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FIFTH EXHIBITION OF THE KENTUCKY STATE AGRICULTURAL 
 
 SOCIETY. 
 
 ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR MAGOFFIN, 
 
 AND 
 
 LIST OF PREMIUMS AWARDED. 
 
 FRANKFORT, KY.: 
 PRINTED AT THE KENTUCKY YEOMAN OFFICE, 
 
 S. I. M. MAJOR 4 COMPANY. 
 1860. 
 

 ^ THE FIFTH EXHIBITION 
 
 KENTUCKY STATE AGKICULTUML SOCIETY. 
 
 This interestiBg occasion came off at Bowling'-Green on the 18th to 22d 
 of September, according to aj^poiutnient, and was in all respects a pleas- 
 ant and a prosperous occasion. 
 
 The very heavens seemed propitious, and by most bountiful and genial 
 showers just preceding the Fair, gave a happy termination to a protracted 
 a,nd distressing drouth, thus allaying the heat, settling the dust, and cheer- 
 ing the hearts of the people. 
 
 All of the executive officers of the Society were in attendance, as well 
 as a large majority of the Board of Directors, all uniting zealously and 
 cordially, and by their careful and energetic man^.gement contributing to 
 promote the utility and success of the occasion, and thereby avoiding all 
 ■confusion and complication in the j)roceedings. 
 
 A prudent and efficient police were on duty on the grounds and in the 
 halls both day and night; and though they Avere worthy of sincere com- 
 mendation, yet to the pure and elevated moral tone of the community 
 among which the Fair was held, is mainly to be ascribed the fact that not 
 one solitary occasion for arrest occurred, and no article was stolen from 
 the exhibition, and nothing was even misplaced or lost. 
 
 When it is said that the occasion was "^^rosperous," it is not intended 
 to compare it with such Fairs as those of the National Agricultural Soci- 
 ety, or with those of the St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanical Associa- 
 tion. The funds on which to base premiums for such exhibitions can only 
 be raised in the immediate vicinity of large and populous cities, having 
 public conveyances by which a vast multitude can be poured daily through 
 the gates, and where every variety of art, and trade, and manufacture, 
 gives interest to the occasion. But still the Fair was pleasant and respect- 
 able in all of its dej)artments. Every variety of stock was on exhibition, 
 and an ajipreciative and observant concourse of practical farmers, ama- 
 teurs, and ladies, sat daily in the amphitheater capable of containing from 
 four to six thousand persons, and pleasantly criticised them, and observed 
 and enjoyed them, and v/ent home pleased, wiser, if not better, than when 
 they came. 
 
 In the Industrial and Floral Department the exhibition was not so large as 
 could have been made in the Hall, which was 40 by 80 feet, but still there 
 were very many creditable specimens of mechanical skill and of female 
 ingenuity and taste; and the constant desire of both ladies and gentlemen 
 to attend this part of the exhibition at all hours, showed in the commu- 
 nity an elevated taste, highly appreciative of the beautiful, the elegant, 
 and the useful. The scarcity of flowers, fruits, and vegetables, told too 
 sadly of the withering drouth which has blasted the hopes of the husband- 
 man in all of this region of the State during the present season. 
 
 M 
 
In the Mechanical Department the attending community evinced, as 
 was anticipated, the liveliest interest during the entire exhibition. A 
 I)rosperous and enterprising people were desiring the further introduction 
 of all the new and improved implements and machinery which are now 
 so greatly assisting both the farmer and the mechanic, and this was the 
 favored time to inspect and compare them. A new Power Hall, 40 by 80 
 feet, erected by the State Society expressly for the occasion, was filled with 
 a variety of implements and machinery; and a powerful stationary steam 
 engine of beautiful construction, with ample shafting, gave life and motioQ 
 to the whole. 
 
 The adjacent grounds were also thronged with various specimens of 
 mechanical skill and invention, while an admiring and scrutinizing throng 
 of persons were constantly passing about among them, testing their per- 
 formance, examining their workmanship, and inquiring their prices; and 
 very many of the objects, at the close of the Fair, found their way to the 
 homes of the farmers, instead of going back to the shops of the manufac- 
 turers. 
 
 But as man himself is greater than all the animals which he has sub- 
 jected to his use, and as the immortal 77nnd of man is far more precious 
 than all the workmanship of his hands, therefore is his improvement ever 
 of the greatest magnitude ; and therefore the crowning exorcise of the 
 whole occasion was the Annual Oration, delivered by His Excellency, 
 Governor Magoffin. It is at once a sublime and imposing spectacle to 
 see an admiring people gathered around the Chief Magistrate of the State, 
 and listening eagerly to his studied and eloquent exposition of practical 
 agriculture, commercial statistics, and domestic economy. The occasion 
 rises grandly above all such of mere j)olitical character, and it is alike credit- 
 able to the head and the heart of the distinguished oriitor, that he should for 
 a while turn away from the blandishments of power and place, and shut 
 his soul to the excitements of the times, to present these nobler themes on 
 this interesting occasion. With such noble and statesmanlike mien did 
 he step in advance of his surrounding colleagues in the great cause of 
 agricultural improvement, and so cogently and powerfully did he present 
 the facts and arguments which he chose, that by the unanimous acclama- 
 tion of the crowd, and of the Directors, he was requested to prepare his 
 Address for publication ; and the State Society novf makes a noble effort 
 to throw it broad-cast through the land, thereby not only to feed and feast 
 cotemporary minds, but to sow good seed on fruitful ground, which will 
 spring up in after life, and be blessed and owned by an admiring poster- 
 ity. 
 
 As was previously intimated, the whole occasion was closed without one 
 solitary occurrence to mar the harmony, enjoyment, and improvement 
 which properly pertained to it. Every thing was done which could have 
 been done to prevent and repress the excesses which often accompany the 
 collection of crowds; and all temptations and inducements to immoralities 
 of any kind were studiousl}^ and strictly jjrohibited. 
 
 Thus far, well and nobly has the State Agricultural Society filled its 
 mission for the year. Two Fairs for the distribution of premiums on 
 Tobacco (one at Louisville, and the other at Paducah) have been held^ 
 .-and also the General Exhibition of the Society at Bowling-Green, and all 
 have been alike pleasant and successful, without a reservation. Asiim 
 greater than the amount given by the bounty of the State has been judi- 
 ciously, fairly, and impartially awarded by the excellent committees, care- 
 fully selected by the Society. The funds of the Society have been at once 
 liberally and economically disbursed by the officers of the Society, two 
 
only of which receive very moderate salaries for their arduous services, 
 and yet the funds of the Society have been slightly increased. 
 
 In going from the community among which the fair was held, and in 
 returning to their respective homes, the officers of the Society carry with 
 them the grateful and pleasant remembrance of a refined and elevated 
 hosijitality gracefully and cordially bestowed. To the Louisville and 
 Nashville, and Louisville and Lexington railroads, bearing them to their 
 homes, they tender also their grateful thanks for public spirit and enter- 
 prise manifested by many acts of assistance in getting up the Fair, and in 
 the transportation of animals and articles, for exhibition, free of charge. 
 
 To the Divine Dispenser of all these blessings and favors, the Society 
 offers most devout thanksgiving, and entreats most humbly a continua- 
 tion in future. 
 
 EOBEET W. SCOTT, 
 Corresponding and Recording Secretary. 
 
 Frankfort, Ky., September^ 1860. 
 
 COKRESPONDENCE. 
 
 Bowling-Green, Kt., ) 
 
 September 19th, 1860. j 
 GrOV. Beriah MAGOrPIN: 
 
 Dear Sir : The Board of Directors of the Kentucky State Agricul- 
 tural Society, being profoundly impressed that the Agricultural Address 
 which you have this day delivered before the State Society is one of the 
 best, in every respect, which they ever had the pleasure to hear, would 
 respectfully request that you furnish to the Board a copy of it for publi- 
 cation in pamphlet form, so that our whole community may share the 
 benefit of the sound practical and patriotic lessons which it contains. 
 
 Most respectfully, &c., 
 
 EGBERT W. SCOTT, Secretary. 
 
 Bowling-Green, Kt., } 
 
 September 19th, 1860. j 
 R. W. Scott, Esq., 
 
 Secretary Kentucky State Agricultural Society: 
 Dear Sir: Your very polite letter, requesting a copy of the speech I 
 had the honor to deliver to-day, before your Society, for publication in 
 pamphlet form, is before me, and I herewith, in compliance with that 
 request, inclose it to you. 
 
 I must beg of you to present to the Board whom you represent my 
 most grateful appreciation of the flattering manner in which they have 
 been pleased to notice my poor Address, and for yourself accept assur- 
 ances of the highest regard, from your friend and obedient servant, 
 
 ^ B. MAGOFFIK 
 
ADDRESS 
 
 OF 
 
 DELIVEEED AT THE STATE FAIE, 
 
 AT BOWLING-GREEN, SEPTEMBEE 19, 1860. 
 
 Could the early settlers, the brave old pioneers of Kentucky, be here 
 to-day to compare our work with theirs, how great would be their aston- 
 iahment, and how their hearts would leap with joy at the progress we 
 have made; and, were I addressing them — those bold and true men who, 
 with scanty supplies and without beasts of burden, built their cabins, 
 felled and burnt the timber, and planted a few acres at a time until a farm 
 was cleared — those men who lived upon parched corn or the game of the 
 forest, and were clothed from the untanned leather of their skins — the men 
 who fought the great battle of civilization against barbarism — those fearless 
 and gallant men of "the right stock and stamp," who came to Kentucky 
 to encounter the Indian scalping-knife and to subdue the wilderness — were 
 I speaking to those men of "rude shelters, rude store-houses, and rude 
 fortifications," who left homes of comfort and came here to incur all the 
 difficulties, dangers, and hardships incident to the first settlement of our 
 country — those bold men of great hearts, and iron will, and steady j)erse- 
 verance, and nerves of steel, who toiled and prayed, and worked and 
 fought by day and by night, always relying upon a goodly Providence 
 they knew would sustain and comfort them, that would help themselves — 
 were I addressing the men who had the work of clearing away the wil- 
 derness and breaking up the soil in its primitive state, "with their attach- 
 ment to old ci\stoms, old implements, old systems of farming and manu- 
 facturing," I would speak difterently to-day. Surrounded as you are by 
 slack -water navigation, by turnpikes, and railroads, and telegraphs, with 
 all the comforts of life — living upon the fat of the land, in the heart of the 
 finest country on earth, whose forest and wilderness have been made to 
 blossom as the rose, while we are happily relieved from many of their 
 2)rejudices and difiiculties, we would not forget the praise, or fail to 
 acknowledge the deep debt of gratitude we owe to them for the jjriceless 
 inheritance they have left ns. 
 
