Group VIII-No. 246 Price 10 cents LETIC TRAINING for SCHOOL J BOYS ^ " ® f^^'^R ■^ ^ ^^^5 ^^^ fjiii'iiiiiii!ii!ii;iiiij'i.^^K^Bl| 1 1 ^'^^ r \\^-^ ^^^m*^ij . .r'Tl. ^^^^^H ma. -V ■ - --:':-:-.■'■- ■- "'"'^ m N W:W^'^' " By b J i--^% ' Geo.WOrton AMBii^iCAi^ Sports Publishing Co."0j^ ^1 Warren Street, NewYorK iif<*%,um\S^^'^:^^ SPALDING COMPLETE LINE OF ATHLETIC GOODS IN THE FOLLOWING CltlES: NEW YORK CHICAGO 28-30 So.Wabaah ATe. SAN FRANCISCO _^ ^ 156-158. Geary Street 124.128 NaMan St. OAKLAND, CAU li,M-S20 nnh ATcnne 136N.PennsyWaaUSt. 416 Fonrtecnth St. SEATTLE, WASH. IKEWARK.N..J. CINCINNATI, O. 711 Second ATennc 5SB Broad Street 119 East FlftbATenne PmtADELPHIA, PA. 1210 Chcstnnt Street CLEVELAND, O. 741 EncUd ATennc 435 South Sprlns St. PORTLAND, ORE. 345 Washington Street BOSTON, MASS. COLUMBUS, O. SALT LAKE CITY. UTAH 74 Sammer Street 101 South Hl(h Street 27 E. 2nd South St. DETROIT, MICH. ST. LOUIS, MO. eos Wood Street 121 Woodward Are. 415 North Seventh St BUFFALO, N. Y. 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Horizontal Bar Exercises ; Exercises on Parallel Bars Group XVI. Home Exercising "Blue Cover" Series, each number 10c. No. 161 Ten Minutes' Exercise for No. 185 Hints on Health [Busy Men No. 325 Twenty-Minute Exercises "Red Cover" Series, each number 25c. No. 7R. Physical Training Simplified No. 9R. How to Live 100 Years No. 23R. Get Well : Keep Well No. 33R. Tensing Exercises No. 51R, 285 Health Answers No. 54R. Medicine Ball Exercises. Indigestion Treated by Gymnastics, Physical Education and Hygiene No. 62R The Care of the Body No. 64R. Muscle Building ; Health by Muscular Gymnastics ANY OF THE ABOVE BOOKS MAILED POSTPAID UPON RECEIPT OF PRICE 7-3-16 GEORGE W. ORTON. Spalding's Athletic Library Athletic Training for School Boys Edited by Geo. W. Orton Published by the American Sports Publishing Company 21 Warren Street, New York &^i Copyright. 1916 BY American Sports Publishing Company New York SEP 12 I9I« ©CI.A437643 ^1a^ I • M' (t CONILNTS PAGE Introduction ....... 5 General Ideas on Training 7 Sprinting 17 220 Yards . 25 440 Yards . 29 880 Yards . 35 The Mile . 39 The Two Mile 47 Cross-Country Running 51 120 Yard Hurdle 57 220 Yard Hurdle 65 High Jump . 71 Broad Jump n Pole Vault 83 The Shot 87 The Hammer 9-« The Discus 1 » < 9'i BOOKS ON TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETICS *'Blue Cover" Series, each number 10 cents. No. I2A. Spalding's Official Athletic Rules No. 27. College Athletics No. 55. Official Sporting Rules No. 87. Athletic Primer No. 155. Athletes' Guide No. 1 78. How to Train for Bicycling No. 182. All Around Athletics No. 255. How to Run 100 Yards No. 259. How to Become a Weight Thrower No. 302. Y. M. C. A. Official Handbook No. 3 1 7. Marathon Running No. 331. Schoolyard Athletics No. 342. Walking for Health and Competition *'Qreen Cover" Series, each number 10 cents. No. 3P. How to Become an AtMete No. 4P. How to Sprint "Red Cover " Series, each number 25 cents. No. 17R. Olympic Games, Stockholm, 1912 No. 45R. Intercollegiate Official Handbook No. 48R. Distance and Cross Country Running SPALDING'S OFFICIAL ATHLETIC ALMANAC Founded by the late James E. Sullivan, and published annually for twenty years. Mr. Sullivan was the foremost authority in the world on athletics and the Almanac is recognized as the one reliable authority on athletic records. It contains everything of a statistical nature that is of interest to the athlete, trainer, club official, or follower of track and field sports. Ilhastrated with pictures. Price 25 cents. INTRODUCTION 3 Geo. W. Orton was born at Strathroy, Canada, January lo, 1873. When still very young, he fell while climbing trees and received a blood clot on the brain. Until this absorbed, he was partially paralyzed. But this seemed to leave him when he was about twelve years of age, and though still very delicate, he at once began to run, being known in the village as "The boy who never walked." Besides his running, he was active in all the school sports, and when but fourteen years of age played lacrosse on an intermediate team and played on a first-class Association foot ball team. He was to enter Toronto University in 1890, and began to train during the suijnmer to strengthen a weak knee that had been injured at foot ball. His father noticed that the youngster was running fast and entered him in a set of open sports. To the great astonishment of the boy, he won both the half and the mile, and a month later, at the Canadian champion- ships, he showed such improvement, that he raced A. B. George of the old Manhattan A. C. to the tape in 4 minutes 27 4-5 seconds. The next year, by beating Tommy Conneff in the American mile championship, and by making a new Canadian record of 4 minutes 21 4-5 seconds, at the Canadian champion- ships, Orton was everywhere recognized as a great runner. The next season he continued to win, and was very prominent in sport until 1900, since when he has gradually dropped out of competitive athletics. During his time in athletics he won the mile championships of America and Canada six times, the two mile American steeplechase championship nine times, the cross country American championship and the ten mile American cham- pionship. In college sport he was also successful, winning the Intercollegiate A. A. A. A. mile championship twice, and making a record of 4 minutes 23 2-5 seconds. After leaving college he figured in some very important races, winning the two mile steeplechase championship of England in Spalding's Athletic Library. 1897, this being the only English distance championship that has ever been won by a non-Britisher. In 1900, at the Olympic Championships, though defeated in London the previous week, he again won the steeplechase championship. He was the only American to win a world's championship in a distance event, and his victory was very much taken to heart by the English contingent, who, however, had nothing to say because of the re- markable time made in the race. For years Orton has busied himself with the interscholastic athletics of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia in particular. He has had great influence on the sport and can congratulate himself on the fact that at the present time this district has risen to the front in scholastic track and field athletics. Orton still does a lot of running to keep himself in condition, while he is Captain of the Belmont Cricket Club Association foot ball team, and keeps in shape all winter by playing this harr y game. Spalding' s Athletic Library, GENERAL IDEAS ON TRAINING No matter what special event one may be training for, whether it be the half-mile, cross-country, the sprints or the high jump, there are certain general matters that apply with equal force to all of these lines of endeavor. In order that we shall not be under the necessity of repeating these general principles of training when dealing with each separate event, we shall take them up here in this preliminary chapter. Very many of our schools now have coaches or gymnasium in- structors qualified to examine a boy as to the condition of th'? vital organs, especially the lungs and heart. Wherever this is possible, the boy should be examined prior to beginning athletic training. This may be doubly beneficial in that it may indicate what kind of sport is best fitted for the upbuilding of the body, and it may save the life and health of the boy by restraining him from entering some of the more strenuous games in which he might receive permanent injury. But the boy should remember that he must not despair merely because the examination shows him to be in poor condition. This is the very kind of a boy need- ing exercise, only it should be taken under capable supervision and m moderation. In this way the weak heart will become strengthened, or the weak lungs permanently cured. Then the cured youth may enter the very sports which previously had been too trying for him. BEGIN EASILY. The first week of training is always full of accidents, strained tendons and sore muscles. In almost every case these things are due to a desire on the part of the athlete to begin hard training at once. "Make haste slowly" is a very good motto for the athlete, Spalding' s Athletic Library. and no matter what line of sport one may be going in for, the first week's training should be light and of a general character. If the athlete has plenty of time, no fast or hard work should be done for at least ten days. This will give time for the muscles to get into shape and it will also tone up the whole system. It is surely inviting disaster for a sprinter to begin sprinting the first day out or for a distance runner to run a mile on time on his initial appearance. Get into good physical shape and work grad- ually up to your event. BUILD UP THE BODY. Track athletes, especially schoolboys, depend too much on the legs for success. It is all very well to have a fine pair of legs, but without a good body above them they will not amount to much. I do not mean by a "good body" that it is necessary to have a Sandow show of muscles on back and abdomen. But it is necessary to have strength in the body, especially in the back and abdominal regions. Especial attention should also be paid to ex- ercises that will develop the heart and lungs. Club swinging, dumb-bell work and deep breathing exercises will develop the chest. Body movements (either with or without dumb-bells), from the erect position until the fingers touch the floor, move- ments from side to side, and similar exercises, will strengthen the back and abdominal muscles. A very good exercise for this pur- pose will be found by lying down, placing the hands back of the head and then drawing up the legs outstretched to a perpendicular position several times. This exercise can be varied by keeping the legs still and rising to a sitting posture several times. It is most important that the body should be very strong and wiry, and I lay especial emphasis on this because so many scholastic track athletes neglect their bodies and then wonder why they do not improve. Those trying for the field events will see at once the force of the above, for in all the field events the body is just as important as the legs. N Spalding's Athletic Library, II DO NOT SPECIALIZE TOO SOON. In line with the previous paragraph, I would advise the boy not to specialize too soon. Take part in many kinds of sport. In this way the eye and the mind will be trained to work in harmony and at once, and the right sort of courage will be developed. But I suggest this especially because this all round work will have the very effect desired above, namely, in developing the whole body. SPEED IS THE BASIS OF SUCCESS ON THE TRACK. Speed is the basis of success on the track. This reads as a self- evident fact, and yet how many quarter-milers do we find trying to run fast quarters without doing any sprinting ; or how many half-milers are there who keep at this distance and never do any quarter-mile running or even 220 yards running for speed ; and how few distance runners do we find paying any attention to speed at all. Of course, it is foolish to ask a sprinter to keep speeding, for that is what his event is. He is a speed merchant pure and simple. But to be a successful quarter-miler, the runner must sprint regularly, for the quarter-mile is regarded now as practically a sprint distance. All of oCir fastest quarter-milers are at least fair sprinters. But even for the longer distances, speed will be found a very welcome accomplishment. The mile runner or the five-mile runner must run under his distance at a fast pace now and then so that he may develop the pace necessary for suc- cess in his specialty. A little sprinting will be beneficial even for the distance man. For the field events, sprinting is also a good thing. It is a real necessity for the broad jumper and pole vaulter, while it develops snap for the weight men. Sometimes it has a bad effect on a high jumper, as tending to throw hiili into the bar. For this event, the jumper's style must determine whether he should sprint or not. FORM IS NECESSARY. The scholastic athlete should be especially careful to develop good form. The sprinter should eliminate everything that hinders N Spalding* s Athletic Library, 13 speed. The quarter and half-miler should aim at such form as will combine speed with ease of motion. The