■ •).,- .,.:■•,,.. • '•' j OUtliNe Serie^. WHHRii ii! i Mil] I ! Hi!! ClassIE>1 Book >Jg CopghtN°_ J.3£3l_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. fy «jn£o Nic Dyrrliacliiiam \* «|MACp NI OUTLINE OF CHURCH HISTORY. BY JOHN F. HURST, D.D. REVISED EDITION. NEW YORK: EATON & MAINS CINCINNATI: JENNINGS & PYE lfl<\0Vi THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Two Copies Received JUL 1 1903 Copyright Entry CLASS CU XXfc. No. COPY B. \ according to Act of Congress, in tbo year 1876, lyf NELSON & PHILLIPS, In the office of the Librarian of Congress at WashinsrUiT. Copyright by Joiia F. Hrr-st 190b PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION. In the present edition of the Outline of Church His- tory, an effort has been made to adapt it more fully to the needs of the student, of the teacher, and of the gen- eral reader, than were the former editions of the work. Some departments have been thoroughly changed. Dates, so far as they can be definitely or approximately known, have been assigned to the tables of the Church Fathers. The chapter in the first edition treating of the latest history of the Church has been canceled, and another, bringing down the history to the present year, has been substituted for it. The Survey op Missions has been entirely re- written, giving the latest progress in the foreign mission fields of the Church. An Index, which was not thought necessary in the first issue of the work, has been found, by the use of the volume, to be a real want, and has been supplied in the new edition. The first summary which we give below, the General Periods of Church History, should be carefully commit- ted to memory, to serve as a framework for the entire structure of Church History. The student will then have in mind a general survey of all the periods, in his- torical order, with exact dates defining the general di- visions. This synopsis is then to be elaborated by the use of the second summary, or Topical Table ; and this, 4: Preface to the New Edition. again, by the body of the work ; and still further by the use of the best standards of Church History, such as Neander, Robertson, Gieseler, Schaff, Milman, and Mosheim, (last edition, London, 1863.) Instead of giv- ing questions, we prefer to leave them to be suggested by the wisdom and care of the teacher, and by the diligence of the student. Nothing but constant repeti- tion can fix the general facts of ecclesiastical history in the memory, and make them available for future service. We earnestly advise the invariable use of maps in con- nection with the History. It is one of the forms of object-teaching which never fails to produce the most gratifying results. The maps which we have given should be kept before the eye as much as may be. The student should draw on paper or the blackboard his own maps, descriptive of countries, of scenes of the- ological controversies, of the progress of evangelization, and of all great religious movements. In drawing a map, one should begin with a mere outline, and then fill up with all the important topographical features of the land. This will be an invaluable aid, both in accuracy and interest, to the study of all the ecclesiastical periods. To him who does it, it will be of more service than his possession of the masterly productions of Keith John- son, Petermann, Spruner, "Wiltzsch, Menke, and, indeed, of all the diagrams, plans, and maps produced by the world's masters in cartography. One learns most, after all, by what he does himself. Dbbw Theological Seminary, Madison, N. J., May 16, 1879, I. GENERAL PERIODS OF CHURCH HISTORY. I. THE ANCIENT PERIOD. A. D. 30-750. Chapter I.— Founding of the Ohurch, and History of the Apostolic Period, to Death of Apostle John. A D. 30-101.. .Pages 11-13 Chapter II. — State of the Church during the Apostolic Period. A.D. 30-101 13-16 Chapter HL— From the Close of the Apostolio Period to the End of the Reign of the Antonines. A. D. 101-180 16-22 Chapter IV. — Period of the Growth of the Persecuted Church, from the Emperor Commodus to Constantino's Edict of Toleration. A D. 180-313 , 22-28 Chapter V. — The Church united with the State — From Constan- tino's Edict of Toleration to the Age of Leo the Great A. D. 313-440 28-31 Chapter VI.— Age of Leo the Great—Supremacy of the Roman Church in the Westr-Oontinuance of Controversies— Mohammed- anism. A D. 440-590 31-34 Chapter VIL— The Age of Gregory the Great — Conflicts between the Church in the East and "West— Decline of the Eastern Church. A D. 590-750 34-39 n. THE MEDIAEVAL PERIOD. A. D. 750-1517. Ohapihb L— Beginning, Progress, and Characteristics of the Dark Ages — Conflicts between the Papacy and the Empire — Hilde- brand. A D. 160-1198 39-42 Chapter H.— The Crusades. A. D. 1096-1272 43-44 Chapter HI. — Reformatory Movements. A D. 1170-1457. . 45-47 6 Outline History of the Church. Chapter IT.-Latter Period of the Dark Ages-The Age of Innc cent and the Councils-Dawn of Reform in the Church. A D 1198-1517 Pages 47-49 HI. THE MODERN PERIOD. A. D. 1517-1880. Chapter I.-The Reformation -Wars of the Papacy and Prot- estantism-From Luther to the Peace of Weatphalia. A D 1517-1648 ' ' Chapter H.-From the Peace of Weatphal'ia 'to'the We 8 ie y an 49 Ee 8 vwal-The Period of Eeligioua Indifference and Awakenin K A. D. 1648-1739 K ' Chapter Ill.-Skepticism and Reaction -The' European' Cnur" from the Wesleyan Revival to the Present Time. A. D H39-1880 Chapter IV.-The Chnrch in the United Statea-Chri'stianiivtato! nection with Republican Institutions. A. D. 1607-1880 70 76 Chapter T._Most Recent Evente in the History of the' Church A. D. 1880 Chapter VI.-General Survey of Missions.' A.' D.' 1880 ... .' ' " 80^96 Chapter YII.-Religious Statistics of the World. A. D. 1880. . 96-101 «♦•♦ — II. TOPICAL TABLE OF CHURCH HISTORY. I. THE ANCIENT PERIOD. A. D. 30-750. Chapter I.-Founding of the Church, and History of the Apostolic Period, to Death of Apostle John. B. C. 30-101.-1. The Church -Definition, Spiritual Endowment, Organization, and First Per- secution ; 2. Missionary Journeys of Paul n 13 Chapter H.-State of the Church during the' Apostolic' Period. A. D. 30-101.-1. Christian Life and Worship; 2. Propagation Outline History of the Church. 7 of the Gospel ; 3. Controversies ; 4. Heretical Sects ; 5. Apolo- gies — Table of Apologists Pages 13-16 Chapter III.— From the Close of the Apostolic Period to the End of the Reign of the Antonines. A. D. 101-180.— 1. Growth of the Church and Persecution of Christians ; 2. The Collection of the Canon; 3. Milder Measures — Renewal of Hostility; 4. Visita- tion of Martyrs 1 Graves — Intercommunion 16-22 Chapter IY. — Period of the Growth of the Persecuted Church, from the Emperor Commodus to Constantino's Edict of Toleration. A. D. 180-313. — 1. Christianity and Paganism in Final Conflict; 2. Interpretation of the Scriptures — Theological Instruction; 3. The Decian Persecution ; 4. Rise of Monasticism ; 5. The Sa- bellians; 6. The Lapsed. I. Table of Persecutions and Intervals of Peace, n. Church Fathers, to the Council of Nice. III. Her- esies and Sects of the First Three Centuries 22-28 Chapter V. — The Church United with the State — From Constantino's Edict of Toleration to the Age of Leo the Great. A. D. 313-440. — 1. Toleration of Christianity; 2. Rise of Arianism; 3. The Nicene Council; 4. Spread of Christianity — The Empire and Christianity; 6. Monasticism; 7. Julian and Jovian; 8. Arianism — the Roman See; 9. Religious Life ; 10. Creeds; 11. Pelagian- ism— Abuses 28-31 Chapter VI. — Age of Leo the Great — Supremacy of the Roman Church in the West — Continuance of Controversies — Moham- medanism. A. D. 440-590. — 1. Leo the Great — Controversy on the Nature of Christ ; 2. Capture of Rome ; 3. Downfall of the Western Roman Empire; 4. Eastern Empire — The Franks; 6. Clerical Celibacy — Councils; 6. Mohammedanism; Roman Emperors 31-34 Chapter VII. — The Age of Gregory the Great — Conflicts between the Church in the East and West — Decline of the Eastern Church. A. D. 590-750.— 1. Gregory the Great; 2. Monothelite Contro- versy ; 3. Spread of the Gospel 34-39 8 Outline History of the Church. H. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. A.D. 700-1517. Ohaptbb I. — Beginning, Progress, and Characteristics of the Dark Ages — Conflicts between the Papacy and the Empire— Hilde- brand. A. D. 750-1198.— 1. The Middle Ages ; 2. Pepin; 3. Reig3 of Charlemagne; 4. Controversies; 5. Alfred the Great; 6. Ruric — Schism between East and West ; 7. Spread of the Gospel — Cor- ruptions ; 8. Papal Pretensions ; 9. Norman Conquest ; 10. Hilde- brand ; 11. Henry IV. ; 12. Wealth of the Church . . .Pages 39-42 Chapter II.— The Crusades. A. D. 1096-1272.— 1. Cause of the Cru- sades ; 2. Order of Crusades ; 3. Benefits of the Crusades . . 43, 44 Chapter III. — Reformatory Movements. A. D. 1170-1457. — 1. Ar- nold of Brescia ; 2. The Waldenses; 3. The Cathari and Albi- genses ; 4. Wicklif and the First English Reformers ; 5. Huss and his Followers; 6. Moravian Brethren; 7. The Mystics; 8. Savo- narola and his Politico-Religious Reform 45-47 Chapter IY. — Latter Period of the Dark Ages— The Age of Inno- cent and the Councils — Dawn of Reform in the Church. A. D. 1198-1517. — 1. Mendicant Orders ; 2. Beginning of the Inquisi- tion ; 3. Scholasticism ; 4. Thomists and Scotists ; 5. Climax of the Papacy — Schism; 6. Councils 47-49 IIL THE MODERN PERIOD. A.D. 1517-1875. Chapter L — The Reformation — Wars of the Papacy and Protestant- ism — From Luther to the Peace of Westphalia. A. D. 1617- 1648.— 1. The Reformation— Causes— Luther ; 2. German Re- formers ; 3. Swiss Reformers ; 4. Extension of the Reformation ; 5. Order of Jesuits ; 6. The English Reformation ; 7. English Re- formers; 8. The Puritans ; 9. Arminius — Synod of Dort; 10. Per- secution of the Huguenots ; 11. Self-Defense of Rome ; 12. Thirty Years' War 49-58 Chapter II. — From the Peace of Westphalia to the Wesleyan Reviv- al — The Period of Religious Indifference and Awakening. A. D. Outline Histoby of the Chuboh. 9 1648-1739.— 1. Pietism; 2. English Deism; 3. Beplies to th* Deists; 4. Swedenborgianism ; 5. Missions to Foreign Countries ; 6. Moravianism ; 7. "Wesley and English Methodism 58-61 Ohaptee HE. — Skepticism and Beaction — The European Church from the ^Vesleyan Bevival to the Present Time. A. D. 1739-1880.— f . German Bationalism ; 2. Beplies to the Bationalists ; 3. State Church of Prussia ; 4. The Irvingites ; 5. The Tractarian Move- ment ; 6. Evangelical Alliance ; 7. Later History of Roman Cath- olicism; 8. The Old Catholics; 9. Franco-German War.. . 61-69 Ohapteb IY. — The Church in the United States — Christianity in Connection with Bepublican Institutions. A.D. 1607-1880.— 1. Beligious Character of American Colonization; 2. Periods ol American Church History ; 3. The Virginia Colony — Protestant Episcopal Church; 4. Reformed Episcopal Church; 5. The Puri- tans in America— Congregationalism ; 6. Reformed Church 7. The Baptists ; 8. German Reformed Church ; 9. The Lutheran Church; 10. The Presbyterians; 11. The Methodists in Amer- ica, — General Summary of Methodists in 1874; 12. Roman Cath- olios 70-75 Chapter V. — More recent Events in the History of the Church. A. D. 1880. — 1. Union and Fraternity ; 2. Roman Catholicism ; 3. Bitu- alism ; 4. Premillennial Coming of Christ; 5. Church Trials; 6. Sun- day-School Instruction; 7. Bible Be vision ; 8. Berivals; 9. At- tacks on and Defense of Evangelical Truth ; 10. Present Condi- tion and Outlook of the Protestant Church in America. . . . 75-80 Chapteb VI. — General Survey of Missions. A. D. 1880.— 1. Early Protestant Missions; 2. Great Societies; 3. Zeal for Missions; 4. Besults; 6. Missions in Asia; 6. Christians in Turkey; 7. Af- rican Missions ; 8. Europe and America ; 9. Missions to Jews ; 10. Statistics ; 11. Missionary Literature 80-96 Chapter VIL— Beligious Statistics of the World. A. D. 1880.— L Gen- eral Creeds ; H. General Statistics of Christianity ; HI. Special Statistics — America ; Europe ; Asia ; Africa ; Australia, IV. De- nominational Statistics of the United States 96 101 OUTLINE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH. PART I. THE ANCIENT PERIOD. A. D. 30-750. CHAPTER I FOUNDING OF THE CHURCH, AND HISTORY OF THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD, TO THE DEATH OF THE APOSTLE JOHN. A. D. 30-101. 1. The Church :— Definition, Spiritual Endowment, Or- ganization, and First Persecution. — The Christian Church is that body of believers who have been baptized in the name of Christ, who fully accept his doctrines, and who strive in good faith to live in harmony with them. The history of the Church is the record of the career of God's people, who have been in the main progressive, notwithstanding occasional unfaithfulness, abnormal developments, and the opposition of enemies. The Church, in its broadest sense, consists of true believers of all ages ; but the Christian Church was established by Christ himself, and consists only of his followers. Descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost; conversion a. d. of 3,000 souls; daily increase of membership; the 30. numbers soon became 5,000; the Gospel, however, confined to Jerusalem. Great persecution at Jerusalem ; death of Ste- phen, the first martyr ; dispersion of the disciples throughout Judea, Samaria, Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Syria. Conversion of Saul of Tarsus on his way to persecute A. d. the Christians in Damascus. Residence of three years 37. in Arabia ; long intervals probably passed in Damascus. Con* 12 Outline Histoey of the Church. secration of Barnabas and Paul by the Holy Ghost to be apos- tles to the Gentiles, or the nations. 2. Missionary Journeys of Paul — (1.) Pibst Missionary Journey op Paul. — He visited Seleucia, Island of Cyprus, A. d. Perga, Antioch in Asia Minor, Iconium, Lystra, 45-46. Derbe, and returned to Antioch in Syria by way of Lystra, Iconium, Antioch in Asia Minor, Perga, Attalia. He then attended the assembly at Jerusalem. a. d. (2.) Second Missionary Journey op Paul. — He 49-53. went through Syria, Cilicia, Phrygia, and Galatia. In obedience to a Divine call, when at Alexandria Troas, he crossed the iEgean Sea to Neapolis, whence he proceeded at once to Philippi. He here met with his first success on the continent of Europe. Conversion of Lydia. Paul then went through Amphipolis and Apollonia to Thessalonica, Berea, and Athens. He preached on Mars' Hill, and then went to Corinth, where he remained eighteen months. He afterward proceeded to Ephesus, and returned to Jerusalem by way of Caesarea. a. d. (3.) Third Missionary Journey op Paul. — He 54-5§. visited the Churches in Galatia, Phrygia, and Ephe- sus, and journeyed through Macedonia and Illyricum. He then went by way of Assos, Mitylene, Chios, Samos, Trogyl- lium, Miletus, Coos, Rhodes, Patara, Cyprus, Tyre, PJole- mais, and Caesarea to Jerusalem. This was his fifth visit to Jerusalem. Arrest in the temple, and appeal to Caesar, A. d. Imprisonment in Caesarea. 5§-60. Paul taken on board a ship bound for Rome, in the custody of a centurion. The vessel to which he was trans- ferred at Myra was wrecked at Malta, where he remained three months. He afterward set sail again, and landed at Puteoli, from which place he proceeded on foot toward Rome. a. d. Paul remained a prisoner in Rome two years, after 61-63. which he was liberated. He then visited Crete, Macedonia, Corinth, Nicopolis, and Dalmatia; was arrested in Asia, and again brought to Rome a prisoner. A. d. Burning of the city of Rome by the Emperor Nero. 64. Commencement of the first persecution of Christians Outline History of the Church. 13 by Nero ; it lasted four years, and probably extended to the provinces. A popular rumor charged Nero with the burning of Borne, in order that he might rebuild it with greater magnificence. To repress the current rumor, the historian Tacitus declares that Nero took measures to have the Christians accused of the crime. He persecuted them with fearful violence. Many were crucified ; many were clothed in skins of wild beasts, that they might be torn to gieces by dogs; others, besmeared with combustible materials, were set up i Nero's garden and burned, to give light for the chariot races, in which the emperor took an active part as a common charioteer. Seneca, the last of the Stoic philosophers, in one of his epistles, describes the persecution thus : " Im- agine here a prison, crosses, and racks, and the hook, and a stake thrust through the body and coming out at the mouth, and the limbs torn by chariots pulling adverse ways, and that coat besmeared and interwoven with inflammable ma- terials, nutriment for fire, and whatever else in addition to these that cruelty has invented." — Epistle 14 Beginning of the Jewish war, when the Christians in a. d. Jerusalem withdrew to Pella. Destruction of Jerusa- 66. salem under Titus; 1,100,000 Jews slain, and 90,000 a. d. sold into captivity. 70. The Persecution under Domitian. Banishment of a. d. John the Evangelist to Patmos, where he wrote the 95-96. Apocalypse. About this year John wrote his Gospel, a. d. thus completing the scriptural canon. Death of John. 101. CHAPTER II. STATE OF THE CHURCH DURING THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD. A. D. 30-101. 1. Christian Life and Worship. — There were frequent assemblies of Christians, both by day and night. Property was held in common. There was great simplicity a. d. of worship, and the Lord's Supper was adminis- 30-101. tered at the close of the service. Agapce, or feasts of love, were celebrated at all the meetings. The Scriptures were read and' expounded, and psalms and hymns sung. There being no churches, the private houses were the places of meeting. Each flock had its pastor and deacon. The first day of the week was regarded as holy, in remembrance of the resurrection ; the Jewish Sabbath still observed, but not universally. Fasts occurred on Wednesdays and Fridays every week, and annually before the paschal festival ; dura- 14 Outline History of the Church. tion of fasts and mode of observing them varied in different places. 2. Propagation of the Gospel. — There was remarkable zeal in the dissemination of Christian truth. The example was set by the apostles themselves, but each Christian considered it his duty to desseminate the knowledge of Christianity when- ever possible. The entire Church communicated the Gospel. The principal Churches were at Jerusalem, Antioch, Rome, and Alexandria. But there were also vigorous societies at Ephe- sus, Colosse, Laodicea, Thessalonica, Philippi, Corinth, Smyrna, Sardis, and on the island of Crete. The Gospel was confined to the middle and lower classes. The great commerce in the Mediterranean, and the fine military roads throughout the Roman Empire, were very favorable to the extension of Christianity and the intercommunion of Christians. Letters, sometimes personal, but often circular, were largely made use of, and were of great influence in strengthening and unit- ing the societies needing special care. Copies of the Script- ures were circulated as widely as was possible in an age prior to the invention of the art of printing. 3. Controversies.— From frequent allusions, even in Paul's Epistles, we learn that the early Church, during the period of its greatest simplicity and purity, was not without disturb- ing members. Judaizing teachers, or " false apostles," were the authors of the first controversies. Antioch was the scene of the earliest disturbance, but dissension was produced in other sections notwithstanding Paul's explicit declarations and the decision of the Council at Jerusalem. Chief subjects of debate : Necessity of imposing the Mosaic Law upon the new converts from heathenism; doctrine of justification; covenant of Abraham ; use of meats offered to idols ; apostle- ship of Paul. 4. Heretical Sects.— Even during the first century of the Christian Church there were certain sects who strove to ac- commodate Christianity to Oriental and Pagan philosophy. These continued in force about two centuries, and proved a great trial to the primitive Church, The most important of them were the Gnostics. Gnosticism was a combination of Oriental and Platonic philosophy with Judaism, together Outline History of the Church. 