 Agriciilture, manufactures, and commerce, are the three great interests 
 of this country. They mutually assist and depend upon each other, and 
 all have an important part to perform in the grand drama of human life. 
 Agriculture is the most important of the triple sisterhood, because it is 
 the source and foundation of all other avocations. "When it flourishes they 
 prosper; when it languishes they languish ; and civilization has kept equal 
 
pace -witli the cultivation of the soil. "Wherever it was encouraged, and 
 honored, and jorotected among the ancients, as in Eome, in Sicily, and in 
 China, refinement and riches were the result. When it was neglected, as 
 in Egypt, in Chaldea, and Syria, the people continued in barbarism. As 
 it declined in Saxony, the people became degraded, and with its restora- 
 tion they rapidly improved. All nations and people of ancient or modern 
 times have been softened in their manners, and have become gentler and 
 better, freer and happier, and more independent, as they have improved 
 in this art. The history of Normandj^, of England, and of the United 
 States is a full illustration of the proof of this position. The ISTorthern 
 Sea pirates of the ninth century, in the year 876, overran and subdued 
 Normandy, and savage as they were, when forced by Eollo, their leader, 
 to engage in agricultural pursuits, they softened in their manners, and 
 became comparatively civilized. Such was their skill and improvement, 
 their systems were acknowledged to be the best in Europe; and when they 
 were introduced into England by the monks, upon the lands of the mon- 
 asteries, the foundations of the English people for country life were laid, 
 and their future success in agriculture secured. I suppose we would be 
 justified, then, in coming to the conclusion that the reason why Adam was 
 subjected to the curse of being a tiller of the soil, to earn his bread by the 
 sweat of his broAV, was because his occupation was that which would 
 eventually produce the highest degree of civilization, and in which the 
 greatest degree of refinement a.nd human happiness could be enjoyed. He 
 was, when it was pronounced, nude, rude, and, according to our informa- 
 tion, entirely in a state of nature, ignorant, and a barbarian. His occu- 
 pation, as now conceded, produces the greatest contentment, prevents 
 poverty, wretchedness, and wickedness ; removes barbarism, promotes 
 morality, temperance, and virtue, and establishes the liberties of a people 
 upon the broad foundations of independence, virtue, intelligence, and 
 patriotism. No one doubts, now, that the occupation of the farmer is the 
 most powerful auxiliary of liberty and law, of civilization and Christian- 
 ity; so the curse pronounced against Adam was not such a bad thing after 
 all. The occupation of the farmer leads him. to the adoration of his Crea- 
 tor, "faith in His protecting care, and humble submission to His will." 
 Improved manners and customs, and a higher degree of refinement in this 
 country as elsewhere, have been the result of his success. We see it in all 
 the old States, and nowhere else has it been greater than in our own State. 
 Everywhere around us are the evidences of civilization and refinement. 
 Everywhere we are reminded of our duty to our Cod by the churches we 
 see — of our duties to our children by our school-houses and colleges — of 
 our duties to the poor and unfortunate by the magnificent hospitals and 
 charitable institutions, and of our duties to the great cause of agriculture, 
 upon which every other interest depends, by the spacious amphitheaters 
 erected by our agricultural societies, and such splendid exhibitions as we 
 have here to-day. How beautiful the future ! How grand and imposing 
 the spectacle before us ! Here are brought together this vast assemblage 
 of ladies and gentlemen from every section of our own State, and from 
 neighboring States, the fit representatives of all the pursuits of life, and 
 of all grades and classes in society. The farmer, the mechanic, and the 
 merchant are here to exhibit their productions, to interchange views and 
 to compare their opinions in regard to their own interest and the welfare of 
 this great Commonwealth. The high and the low, the rich and the poor, the 
 refined and the uncultivated, the professional man and the man of science, 
 men, women, and children, as exhibitors or as spectators, are here to attend 
 
the Farmer's Festival — to see and be seen — to make new friendsliips— to 
 renew and cement the old ones — to strengthen the ties that bind us 
 together as one j)eople — to grasp each other by the hand in warm gratula- 
 tion and holy friendship. 
 
 In a mere social point of view, our fairs, if there were no other benefitSj 
 and no higher j^urposes, are divine institutions, and would amply repay 
 all the trouble and the expense they cost. Incompetent as I know I am 
 to instruct you in your duties — poor as the selection has been, no one 
 could feel more highly honored than I do, in being chosen to deliver the 
 annual address of the society to such an audience as this. As I look over 
 it, I feel proud of my native State, proud of her beautiful and gifted 
 daughters, and of her noble sons who have elevated me to the exalted 
 position I now occupy. Descended as you are from the noblest race of 
 men that ever shouldered a rifle or founded a State, I have good cause to 
 congratulate you, the worthy sons of such sires, upon the improvement 
 you have made — an improvement in agriculture, manufactures, and com- 
 merce, and in nothing more than in the physical condition and beauty of 
 the country. For this improvement we are indebted, probably, more to cur 
 fairs than anything else. The first exhibition of the kind took place at 
 Lexington, in the year 1816. The first State Society was held in Frankfort 
 in 1838. Before this time but little progress was made. How great the 
 change since that time in the general aspect of our country — in live stock, 
 farm productions, agricultural implements, and machinery, and in the 
 prices of everything we have for sale. How great the change, as seen 
 here to-day, in grains and seeds, in the garden and the orchard, in vegeta- 
 bles, and fruits, and flowers, in the dairy and pantry articles, in the home- 
 made goods and the needle-work of the ladies — in their butter, and cheese, 
 and quilts, and inimitable embroideries, and works of art so beautifully 
 displayed before us in Floral Hall — all speaking volumes in favor of their 
 domestic tastes and habits, of their skill and their industry; and convinc- 
 ing us they know something besides plajnng on a piano, and have studied 
 arts as important as the accomplishments of the parlor or the ball-room. 
 Contrast the present with the j^ast, and Ave may take encouragement in 
 regard to what will be our improvement in the future. The forests have 
 disappeared, and every where around us are rich fields under a high state 
 of cultivation. The rude log-cabin and the worm fence have given way 
 to stately palaces and snug cottages glistening in the cheerful sunlight, and 
 the beautiful grounds that surround them are ju'otected by substantial, but 
 highly ornamental inclosures. The ill-favored kine of Pharoah, and the 
 "razor-back" hogs of another daj", ravenous and half-starved, are no lon- 
 ger to be seen on our farms. Our railroads accomplish a journey in two 
 days which could scarcel}^ be made in two weeks. The ponderous axe, 
 the heavy hoe, and the unwieldy plow, have given place to light and far 
 superior implements of husbandry. The sickle is rarely used, but its 
 j)lace is supplied with the cradle and the reaper, which accomplish the 
 work of a day in an hour. The threshing machine has been substituted 
 for the old wheat fan, the flail, and the horses and oxen that trod out the 
 grain upon the dirt floor. 
 
 Under the imxDroved modes of farming, chiefly brought about by our 
 agricultural societies, the products of our soil have nearly all of them 
 increased — increased in quality as well as quantity, and have equally 
 increased in price, until last year, including live stock, they amounted to 
 the enormous sum of over $86,000,000. Our taxable property was nearly 
 $500,000,000, and more than three fourths of it belonged to the farmers of 
 
the State. Tliey have abiuidant cause to he satisfied when they see the 
 great improvement in some of the heavy staples of our State, and in the 
 increased quantities sent to market every year. They supply the cotton, 
 sugar, and rice-growing States of the South and the manufacturers of the 
 North with their surplus j)roducts. The first of these staples I propose to 
 call your attention to is tobacco; and as you are so deeply interested in 
 its culture in this part of our State, I will give you a brief history of the 
 j)lant. An Italian traveler discovered it in the year 1542 in the West India 
 Islands ; a few years after it was transj)lanted to Lisbon as a medicine. It 
 soon found its way into the American colonies, and in the year 1586, Sir 
 Walter Ealqigh having learned to smoke in Virginia, introduced it upon 
 his return to England into the court of Queen Elizabeth. From thence 
 it was carried into France, Spain, Portugal, Holland, Turkey, and else- 
 where, and now all these governments derive a heavy income from the 
 duties imposed upon it. High as are the ]Drices paid for this article in 
 Euroj^e, occasioned by the heavy burdens imposed upon it, the consump- 
 tion is immense and increasing. Even in our own country, where 300,- 
 000,000 pounds are produced yearly, one half is consiuned at home, it being 
 twelve pounds to the man. How deeply interested are our planters in 
 having these duties removed — nothing could engage the attention of our 
 Government, through its ministers abroad, of more deep concern to them. 
 Remove or modify these burdens, and as all prices are regulated by supply 
 and demand, the demand would greatly increase and the price rise. Mil- 
 lions now unable to buy it would be enabled to do so ; and Avith the rise 
 of the price your land would rise proportionably in value, as well as the 
 labor by which it is produced. If, then, our ministers would spend less 
 time in conforming to the customs of these courts, in dress and manners, 
 and the observance of ceremonies in which they never can excel, and in 
 following the example of Sir Eichard Weston, an English Ambassador, 
 who, centuries ago, introduced into England from Flanders the culture of 
 the red clover and the turnip, they would do something for our agricultu- 
 ral interests ; or the example of Franklin, who introduced into JPennsyl- 
 vania plaster of paris ; or Gen. Humphreys, our Minister to Spain, who 
 introduced the Merino sheep ; or Chancellor Livingston, our Minister to 
 France, who sent over about the same time other breeds of sheep ; the 
 famous Eamboullet stock, one of the French breeds ; or Wm. Cobbett, 
 who introduced the ruta baga turnip into Queens county, New York, the 
 failure of Avhich crop for one year in England, Mr. Webster declared, would 
 produce a revolution, because they could neither get wool for their manu- 
 factures, or mutton for the operatives. Following the example of these 
 great and good men, then, their time might be more profitably employed, 
 and benefits incalculable might result to our country. In making treaties 
 much might be accomplished in favor of the tobacco interests of our State. 
 I would entreat you to call the attention of your members of Congress 
 and of the President to the subject. Let Congress be memorialized and 
 much good may be done. 
 
 As it is, tobacco land in Connecticut is worth $100 per acre, and yields 
 about 50 per cent, per annum. In New York, it is valued at $75, and 
 yields about $40. In this State, supposing the valuation to be an average 
 of $40 per acre, this land yields far more abundantly than in either of the 
 States mentioned in proportion to the valuation. These lands are rising 
 rapidly, and have never been estimated properly until within the last few 
 years. To show the increase in the last ten years in this valuable staple, 
 I give you the crops of 1849 as compared with 1859 : In 1849 we raised 
 
8 
 
 55,501,196, in 1859, 95,493,548 pounds of tobacco. Increase In ten year^ 
 39,992,352 j^ounds — and what portion of our farmers, let me ask, liavo got 
 rich faster within that time than our tobacco planters ? They are a thrifty^ 
 enterprising, intelligent portion of om- people, not excelled in good offices 
 by any part of our enviable population. 
 
