Fift) sixth Congress he devoted deep stud) to our international rela- tions and the improvement of our consular service. His bill for the establishment of a tariff commission antedated the recommendations of President Roosevelt on this subject. Mr. Fowler is a practical idealist; one who knows and loves his fellow man. He is devoted to the cause of educa- tion, and is continually helping poor young men to secure THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 473 the benefits of a collegiate course. As president of the Pin- ery School at Elizabeth, he has infused new life and use- fulness into an institution honored in name and age. but which had fallen into decay. He purposes to give to his home city a free public library, the site for which he has already purchased, which will cost $150,000. He is con- sistently, not carelessly, charitable : studying conditions and environments, and striving to do some lasting good. His home is a center from which radiate kind thoughts and generous deeds. This home is charmingly presided over bv Mrs. Fowler, who is conspicuous in both Elizabeth and Washington as a leader in social, literary and religious circles, and who shares her husband's altruistic interests. She was Miss Hilda S. Heg. whose father. Col. H. C. Heg, was killed at Chickamauga. They were married at Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1879. Their only child is Charles N. Fowler, Jr. GEORGE FRAf Hon. George Franklin Huff was born at Norris- town, Pennsylvania, on July 16, 1842. His education was received at the public schools of Middletown and Altoona. Taking an interest in mechanics, he entered the car shops of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company at the latter place, where he learned a trade. At an early age, however, he abandoned his trade and went in the banking house oft William Lloyd & Company. This marked the beginning of his rise in the business and financial world, and was the precursor of the lofty position he has attained in banking and commercialism. ' In 1867 Mr. Huff moved to West- moreland county to engage in the banking business, and was successful from the start. Here he entered politics, and at once became a prominent figure and a valued ad- viser in the councils of his party. In 1S80 he was a member of the National Republican Convention, and one of the " 306 " led by the late Roscoe Conkling in the memorable effort to nominate General U. S. Grant for a third term for the Presidency. Fie was elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1884, and for four years represented the Thirty-ninth Senatorial district in that body. Mr. Huff was ever popular with his constituents, and had many ad- mirers and supporters in the opposite party. By a hand- some majority he was elected to the Fifty-second Congress from the Twenty-first district, then composed of the coun- ties of Westmoreland, Indiana, Armstrong and Jefferson, and was elected Congressman-at-large from Pennsylvania to the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1902 he was elected to the Fifty-eighth Congress from the Twenty-second dis- trict, receiving 18,827 votes to 13.014 for Charles M. Heinman, Democrat, and 778 for James S. Woodbtirn, Pro- hibitionist. Mr. Huff is an earnest worker, in Congress, and his services are valuable and influence far reaching. He is popular with his colleagues, and has made many friends in the capital city. Mr. Huff is president of the Keystone Coal and Coke Company, one of the largest producers of gas and ste^m coal in the United States, to the affairs of which company he devotes much time and attention. He is largely inter- ested in many other business industries in various parts of Pennsylvania, together with the banking business in Greensburg, in which he has been constantly engaged since youth. He is president of the Westmoreland Hospital As- sociation of Pennsylvania, and a member of the board of directors of the American Security and Trust Company of Washington, D. C. Mr. Huff was married in 1871. to Henrietta, daughter of the late Judge Jeremiah M. Burrell, of Pennsylvania, afterwards United States district judge and chief justice of Kansas by appointment of President Franklin Pierce. Mr. Huff's residence is at Greensburg, Pennsylvania. Hon. Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont.-Among the names which have been identified in this country with con- spicuous leadership in many directions of human activity there is none so well known as that of Belmont. For many- years it has stood for great wealth, well secured and well used; for eminent service to the State and nation in political affairs: for social prominence well deserved and gracefully maintained, and for an important part in those manly sports which arc more and more becoming a feature ot American life The Belmont family, thus distinguished for its wealth, influence and social leadership, was founded in (his country by August Belmont, a native of Alzey, in the Rhenish Pala- tinate He came hither at the age of twenty one as the New York agent of the Rothschilds, whom he baa already represented in Naples, lie soon founded a great banking house of his own, which became famous as that ot August Belmont & Co. He also became an American citizen political life as a Democrat, did good service as charge d'affaires and minister resident at The Hague a special thanks of the Government at Washington, and tor twelve years was chairman of the National Democratic 474 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Committee. He had also a distinguished career in club life and on the turf. He married Miss Caroline Slidell Perry, daughter of Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, who " opened " Japan to the world, and niece of Oliver Hazard Perry, the hero of the battle of Lake Erie, whose message, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours ! " has become historic. The third of the four sons of Mr. and Mrs. Bel- mont received the name of his famous granduncle. Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont was born in New York- city on November 12, 1858. He early manifested many of the traits which have made his ancestors on both sides note- worthy. From the Belmonts he inherited determination, ag- gressiveness, a sense of justice and chivalry, and the faculty of using wealth and social leadership. From the Perrys he got his love of adventure and his fondness for the sea. The last trait led to his being sent to the United States Naval HON. OLIVER HAZARD PERRY BELMONT Academy at Annapolis to complete his education. Following lus graduation there he served for some time, on active sea duty, .1,1 the Kearsarge, the Trenton, and other vessels. Both in (he service and after he had left it he traveled widely, and in almost all parts of the world, and on his travels he collected man) objects of interest and beauty, with which on his return lie adorned his mansion at Newport. M "' latter, known as Ejelcourt, has long been famed as one of the finest residences in the 1 United Mr. Belmonl has Ion- been a prominent figure in the besl clubs and societ) at Newport and in New York, in which latter cit) lie has a beautiful home. lie has paid much attention to driving, and has one of the linesi stables ■' I !S in this country, lie has naturall) retained a keen I his Family, and has made cm-ring anniversary of tin battle ol Lake Erie a gala da) .at Newport. In polities Mr. Belmont is a Democrat, lie was for some years disinclined to serve as more than a private citizen, and held no public office, save that of park- commissioner at Newport. In the hotly contested national campaign of 1900 his unwillingness to assume public office was overcome, and he was nominated and elected a