15 mth some Christian elements. Christ was not accepted as divine, but only as an emanation of Deity. This heresy, though it arose some time before John's death, did not cul-» minate until much later. Saturninus, one of the leading Gnostics, held that creation was accomplished by seven angels; that the Saviour was man in appearance only; that celibacy and asceticism are obligatory; and that the Old Testament is of minor value. Basilides claimed that the world was created by an order of angels ; that there are two souls in man ; that Christ's soul did not suffer, only his body, the outward man; and that the Old Testament should be rejected. Carpocrates and his son Epiphanes maintained that there is no difference between right and wrong ; and that Jesus elevated himself to purity, not that he was pure originally. Valentinus went from Alexandria to Rome, and founded a Judaico-Gnostic school or sect. He held that God is a com- pound being ; Jesus was a man, on whom Christ descended ; the Holy Ghost is a divine attribute ; and there is no resurrec- tion. Cerdon taught that there are two principles and two Gods — one good and unknown, the father of Jesus, the other the creator, evil and known; Jesus was not born of Mary, and was flesh in appearance only ; the Old Testament and resurrection should be rejected. Marcion believed in two eternal principles — the one God, good and spiritual, the other material and evil. The Ophites were an anti-Jewish Gnostic sect, without admixture of Christian doctrine. They continued to the sixth century. There were various sects in addition to the Gnostics. . The chief Judaizing sects were the Nazarenes, Nicolaitans, Ebion- ites, and Cerinthians. The Montanists, from Montanus, who believed that the Holy Spirit made special revelations to him, pretended to an extraordinary degree of spiritual illumina- tion and power; they were ascetical, encouraged celibacy, and were pharisaical in their self -righteousness. For table of heresies of the first three centuries, see pp. 27, 28. 5. Apologies. — The early Christian teachers adopted vig- orous measures to meet the objections to Christianity, and to reply to its foes. They wrote defenses, or, as they were called, apologies. The first was written in the second century. 16 Outline History of the Church TABLE OP APOLOGISTS. Quadratus. Athenagoras. Aristides. Miltiades. Justin Martyr. Theophilus, (of Antioeh.) Melito, (of Sardis.) Tatian. Claudius Apollinaris. Hermias. CHAPTER III. FROM THE CLOSE OF THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD TO THE END OB THE REIGN OP THE ANTONINES. A. D. 101-180. 1. Growth of the Church and Persecution of Christians — The third persecution, under the Emperor Trajan. He a. d. enacted penal laws against the Christians. His was 107. the first legal decree of a Roman Emperor against Christianity. Pliny the Younger, governor of Bithynia, aided in the persecution of the Chris- tians, chiefly because they refused to assist in sacrificing to the gods, and in other heathen practices ; but he found them to be so numerous that he was appalled at the prospect of suppressing their faith, and wrote a celebrated letter to Traian, asking for advice. He said that he had not discovered any wicked- ness that the Christians were guilty of, nor any thing done by them contrary to the laws; only that, rising early, they sang a hymn to Christ; that they condemned adultery, murder, and all such crimes ; and that they acted in &li things according to the laws. Trajan replied that the Christians should not be sought for, but if any were brought before Pliny they should be punished. The letter of Pliny is a remarkable testimony to the great numbers and pure life of the Christians. a. d. Martyrdom of Ignatius at Rome. He wrote epistles 115. from Smyrna to the Ephesians, Trallians, Magnesians, Romans, and from Troas to the Smyrnaeans, Philadelphians, and to Polycarp. Trajan pronounced sentence on him. a. d. Accession of Adrian to the throne. His reign is 117. regarded as the period of the fourth persecution. No general persecution, however ; though there were oppressive measures at Rome. The pagan mobs frequently made attacks on the Christians. Adrian ordered that they should not be arrested on mere rumor. 2. The Collection of the Canon. — Great attention was paid during the second century to the collecting of the sacred books into a canon. Most of the books of the New Testa- Outline History of the Church. 21 ment were received in the Church as the rule of faith. Trans- lations made, especially into Syriac and Latin. 3. Milder Measures.— Renewal of Hostility. a. d. — Reign of Antoninus Pius, distinguished by mild 13§-161. measures toward the Christians. They were persecuted, however, by subordinate officers and excited mobs. Public Calamities, such as earthquakes in Asia Minor, a famine, the overflowing of the Tiber, and great fires in Rome, Antioch, and Corinth, were attiibuted to them, and hence the popular f ury against them. Celsus wrote his book against the Christian religion. The emperor issued an order confirmatory of Adrian's, that no one should be persecuted for being a Christian unless charged with some offense. Polycarp visited Rome. Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus to A. d. the throne. Under Marcus Aurelius, "the philos- 161. opher," the Christians were subject to severe persecution. This may be called the fifth persecution. Lardner's three reasons for the hostility of Marcus Aurelius to Christianity : 1. The Christians not only refused to join in the common worship of the heathen deities, bat were free in their reflections on the philosophers. 2. They outdid the Stoics themselves in patience under all kinds of suffering. 8. The emperor was a bigot in religion and philosophy. Still, Christians were made eligible to public offices under certain restrictions. Martyrdom of Justin Martyr. A. D. 165. Martyrdom of Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna. a. d. 167. Polycarp had been a disciple of John the Apostle, and was nearly ninety years old. Every effort was made to make him renounce his faith. While in the amphitheater, expecting execution, the pro-consul, Quadratus, said, " Swear and I will release thee— reproach Christ 1 " But Polycarp replied, " Eighty and six years do I serve him, and never hath he injured me ; and how can I blaspheme my King and Saviour ? " "I have wild beasts," said the persecutor. " Call them," replied the hero ; " I cannot change from good to evil ; it is good to change from sin to righteousness." " 1 will cause thee to be devoured by fire," continued Quadratus, " since thou despisest the beasts." Polycarp responded, " Thou threatenest the fire which burneth but for a time and is then extin- guished, for thou knowest not the fire of future judgment and of eternal pun- ishment reserved for the wicked. But why tarriest thou ? Bring what thou wilt!" He died in the midst of the flames, thanking God for the honor of sealing his faith by his blood. 4. Visitation of Martyrs' Graves.— Intercoinnranion — A custom arose among Christians to commemorate the death of martyrs by meeting at their graves on the anniversaries of their death, and holding Divine worship, celebrating the Lord's Supper, and taking collections for the poor. Many Christians in Asia Minor removed to Gaul, (France,) and formed that remarkable bond of unity between the 2 22 Outline History of the Church. Church in these two countries. A fraternal letter of the Chris- tians in France, written during a period of great persecution to their brethren in Asia Minor, has come down to our times through Eusebius. Some regard it as the work of Irenaeus. During this persecution in Prance only Eoman citizens were granted death by the sword, while the rest were torn to pieces by wild beasts. The bodies were mutilated and then burned, and the ashes thrown into the Ehone. A certain Syin- porian was beheaded for refusing to fall before the car of the idol Cybele. Hia mother cried as he went to execution, " My son, my son, be steadfast; look up to Him who dwells In heaven. To-day thy life is not taken from thee but raised to a better." A. d. Bardesanes, after writing in defense of Christianity, 170. went over to the Valentinians, and became the fore- runner of Manichaeism. Controversy concerning the time of keeping Easter, or the paschal feast ; the Church in the West contending that the observance should be on Sunday, or day of resurrection, and the East that it should be on Friday, or the passover. Evidence of the practice of infant baptism in the Church. CHAPTER IV. PERIOD OP THE GROWTH OP THE PERSECUTED CHURCH, PROM THE EMPEROR COMMODUS TO CONSTANTINE'S EDICT OP TOL- ERATION. A. D. 180-313. 1. Christianity and Paganism in Final Conflict.— This was the closing period of the persecuted Church. The oppos- ing forces were massed, and every effort made to frustrate the new religion. Martyrdoms frequent, and of the most cruel character. Forms of conflict of the Church : 1. "With Greek and Roman heathenism. 2. With civil power. 3. With the popular faith. 4. With the philosophic culture of the times. But the progress of the Gospel was all the more rapid, though less noticeable by the public. Diffusion of Christian- ity through the whole Roman Empire, beyond its boundaries in Asia, and far into the north of Europe, through the irrup- tions of the German barbaric tribes into the Empire The Gospel preached in Ethiopia by Pantsen ns. Outline History of the Church. 98 Commodus on the Eoman throne. During his reign, a. d. from A. D. 180-193, the persecution of the Christians 180. was less intense, the emperor caring but little for the national, or any other, religion. Beginning of important differences between the Church in the East and that in the West. Increase in the number of Church officers, and in the ascendancy of the hierarchical aris- tocracy. Clement the head of the catechetical school in Alexandria. Septimius Severus, emperor. Christians but little A. d. persecuted during the first six years of his reign. 193. Afterward, A. D. 201, he instituted a general persecution, which was especially severe. He forbade his- subjects from adopting either the Jewish or Christian religion. Martyrdom of Perpetua and Felicitas, the former a noble lady, the latter a slave, but both sharing a common prison and death in the bonds of Christian love. The aged father of Perpetua tried to dissuade her from her faith, but neither he nor the love she bore her infant child could make her renounce it. Pointing to a vessel that lay on the ground, she said to her father, " Can I call this vessel what it is not ? " " No ! " he answered. " Neither," she replied, " can I call myself any thing but a Christian." Her child was torn from her, and she was cast into a dungeon, which, she said, "became a palace." When she and Felicitas were brought out into the amphitheater they were torn to pieces by the wild beast9, but embraced each other in the " mutual kiss of Christian love " just before their spirits departed. 2. Interpretation of the Scriptures.— Theological In- struction. — The earliest commentators on the Scriptures lived during this period, and were Pantamus and Clement of Alexandria. Church of Carthage became very prominent; Tertullian stood at the head of it. There arose at Alexandria an important school of philosophy, which strove to separate truth from error in the Gnostic system. It fell into error it- self. Origen became the head of the catechetical school at Alexandria. The allegorical mode of interpretation prevailed there. Neoplatonism in opposition to Christianity. It spirit- ualized Greek and Oriental mythology, and applied it to Christianity ; it would substitute, however, intellectual intui- tions for both Christianity and paganism. Ammonius Saccas was one of its chief teachers. He is believed to have aban- doned Christianity at last. Plotinus his greatest disciple Death of Severus ; Caracalla and Geta, brothers, a. d. ioint emperors; the latter put to death by the former. 211. General toleration granted the Christians, but persecution in 24 Outline History of the Church. certain localities. Massacre at Alexandria. Heliogabalus, 3mperor in 218, attempted to establish the worship of the sun throughout the empire; offered no molestation to the Christians in particular. Alexander Severus, emperor A. D. 222-235, favored Christianity, though the Christians were persecuted by some of his officers in certain localities. He placed a statue of Christ among his household gods. Fasting became more common, and greater value attached to it. First traces of churches, or distinct buildings, for Christian worship. Church councils grew in importance — not only bishops, but ministers, and even laymen, were members. A. D. Maxi minus, who murdered his predecessor, emperor. 235. He inaugurated a partial persecution, aimed chiefly at the heads of the Church. Pontus and Cappadocia were the principal scenes of the persecution. The emperor put to death the bishops who had been friendly to his predecessor. There was universal peace in the Church under Gordian, emperor in 238. Succeeded by Philip the Arabian, 244. Important travels and writings of Origen. First traces of the Eoman Catholic doctrine of purgatory, Origen teaohlng, in harmony with the views of Plato, that the souls of all good men win pass through purgatorial fire. 3. The Decian Persecution. — Decius became emperor, and commenced one of the two most barbarous of all the per- secutions. It extended throughout the Roman Empire. There was an imperial edict for the restoration of the State religion, while torture, banishment, and confiscation were the punishments inflicted on Christians. Bishops were put to death, and among the number was Fabianus, Bishop of Rome. Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, and Babylas, Bishop of Anti- och, died in prison. The most cruel measures were adopted. "The sword, the fire, wild beasts, hooks of steel, the wheel, red-hot iron chains, and whatever else would inflict pain, were brought into requisition." A rebellion in Mace donia and a Gothic war diverted the attention of Decius from the Christians. He died in battle against the Goths, A. D. 251. 4. Rise of Monasticism.— Paul the Hermit, of Thebes, and other Christians, withdrew to the deserts of Egypt and Outline History of the Church. 25 other retired places to avoid the persecution. Beginning of a great pestilence, which lasted fifteen years. Decius was succeeded by Gallus, who in turn was suc- ceeded by Valerian. The latter aimed to destroy Christianity by putting to death its leaders. In the fourth year of hia reign he issued an edict : " Let bishops, presbyters, and dea- cons at once be put to death." The aged Cyprian suffered martyrdom for refusing to sacrifice to idols. Many Christians sent to the mines. Gallienus, emperor. He restored to the Christians a. d. their burial grounds and property, and protected them 259. in their worship. Under him Christianity was first recognized by the State as a lawful religion. He was succeeded by Au- relian, a plebeian fire- worshiper, in 270. He was unfriendly to Christianity, but recognized the favorable edict of his prede- cessor. Murdered in 275. 5. The Sabellians.— They denied the personality of the Son and Holy Ghost ; God is man's redeemer and sanctifier ; divinity of the Father resides in the Son, who had no separate existence before his appearance on earth. The sect existed at Rome and Alexandria until the fourth century. 6. The Lapsed.— The Christians who did not withstand the persecution were called by various names. Those who, to save becoming martyrs, sacrificed at pagan altars, were called * * Sacrificati ; " those who burned incense in pagan worship, " Thurificati ; " and those who obtained from the pagan authorities a certificate, libellum, "Libellatici." There were intense agitation and discussion among Christians as to the proper mode of treating the lapsed. Some favored sever- ity, others lenity. The Novatian schism at Rome grew out of this question. Novatus was lax at Carthage, but was de- feated within the Church. Diocletian, emperor; Maximian taken as colleague. A. d. The persecution under him was the last, most violent, 2§4. and most wide-spread. He ordered that all Bibles should be burned, all Christian churches be pulled down, and all Chris- tians be deprived of rank and honor. A Christian of noble rank tore the proclamation to pieces, but was roasted for his act. All were tortured who refused to sacrifice to idols. Of 26 Outline History of the Church. all the Roman Empire, only Gaul, Britain, and Spain, which were ruled by Constantius Chlorus, escaped persecution. A. D. Constantius, emperor. Born in Dacia, 274; his 306. father, Constantius Chlorus, (the Sallow,) and his mother, Helena daughter of an innkeeper. He fought his way to the throne by patience and bravery in the wars in Egypt and Persia. Proclaimed emperor by the soldiers in Britain. In 308 there were six emperors dividing the Roman dominion. Finally the number was reduced to two, Con- fetantine in the East, and Licinius in the West. When Constantine was engaged in war with a rival emperor, Maxentius, he is said by the writers of the time to have seen the vision of a cross hnng in the sky, inscribed with the words, in the Greek language, " In this Conquer I " He gained the great victory of the Ked Eocks immediately afterward. The incident of the vision led him to accept Christianity, and ever afterward he carried the cross at the head of his troops. Table of Persecutions and Intervals of Peace. a.d. 64-68. Persecution under Nero. Martyrdom of Paul. 68-95. Interval of peace. 95-96. Persecution under Domitian. Banishment of John to Patmos. 96-104. Interval of peace. 104-117. Persecution under Trajan. Martyrdom of Ignatius. 117-161. Interval of peace. 161-180. Persecution under Marcus Aurelius. Martyrdom of Poly- carp. 180-200. Interval of peace. 200-211. Persecution under Severus. 211-250. Interval of peace, excepting 235-237, wheD there was a partial persecution under Maximums. 250-253. Persecution under Decius. 253-257. Interval of peace. 257-260, Persecution under Valerian, with intervals of peace. 260-30? Interval of peace, excepting 262, persecution in the East under Macrianus ; 275, persecution threatened under Au- relian. 303-313, Persecution under Diocletian, Galerius, and Maximums. II. Church Fathers, to the Council of Nice. The term " Father " is applied to those early Christian writers who were regarded in their day as authorities in doc- trine and practice, and in whose writings we find the history, Outline History of the Church. 27 doctrines and traditions of the early Church. They are as follows : APOSTOLICAL FATHERS. Barnabas, died about A. D. 57 Hennas, died about A. D. 150 Clemens, " 100 Polycarp, " 167 Ignatius, u 117 CHURCH FATHERS. Dionysius, died about A. D. 100 Tertullian, died about A. D. 220 Hermias, " 150 Minutius Felix, " 225 Justin Martyr, " 167 Origen, " 254 Tatian, " 176 Cyprian, " 258 Hegesippus, " 180 Dionysius of Alexandria, " 265 Theophilus, 14 182 Gregory Thaumaturgus, " 270 Athenagoras, " 190 Yictorinus, " 303 Irenaeus, " 202 Arnobius, " 326 Hippolytus, " 210 Lactantius, " 330 Clemens of Alexandria, 220 HL Heresies and Sects of the Flrst Three Centuries. FIRST CENTURY. Judaizing. Nazarenes. Ebionites. Nicolaitans. Gnostic, (Asiatic.) Simonians, (Simon Magus.) Menandrians. Corinthians, Docetse. Saturninus. Bardesanes. SECOND CENTURY. The Syrian Gnostics. Tatian. Severus. Cerdo. Marcion. The Asiatic Gnostics. Lucian, (or Lucan.) Apelles. Egyptian, or Alexandrian Gnostics. Valentinus. Ptolemaeus. Basilides. Secundus. Carpocrates. Marcus. Heracleon. Colobarsua. Sethians. Lesser Gnostic Sects. Cainites. Ophites, 28 Outline History of the Church. Non-Oriental Heresies. Praxeas, and Patripassians. Millenarii, or Chiliasta Theodotus. Hermogenes. Artemon. Montanus. Prodicus. Elxai, or Elcesaitae, Antitecti. Helcesaitae. Alogians. # THIKD CENTURY. Heresies. Novatian, (Novatians.) Nepos. Novatus. Paul of Samosata, (Paul Beryllus. ianists.) Noetus. Manichaeans. Sabellius, (Patripassian.) Hierax, (Hieracites.) Schisms. Felicissimus. Novatus. Controversies. On the Lapsed. On Heretical Baptism. CHAPTER V. ZHE CHURCH UNITED WITH THE STATE. — FROM CONSTANTINE'S EDICT OP TOLERATION TO THE AGE OP LEO THE GREAT. A. D. 313-440. 1. Toleration of Christianity. — Constantine and Licinins published an edict in favor of the full toleration of Christians. a., d. In the following year the emperors engaged in war 31 3. with each other, when Licinius made peace on dis- advantageous terms. He persecuted the Christians in the East, and defended paganism. 2. Rise of Arianism. — Arius, the founder of Arianism, held that Christ was created, and was not of the same sub- stance as the Father. He claimed that there was a time when Christ did not exist. Excommunication of Arius. Arianism at its height, and extended to the West, in the middle of the fourth century. 3. The Nicene Council. — This was the first general council Outline History of the Church. 29 of the Church, and was convened by Constantine, who was present in person. It was called chiefly to settle the a. d. Arian controversy. The doctrines of Arius were con- 325. demned as heretical, principally through the influence of Athanasius, a talented young deacon of Alexandria, 4. Spread of Christianity. — Constantine sole emperor; *aws against paganism ; all Christians protected in their rights. One half of the Roman Empire in favor of Christianity. Many heatlien temples converted into churches. About one thousand bishops in the Eastern Church, and eight hundred in the Western. Great increase in religious ceremonies. Con- stantinople made the imperial residence. The clergy ex- empted from share in civil burdens. Arius restored as presbyter to Alexandria by Constantine. 