 Wheat has become another great staple. The high prices it has com- 
 manded for a few years past, have greatly encouraged its production. In 
 1819 we raised 1,142,822 bushels ; in 1859, 5,808,178 ; increase in ten years^ 
 3,605,356 bushels, and our wheat commands the highest price in market. 
 The yield has increased within the last twenty years from 10 to 25, and 30 
 and 40 bushels per acre, under our improved mode of culture. In 1849 
 we raised 95,343 bushels of barley; in 1859, 372,138; increase, 276,795 
 bushels. 
 
 The hay crop in 1849 was 113,741 tons; in 1859, 143,091; increase, 
 29,350 tons. The total of cattle, horses, and mules in 1849 was 1,133,794 
 head; and in 1859, 1,196,352; increase, 62,558, principally in horses. 
 Aggregate value of live stock in 1849, $29,661,436 ; and in 1859, $50,048,- 
 043 ; increase, $20,386,607. From the fact that hemp has become less 
 profitable than some other crops here, there was raised in 1859 8,101,157^ 
 against 35,574,000 pounds in 1849 ; decrease, 27,472,843 pounds. We yield 
 the palm in this article to our younger sister — Missouri is now the great 
 hemp-growing State of the Union. 
 
 It is a remarkable fact, and should not be concealed, that while we pride 
 ourselves on being so large a corn -growing State, there has been a decrease 
 in its production in Kentucky, in ten years, of 6,696,635 bushels. In 1849 
 we raised 58,672,591 bushels; in 1859, 51,975,956. Upon the whole, not- 
 withstanding the great drouth from which you have suffered so much, I 
 can and do most cordially congratulate you, Mr. President, together with 
 all the officers of this association, and this vast assemblage, upon your 
 present prosperous and improving condition, and we are warranted in 
 coming to the conclusion, from the splendid exhibition of this your annual 
 State Fair, and the deep interest manifested in its objects, that the next 
 cycle of ten years will show a far greater improvement than the last. ISTo 
 people have grown rich faster or improved in a greater degree in all that 
 can elevate and adorn a free and happy people, than ours within that time. 
 Why should it not be so, with these advantages? Unlike the farmers of 
 England, they own the soil they cultivate, and have a voice in the politics 
 of the country and in framing their own laws. It is yours and your chil- 
 dren's after you. Every improvement endears it to you and to them. 
 You mingle your labor with it and you feel it is yours, with all its instruc- 
 tive and delightful associations. You have no oppressive tithes, you 
 imjDose your own burdens, you can't be taxed without your consent, and, 
 thank God, there is enough and to spare to the native born and the foreigner. 
 With our fertile soil and salubrious climate we ought to have as large 
 jDrofits for our labor as the farmers of England. Surely, if the English 
 farmer can pay an annual rent, equal, in some instances, to the value of 
 your lands, and make money, jour profits should be greater with all the 
 advantages you possess. We have nothing to discourage except in the 
 production of corn. It has fallen off in the last ten years over 6,000,000 
 bushels. What is the cause of this and what is the remedy, let me ask? 
 Perhaps, in investigating this, we may ascertain the means of renewing 
 our tobacco lands and of keeping up the production of other exhaustive 
 crops to the soil. While I am no great advocate of book farming — which 
 has not been fully tested by practical experiments — while I condemn the 
 
9 
 
 practice of receiving and acting upon suggestions and theories not backed 
 by experience, as an humble farmer I feel the lack of scientific knowledge 
 as mvich as any of you, and without the aid of science we will fail to 
 observe the cause of the evil of which we complain, or its remedy. We 
 know the fact exists that our corn crops are diminishing, and in searching 
 for the cause, agricultural chemistry teaches us the constituent elements 
 of the soil — that these elements are necessary to the production of certain 
 plants and crops of different descrij)tions — that while tobacco derives its 
 sustenance from one class of these elements chiefly, corn is sustained 
 mainlj^ by another, and wheat feeds still upon others — and so other crops; 
 that to produce these crops in the greatest abundance, the nature of the 
 soils must be understood, and the lost elements must be restored. If, then, 
 you plant corn in a soil not adapted to its production, you will have a poor 
 crop. If you plant too often upon the same land, your crop will diminish 
 as the elements are exhausted upon which it lives and feeds. The great 
 law of restitution must be maintained. Eotation in crops must be observed ; 
 rest must be given to the land in sowing it down in timothy, clover, and 
 blue grass; manures of the right kind must be applied. Just here comes 
 in the successful apjolication of science to soil, of mind to labor. To be a 
 thoroughly successful farmer, then, the properties of manures and the nature 
 of the soils must be understood ; labor must be applied in the right way 
 and at the right time, and after the crops are gathered it is just as impor- 
 tant to know what produces fat in your animals, what bone and what 
 muscle, in order to feed them to the best advantage. Our State is so fer- 
 tile we do not see the importance, as they do in 'New England, where their 
 lands are much worn, of attention to this subject. It is estimated that 
 $100,000,000 are wasted every year of the manures in the United States. 
 We ought to think of it in amazement and alarm when we reflect that this 
 amount is lost every j-ear in the productive jDOwer of our soil, passing into 
 the air in gases, and from the barn yards washed by the rains into the 
 branches, or lying in neglected heaps of one description or another all over 
 the plantation. 
 
 Nature, in some form or other, retains the sources of nutriment. The 
 vajjors from the ocean and the land drift into the sky, are condensed into 
 clouds, descend in showers upon our fields and pastures, to fertilize and 
 bring forward our crops, and to give life and beauty to trees and grasses 
 and flowers, and through brooks and springs and rivers, descend again, 
 until they mingle with sources from which they spring, "again to traverse 
 the same ceaseless round." So of the earth. Its elements are consumed 
 to make the varied forms of vegetable and animal life. They have their 
 of&ces assigned them by the Creator, and then decay and die, and return 
 to their original elements, again to pass through the same ceaseless round. 
 To preserve the productiveness of the soil, tJiat must be restored which 
 has been taken away; and this involves a knowledge of nature and her 
 immutable laws. Science must come to the rescue — science tested by rea- 
 son, and j)ractice, and experience. If your neighbor is more successful in 
 farming or the rearing of animals, curiosity and self-interest both incline 
 you to seek him, and to possess yourself of his superior knowledge. May 
 you not as well seek it from books and treatises, and agricultural newspa- 
 pers, which you can read at your leisure, to compare it with your own 
 experience, and to reject or adopt it as your reason dictates? It might have 
 been excusable in the early history of agriculture in Kentucky, to ridicule 
 what has been called book-farming — when it was thought that little or 
 no education was needed for a farmer — when "parents educated their chil- 
 
 2 
 
Id 
 
 dren for pedagogues in academies, and for professional men in colleges, and 
 thought an education commencing at the county school-house and ending 
 at the plow-handle was sufficient for their boy who was to get the old 
 homestead." It might have been tolerated when the dignity of labor and 
 the respectability of the fiarmer had to be asserted by referring to a long 
 list of illustrious names in antiquity, and to such names as Washington 
 and Jefferson, and Clay and Calhoun, and Wright and Webster, whose 
 favorite occupation was the cultivation of the soil. It might have been 
 done when we were compelled, for the same purpose, to refer to Fulton and 
 Franklin, and Watt and Morse, and to other great inventors of the mechanic 
 arts, through whose labors so much good has been done, and so much glory 
 has been gained. But since the formation of our agricultural societies, the 
 diffusion of knowledge through them, and the consequent improvement of 
 our country, book-farming has been vindicated. It won't do now, in the 
 midst of all the light and knowledge upon the subject, and in the full blaze 
 of our civilization, to ridicule book-farming. The prejudice and ignorance 
 that would prompt it would be ridiculed into shame and to silence. 
 
 What makes one mechanic superior to another? Is it not on account of 
 his sujDcrior scientific knowledge — his knowledge of the nature and prop- 
 erties of the metal he works? "Why is Ben. Mills a better gunsmith than 
 others around him? Because he has studied his trade as a science, and 
 can apply the principles of his art, which he thoroughly understands. He 
 is reasoning, and analyzing, and searching, and exjDcrimenting, and ham- 
 mei'ing away, and at last grasps the truth b}'- which he discovers some- 
 thing new every day. If, then, this knowledge is so necessary for the 
 mechanic, and the manufacturer, and the professional man, is it not as 
 necessary for the farmer? Do they not all live by his labor, and is not his 
 position and occupation at least as respectable as others? Does it not 
 require as much labor and brains to carry it on ? Is not the material with 
 which he is to work more difficult to understand? Is not the soil a com- 
 ]30und of more various materials, more complex, and more difficult to ana- 
 lyze than metal or wood? Through the art of agricultural chemistry, all 
 this knowledge, so important to the farmer, can be gained, worn out fields 
 resuscitated, and the errors of the past corrected. 
 
 We have been taunted with the assertion and the accusation that slave 
 labor was the cause of our worn out fields in the South. Might we not as 
 well make the charge that the worn out fields of JSTew England were the 
 result of white labor? White labor would have worn out our soil as fast 
 as black, and science is fast redeeming them in both sections of country. 
 Many persons in the South have been engaged in this work of redemption 
 With the most satisfactory results. Mr. Euffin, a scientific farmer of Vir- 
 ginia, has made a large fortune within the last few years, I understand, 
 by purchasing, at a very low price, worn out and abandoned farms, and, 
 after resuscitating, selling them again. Let us hear no more of this taunt, 
 that slave labor blasts the soil. It has been the result of a false and per- 
 nicious practice of tillage and husbandry, by which ^300,000,000 annually 
 have been lost. We are satisfied with our sj^stem of lalDor, and we hoj)e 
 they are with theirs; and when these taunts come, we point with pride to 
 our institutions, the enlightened liberality and public spirit of our people, 
 the enterprise of our citizens, the improvement in our trade, the rapid 
 accumulation of our wealth, the rewards of our labor, the fertility of our 
 soil, and the salubrity of our climate, the beauty of our improving country 
 towns and villages, to our comforts and refinement, our manners and cus- 
 
11 
 
 toms, and to our progress in all that makes a free, a happy, and indepen- 
 dent people. 
 