distance man must seek that harmony of motion which is most essential to success. The best way to attain good form is by watching the best sprinters and runners and noting their styles. But as this is often impos- sible, we shall take up the matter of style at length, in dealing with each event. In the field events, the matter of form thrusts itself forward at once and it must be considered. Our greatest jumpers and weight throwers have gained their laurels in most cases through attention to form. Too much stress cannot be laid on this factor. On that account it is imperative that the young athlete pay attention to form before aiming at height or distance, for he will find that it is often very difficult or impossible to break himself of bad habits of form, after these have once become confirmed. In the field events especially, the scholastic athlete should remember that he is still a scholar in athletics and that the rudiments must be learned well, if future success is to be attained. TAKE CARE OF THE BODY. In the second paragraph of this chapter, we have called atten- tion to the necessity of building up the body. It would thus seem unnecessary to further emphasize this. But not only should exer- cises be taken to develop the body, but care should be observed that nothing is done that will nullify such exercise. For the scholastic athlete, I have no hesitation in saying emphatically CUT OUT TOBACCO. It can do no good and in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred it has a deterrent effect, both on the mind and body of the growing youth. If smoking must be done, wait until man's estate is reached. Many a promising athlete is spoiled through the use of tobacco, though every other natural quality has been present and reinforced by good training and developing exercises. A boy cannot do himself justice, either in class room or in athletics, when his brain is beclouded with nicotine. There- fore CUT IT OUT. > Spalding s Athletic Library. 15 Eat plenty of good, healthy food. Do not diet too severely, for the growing hody needs all sorts of nourishment. P)Ul there are so many kinds of healthy food that is palatable, that it seems un- necessary for the boy to eat rich pastries and highly seasoned food. Good meat, vegetables, bread, butter, tapioca and rice pudding, an occasional piece of pie, ice cream and plenty of fruit form a menu good enough for anyone. Get plenty of sleep. This is necessary for physical development, especially when the body is still growing. Late hours, too much society, with its many excitements, shoul];| thus be relegated to the background as much as possible. Lastly, keep the body pure. Do not practice any forms of self- abuse. This is fatal, and I am happy to say, that instances of it are rare among our athletic youth, for everything in the athletic atmosphere tends to eradicate such pernicious habits. BE A SPORTSMAN. Finally, play fair ; run straight, and avoid all underhand and ungentlemanly conduct when competing in athletics or training for a contest. Be a sportsman in the true sense of the term. ^ ^ 2, > Spaldinc' s Athletic Library. 17 Undoubtedly the sprints are the most popular of the races on the track as far as this country is concerned. Rarely do we find an American youth that at some time or other does not think that with training, he would be a sprint champion. It is thus very important that this large army of sprint aspirants should begin right. Every effort in sprinting should be made in the direction of speed. The body should be held slightly forward so that it will aid the runner and give him a purchase for the great efforts he should make to run fast. But the incline of the body should not be too much forward or this will have a tendency to make the sprinter clip his stride and thus lose distance and con- sequently speed. On the other hand, the head and body should not be held back, for this ties one up and also shortens the stride. The leg motion should be straight forward and the foot should not be flung up high behind. The knee should be flung up and forward and the foot should hit the ground when fully outstretched. It should not hang in the air, as is sometimes the case, for this of course takes time and reduces the speed. The knee should not be bent when at full stride, for then the stride is shortened and again speed is lost. The whole effort of the body should be straight ahead. The arms should work in unison with the body. If any- thing, the arm-and-body motion should precede the leg motion, thus accelerating the stride. If, as sometimes occurs, the leg motion precedes the arm-and-body motion, then the legs are helping the arms and the full benefit of the arm-and-body is lostj. Generally speaking, it may be said that the more nearly every muscle in the body works together, the better. These remarks on form in sprinting apply with equal force to the longer events. ' Sprinting is a very intense sport, and it is imperative that the mind should be wholly bent on the work in hand. Every thought, Spalding' s Athletic Library, 19 every muscle, should be bent on forward motion if the best results are to be obtained. THE START. The importance of the start in a 100 yard race can hardly be overestimated. Almost every championship race hinges on this factor. Dufifey repeatedly won races through his wonderful starting. His quickness away from the mark and the marvellous celerity with which he got into his running, often gave him such a lead at forty yards, that though his rivals closed the gap in the final stages of the race, they were not able to make up the handicap due to their poorer starting. The final of the Intercollegiate championship 100 yards in 1904 was won at the start. Schick, of Harvard, got away well and at sixty yards he was two yards ahead of Cartmell, of Pennsylvania. The latter finished with a grand burst of speed and was beaten only two feet. His inferior start had cost him the championship. It is thus necessary that starting should be practised assiduously. The universal start now is the " college start." The sprinter digs his holes, so that when he gets on his mark he can place his hands on the scratch and can settle himself firmly into a crouching position. The most of the weight of the body should be on the rear leg, but this varies. The athlete, by practice and observation, should make sure in his mind in just what position he is best ready for the start. He should be able to hold himself steadily in this position, so that he can spring forward just at the moment he hears the pistol 1 Most athletes dig the hole for the forward foot on a line with the scratch. Others find that this will bring the body into too cramped a position and their first hole is dug a little back of the start. The holes for the start should be dug so that the legs can move straight forward; or, in other words, the holes should not be directly behind each other or too far apart, across the track. The distance between the holes will vary with the contestant. He should experiment until he feels that he has just the right distance for getting set steadily and getting away quickly. The illustrations give a good idea of the form that is most in vogue. 2 2 ei a ft 0; a; o * , CO 2 1' \ r FIG. act tl y are eineut . "^ 0- > !/■' ^ =■ S >.£^ ^^p^. cA. « ^ £: i =i ®<2 Spalding' s Athletic Library, 21 TRAINING. The sprinter must be just as careful in his training as the mile runner. After making sure that he is in good preHminary condi- tion, the sprinter should begin to let himself out. For the first ten days, however, he should not make his greatest efifort. After that he can get down to some system. He should practice starts every day. Several ten yard dashes at full speed should be taken. Not only should the sprinter try to get away quickly from his mark, but his every endeavor must be set towards getting into his running at once. To do this a very great deal of bodily exer- tion must be made. Ten yards away from the mark the athlete should be running at top speed. This means that every muscle in the body must be working harmoniously and smoothly. Three or four times a day the athlete should sprint thirty-five or forty yards and sometimes even sixty yards at top speed. Once a week he should go through the full distance at racing speed. The sprinter must study his own abilities. It often happens that the sprinter has much natural speed but cannot quite last the full 100 yards at top speed. This is generally the case with the small sprinter. In such a case the sprinter should take enough short work to retain his speed, but he should also take longer spins in an endeavor to develop the stamina necessary for retain- ing his best speed right to the tape. A useful exercise for such a sprinter will be found in occasionally starting at racing speed and continuing for thirty-five yards, then easing down a little until the seventy-five yards mark is reached, and then finishing out the 100 in a final burst. Many sprinters have no difficulty in lasting. Their defect is in not having the speed. Such sprinters should do a great deal of thirty-five yards' practising. In general, it is found that the small sprinter is very fast away from the mark, but slow at the finish, while the tall strong ath- lete is fast at the finish but slow for the first thirty yards. The latter must pay the greatest attention to his start and getting into motion rapidly, while the former must lengthen out his spins to give him the necessary finish. DufTey is the best example of an THE POLE VAULT. FIG. 1. The distance up the pole that one should grasp is generally meas- used with the eye. The athlete shown in photo is doing this. 'I'he vaulter places his pole upright next to the bar and keeping his eye on where he thinks he ought to grasp the pole, he lets the pole fall bai'k and grasps it at the desired point. Photo by Pearce. Spalding' s Athletic Library: 23 athlete that has studied his own abiHties and perfected his short- comings. From Duffey's first public appearances it was seen that he was very fast away from the mark and very speedy for the first forty yards, but that he perceptibly slackened his speed the last twenty yards. DufYey knew this as well as anyone, and he set about the task of gaining the strength for the finish. He care- fully trained himself with this end in view and in his memorable record-breaking race in New York not only did he go the first forty yards in his accustomed speedy way, but he continued and finished the last twenty yards with a burst of speed that would have done credit t6 -^Wefers or Crum. The result was the new record, 9 3-5 seconds. ^mm^^ ■^*«%^ Thp ilhist-nitu wluTi starting the run. THP: P()L1> slK.WS a VAULT, inioii I'.v ciimnion way o FRJ. way holding the pole Photo by Pearce. Spalding's Athletic Library, 25 The furlong is also regarded a sprint distance, and most sprint- ers run this in addition to the 100 yards. The same training as for the 100 yards is necessary, for our best 220 yard runners go this distance at very high speed. For this event, the 100 yard man should jog through 150 yards or the full 220 yards about twice a week, and go through once a week at racing speed. In running the 220 yards the sprinter should go out the first thirty-five yards as in the 100. He should then settle into his stride and run just a trifle within himself up to 150 yards. From there to the finish he should put forth every effort. If the sprinter tries to run the first 100 yards at his highest speed, he will find that he will peter out before the 220 yards is reached., Those who lack the stamina for this distance should jog 300 yards or even a quarter-mile occasionally. TRAINING SCHEDULE. Training should, of course, always be individual, but as this book is for many who have no coaches, the following training schedule may be found beneficial. 100 Yards: Monday. A few starts. Two 35 yard dashes at full speed, and a swing through the 100 yards. Tuesday. Starts as usual. Two 25 yard dashes. A 60 yard dash. Wednesday. Starts. Three 35 yard dashes. 120 yards, running at full speed the first and last 40 yards, and swinging along the intermediate distance. Thursday. Starts. 60 yard dash. Two 35 yard dashes. Friday. Starts. Two 35 yard dashes, and a jog through the 100. Saturday. Race day. If the sprinter has a race on, that is sufB- THE POLE VAULT. FIG. 3. This is anothci- popular waj*-of holdiiiij the pole when taki'.'tr the run preliminary to the vaujt. Photo by Pearce. Spalding" s Athletic Library, 27 cieiit. If not, after limbering up well, let him run through the 100 yards at top speed. 