Repre- sentative from the Thirteenth Congressional District of New York. His influence in the councils of his partv have long been commanding. In 189S-99 he rose to the foremost rank of the national leadership as the advocate of harmony in the party which had been rent and distracted, and as' the exponent of the principles of tariff revision, income tax. in- heritance tax, public ownership of public works, direct legis- lation, anti-imperialism, and others which he deemed & of greatest importance to the country, and best calculated to restore the Democratic party to power. He made speeches on these matters in many States of the Union, and estab- lished an illustrated weekly newspaper, the Verdict, for the promotion of his political creed. At the outbreak of the war with Spain Mr. Belmont offered to build and equip for the Government within ninety days a dynamite torpedo gun- boat. The President in personal interview seemed inclined to accept the offer, but in the end it was declined. Mr. Belmont was married January 11, 1896. Mrs. Belmont was formerly Miss Alva Smith, daughter of Murray Forbes Smith, of Alabama. She is of Kentucky ancestry, being a granddaughter of Governor Desha, who was one of the foremost men in the Blue-Grass State in the days of Henry Clay. Mr. and Mrs. Belmont are of the most hospitable disposition, and make their homes in New York and at New- port centers of the most brilliant and cultivated social life. Hon. Jacob Ruppert, Jr.— At the age of thirty-five serving a third term in the Congress of the United States is a position and an eminence seldom attained. This is to-day the proud station occupied by tlu I; .\ R up . pert. Representative in Congress from the Sixteenth Dis- trict of New York. A writer some time ago applied the following sentiment as the truth in the career of Mr. Rup- pert: "It is the genius of our institutions that young men. born with noble impulses and honorable ambitions, as the) press energetically on toward the goal of their hopes and desires, find the way opening before them clearer and higher. The first hill only needs bravery and toil in the surmounting — ever after, the race is limited only by endurance." Jacob Ruppert, born in the city of \\ u York, on August 5, [867, the son of Jacob and Anna Gillig Ruppert, was educated at Columbia Grammar School. He exhibit superior mental power, well fitting him for a profession land in the pursuit of which he was offered every induce- ment b) iiis father), but cast aside all allurements of such a life to familiarize himself with the business his energetic father had in earl) life worked so hard 10 build up. and passing the entrance examinations of the School Mines, young Jacob undertook to fill the humblest position in his father's brewery. The heir of us owners, lie v 10 work as hard a- an) workman, starting his apprentice- THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 475 ship as a " keg-washer." The succeeding six or seven years saw him advance through every department in the extensive establishment. Finally, about 1890, his father made him general superintendent of the business, advanc- ing him by degrees, until, some seven years ago, he was placed in the responsible position he holds to-day. To all intents and purposes he is the active head of the great Ruppert Brewing Company. Except during his engage- ment at Washington, daily, from eight o'clock a. m. until one, and from half-past four p. m. to half-past six, Mr. Ruppert is a man of business, pure and simple. He is at his desk as early as are any of his clerks, and long before the first of the numerous visitors arrives is planning the campaign of the day with his private secretary. Hav- ing mastered all the mysteries and intricacies of the busi- ness he is familiar with every detail, and beside the claims HON. JACOB RUPPERT, JR. and responsibilities of his occupation all