 Until the year 1815, agriculture was without science. In that year Sir 
 Humphrey Davy discovered that every soil had a variety of elements. 
 Since that time the worn out farms of Great Britain have been resuscitated 
 according to the same j)rocess it has been done here, and the production of 
 her lands has been so improved that she is enabled to sustain her extra- 
 ordinary burdens. Since that time, as in France, the wheat crop has been 
 doubled; where forty, now eighty bushels are produced; her population 
 has increased, in sixty years, from 4,000,000 to near 40,000,000. While 
 we lose $100,000,000 of manures annually in waste, her farmers expend 
 ?^300,000,000 in restoring and enriching her soil. We have 130,000,000 of 
 acres of land in the United States under cultivation; upon 100,000,000 it 
 is supposed there is a deterioration in the |)i'oductive power of the soil of 
 three dollars per acre, or of $300,000,000 annually, occasioned by our sys- 
 tem of farming. In the States of New York and Massachusetts the loss 
 is $25,000,000. It is this that has drawn and is drawing millions of dollars, 
 with hundreds of thousands of persons every year, from the scenes of their 
 childhood, on the impoverished hillsides and valleys of New England, to 
 the fertile lands of the far West. This deterioration in the soil must be 
 prevented. It can be done here as well as in England and FrauQe, where 
 the whole country has been transformed into a garden. It can be pre- 
 vented by the application of guano to the soil, by a change of crops, by 
 preserving and spreading on manures, by cultivating less land, and culti- 
 vating it better. It is wise to profit by the teachings of the past. One of 
 our greatest errors is, we cultivate too much land. 
 
 In the well cultivated parts of Euroj^e, the productive power of the land 
 has been doubled. England produces eighty bushels of wheat where there 
 were forty; France about double — where there were forty, seventy-five 
 bushels is the yield; and so of the crops in both of these countries. France 
 has greatly improved in every thing to make her j^owerful, as she has 
 acquired means to feed herself; and England has increased from about 
 4,000,000 in 1800 to near 40,000,000. Of this population one. third is en- 
 gaged in agriculture, and two thirds in commerce and manufactures. She 
 has her Birmingham and Manchester, her London and Liverpool; but her 
 chief pride and glory is in her agricultural interests, in the culture of her 
 soil, and in the beauty and fruitfulness of the country. It is in the mag- 
 nificent scale with which her farming operations are carried on, and the 
 passion which the English people have for country life. From the prince 
 to the peasant, from the nobleman to his hirelings, you observe this love of 
 the country and of rural pursuits. The professional man, the banker, and 
 the mechanic, when they have amassed fortunes, go into the country to 
 enjoy the quiet of a farm. It is a natural trait of character. George III 
 coveted the title of farmer, and wrote many interesting articles on the 
 subject of agriculture. English liberty, and law, and civilization, have 
 kept equal j)ace with rural pursuits. We know not whether to admire the 
 great defender of constitutional liberty (Burke) more as the farmer and 
 philosopher, or the orator and statesman. His treatise, entitled " Thoughts 
 and Details on Scarcity," addressed to Mr. Pitt in 1795, contains a mine of 
 information upon the subject of agriculture. It embodies his experience 
 as a farmer for twenty-seven years, and as a complete system of husband- 
 ry, comj)ares well with his profound political wisdom and surpassing elo- 
 quence as a statesman. He saw the errors of English farmers, and their 
 remedv. He lamented the diminished numbers of the nobility, who owned 
 
12 
 
 the soil, and the exactions imposed upon the lessors, or renters, as much 
 as he admired the magnificent scale upon which they carried forward their 
 gigantic farming ojJerations. 
 
 One hundred years ago the landholders of Great Britain were 230,000, 
 now they are 35,000 — the lands of the thriftless and profligate having 
 fallen into the hands of the few prudent and wealthy. The incomes oi' 
 the wealthiest range from $100,000 to $1,500,000 per annum. The Marquis 
 of Bredalbain, it is said, can ride one hundred miles on his own estate. 
 The Duke of Sutherland owns the county of Sutherland. The Duke of 
 Devonshire has 96,000 acres in the county of Derby. The Duke of Eich- 
 mond has 40,000 acres in Goodwood, and 300,000 at Gordon Castle. The 
 Duke of ISTorfolk's Park, in Sussex, covers fifteen miles in a circuit; and 
 an agriculturalist, a few years ago, bought the island of Luves, in the 
 Hebrides, containing 500,000 acres. These large domains are growing 
 larger, and the great estates are absorbing the freeholds there, upon a 
 much smaller scale it has been done in KentuckjT-. The larger farmers 
 here, too, are yearly buying out the smaller ones, and where a dozen voters 
 lived a few years ago, only one wealthy landholder now resides, upon his 
 hundreds of baronial acres. These noblemen are among the first men in 
 Europe, in moral, social, and intellectual position, and are spending vast 
 sums of money from their incomes in the cultivation and improvement of 
 their estates. Immense expenditures are yearly incurred in their systems 
 of cultivation, of subsoiling, and drainage, and irrigating their lands. 
 
 In this country w^e are said to be the most slovenly farmers in the world, 
 because we cultivate too much land. We proceed upon the idea the more 
 acres we have and skim over, the richer we are. We annex to our farms, 
 in our love of greater dominion, more land, when we have not labor enough 
 to make profitable what we have. -'History is but the accumulated expe- 
 rience of the past," and amid all her teachings we continue to err. Cato, 
 Seneca, Homer, Hesiod, Horace, and Virgil, (Avhose little farm, he says in 
 his immortal Georgics, was on the banks of the Mincio,) all concurred in 
 inculcating the same truths we would inculcate to-day, and they are to 
 cultivate less land, cultivate it better, to plow deeper, and fertilize moro 
 thoroughly ; such was the admonition and exhortation addressed by the 
 ancients to the farmei-s of old, and such is ours to you to-day. Cincinna- 
 tus, who was chosen Supreme Dictator of the Eoman Eepublic, and who 
 quit his plow at the call of the Eoman Senate, to lead its armies to battle 
 and to victory, owned only four acres of ground. Cato, the Censor, Avas 
 said to be the best farmer of his day, because he had a small farm and 
 carried into practice what he wrote on agriculture, entitled Res Rustica. 
 Marcus Cervius Dentatus, who was thrice Consul of Eome, with his own 
 hands cultivated most successfully his little farm of four and a half acres. 
 
 Such was the high esteem in which farming was held by the ancients, 
 small as were their farms, that many of the noblest of the Eoman families 
 took their names from family plants; Cicero, for instance, the Fabii, and 
 the Lentuli, and the Pisones. We have not time to examine closely the 
 Jewish policy bearing on this subject ; but under the Agrarian law of Moses^ 
 as the population increased, (the patrimony being inalienable,) these lands 
 became necessarily subdivided, and as the farms grew smaller they were 
 better cultivated, and became so productive that the Hebrews, numerous 
 as they were, lived comfortably for ages in the narrow and rocky land of 
 Judea. The farms in England and France are more productive, because 
 better tilled and much smaller than ours. In England the farmers are di- 
 vided into proprietors, renters, and laborers. The land-holders have 
 
13 
 
 immense tracts, but they rent them to farmers in small parcels, and these 
 farmers, who seldom woi-k with their hands, direct their laborers in the 
 cultivation of the soil, raising an average of about 12 per cent, upon the 
 capital employed, besides paying their rent. It is clearly established from 
 the experience of the past, that the best ]Dolicy is to cultivate small farms, , 
 and cultivate them well. The illustration given in Eoman history of the 
 old farmer, who had ten acres only and was compelled to sell half, and 
 found he reaped the same reward for his labor upoii the other half that he 
 did upon the whole, was just as forcible and as current 2,000 years ago, as 
 the story of the old gentleman in New York, twenty years ago, who 
 owned six hundred acres of land, and after giving away four hundred 
 acres to his children, cultivated the remainder with more profit than he 
 received from the whole farm. He objected to the marriage of his daughter, 
 because he could give her nothing at that time. Upon consultation with 
 his neighbor, he was advised to give her two hundred acres of his land, 
 upon the assurance that he could make as much out of the four hundred 
 acres with the same amount of labor. This he concluded to do, and was 
 delighted with the experiment, as the yield was about the same. His 
 second daughter was soon married, and he gave her two hundred acres 
 more of the four hundred remaining, with the same success, raising from 
 two hundred acres, after apportioning off his children, even more, with 
 the same labor and less trouble, and far more satisfaction, than he received 
 from the whole six hundred acres. 
 
 We might pile argument upon argument, and illustration upon illustra- 
 tion, to strengthen our position if we had time. Professor Mapes, of New 
 York, who is a man of science, being nearly bankrupt in fortune by spec- 
 ulations, twenty years ago commenced lecturing for a livelihood upon 
 scientific farming, upon the principles here laid down, and was laughed at 
 by almost every body ; but he persevered, and having received a few 
 thousand dollars he purchased a little farm, and has proved himself to be 
 one of the best and most thrifty fiarmers in our country. He has already 
 made a handsome estate, and his income is enormous in proportion to the 
 land he cultivates. Onlj^ a few years ago I saw it stated, upon reliable 
 authority, that he had, the year before, purchased an addition to his farm 
 of ten acres of weedy and exhausted land, although it had once been good, 
 for $250 per acre. He analyzed the soil; he ascertained what crop would 
 grow best upon it; he plov.^ed it two feet deep; he manured and pulver- 
 ized it, and planted it in cabbage and potatoes, and the first year made 
 enough, clear of all expenses, to pay for the land. Who would not like to 
 know how this was done, though he might be compelled to read it in a 
 book? By the side of this farmer lives a farmer who has better land and 
 a much larger farm. He employs the same labor and incurs about the 
 same expense in manuring. He don't make one fourth as much from 
 twice the quantity of ground in cultivation. He don't employ enough 
 labor. He cultivates badly. He does not understand the nature and 
 properties of his soil, and he plants, and works, and spreads on great 
 quantities of manure unsuited to the ground and the crops he is cultivat- 
 ing; of course the yield from twice the quantity of ground is much less 
 than that of his intelligent, judicious, and thrifty neighbor. By industry 
 we thrive, if it be judiciously applied. Some men work all the time — day 
 and night, through heat and cold. They have no time to read, to converse 
 with their neighbors, to go to church, even; but they never, with all their 
 delving and parsimony, grow rich; while their liberal, inquiring, experi- 
 menting, managing neighbor, with half the labor with his hands, thrives 
 