220 Yards; In addition to the schedule for the 100 yards, the sprinter should jog through the 220 yards a couple of times during the week, and once a week run out the full distance, or 150 yards at top speed. The sprmter should always limber up before getting on his mark, for starting-practice or for a race. The sprinter should, in addition to the above, take exercises for his body and arms, as noted in the preliminary chapter. THE POLE VAULT. FIG. 4 hf <-ffnrt that vault -411 >n.inri iS making, both '^vith arms and legs, to get a good jump from the ground. Note, also, how well and " 1 I)lanted his pole. Photo by Pearce, Note to .. „ . , accurately lie h Spaldi7tg's Athletic Library. 29 The 440 yards and the 880 yards are called the middle distances, because they both combine both speed and stay. Speed is absolutely required in the quarter, while the long distance quality of stay is absolutely necessary in the half. THE 440 YARDS. The 440 yards is a favorite distance in America. No other country in the world can produce such an array of quarter-milers. as is seen annually at the relay races of the University of Penn- sylvania. This is because Americans have plenty of natural speed and with this they have a fair amount of stamina and an ability to acquire good form, a very important quality in the successful quarter-miler. The quarter can almost be regarded as a sprint distance, for it is run at a high rate of speed. This quality is the most necessary for this distance. Our best quarter-milers all practice sprinting assiduously. They must be fast to carry the pace necessary. Burke and Long, two of the greatest quarter-milers this country has ever produced, have both done 12 seconds for the 120 yards and even time for the 220 yards. Taylor, of Pennsylvania, an intercollegiate quarter mile champion, has beaten 22 seconds for the 220 yards. Thus, great attention must be paid to sprinting, so that the runner can stand the fast pace he will meet in the first 300 yards of the race. Here again the athlete must study his peculiarities. If he finds the quarter too long for him, he should then take occasional jogs for half a mile or smart runs at 500 and 600 yards. But he should not neglect his sprinting in any case. If, on the other hand, the athlete has plenty of stay but lacks speed, then he should pay especial attention to cprinting. He should run 220 yards at full THE POLE VAllET. FIG. 5. Note the good jump he has made from the groimd, and that he is swinging up his legs. Photo by Pearce, Spalding' s Athletic Library. 31 speed occasionally. He should also go along for 300 yards or 350 yards at a fast quarter mile pace. This will give him practice in the fast pace necessary and his stay will keep him going the rest of the way. Form is very important In the quarter. The pace is so fast in this race that an easy action is almost a necessity. Maxey Long, the present holder of the world's record of 47 seconds, was perfection for the quarter. His style combined length of stride with ease of action, and he was thus able to keep up a very fast pace for the full distance. The quarter-miler should have a long swinging easy gait. The sprinting start is generally used in the quarter. The first forty or fifty yards of the quarter is generally run at sprinting speed, but then the runner should settle down to a long, easy, fast swing. This will carry him to the stretch and then he must come home as best he can, remembering that a conscious effort to retain form and keep the stride out will help toward a fast finish. It is very important that the quarter-miler should have good arm-and-body action, as the length of this race and the high speed require that the whole body should work harmoniously and smoothly. Speed, stay, length of stride and smoothness of action are then the requirements for the quarter. The quarter is such a hard distance to run that it is at once apparent that the full distance should be covered but rarely at racing speed. In addition to training for speed, the athlete should run through the 220 yards once or twice a week. He should go along for 350 yards at his best quarter-mile pace occa- sionally. This will give him practice at the pace without dis- tressing him. He should, rather frequently, run through the quarter at three-quarter speed, jogging it through as it is called. If, as noted above, he finds the distance too long, jogs at 500, 600, and even 880 yards will be useful. SCHEDULE FOR TRAINING. Monday. Starts and short sprints. 300 yards at quarter-mile racing speed. ^HE POLE VAULT. FIG. 6. Note how the legs are being thrown into the air and that the Spalding* s Athletic Library, 33 Tuesday. Starts and short sprints. 220 yards at a fast gait. After a rest, an easy quarter. Wedfiesday . Starts and short sprints. 500 yards, the first 250 yards at a good racing clip and the last 250 easily. Thursday. Starts and short sprints. 100 yards fast. After a rest, 440 yards at a fair jog, finishing the last 60 yards fast. Friday. Starts and short sprints. 250 yards at racing speed, finishing the quarter at a jog. Saturday, Race day, 440 yards on time. THE POLE VAULT. FIG. 7. Note that this illustration shows the legs a little further up In the air than Fig. 6. The body is also a little further turned. Note, also, the good pull-up that he is getting. Spalding^ s Athletic Library. 35 The half-mile is another event in which Americans make a most enviable showing. This race is based on stamina but it is yet in the domain of the middle distances, and this means that the speed factor is very important. The quarter-mile lies just out- side the boundary between the sprints and the middle distances. The half-mile is just inside the distance limits. In other words, stay is more important than speed for the half. Here again the long, easy strider has the advantage, although many good half- milers have been short men and short striders. The half-miler must, however, have considerable speed for the nrst quarter of the half is run fast. When C. J. Kilpatrick ran his world's record half-mile In i minute 532-5 seconds he covered the first 440 yards in 532-5 seconds. A corresponding pace may be ex- pected in running this distance. For instance, if a boy were to run a half-mile in 2 minutes 5 seconds, he should do the first quarter in 59 seconds. If he were running the half in 2 minutes 10 seconds, the first quarter should be covered in i minute 2 seconds. It will be found that in all distances, from the quarter up, the best speed must be obtained in the first part of the race. The half-miler must then run 440 yards and 220 yards and do some sprinting in order that he may develop speed, for other- wise he will not be able to stand the fast pace for the first quarter. He should also do some training at one thousand yards and even the three-quarter mile to develop stay. The best dis- tance for getting the half-mile pace is 660 yards. This can be run at half-mile racing speed without distressing the athlete, while at the same time it gives him practice in the pace he will have to carry in a race. The matter of form is always important. Our most successful iri(jr, 8_Tlu' turn is being made and the legs are being swung over the bar. FIG. 9— This picture illustrates very well the push-up that finally gives the body its highest elevation and that gets the chest and arms o"t of the way of the bar. Spalding* s Athletic Library, yj half-milers have been rather tall with a long, easy stride. The pace is so fast that a long, easy strider will have the advantage over the short strider or the runner who plods along in poor form. But one must not despair if these requirements of form are lacking, for it is possible to overcome such difficulties by great staying qualities. Many English runners give a miserable exhibition of form but they have so much stay that they keep going and cover the groimd in fine time. Parsons of Yale, the intercollegiate half-mile champion of 1904, can hardly be called a pretty runner but he gets the most out of himself and runs very fast for this distance. But all young runners should strive for easy action and a long stride if .they are candidates for the half-mile. The young runner must not be too' anxious to lengthen out his stride, for then he will overstride, and this, being ex- hausting, is worse than understriding. Here again the athlete must study his own shortcomings. If he has stay without speed then he should devote much time to sprinting and 440-yard running. If, on the other hand, he has the speed but lacks staying qualities, then he must run over the half, running one thousand yards, three-quarter miles and even miles occasionally. WEEKLY SCHEDULE FOR TRAINING. Monday. Two or three short sprints. 880 yards, the last 220 yards at good speed. If not tired, jog a quarter. Tuesday. 660 yards at half-mile racing speed, finishing out the half in easy fashion. After a rest, jog a quarter. Wednesday. Two or three short sprints. 1,000 yards, running the first quarter at half-mile racing speed and striding out the rest of the distance. Thursday. 300 . yards fast, paying especial attention to the stride. After a rest, an easy half-mile. Friday. Two or three short sprints. 600 yards at half-mile racing speed. Saturday, Race day. Half-mile on time. -mm: r<., ..«^.''^lllg; XUl fifVMllUIl, as Ills Note the leg drive that he has gotten into his put. Photo by Pearce. Spalding's Athletic Library, 67 the forward leg over in good style, but he may have more trouble getting his rear leg up quickly and in the right position for the next stride at the moment the forward leg touches the earth. The low hurdler should go at the hurdles straight as in the high event. In training for this event, the athlete should not neglect sprinting. If he is also going in for the high hurdles, then he should curtail his work in that event and develop his style over the low sticks. He should get his stride to the first hurdle down to a fine point, so that he will always be able to go for it at his best speed. He should also work on his stride between the hurdles until he is sure of taking off at the same distance from each hurdle. Seven strides is the correct number between the hurdles. The young hurdler had rather take nine steps than eight between the hurdles, for the latter will necessitate his hurdling from alternate feet, which is difficult to do. By taking seven or nine strides he will always take off with the same foot. Though, because of youth and shortness of stride, it may be necessary for the young athlete to take nine strides between the hurdles, he should remember that seven is the proper num- ber and, as soon as possible, change to this number. The low hurdler should run through the full distance at least once a week. An occasional quarter-mile will help to develop the stay so neces- sary in this event. The emphasis placed on strength of body and arms for the high hurdles is just as important for this event. The best type of athlete for both hurdle events is the tall long- legged type. The short hurdler has difficulty in getting his strides between the hurdles. The tall hurdler must shorten up if anything. In the high hurdle he can make three swift cat-like steps and be off over the next hurdle. The fact that he must shorten his stride gives him more balance, and he can also pay all his attention to getting over the hurdle, while it is, of course, less exhausting than if he were qompelled to lengthen out his stride. The same remarks hold for the low hurdle. It is even more important in this race, for it is much easier for the THE HIGH JUMP. FIG. 1. The high jumper should not take too long a run. The illustration shows jumper beginning his run for the bar. He runs not more than 20 yards and only the last few strides fast. Note the tenseness of the body. Photo by Pearce. Spalding^s Athletic Library, 69 long-legged athlete to develop the best form in this event. The short-legged hurdler is practically physically incapable of taking the hurdle in his stride. He may do so, but there will always be a glide through the air instead of the short, snappy way in which the taller athlete gets over the hurdle. But though it is a dis- advantage to be short for these events, the short athlete should not despair, as he may make up in speed and agility what he lacks in natural advantages. Still, it looks more than a coincidence that Chase, Puffer, Kraenzlem, Mahoney, Bremer, Converse and Clapp, the fastest hurdlers of the past decade, should all have been tall men. TRAINING SCHEDULE. Monday. Two dashes from the mark over the first hurdle. Two dashes over two hurdles. Tuesday. Three dashes over the first hurdle. One dash over four hurdles. Wednesday. Two dashes over three hurdles. If not tired, a fair quarter-mile. Thursday. Three dashes over the first hurdle. One dash over six hurdles. Friday. . Two dashes over the first hurdle. A smart 220-yard dash. Saturday. Race day. Time trial over the full distance. The above schedule presumes that the athlete is taking, in addition, the 120-yard hurdle training. This and the above may prove a little too much. In that case, he should cut out a little from each schedule, as it is generally a good principle that the athlete should not exhaust himself in his training. In his trial spins, of course, he should do his very best. If the athlete is training only for the low hurdles, he should then increase the above schedule accordingly. THE HIGH JUMP. FIG. 2. Just rising to the bar. Using a sort of "shoot" style, but It is practically the same as described in the chapter on the high jump. Note the forward leg is practically over the bar. Spalding's Athletic Library. 