his other pursuits fade into comparative insignificance. Up to ten or twelve years ago, his life was all up-hill work— a life of early to bed and early to rise. It is only since 1889 that he commenced to come forward in political and social life as a figure of prominence. But while his time was thus occupied in mastering his business, he had yet leisure hours, and those hours were devoted to the improvement of his mind. Manuals of parliamentary practice, debates in Congress, political, statistical and historical works were not only read but studied. Thus young Ruppert stored his mind with valuable material, while day by day he made his mental acquirements the more valuable by a constantly augmenting practical experience with the world. Mr. Ruppert took a great fancy to the military side of life. For three years he served as a private in the Seventh Regiment, X. Y. S. X. G. In 1889 he was invited by Governor David B. Hill to take a position on his staff with the rank of colonel. When Roswell P. Flower became Governor, Mr. Ruppert was advanced to senior aide, and in that capacity participated in the celebration of the Co- lumbian year, delivering the address for the State of Xew York in acceptance of the Columbia monument. He also took active official part in the first inauguration of Presi- dent Cleveland. This military service paved the way for his wide acquaintance among public men, and his gradual evolution into an important figure in many fields. In the year 1898 Colonel Ruppert was induced to enter the political field, in which, however, he was no novice, having for some years taken an active interest in local politics on the Democratic side. The Democrats of the Sixteenth Congressional District of New York unanimously tendered him the nomination for Representative in Con- gress, and notwithstanding the District in which he ran is usually one of the closest, politically, in the metropolis, Colonel Ruppert was triumphantly elected ; in 1900 he again received the nomination and was elected, and in 1902 was still the choice of his constituents, and was re- turned for a third time, receiving 15,657 votes out of a total of 27,058 cast. In Congress Colonel Ruppert occupies a position of great personal influence, and is highly respected by all his fellow-Representatives. His shrewdness and plain common sense are his leading characteristics, and they serve him well in the accomplishment of his purposes in the halls of Congress. He is a valuable member of the Committee on Militia, as well as of the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, and his time is also very frequently demanded on conference committees. Colonel Ruppert is a member of the Manhattan, the Xew York Athletic, the Democratic, the Suburban, the Military, the Jockey, the Catholic, the Ariou, the Lieder- kranz, the Larchmont Yacht, the Atlantic Yacht, the Lotus, the Automobile and the Xew York Yacht Clubs. Ruppert is unmarried. Hon. William Connell.— A man who is able to carve a place and .fortune from the unpromising rock of hard work, amid environments that offer no encouragement and little substantial assistance, deserves the homage of the people and a prominent niche in history. A man who wins education, fame and fortune purely by the application of his own will and endeavor is a noticeable exce] the general rule; and when that man loses sight of th fact that he has attained this proud eminence and remem- bers only to help those who have lost in the fight that he has won. he becomes a hero. This is the application that can be fittingly made to the Hon. William Connell. William Connell was born al * ape Breton, N'ova Sco- tia, on September 10. 