u 
 
 every day. He thinks it all-important to inform himself upon every 
 thing" appertaining to his calling in life, and he takes tune to read. He 
 thinks, he compares, he consults with his neighbors ; he reasons npon the 
 facts he gathers, and adopts that which is good and rejects that which is 
 bad. He works with his brains, and saves work for his hands. He gets 
 the best seed, the best implements of husbandry, and the best breeds of 
 stock. We have no such excuses as our ancestors had for running against 
 light and knowledge. They had not the implements we have; they could 
 not plow deep, because they used the forked stick, with one prong for a 
 coulter and the other for a beam. We have iron and steel plows and sub- 
 soilers, and have no excuse for scratching the earth three or four inches 
 in depth when we have the means of turning up with the same labor a 
 virgin soil that will make our farms as productive as ever. We need not 
 fear to go too deep, to go through the soil, to turn up the thick deep red 
 or yellow clay, to be fertilized and pulverized by the action of the air, the 
 rain, and the heat, and the freezes of winter. The deeper you go the bet- 
 ter. You have suffered immensely in this part of Kentucky this year from 
 the drouth. The failure of your crops, and the parched vegetation every- 
 where around us, indicate it. We suffer immensely from the same cause 
 every year in different parts of our country, highly favored as it is. The 
 loss from this cause alone is immense. We have no reliable means of 
 ascertaining it, but it probably exceeds the cost of the expenses of the 
 Government. What is the remedy? Our attention could not be given to 
 a subject of more importance. To a great extent deep plowing will remedy 
 this. The roots of most plants, we know, will descend to the moisture — 
 pulverize the soil, then, by deep plowing — the earth beneath will be mel- 
 low, moist, and watery, and your crops will stand both too much rain and 
 the drouth much better. The plants will be thrifty as the roots descend 
 into a lower, a richer, a moister, and more porous soil — or if too much 
 rain, the water will sink, and can be carried off by drainage through 
 ditches a trifle deeper than your plowing. In the shallow plowing, the 
 moisture is not retained for any length of time. The soil has been ex- 
 hausted to the depth of a few inches, it evaporates fast, becomes dry, 
 parched, and hard, loses all its nutritive qualities, and the crops shrivel, 
 languish, and are lost. True, we must do our subsoiling over every year, 
 because the soil bakes and becomes so hard the roots cannot penetrate it. 
 Another remedy is irrigation. Through deep plowing and irrigating our 
 lands, such drouths as we have had this year would be contemplated with 
 far less fear. 
 
 We should have draining, too, to carry off too much water in the soil. 
 In the driest summer, wherever there is a ditch dug, whether upon high 
 or low lands, you see how luxuriant and rank the weeds grow compared 
 with the growth of the vegetables around them — and this is because of 
 the depth of the loose plowed soil which has been thrown up, enabling it 
 to retain for a much greater length of time the dampness, and the richness 
 of the subsoil which has been thrown to the top, affording both food and 
 drink to the famishing and thirsting plants, or weeds, or wild flowers, and 
 enabling them to grow more rapidly, and mature much earlier, and be out 
 of the reach of frosts. Deep plowing, then, is necessary in all sorts of land, 
 high and low, and draining on both. It is necessary in dry lands, because 
 the lands must be rendered porous, and the moistxTre retained; in wet 
 lands, to relieve the roots of the plants from too much water. The difii- 
 culties are greater in the no less important matter of irrigation, of which 
 we know so little. But great as they are, it is a thing of immense import- 
 
. 15 
 
 ance when our drouths are so severe, and we must soon know more. Does 
 less rain fall than formerly ? Within the last twenty -five years our spi'ings, 
 branches, streams, creeks, and rivers have diminished greatly in size, and 
 there is much less water than formerly. Without going into the discussion 
 of whether less water falls from the clouds upon the earth, by which the 
 supply to the streams is diminished, or the earth requires more moisture 
 in producing vegetation, we think we are safe in the conclusion that as 
 the forests are cut away and the country is cleared up and put in cultiva- 
 tion, the earth has become drier, because the water and the moisture by 
 which the springs were supplied is absorbed by the sun. The noblemen 
 of England have given their attention to this subject, and have exi^ended 
 vast sums in erecting works for irrigating their lands; and, although their 
 climate is much damper and cooler than ours, and their drouths less severe, 
 they are greatly encouraged to extend their operations for this purpose. 
 Pumjjs, machinery, and steam have been used with great effect in carrying 
 water to high points, from which it has been conveyed through passes to 
 the point where it is needed. If it pays so well there, there is more neces- 
 sity for it here in a drier climate, and it will pay better. 
 
 The system of irrigating lands has been carried to a higher degree of 
 perfection in Lombardy and Switzerland than anywhere else. Lombardy 
 is said to be the most fertile, picturesque, and beautiful country in the 
 world, and notwithstanding the Austrian despotism which has cursed it, it 
 retains its freshness, its loveliness, and luxuriance. Their harvests, under 
 their systems of irrigation, have been doubled, and the grass must be cut 
 every month, during the growing season in that mild and incomparable 
 climate, or it suffers from neglect. The country is level, and the water, 
 which, from the sloj)cs and the snows of the Alps, descends into the beauti- 
 ful Lake of Como, and others, which lie at the foot of the mountains, 
 escapes into the plains, and winds its way through rivers and streams, 
 thence by canals into artificial pools, from which it is let off upon the 
 surrounding country, and again drawn off into other pools to inundate, 
 enrich, and refresh their meadows and lands adjacent. Irrigation Is said 
 to be the life-blood of Lombardy. It has been done with equal good 
 effects, and much easier, in Switzerland. The country there is diversified 
 hj mountains, steej) hills, gentle slopes, and flat lands, and when the water 
 rushes down from the mountains to the low lands, its course is directed by 
 the farmers over the hill sides, and descending still further, it is made to 
 irrigate the valleys; and finally, after accomplishing its great purpose, 
 it makes its escape into the streams below them. The severe' drouths we 
 are subjected to may force these systems upon us, and if they be profitable 
 there, why not make them so here, especially where there are abundant 
 supplies of water, with a sufficient elevation ? But I fear I shall grow 
 tedious, and must draw to a close. My subject is one of such vast import- 
 ance, "so great in its scope, so various in its processes and objects," that 
 we must not go too much into detail, but must content ourselves with a few 
 general rules, such as we have endeavored to lay down. The avocation 
 of our farmers must keep pace with everything else, as every other pursuit 
 depends upon it. Every day we have new inventions. Steamboats and 
 steam presses, steam engines, and steam ships, railroads and the electric 
 telegraph, are carrying the woidd forward with a velocity never before 
 heard of, and the former must step boldly forward and take his position 
 where he belongs, at the head of the column. Forward must be his word, 
 and marching under the flag of progress, he will find the highest position 
 is to be his in the future. 
 
16 
 
 After all honors have been sought for in the fierce and feverish conflict 
 of life, the philosopher, the statesman, the warrior, and the poet, all, all 
 who have chased the fleeting shadows in the dawn and noontide of life, as 
 the waning of existence closes around them, have come to the conclusion 
 that his life was the most desirable, that "ambition had no goal, achieve- 
 ment no triumph, to equal the calm perennial joys of a humble rural 
 home." Such has been the testimony of Cincinnatus and Cicero, of Wash- 
 ington and Jefferson, of Jackson and Clay. 
 
 Until the 17th century, but little progress in agriculture was made. 
 Much was written, and but little read. Changes for one hundred years 
 j)ast, for the better, have taken place; but it was not until the formation 
 of agricultural societies, within the last twenty-five years, that our im- 
 provement in agriculture has been so marked. The change in that time^ 
 through the influence of these societies, has been greater than for several 
 hundred or a thousand years before. Through these, prejudices have been 
 eradicated, books, pamphlets, papers, and essays have been circulated. 
 The press has been at work most pov/erfully in creating the revolution. 
 All has been done that can be done with the means, in carrying forward 
 the work, in disseminating useful knowledge, in arousing a spirit of emu- 
 lation and rivalry, in extracting the greatest yield from the soil with the 
 least labor and exposure, in the importation and improvement of the breeds 
 of animals, in farm productions, in the orchard, the garden, the loom, and 
 the dairy, they have done much. The common schools, those nurseries of 
 genius and patriotism, and guardians of the liberties of the people, have 
 done much ; but education in them is too general for our purjjose. We 
 ought to have an agricultural college, for the education of those who wish 
 to become farmers, with a model farm attached, and our improvement in 
 the next thirty years will be twice as great. In France these schools have 
 had a fine effect in promoting agricultural improvement; and a single 
 model farm at Grignon, near Paris, contains 1,200 acres of neai-ly every 
 variety of soil. In Europe there are .352 institutions of this kind, 68 in 
 Eussia, 100 under the French government, to one of which, in 1849, she 
 appropriated half a million dollars. Within the last twenty years it has 
 been eminently successful in New York, where they have a farm of 700 
 acres, and why not here? If great good has followed their establishment 
 there, why will not the same results follow here in a better soil and better 
 climate? Professorships, too, ought to be established in all our colleges, 
 exclusively devoted to the department of agriculture. 
 
 Encourage your county and State societies, disseminate knowledge 
 among the people, protect your common schools, establish agricultural 
 colleges for the education of the farmer, and his standard will soon be 
 elevated to its proper point, and his sphere of action and of usefulness 
 be greatly enlarged. Do this, and ignorance and prejudice will vanish. 
 Do this, and great lustrous truths will be evolved, which will dispel the 
 errors of the past like the mists of the morning are scattered before the 
 sun. Do this, and science will assert her true j)Osition in disproving the 
 theories oi pretenders whose errors have done irreparable damage, and like 
 the ignus fatuus, have led us into the mirage of disappointment. Do this, 
 and the disastrous effects of insect life among the farmers will at once 
 disappear. Do this, and the plants and animals which look to you for 
 protection will find it. Do this, and worms and birds and weevil and 
 devastating grasshoppers, the army and boll-v/orm, and that parasite of 
 the Hessians, who were hired to subjugate our fathers and invade our 
 country during the revolution, the Hessian fly — all these plundering ene- 
 