71 America has led the world in field sports for several years. Formerly, the English and Irish athletes were on a par with us, but in recent years the English have retrograded very much, while the Irish have made little, if any, improvement. America's supremacy is due, in the first place, to the attention given to form, and secondly, to the popularity of the field events, thus interesting a large number of contestants. Because of the varying conditions and the many peculiarities of field athletes, we have thought it best not give a detailed training schedule for the field events. We give a general idea and ask each athlete to study his own needs and capabilities and act accordingly. "Form, perfection of form," should be the watchword of the field athlete. HIGH JUMP. In the high jump, as in the other field events, the importance of style cannot be overestimated. An athlete may have every natural advantage in spring and agility for the high jump, but if he does not know the best way to jump he cannot do his best. The most natural style of high jump is what may be called the scissors jump. In this style, the athlete runs at an oblique angle toward the bar, throws over one leg and follows it with the other. This style is capable of development only to a limited degree. The up-to-date style is much more complicated, though it is only an improvement on the former way of jumping. In the modern style, the jumper runs straight, at the bar. When a short distance away he swerves slightly, and digging his heel into the earth, he springs upward. He throws his right leg up at the same time and aids this upward motion by a mighty swing up of his right arm and chest. These movements are calculated to raise the body and to get the right leg over the bar. In addition Note the control tliat jumper has over his body. By throwing the u ,^^"* "'^ ^°'^ ''^^■'^' ''i°<^ '^y f^oing the same with his left -honlder, he will lift his left thigh ont of the way and clear the bar. Photo by Pearce. Spalding* s Athletic Library. 73 to these movements, the athlete turns as he rises, so that when at his highest height the right side of his body is parallel to the bar. Having raised his body and swung his right leg into the air, he brings the right leg smartly down on the further side of the bar and simultaneously swings the left leg up and over the bar. The swing up of the left leg is aided by bringing up the left arm smartly and throwing the body back. As the turn given the body will naturally continue, the jumper will alight facing the bar. The keynote to success in making the above movements at precisely the right time depends mainly on the body. The small of the back should be used as a sort of fulcrum and every move- ment should be under the control of the jumper. To give the above directions in brief one might say that after making the leap from the ground, the jumper flings up the right leg and arm over the bar. They are then swung downward while the left leg and arm are flung upward, and at the same time the body is swung backward and outward to keep it from hitting the bar. The one additional point to be noted, is that in rising to the bar the jumper should make a turn that will bring his right side parallel to the bar. If the jumper takes off with the left foot, then the motions are the same, only the left foot and arm begin the movement. The above is the style of Sweeney and Baxter, the most eco- nomical junipers we have ever had; that is, they covered a higher height with this style than can be done with any other. But many of our jumpers have peculiarities of style which seem best for their own individual selves. But they all jump on the above prin- ciple. This is to get the best spring into the air that is possible ; to help the upward motion of the body by the arms and legs, and lastly, to so swing those arms and legs that the highest height will be covered without dislodging the bar. Many jumpers "shoot" over the bar, going over it almost in a lying-down posture. W. Byrd Page, one of the greatest high jumpers that ever lived, and still the holder of the college record at 6 feet 4 inches, had a style unlike any of the modern jumpers. Tt was peculiarly his own, though k has many points in its favor. THE HIGH JUMP. FIG. 4. Clearing the bar. Note that this athlete's style is quite dif- ferent from the foregoing. He is using the "shoot" style. Note the way he has his left leg tucked up and the left arm and shoulder held in. He will clear the bar by bringing down his right arm smartly and throwing the body away from the bar. Photo by Pearce. Spalding's Athletic Library. 75 If it were possible to get the force of his initial spring into the modern style, the present records would soon be shattered. Page jumped practically as a cat or greyhound. He seemed almost to jump from, all fours, though he merely got down low for his jump. He threw all the force of his body into the upward motion and drew up his knees and legs so that he shot over the bar like a rubber ball. He turned in the air and as his knees were drawn up close to his head he got very much the same effect as do the modern jumpers who shoot over the bar. The above indicates that the young jumper should not hold himself down slavishly to any style. Let him get the principle and aim at the style first noted, but if that proves unsuited, let him modify it to suit his own peculiar capabilities. If the young athlete has no coach, he should then do his best to get the style first described, for without older advice he will hardly be able to judge whether this style is suited to him or not. The high jumper needs plenty of spring and liveliness. If he trains every day he is likely to lose the snap that is so necessarj • for his best efforts. Five times a week is quite often enough for the jumper to practice. Until he gets the form, he should not be too anxious for height. He should put the bar at a fairly easy height and practice over it, trying to develop' precision and perfection in the various movements. The young athlete should be especially anxious to obtain good form, for on this will rest his whole future success as a jumper. Not only should the jumper get correct form in clearing the bar, but he should get his "take-off." In other words, he should note where he takes off for the jump and find at what distance from the bar he can make his best effort. He should then note his run towards the bar and selecting some mark, say about seven strides back from this take-off, he should note which foot hits this mark and measure it from the jumping standards. In this way by measuring off the distance he has discovered, and by making sure of placing his foot on this mark as he runs to the bar, the jumper can feel assured that he will take off always at the right distance from the bar. Another method of getting the take-off will be given in dealing with the broad jump. THE HIGH JUMP. FIG. 5. ^ eTevafion^^ Thf; ?''*' "'^'^ ^'""P"^'- ^^ "^"^^ ''"^h arms to help his elevation. This, however, leaves his left hip too much in evidence nlil':^.ZV'%^\^'''' *".*^^".^^ **^« ^^" ^rm up anS back. Thl S^viZvZ^^''l■^^'^^^^ indicate that the high jumper cannot slEMshly hold himself down to any fixed style. Spalding's Athletic Library. 77 Form is again one of the most important matters to be remem- bered in dealing with the broad jump. Without this, the jumper is wasting his efforts and his results are disappointing. Four •things are necessary to make a good broad jumper. He must be speedy, get his take-off with assurance, get a good rise and use his body to advantage while in the air. The last three qualities are illustrated very well in the pictures showing the broad jump. It seems silly to say that a stone will go further if you throw it fast than if you throw it slowly. On the same principle, the jumper's body will go further, the faster it travels through the air. But though speed is a very important factor in broad jumping, the athlete should not sacrifice the other three points to obtain it. The jumper must know how to govern his speed so that he will leave the take-off in good form. If speed is a desirable thing for the broad jumper, he should try to develop it and on this account he should take the training given in the chapter on the "Sprints," omitting the longer dashes and the trials, r One of the first things to be learned is to get the take-off properly. The take-off board for the broad jump is of wood, and it not only holds the spikes well, but there is a certain amount of spring in it that is not to be gotten from the ground back of the take-off. In addition, as the jump is measured from the side of the take-off nearest the jumping pit, the athlete who jumps from behind the take-off loses ground. That is, he may really jump from a foot back of the take-off, but this foot of space does not count, as the jump is measured from the take- off. It is thus very important that the jumper should get his take-off. An easy way to find out just at what distance back THE HIGH JUMP. I Kl, ;. The illustration shows how the athlete lands facing the bar. This is because the half turn that is made to bring the right side parallel with the bar is continued in the movement over the bar. Photo by Pearce- Spalding's Athletic Library, 79 one should begin to run to hit the take-off is as follows: Start at the take-off with the foot from which you jump and run for ten strides. Place a mark there. Go back to the take-off and run back fifteen strides. Place another mark there. Then try a jump, placing the foot from which you do not jump on the fifteen-pace mark, and then making sure at much increased speed to also hit the ten-pace mark with the other foot. You should then hit the take-off. The probabilities are that you will not hit the take-off on the first attempt, for in getting the ten- and fifteen- pace marks you will not have run so naturally as you do when making for the jump. But these two marks will give you some- thing to go on and by shifting them either backward or forward you should soon get them settled so that if you hit them as you run past you are sure to strike the take-off. The jumper will find that his take-off will vary a little accord- ing to the condition that he is in. When he has these distances settled he should measure them so that on the day of a compe- tition he can take a tape, get his marks, and then feel confident of hitting the take-off. Confidence in one's ability to hit the take-off will help greatly in the final result. Having gotten his take-off, the jumper should make certain that he will get a good elevation ; in other words, he should not skim the ground, for the inevitable law of gravitation will come into play and he will make a short jump. He should aim at getting a good elevation and he should do this by jumping up and forward and by throwing the arms and body up and forward. When about to land, the jumper should throw the legs forward. If he does not do this he will lose distance. He should pay especial attention to this, as the young jumper is instinctively afraid of falling back. This is, of course, equal to spoiling the jump, but, if in the desire not to fall back, the legs are let down perpendicularly, much distance is lost. By throwing out the legs and throwing the body and arms forward several inches will be gained, while the speed and impetus of the jump should over- come the tendency to fall back, and the jumper should fall for- ward. THE HIGH JUMP. FIG. 7. Illustrating the "shoot" style. Athlete practically throws himself over the bar. In Fig. 5,' we note that jumper is holding the body too far forward. Here we have the opposite fault of throwing the body too far back. Spalding's Athletic Library. 