1827. his parents being of ! Irish descent. Not being rich in this world's 5 educational advantages of young Connell were ' audit can he said that his education was ei 47 76 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. When lie was but a boy his parents moved to what is now Hazelton, Luzerne county, Pennsylvania, and such assistance being needed he commenced work in the mines as a driver boy at seventy-five cents a day. His earnest application and faithfulness won promotion, and in 1856, having shown the ability to rise in life, he was placed in charge of the mines of the Susquehanna and Wyoming Valley Railroad and Coal Company, with offices at Scran- ton. Here came the opportunity for the young man of pluck and energy, and he was not slow to embrace it. In 1870 the charter of the company by which he was em- ployed lapsed, and with his savings he purchased the same and organized the firm of William Conne'.l & Co. Thus began a career that has been almost phenomenal, and by close application to the details of business and a studied interest in his employes, William Connell has developed into one of the largest individual coal operators in the Wyoming region. In addition to his coal interests Mr. Connell is actively identified with the management of most of Scranton's busi- ness industries and commercial enterprises. He was al- ways a Republican in politics. The voters of the Eleventh Congressional District recognized in Mr. Connell just the man they wanted to represent them in Congress, and he was induced to accept the nomination on the Republican ticket. He received the flattering endorsement of three elections ■ — to the Fifty-fifth, Fifty-sixth and Fifty-seventh Congresses — by handsome majorities, and at the Capitol represented the people in a manner that drew from them warm ex- pressions of commendation and praise. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention in 1896, and is now a member of the Pennsylvania Republican Committee. Mr. Council is one of the largest property owners in Scranton, and the city's improvement and development is largely due to his active interest in its welfare. His new office building is the finest structure in Scranton and is the pride of the city. He is president of the Third Na- tional Bank ; is a member of the Methodist Episcopal HON. WILLIAM CONNELL Church ; has been prominent in religious and charitable work (always unostentatious), and his name is held in veneration by man)- who have been the recipients of his generous benefactions. Scranton has just reason to be proud of her citizen, the Hon. William Connell. 'THE ASTORIA. ILVIE BLISS \ INDEX A FACE Abner-Drury, The, Brewing Company 286 Abner, Edward F 286-287 Academy of the Holy Gross 1 53- 1 54 Academy of Visitation 152-153 Acheson, Mortimer H 285 Acker, Walter H 213 Addison, Arthur D 225 Alvord, Elijah S 285 Alvey, Hon. Richard H 354 American Security and Trust Company, The 186, 187, 188 Arderson, Hon. Thomas H 357-358 Andrews, R. P 272 Andrews, R. P., Company 271-272 Arlington Hotel. The 292-293 Arms, John Taylor 202 Ashford, Snowden 75 B Babson. Hon. John W 440 Baker, Daniel W 365 Barber, Amzi L„ A. M„ LL. B '..413-414 Bard. Hon. Thomas R 463-464 Barnard, Hon. Job , 359 Bass, George A 323 Baumgarten, Herman 278-279 Baum. William H 263-264 Beach, Hon. Morgan H 361 Bell. Charles J 188 Belmont, Hon. Oliver H. P .- 473.474 Biddle, Colonel John 71 Bingham. Hon. Edward F . . \. . . 355-356 Birney, Hon. Arthur A : '.\. .365-366 Bliss. Alonzo .. 289-290 Blount, Henry F ' 188-189 Blundon, Francis A 321 Bone, Scott C 342 Boynton, General Henry Van Ness 138 Bradford, Ben B ■ 226-227 Bradford, Ernest Wilder 398-399 Brice. Albert T 166-167 Bride, Cotter T 450 Britton, Alexander 364-365 Britton. Alexander T 364 Browne, Aldis B : 367 Brown, Neill S 272 Burdette, Walter W 1 74-1 75 Butler. Hon. Marion 367-368 C Calvary Baptist Church 130 Cammack, John 436 Capital Traction Company, The 242, 243, 244 Carmody, Francis S 326 Carmody, John Doyle 449 Campbell, Hon. Frank L 368-369 Carry, Albert 443 Carter, William G 282-283 Caru. i, Eugene 160 Carve-, Frank N 319-320 Catholic University, The 1 44. 