5. The Empire and Christianity.— Death of Con- a. d. stantine; was baptized shortly before his death; 337. buried in the Church of the Apostles at Constantinople. Constantine II. and Constans, emperors in the West ; Con- stantius emperor in the East. Athanasius restored by Con- stans. Union between Church and State more intimate. The emperors convened and presided over the councils ; con- firmed their decrees ; enacted ecclesiastical laws themselves ; decided concerning heresies and controversies; appointed bishops ; inflicted ecclesiastical punishment. 6. Monasticism. — Great increase of monasticism, though it spread much sooner and more rapidly in the East than the West. The monks divided into anchorites and coenobites. Nuns in Egypt. Death of Anthony, (the Great,) a celebrated promoter of monasticism. 7. Julian and Jovian. — Coronation of Julian the a. d. Apostate. He renounced the Christian faith ; openly 361. endeavored to establish paganism ; wrote against Christian- ity : forbade Christians to teach the liberal arts and sciences ; commanded the Christian sects to be tolerant of each other ; took away the immunities from Christians. Succeeded by Jovian. Universal toleration under Valentinian I. in the West. Heathen superstition generally renounced by the educated classes. Adherents of the ancient faith now for the first time styled Pagani, or Pagans. SO Outline History of tee Church. 8. Arianism.— The Roman See.— Reign of Theodosius L the Great, A. D. 379-395. Decline and fall of Arianism. a. d. The tenets maintained among barbarians — Vandals, 379. Goths, Lombards — until middle of seventh century. Choral singing introduced by Ambrose. Latin translation of the Scriptures improved. Extension of the power of the Roman See. Doctrine of purgatory taught at beginning of fifth century, Augustine thinking Origen's view of the purification of souls by fire between death and the judgment in all probability correct. Extensive conversion of the Gauls ; great spread of the Gospel in Germany. 9. Religious Life. — During this period the religious life of the Christians was, for the most part, pure and fervent. The effect of the persecutions had been salutary in promoting in- trospection and zeal, but the transition of Christianity to a State religion was calculated to give to religion, later, more of an external and secular character. The heresies caused the withdrawal of many who were cold and wayward. As a specimen of the conversions of the time, we give a Church Father's personal experience, in his own expressive language : " It appeared to me ex- tremely hard to be born again to a new life, and to become another man, stiU keeping the same body. How can one at once get rid of rooted and hardened habits, which arise either from nature itself, or from long custom ? . . . I often held converse thus with myself; but when tbe life-giving water had washed away the sins of my past life, and my cleansed heart had received light from on high and the heavenly Spirit, I was amazed how my doubts vanished away ; all was open, all was clear, and I found easy what appeared to me impossible ; namely, to acknowledge that whatsoever is born according to the flesh, and Uvea in crime, is of the earth ; and that whatsoever is enlivened by the Iloly Spirit cometh from God." — Ctpbian's Narrative of my Experience. 10. Creeds. — The Apostles' Creed was the baptismal creed in the Roman and Italian Churches. The Mcene Creed was adopted by the universal Church, and was introduced, with the service of the eucharist, in the fifth and sixth centuries. Each Church possessed, and many exercised, the right of imposing its own liturgy by the adding of new rites and prayers. The present eucharistic service in the Church oi England resembles the ancient Gallican. In the fourth century there were four forms of administering the communion, though there was agreement in the main. 1. One form was common to the Churches in Judaea, Syria, Asia Minor, Macedonia, Greece. 2. Another in Egypt and Ethiopia. 8. A third in Ephesus, and afterward in Frame, Spain, and probably Britain. 4. A fourth in Rome, Italy, and Africa. Outline History of the Church. 31 Death of Theodosius, and final division of the empire, a. d. Honorius emperor in the West, and Arcadius in the 395. 11. Pelagianism.— Abuses.— Controversy between Pelagiua and Augustine. Pelagius denied the doctrine of original sin, the total corruption of the human nature, irresistible grace, and absolute decrees of election. Opposed by Augustine, who contended for all these. Pelagius taught his views at Rome. His system condemned by the Synods of Mylene and Car- thage. Semi-Pelagianism in Gaul. Period of violent contro- versy, pompous ceremonial, rising secular power, and growing corruption of the Church. General religious decline. In- creasing wealth in the Church. Only a few heathen temples remained ; the heathen excluded from posts of honor. Rome plundered by Alaric the Goth. Southern a. d. Italy conquered by him. 410. For six days the streets of Rome ran with the blood of its citizens. Eich booty was borne southward by Alaric's advancing troops. He died before passing over into Sicily at Cozenza, in Calabria. A river was turned aside to make a place in its bed for his grave, and when he was buried the water went into its former channel, and the prisoners who had buried him were slain, that no one might find out where the conqueror of Rome was buried. CHAPTER VI. AGE OF LEO THE GREAT. — SUPREMACY OF THE ROMAN CHURCH IN THE WEST. — CONTINUANCE OF CONTROVERSIES. — MOHAM- MEDANISM. A. D. 440-590. 1. Leo the Great.— Controversy on the Natures of Christ. — Reign of Leo the Great, Bishop of Rome. He a. d. was distinguished for his extension of the power 440-461. of the Romish See, opposition to the claims of the patriarch of Constantinople, and successful defense of the orthodox faith against heretics and schismatics. Controversy on the union of the two natures in Christ. The Monophysites, or Eutychians, held that there was only one nature in Christ. Monophysitism condemned at the Council of Chalcedon. 2. Capture of Rome. — Rome captured by the Van- a. d. dais under Genseric. The Vandals and Moors pillaged 465. 32 Outline History of the Church. the city without mercy. Its finest works of art destroyed , its bronzes and silver and gold articles melted down. Treas- ure and captives carried over the sea to Carthage. 3. Downfall of the Western Roman Empire.— Irruptions of the barbarians in the West very prejudicial to learning and the safety of the Christian missionaries. Various parts of central and eastern Europe overspread by the Sclavi. Great vices among the clergy. The oligarchy of the patriarchate of Rome gradually gave way to the monarchy of the Bishop Df Rome. Beginning of the application of the title 4 ' Pope " to the Bishop of Rome. 4. Eastern Empire.— The Franks.— Justinian I. Emperor in the East. Reign, A. D. 527-565. Great power and suc- cess of the Eastern empire. Justinian destroyed the remnants of paganism in his empire. The Franks subdued the Alle- mani, Bavarians, and Thuringians. Establishment of mo- nastic rules and institutes by Benedict of Nursia. A. d. Rome taken by Belisarius. The city remained in 535. the power of the Greeks until 541. 5. Clerical Celibacy.— Councils.— Celibacy of the clergy supported by edicts of Justinian in 530, 536, and 541. Both East and West held councils, those in the East being on points of theological controversy, and those in the West on matters of ecclesiastical discipline. The Scots christianized by Columba, of Ireland. 6. Mohammedanism. — Mohammed born at Mecca, Arabia, in 569 or 570. 1. He declared himself a prophet, 609 ; 2. Fled to Medina, 622 ; 3. Founded a new religion, based on the Koran, (collected by Abu Bekr in 635,) which he wrote ; 4. Conquered all Arabia ; died from poison, 632. He was succeeded by Caliphs, who carried their victories over vast regions, until Egypt, Syria, Persia, North Africa, Asia Minor, Northern India, all Spain, and the south of France were under their dominion. Charles Martel arrested the prog- ress of the Mohammedans in western Europe by a victory at Tours, France, A. D. 732. According to the monkish legends, three hundred thousand Moslems were killed. While the number slain was greatly exaggerated, the victory was yet com- plete and perpetual. Mohammedanism still prevails in the Outline History of the Church. 38 northern half of Africa, Turkey in Europe, Arabia, Persia, the Holy Land, and Asia Minor. Six chief doctrines : 1. The one God. 2. Angels and archangels. 8. The Koran. 4. The positive prophetical character of Mohammed and his successors. 5. Resurrection and the general judgment. 6. God's absolute predetermination of good and evil. The four great duties are: 1. Prayer. 2. Almsgiving. 8. Fasting. 4. Pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina. 5. Polygamy. 6. Prohibi- tion to eat swine-meat. The ethical element is wanting in the Mohammedan system. Roman Emperors. From the beginning of the Christian era to the fall of the Roman empire : First Century. Augustus B. c. 13-14 Tiberius 14 Caligula 37 Claudius 41 Neio 54 Galba 68 Otho 69 A.D. Vitellius 69 Vespasian 69 Titus 79 Domitian 81 Nerva 96 Trajan 98 Trajan 98 Adrian 117 Antoninus Pius 138 Marcus Aurelius and L.Verus 161 Second Century. Commodus 180 Pertinax 193 Severus 193 Third Century. Caracalla and Geta 211 Macrinus 217 Heliogabalus 218 Alexander Severus 222 Maximinus 2'6l Gordian and bis son 237 Balbinus and Pupienus 238 Gordian the Younger 238 Philip the Arabian. - .-. 244 Decius 249 Gallus and his son 251 ^EmUianus 253 Valerian and his son ..<... 253 Gallienus 260 Claudius II 268 Quintillus 270 Aurelian 270 Interregnum of nine months. 275 Tacitus 275 Florianus 276 Probus 276 Carus 282 Carinus and Numerianus. . . . 283 Diocletian 284 Maximianu3 as colleague. . . . 286 Constantius and Galerius Constantine the Great. . , Constantino the Great, as sole Emperor 323 Fourth Century. Constantine II., Constaus, and Constantius II 337 Julian the Apostate 361 Jovianus 363 305 306 84 Outline History of the Church. Western Empire. A.D. Valentinian 364 Grratian 367 Valentinian H 375 Honorius 395 Eastern Empire. Valens 364 I Arcadius . . Theodosius 379 | Last Emperors of Rome. Honorius 395 Valentinian III 425 Maximus 455 Avitus 456 Majoriamus 457 Libius Severus 461 Anthemius 467 Olybius 472 Glycerius 473 Julius Nepos 474 Romulus Augustulus. . . 475, 476 CHAPTER VII. THE AGE OF GREGORY THE GREAT — CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE CHURCH IN THE EAST AND WEST — DECLINE OF THE EAST- ERN CHURCH. A. D. 590-750. The countries of the West became a religious and political unity, while disintegration prevailed in the East, largely through the intrusion of Mohammedanism. In Europe the unity greatly promoted by the conversion of the Britons and the Germans. Growth of the worship of images and saints in the West. 1. Gregory the Great.— Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome, A. D. 590-604. He called himself the "Servant of the serv- a. d. ants of our Lord." He magnified the pretensions of 590. the Roman See; revised the ritual; established the mass; promoted monastic life and institutions; patronized church music and ceremonial observances; cultivated theo- logical literature, strict clerical discipline, and almsgiv- ing ; discouraged the liberal sciences ; and established purgatory as a positive doctrine. Gregory sent monks into Britain for the re-conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. He was incited to do so by the beauty of some English boys, whom he had seen in the Roman slave market. The mission conducted by the monk Augustine, first Archbishop of Canterbury. 10 Longitude Outline History of the Church. 39 2. Monothelite Controversy, — The Monothelite controver- sy arose from Heraclius asserting that there were in Christ but one will and one mode of operation. The Duothelites held to two wills in Christ, because of his two natures. Growth of papal power in the "West. Theodore, Bishop of Rome, as- sumed the title of Sovereign Pontiff. Ecclesiastical power predominated in the West, and civil in the East. 3 Spread of the Gospel. — Complete conversion a. d. of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Chilian preached 67§. among the Franks, and Willibrord among the Dutch and Frisians. Winfr-id preached in Thuringia and Hesse. He was consecrated archbishop of Rome under the name of Boniface. Beginning of the violent controversy on the use of images, which distracted the Church one hundred and twenty years, until A. D. 842. Saxon translation of John's Gospel by the Vener- A. i#. able Bede. Death of Bede. Birth of Alcuin, the 734. teacher of Charlemagne. * Masses for the dead, the sick, and fine weather. Pilgrimages in high repute. Ecclesiasti- cal authority predominated over secular. PART II. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD. A. D. 750-1517. CHAPTER I. BEGINNING, PROGRESS. AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TIIE DARK AGES.— CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND THE EMPIRE — HILDEBRAND. A. D. 750-1198. 1. The Middle Ages. — This is about the time when a. d. the Middle Ages commenced, though the transition had 750, been going on nearly two centuries. They continued to the Reformation. The three leading achievements of this period were the full establishment of the papacy, the development of monastic orders, and, in the sphere of science, the growth 4:0 Outline History of the Church. of scholasticism. The important political events marking the beginning of the mediaeval period are : 1. The end of the Greek Exarchate in Italy, 752. 2. Destruction of the Kingdom of the Lombards, 774. 3. Organization of the Frank Empire under Pepin, and its alliance with the papacy. 4. Rise of the new Germanic Church. 5. Division of the Mohammedan Caliphate, 750. 6. Decline of the Greek Empire. 7. Development of the new Roman Empire of the "West. 2. Pepin. — Reign of Pepin, king of the Franks, 753-768 He was the first of the Oarlovingian dynasty of France which a. d. succeeded the Merovingian. He gave to the pope cer- 752. tain territory lying between Ancona and the Po, stretch- ing to the Apennines. This was the beginning of the tempo- ral sovereignty of the papacy. At Pepin's death the southern part of his kingdom was inherited by his son Carloman, and the northern by Charles, or Charlemagne — Charles the Great. 3. Reign of Charlemagne. — Charlemagne, first as partic- ipant in the general government, and finally as the emperor a. d. of the West. He reigned A. D. 768-814. He propa- 768. gated Christianity among the Franks by force. Alcuin, his friend and adviser, commended milder measures, but to no purpose. He was sole emperor of the Franks A. D. 771. Carried on wars against the Saxons, Bohemians, and Huns. Gave increased grants of land to the papacy ; was, neverthe- less, acknowledged by the pope as supreme. Great patron of learning ; founded the University of Paris ; had the best books of theology, philosophy, and literature read to him; was himself a very diligent student, with Alcuin as teacher. He organized a revision and correction of the Latin version of the Scriptures. 4. Controversies. — Rise of the Adoptian Controversy in Spain, that Christ is not the true Son of God, but, according a. d. to his human nature, Son of God only by adoption. 787. This view was an accommodation to the prejudices of the Mohammedan inhabitants of Spain. Forgery of the false Isidorean decretals, granting important concessions to the papacy. The Aristotelian philosophy in high favor in the East. The establishment of transubstantiation — that the bread Outline History of the Church. 41 and wine at the Lord's Supper became really the body and blood of Christ. 5. Alfred the Great. — Birth of Alfred the Great, a. d. king of England. He reigned A. D. 871-901. After 848. defeating his great rivals, the Danes, he held undisturbed dominion. He fortified his country, developed the talents of his people, encouraged learning, established the University of Oxford, and became the author of a number of works. He translated the Psalms into Saxon, and published the works of Orosius, Bede, Boethius, and the Pastoral of Gregory. The first pre-Norinan period of English Church history begins with the mission of Augustine, and closes with the death of Alcuin at Tours, in France, 596-804. The second extends from Al- cuin to Dunstan, 804-928. The third covers the time from 928-1066, or from Dunstan to the Norman conquest. 6. Ruric— Schism between the East and the West.— Found- ing of the Russian monarchy by Ruric. Formal begin- A. d. ning of the schism between the Church in the East and 862. that in the West, 867. Chief grounds of failure of attempts at reconciliation : 1. Claim of Rome to be the final court of appeals. 2. Which Church should rule in East Illyria and in Bulgaria. 3. Doctrines and rites, filioque controversy, celib- acy, images. Final separation of the Eastern Church from the Western, A. D. 1054. 7. Rapid Spread of the Gospel.— Corruptions.— The Hun- garians, Bulgarians, Bohemians, Moravians, Wends and Scan- dinavians, evangelized. Increasing superstition in southern Europe. Great assumptions of power over the kings by the pope ; in part successful. Worship of saints very extravagant. Great corruption of the papacy. The papal chair obtained by the most corrupt means. Continued struggles between the See of Rome and the emperors. 8. Papal Pretensions. — Great increase of papal a. d. prerogatives after beginning of tenth century. Mon- 900. asteries exempted from episcopal jurisdiction, and placed directly under the papacy. Power of the bishops declared to be derived from the pope alone. The pope claimed the prerogative to convene general councils. Appeals were taken from the councils to him. Learning at a low ebb 3 4:2 Outline History of the Church. A. D. Grants of Charlemagne to the pope confirmed by the 963. emperor Otho. A. d. End of the Carlovingian, and foundation of the 987. Capetian, dynasty. A. d. 9. Norman Conquest. — William of Normandy con- 1066. quered England and founded a new dynasty. Harold, the last of the Saxon kings, defeated at Hastings. "William refused to do homage to the pope for his dominions. A. d. 10. Hildebrand — Reign of Pope Gregory VII., 1073. (Hildebrand,) 1073-1085. He had controlled five popes before becoming one himself ; so soon as his plana were ripe he was elected by acclamation. He aimed to es- tablish a universal papal theocracy; endeavored to reform the clergy ; and claimed absolute dominion over all the States of Christendom, as successor of St. Peter and vicar of Christ on earth. 11. Henry IV. — The emperor Henry IV., of Germany, re- fused to submit to Pope Gregory VII., and caused his depo- sition. The pope excommunicated him, and absolved the latter's subjects from allegiance. Henry then did penance, and submitted to the demands of Gregory, but afterward united with the Lombards in a war against him. Gregory again excommunicated Henry, and the latter set up another pope under the title of Clement HI. Henry besieged Rome three years, and gained possession. Rome recovered to Gregory by Robert Guiscan. Death of Gregory at Salerno. The dispute between the emperors and the popes continued long after the death of the immediate contestants. It was the beginning of a movement which really culminated in the Reformation of the sixteenth century. a. d. 12. Wealth and Territory of the Church.— Pro- 1134. test of Arnold of Brescia against the papal enormities. Immense wealth of the Church ; its territories supposed to be about half of the empire. Beginning of the great straggle between the rival factions, the Guelphs and Ghibellines. The fundamental doctrines conceded generally in the Church ; also, in addition thereto, papal authority, efficacy of indul- gences, transubstantiation, inexpediency of reading the Script- ures in the language of the people. Outline History of the Church. 43 CHAPTER II. THE CBUSADES. A. D. 1096-1372. L Cause of the Crusades. — Owing to the oppressions of the Christians in Palestine, and especially of pilgrims thither, by the Mohammedan masters of the country, Western Europe began to agitate a crusade for the rescue of the land from their possession. They were inaugurated by Peter the Her- mit, of Amiens, France, who received a commission from the pope to preach in favor of them. He was heard with profound attention, and multitudes gathered about him. His person was regarded with sacred awe, and even the hairs of his head were gathered up as precious mementos. 