IT 
 
 mies that have no muskets or drums or balls or banners, but have been 
 far more destructive than invading armies, will be rendered harmless. 
 Do this, and our crops will be better as our lauds grow older and more pro- 
 ductive ; a taste for rural life will everywhere be cultivated, the country 
 will become from year to year more attractive, and home, sweet home, be 
 the scene of unadulterated pleasure and delight. Do this, and thousands 
 who now desert their homes in the country to become knights of the yard- 
 stick and professional men in our busy cities, or indulge in the golden 
 dreams of California and Pike's Peak, will seek more certain fortunes in 
 digging dirt that always i^ays, and yields the more the deeper you go. 
 Do this, and those habits of temperance, frugality, industry, and inde- 
 pendence, will be cultivated, that make the best citizens in time of 
 peace, and the best soldiers in war — those habits which enable us to do 
 without standing armies in this land of civil and religious liberty — 
 upon which our free institutions rest, and by which they are protected. 
 Thrift and abundance will take the -place of misery and poverty; beauti- 
 ful cottages will rise on the ruins of deserted homesteads; weeds, and 
 thistles, and briai'S will disappear from the worn out fields, and the resus- 
 citated lands will revive, and iuiprove, and flourish, in all the luxuriance 
 of their jDrimitive richness and verdure. The destiny of our country will 
 be what we would have it. The poet's dream, and the seer's prophetic 
 visions in regard to the future will be realized. We have grown from 
 3,000,000 to 30,000,000 of people, from thirteen to thirty-three States and 
 seven Territories, embracing tweiity-three degrees of latitude and sixty 
 degrees of longitude, with a soil of unsurpassed fertility, of every pleasing 
 variety, and a climate unequaled, with 30,000,000 of people, and com- 
 posed of all nations and races, with $2,000,000,000 of annual productions, 
 the fruits of their industry; with an extent of territory nearly equal to 
 all Europe, and a commercial position far better, open alike to the Atlantic 
 and the Pacific oceans, and commanding the trade of the world, every sea 
 whitened by the sails of our vessels, and plowed by the keels of our 
 steamers, with our turnpikes, railroads and canals, with our rivers and 
 lakes and inland seas, all connected and navigable, stretching away into 
 the very heart of the country, to bear off to the markets of the world our 
 increasing commerce, and the undeveloped and untold mineral wealth 
 which is hidden in the bosoms of the mountains around them ; with our 
 cities that have sprung up like Jonah's gourd, and churches and school 
 houses and colleges; our hospitals and charitable institutions for alleviat- 
 ing the misfortunes of suffering humanity; with our progress in agricul- 
 ture and manufactures, the arts and sciences, all flourishing together under 
 the freest and happiest Government on earth, and all the growth of a cen- 
 tury, what shall we look for in the future — in the next cycle of a hundred 
 years? Are there not those training now in our schools who will make 
 new discoveries, and make new inventions, and establish new systems, as 
 far superior to ours as ours are to the old systems and the old inventions? 
 Are there not those now among us following the lead of De Witt Clinton, 
 who joined the waters of the lakes and the Hudson and the Atlantic 
 together, and the example of Fulton, who invented the steamboat, of 
 Franklin who caught the lightnings from the clouds and disarmed them, 
 of Watt the inventor of the cotton gin, and Morse of the telegraph— of Fitch, 
 and of Oliver Evans, who invented the locomotive and the carding machine 
 — of Godfrey who invented the quadrant, of Faust the inventor of printing, 
 and of that immortal mechanic who invented the telescope; are there not 
 those, I say, who, following the example of these illustrious benefactors of 
 
 3 
 
18 
 
 mankind, who will develop new truths, new principles, and make new dis- 
 coveries, which will bring more countless blessings upon us and the genera- 
 tions who must follow us? Guided by the experience of the past, encour- 
 aged by everything we see around us, inspired by the advantages we possess, 
 and determined to work out the highest destiny of which man is caj)able in 
 this glorious land of liberty, what may we not accomplish before the close 
 of the present century? Oh, what a future lies before us, if the Union is 
 preserved. Into what insignificance do all parties shrink when compared 
 with its preservation? Without a country I want no party. Proud as 
 Kentuckians are of her noble institutions, appreciating fully the inestima- 
 ble privileges we enjoy, let us do nothing to weaken the bonds of our 
 glorious Union, but everything to strengthen them. Let us encourage a 
 loyal spirit among our people, and strengthen the fraternal ties that bind 
 us together as a nation. Let us discard the sectional feeling which now 
 threatens the Eepublic with destruction, and encourage that broad and 
 patriotic spirit of nationality which characterized its founders, and by the 
 cultivation of which alone it can be preserved. Let us ask that only 
 which we are ready to concede to others, submitting to no encroachment 
 upon our Constitutional rights, and demanding perfect equality among the 
 States that compose the Federal Union. Let us stand by the rights and 
 the equality of the States, and the Union of the States — ^by the flag under 
 which our fathers fought, and by that Union which is based upon the com- 
 pact of the Constitution. Oh, let us guard the ark of our j)olitical equality 
 and safety, as the brightest, best hope of mankind, and no visionary 
 romancer, no wild dreamer, can picture in his wildest imaginings what 
 will be the progress of our glorious and beloved country within the nine- 
 teenth century. 
 
LIST OF PREMIUMS 
 
 AWARDED AT THE FIIFTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF THE KENTUCKY 
 STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
 
 Bull four years old and over, one entry — H. 0. Rutherford, Logan, premium. 
 
 Bull three years old and under four, one entry — Wm. & Ben. Warfield, Lexington, premium. 
 
 Bull under one year old, two entries — Dr. B. F. Ray, Logan, premium; Dr. A. Covington, 
 Bowling-Green, certificate. 
 
 Cow four years old and upwards, three entries — Wm. Warfield, Lexington, premium; Thoa. 
 Smith, Logan, certificate. 
 
 Cow three years old and under four, one entry — Isaac Walton, Simpson, premium. 
 
 Cow two years old and under three, one entry — Dr. R. N. Beauchamp, Logan, premium. 
 
 Cow one year old and under two, two entries — Wm. Warfield, premium; Dr. A. Covington, 
 certificate. 
 
 Heifer calf, two entries — Wm. Warfield, premium; Joseph Covington, Warren, certificate. 
 
 HERD. 
 
 Bull and three cows over two years old, one entry — Wm. Warfield, premium. 
 
 SWEEPSTAKES. 
 
 Bull of any age, two entries — Wm. Warfield, premium; Dr. B. F. Ray, Logan, certificate. 
 
 Cow of any age, six entries — Wm. Warfield, premium and certificate. 
 
 Work oxen, one entry — Jos. Covington, premium. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 Long wool buck over two years, two entries — S. T. Drane, Eminence, premium; Z. M. Beall, 
 Logan, certificate. 
 
 Long wool buck under two years, four entries — Newton Bright, Eminence, premium; S. T. 
 Drane, certificate. 
 
 Long wool ewe over two years, two entries — S. T. Drane, premium; Z. M. Beall, certificate. 
 
 Long wool ewe under two years, one entry — N. Bright, premium. 
 
 The long wool sheep of Messrs. Bright and Drane are thorough-bred Cotswold, 
 
 SOUTHDOWN. 
 
 Buck over two years old, one entry — J. D. Duncan, Warren, premium. 
 
 Buck under two years old, two entries — Fuqua & Brown, Eminence, premium; Woodford 
 Dulaney, Warren, certificate. 
 
 Ewe over two years, two entries — Fuqua & Brown, premium; Wm. P. Sublett, Warren, cer- 
 tificate. 
 
 Ewe under two years, three entries — Fuqua & Brown, premium and certificate. 
 
 MIXED BREED. 
 
 Buck over two years, six entries — Newton Bright, premium; Wm. P. Sublett, certificate. 
 
 Buck under two years, three entries — S. T. Drane, premium and certificate. 
 
 Ewe over two years, four entries — S. T. Drane, premium; Z. M. Beall, certificate. 
 
 Ewe under two years, two entries — N. Bright, premium; Jos. McCormick, Warren, certificate. 
 
 CASHMERE GOAT. 
 
 Buck, three entries — Dr. J. M. Head, Sumner, Tenn., premium; R. H. Henderson, Logan, 
 eertificate. 
 
 Ewe, two entries — R. H. Henderson, premium and certificate. 
 
 HOGS. 
 
 Boar over two years, one entry — J. W. House, Sumner, Tenn., premium. 
 
 Boar under two years, three entries — J. W. House, Sumner, Tenn., premium; V. T. Smith, 
 Warren, certificate. 
 
 Sow over two years, three entries — J. W. House, premium and certificate. 
 
 Sow under two years, two entries — J. W. House, premium; V. T. Smith, certificate. 
 
 In all, seventy-one entries fu'st day. 
 
 SecoiKi I>a,y. 
 
 THOROUGH-BRED HORSES. 
 
 Stallion four years old and over, four entries — Wm. M. Wilson, Barren, premium; J. W- 
 Malone, Logan, "Daniel the Prophet," certificate. 
 
 Stallion three years old and under four, two entries — John H. Page, Allen, "Wagoner, jr.," 
 premium; S. T. Drane, Eminence, certificate. 
 
 Stallion two years old and under three, two entries — Miles Kelly, Warren, "Altorf, jr.," prfl- 
 mitijpi; A. G. Green & Bro., Barren, "Red Buck," certificate. 
 
20 
 
 Stallion one year old and under two, five entries — J. H. Page, Allen, "Joe Black," premium; 
 H. B. Tully, Logan, certificate. 
 
 Stallion under one year old, four entries — Miles Kelly, Warren, " Doubloon," premium; Miles 
 Kelly, Warren, certificate. 
 
 Mare four years old and over, seven entries — W. D. Meriwether, Todd, "Cholera," premium; 
 Wiley Taylor, Todd, "Prairie Flower," certificate. 
 
 Mare three years old and under four, one entry — R. W. Ogden, Warren, " Chessie Moore," 
 premium. 
 
 Mare two years old and under three, one entry — ^Woodford Dulaney, Warren, premium. 
 
 Mai-e one year old and under two, three entries — Wiley Taylor, Todd, premium; Miles Kelly, 
 Warren, certificate. 
 
 Mare under one year old, four entries — H. B. Tully, Logan, premium; Wiley Taylor, Todd, 
 certificate. 
 
 The prizes were all well contested in the blooded rings, and the " mettled coursers" made a 
 splendid show, and would compete successfully with any stock in the country. 
 
 MULES. 
 
 Horse mule two years old and under three, one entry — Wm. G. Robinson, Warren, premium. 
 
 Horse mule one year old and under two, one entry — B. K. Tully, Logan, premium. 
 
 Mare mule two years old and under three, one entry — Geo. A. King, Logan, premium. 
 
 Mare mule one year old and under two, one entry — Miles Kelly, Warren, premium. 
 
 Mare mule under one year old, five entries — Miles Kelly, Warren, premium; J. W. Ewbanks, 
 Warren, certificate. 
 
 Forty-two entries second day. 
 
 Harness stallion four years old and over, six entries — S. G. Burbridge, Logan, " Regulator," 
 premium; Jack Downing, Fayette, certificate. 
 
 Harness stallion three years old and under four, one entry — E. B. Crane, Barren, premium. 
 
 Harness stallion two years old and under three, one entry — Miles Kelly, Warren, premium. 
 
 Harness stallion one year old and under two, six entries — R. W. Cruse, Warren, premium; 
 A. C. Franklin, Tenn., certificate. 
 
 Harness stallion under one year old, six entries— Dr. N. Conn, Logan, premium; Miles Kelly, 
 Warren, certificate. 
 
 Mare four years old and over, three entries— J. L. Nichol, Warren, premium; H. J. Potter, 
 Warren, certificate. 
 