1 45. 1 46, 1 47. 1 48 Caverly, Robert B 327 Center Market, The 290.291.292 Central National Bank. The .170-171 Chambers, David A Chandler, Hon. William E .470-471 Chapin, Arthur A Chapin and Sacks 279-280 Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 239-240 Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company 250-251 Church, Charles B 425 Church and Stephenson 3Q5 Church, William A. H ' V. 305-306 Citizens National Bank. The ] 79. j 8 n Clabaugh, Hon. Harry M 35? Clark, Appleton P., jr 306-307 Clark and Davenport go I Clark, Edwin S 261 Clark, Hon. William A 456-457 Cohen, Myer 2 24 Cole, Hon. Charles C 369-370 Columbia Title Insurance Company 206 Columbia University for the Deaf and Dumb. The 154-155 Columbian University 141, 142, 143 Conaty, Rt. Rev. Thomas J.. D. D 149 Connell, Hon. William 475-476 Cooper. George S 307 Cornwell. G. G., and Son 259-260 Cornwell, G. G 260 Cornwell. S. G 260 Coughlin. Michael A 265 Cowsill. Arthur 3 ] 8 Cox, Hon. Walter S 363 Cox, Hon. William Van Zandt 173-174 Cranford, Henry L , .... 551 Cranford. H. Percy '. 532 Cranford. Joseph H 551-352 Cranford Paving Company. The 330 Crane, Augustus, jr 1 98 Crane, Parris and Company 1 98 Custis, George W. N.. A. M.. M. D 445-446 Custis. J. B. Gregg. M. D 446 D Darneille. Hopewell H 75 Davidge, Charles H 186 Davidge. Walter D 362 Davidson and Davidson 215-216 Davidson. H. Bradley 215 Davidson. John C - 216 Davis, Lewis Johnson 1 Deahl, Charles J 273 Deeble. W. Riley 225-226 DeKnight. Clarence W 570 Denison. William O 233 Dennis. William Henry 372 Dent, Louis Addison , 76. 77 Depew. Hon. Chauncey M 457.458.459 Devine. John T 298 Dinwiddie, James H Donaldson. Dr. Robert B Donaldson. Robert Golden 572 f INDEX. Donohue, John F 226 Donohue. John F., and Son 226 Dougias, Charles A • 371 Dove, The J. Maury, Company 262, 263. 264. 265 Dove. J. Maury 263 lliam H 264 Drury. Peter A 286-28? Dudley. Hon. William W 373 Duiany, H. Rozier 227 Dunlop. George T 244 . 245. 246 Duvall. Hon. Andrew B 374 E •Echols. John Warnock Edmcnston. Samuel H Edson, John Joy 192-193 Elkins, Hon. Stap.'ien B 459. 460, 46 1 Emig. C'ayton E 375-376 Equitable Co-operative Building Association. The 195-196 . ar 342 Fcirfax. Charles W Fardon. Dr. Abram P Farmers and Mechanics' National Bank of Georgetown, D.C.. The usoi Hon Thomas B ' Charles M 411- F'.sher. Samuel Tucker !:-es E Flather. William J ! Fleming. Colonel Robert I 219.220,221. Foster. Percy S Fowler. Hon Charles N 471.472, I isurance Company of Washington. D. C. 202. 203. Fraser. Daniel I Henry D 431- oorge A.. Company Fuller, H ' 352,353, Fultr.n. Oreed M . G Ganno". ■ (rent of Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Ma i . etown University Gibsoi Brothers 2 Gibson. Geoi 't . Gibson. William MfredS I Glover. Charles Carrol! .162.163.164. Goenner, Albert ..I Company Gould. Hon. Ashley M . .. \359- Graham. Andn. 276- Green. Bernard I Groene. Rev. Sa H Hon. Alexande. B . . . I .. ! II 1 Hon. Henry C 1 1 Hazen. Dr. Hem H ... I Henning, Gijr.;e C ..178- Henry, John William Hensey. Alexander T Hensey. Thomas G Heurich. Christian 441- Hibbs. Wi'iiam B Hill, William A Hill. William Corcoran 416- Hine, Hoi. L. G ' T . 77, 378. Holbrook. The'jdore L 322- Hood. James F 189- Hough. George C Hubban Hubbard. Jerome I n. George F Hume. Frank .257- Hutchins. Stilson Hyde. Thomas. . . . . Hydraulic-Press Brick Company. The J Jacobsen, Charles Johnson, Elbridge Smith 1 79- Johnson Brothers Johnson. V. Baldwin Johnson. Lewis, and Company . . . Johnson. William G Johnston, James Marion ... 1 65- Jones. Thomas R Jorss. Amandus F K Kearns. Hon. Thomas 468- T. ieton Kimmel. William A Kingsman. Dr. Richard 1 39- Knight Brothers . . . . . . Knight,, Hervey S 396- Ocl ius Knox Express Company. The George W Knox, George W .... Knox, G. V Knox. X Knox, W. S L Lambert. Tallmadge A Lambert. Wiiton J Langle^y. Charles A Larcombe. John Southey ... 