2. Order of the Crusades.— 1. First Crusade, A. D. 1096- 1099. — Conducted by Walter the Penniless and Peter the Hermit; six armies engaged in the enterprise, 600,000 people in all. After the death of the first Crusaders there appeared the real warriors, under such leaders as Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh the Great, Robert of Normandy, Tancred, Raymond of Toulouse. Capture of Jerusalem, July, 1098. Godfrey of Bouillon, King of Jerusalem. 2. Second Crusade, A. D. 1147-1149.— Edessa captured by the Mohammedans, and Jerusalem threatened. Europe aroused by the eloquence of St. Bernard, Abbot of Clairvaux. Two armies, consisting of 1,200,000 men, led by Louis VH., King of France, and Conrad HI., emperor of Germany. Failure; return of the fragments to Europe, after utter inability to reduce Damascus. 3. Third Crusade, A. D. 1189-1192.— Kingdom of Jerusalem terminated, in 1187, by the capture of the city by Saladin, the aspirant to universal Mohammedan supremacy. Crusade under Frederic Barbarossa, of Germany; Philip Augustus, king of France ; and Richard Coeur de Lion, of England. 4A Outline History of the Chuijch. Disunion among the Crusaders, but a treaty made with Sal- adin exempting the Christian pilgrims from taxes. 4. Fourth Crusade, A. D. 1203. — Determined upon by Pope Innocent III. Christendom not in a condition to organize one. The beginnings of an army met at Venice, but nevei went to Palestine. Baldwin, Count of Flanders, leader. Some writers claim as the fourtn Crusade an expedition or- ganized in 1217 by Andrew II., of Hungary, who, supported by the kings of Jerusalem and Cyprus, took a fortress and some forts on Mount Tabor, and returned home in 1218. 5. The Boy Crusade, A. D. 1212. — Conducted by Stephen of Vend6me, a shepherd boy. He was followed by 30,000 children of about twelve years of age. They set sail from Marseilles for Palestine in seven ships ; two wrecked ; the re- mainder reached Egypt, where the children were sold as slaves. 6. Fifth Crusade, A. D. 1228, 1229.— Commenced by Fred- erick II., emperor of Germany. Terminated in ten years by a treaty between him and the Sultan of Egypt, when Palestine was ceded to the emperor, who returned to Germany. 7. Sixth Crusade, A. D. 1248. — Palestine invaded by Turks in 1244; Jerusalem captured and pillaged. Crusade con- ducted by Louis IX., (St. Louis,) of France. Taken prisoner by the Sultan of Egypt, but ransomed, and restored to lib- erty in 1250. 8. Seventh Crusade, A. D. 1270-1272.— First undertaken by St. Louis, of France, but after his death, in Tunis, conducted by Edward I., of England. Failure; return of Edward to England. The country in possession of the Mohammedans. 3. Benefits oi the Crusades.— Union of the conflicting nations of Europe for a common good ; the equalization of the social classes ; development of maritime commerce ; inter- change of Eastern and Western thought ; introduction of Eastern arts and sciences into Em-ope ; growth of popular liberty in Europe ; organizations, such as the Knights of St. John, for the care of the wounded and sick. Outline History of the Church. 45 chapter m. REFORMATORY MOVEMENTS. A. D. 1170-1457. 1 Arnold of Brescia.— One of the earliest attempts at re- form was the protest of Arnold, of Brescia, in 1134, against the corruptions of the papacy. There was a deep-seated conviction in the most serious circles throughout the twelfth century, which continued until its development in the Refor- mation, that reform was necessary. 2. The Waldenses. — They arose from Peter "Waldo, A. D, 1170, a citizen of Lyons, who taught that the Church had become corrupt ; that the Gospel must be preached in sim- plicity and power; and that the Bible is its own best inter- preter, and the only infallible rule of life and doctrine. At first his followers were monks, but they developed into a distinct and pure community, which has continued in the Valleys of Piedmont to the present time. There is at present great activity In the Waldensian Church, owing to the freedom of Protestant efforts in Italy. There are sixteen Churches, or general congregations, connected with the organization— ten in Italy, six in Switzerland, and a strong colony in Rosario, a South American center of extreme Romanism. These local societies support an orphanage, two hospitals, a large number ol private schools, four higher schools and colleges, and a theological seminary. This last is situated in Florence, and has nineteen students. There are three journals and one theological magazine published by the Waldenses. In 1855 the legislative body of the denomination organized a missionary force, a kind ol flying artillery, for working in Italy alone. These missionaries have now de- veloped into great strength, and combine many elements of the Methodist itin- erancy. The number of missionaries exceeds that of the regular pastors. The Waldensian day-schools in Italy are attended by 1,700 scholars, and there are thirty-eight Sunday-schools, with 1,142 scholars. About each of the sixteen Churches there is a group of smaller ones, which might be called preaching places, or small societies. For example, the Waldenses have actually in Italy thirty-eight societies, two of these being in Eome. The total membership is from 20,000 to 30,000, with 50 ordained ministers.— Cf. Annuaire de VEgliee Evangdique Vaudois, pour 1874. 3. The Cathari and Albigenses, organizations of similar character, were likewise persecuted. The former held opin- ions of Manichaean tendency, and members were found in every European country. The Lateran Council of 1179 de- clared against them. The Albigenses were free from Mani- chaean sympathies. They became very strong, particularly 4:6 Outline History of the Church. among the laboring classes; but were excommunicated by the papal officers, and violently treated. 4. Wiclif and the First English Beformers— Birth of John Wiclif, of Oxford, England, A. D. 1324. He made his first great effort at reform in the Church in his work on the " Last Age of the Church," which, with his many other writings against prevalent abuses, had great influence in preparing the way for the Reformation. He began his translation of the Bible into English in 1380; died 1384. Other English re- formers: Cranmer, Colet, Latimer, Hooper, Ridley. 5. Hnss and his Followers. — Birth of John Huss, oi Bohemia, A. D. 1373. He adopted the teachings contained in Wiclif's writings, which Jerome Faulfisch, (Jerome of Prague,) who had just returned from Oxford, had brought with him. Huss preached boldly against the corruptions and errors of the Romish Church. First imprisoned, and after- ward summoned to the Council of Constance. Condemned at this place, and, together with his writings, burned at the stake in 1415. Jerome was burned the following year. The Hussite war arose in Bohemia in consequence of the harsh treatment of the sympathizers with the views of Huss by the Roman Catholic authorities. 6. Moravian Brethren.— Formation of the Church of the Bohemian (and Moravian) Brethren, A. D. 1457, from the remnant of the Hussites, or followers of Huss, who, since his death, had assumed somewhat of a political character. The Bohemian Brethren were afterward revived in the eighteenth century by Zinzendorf, and now exist as the Moravian Church. 7. The Mystics. — About the middle of the fourteenth cen- tury a class of men called Mystics began to have great influ- ence in the Church. They opposed the subtle speculations of controversial writers, and laid great stress on the emotional nature and special communications of the Holy Spirit, The leaders were John Tauler, (died, 1361,) Henry Suso, (died, 1465,) John Ruysbroek, (died, 1381,) Gerard Groot, (died, 1384,) Radewin, (died, 1400,) Thomas a Kempis, (died, 1471.) 8. Savonarola and his Politico-Religious Reform.— Jerome Savonarola preached in Florence against the abuses of Romanism, A. D. 1480-1497. His error was in combining Outline History of the Church. 47 political measures with religious reform. He effected the downfall of the Medici, the ruling princely family ; suffered martyrdom in Florence in 1498. CHAPTER IV. LATTER PERIOD OP THE DARK AGES. — THE AGE OF INNOCENT AND THE COUNCILS. — DAWN OP REFORM IN THE CHURCH. A. O. 1198-1517. 1. Mendicant Orders. — During this period monasticism reached its climax. For example, in France, the Abbacy of Clugny consisted of a separate Benedictine congregation, and grew to great proportions, standing in that country alone at the head of two thousand monasteries. The Carmelites in Italy were very numerous, and exerted great influence. The older Orders became secular and corrupt, and a number of mendicant Orders were established, not only as a reaction against the failure of the wealthy organizations to meet the spiritual exigencies of the times, but as a relief to the general dissoluteness of the Church. They were encouraged by the papacy, which, in turn, was strengthened by the Orders. Dur- ing the thirteenth century there was a rapid increase of them, and this diminished their power and significance. By the Council of Lyons they were reduced from twenty- three to four: Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Hermits of Augustine. The Beguins and Beghards were condemned and persecuted. A few of the communities still exist in Belgium alone. 2. Beginning of the Inquisition.— The first in- a. d. quisitorial measure adopted by the Roman Catholics 1229. was at the fourth Lateran Council (1215), against a revival of the Albigenses. But the Synod of Toulouse (1229) was the first body to organize a regular Inquisition. All so-called heretics were hunted out with cruel persistence, and any Romanist who spared one was deprived of both office and property. Conrad of Marburg, the first Grand Inquisitor of 48 Outline History of the Church. Germany, was slain by a German noble. Great contest be- tween the pope and the house of Hohenstaufen ; terminated in favor of the pope. 3. Scholasticism. — Scholasticism arose in the schools con- nected with the cathedrals and monasteries, and consisted in the application of dialectics to Christian theology. The Schoolmen held that theology could be developed by specu lation, and that Christian truth could be made clear and forcible by logical analysis. The mediaeval universities were the centers of the scholastic disputations. The Schoolmen fell into two great divisions — the orthodox and skeptical. The writings of Aristotle underlay the whole scholastic sys- tem. The interpretation of the Scriptures was neglected in the Church during the supremacy of scholastic controversy. 4. Thomists and Scotists.-— Thomas Aquinas teaching at Paris. Controversy between Thomists (from Thomas Aquinas) a. d. and Scotists, (from Duns Scotus,) the former adopt- 1252. ing, in philosophy, the system of Aristotle, and, in theology, the views of Augustine on sin and grace ; the latter, the Platonic philosophy and the semi-Pelagian theology. The Thomists denied the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary, while the Scotists assumed it. A. d. Development of educational interests in England. 1257. Founding of the University of Cambridge. 5. Climax of the Papacy.— Schism.— The papal dominion at its utmost height. In the midst of the temporal prosperity a. d. of Roman Catholicism the influence of France over 1270. the papacy became supreme, Clement V., before his election, having formed a secret compact with Philip the Fair, of France. He removed the seat of the papacy to Avignon, a. d. France. The great schism in the papacy lasted nearly 130§. seventy years, from 1309 to 1377, when Gregory XI. removed the papal court again to Rome. There were rival popes at Rome and Avignon. This whole period was marked by great dissoluteness. The Romanists call it their Baby- lonian Captivity. A. D. End of the Eastern, or Greek, empire. Constanti- 1453. nople captured by the Turks under Mohammed II The Christians granted religious freedom. Outline History of the Churoh. 49 6. Councils.— During the fifteenth century a large numbei of Church councils were held, some favoring a reform in the Church, and others bearing on the papal schism. Two of the most important were those at Constance, 1414, 1415 ; and at Basle, 1431-1437. Fruitless results of all the councils and of every attempt at reform in the Romish Church. The papacy remained purely temporal and corrupt, and the incumbents were more heathen than Christian in their morals and schemes. Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, a. d. He professed to be animated by a desire to propa- 1492. gate the Christian faith. Conquest of Granada, the last Mo- hammedan stronghold in Spain, by King Ferdinand. PART III. THE MODERN PERIOD. A. D. 1517-1880. CHAPTER I. THE REFORMATION. — WARS OP THE PAPACY AND PROTESTAIIT- ISM. — FROM LUTHER TO THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA. A. D. 1517-1648. 1. The Reformation.— Causes.— Luther.— There were vari- ous causes contributing to the growth of the spirit of religious reform : Rise of Humanism, or the study of classical science, (Reuchlin, Colet, Erasmus, More ;) invention of the art of printing; discovery of America; growth of the desire for popular liberty ; increase of intelligence among the masses. Inauguration of the German Reformation by the a. d. publication of Luther's ninety-five theses. 1517. 2. German Reformers. — 1. Luther.— Martin Luther was born at Eisleben, Germany, 1483 ; studied at Erfurt, 1501-4 ; taught at Wittenberg, 1508 ; visited Rome, 1511 ; published his theses, 151V ; burnt the pope's bull against him, 1520 ; sum- moned for defense to the Diet at Worms, 1521 ; published hia 50 Outline History of the Church. translation of the New Testament, 1523; married Catharine von Bora, 1525 ; published a complete and thoroughly re- vised translation of the entire Bible in 1542; died at the place of his birth, 1546. 2. Melanchthon. — Philip Melanchthon, the greatest theo- logian of the Reformation and coadjutor of Luther, born 1497 ; taught at Tubingen University, 1514 ; called to Witten- berg, 1418; published his "Loci Theologici, 1 ' 1521; issued commentaries on the New Testament and parts of the Old ; framed the Augsburg Confession, which gave a doctrinal basis to the Reformation, 1 530 ; was long the trusted friend of Luther; died, 1560. 3. Erasmus. — Erasmus, of Rotterdam, born in 1467. In his satirical work, " Praise of Folly, " he held up the abuses of Romanism to contempt, and contributed greatly to the prep- aration for the work of Luther. He revived the critical study of the Bible, especially the New Testament, for the first time since the patristic period. He often vacillated between Rome and Wittenberg ; general influence was favor- able to the Reformation. Died 1536. 4. Princes. — Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony; his successor, John the Steadfast; and Philip of Hesse. The number of knights and other noblemen who joined the Prot- estant cause rapidly increased. Many of them were personal friends of the reformatory theologians. 3. Swiss Reformers. — 1. Zwingli. — Ulric Zwingli, born v* 1484, preached against the worship of the Virgin Mary at Einsiedeln, 1516 ; died, 1530. Bullinger was his successor. 2. Calvin, — John Calvin, born in France, 1509 ; fled because of his Protestant principles to Basle, 1534 ; published his " Insti- tutes," 1536 ; lived in Geneva, 1536-1538 ; then banished, and resided in Strasburg, 1538-1541; returned to Geneva, 1541, and lived there until his death, 1564. Theodore Beza, born 1519, died 1601, was his successor in extending and building up the Swiss Reformation. 3. Farel— William Farel, born, 1489; native of the French A-lps ; pioneer of the Reformation in Dauphine and Switzer- land; a most intrepid assailant of the Roman Catholic Church; died, 1565. 10 Longitude East 20 Greenwich E.F.Fisk, Engr., N.Y. Outline History of the Church. 55 4. Extension of the Reformation.— Rapid spread of the Reformation in the German countries, Switzerland, Holland, Scandinavia, Great Britain, France, Northern Italy, Poland, Hungary, and Transylvania. Persecution of the Protestants every-where, but most violent in Holland, France, and Italy. There were attempts at reform in Spain and Portugal, but of a transient character. Coronation of Charles V., Emperor of Germany, the A. d. great opponent of the Reformation. Pope Leo X. 1520. allied himself with him for the suppression of Protestantism. Formation at Nuremberg of the Catholic or Holy a. d. Alliance, a league between the emperor and the Ro- 1538. man Catholic princes against the Protestants for eleven years. 5. Order of Jesuits. — Organization of the Society a. d. of Jesus, (Jesuits.) Ignatius Loyola, the first chief 1540 of the Order. Its object was to support and promote the Roman Catholic religion by dividing and counteracting the growing Protestantism, and, by indefatigable missionary la- bors, to gain great territorial advantages. Francis Xavier, the greatest Jesuit missionary. The ethical creed of the Order: 1. The end sanctifies the means; 2. Probabilism 3. Mental reservations ; 4. Distinction between philosophical and theological sins. Council of Trent, 1545-1563. The object of this a. d. council was to counteract the Reformation. 1545. Defeat of the Protestants at Miihlberg, and termination of the Schmalkaldic War, which had been entered upon a. d. by Luther's followers shortly after his death. Tedi- 1547. ous controversies in the Protestant Church of Germany and Switzerland succeeding the Reformation, and inducing a period of great religious decline. Among them were the Adiaphor- istic, Synergistic, and Crypto-Calvinistic controversies. 6. The English Reformation.— Its commencement was connected with political affairs. Henry VIH., of England, became involved in difficulty with the pope, Clement VII., because of the latter's hesitation in declaring the king's mar- riage with Catharine of Arragon illegal. This was the begin- ning of the alienation of the royal family from the papacy. During Henry's reign Roman Catholicism lost its main hold 56 Outline History of the Church. on England ; the pope's supremacy was rejected ; monasteries suppressed ; the Bible circulated in the language of the people ; a religious formulary adopted. Some Romish prac- tices and doctrines were, however, retained even at his death, such as the seven sacraments, the corporeal presence in the eucharist, denial of the cup to the laity, auricular confesuion, celibacy of the clergy, and nearly the whole ceremonial of the mass. Yet these were, in doctrine, eliminated from the English Church. 7. English Reformers. — Ridley and Latimer, English re- formers, burnt at the stake at Oxford during the reign of A. d. Queen Mary, the successor of Edward VI., who had 1555. followed Henry VIII. Cranmer suffered martyrdom in 1556. Mary persecuted the Protestants with great violence. John Rogers, burned at Smithfield, was the first victim ; then came Bishops Hooper and Ferrar, Dr. Rowland Taylor, Laurence Saunders, and others. Many leading reformers, at least one thousand, were exiled, some going to Stras- burg, others to Zurich, Geneva, and Frankfort-on-the-Main. Among them were Bishops Poinet, Barlow, Scory, Coverdale, and Bale. Under the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) Protestant- ism became established in England, though efforts were still made to reinstate Roman Catholicism. 8. The Puritans.— The English Puritans, probably derived from Puritani, or Cathari, of the third century, dissented from certain forms and doctrines of the Church of England ; some inclined to the opinions of Luther, others to those of Calvin. They objected to many things in the Book of Com- mon Prayer ; to kneeling at the sacrament ; to the cross in the baptismal service ; to sponsors, and to lay baptism ; to bow- ing at the name of Jesus ; to the episcopacy, and forms of prayer. The English Puritans are represented in our day chiefly by the Independents, or Congregationalists. Landing of the Mayflower, with the first pilgrim colonists, one hun- dred and two in number, at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. By 1648 there were 21,000 inhabitants, chiefly Puritan, in New England. During the former half of the sventeenth century the Crown Outline History of the Church. 57 and Parliament of England were in perpetual conflict. At last the Presbyterians, and then the Independents, under Crom- well, gained possession of the realm. 9. Arminius.— Synod of Dort.