 Mare three years old and under four, two entries— W. G. Robinson, Warren, premium; W. J. 
 Wood, Barren, certificate. 
 
 Mare two years old and under three, two entries— J. E. Hawkins, Woodford, premium; Wm. 
 Winlock, Barren, certificate. 
 
 Mare one year old and under two, two entries — Woodford Dulaney, Warren, premium; James 
 K. McGoodwin, Warren, certificate. 
 
 Mare under one year old, six entries— Dr. R. N. Beauchamp, Logan, premium; E. Staten, 
 Allen, certificate. 
 
 Gelding four years old and over, seven entries— J. L. Nichol, Warren, premium; H P. Allen, 
 Warren, certificate. 
 
 Gelding three years old and under four, one entry — J. E. Hawkins, Woodford, Bob Ridley, 
 premium. 
 
 Pair carriage horses, one entry — John M. Arnold, Warren, premium. 
 
 Pair carriage mares, one entry — H. J. Potter, Warren, premium. 
 
 Pair buggy mares, one entry — W. J. Wood, Barren, premium. 
 
 Stallion and five colts, two entries — Dr. E. Burr, Logan, premium; W. J. Wood, Barren, 
 certificate. 
 
 Stallion for all purposes, seven entries — S. O. Rutherford, Logan, premium; T. Y. Patterson, 
 Logan, certificate. 
 
 Mare for all purposes, nine entries — ^Woodford Dulaney, Warren, premium; G. T. Lewis, 
 Barren, certificate. 
 
 Sixty-four entries third day. 
 
 SADDLE HORSES. 
 
 Stallion four yeters old and over, seven entries— P. D. Hampton, Warren, premium; D. King, 
 Logan, certificate. 
 
 Stallion three years old and under four, one entry— J. M. Whitesides, Tenn., premium on 
 "Black Hawk, jr." 
 
 Stallion two years old and under three, two entries— Dr. J. H. Franklin, Tenn., premium on 
 "J. C. Breckinridge;" John Twyman, Barren, certificate. 
 
21 
 
 Stallion one year old and under two, four entries — S. T. Drane, Eminence, premium; Dr. J. 
 H. Franklin, certificate. 
 
 Stallion under one year old, three entries — Wm. P. Sublett, Warren, premium; Dr. B. F. 
 Ray, Logan, certificate. 
 
 Mare four years old and up\rards, two entries — Dr. B. F. Ray, premium; Wm. Murray, War- 
 ren, certificate. 
 
 Mare three years old and under four, two entries — Geo. G. Hawkins, Tenn., premium; W. J. 
 Wood, Barren, certificate. 
 
 Mare two years old and under three, two entries — Jas. Stamps, Warren, premium; J. D. Dun- 
 can, Warren, certificate. 
 
 Mare one year old and under two, one entry — A. Kirtley, Edmonson, premium. 
 
 Mare under one year old, one entry — B. F. McLemore, Logan, premium. 
 
 Gelding four years old and upwards, thirteen entries — Geo. T. Cotton, Woodford, premium; 
 J. M. Whitesides, Tenn., certificate. 
 
 Gelding three years old and under four, four entries — M. J. Clark, Warren, premium; D. C 
 Covington, Logan, certificate. 
 
 Gelding two years old and under three, one entry — E. B. Crane, Barren, premium. 
 
 Mare of any age, one entry — G. T. Lewis, Barren, premium. 
 
 Forty-four entries fourth day. 
 
 SWEEPSTAKES. 
 
 Stallion any age or breed, fifteen entries — Jno. H. Page, Allen, premium; S. T. Drane, Emi- 
 nence, certificate. 
 
 Mare any age or breed, eleven entries — J. L. Nichol, Warren, premium; Wm. G. Robinson, 
 Warren, certificate. 
 
 JACKS. 
 
 Jack three years old and under four, eight entries — 0. Robinson, Clarke, premium; William 
 Simpson, Marion, certificate. 
 
 Jack two years old and under three, three entries — J. W. Malone, Logan, premium, on " Tri- 
 umph;" J. A. Copeland, Tenn., certificate. 
 
 Jack one year old and under two, one entry — Crandall & Gilbert, Logan, premium. 
 
 Jack under one year, one entry — Dr. B. F. Ray, Logan, premium. 
 
 Jennet three years old and under four, two entries — A. C. Franklin, Tenn., premium on im- 
 ported " Mary Cassus;" Wm. McCutchen, Logan, certificate. 
 
 Jennet two years old and under three, one entry — J. D. Jackson, Warren, premium. 
 
 Jennet one year old and under two, one entry — Wm. McCutchen, premium. 
 
 Jennet under one year old, three entries — Wm. McCutchen, premium; Dr. B. F. Ray, certifi- 
 cate. 
 
 SWEEPSTAKES. 
 
 Jack of any age, eight entries — A. C. Franklin, Sandersville, Tenn., premium on imported 
 "Pyranees," three years old; O. Robinson, Clarke, certificate. 
 Jennet of any age, four entries — A. C. Franklin, premium; Wm. McCutchen, certificate. 
 
 EXTRA RING. 
 
 Saddle gelding, aged, ten entries — -Geo. T. Cotton, Woodford, silver pitcher, $20. 
 Sixty-seven entries fifth day. 
 
 DOMESTIC MANUFACTURES 
 
 Ten yards fine jeans, home made, six entries — Mrs. J. D. Duncan, Warren, premium; Mrs. 
 A. Kirtley, Edmonson, certificate. 
 
 Ten yards negro jeans, home made, two entries — Mrs. Wm. McCarley, Logan, premium; Mrs. 
 A. Kirtley, Edmonson, certificate. 
 
 Ten yards white linsey, home made, two entries — Mrs. Ed. Duncan, Warren, premium; Mrs. 
 E. A. Smith, Warren, certificate. 
 
 Plaid linsey, home made, one entry — Mrs. Wm. McCarley, Logan, premium. 
 
 Flannel, home made, one entry — Mrs. Wm. McCarley, Logan, premium. 
 
 Pair blankets, home made, three entries — Mrs. B. K. Tully, Logan, premium; Mrs. Wm. 
 McCarley, certificate. 
 
 Coverlet, five entries — Mrs. Mary Baker, Tenn., premium and certificate. 
 
 Carpet, all wool, three entries — Mrs. A. C. Franklin, Tenn., premium; Mrs. S. W. Brents, 
 Jefferson, certificate. 
 
 Woolen shawl, four entries — Miss Hettie Barclay, Bowling-Green, premium; Miss Jennie Bai'- 
 clay, Bowling-Greeta, certificate. 
 
 Woolen hose, four entries — Mrs. L. L. Cooke, Bowling-Green, premium; Mrs. A. Kirtley, Ed-- 
 monson, certificate. 
 
 Woolen half hose, four entries — Mrs. B. K. Tally, Logan, premium; Mrs. H. B. Tulljir 
 Logan, certificate. 
 
22 
 
 White counterpane, three entries — Mrs. Mary Baker, Tenn., premium; Mrs. Jno. Borthwick, 
 Simpson, certificate. m ^ /-. , 
 
 Silk patchwork quilt, five entries — Mrs. S. W. Brents, Louisville, premium; Mrs. T. C. Cal- 
 vert, Bowling-Green, certificate. 
 
 Worsted patchwork quilt, three entries — Mrs. S. W. Brents, Louisville, premium; Mrs. Ed- 
 munds, Barren, certificate. 
 
 Calico patchwork quilt, sis entries— Mrs. H. B. Tully, Logan, premium; Mrs. P. A. Ryan, 
 Warren, certificate 
 
 White quilt, solid, two entries — Mrs. L. J. Bradford, Augusta, premium; Mrs. Ed. Duncan, 
 Warren, certificate. t t. ^ 
 
 Vest, made by lady, two entries — Miss Margaret Reade, Warren, premmm; Mrs. L. J. Brad- 
 ford, Augusta, certificate. 
 
 Linen shirt, made by lady, four entries — Mrs. W. L. Underwood, Bowling-Green, premium; 
 Miss Margaret Reade, Warren, certificate. 
 
 Cotton shirt, made by lady, three entries — Mrs. 0. H. Burbridge, Bourbon, premium; Mi^ 
 Margaret Reade, certificate. 
 
 Silk embroidery, two entries — Mrs. James Fall, Russellville, premium; Mrs. T. K. Foster, 
 Russellville, certificate. 
 
 Worsted embroidery, two entries — Miss Josie Underwood, Bowling-Green, premium; same, 
 certificate. 
 
 Thread embroidery, four entries— Miss Mag. Baker, Bowling-Green, premium; Mrs. J. Fall, 
 Russellville, certificate. 
 
 Knit chair tidy, three entries — Miss Josie Underwood, premium; Miss Emma Bradford, Au- 
 gusta, certificate. 
 
 Ornamental shell work, one entry — Mrs. L. J. Bradford, Augusta, premium. 
 
 Ornamental hair work, two entries — Mrs. M. T. Runyan, Frankfort, premium; Miss Sally 
 Bradford, Augusta, certificate. 
 
 Fancy hair work, one entry — Miss Ella Scott, Frankfort, special premium. 
 
 Silk embroidery, in colors, one entry — Miss Josie Underwood, Bowling-Green, premium. 
 
 Silk embroidery, in one color, four entries — Mrs. L. L. Cooke, Bowling-Green, premium; Mrs. 
 S. W. Brents, Louisville, certificate. 
 
 Worsted embroidery, in flowers, four entries — Mrs. L. J. Bradford, Augusta, premium; Mrs. 
 Underwood, Bowling-Green, certificate. 
 
 Infant's dress worked with floss, one entry — Mrs. W, L. Underwood, premium. 
 
 Pair viTorked slippers, three entries — Miss Josie Underwood, Bowling-Greeir, premium; Mrs. 
 L. J. Bradford J certificate. 
 
 Infant's wool socks, three entries — Mrs. Jas. Fall, Russellville, premium; Mrs. Wm. V. Lov- 
 ing, Bowling-Green, certificate. 
 
 Worked pin cushions, two entries — Mrs. Wm. V. Loving, Bowling-Green, premium; Mrs. 
 Underwood, certificate. 
 
 Specimen of sewing machine work, five entries — J. N. Williams, Louisville, premium; J. D. 
 Allen, Bowling-Green, certificate. 
 
 PAINTINGS, &c. 
 
 Portrait painting in oil, one entry — James H. Cooke, Bowling-Green, premium. 
 
 Animal painting in oil, two entries — Benjamin Warfield, Lexington, premium; Wm. Warfield, 
 Lexington, certificate. 
 
 Animal painting in water colors, two entries — Benjamin Warfield, premium and certificate. 
 