8i Two other matters remain to be treated. In the first place, the jumper should not run at his full speed right up to the take- oft*. If he does he will not be able to gather himself for the jump, and he thus cannot get the proper elevation from the mark. In addition he will not give his jumping muscles a chance to play their part. Ten or twelve feet from the take-off the jumper should be at top speed. He should then bend every energy toward getting his take-off well and getting a good rise. Many jumpers take a long stride before they hit the take-off. This is a bad fault. The last stride previous to the take-off should be a short one. This will allow the jumper to gather him- self together, get his jumping leg well under him and to get a powerful leg drive. In other words, it will give his jumping muscles full play. If the jumper then runs for the take-off, hitting the places that he has marked, gets his highest speed about ten feet from the take-off, makes his last stride rather short, gets his full leg drive, gets good elevation, and throws himself well forward at the end of the jump, he will be making the most of his oppor- tunities. He should then jump as well as his abilities will per- mit him. The training for the broad jump is quite varied. As in the high jump, the actual jumping should not be practiced every day. This event is even harder on the muscles than the high jump. Four times a week is sufficient, though the athlete may, if neces- sary, practice his take-off on the other days of the week. But generally speaking, four days a week should be enough. The jumper should, as noted above, take the training prescribed for the sprinter. If so inclined, he may do a little hurdling. His actual jumping should consist of several tries at the take-off and four or five jumps, taking care each time to try for elevation and the other points necessary in attaining good form and best results in this event. \ J "-VJ -H THE HAMMER THROW. FIG. 1. Hammer thrower has just planted himself firmly and is just swine- *°?h -t ^'^'"'"''^ ^^^'^ *° ^^^ ''^"^*'' ^" th^t ^^^ ''an gf^t a good start Spalding' s Athletic Library* 83 Pole vaulting is a sport that has improved greatly the past ten years, owing mainly to the close attention paid to form. Ten years ago a vaulter that could clear 11 feet was counted as having a very rosy chance of winning any championship in which he might be entered. Pole vaulting cannot be said to be an easy event. It requires considerable pluck and a great deal of perseverance. The cor- rect form must be learned. The first thing to learn is to get the take-off. This is to be done in the same way as described for the broad jump. In this event the take-off consists of accuracy in planting the pole in the hole in front of the take-off board and in springing into the air at the best distance from the board. These two things can be definitely learned only by prac- tice and observation. When the take-off has once been ascer- tained, it should be measured with a tape so that the athlete will always be confident of placing his pole properly. This part of the jump should be learned so well that the vaulter will not have to watch his pole until it is planted, thus taking his attention from the next move. Just as the pole is firmly settled, the athlete should leap into the air, aiding himself by a strong pull of the arms. The legs should be thrown vigorously upwards so that the body will be at an obtuse angle to the pole, with the feet the highest part of the body. In this motion a half turn should be made, so that the front of the body faces the bar. While the legs are being thrown into the air, the lower hand should be slipped up the bar until it touches the other hand. The upper hand must not be moved, nor may the lower hand be placed above the upper. The throw- ing up of the legs will, of course, give the body an upward move- Spalding's Athletic Library. 85 ment, and this should be further increased by pushing up vigor- ously with th? arms. This will give the body its highest possible elevation, while the forward impetus, caused by the run before the jump, and the half turn in the air that will be made through throwing the legs upward, will result in the legs and body being poised on the further side of the bar with the arms, or at times only the hands, in the way of the bar. To keep the arms from hitting the bar the legs are thrown down and the arms up and back, the pole being pushed away violently. The vaulter should then be over the bar, and he should learn to recover his balance before aHghting, for otherwise he will get some nasty falls. The important parts of the above movements are the flinging up of the feet and the pushing up of the arms. The vaulter who merely swings himself over the bar will lose from one to two feet in height by not flinging the legs up smartly and finishing up the movement by a vigorous push up of the arms. The half- turn should also not be forgotten. The run toward the bar should be speedy, but, as in the broad jump, the greatest speed should be reached about ten feet before the pole is planted. If the vaulter tries for speed up to the very last stride, he will not be able to use his best efforts in leaving the ground. One more matter will have to be learned by the vaulter. He must know the best height at which to grasp his pole when try- ing for various heights of the bar. This depends very much on the individual and no set rule can be laid down. Each vaulter must experiment until he knows what height suits him best. In training for the vault, the athlete should practice five times a week, though he should not attempt to do his best more than three times a week. On the other days he should devote his attention to attaining good form. The importance of being strong in the arms, shoulders and back can readily be seen, as this event brings these parts of the body directly into play. The vaulter should also do a little easy quarter-mile jogging to strengthen his legs, while he should also practice sprinting frequently. The reader is requested to carefully follow the illustrations for this event. THE HAMMER THROW. ^l?" t~^? }^^^ picture the hammer Is going fast enough, so that the first turn may be made. FIG. 5— Illustrating the finish of the three turns. FIG. 6— Caught in the act. The athlete has stepped out of the circle and his throw will not count. Spalding' s Athletic Library. 87 The sliotput is an event in which mere strength and weight are the determining factors. In foot ball it is said that weight does not count for everything. This is very true, but when weight is backed up by knowledge of the game and speed, a winning combination is secured. So in the weight events, if the heavy man backs up his beef by good form and speed, the shot is bound to land a satisfactory distance away from the ring. So we can truthfully say that weight is the determining factor in this event. But the weight should be well distributed. The tall, beefy athlete has the advantage, providing he has the speed. In Beck, George R. Gray, Coe and Rose, we have examples of all conditions of shot putters. Beck and George R. Gray, who in his time was the greatest shot putter in the world, weighed about 190 pounds. This is not very heavy, but they were both noted for their speed and perfect form. Coe cannot be more than 5 feet 8 inches tall, but he weighs 240 pounds. He looks like a "pud," but in reality he is of gigantic strength, and for his weight he is wonderfully fast. He can sprint thirty-five yards fast enough to make many a good sprinter hustle. Rose is the giant pure and simple. He is 6 feet 5 inches tall and weighs 240 pounds. He gets his distance mainly through his great strength and long reach. Had he the speed and perfection of form of Beck or Gray, he would do considerably over 50 feet. As Rose is but a boy in age, he is sure to develop more speed and better form in the future, and should thus improve on his present figures. All boys cannot be giants like Rose, but many have in them the makings of a Beck and his success was due to the two factors, perfection of form and speed. Form is thus very important. This can be acquired only by constant practice. The best form in putting the shot will be Spalding s Athletic Library. ??g found in the following points taken up separately. There are two ways of holding the shot. Some place it with the main weight resting on the fingers, and as they let it go they give it an extra flip with the fingers. This is, of course, an advantage, but it requires a very strong wrist and hand to do this. Many who use this style have not the strength required, and when the arm is pushed out in the final stroke, the wrist and hand give way, the momentum of the shot is retarded and the consequence is that distance is lost. On this account this manner of holding the shot is not recommended to the scholastic athlete. The safer way is to let the shot rest securely in the palm of the hand, using the fingers merely to balance and steady the shot. While learning to hold the shot, the athlete should be prac- ticing the "reverse." The initial position in the "reverse" is with the left side in front, the left arm out and up, the body bent back down and half around, with the right arm doubled back with the shot close to the shoulder. The natural motion to put the shot will simply reverse this position. The right arm will be pushed out and up, the right leg will push and step forward, while the left arm and leg will both be drawn back. These motions will be done with all possible speed and force. The most important points in the "reverse" are: ist, the arm should be pushed out straight from the shoulder; 2d, the full force of the body, and especially the thigh and shoulders, should be gotten into the movement, and, lastly, the shot should be given elevation. These motions should be practiced assiduously until each is carried out smoothly and as speedily as possible. The athlete is now ready to learn the full movement across the ring. The position at the rear side of the circle is the same as when beginning the "reverse." The athlete should then glide across the circle. In doing this the left leg should be kept in front and two steps made. This gliding motion is the same as when a person changes step to get into step with another. To be more explicit, the right foot is brought up to the left heel, which is immediately advanced one stride and these motions are then repeated. ^This will bring the athlete to the other side of THE DISCUS THROW. FIG. 3— Note the way in which he is getting the weight of his body and the strength of his arms and legs into the movement. FIG. 4— Note the elevation that he has given to the discus, as shown by the direction of his arm. FIG. 5— Note the effort he is making not to foul. Spalding's Athletic Library. gi the circle and in the same position as when beginning the "re- verse" from a stand. " On finishing the glide across the circle the "reverse" should be made. There should be no halt or stop between these two motions. From the rear of the circle to the very finish of the "reverse" there should be perfect smoothness of motion. No hitch, no breaks must be made, but an ever increasing accelera- tion of motion should be seen. In gliding across the circle the athlete should not jump into the air. This takes time and retards forward motion. Speed across the ring is a very important fac- tor in the final result. The beginner, and sometimes the athlete who has been prac- ticing for years, find that the the crucial point is to knit together the end of the glide and the "reverse." This is indeed one of the most difficult matters in acquiring good form in this event. At the end of the glide many make a stop, and this neutralizes much of the speed they have obtained in gliding across the circle. This is so important a point that the beginner should practice it steadily. He will make better progress by not trying at first to get too much speed into the glide and by aiming constantly at smoothness of motion from the rear of the circle to the final push. The athlete should also remember that the body plays a very important part in this event. He should get a strong leg drive, a powerful heave of the shoulder and in general he should use all the weight of his body in helping his put. One more point to be remembered is that the arm should be pushed out straight. In training for the event, the athlete may practice five times a week. He should always aim at perfection of form and he should not be discouraged if he cannot attain smoothness and speed in a short time. The movements for the shot read very simply, but in reality they are complicated, especially in welding them together into a continuous movement. The shot putter should do a little sprinting, while an occasional jog of half a mile will help to keep his weight down if he is inclined to be corpulent or logy. The weight and strength of the body is so important and self- evident that it is unnecessary to recommend that exercise for these parts be taken regularly. 