— James Arminius, bom 1560. He went in 1582 to Geneva, where he was instructed by Theo- dore Beza ; preacher at Amsterdam, 1588 ; professor at Ley- den, 1603; died, 1609. He rigidly opposed the predes- tinarian views of the Calvinists. He was falsely accused of Arianism and Pelagianism. He was an earnest defender of religious toleration; in fact, "the Arminians of Hol- land were the real fathers of religious toleration on the Continent; they were the first society of Protestants, who, when in possession of power, granted the same liberty of conscience for others which they claimed for themselves." Public conference between Arminius and Gomarus, 1609. After the death of the former his opinions spread rapidly. Uitenbogaard and Episcopius at the head of the Arminians. Arminian tenets began to prevail in England. Synod of Dort, in Holland, 1618, 1619. Its decrees strictly Calvinistic. Toleration was refused the Remonstrants until the death of Maurice, 1630. Its resolutions were adopted in portions of the Netherlands, France, Switzerland, and parts of Germany, but not by the Anglican Church. The provinces of Fries- land, Zealand, Utrecht, Guelderland, and Groningen rejected its decisions. 10. Persecution of the Hugnenots. — Massacre of a. d. French Protestants (Huguenots) on St. Bartholomew's 1572. Night, at Paris; 70,000 people killed. Great rejoicings and public thanksgiving at Rome. Issue of the Edict of Nantes, 1598, securing to the French Protestants the free exercise of their religion. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685. The French Re- formers were then greatly persecuted; many put to death; multitudes driven into exile ; churches destroyed. The Gunpowder Plot in London, 1605, designed to pro- mote the interests of the Catholics. Founding of Jamestown, Virginia, the first English a. d town in North America, by the London Company. 1607 The Dutch on Manhattan Island, (New York,) 1613. 58 Outline History of the Church. 11. Self-Defense of Rome.— Among the measures used by Rome at the close of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries were the following: The Inquisition; prohibition and expurgation of books of Protestant pro- clivity ; missionaries, Jesuits, and congregations ; political in trigues. The outbreak of the long-suppressed social and political conflicts between Romanism and Protestantism was at hand. 12. Thirty Years' War.— This was the first general European war. It arose chiefly from the conflicts between the Protest- a. d. ants and Catholics concerning the territorial 1618-1648. distribution of the German empire. Parties: 1. Catholics : The Emperor of Germany, The League, Spain, Belgium, Italy, and Poland. 2. Protestants: The Protestant States of Germany, Holland, England, Denmark, and Sweden. Gustavus Adolphus, the leader of the Protestant forces, fell at the battle of Lirtzen, 1631. In 1632 the Protestants were re- inforced by France, thus converting the war from a religious to a political one. By the Peace of Westphalia (1648) a large measure of power was transferred from the emperor of Ger- many to national diets ; the Peace of Augsburg (1552) and that of Passau (1555) were confirmed ; twenty-four Protestants were admitted to the imperial chamber ; Calvinists and Lutherans were placed on an equal footing; the equilibrium of Europe was effected by the destruction of the predominance of Austria ; and complete religious liberty was granted the Protestants. CHAPTER II. FROM THE PEACE OP WESTPHALIA TO THE WESLEYAN REVI- VAL. — THE PERIOD OF RELIGIOUS INDIFFERENCE AND AWAKENING. A. D. 1648-1739. At the close of the Thirty Years' War there was moral and material prostration throughout Germany. Poverty pre- vailed on all sides ; desperation was the chief sentiment of the popular mind. Outline History of the Church. 59 1. Pietism. — The first great movement in Protestant Ger- many that indicated religious revival was inaugurated by Bpener, (born in 1635,) the founder of Pietism. He established the popular interpretation of the Scriptures, lay preaching Bible classes, and smaller circles of religious people for edifi- cation— ecclesiolce in ecclesia. A. H. Francke, founder of the Orphan House at Halle, and Professor in the new University of the same city, was his successor. 2. English Deism.— Death of Thomas Hobbes, a. d. the most voluminous writer of the English Deistical 1679. school. He argued that might constitutes right, and that Christianity is a fable. Other Deists : Lord Herbert, (died, 1648;) Charles Blount, (died, 1697;) Earl of Shaftesbury, (died, 1713;) Toland, (died, 1722;) Wollaston, (died, 1724;) Collins, (died, 1729;) Mandeville, (died, 1733;) Woolston, (died, 1733;) Tindal, (died, 1733;) Morgan, (died, 1743;) Chubb, (died, 1747 ;) Lord Bolingbroke, (died, 1751 ;) Hume, (died, 1766;) Gibbon, (died, 1794.) 3. Replies to the Deists.— Important replies to the De ists were written by Stillingfleet, Baxter, Cudworth, Taylor, Bentley, Sherlock, Chandler, Stackhouse, Waterland, Leland, Conybeare, Bishop Butler, Paley, Leslie, and Bishop Watson, ("Apology for the Bible.") Many of the replies, however, were very feeble, contained serious concessions, and were actually injurious to the cause they were designed to promote. Bishop Butler's was by far the best, and its service was of incalculable magnitude. The English Revolution. William and Mary on a. d. the English throne. 16§8. 4. Swedenborgiailism. — Birth of Swedenborg, ,1688,) founder of the New Jerusalem Church, or Swedenborgians. The first period of his life was occupied in scientific pursuits, and was in the employ of the Swedish Government as super- intendent of mines. Relinquishing these studies, he engaged solely in religious speculations. He professed to have inter- course with the spiritual world, and gave minute descriptions of it ; distinguished between the Divine Word and Scripture, the spirit and the letter ; he claimed that the epistles of Paul, Peter, James, and John lack the Divine sense. 60 Outline History of the Ohukch. 5. Missions to Foreign Countries.— The Dutch, who had an extensive commerce in the East Indies, established missions a. d. in Ceylon and Java. The Danes founded a mission 1697. on the coast of Tranquebar, in the East Indies. The Roman Catholics hoped, by inaugurating missions, to regain the territorial control which they had lost in Europe by Prot- estantism; they sent missionaries to all the lands formerly occupied by the Eastern Church, and to China, Japan, Africa, and South America. 6. Moravianism. — Founding of the Moravian Church, oi United Brethren, by Count Zinzendorf, born in Saxony, 1700. a. d. He traveled through Europe and in America to bind 1722. together dispersed Christians. He died in 1760. The Moravians established missions early in various lands : in Greenland in 1722, and, in ten years, others in Africa and the East and West Indies. 7. Wesley, and English Methodism.— General religious decline in England. French frivolity and native Deism prevailed in the upper classes; the lower were vicious and aeglected. The clergy were ungodly. Reform took place a. d. through the Wesley an movement. Organization of 1739. the British Wesleyan Church. Birth of John Wes- ley, the founder of Methodism, at Epworth, England, in 1703. He began his studies at Oxford in 1729, and became a Fellow there ; labored among the poor and neglected, and was at the head of a small society of pious young men, called, in con- tempt, the "Holy Club," of which his brother Charles and George Whitefield were members. He went to Georgia as a mis- sionary in 1735, and returned in two years to England ; was converted through the influence of Jacob Bonier, a Moravian, in 1738, and founded the first Methodist society in the fol- lowing year. The societies multiplied rapidly, though the use of the churches of the Establishment was denied John Wesley, Whitefield, and their coadjutors. John Wesley died in 1791. While both the brothers wrote many hymns,' Charles Wesley's chief contribution to the growth of Methodism lay in this department. He was born 1708, and died 1788. George Whitefield, born 1714, died 1770. John Fletcher, born 1729, died 1785. The last was the leading contro- Outline History of the Chukch. 61 rersial writer in early Methodist history. Joseph Benson, preacher and commentator, born 1748, died 1821. Adam Clarke, the chief commentator and linguist of Methodism, born 1762, died 1832. Richard Watson, born 1781, and died in 1838. He was the author of the doctrinal standard of Methodism, the "Theological Institutes." CHAPTER III. skepticism: and reaction. — the European church from the wesleyan revival to the present time. A. D. 1739-1880. The latest period of the history of the European Church has been distinguished by remarkable movements. The skepticism of Germany, French atheism, Dutch pantheism, and English deism, affected every class of society and each department of thought and life. The French Revolution of 1789, violent as it was, was the means by which feudalism was first swept away from Europe. Though the immediate effect was the production of the centralized Napoleonic su- premacy, the remote result was the increase of popular liberty in the various countries. The old doctrine of the divine right of kings fully lost its hold. The last series of wars began with the Crimean "War — one of the greatest blunders and most unnecessary conflicts in modern history — and terminated with the late war between Germany and France, and the fall of the French Empire. 1. German Rationalism. — Rationalism is a. d. that tendency of thought which makes the 1750-1800. reason the sole umpire in all matters of faith. The philoso- phy of Leibnitz and Wolf, strengthened by that of Descartes and Spinoza, gave German Rationalism its first philosophical basis. It was strengthened and endowed with a grosser type of onbelief by the Frenchmen Bayle, Montesquieu, Baron d'Holbach, Rousseau, and Voltaire. The court of Frederick the Great of Prussia exerted a skeptical influence upon the whole of Europe. Semler, born 1721, died 1791, became 4 c>2 Outline History of the Church. Professor of Theology in Halle in 1751. He was the real founder of German Rationalism in its relation to theology. Other promoters of Rationalism were Ernesti, Baumgarten, Morus, Eichhorn, and Bahrdt. It continued in full force until Schleiermacher, (born 1768, died 1834,) who marked the transition from the old infidelity to moderate orthodoxy. Neander, the Church historian, was the initial character of the new evangelical period. Strauss and the Tubingen school have been the agents of a revival of Rationalism in Germany. Strauss' Life of Jesus, published in 1835, was an attempt to dissolve the whole career of Christ into myth. His latest work, "The Old and the New Faith," is the boldest skep- tical production of his life. He died in 1874. The incon- sistent and gloomy creed of Strauss, as expressed by him in his latest production, is well described as follows by the Rev. B. P. Bowne :— 1. I believe there is no God. 2. I believe there is no soul. 3. I believe that religion springs from selfish fear. 4. I believe that such a religion can develop the loftiest and most unselfish lives. 5. I believe in the cosmos, which is at once a product of blind necessity and also free ; which is nothing but matter, yet has aims, plans, reason ; which seeks to transcend itself, and actually suc- ceeds. 6. I believe that man is a product of necessity, and that he ought to rule the nature which governs him. I believe that he cannot do otherwise than he does, but that he ought to do otherwise. I believe that the cosmos is a machine, and that man ought to resign himself with loving trust and sub- mission to it. 7. I believe that art is more than an equivalent for the Bible. 8. I believe that all who are not satisfied with these teachings are low in the mental and moral scale. 9. I believe that cause and effect are one; as, otherwise, I should be under the disagreeable necessity of believing in God. The German Protestant Association, headed by Schenkel of Heidelberg, is a new organization of skeptics within the German Church. Their only good service is a persistent effort to divorce Church and State in the German empire. The tendencies of German Rationalism are at present mate rialistic, and, as before, pantheistic. 2. Replies to the Rationalists. — The chief Continental re- plies are by Neander, Tholuck, Nitzsch, Ullmann, Riggenbach, Van Oosterzee, Dorner, Lange, Pressense, and others. Some of their works have been translated into English. These re- plies to the rationalistic writers constitute the strongest apol ogetical literature of the Church since the fourth century, and are of invaluable worth to Christian theology. The main point of attack and defense is the Gospel history. B. C.°Ipsus ;"' "":<>*. Tv.^bu V ^ ' a CARPATHUS^ \ ^^fPhiyium P r . ~^ r fy%w-^Ampelos P r / 103 '/ 105 North Carolina, Tennessee & Acamas Pi ISLAND OF CRETE no m. I. 40 w. E A OF CRETE . »- w^^\r\tkoiAL 44 phyrium Pr. sPr.fV Paplil MED I T E R R\ A 3,250 miles 107 Longitude East 109 ft Outline History of the Church. 67 German War of Liberation from the suprem- a. d. acy of Napoleon Bonaparte. Battle of Water- 1813-1815. loo, and restoration of Louis XV1H. to the French throne. 3. State Church of Prussia. — The Evangelical a. d. Union established in Prussia. This is the Protest- 1817. ant State Church of that country, and consists of an accom- modation, or union, of the Reformed, or Calvinistic, with the Lutheran bodies, which had hitherto existed separately. 4. The Irvingites. — A sect founded by Edward a. d. Irving, (born 1702, died 1834,) of Scotland. He 1832. preached in the Caledonian Chapel in London ; founded his Society (the Irvingites) in 1832. He was a preacher of rare gifts; believed in special endowments of the Spirit, such as the gift of tongues; and contended for the renewal of the supposed apostolic offices in the Church. There is a feeble body of Irvingites in Germany. 5. The Tractarian Movement.— Between 1833 and a. d. 1841 there was published at Oxford, England, a series 1833. of tracts, which gave rise to the Tractarian movement, or High-Church party, in the later history of the Church of England. It culminated in Tract No. 90, by J. H. Newman, who subsequently became a pervert to Romanism. Pusey, Keble, and Newman were the Tractarian leaders. The double effect of the movement has been to cause many members of the Established Church either to become Roman Catholics, or, remaining in their own fold, to become extreme ritualists. The secessions to Rome in 1850-51 were over one hundred clergymen ; in 1852 there were over two hundred clergy, and as many laity. The present distinctions in the Church of England may be denned as follows : High-Church, (ritualistic, Puseyite) ; Low-Church, (Evangelical and active) ; First Broad- Church, (moderately rationalistic) ; Second Broad-Church, (re- jecting authority, thoroughly rationalistic.) 6. Evangelical Alliance. — Formation of the Evan- a. d. gelical Alliance in London. All Evangelical Churches 1846. represented in it. The last general session held in Basle, Switzerland, September, 1879. The following is the doctri- nal basis of the Society : — 1. The Divine inspiration, authority, and sufficiency of the 68 Outline History of the Church. Holy Scriptures. 2. Right and duty of private judgment in interpretation of the holy Scriptures. 3. Unity of the God- head, and trinity of the persons therein. 4. Depravity oi human nature in consequence of the Fall. 5. Incarnation of the Son of God ; his work of atonement for sinners and man- kind, and his mediatorial intercession and reign. 6. Justifi- cation of sinners by faith alone. 7. Work of the Holy Spirit in the conversion and sanctification of the sinner. 8. Immor- tality of the soul, resurrection of the body, judgment of the world by our Lord Jesus Christ, with the eternal blessedness of the righteous and the eternal punishment of the wicked. 9. Divine institution of the Christian ministry, and the obli- gation and perpetuity of the ordinances of Baptism and the Lord's Supper. 7. Later History of Roman Catholicism. — Declaration by Pope Pius IX. of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. A. d. The controversy on this subject began in the Romish 1854. Church in 1140, and it has not yet ceased. The Jan- senist Bishops united in a protest against the dogma, in 1856. a. d. The Vatican Council at Rome. It was managed 1869. by the Jesuits. The infallibility of the Pope was declared a permanent dogma of Roman Catholicism. This was resisted by some of the principal members of the Coun- cil, but to no purpose. 8. The Old Catholics. — Opposition in Germany to the de- crees of the Vatican Council took shape in the formation of the Old Catholic Church in 1871. Dollinger, Huber, and Fried- rich, of Munich, stand at the head of the movement. It is a strong protest against the extreme measures and retrogressive spirit of Rome, and has already attained the magnitude of a schism. The Old Catholics have increased with great rapid- ity. There are at present about twenty thousand families of this faith already in Germany, which, reckoned at four mem- bers to a family, would give a population of eighty thousand. There are about seventy priests. In Bonn University there are Old Catholic professors engaged in teaching theology. In Switzerland the Old Catholics have organized under the name of the Swiss Catholic Christian Church, and have submitted their constitution to the approval of the Government. It Outline History of the Church. 69 provides for a National Synod to meet annually, and to be com* posed of the bishops, the members of the Synodal Council, all the Old Catholic priests, and lay delegates. The Synodal Council is to consist of nine members, and is to have execu- tive functions. The Synod is charged with the election oi bishops The following is a summary of the principles of the Old Catholics : Repudiation of doctrines of Immaculate Conception and Papal Infallibility; modified confes- sional, with repudiation of priestly power to forgive sins; faith, not works, the means of salvation ; the Holy Scriptures as the primary rule of faith ; rejection of the Apocrypha; requirement of preaching in the vulgar tongue; untena- bility of merit of saints transferable to others; baptism and the Lord's Supper are the chief sacraments ; invocation of the saints not a duty; and indulgences can only refer to penalties inflicted by the Church itself. Father Hyacinth e does not contend for a separation from Roman Catholicism, but for purification of the main body in all its members. His auditors have been formally excommu- nicated by Pius IX. He is now preaching in Paris. Owing to his unwillingness to break with Eome, his influence will hardly be appreciable. 9. Franco ■ German War. — The war between a. d. France and Germany resulted in the defeat of France, 1§70. and the revival of the German Empire, with William I., king of Prussia, as emperor of Germany. The French troops being withdrawn from Rome for duty at home, the army of Victor Emanuel entered the city. Rome became, in 1871, the capital of Italy, and is now open to all Protestant confessions. The Scotch Free Church, the British Wesley an, the American Methodist Episcopal, and others, have already erected chapels and commenced services within the walls. The Bible is free. The following statement of Eev. Mateo Prochet, of the Waldensian Church, will show very clearly the activity of the Protestant world in prosecuting missionary work in Italy, and particularly in Rome: There are seven distinct missions at work in Italy, namely : 1. The Methodist Episcopal, from the United State* of America. 2. The American Baptists. 3. The English Baptists, t. The English Wesleyan Methodists, divided into two districts, North and Sooth. 5. A portion of the Free Churches, united in an organization called " Chiesa Libera," presided over by a committee, whose foremen are Messrs. M'Dougall (Scotch) and Gavazzi. 6. The Free Churches which would not unite with Ga- vazzi and his friends, and which form a kind of confederation «hiefly, if not solely, supported through the instrumentality of Count Guicciardini, of Flor- ence. 7. The ancient Italian Church, known by the name of " Chiesa VaMose," or Waldensian Church. The total membership of the Mission Churches at work in Italy is 4,882, of which number 2,175 belong to the Waldensians. They employ one hundred missionary agents as pastors, evangelists, and school- teachers. 70 Outline Histoky of the Church. CHAPTER IV. CHTJKCH IN THE UNITED STATES. — CHRISTIANITY IN CON NECTION WITH REPUBLICAN INSTITUTIONS. A. D. 1607-1880. 1. Religious Character of American Colonization.