 Vegetable painting, six entries, (discretionary premium) — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., premium and 
 certificate. 
 
 Cattle drawing, one entry — Benj. Warfield, Lexington, premium. 
 
 Flower painting — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., premium; same, certificate. 
 
 Fancy painting, two entries — Miss. R. Ella Scott, Frankfort, premium and certificate. 
 
 Landscape painting in oil, two entries, (discretionary) — Mrs. W. B. Loving, Bowling-Green, 
 premium; Miss W. E. Loving, Bowling-Green, certificate. 
 
 Pencil drawing, three entries — Mrs. James Fall, Logan, premium; Miss Hettie Barclay, Bowl- 
 ing-Green, certificate. 
 
 GRAINS, SEEDS, &c. 
 
 Bushel white wheat, five entries — James K. McGoodwin, Bowling-Green, premium; Pitkin, 
 Wiard & Co., Louisville, certificate. 
 
 Red wheat, six entries — 3. G. Burbridge, Logan, premium; A. Kirtley, Edmonson^ certificate. 
 
 Oats, two entries — S. T. Drane, Eminence, Ky., premium; W. L. Underwood, Bowling-Gre€|j» 
 certificate. 
 
 Rye, two entries — S. T. Drane, Eminence, premium; Pitkin, Wiard & Co., certificate. 
 
 Barley, four entries — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., premium and certificate. 
 
 Buckwheat, one entry — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., premium. 
 
 Fifty ears corn for bread, four entries — A. Kirtley, premium; Newton Bright, Eminence^ cer- 
 tificate. 
 
 Fifty ears corn for stock, two entries — Newton Bright, premium; A. Kirtley, certificate. 
 
23 
 
 Cloverseed, two entries — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., Louisville, premium; Carter, Buchanan & Co., 
 certificate. 
 
 Timothy seed, two entries — Carter, Buchanan & Co., premium; Pitkin, Wiard & Co., certifi- 
 cate. 
 
 Blue grass seed — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., premium and certificate. 
 
 GARDEN CROPS. 
 
 One bushel sweet potatoes, one entry — Dr. T. V. Bush, Sumner county, Tenn., premium. 
 
 Peck of beets for table use, two entries — E. W. Hill, Warren, premium; A. D. Webb, Bowl- 
 ing-Green, certificate. 
 
 ORCHARD. 
 
 Display of fall apples, one entry — Joseph McCormick, Warren, premium. 
 
 Display of greatest variety, three entries — Cary, Peter & Cary, Louisville, premium; Mrs. L. 
 F. Baker, Bowling-Green, certificate. 
 
 Display of peaches, one entry — C. E. Douglass, Tennessee, premium. 
 
 One dozen quinces, three entries — Mrs. W. L. Underwood, IBowling-Green, premium; Mrs. L. 
 F. Baker, Bowling-Green, certificate. 
 
 Catawba grapes, one entry — W. L. Underwood, premium. 
 
 Isabella grapes, one entry — Joseph McCormick, Warren, premium. 
 
 Muscadine grapes, one entry — W. L. Underwood, premium. 
 
 Greatest display of grapes, open culture, one entry — W. L. Underwood, premium. 
 
 FLOWERS. 
 
 Cut flowers, greatest variety, one entry — Mrs. J. K. McGoodwin, Bowling-Green, premium. 
 
 Hand bouquet, green-house flowers, one entry — Mrs. Jas. K. McGoodwin, premium. 
 
 DAIRY. 
 
 Five pounds butter, one entry — Mrs. E. A. Smith, Bowling-Green, premium. 
 
 Five pounds honey, one entry — Jos. McCormick, Warren, premium. 
 
 Pickles, three kinds, one entry — Mrs. Jas. J. Younglove, Bowling-Green, premium. 
 
 Jellies, three kinds, three entries — Mrs. Jas. J. Younglove, Bowling-Green, premium and 
 certificate. 
 
 Preserved fruits in cans, two entries — Mrs. T. C. Calvert, Bowling-Green, premium; Mrs. J. 
 J. Younglove, Bowling-Green, certificate. 
 
 One gallon vinegar, two entries — Mrs. L. F. Baker, Bowling-Green, premium; Mrs. W. L. 
 Underwood, Bowling-Green, certificate. 
 
 PANTRY. 
 
 Pound cake, one entry — Mrs. Jas. J. Younglove, premium. 
 
 White cake, two entries — Mrs. Jas. J. Younglove, premium and certificate. 
 
 Fruit cake, one entry — Mrs. Jas. J. Younglove, premium and certificate. 
 
 Loaf wheat bread, two entries — Mrs. E. A. Smith, Bowling-Green, premium and certificate. 
 
 Loaf corn bread, one entry — Mrs. Jos. McCormick, Warren, premium. 
 
 Ten pounds lard, one entry — Mrs. E. A. Smith, premium. 
 
 Kentucky wine, five entries — J. T. Bradford, Augusta, fiii'st premium, $20; W. L. Underwood, 
 Bowling-Green, second premium, $5. 
 
 Cider, six bottles, three entries — Mrs. L. F. Baker, premium; Mrs. W. L. Underwood, cer- 
 tificate. 
 
 Barrel flour, two entries — B. F. Cawthon, Louisville, premium; Jas. K. McGoodwin, Bowl- 
 ing-Green, certificate. 
 
 Barrel meal, one entry — Jos. McCormick, premium. 
 
 Coal oil, one entry — Col. L. J. Bradford, Augusta, premium. 
 
 Burning fiuid, one entry — Col. L. J. Bradford, Augusta, premium. 
 
 Parafine candles, one entry — G. W. Blatterman & Co., Maysville, premium. 
 
 DISCRETIONARY PREMIUMS. 
 Piano, two entries — J. R. GoUaday, Bowling-Green, premium; Hall & Bean, Bowling-Green, 
 certificate. 
 Piano melodeon, one entry — Hall & Bean, Bowling-Green, premium. 
 Vest pattern, home-made, three entries — Mrs. A. Kirtley, premium and certificate. 
 Kentucky mustard, one entry — William Warfield, Lexington, premium. 
 Water filters, four entries — J. Kedzie, premium and certificate. 
 Specimen of penmanship, one entry — Louisville Commercial College, premium. 
 Display of silver-ware, two entries — J. B. Aikin, Danville, premium and certificate- 
 
 MECHANICAL. 
 Close carriage, two-horse, one entry — Mrs. E. A. Smith, premium. 
 Open carriage, one-horse, one entry — J. F. Day, Pittsburg, Pa., premium. 
 Buggies, seven entries — Wm. P. Sheppard, Louisville, premium. 
 Set single harness, one entry — C. L. Howarton, Nashville, premium. 
 
24 
 
 AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Portable steam engines, for farm use, one entry — Lane & Bodley, Cincinnati, premium. 
 
 Reaping machines, fom- entries — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., premium; E. A. McNair, Bowling- 
 Green, certificate. 
 
 Mowing machines, five entries — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., premium; E. A. McNair, certificate. 
 
 Combined reaper and mower, four entries — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., premium; E. A. McNair, 
 certificate. 
 
 Threshing machines, four entries — E. A. McNair, premium; Miller, Wingate & Co., certifi- 
 cate. 
 
 Horse powers, two entries — E. A. McNair, premium; Miller, Wingate & Co., certificate. 
 
 Portable saw mills, two entries — Lane & Bodley, Cincinnati, premium; Miller, Wingate & 
 Co., certificate. 
 
 Corn shellers, four entries — J. D. Allen, Bowling-Green, premium; S. Howell, Morgantown, 
 Va., certificate. 
 
 Straw cutters, eleven entries — G. W. Bashaw, Louisville, premium; J. D. Allen, Bowling- 
 Green, certificate. 
 
 Two-horse wagon, one entry — V. C. Durham, Bowling-Green, premium. 
 
 Two-horse plow, for sod, two entries — V. C. Durham, premium; Pitkin, Wiard & Co., certifi- 
 cate. 
 
 Same, for stubble — Halsell & Co., Bowling-Green, premium; Pitkin, Wiard & Co., certificate. 
 
 Same, for sub-soil, two entries — Z. M. Beal, Logan, premium; Halsell & Co., certificate. 
 
 One-horse plow, seven entries — V. C. Durham, premium; Halsell & Co., certificate. 
 
 Harrows, two entries — J. M. Jainison, Columbia, Tenn., premium; Miller, Wingate & Co., 
 certificate. 
 
 Roller, one entry — Miller, Wingate & Co., premium. 
 
 Cultivator, one entry — Halsell & Co., premium. 
 
 Hay rake, two entries — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., premium; J. D. Allen, certificate. 
 
 Wheat drill, three entries — Pitkin, Wiard & Co., premium; G. W. Bashaw, certificate. 
 
 Cattle scales, one entry — J. Perkins, agent, C. W. Wailey, Lexington, Ky., premium. 
 
 Portable cider press, four entries — Carter & Buchanan, Louisville, premium; G. W. Bashaw, 
 certificate. 
 
 Pump, one entry — E. Barbaroux, Louisville, premium. 
 
 Collection of agricultural implements, one entry — Miller, Wingate & Co., premium. 
 
 CABINET WORK, &c. 
 
 One half dozen chairs, one entry — J. W. South, Frankfort, premium. 
 
 Splint-bottom chairs, one entry — J. W. South, premium. 
 
 Mantel-piece — C. B. Donaldson, Bowling-Green, premium. 
 
 Water-cooler, one entry — J. & S. S. Lippencott, St. Louis, premium. 
 
 Churn, one entry — A. Wells, Virginia, premium. 
 
 Sewing machines, four entries — Joseph D. Allen, premium; G. H. Williams, Jefferson, certifi- 
 cate. 
 
 Specimen of book printing, one entry — G. W- Lewis, Frankfort, Ky., premium. 
 
 Soda fountain, one entry — J. & S. S. Lippencott, St. Louis, premium. 
 
 Silk hat, one entry — J. F. Hackney, premium. 
 
 Fur hat, one entry — J. F. Hackney, premium. 
 
 DISCRETIONARY PREMIUMS. 
 
 Stump puller, one entry — G. W. Bashaw, premium. 
 
 Stationary engine, one entry — E. Barbaroux, Louisville, premium. 
 
 Wheeler's water drawer — J. D. Allen, premium. 
 
 67 entries 5th day. 
 44 entries 4th day. 
 64 entries 3d day. 
 42 entries 2d day. 
 71 entries 1st day. 
 
 288 entries of stock. 
 
 233 entries in Floral Hall. 
 
 101 entries in Power Hall. 
 
 622 entries in all departments. 
 
 EOBEET W. SCOTT, 
 
 Corresponding and JRecording Secretary. 
 
 l2,'itm.\ 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 PVii 
 
 0QD1437fiDaA