9^ Spalding' s Athletic Library, Strength, weight and speed are just as important in this event as in the shot. Form has been developed to a very fine point in hammer throwing. Only a few years ago our hammer throwers were content to throw with one turn. Then, James S. Mitchel was champion, and he threw the missile almost 150 feet, which is a wonderful performance at this style. He was followed by John Flanagan, who introduced two turns, and who immedi- ately put the record close to 160 feet. The next year, Flaw of California came East, and with three turns he showed a further development. Flanagan had always thrown with three turns in Ireland, but he had cut out one turn on coming to America, because of the change from a nine to a seven-foot circle. On Flaw's appearance, Flanagan at once turned to his old style. He found that he was able to stay in the circle and he has main- tained unquestioned supremacy since then. His present record is 170 feet II inches, a grand performance. Flanagan is not a giant, though he is a big fellow. The note- worthy feature of his throwing is the amazing quickness with which he makes his turns in the circle. His form is perfect, and all who desire to become hammer throwers should aim at equal perfection. In beginning the first movement, the athlete should stand at the rear of the circle with his back to the front of the circle and with legs firmly planted, but not too far apart. The athlete should then reach around with the hammer as far as possible, so that a good start may be obtained. He sliould then swing the ham- mer around his head, slowly at first, so that the balance of the body may not be disturbed. When the hammer has made three circles, it should be going fast enough to make the first turn of the body. Spalding^s Athletic Library. 93 The movement in making this turn is practically the same as turning in the waltz. The body turns as on a pivot. The first turn shouid be made rather slowly and with very little advance across the circle. The next turn should have more speed and a little greater forward distance. The last turn should be made with all possible speed and using up all the rest of the circle. The movement should be finished with a mighty heave of the hammer, which will go from the hands over the shoulder. The three turns will still leave the body with the back to the front of the circle, but the last mighty heave, together with the mo- mentum of the body, will swing the athlete around so that he will finally be facing the direction of the throw. Every movement from the beginning of the first turn should be made smoothly and with ever increasing speed. The body in turning should alwaj^s be ahead of the hammer, i.e., it should always be pulling on the hammer. This is the reason why the preliminary turns of the hammer should be rather slow. If made fast the hammer will get going more swiftly than the body and the benefit of the weight and momentum of the body is lost. Good elevation must be given to the hammer, or it will not travel its full distance. Some hammer throwers are very poor in direction. This does not matter so far as the measuring of the throw is concerned, but this factor often adds to this event an element of danger which is unnecessary. In addition, the knowledge the athlete has that he may throv/ the hammer into the crowd bothers him and he cannot make his best effort. This lack of direction is due either to making more than a full turn or less than one on each turn across the circle. It can be remedied best by short- ening or lengthening the turn as required. If the athlete cannot accomplish this, he can neutralize his fault by the position which he takes as he stands at the further side of the circle. The greatest care should be taken to let the hammer go freely from the hands at exactly the moment when the final heave is given. If this is not done, the hammer will be retarded and in manv cases the elevation lessened. The hammer should leave 94 Spalding' s Athletic Library, the hands exactly at the end of the movement, and as if shot off freely at a tangent. The young athlete will have difficulty in staying within the circle, but he should practice constantly with this end in view. He will find that by going easily and slowly at first, he will gradually acquire the form. This once obtained, his one idea should be to get speed into his turns, for, as in the broad jump, speed is a very important factor. It is a self-evident truth that the greater the speed with which the hammer leaves the hand, the further it will travel. So the young athlete should put all his efforts on form and then speed. In training for the hammer, the athlete should practice five times a week. He should always be aiming at perfection and smoothness of form and speed in the turns. He will find the above movements more complicated than they read, especially in making the movements continuous, without a stop or hitch, and with increasing speed until the hammer is sent hurtling on its course. A little sprinting and an occasional jog will keep the athlete agile and help his speed, while body exercises should be taken regularly and systematically. Many athletes compete in both the hammer and shot. A little consideration will show that it is impossible to get the best results in either event if both are practiced at the same time. In the hammer the work is done through pulling. In the shot^ the muscles push. These motions are opposed and they have a retarding effect on the muscles required for each event. It is best then for the scholastic athlete, if he must go in both these events, to make one of them his specialty and to take the other up as a side issue. Otherwise he may not prove a winner at either. It is of course understood that tbi hammer and shot for the scholastic athlete weigh 12 pounds End that a seven-foot circle is used. Spal(f/n<^'s Athletic Library, 95 The discus throw has been seen in this country since the visit of the American athletes to the Olympian games in Greece in 1895. I" scholastic athletics the discus has made little head- way in the East, but it is very frequently put on athletic pro- grammes throughout the West. There are several v/ays in which the discus is thrown. In Europe, where direction counts, the old style is preferable. This might be called the natural style. In this, the athlete stands at the rear of the circle or square. He leans around with arm outstretched and then makes a glide across the circle. This glide is made exactly as in the shotput. At the finish of the glide the "reverse" is made, just as in the shot, only the motion of the arm is underhand. The back of the hand is kept up and it is im- perative that the discus be gotten off smoothly and with good elevation. The athlete should be especially careful to develop speed across the circle and to get the discus away from the hand smoothly, so that it will sail off into the air. This is im- portant. If the discus leaves the hand clumsily it will go twist- ing and turning and the pressure against the air will cut off sev- eral feet in distance that would be made if the missile sailed smoothly along. The other ways of throwing the discus are based on the turn in the hammer. Some take one, others two and others three turns. The latter is the best if the athlete can make the turns smoothly and quickly. The turns are made just as in the ham- mer, with the small change made necessary by the fact that the discus is held in the hand. Here again the athlete should place his greatest attention on developing an ^ver-increasing speed in bis turns across the circle, a good elevation and a use of the 96 Spalding's Athletic Library, entire weight of the body and the power of the arm, shoulders ;and legs. In this style, direction is not assured, though of course the general direction is away from the front of the circle. This is sufficient in America, as the throw is measured from the front of the circle to whatever place the discus lands. The training for this event is the same as that prescribed for the shot and hammer. The athlete, as in tho-se events, should aim continually at perfection of form and speed. sSes^imE THE SPALDING TRADEMARK "^Sf Spalding "Olympic Championship" Running and Jumping Shoes All of these are fine turned shoes. Finest kangaroo uppers and fine leather soles. The same style shoes that we supplied to the American athletes who were so successful at the last Olympic Games, and are worn in competition by all prominent athletes in this country. Spalding Spalding "Olympic Championship" '* Monitor" Sprint Running Shoes Short Distance Running Shoes Patented May 2, 1916 No. 3-0. Lightest running shoe made. Hand made spikes. Especially for 100 or 220 yards races. Strictly bench made throughout. Pair, $6.00 Spalding " Olympic Championship " Long Distance Running Shoes No. 14C. For long distance races on athletic tracks. Rubber heels, flexible shanks. Hand made steel spikes in soles. No spikes in heels Pair. $5.00 No. 2-0. Extremely light and glove fitting Hand made steel spikes. Worn by all cham- pions for short distances, especially 440 and 880 yards and one mile races. . Pair, $6.00 Spalding •' Olympic Championship Jumping Shoes No. 14H. Specially stiffened soles. Handmade steel pikes placed as suggested by champion jumpers. Also correct shoes for shot putting, weight and hammer throwing. . Pair, $6.00 No. E. Rubber Heels To Be Put Inside Jumping Shoes Inside rubber heels for jumping, hurdling and pole vaulting shoes Pair, 25c. PROMPT AHENTiON GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS ^ADDRESSED TO OS A. G.SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES i FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVEB 'OF THIS BOOK 9ri«i (n iffecl July 5,1916. Subject to ehtinge igilhout wttce. For Conodian prices xc special Canadian Cclah^ue. SEETHE SPALDING TRADE-MARK ■^Sf Spalding "Olympic Championship" Running and Jumping Shoes All of these are fine turned shoes. Finest kangaroo uppers and fine leather soles. The same style shoes that we supplied to the American athletes who were so successful at the last Olympic Gaines, and are worn in competition by all prominent athletes in this country. Spalding " Olympic Championship ' Walking Shoes Spalding "Olympic Championship' Pole Vaulting Shoes No. 14 W. For competition and match races. No. 14V. High cut, special last. _ Hand madk These shoes are the same as are used by steel spikes in soles ; one spike in heels. To all champion walkers Pair, $5.00 order only. Not carried in stock. Pair, $6.00 On special orders we will supply Pole Vaulting Shoes with one high and one low cut shoe at no extra charge. Spalding C0§^^IS2!? Long Distance Running Shoes No. MH. High cut but light in weight. Well finished inside so as not to hurt the feet in a long race. Special leather soles, will not wear smooth ; light leather heels, soft leather uppers. Hand sewed Pair, $5.00 No. MO. Low cut. Blucher style. Otherwise