— The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, was the beginning of an important era in the development oi ecclesiastical and religious life. The new land was regarded by the defeated and oppressed adherents of various faiths in Europe as their only possible home. Not the love of adven- ture or gold was the prime cause of the colonization of this country, but the love of religious liberty and obedience to the conscience. The most of the colonists were religious people. The charter of the first colony, Virginia, provided that this colony should have a religious character. The Cava- liers came to Virginia and, with the Huguenots and German Protestants, the Carolinas; the Puritans to Massachusetts; the Baptists to Rhode Island ; the Swedes to Delaware and New Jersey ; the Roman Catholics to Maryland ; and perse- cuted Bohemians and Huguenots to New York. The New World famished a new sphere of development for the Christian Church. The whole period from 1492 to 1776 was only the planting of the seed for the future and real growth. The Ancient Church, from the time of Constantine, was subject to the State. The Medimval Church was ever contending with the empire for supremacy. The Modern European Church is a union of Church and State. The American Church was to be- come free from the State, and its history down to the American Revolution is a history of its preparation for this decisive change, and for the new era In the general progress of Christianity. The New World was from the beginning a refuge for Protestantism, though its earliest colonization was under Roman Catholic auspices. The Antilles, Central and South America, and Florida, be- came subject to Spain and Portugal; Acadia, (Nova Scotia,) Canada, the north- ern lake region, and the Mississippi Valley, were under French sway more than a century ; but the temperate zone, the heart of the northern continent, was kept in reserve for England, Holland, the German emigrants, and the persecuted Huguenots. The Spaniards came in armed bands, for conquest ; the English In families, to found Churches and States.— Smith, Chronological Tablet oj Church History; Parkman, Jesuits in America ; Pioneers of France in the New World. 2. Periods of American Church History.— There are five periods in the history of the American Church : a. d. First Period, 1607-1600, a time of exten- 160T-1§75. sivc revival and religious progress. Outline History of the Church. 71 Second Period, 1660-1720, time of trial; war with ' King Philip;" disputes with the English Government; witchcraft; general religious decline. Third Period, 1720-1750, the season of powerful awaken- ings. The great revival under the preaching of Edwards began in New England in 1734. It spread throughout the colonies through the labors of Whitefield, the Tennents, Blair, Davies, and others. Fourth Period, 1750-1783, powerful political agitation* culmination of conflict with England ; religious prostration ; freedom from British rule. During the Revolutionary War all the Churches suffered more or less, and for twenty-five years thereafter the progress of religion was slow, hindered also by the importation of French infidelity. Fifth Period, 1873-1875, from the establishment of inde- pendence from England to the close of the civil war in 1865, and the sixth session of the Evangelical Alliance in 1873. Great revivals began with the nineteenth century, and since 1815 the growth of the Church has kept pace with the population. Separation of Church and State in America did not take place with the founding of the Government, but was left to the legislation of the several States, the bond not fully severed In the statute books of some of them until the present cen- tury. Massachusetts, in 1833, was the last to declare perfect separation of Church and State. 3. The Virginia Colony.— Protestant Episcopal Church. — The founding of the Virginia Colony on James River by Captain John Smith and other members of the Established Church of England in 1607. The Rev. Robert Hunt is said to have preached the first sermon in English on the American continent. The colony divided into eleven parishes in 1619. The Church of England form of worship prevailed in the col- onies south of New England. First General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States in Philadelphia, representing seven States, 1785. Prayer Book, published 1786, omitted the Ni- cene and Athanasian Creeds, the descent into hell of the credo, absolution, and baptismal regeneration, and made bishops amenable to the lower clergy. The objections of the English 72 Outline History of the Church. bishops led to a restoration of nearly all the expunged parts, except the Athanasian Creed and absolution in visitation oi the sick. By special act of Parliament the English bishops were enabled to ordain William White, Samuel Provost, and Dr. Griffith, February 4, 1787. Ratification of the Thirty- nine Articles, 1832. 4. Reformed Episcopal Church. — Secession of Bishop Cum- mins from the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1873, and organ- ization in New York, Dec. 2, 1873, of the Reformed Episcopal Church, under his leadership. Subsequent ordination by him oi Dr. Cheney to the Episcopacy. Reformed Episcopal Churches have been established in various parts of our own country and the British dominions. This Church had, early in 1875, fifty ministers, forty churches, and four thousand communicants. The principles of the Reformed Episcopal Church are : Belief in the Bible as rule of faith and practice ; in the Apostles 1 and Nicene Creeds ; in the two sac- raments of baptism and Lord's supper; in the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England; in the retention of the Episcopacy, not as necessary, but as ancient and desirable; in a Book of Common Prayer free from all Romanizing elements; in extemporaneous prayer; in the non-regenerative power of bap- tism ; and in tb'; non-observance of saints 1 days. 5. The Puritans in America. — Congregationalism. — Landing of the Puritan pilgrims by the Mayflower at Ply- mouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. Though coming from England originally, they had sailed last from Holland. Another col- ony and Church in 1629 at Salem; in 1630 another Church at Oharlestown ; colonies from Massachusetts Bay in Connec- ticut in 1635; adoption of the Cambridge Platform in 1648. The Congregational Church took its rise from the Puritan colonists. During the last century it was confined chiefly to New England. In 1776 there were about seven hundred Congregational Churches, and five hundred and seventy-five pastors. The history of American Congregationalism is one of great honor. It has taken a prominent part in all public movements, and its development has been identical with that of the country, tc whose prosperity it has materially con- tributed. 6. Reformed Church.— Until recently, called the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church. First settlement in New Neth erlands of members of this Church from Holland in 1623. Arrival of the first preacher, Jonas Michaelius, in 1628. Outline History of the Church. 73 Great embarrassment of the organization for many years because of the use of the Dutch language in worship, and connection of the Church in this country with the parent Church in Holland. Independent organization effected in 1771, through the agency of Rev. Dr. J. H. Livingston. Se- cession in 1822 of Churches on the score of laxity in doctrine and discipline. The seceders took the name of the True Re- formed Dutch Church, and now number less than twenty congregations. Confession of Dort and the Heidelberg Cate- chism, the symbolical books of the Reformed Church. Dis- tinguished for its intelligence, interest in education, and missionary zeal. 7. The Baptists.— Founding of the first Baptist Church in America by Roger Williams, at Providence, Rhode Island, in 1639. Early progress very slow, because of the Baptists being persecuted both North and South. They enjoyed no freedom except in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and Dela- ware. The American Revolution marked the beginning of great progress, which has been general and steady ever since. Minor Baptist Churches : Anti-Mission ; Free- Will ; Seventh- Day ; Church of God, or Winebrennarians ; Disciples of Christ, or Campbellites ; Tunkers ; Mennonites. The Baptists were early distinguished for their advocacy of freedom of con- science. In the code of laws established by them in Rhode Island we read, for the first time since Christianity ascended the throne of the Caesars, the declara- tion that conscience should be free, and men should not be punished for wor sniping God in the way they were persuaded he requires.— -Judge: Story. 8. German Reformed Church. — Organization of this Church, 1741. First missionaries sent out by the Church in Holland ; and the German Reformed Church remained in con- nection with the Dutch Church until 1792. It was made up, in the early part of its history, of emigrants from the Pala- tinate and Switzerland. The centennial year, 1841, was cel- ebrated with great enthusiasm. It is mainly distinguished from the Reformed (Dutch) and the French Reformed Churches by its use of the German language. 9. The Lutheran Church.— The first Lutherans in this country were in New York; the first pastor, Rev. Jtcob Fabricius, 1669; the first church a log hut, 1671. The second settlement on the Delaware, 1676. Rev. H. M. Muh- 74 Outline History of the Churoh. lenberg arrived from Germany in 1742. He became the leadei of the Lutherans in this country. First Synod, 1748. The Lutherans are now most numerous in Pennsylvania and Ohio,, and are very vigorous. Their theology is progressive, and is shaped by the evangelical theological standards of German Lutheranism. The Lutherans are divided into, 1. The strict, old Lutherans; 2. The moderate Lutherans of the Pennsyl- vania Synod; and, 3. The Evangelical Lutherans of Gettys- burgh, (Schmucker.) 10. The Presbyterians— From 1660 to 1685 three thou- sand persons of Presbyterian faith were transported, as slaves, during the persecutions in Scotland, to the American col- onies. By 1688 many Presbyterian immigrants, especially in Eastern Pennsylvania. Rev. Francis M'Kenzie the first Presby- terian minister in America. The Presbytery of Philadelphia organized in 1706. First General Assembly (John Rodgers, Moderator) of the Presbyterian Church of the United States, 1789. There were then 188 Presbyterian ministers, and 419 Churches. An attempt to unite all Presbyterians failed. Division of the Presbyterian Church in 1838. In St. Louis, Missouri, 1866, attempt made to initiate the re-union of the Presbyterian Church, (Old and New School.) Consummation of the re-union in 1870. 11. The Methodists in America.— The first Methodist So- ciety established in New York by Barbara Heck, Philip Embury, and Captain "Webb, 1766; Methodist church built in John-street, 1768 ; Richard Boardman and Joseph Pil- more arrived from England, 1769. Boardman labored in New York, Pilmore in Philadelphia, and Strawbridge in Maryland. Wesley sent out to America Francis Asbury and Richard Wright, 1771. First Conference held in Philadelphia July 4, 1773; 10 preachers, and 1,160 members in the whole American Methodist Church. In 1774 there were 17 preach- ers and 1,073 members. Division of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States in 1844 into the Methodist Epis^ copal Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, on question of slavery. Centenary of American Methodism cele- brated in 1866 throughout the Church. Contributions amount- ing to nearly $8,000,000 were made, chiefly for education. Outline History of the Church. 75 12. The Roman Catholics.— The colony of Maiyland guar- anteed to Lord Baltimore (Cacilius Calvert) by special char- ter. The first Roman Catholic emigration thither in 1632. Settlement of two hundred immigrants at St. Mary's, 1634. In Louisiana there was great Catholic progress, chiefly owing to immigration from France. Spread of Roman Catholicism up the Mississippi. In 1775 there was a total Roman Catholic population in the colonies of 24,500. Rapid growth of Ro- man Catholicism after the Revolution, owing chiefly to immi- gration and Jesuit missions. Episcopal see of Baltimore founded, 1789. Multiplication of religious orders, commenc- ing in 1790. Beginning of Roman Catholic opposition to Bible in public schools in 1840. After close of Civil War very zealous proselytism among the freedmen of the South. American Roman Catholics represented very fully in the Vati- can Council, whose extreme measures received their support. The Roman Catholics of the United States reflect the temper and methods of European Ultramontanism. CHAPTER V. MOST RECENT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OP THE CHURCH. A. D. 1880. The distinguishing features of the later religious move- ments are: 1. Disposition toward the unity of the various Evangelical bodies ; 2. Opposition to Roman Catholicism by Protestants of all lands ; 3. Labors for the evangelization of the masses ; 4. Missionary activity. 1. Union and Fraternity. — The plan made in 1872 for bringing all Presbyterian bodies into federal relation has been in part carried out. The four Presbyterian Churches of Canada have been merged into one organization. The English Pres- byterians have united, and the number of Scotch Presbyte- rian bodies has been diminished. The World's Conference of Presbyterians met in Edinburgh in 1877, and was very success- ful. Advances have been made by the Northern and South- ern Presbyterians for union in one organization. Fraternal 76 Outline History of the Church. intercourse has been opened between the Methodist Episcopal Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, for the first time since the separation of 1844. A Commission, ap- pointed by the Baltimore General Conference of the Method- ist Episcopal Church, in 1876, met at Cape May in the same year, and adopted a plan for further fraternal relations. A Commission was also appointed by the Baltimore General Con- ference for fraternal relations of all Methodist bodies. The union of three Methodist bodies in Canada has been consum- mated, forming the "Methodist Church of Canada," with a membership of over one hundred thousand persons. In May, 1878, the Methodist and Methodist Protestant Churches, non- Episcopal bodies, united, making a membership of about one hundred and ten thousand persons. The Pan- Anglican Conference of Bishops of the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal Church met in Lambeth, in 1878. 2. Roman Catholicism. — Bitter antagonism of the Prussian Government to the unpatriotic attitude of the Roman Cath- olic population, under the leadership of the bishops. The chief manifestation of the antagonism was the Government's adoption of the "Falk Laws," which leave to the governor- general of a province the duty of deciding upon the qualifi- cations of all persons appointed by the bishops. All bishops must swear fidelity to the Government, under penalty of fine and imprisonment. Pope Pius IX. died in 1878, and was suc- ceeded by Leo XIII. The English people have advanced in Anti-Roman Catholic sentiment, owing largely to the expos- ures by Gladstone of the uniformly unnational character of Romanism. In the southern part of the United States the Ro- man Catholics have made rapid progress among the Freedmen. 3. Ritualism. — In England Parliament has passed a Public Worship Regulation Act, directed against ritualistic encroach- ments. It provides against: 1. Alterations in, or additions to, the fabric, ornaments, or furniture of a church, without permission of the authorities thereof ; 2. Use of any unlawful ornament by the minister ; 3. Neglect to observe the direc- tions of the Prayer Book in performance of the rites and cere- monies ordered by it. Revs. T. P. Dale and Arthur Tooth were suspended for violation of the law. Violent controversy Outline History of the Church. T? arose in consequence of Tooth's suspension, and the effect has been a strong ritualistic party in favor of disestablishment. 4. Premillennial Coming of Christ. — In 1878 a conven- tion was held in New York of those who believe in the premil- lennial and personal coming of Christ. Men from the Epis- copal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, and other Churches participated in the proceedings, and read papers on various aspects of the subject. It was declared, by formal resolu- tion, that the second coming of Christ is imminent ; that it is not necessary that the whole world should be converted to Christ before his return, because the Scriptures nowhere de- clare such a doctrine. The tone of the religious press was opposed to the doctrines of the convention. In the Presby- terian Church it has been seriously suggested that those Pres- byterians who participated had violated the Standards con- cerning the Second Advent, and should be arraigned therefor. 5. Church Trials. — Several leading preachers in the Scotch Church have been tried for propagating skeptical opinions. The Rev. F. Ferguson was found guilty by his Presbytery, but was pardoned by the Synod. Professor Robertson Smith was convicted by the Assembly on some of the specifications, and cleared on others. Some Free Churchmen claim the re- sult as favorable to rationalistic sentiment. The Scotch Church has, through a committee, adopted a "Declaratory Senti- ment," softening some parts of the Westminster Confession. There were two heresy cases, on appeal, before the Presbyte- rian General Assembly during 1878, (Rev. Mr. See and Rev. Mr, Miller.) In the case of Mr. See, it was decided that a minis- ter of the Church may not permit a woman to teach from his pulpit. Mr. Miller was suspended for holding the heresies tnat Christ, though God, does not constitute a second person in the Trinity, and that in his human nature he inherited the corruption of Adam's nature. 6. Sunday-School Instruction.— The First National Sun- day-School Convention was held in New York, October, 1832; the second in Philadelphia, 1833 ; the third in Philadelphia, t859; the fourth in Newark, N. J., 1869; the fifth in Indian- apolis, 1872; the sixth in Baltimore, 1875; the seventh in At- lanta, Ga., in 1878. The Rev. Dr. D. P. Kidder was the first f8 Outline History op the Church. one to recommend, in 1847, the formation of Normal Sunday- schools. In 1872 the Rev. Drs. J. H. Vincent and Edward Eggleston, and B. F. Jacobs, Esq., agreed upon a system of Uniform Lessons, and the National Sunday-School Convention of Indianapolis (1872) favored this project, and appointed a Committee to select a seven years' series of National Uniform Lessons. Thus began the National, and, finally, the Interna- tional, System of Sunday-School Instruction. The Chautauqua Sunday-School Assembly, which originated with Lewis Mil- ler, Esq., and Rev. Dr. J. H. Vincent, is a congress of Sun- day-school workers, both clerical and lay, who go over every department of religious instruction and affiliated topics. The Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle — an outgrowth of the Assembly — lays down a prescribed course of graded study, on which examinations are held, and for which, after comple- tion, diplomas are awarded. It has its own text -books. Quite an important literature has grown up around this im- portant movement, but the greatest value of the remarkable agency consists in the impulse toward a deep knowledge of religious truth and thorough literary culture which it is im- parting to many thousands throughout the land who have not had the advantages of collegiate instruction. For details of the new development of Sunday-school instruction, we refer our readers to Gilbert's " The Lesson System : the Story of its Origin and Inauguration." New York. 1879. 7. Bible Revision. — The Anglo-American Bible Revision is the first international and interdenominational effort in the history of the translation of the Bible. It began in the Con- vocation of Canterbury, May 6, 1870, by the appointment of a committee of biblical scholars of the Church of England, with power to revise the Authorized Version of 1611, and to associate with them representative biblical scholars of other denominations. The American Committee was organized in 1872. Both committees are divided into two companies, one for revision of the Old Testament, and the other for the New. The English Committee consists of fifty -two members; the American, of twenty-seven. The object of the revision is to adapt King James' version to the present state of the English language, without changing the idiom and the vocabulary. Outline Histoby of the Church. 79 Hence, not a new version, but a revision of the received ver- sion, is aimed at. The principles of revision are : To alter as little as is consistent with faithfulness the text of the author- ized version ; to limit, as far as possible, the expression of such alterations to the language of the authorized or earlier versions; each company to go twice over the portion to be revised by them, once provisionally, the second time finally ; when the text adopted differs from that irom which the authorized ver- sion was made, the alteration is to be indicated in the margin ; the headings of chapters, pages, paragraphs, italics, and punc- tuation are to be revised. It is supposed that in ten years from the beginning the work of revision will be completed. The Rev. Dr. Philip Schaff, President of the American Com- mittee, has been the chief agent in organizing the American Committee, and in promoting harmonious co-operation be- tween the English and American Committees. The members of the Committee have published a volume, "Anglo-American Bible Revision," for private circulation, in which the most important questions involved in the new version are discussed in brief. 