222- Larner. John B .381- Larner. Noble D Leckie. A. £. L .382- Leighton. Benjamin F. . Leiter. Levi Z Lincoln National Bank . Linn, M . Lipscomb V. P.. .\ ......... ... Littlefk-i Lothrop. A. M . M Allen. Macfarla id LllenW... Marsh ar illiam J — James L. . I li McCammon. H> - . 3f 5- ...2)9 381 223 409 • 176 284 319 284 257 69 231 398 306 S 1 6 430 584 260 285 INDEX. 3 McGregor, John 310-311 ' McKee. Hon. Thomas H 428 McKenzie, Alexander 73-74 McKinley. Dr. John W 158-159 McKnew. William H 439 McMillan, Hon. James 453.454,455 Mearns, William A 198 Merchants' Transfer and Storage Company 194-195 J Merritt, Hon. John A 78 , ; Middaugh and Shannon 232 Middaugh. Ray E 232 Mills, General Anson 425-426 Miller, Captain Frederick A 429 ' Moore and Hill 227 Moore, David 228 Morris, Hon. Martin F 354 Morrison Paper Company. The E 273-274 Moses, William E 384 Murphy, Hon. Dominic 1 444 N National Bank of Washington, The 168-169 National Correspondence Institute 157-1 58 National Metropolitan Bank, The 167-168 National Printers' Supply Company 279 National Safe Deposit, Savings and Trust Company ... 180. 181, 182 National Theater, The 298. 299, 300, 30 1 National University Law School 159-160 Needham, Charles W„ LL. D 143-144 Nevitt. Dr. James Ramsay 75 Newlands, Hon. Francis G 465 Nolan. John H 315 ( Nolan. James, and Sons 328 Nolan, James 329 Nolan. John J 329 Nolan, Walter D 329 Norment, Clarence F 171-172 Norris. James Lawson 391, 392, 393 Noyes, Crosby S 342-343 I Nye, Francis 74 I ° 1 Ogilvie, Lord 444-445 P Parker, E. Southard 167-168 Parker, Hon. Myron Melvin 210, 21 1, 212 Parris, Albion K 199 Parsons, James L 311-312 ' Patterson, Charles G 443 Payne, Hon. Henry C 469-470 ! Pennsylvania Railroad 238-239 1 Peter, Arthur '-. 385 I Peter. Walter G 306 Phillips, Duncan C ''. 427-428 , Piatt, Hon. Thomas C 462-463 Portner, Robert 435 Potomac Insurance Co. of the District of Columbia, The 200. 201. 202 ( Prescott, Samuel J 313 Pritchard, Hon. Jeter C 360 Prosise, John L 273 Purity Ice Company 285 R Radcliffe, Rev. Wallace 131 Raleigh, The 294-295 Randle, Arthur E 234-235 Rapley, W. H 301 ^apley, William W 301 ^eyburn. Dr. Robert 437 Rheem, Clarence B 230 Richardson, Dr. A. B 438 Richardson, Joseph 309 Riggs Fire Insurance Company c Riggs, George W Riggs, The Riggs National Bank Robeson, William H Roessle, Theophilus E 2 03 Ross, Hon. John W Ruppert, Hon. Jacob, jr Russell. Percy H Rutherford, Col. Robert Gedney 218 Sacks. George P Sanders and Stayman 270- Saunders, Lorin M 1 84, 1 85 Saunders, William H ' Schneider, Charles Second National Bank ] -[1- Shannon, William E . .- Shedd, S. S.. and Brother, Company Shedd, S. S ' Shelley. William C i '.'.'. Shoemaker, Louis Peirce . Shoreham Hotel. The Siggers. Edward Gregory . . .399- Smith, The B. F„ Fireproof Construction Company Smith, Bartholomew F 324- Smith, Freeborn G 267. 268. 269. Smith, Freeborn G, jr Smith, Francis H Smith, Thomas W 303- Smith, W. Hamilton Soule, John Hartley 233- Southern Printers' Supply Company 277- Southern Railway Company, The Spear. Hon, Ellis ' 193- Speir, William E 309- Stafford, Rev. D. J.. D. D Staples, Col. O. G 295- Stephenson, Thomas P Stier, Frederick A Stone and Fairfax Stone. Charles P Sturtevant and Greeley Sturtevant, Charles Lyon 393- Summers, John K Swartzell, George W. F Swope, John A T Taggart. Hugh T Teller, Hon. Henry M Thomas, Captain Ammi A Thurston. Hon. John M 387- Traders' National Bank Trinity College 149- Truesdell, Hon. George Tyler, Captain Richard Wolsey 217- Tyler and Rutherford 216,217.218. V Vale, Josiah M Van Devanter, Hon. Willis Van Wickle, W. P 269- W Waggaman Walker, John T Walker, Richard A Walker, Samuel H Warner. Brainard H Warner. B. H.. Company 229, 250 Warren, Hon. Francis E 205 162 296 162 386 294 72 474 236 ■219 280 -271 186 207 282 -173 232 326 327 386 223 297 400 r 24 325 11 j 262 212 304 264 2 -'4 278 242 194 510 128 3 OS ::: 222 222 5 23 594 237 230 12? 