same as No. MH " 5.00 mENTiONEIVEKTO ANT COMMUNICATIONS tDDHESStOTOUS A. G.SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES I FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOO! 1 'Prises In ffut Juljf 5t 191(1, Suki«cl lt> d^vngt UiihoUl noUtl. Far Canadian firica xc special Canadian CatakgUi jr^JiS^^ ^^^XUHESPALDINGiPiJTRADE-MARK 7uT,r Spalding Running and Jumping Shoes Spalding Indoor Running Shoes No. 111. Soft leather, corrugated rubber soles, with spikes Pair, $5.00 Spalding Outdoor Jumping Shoe* No. 14 J. Strong leather ; machine made. Dur- able. Steel spikes. Pair, $5.00 * $5U.OO Doz, Spalding Outdoor Running Shoes No. 1 IT. Soft leather uppers, machine made ; solid leather tap sole holds spikes firmly in place. Pair, $5.00 • $51,.00 Doz. No. 11. Strong leather, machine made " 3.50* 36.00 Doz. Juvenile Outdoor Running Shoes No. 12. Leather, good quality, complete with spikes. Sizes 1 2 to 5 only. . . Cork Athletic Grips Pair. $3.00 No. 2. Best quality cork, with elastic bands ^f}^' 20c. No. 1. Selected cork, shaped " 15c. Keep the uppers of all running shoes soft and pliable by using Spalding "Dri-Foot." It will greatly add to the wear of shoes. . o . Can, 10c. The prices printed in italics opposite iteins marked with ic will be quoted only on orders for one-half dozen or more at one time. Quantity prices NOT allowed on items NOT marked xvithif FflOMPTmENTIONGiVEMIO m COMMUNICATIDNS UDDSESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOl U 'Piiix»iDtfsUM}f5rl9h^- 3ubJ«a to ibangf '"i'^' '>^''* fv Canadian fticet see 9ctiai Canadian Qilatosue. iiiaaia^Liaai^M| Spalding Indoor Running and Jumping Shoes Spalding Indoor Jumping Shoes No. 210. Handmade. Strong uppers, rubber tap soles and rubber heels. . . Pair, $5.00 Spalding Indoor Running Shoes No. 112S. Good leather upoers and leather soles, short spikes. Pair, $4.00 * -M2.00 Doz. Spalding Indoor Running Shoes No. 112. Good leather, rubber tap soles. No spikes Pair, $4.00 * $Jt2.00 Doz. Spalding Indoor Running Shoes No. 114. Leather uppers; rubber tap soles. No spikes. , . . Pair, $3.00* ^55. 0<9Z)oz. Spalding Juvenile Indoor Running Shoes No. 115. Leather, good quality, without spikes. Sizes 1 2 to 5 only Pair, $2.50 Chamois Pushers No. 5. Fine Chamois skin. Should be used with running, walking, jump- ing and other athletic shoes, especially in long races or during all-around competition Pair, 35c. No. L. Specially prepared leather, suitable for use with all athletic shoes Pair, 25c. Use Spalding "Dri-Foot" on uppers and soles of Running and Jumping Shoes. It prevents deterioration of the leather and keeps them soft and pliable. . Can, 10c. The prices printed} n italics opposite items marked witfi ir u-ill be Quoted only on orders for one-half dozen or more at one time. Quantity prices NOT allowed on items NOT marked with * PROMPT AHENTION GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS A.G.SPALDING &, BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES ■ , riDR COMPUTE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COe OF THIS BOOK T^cM in cgectjuhf 5, /.9i 6. Jui/ecJ todumsn wilhwt na^icf For Canadian pricei see spttied Canadian Calalogue. ^S^Ke THE SPALDING TRADEMARK "^"f «?,?v^^ QUALITY Spalding Athletic Hammers No. 16BH. Spalding "Official Olympic" Brass Shell Head 16 lb. Hammer (Pat'd Aug. 20, 191 2), includ- ing patented ball- bearing swivel. Sup- plied regularly with double triangle wire grip (Pat'd Dec. 22, 1914). Each, $10.00 No.l2BH. 12-lb.Brass Shell Head Hammer, otherwise same as No. I6BH. Each, $9.00 No. 16IHB. I 6- lb. Solid Iron Head Ham- mer, including pat- ented ball-bearing swivel, double triangle wire grip. Each, $4.50 No. 12IHB. I 2.1b. Solid Iron Head Ham- mer, otherwise same as No. 16IHB. Each, $4.00 No. 8IH. 8.1b. Solid Iron Head Hammer, without ball - bearing swivel. Double tri- angle grip. Ea., $3.00 No.MG Extra Handles for Athletic Hammers No. MG. Single Grip Style. Used by many prominent hammer throwers. Supplied separately with wire handles. Each, $2.00 No. FH. Double Triangle Grip, complete with wire handle, furn- ished separately Each, 75c. Any regular Spalding Hammer listed above furnished with No. MG grip instead of double triangle style, on special order, at an extra charge of $1.25 No. L. Leather Case for Athletic Hammers Leather Case, to hold either 12 or 16-lb. hammer. . . Each, $3.00 Spalding "Official Olympic" Circles No. 9. 7 Foot Diameter Circle. The shot and weights are thrown from this size circle. Three sections, band iron, painted white. . Each,$ 10.00 No. 19. 8 Foot 2 inch Diameter Circle. For throw- ing Discus. Three sections, band iron, painted white Each, $10.00 PROMPTAnENTIONGIVEHTOl Ml COMMUNICATIONS l\ AODBESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING &, BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK "Prica in effect Juljf 5,191 6» Subject to change iDithoul notice. For Canadian pricet see specjd CoDaiim Qittiogue. ^S^^?[tute THE SPALDING TRADE-MARK '^"oS^^^^ No. 12IS. No. 24LS. No. 24IS. No. SIS. No. SIS. No. 26. No. 5. Spalding Athletic Shot No. 16BS. Spalding "Official Olympic" Brass Shell Shot. (Patented August 20, 1912) Each No. 12BS. 12-lb. Brass Shell No. 16IS. I6-lb. Solid Iron 12-lb. Sohd Iron 24-lb. Sohd Lead 24-lb. Solid Iron 8-lb. Solid Iron " 5-lb. Solid Iron 8-lb. Leather covered 5-lb. Leather covered " Regulation 56-lb, Weight No. 2. Used and endorsed by all weight throwers. Lead. Packed in box, guaranteed correct in weight. Complete, $15.00 Tambourine No. 1. Required when throwing 56-lb. weight fcr height. Each. $10.00 Spalding Indoor Athletic Shot — Rubber Covered ^^^ Patented December, 1905 ^/BS^^^ Scientifically made ; perfectly round; gives fine grip ; has proper ^Hf^^^H^ resiliency w^hen it comes in contact with floor; w^ears longer than Hml^|^^H| ordinary leather covered ; lead dust vy^ill not sift out ; always full ^^Sgl^^V weight. ^[^^T No. P. 16-lb. Rubber covered Each, $12.00 No.Q. 12.1b. Rubber covered " 10.00 Spalding Indoor Shot — Leather Covered Method of construction prevents loss of weight even when used constantly. No. 3. 12-lb. Leather covered Each, $8.00 No. 4. 16-lb. Leather covered " 9.00 Spalding Athletic Implements are best — First, because we have decided that no trouble or expense will be spared in their manufacture. Second, because we really know how to make them to give best results, and Third, because we have the special skilled workman and the machinery ,_tools, etc., necessary in the manufacture of special implements of this descriptior. PROMPT ATTENTIN GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO .US A. G.SPALDING &, BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES I FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIOE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK •Prtces in tfecljalij 5, 1916^ 5ul<^< • for Canadien piii : 9toal Canadum CilolvgiUt SUBSTITUTE BB GUARANTEES QUALITY No. 116 Vaulting Standard We supply everything needed to fit out an athletic field in proper shape, in addition to everything needed by officials in charge. Write us about anything required which is not listed in this book. We are the " official outfitters " for all organized athletic bodies in the United States. SPALDING VAULTING AND JUMP STANDARDS Substantially built and measure- ments are clearly and correctly marked. No. 116. Graduated in half inches, adjustable to 13 feet. Complete, $18.00 No, 106. Inch graduations, 7 feet high. . . Complete, $10.00 Cross Bars No. 212. Officially correct. Hickory. . . Dozen, $6.00 No. C. Cord, with Weight Bags at either end, for use on Vault- ing Standard. . Each, $2.00 No. 106 Jump Standard PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I JiNY COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING & BROS, STORES IN AUL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK l^ca in effect July 5, 1916. Subject to change wit'wy:1 notice. For Canadian prices see special Canadian Catalogue. JMirMiimMriii SPALDING VAULTING POLES SPECIAL NOTE — It is our endeavor always to supply athletic equipment of the very highest quality, and which is at the same time made of the most satisfactory material and in the best possible manner for the purpose [ tended. We have discontinued making Spruce Vaulting Poles because we find our- selves unable to recommend their use owing to danger of breakage and pos- sibility of serious injury to user. Bam- boo poles w^e do recommend, having proven to our satisfaction that they are superior for vaulting to poles made of any wood w^e know of, and, furthermore, if they do break while in use, the danger of personal injury is very remote. Spalding Athletic Im- plements are used by every athlete of any prominence in either club, college or school compe- tition. _ Owing to differences in climatic conditions it is impossible to keep Bamboo Vaulting Poles from cracking. These cracks or seeison checks do not ap- preciably detract from the merits of the poles, except where they are continuous. Much of the real strength of the pole is in the joints. All of our tests would seem to prove that poles with season checks may be ac- cepted as safe and durable, except where the season check is wide open and extends through several sections on one side. Very frequently such splits or season checks can be entirely closed by placing the pole in a damp place for a day or so. Spalding Indoor Bamboo Vaulting Poles Tape wound at short intervals. Thoroughly tested before leaving our factory. Fitted with special spike. lOBV. 10 ft. Ea. 12BV. 12 ft. " $4.50 5.50 14BV. 14 ft. Ea..$6.50 16BV. 16 ft. " 7.00 Spalding Outdoor Bamboo Vaulting Poles Tape wound at short intervals. Thoroughly tested before leaving factory. Rounded end wound with cop- per wire and soldered. No. lOOBV. 10 ft. Ea.,$4.50 I No. 104BV. 14 ft. Ea.,$6.50 No. 102BV, 12 ft. " 5.50 No. 106BV. 16 ft. ' 7.00 INDOOR POLE VAULTING BOARD I No. 117. Made up of sectional blocks of wood placed on end so that spike of vaulting pole will not split them. Bound in by heavy wood frame. ^ Complete, $16.00 PBOMPT'imNTIOKBHfEMIO ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSEO TO US-f A. G.SPALDING &, BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES IFOR COMPLETE llSr OF STORES SEE INSIOE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK : I {n sffttl Julj/ 5,1916. Subject to thangt uilhoul noliee, For Canadign prioa see special Canadian Cqlatosue- Se THE SPALDING TRADEMARK Spalding Three adjustment styl "Official Olympic" Hurdle Patented December 22. 1914 Exclusive Spalding Model. This hurdle is made so that it is instantly adjustable to the three different heights required in hurdle races under various rules: 2 feet 6 inches, 3 feet, 3 feet 6 inches. No. 31. Three adjustment. . . Each, $ 5.00 Set of forty 140.00 Spalding Lanes for Sprint Races s.i- No! L 1 No. L. Sufficient stakes and cord to lay out four 100-yard lanes. Stakes are made with pointed ends and sufficiently strong so that they can be driven into hard ground Set, $15.00 Competitors* Numbers Printed on Heavy Manila Paper or Strong L inen 1 1 f\ Manila Linen Manila Linen III Set Set Set Set III No.l. 1 to 50. $ .25 $2.50 No. 4. 1 to 150. $ .75 $7.50 1 w No. 2. 1 to 75. .38 3.75 No. 5. 1 to 200. 1.00 10.00 No 3 1 to 100 50 5.00 Nr>. fi. 1 tn 2S0. 1.25 12.50 For larger meets we supply Competitors* Numbers, on Manila paper only, in seU as follows : No. 7. 1 to 300. . . . Set, $1.50 No. 16. 1 to 1200. . . Set, $6.00 No. 8. 1 to 400. . ' 2.00 No. 17. 1 to 1300. . . " 6.50 No. 9. 1 to 500. . 2.50 No. 18. 1 to 1400. . . " 7.00 No. 10. 1 to 600. . ' 3.00 No. 19. 1 to 1500. . " 7.50 No. 11. 1 to 700. . ' 3.50 No. 20. 1 to 1600. . . " 8.00 No. 12. 1 to 800. . " 4.00 No. 21. 1 to 1700. . . " 8.50 No. 13. 1 to 900. . ' 4.50 No. 22. 1 to 1800. . . • 9.00 No. 14. 1 to 1000. . ' 5.00 No. 23. 1 to 1900. . . " 9.50 No. 15. 1 to 1100. . . " 5.50 No. 24. 1 to 2000. . . « 10.00 iJPROMPTHTTENTl&NGiVtNTO 11 ANY COMMUNICATIONS A. G. SPALDING & BROS. FOR COM SEE IN PLHE LIST OF STORES Smt FRONT COVER \l ADDRESSED TO US STORES IN AL L LARGE CITIES ,_i 'Prices in eja / July 5, 1 916 Subj eel to change viithoul noUte. For Canadian prices xe special C ^anadian C atahsue. ^Si?