8. Revivals. — An extensive revival in Great Britain began in 1874, through the labors of Moody and Sankey, (Americans.) The churches were too small to accommodate the throngs, and services were held in the open air. All denominations shared in the good results. The two evangelists returned to Ameri- ca, and in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other cities, there was the same marked benefit from their labors. 9. Attacks on and Defense of Evangelical Truth.— The Rev. Joseph Cook has delivered lectures for several suc- cessive winters, in Boston, on current theological and scientific topics, in defense of evangelical truth. They have been ex- tensively published and widely read, and have produced a great effect in confirming Christian conviction in the entire religious population of the country. The bold skepticism of Robert Ingersoll — a revival of the gross infidelity of Paine — has produced no appreciable effect on the American mind. 10. Present Condition and Outlook of the Protestant Church in America.— The Protestant Church in America is 80 Outline History of the Church. at present very vigorous and aggressive. While certain sec- tions indicate some sympathy with the rationalistic tendencies of the Continent and the Broad-Church platitudes of England. no form of infidelity has ever taken a firm hold on any large branch of the Church in this country. Every department of ecclesiastical life is full of promise. The Sunday-school, as we have seen, has developed to a remarkable degree within the last few years, while the literature of religious instruction has advanced rapidly, and yet healthily. Missions, foreign and domestic, are vigorously supported by the Churches. Educa- tion of the masses, not to mention higher instruction, has kept pace with the increase of wealth and population. The benevolent spirit of the people, never more severely taxed than in the last few years, has responded in an unprecedented way to the demands of the times. God is leading the Ameri can Church, and he has greater things to give his trusting children in the coming century than our most active faith has yet dared to anticipate. CHAPTER VI. GENERAL SURVEY OF MISSIONS. A. D. 1880. This chapter, which takes the place of the briefer one in the first edition, has been prepared especially for this work, in compliance with the author's request, by Mr. H. K. Carroll, of the editorial staff of "The Independent," (New York,)' who has made every thing relating to modern missions a subject of careful study: — 1. Early Protestant Missions.— The Protestants of Hol- land began to take an interest in foreign missions as early as 1612, when a seminary to train foreign missionaries was estab- lished at Leyden ; and they sent missionaries to Ceylon in 1636, and subsequently to Africa, Java, and elsewhere. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (Anglican) was formed in 1701, for the especial benefit of the American Colonies. Danisb missionaries were sent to India in 1706, and to Greenland in 1721, and the Moravians began missions in Africa, Ceylon, and Outline History of the Church. 81 Other countries in the decade following 1732. Thus a begin- ning had been made long before the rise of the chief missionary societies, but it was not until near the close of the eighteenth and the opening of the present century that Protestantism en- tered earnestly upon its great work of converting the heathen world. We do not here speak of Home Missions, or Bible Societies, or of the various other agencies which have been employed in missionary work. 2. Rise of Great Societies.— The (English) Baptist Mis- sionary Society was organized in 1792; the London Mission- ary Society, in 1795; the Church Missionary Society, (Low Church, Anglican,) in 1799; the (English) Wesleyan Society, in 1800; and the American Board of Commissioners for For- eign Missions, in 1810, at Boston. Since 1810 many other and strong societies have sprung up, and nearly every denomina- tion, however small, has missionaries in some foreign field. 3. Increase of Zeal for Missions.— In the past fifty years there has been great increase of interest in Foreign Missions, and vast successes have been achieved. Before 1830 there were only about eighteen or twenty societies in Europe and America; now we can readily name seventy -five societies en- gaged in active work. The aggregate of funds intrusted annually to these various societies has increased enormously. For example, the receipts of the Church Missionary Society — the greatest of all the societies — were in 1830 only $150,310, while in 1878 they were about $1,000,000. In the aggregate, millions of dollars are expended annually on Foreign Missions, showing that the Churches have their heart in the great work of converting the world, and are willing to make sacrifices for the cause. An army of noble men and women, many of whom equal Paul in devotedness, in abundance of labors, and in contempt of perils and deprivations, are spread over the habitable globe, lifting people up out of heathenism and barbarism and ignorance, creating written languages, translat- ing the Scriptures, and helping in a multitude of ways to advance civilization, commerce, good government, society, religion. The chief departments of missionary work are chapel, street, and itinerant preaching ; the establishment of chapels and preaching places; the organization of schools oi 5 82 Outline History of the Church. various grades ; zenana work by women among women and children ; the making of translations of the Scriptures ; the is- suing of religious publications ; and the opening of hospitals. 4. Some Results of Missions. — The Gospel was first preached in Madagascar by missionaries of the London Mis- sionary Society in 1818. Their labors, joined chiefly to those of the Church and Friends' Societies, have resulted in the overthrow of idolatry. The Queen and her Government ac- cept Christianity ; and from the capital, by contributions of converted Malagasy natives, missionaries have been sent to unconverted tribes in distant parts of the island. In 1820 the American Board began a mission in the Sandwich Islands, and in less than half a century of earnest, persistent work a nation was redeemed from barbarism. Where there used to be only savages there are now Christians, who not only sup- port their own Churches, but send missionaries to other isl- ands. Wesleyan missionaries introduced Christianity into the Fiji Islands in 1835. The Fijians were a most savage and degraded people, whose horrible cannibalistic feasts made their very name a terror. Christianity, as preached by the missionaries of the Wesleyan, London, and one or two other societies, have effected a wonderful change among these can- nibals. They have given up their old practices, and become a Christian nation. Churches and schools succeed the lures or temples ; family worship is general ; marriage is sacred ; the Sabbath is observed ; and law and order reign. Many thou- sands are communicants in the churches, and devoted Fijians go to distant islands as missionaries and teachers. Some of them have recently fallen victims to the cannibals of New Britain. Before 1812 there were no native Christians in Poly- nesia. Now there are no less than 340,000, of whom 68,000 are communicants. * 5. Missions in Asia. — India, with its population of two hundred and fifty millions, has been a hard but well-worked field. From the time of Carey to the present, Protestantism has put forth its best efforts in India, and for many years with- out much encouragement. All the leading societies, with many others, are represented in that country, and large expend- itures are made annually on missions, schools, and hospitals. Outline History of the Church. 83 In 1875 there were over 600 ordained foreign missionaries, 68,689 communicants, and 266,391 native Christians. In 1878 Indian missions entered upon a new epoch. No less than 60,000 Hindus in that one year, convinced by the generous aid given the famine sufferers that Christianity is a religion of love and truth, renounced heathenism, and asked for in- struction in the religion of Christ. Many subsequently passed the necessary examination, and were baptized. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, the Church Missionary So- ciety, the American Baptist Mission to theTelugus, the Arcot Mission of the American Reformed (Dutch) Church, have shared chiefly in this large accession. The movement did not cease with the close of the year. Dr. Morrison, the first Protestant missionary to China, was sent out by the London Society in 1807. In China, as in India, missions have gained somewhat slowly, but many societies are engaged in the sea- board provinces. The China Inland Mission is opening sta- tions in remote and interior provinces, and the annual gains are increasing. In Japan, missionaries are multiplying year- ly, and are meeting with remarkable success. Burmah is the field chiefly of the American Baptist Union. It is the field to which Judson and Rice went when shut out of India. No greater missionary triumphs have been achieved than in this kingdom, where the Baptists alone have 20,723 members, in 438 Churches, with 430 native preachers, and many prosperous schools. The missions in Siam, in Formosa, in Persia, and in Asia Minor, have also achieved good results. The territory of Western Asia has become a very important field. Its religious systems are : 1. Mohammedanism ; 2. Semi- Paganism, (Druze, Nusairy, Yezidee ;) and, 3. Nominal Chris- tianity, or the Oriental Churches. This last group consists of six classes: 1. The Monophysite sects, (Armenians, Jacobites, Copts, Abyssinians ; ) 2. The Nestorians; 3. The Orthodox Greeks; 4. The Maronites; 5. The Oriental Papal sects, (Papal Greek, Papal Armenian, Papal Syrian, Papal Nestorian, Papal Coptic, and Papal Abyssinian ;) and, 6. The Latins, (a small body, attached to the French and Italian monasteries.) These sects, (the Oriental Churches,) exclusive of the Greeks of Russia and Greece, number 9,586,000 members. 84 Outline History of the Church. 6. The Christians in Turkey.— The oppression of the Bul- garian Christians in Turkey by their Moslem rulers has cul- minated in a successful revolt. The Bulgarians are of the Ugro Finnish race, who became Slaves by absorption among the latter. They came from the East, appeared in Armenia, then on the Volga, then on the Lower Danube, and invaded the Greek Empire about the middle of the sixth century. They crossed the Danube A. D. 670, and established a king- dom extending from the Danube to the south of the Balkans. They were converted to Christianity about A. D. 850. The kingdom (capital at Tirnova) was conquered by the Turks in 1390, and absorbed in the Turkish empire. Nearly five cent- uries they remained submissive. In 1838 and 1848 they made unsuccessful revolts. In May, 1875, they again revolted, and Russia, later, came to their relief. The war between Russia and Turkey during 1877-78 was one of great bitterness. The Turks had the sympathy of the British Government, but the opposition of the real conscience of the civilized world. Rus- sia was victorious, and her armies rested within sight of the Bosphorus. The Berlin Treaty, which was a revision of that of San Stefano, secured the substantial fruits of the war to the Russians and the now delivered Christians of Turkey. Bulgaria was divided into two parts — Bulgaria, and Eastern Roumelia. A Council of Notables has elected Alexander of Battenberg, Prince of Bulgaria. Both Bulgaria and Eastern Roumelia are practically under Russian influence. Their en- tire population is about 5, 500, 000, with a territory of 74,400 square miles, an extent equal to that of the States of Ohio and Indiana. American missions, established by the Ameri- can Board and the Methodist Episcopal Church, have had great influence in bringing about this great deliverance of the Christians in Turkey. Robert College, on the Bosphorus, founded by an American, has contributed largely to the spread of Christian light throughout the Turkish Empire. 7. African Missions. — On the Western Coast of Africa the Moravians were the first in the field, in 1736. In Liberia the Methodists have an Annual Conference, and there are impor- tant Anglican missions along the Niger. Upward of a dozeD societies are at work, the results being several thousand con« Longitude East 4Q from Greenwich '**-— -—-(/\^ ^50 oKurrachee'i;; 3fouths\ } 'wis** J 1 Oodipoori7> «uau~v-^ ^S > CALCES **■ -6.BalaV **?%. Nagpoor/18 rt.o^" >*' ~V°Ab.meanuggbM,i2, - a" J k I,io.i2.i6.i8,0|?^oonahi3,i5, « *i ' ' 'If v ij %, ' ^BangaloreM™*^^ J*M » ^IaarasS.10,11,12,14,16,18,21, ' pY ■ -AHDAJOSTTB. * ,Sylhet.2Q5 Deccaai.13, %% \ ^ifanael if izagapatam U> V Y|J -Bangalore JJ V4 T?fc . ° ^ : AMadras s.io.n,: -Mangalore k'^SorlngapataiL COAST a ? i, t,i„ ,* I^JOiSi '^affnai.12,14. f C.ComoriT' £ i \CEYLOIT * .n^ X °Oi^dyjo,i2,l3, ?' „ ,>0^ I Colo 5bo 10,12,13.14,15, J JT J) Z J. ^ O (7 E i I 2!etc'M Isthmus OF KRAH ■"*<,, \L Outline History of the Church. 93 verts, and 200 schools, with more than 20,000 scholars. The first mission in South Africa was also of Moravian origin. Four- teen or more societies are now laboring there. There are many schools, and about 250,000 communicants, including natives. The American United Presbyterian Church has important mis- sions in Egypt. The greatest mission enterprises are those recently begun in Central Africa. The Free Church of Scot- land has founded Livingstonia, on Lake Nyassa ; the Church of Scotland, Blantyre Station, on the Shire River, south-east of Livingstonia ; the Church Missionary Society, a mission in Uganda, on Lake Nyanza ; and the London Society, a station at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika. The Nyanza, the Tanganyika, and the Nyassa missions required no less than $50,000 each for a beginning, and the necessary goods were transported a great distance "by hundreds of porters. The distance from Zanzibar to Lake Nyanza is not less than eight hundred miles, and among the things which were carried on this long journey was a steamboat for use on the lake. The English Baptist Society has projected a mission for the Upper Congo; a French mission is soon to be established among the Basutos on the Upper Zambesi ; and the Cardiff Livingstone Mission (undenominational) is to push into the interior along the Congo. The influence of the missions already established has greatly checked the slave trade. 8. Europe and America. — American and British Societies carry on missionary work in nearly every Catholic country in Europe, and in Greece and Turkey. The American Method- ist and Baptist Churches have very successful missions in Scandinavia and Germany. The American Board began a mission in Constantinople in 1831. The work has gradually grown, through various vicissitudes and persecutions, until it has spread over both European and Asiatic Turkey. The communicants number between 5,000 and 6,000. British So- cieties have important missions in British America, in Guiana, and in the West Indies ; while American Societies are work- ing in various countries of South America and in Mexico, where there are several thousand converts. 9. Missions to Jews. — Several British and Continental Societies, organized especially for missions among the Jews, 94 Outline History of the Church. are carrying on their work, chiefly by schools, with some suc- cess, and a few missionary societies have special Jewish mis- sions. Not much is done among the Jews of the United States, but in Great Britain, in nearly every country of Europe, in Egypt, Palestine, Persia, and elsewhere, efforts are made for their conversion. It is not known how many con- verted Jews there are. Some say 40,000 ; but there are many in the ministry of various denominations. 10. Statistics. — The latest, fullest, and most accurate sta- tistics, compiled (at the close of 1879) by Mr. W. H. Larrabee, Plainfield, N. J., show that there are now upward of 575,486 members in connection with foreign missions among the hea- then and in Catholic countries. Of this number 147,059 are in Asia and the Malay Archipelago ; 153,183 are in Africa and Madagascar, Mauritius, and the Seychelles; 74,026 are in the South Sea, Sandwich, New Guinea, New Hebrides Islands, and among the aborigines of Australia and New Zealand ; 129,010 are in America and Greenland; and 73,208 are in Europe. The total among savages, heathen, and Mohammedan races is 374,968. The following tables represent the number of native Christians in the principal heathen countries : — Communicants. India 87,854 China. 16,287 Ceylon 7,490 Bunnah 20,811 Persia 1,221 Japan 2,006 Sumatra 2,420 Turkish Empire. 9,182 South Africa 57,840 ConimunlcMiti. Madagascar 68,817 West Africa 25,686 South Sea Islands 55,878 Sandwich Islands 14,976 The New Hebrides 1,820 In Australia and New Zea- land 2,512 In America, Indians, etc., (about) 17,142 11. Missionary Literature.— Missionary literature is very extensive, and large libraries of it are collected without diffi- culty. Nearly all the leading societies have histories of their operations, and there are many general works, while the books on particular missions and countries would make a large cata- logue. For minute statistics, see Boyse, " Statistics of Prot- estant Missionary Societies, " (London, 1874.) This author has added to his work a very excellent Missionary Bibliography, (pp. 173-184.) See also " Conference on Foreign Missions," John F. Shaw & Co., (London, 1879 ;) Newcomb's " Cyclopadia Outline History of the Church. 95 £Qethauyv-, > Steinkopf /Griq-.ia tonA <^ ^ ]*m ° Plc * S.Lucia B, rmaritzburg 3,4,7,1I ( Portmtal 1,3,4, BIJIelsna . * > C 6 L N Y^^Maf: A f ^ CAguDias ' 4i <^ 5 60U7H RICA . 100 360 3M 400 1. American Board (Congregational.) 2. English Church M. S. 8. English Society for the Propagation of the Goapel. 4. English "Wesleyan M. S. 5. English London M. 8. 6. English Moravian M. S. 7. Scotch Free Church M. S. 8. Scotch United Presbyterian M. S. 9. Berlin M. S. 10. Khine M. S. 11. Hermannsburgh M. S. 12. French Evangelical M. S. 18. Nor- wegian M. 8 14 Holland Reformed of Natal M. S. 96 Outline History of the Church of Missions," though twenty-three years old, is still of value ; and Dr. R. Gnindemann's "Missions- Atlas" (Gotha, 1871) is almost indispensable for its maps and information about mis* sions. The best recent papers, from any source, on the general subject of missions, are to be found in the " Proceedings of the Sixth General Conference of the Evangelical Alliance," (New York, 1874,) pp. 583-650. The work of Rev. Dr. J. M. Reid, " Missions and Missionary Society of the Methodist Episco- pal Church," (New York, 1879,) two volumes, is one of the most important contributions made by any author to the literature of missions. For the Missionary Maps which we here use we are indebted to the courtesy of the Messrs. Har- per & Brothers for permission to reduce the maps which they have issued in their "Dictionary of Religious Knowledge," (New York, 1875,) edited by Rev. Lyman Abbott, D.D. CHAPTER VII. EELIGIOUS STATISTICS OF THE WORLD — A. D. 1880. By Prof. A. J. SCHEM. The tables of Religious Statistics published in the former editions of the Outline of Church History have been found to need so mauy emendations and fundamental changes that the author has requested Professor A. J. Schem to furnish an en- tirely new series. The following chapter, therefore, has been prepared by him. Professor Schem has made the study of ec- clesiastical statistics a specialty; is recognized, both in Europe and America, as the leading authority on this intricate and difficult subject ; and has laid down the results of his re- searches in the "American Ecclesiastical Year Book," (New York, I860;) "The American Ecclesiastical Almanac, "(1868;) "The American Ecclesiastical and Educational Almanac," (1869;) "Statistical Tables," (fourth edition, April, 1876;) " The National American Almanac, " (1864;) "The American Year Book and National Register," (1869;) the successive volumes of the "American Annual Cyclopaedia," and of the "Methodist Quarterly Review," and in numerous articles in other religious periodicals. Outline History of the Church. 