588 464 2 86 588 178 12 224 212 2 1 9 222 389 220 215 520 176 2 1 4 22 1 46e ; , Th .... 1 iompany . 251- Washingian Loan and Trust Company, The 1 90, 191, r .57.338.339.340.341. ii I ■ings Bank. The Washi gton > nee Company i West Brothers Brick Company ... 406- 450- 540- C 322 -252 . 325 . . 192 409 342 Williamson. Landon Cabell 339 ;se B - 247 Wilson, Jesse Henry -184 Wilson. Nathaniel 205 235 . . 322 Wolf. Adolph G 322 imo ......... 70 . -407 Charles E 397 Woodard. Henry F -398 Woodbury. Levi 398 Woods. Elliott 451 Woodward and L.othrop 54! Woodward. Samuel W 342 Woodward. Thomas . ■ Woodward, Dr. William C ILLUSTRATIONS. 'i ndrew Ellicott ... out 1 35C Tne Capitol, 1905 50 Map appeared 1807-1811 Views of Washington 14.15. F tl and Navy Building Build . the General Lan 1 lepartinent Building partment and Patent Office Building U. S. Senate Chamber Printing Building .... ilding ... Buildii Marine I .... iter, where Lin- District Buildi u I ■ . Ofl ■ i 17, 19 21 24 25 27 50 51 32 35 39 fcD-2 0.3 101 102 105 Sibley Hospital Sisters of the Poo. i rnon . Washington lome of Lee Tomb of the Unknown Dead at Arlington Louise Home . . Columbia Hospital Garfi ild H u St. Patrick's Chui . Lutheran Chute ■ Franklin ... Eastern HI Western High School. . . h . Columbia i Columbian los] ... la i . McMahon Hall. ....... Trinity College. . Georgetov Georgetov \ Academy of the Holy Cn I Gunstoi Lincoln N ■ INDEX. ILLUSTRATIONS- Continued. Equitable Co-operative Building Association Building Franklin (Fire) Insurance Company Building Riggs Fire Insurance Company Building Columbia Title Insurance Company Building ! Atlantic Building Glover Building Union Building Davidson Building Pennsylvania Railroad Depot Map showing location of new Union Station Southern Railway Offices Capital Traction Company's Offices Washington Railway and Electric Company's Offices and Depot Washington Railway and Electric Company's Power House. . . Washington Gas Light Company's Offices . Woodward and Lothrop's Store G. G. Cornwell and Sons' Store Clark and Davenport's Store J. Maury Dove Company's Offices F. G. Smith Piano Company's Store Sanders and Stayman's Store E. Morrison Paper Company's Store Samuel D. Gross Albert Pike Greenough's Statue of Washington Hahneman Monument ? Benjamin Franklin 54 Lincoln Garfield Thomas , McPherson Dupont 60 196 E. Morrison Paper Company's Bliss Building 203 204 The Driscoll 206 Center Market Building 210 Arlington Hotel 210 Raleigh Hotel 211 216 Shoreham Hotel 238 Providence Hospital 23R 241 St. Catherine's Home 243 U. S. Supreme Court Chambe 247 248 252 256 259 261 26? St. Joseph's Male Orphan Asy Home of the Young Men's Ch ?RR 270 273 Views of the Library of Congress 42. 100. 103. 1 20. 1 2 1. 1 23 5 AND MONUMENTS. 36 44 53 54 57 58 59 Chief Justice Marshall 351 PRIVATE RESIDENCES. Barber, Amzi L 414 Blount, Henry F. (The Oaks) 189 Blundon. Francis A 321 Clark, Hon. William A 457 Colton, Mrs. Ellen M 344 Denison, William O : 233 Depew. Hon. Chauncey M 459 Draper. General William F 348 Dunlop, George T 245.246 Elkins. Hon. Stephen B 461 Ffoulke. Charles M 411,412 Fleming, Col. Robert I 220 Fry. Dr. Henry D 432 Gillett. Alfred S 4 1 8, 4 1 9. 420 Glover. Charles C 164,165 Graham, Andrew B 277 Henderson, Hon. John B 415 Heurich, Christian. Hillyer. Curtis J ... Hine, L. G Hume, Frank 442 417 378 258 Larcombe, John S 222 Legare, Hugh S 433 Leiter Levi Z 405 McMillan. Hon. James 454 Miller. Captain Frank A 429 Mills. General Anson +25 Perkins. H. C 332 Phillips, Duncan C 427 Saunders, Lorin M '85 Townsend. Mrs. Richard Scott 302 , Warder. Mrs. Benjamin 345 Westinghouse. George * c7 Wilkins. Beriah 340 • \s %. <° .-? ^ ^ ■^ "^ ( M-'/ .? & ♦\£$ ,V-* ■ .0 rf. \S ■■,.>*.** W -° '■■''JjI' 4°* '^o<