[rE THE SPALDING TRADE-MARK "^Sf No.S Spalding Take-off Board The Take-ofF Board is used for the running broad jump, and is a necessary adjunct to the athletic field. Regula- tion size; painled white. ...... Each, $3.50 Spalding Toe Board or Stop Board Vsed when putting the 16-lb. shot, throwing weights and discus, and is curved on the arc of a 7-foot circle. Toe Board, regulation size, painted w^hite and substantially made. ..,.,... Each, $4.00 Spalding Sector Flags "Used for marking the sector within which shot, hammer, discus, etc., must be thrown. JNo. S, Spalding Sector Flags, metal. . , Each, 75c. ..Spalding Referees' Whistles No. 7. Nickel-plated, heavy metal whistle. . Each, 35c. No. 4. Horn Whistle, nickel-plated, heavy metal. " 75c, No. 3. Nickel-plated, special deep tone. . . " 25c. No. 2. Very reliable. Popular design. . , ." 25c. Spalding Foot Ball Officials' Whistles No. 3W. Loudest and clearest whistle yet manufactured. Can be heard above crowd cheering in places as large as the Harvard Stadium or the Yale Bowl. Whistle is at- to wrist band of leather. ., , . , . . . Each, $1.75 Potato Race Equipment '.-^otatoes, official specifications. . . . Set of eight, $2.50 Receptacle for potato race Each, 3.50 'Official Harness for Three-Legged Racing Made according to official rules. Complete set of straps for fastening men, and with extra straps for keeping fastenings at required height in long distance races. iNo. I. Official Harness for Three-Legged Racing. Set, $2.50 Spalding Official Sacks for Sack Races Strongly reinforced, will wear for a great length of ti.-ne,^ and by their construction it is practically impossible fof racers to work their feet free. These sacks are made in e.vact accordance with official regulations. No. MS. Men's Sack, reinforced, 3 ft. wide. Each, $1.50 Spalding Official Batons for Relay Races No. X. Hollow wood. Correct size, length and weight. ELa., 50c. Patent Steel Tape Chain on Patent Electric Reel^For Measuring Distances in Athletic Competitionj Superior steel about ,'4 inch wide. The reel allows the entire tape open to dry and can be reeled and unreeled as easily as tapes in cases. Especially adapted to lay off courses and long measurements. Last foot only marked in inches. No. IB. 100 feet long Each. $5.00 No. lie. 200 feet long " 7.50 Official Athletic Steel Measuring Tape No. 11 IB. 300 feet long; has etched markings throughout; feet, inches and eighths. Complete on reel, with con- venient wood handle • . . Each, $16.50 Patent "Angle" Steel Measuring Tape Especially adapted for laying off base ball diamonds, tennis courts and all kinds of athletic fields, both outdoors and indoors. Right angles accurately determined ; also equally good for straight or any kind of measuring. Enclosed in hard leather case, flush handles with patent automatic handle opener; all mountings nickel-plated. Accuracy guaranteed. No. A. 50 ft. long, f s in. wide. ...... ELach, $4.00 No. B. 100 ft. long, }i in. vvide. , .. . . " 6.73 Spalding Stop Watches No.S. Combined Chronometer and Stop Watch. Keeps good time and in addition to regular hands has split second hand. A very satisfactory time-piece as well as a useful article for athletes. Supplied on special orders only. ELach, $15.00 No. 1. Stem winder, nickel-plated case, porcelain dial regis- tered to 60 seconds by 1-3 seconds, fly back engaging and disengagmg mechanism. . Each, $7.50 PROMPT AHENTION GIVEN TO INYGeMMUNICATIONSi . /iSDRESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING &. BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE IIST OF STORES SiL INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK ^Priaa 61 ^ecl July 5, 1916, Subject to change Ullhout nolite. For CanaJinn pricet lee iptcial Camdian Catalogin, THE SPALDING TRADEMARK t™ SPALDING OFFICIAL BASKET BALL Cover is made in four sections, with capless ends and of finest and most carefully selected pebble grain leather, special tanned. Extra heavy bladder, made especially for this ball, of extra quality pure Para rubber (not compounded). Each ball packed complete, in sealed box, with raw^- hide lace and lacing needle, and guaranteed perfect in every detail. No. M. Spalding Official Basket Ball. Each, $8.00 WE fiUAR ANTEE ***'^ ^*" *° ^^ perfect in material and workmanship and '' *^ VJVyr^ixr^i-^ M. M^M^ correct in shape and size when inspected at our factory. If any defect is discovered during the first game in which it is used, or during the first day's practice use, and, if returned at once, we will replace same under lis guarantee. We do not guarantee against ordinary wear nor against defect in shape or size that is not discovered 'mmediately after the first day's use. Owing to the superb quality of our No. M Bzisket Ball, our customers have grown to expect a season's use of one ball, and at times make unreasonable claims under our guarantee, which we will not allow. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. mENTION GIVEN TO ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO US A. G. SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES I fOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK Pricee in effect January 5. 1916. Subject to ch&nge witbeut notice. For Canadian price* see ipeqAl Canadian Catalogua.} STANDARD QUALITY An article that is universally given the appellation "Standard" is thereby conceded to be the Criterion, to which Ar* compared all other things of a similar nature. For instance, the Gold Dollar of the Uni'ted States is the Standard unit ol currency, because it must legally contain a specific proportion of pure gold, and the fact of its being Genuine i* guaranteed by the Government Stamp thereon. As a protection to the users of this currency against counterfeiting and other tricks, considerable money is expended in maintaining a Secret Service Bureau of Elxperts. Under the law, citizen manufacturers must depend to a great extent upon Trade-Marks and similar devices to protect themselves against coun* terfeit products — without the aid of "Government Detectives" or "Public Opinion" to assist them. Consequently the "Consumer's Protection" against misrepresentation and "inferior quality" rests entirely upon th« integrity and responsibility of the "Manufacturer." A. G. Spalding & Bros, have, by their rigorous attention to "Quality," for forty years, caused their Trade-Mark to become known throughout the world as a Guarantee of Quality as dependable' in their field as the U. S. Currency is in its field. The necessity of upholding the guarantee of the Spalding Trade-Mark and maintaining the Standard Quality of their Athletic Goods, is, therefore, as obvious as is the necessity of the Government in maintaining a Standard Currency. Thus each consumer is not only insuring himself but also protecting other consumers when he assists a Reliable Manufacturer in upholding his Trade-Mark and all that it stands for. Therefore, we urge all users of our Athletic Goods to assist us in maintaining the Spalding Standard of Excellence, by insisting that our Trade-Mark be plainly •tamped on all athletic goods which they buy, because without this precaution our best efforts towards' maintaining Standard Quality and preventing fraudulent substitution will be ineffectual. Manufacturers of Standard Articles invariably suffer the reputation of being high-priced, and this sentiment is fostered and emphasized by makers of "inferior goods," with whom low prices are the main consideration. A manufacturer of recognized Standard Goods, with a reputation to uphold and a guarantee to protect, must necea- •arily have higher prices than a manufacturer of cheap goods, whose idea of and basis of a claim for Standard Quality depends principally upon the eloquence of the salesman. ^y9 .^ We know from experience that there is no quicksand more unstable .^f^^,^^^ y^ " ,y^ than poverty in quality— and we avoid this quicksand by Standard Quality. ^^V, J^ t^^*^'^^^*-*^ ^^/^i/^^' STANDARD POLICY A Standard Quality must be inseparably linked to a Standard Policy. Without a definite and Standard Mercantile Policy, it is impossible for a Manufacturer to long maintain a Standard Quality. To market his goods through the jobber, a manufacturer must provide a profit for the jobber as well as for the retail dealer. To meet these conditions of Dual Profits, the manufacturer is obliged to set a proportionately high list price on his goods to the consumer. To enable the glib salesman, when booking his orders, to figure out attractive profits to both the jobber and retailer, ihesc'high list prices are absolutely essential; but their real purpose will have been served when the manufacturer ha» •ecured his order from the jobber, and the jobber has secured his order from the retailer. However, these deceptive high list prices are not fair to the consumer, who does not, and, m reality, is not ever expected to pay these fancy list prices. When the season opens for the sale of such goods, with their misleading but alluring high list prices, the retailer begins to realize his responsibilities, and grapples with the situation as best he can. by offering "special discounts." which vary with local trade conditions. Under this system of merchandising, the profits to both the manufacturer and the Jobber are assured-; but as there is- no stability maintained in the prices to the consumer, the keen competition amongst the local dealers invariably leads to a demoralized cutting of prices by which the profits of the retailer are practically eliminated. This demoralization always reacts on the manufacturer. The jobber insists on lower, and still lower, prices. The manufacturer, in his turn, meets this demand for the lowering of prices by the only way open to him, viz.: the cheapening and degrading of the quality of his product. . , n i i r The foregoing conditions became so intolerable that,'!l 7 years ago, in 1899, A. G. Spalding & Bros, determined to rectify this demoralization in the Athletic Goods Trade, and inaugurated what has since become known as "The Spalding Policy." The "Spalding Policy" eliminates the jobber entirely, so far as Spalding Goods are concerned, and the retail dealer secures the supply of Spalding Athletic Goods direct from the manufacturer by which the retail dealer is assured a fair, legitimate and certain profit on all Spalding Athletic Goods, and the consumer is assured a Standard Quality and is protected from imposition. , . i , . ^.^ t i The "Spalding Policy" is decidedly for the interest and protection of the users of Athletic Goods, and acts m two ways: fery best r«w ^ espective (euoiu, and tlus enable* us to pro- vide the necestary quantity and absolutely maintain the Spalding Standard o£ Quality. All retail dealers handling Spalding Athletic Goods are requested to supply consumers at our regular printed catalogue prices — neither more nor less — the same prices that similar goods are sold for in our New York. Chicago and other stores. All Spalding dealers, as well &s users of Spalding Athletic Goods, are treated exactly alike, and no special rebates or discriminations are allowed to anyone. This, briefly, is the "Spalding Policy," which has already been in successful operation for the past 17 years, and wdi be indefinitely continued. b> other words, "The Spalding Policy" is a "square deal" for everybody. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. LIBRARY ATHLETIC 1/ .-x^ book covers every Athletic Sport and IS Official and Standard Price 10 cents each GRAND PRIZF ms^sm. '^irzs^-^' ST.L0UIS.1904 ^irAJUJLllNG PArTs 1900 ATHLETIC GOODS ARE THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD A.G. Spalding ^ Bros. MAINTAIN WHOLESALE NEW YORK CI RETAIL STO FOLLOWIN MILWAUKEE V DETROIT i>LV> YORK CHICAGO ST. LOUIS BOSTON MILWAUKEE KANSAS CITY PHILADELPHIA DETROIT SAN FRANCISCO NEWARK CINCINNATI LOS ANGELES ALBANY CLEVELAND SEATTIE BUFFALO COLUMBUS SALT LAKE CITY ?ACUSE ROCHESTER INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND BALTIMORE WASHINGTON PITTS BURGH M 1 NNEAPOLI S LONDON. ENGLAND ATLANTA ST PAUL LIVERPOOL. ENGLAND LOUISVILLE DENVER BIRMINGHAM. ENGLAND NEW ORLEANS DALLAS MANCHESTER, ENGLAND MONTREAL. CANADA BRISTOL. ENGLAND » TORONTO, CANADA EDINBURGH. SCOTLAND PARIS, FRANCE NGHAM. ENGLAND NEW ORLEANS DALLAS :HESTER, ENGLAND MONTREAL. CANADA ISTOL. ENGLAND » TORONTO, CANADA DINBURGH. SCOTLAND PARIS, FRANCE GLASGOW. SCOTLAND SYDNEY. AUSTRALIA >ed ana operated Ly A.G.Spa Idmc & Bros, and w^erc c/i of Sna/d,n^s NEW YORK CHICAGO. SABT FRANCfSCO BttOOKMrH BQSXQK PHUADELPHIA CmcOPEE. BIASS, GORDON, ENG.