97 I. GENERAL CREEDS OF THE WORLD. The population of the world is religiously distributed very nearly in the following proportions : 1. Christianity 418,000,000 8. Buddhism 400,000,000 8. Mohammedanism 215,000,000 C Brahmanlsm 175,000,000 5. Judaism 7,000,000 6. All other forms of relig- ious helief 174,000,000 In Europe, America, Australia, and most of the Polynesian Islands, Christianity is the prevailing creed of every State. In Africa, the Independent Christian States are Abyssinia, Liberia, Madagascar, and the Orange Free State, while Christianity also prevails in the Euro- pean colonies. The largest empire in Asia — Russia — is also a Chris- tian country. India, the third country in point of extent, is under the rule of a Christian government, and so is a large portion of Far- ther India. The Mohammedan countries in Asia are Turkey, Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, aud the Khanates of Central Asia; in Africa — Morocco, the dependencies of Turkej-, (Egypt, Tunis, Tripoli,) and a number of inferior States. But none of the Mohammedan countries contains so large a Mohammedan population as British India, where the number of Mohammedans amount to 47,000,000. Buddhism is the prevailing religion in Farther India, in China, and in Japan. In China, Buddhism and the religion of the Tao-sze have to a large extent coalesced with the system of Confucius, and it is, therefore, said that these three religions have become one. An accu- rate statistical classification of the religions of China cannot, con- sequently, be made. The Buddhists, however, have the largest num- ber of temples. In a like manner Buddhism and Shintoism have gradually become thoroughly molded together in Japan. Buddhism is still the popular religion of Japan, but of late the government has made efforts to restore the predominance of Shintoism. British India has, according to the last official census, about 9,300,000 Buddhists. Brahmanism is the prevailing religion in British India, and is con- fined to British India, and the islands of Bali and Lombok. Judaism is represented throughout the civilized world. The fol- lowing table gives the number of Jews in the different countries of the world, either as given in an official census, (marked *,) or, where no religious census is taken, according to careful 98 Outline History of the Church. STATISTICS OF JUDAISM. ♦Austro-Hungary 1,375,900 Belgium 3,000 ♦Denmark 4,300 ♦France r 49,400 ♦Germany 521,600 Great Britain and Ireland. . . 46,000 ♦Greece 2,600 ♦Italy 35,400 ♦Netherlands 68,000 Portugal. 3,000 ♦Roumania 400,000 ♦Russia in Europe, (including Finland) 2,763,800 2,000 Spain 2,000 ♦Sweden and Norway 1,900 Switzerland ... 7,000 Turkey in Europe, (including Roumelia, Bulgaria, Bos- nia, and Herzegovina) 75,000 Total Europe 5,360,800 Asiatic Russia 38,000 Asiatic Turkey 52,000 Asiatic Eastern Asia 500,000 Total Asia 590,000 Total Europe 5,360,800 Total Asia 590,000 Total Africa 600,000 Total America 500,000 Australia and Polynesia 10,000 Grand Total 7,060,800 n. GENERAL STATISTICS OP CHRISTIANITY. It is common to divide the Christian Churches into three groups : 1. The Roman Catholic Church. — This Church is apparently one or- ganization, and the recognition of the Pope as the head of the entire Church is an article of faith. The so-called Jansenists of Holland, (about 5,000,) and the Old Catholics of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, and other countries, (about 200,000,) claim to belong to the Roman Catholic Church, but are not recognized by the Pope. 2. The Eastern or Oriental Churches. — This group embraces the fol- lowing denominations : The Greek Church, the Armenian Church, the Nestorians. the Jacobites, the Christians of St. Thomas, the Copts, and the Abyssinians. All of them recognize tho first (Ecumenical Council of Nice, and have bishops for whom they claim an apostolic succession. 3. The Protestant Churches. — All the Churches not belonging to one of the two preceding groups are generally comprised under the col- lective name of Protestants. There are parties in some of the de- nominations classed under this head which protest against the appli- cation of this name to them. A large portion of the Church of En- gland and the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States would Outline History of the Church. 99 prefer to be classed with the Churches of the second group as Epis- copal Churches, rather than with the Churches of the third group. If the division into three groups, as given above, is accepted, the population connected with each of these groups may be estimated about as follows : Total Population. Coonteibs. (All Creeds, Christian Protest- Roman Eastern and Pagan.) ants. Catholics. Churches. America 93,657,000 41,858,000 48,538,000 10,000 Europe 312,398,000 75,911,000 152,382,000 70,880,000 Asia 831,000,000 2,753,000 7,328,000 9,241,000 Africa 205,220,000 1,092,000 2,153,000 3,200,000 Australia and Polynesia... 4,776,000 2,298,000 702,000 Total 1,447,049,000 123,910,000 211,103,000 83,831,000 HI. SPECIAL STATISTICS OP CHRISTIANITY. 1. America. CoaiOKira. United States Mexico Central American Republics Columbia Venezuela Ecuador Peru Bolivia Chili Brazil Argentine Republic Paraguay Uruguay Hayti San Domingo British North America— (Dominion of Canada, Newfoundland, Bermudas, British Honduras). . Other British Possessions— (West Di- dles, Guiana, Falkland Islands).... Danish Possessions French Possessions Spanish Possessions Dutch Possessions Patagonia Total Population. 46,321,000 9,276,000 3,050,000 1,784,000 1,066,000 3,000,009 2,000,000 2,334,000 11,108,000 1,812,000 294,000 440,000 550,000 250,000 Protest- ants. 38,621,000 10,000 2,000 10,000 3,000 1,312,000 38,000 373,000 2,080,000 110,000 24,000 2,000 20,000 50,000 20,000 3.000 10,000 1,000 Roman Eastern Catholics. Churches, 6,500,000 10,000 9,260,000 2,460,000 2,940,000 1,780,000 946,000 2,690,000 2,000,000 2,270,000 10,000,000 1,720,000 294,000 435,000 540,000 249,000 3,973,000 2,132,000 1,600,000 900 t 000 800,000 13,000 25,000 3,000 370,000 2,000 2,040,000 56,000 49,000 Total. 93,657,000 41,858,000 48,538,000 10,000 L.efC. Protest- Roman Eat tern ants. Catholics. Churches. 100 Outline History of the Church. 2. Europe. States. Austro-Hungary (including Lichtenstein) . . 3,725,000 Belgium 20,000 Denmark (including dependencies) 2,037,000 France 592,000 Germany 26,820,000 Great Britain and Ireland (including Malta, Gibraltar, and Heligoland) 27,654,000 Greece Italy (including Monaco and San Marino). . 60,000 Netherlands (including Luxemburg) 2,406,000 Portugal (including Azores) 2,000 Roumania 14,000 Russia (including Finland) 4,622,000 Servla 1,000 Spain (including Andorra) 10,000 Sweden and Norway 6,289,000 Switzerland 1,649,000 Turkey, (including Roumelia, Bulgaria, 10,000 Bosnia, and Herzegovina) Total 75,911,000 152,382,000 70,880,000 3. ASIA. Russia 14,000 51,000 5,941,000 Turkey 10,000 260,000 3,000,000 Persia 3,000 10,000 50,000 China 50,000 483,000 Japan 4,000 20,000 Anam 480,000 Burmah 5,000 Siam 2,000 25,000 British Possessions (including Missions in neighboring countries) 2,600,000 1,264,000 800,000 French Possessions 300,000 Spanish Possessions 4,000,000 Portuguese Possessions 350,000 Dutch Possessions 170,000 80,000 ...... 28,975,000 3,200,00C 5,300,000 2,000 36,174,000 15,371,000 6,809,000 12,000 1,442,000 27,629,000 1,644,000 4,817,000 120,000 4,800,000 7,904,000 57,114,000 5,000 1,637,000 16,535,000 1,000 1,134,000 320,000 3,107,000 180,000 580,000 Total 2,753,000 7,328,000 9,241,000 4. Africa. British Possessions (including Missions in neighboring native States) 700,000 182,000 ..... French Possessions 10,000 370,000 Portuguese Possessions 1,204,000 Spanish Possessions 320,000 Egypt 2,000 28,000 200,000 Abyssinia (inc. Mission among the Gallas.) 10,000 8,000,000 Liberia 30,000 Morocco 1,000 Outline History of the Church. 10 J States. Tunis and Tripolis. Orange Free State. Total Catholics. 18,000 20,000 Eastern Churches, 300,000 50,000 1,092,000 2,153,000 3,200,000 5. AUSTRALIA AND POLYNESIA. British Possessions. . French Possessions . Spanish Possessions. Hawaii Island Other Islands Total. Total Population. Protest- ants. Roman Catholics. 2,781,000 2,072,000 617,000 97,000 18,000 39,000 36,000 7,000 57,000 34,000 23,000 1,805,000 172,000 16,000 4,776,000 2,296,000 702,000 IV. DENOMINATIONAL STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. Revised for New Edition of " Outlines of Church History." A. Protestants. (Adult Members.) Denominations. Members. Adventists 30,000 " Seventh Day 14,141 3, Regular 2,102,034 75,686 40,000 2,000 40,000 60,000 7,446 57,000 40,000 30,000 Denominations. Methodist Colored Church. . . ' ' Cong'l & Independ't " Primitive " Free " American Wesleyau Moravian New Jerusalem Presbyterian Church " " (South).. 11 " United.. 44 Cumberland. '• Reformed Synod. " General Synod... 44 Ass. Ref. Syn. of South Protestant Episcopal " " Reformed Reformed Church, (Dutch) . . " " (German). Shakers United Brethren in Christ. . . Unitarians 113,405 J universalists 214,808 Free Will Other Free Six Principles Anti-Mission German, (Tunkers) Seventh Day Christian Connection Christian Union Church of God Congregationalists 375,654 Disciples, (Campbellites) 350,000 Evangelical Association 107,732 " Synod of the West. 40,000 Friends 70,000 Lutherans 694,426 Mennonites 50,000 M E. Church, (North) 1,696,837 M. E. Church, (South) 795,099 Methodist Protestant Church. *■ African Episcopal.. 44 African Epls'l Zlon 190,900 B. Roman Catholics. Total Roman Catholic Population C. Jews, (Total Population).... 500,000 | Mormons, (Total Population) Members. 112,300 12,550 3,210 10,682 25,000 16,236 19,000 574,486 116,755 80,692 104,974 10,093 5,700 6,740 324,995 10,000 80,288 147,788 6,000 154,796 30,905 37,965 Total. 6,143,222 90,000 INDEX. Adoptian Controversy, the Page 40 Africa, missions in 84 Alaric plunders Rome.. 81 Albigenses, the, excommunication of. 45 Alcuin, teacher of Charlemagne, birth of. 89 Alexandria, school of, Clement at the head of the 28 Alfred the Great, birth of 41 reign of 41 Alliance between Charles V., and Pope Leo X., for suppression of Prot- estantism 55 America, Missions in 85 American Church History, the four periods of 70 American Colonization, religious char- acter of 70 its freedom from State Church- ism 70 Anglo-Saxons, conversion of the 39 Anti-Roman Catholicism, increase of among Protestants 76 Antoninus Pius, mild reign of 21 Apologists, list of 16 Aquinas, Thomas, teachings of 48 Arcadius, Emperor in the East 81 Arianism, rise of 28 decline and fall of 80 Arminius, James, birth, acts, and death of 57 Arnold of Brescia, protests against papal encroachments 42, 45 Aurelius, Marcus, persecutions under 21 Baptists — their first Church organized at Providence, R. 1 73 Bardesanes, apostasy of 22 Basilides, his theory of creation . 15 Bede, translates John's Gospel into Saxon 89 death of. 39 Bible Revision, notice of 78 Buddhism, where prevalent 94 Calamities, public, attributed to Chris- tians 21 Canon of Scripture, collection of 16 Carpocrates, his denial of Christ's orig- inal purity 15 Carthage, Church of, prominent, ..... 23 Cathari, the, Lateran Councils declare against 45 Celsus, notice of 21 Cerdon, teaching of 15 Charlemagne, reign of. 40 Chautauqua S. S. Assembly, origin and aims of 78 Chilian, preaching of, among the Pranks 39 Christ, Controversy on the natures of. 81 Christ, premillennial coming of 77 Christianity and Paganism, conflict between Page 22 Christianity and the Empire. 29 Christianity, general statistics of 98 Roman Catholic, Eastern, Prot estant 98 Christianity, special statistics of. ... , 99 denominational statistics of.. . . . 101 Christianity, toleration of 28 spread of. 29 Christianity, where prevalent 97 Christians, character of the religious life of 80 Christians, the early, life and worship of. 18 Church buildings for worship, first traces of. 22 Church Councils, ordinary ministers and laymen members of. 24 Church Fathers, tables of, to Council ofNice 26 Church, the, definition of the term ... 11 established by Christ himself ... 11 history of, what constitutes the.. 11 increase of. 11 persecutions of, at Jerusalem 11 spiritual endowment of, at Pen- tecost 11 Clement at the head of the school in Alexandria 28 Clergy, celibacy of the, supported by Justinian 82 Columba christianizes the Scots 82 Congregational Church, origin of . . . . 72 Constantinople captured by the Turks 48 Constantins, Chlorus, father of the Emperor 26 Constantius, Emperor 26 reported vision of . . , 26 death of 29 Controversies in the Church, early ex- istence of 14 Cook, Rev. Joseph, lectures of, noticed 79 Councils during the fifteenth century 49 Creeds, (general religious) of the world 97 Creeds, the Apostles' and Nicene.... 80 Crimean War, the, a great blunder... 61 Crusades, cause of the 48 order of the several 48 benefits of the 14 Cyprian, religious experience of 30 Decius, Emperor, severe persecutions under 24 death of 24 Deists, English, notice of leading.... 59 authors of the, replies to 59 Dort, Synod of 57 Easter, controversy respecting time of keeping 22 Index. 103 Eastern empire, termination of. Page 48 English Church history, pre-Norman periods of 41 Europe, missions in 85 Evangelical Alliance, the, doctrinal basis of 67 Evangelical truth, attacks on, and de- fense of 79 Fabianns, Bishop of Rome, martyrdom of 24 Fasts, when and how kept 18 Felicitas, martyrdom of 13 Ferguson, Kev. F., trial of, for skep- ticism 77 Fiance, fraternal letter from, to Chris- tians in Asia Minor 22 persecutions in, incidents of. 22 Fraternity, increase of the spirit of, among Protestant Churches... 75 French Revolution, some remote re- sults of . . 61 Gallienus, Emperor, protects Chris- tians 25 Gauls, extensive conversion of the. . . 89 Genseric conquers Rome 31 German Empire, revival of the 69 German Reformed Church, organiza- tion of 78 Gnosticism, what 14 Gordian, Emperor, peaceful reign of. 24 Gospel, the, rapid spread of. 41 zeal in promulgating 14 Gregory the Great, popedom of. .... . 34 Guelphs and Ghibellines, struggle be- tween the 42 Heliogabalus, Emperor 24 Henry IV. of Germany, quarrel of, with Pope Gregory VII 42 Heresies and sects of the first three centuries 27 Hildebrand, (Pope Gregory VII.,) reign of 42 Holy Alliance, formation of a, at Nuremberg 55 Eonorius, Emperor in the West 81 Huguenots, persecution of the 57 Hues, John, birth, a/jts, and martyr- dom of. 46 Hussite war, the, in Bohemia, cause of 46 Ignatius, writings and martyrdom of. 16 Inquisition, the, beginning of 47 Irving, Edward!, sketch of 67 Irvingites, the, sect of 67 Jerusalem, the destruction of 13 Jesuits, the, organization, objects, and creed of 55 Jewish War, the beginning of 13 Jews, how scatteredltnd classified. . . 94 •Jews, mission to the 85 John, the apostle, banishment of, to Patmcs 18 k death of. 13 Jovian succeeds Julian 29 Julian the Apostate, coronation of. . . 29 Justinian I., Emperor, reign of 82 destroys the remnants of Pagan- Leo the Great, reign of. Page 18 Lord's Supper, the, when oleerved.. 13 Love-feasts, when celebrated 18 Loyola, Ignatius, founds the Order of Jesus 55 Lydia, conversion of 21 Lyons, Council of, reduces the mendi- cant orders to four , 47 Lutheran Church, first organization. 78 Marcion, belief of 15 Martyr, Justin, martyrdom of 21 Martyrs' graves, visitation of 2J Maximinus, Emperor, inaugurates a partial persecution 24 Mendicant orders, immense growth of 47 reduced by the Council of Lyons to four 47 Methodist Episcopal Church, sketch of the 74 Middle Ages, beginning, duration, and chief even ts of the so-called 89 Miller, Rev. Mr.,(Presb. Church,) sus- pension of 77 Missionary literature 86 Missionary Societies, rise of the great 81 Missions, early Protestant 80 Missions, Foreign — Dutch, Danish, Romish 60 Missions in Asia 82 Missions, increase of zeal for, during fifty years 81 large increase of money and la- borers 81 Missions, some results of 82 Mohammed, birth and death of 32 Mohammedanism present position of 83 Mohammedanism, where prevalent.. 97 Mohammedans, power of the, arrested by Martel 32 Monasticism, rise of 24 great increase of 29 Monastic rules, establishment of 82 Monothelite Controversy, the 39 Montanists, opinions of the 15 Moravian Church, the, formation of. . 46 Mystics, the, account of 46 Nantes, Edict of 57 Neoplatonism. what 23 Nicene Council, the 28 Norman Conquest, of England 42 Old Catholic Church, the 68 Ophites, the, notice of 15 Ordination of Bishops White, Provost, Griffith 72 Origen, head of school at Alexandria 23 Pagans, adherents of the ancient faith first so called 29 Papacy, at its height, in 1270 44 great schism in, 1309-1877 48 Papal encroachments, protested against by Arnold of Brescia. . 42 Papal pretentions, increase of, 41 Paul, first missionary journey of. 12 second missionary journey of.. . . 12 third missionary journey of. ... . 12 his arrest at Jerusalem, and ap- peal to Cassar 18 104 Index. Paul at Mars' H11L Page 12 atCorinth 12 imprisonment of, at Cesarea, and voyage to Eome 12 a prisoner at Eome two years. . . 12 Paul, Hermit of Thebes, withdraws to the deserts of Egypt 24 Pelagianism, teachings of 81 condemned 81 Pelagius opposed by Augustine. 81 Pepin, King of the Franks, reign of. 40 Perpetua, martyrdom of 23 Persecution of the Church, at Jerusa- lem 11 under Nero 12 under Domitian 18 under Trajan 16 under Marcus Aurelius 21 under Commodus 28 under Septimus Severus 23 under Decius 24 under Diocletian 25 Persecutions, tables of 26 Pietism, founded by Spener 69 Polycarp, martyrdom of 21 Pope, Bishop of Eome beginning to be so called 32 Prayer, book of, published, 1786 71 Presbyterian Church, sketch of the.. 74 Priestly aristocracy, increase of 23 Protestant Church, outlook of the 79 Protestant Episcopal Church, first convention of. 71 Prussia, State Church of 67 Turgatory, doctrine of, taught at be- ginning of fifth century 30 first traces of doctrine of. 24 Puritan pilgrims, landing of 72 Puritans, the English, views of 56 Rationalism, German, definition of. . . 61 some leaders of 62 Eationalists, authors of replies to.. . 62 Eeformation, causes leading to the.. . 49 Beforraation, the, rapid spread of. . . 55 the English, cause and results of. 56 Reformed Church, history of 72 Reformed Episcopal Church, organ- ized 1873 72 doctrinal beliefs of the 72 Reformers, English, some leading 56 Reformers, German, sketches of the. . 49 Swiss, sketches of the 50 Revivals, labors of Moody and 8ankey 79 Ritualism, decisions against 76 Roman Catholicism, later history of. 68 Roman Catholic Church in America, sketch of 75 Roman Emperors, tables of, by cent- uries 33 Roman See, extension of the power of 30 Rome, Conquest of, by Belisarius 32 Rome, Conquest of, by Genseric 31 Rome, measures of defense and exten- sion 58 Rome, plundered by Alaric 31 Ruric founding of Russian monarchy by 41 Sabellians, the, beliefs of Page 25 Saturninus, belief of 15 Savonarola, Jerome, influenoe and martyrdom of 46 Saul of Tarsus, conversion of 11 Schism, the, between the Eastern and Western Churches 41 Schmalkaldio War, the, termination of 55 Scholasticism, lise and dogmas of.. 48 Scotists, who and what 48 Scots, the, Christianized by Columba 32 Scotus, Duns, teachings of. 48 Scriptures, Latin translation of the, improved 80 Sects, heretical, found in first century of Christian era 14 Judaizing 16 See, Rev. Mr., (Presbyterian Church,) trial of 77 Semler, the real founder of German Rationalism 61 Severus, Alexander, Emperor, favors Christianity 24 Singing, choral, introduced by Am- brose 80 Smith, Prof. RobertsoD, trial of. 77 Spener, the founder of Pietism 59 Statistics, missionary 86 Stephen, martyrdom of 11 Sunday-School Conventions 77 Swedenborg, Emanuel, notice of. 59 Tertullian, head of the Carthagenian Church 23 Theodore, Bishop of Rome, assumes the title of Sovereign Pontiff. . 89 Theodosius the Great 80 death of. 81 Thirty Tears' War, the 58 Thomists, who and what 48 Tractarian movement, the, in En- gland 67 Trent, Council of, noticed 55 Turkey, Christians in 84 Turks, the, capture Constantinople, 1453 48 Valentinus, teaching of 15 Valentinian I., universal toleration under 29 Valerian, Emperor, aims to destroy Christianity 25 Virginia, Colony of, founded 1607. ... 71 Form of worship, Church of En- gland 71 Waldenses, the, origin, doctrines, and successes of 45 Wesley, John, sketch of. 60 Western Roman Empire, downfall of. 32 Westminster Confession, softening of the, by Scotch Church 77 Wiclif, John, birth, doings, and death of. 46 Winfred, preaching of in Thuringia and Hesse 89 consecrated Archbishop of Rome 39 Wiilibrord, preaches to the Dutch and Frisians 39 Zinzendorf, Count, sketch of 60 JUL 1 1903 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: April 2005 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724)779-2111 ff LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 021 288 A !! lis niii ill if i jiiijji III llll i ill 111! fill iii iiiiiili ili mil i iiii.ii . ■-.■' mu- Wi\? llll ! . •' • V'-';