.^^^^^^.^^^ - li^' A I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. | i % $ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 1^ Chap. ..K.l.(b..jSr.. She/f x'^.^C^.. ^^v V V V J. ^ ';;^ N^ fe<^ . V III ; h J \K Bl^^wl^HSJn^Pjl mi^ '\ m / . 3 PI ■'C^'JUjAv^ M;'-vj:U>^iri TT-w:// k . \' / rv .u e "yf HANDBOOK OF THE Inited States OF Imeriga GIVING THE LATEST AND MOST COMPLETE STATISTICS GOVERNMENT, FURNISHING ALL THE NECESSARY INFORMATION CONCERNING THE COUNTRY. The Settler, the Business Man, the Merchant, the Far^mer, and the Professional Man, PUBLISHED BY GAYLORD WATSON, 278 Pearl Street (near Beekman), NEW YORK. Nj (g r- PRICE 75 CENTS. "* e) V PREFACE. The ManuaIj Trhich is now offered to purchasers in a new dress, has been published for the last ten years, solely as an accompaniment to Watson's New Kailroad Map of the United States, and has never been offered to the general trade, though often sought for. The Publisher has at length determined to comply with the demand for its more general circulation, and at the same time adapt it to a new class of customers, those who are seeking homes for themselves in our country, and especially in the West and South. In order to render it more worthy of the large patronage which it is certain to command, the jiublisher has obtained the services of an eminent Statistician, and while retaining all those Facts and Statistics which have proved so valuable in former editions, correcting them up to date, so as to make it more acceptable than before to all those who have hitherto been interested in it, he has added all the necessary information in regard to the landed States and Territories, to enable any intending settler to decide which is the best region for him to select, how he may get there most comfortably and economically, what steps he must take to secure a perfect title to his lands, and what are in each case the best crops for him to raise, 5r the best busiaess to pursue. No Manual or Treatise of ten or twenty times the cost of this, has ever iontained a quarter of the information here offered, for the intending set- ler, or for the enterprising mechanic or working man, who desires to make imself a new home beyond the Mississippi ; and as every pains has been taken to make it perfectly accurate, and neither publisher, editor or any one "v -^Ise concerned has any axes to grind, or any pet project or speculation to \ romote in or by this work, it may be received as standard authority in all \e matters of which it treats. THE PUBLISHER, CONTEI^TTS. fAtn Title 1 Contents. 5 The General Government: — President — Vice-President — State Department... 7 Diplomatic Officers 8 Foreign Legations in the United States 9 Treasury Department 10 War Department 11 Navy Department 12 Department of the Interior 13 Post Office Department 13 Department of Justice 14 The Judiciary 14 Department of Agriculture — Government Printing Office — Department of Education 16 U. S. Mint and Branches 16 Legislative Branch of the Government — Congressional Districts 17 Presidents under the Federal Constitution — Vice-Presidents — Chief-Jus- tices of the Supreme Court— Associate Justices of the Supreme Court. 18 Apportionment of Representatives 19 Expense of Maintaining the Government 19 Valuation of Property, etc, in the United States 20 Public Debt of the United States 21 National Debt, January, 1884 — Liabilities 22 Public Debt at its Maximum — Coin and Currency Values 23 Reduction of the National Debt from March, 1869, to January, 1884 24 Debt of each Administration 24 Paper Money of the United States 25 Gold and Silver Coins — Petroleum Production — Territorial Governments. 26 Banks and Banking in the United States 27 States and Savings Banks in the United States 28 States and Savings Banks Returns 29 Legal Interest in the States and Territories 30 Financial and Economic Tranaactions of the United States, from March, 1877, to December, 1882 « • ^ SI Rates of Postage 32 Rates of Foreign Postage 34 Internal Revenue 36 Stamp Duties „ 88 Railroad System of the United States 39 Difference in Time — Large Cities of the World . 40 Imports and Exports 41 n. CONTENTS. Txa» Educational 42 Keligious Statistics 48 The Census— Census of the United States, taken in 1880 49 Population of all the Cities of the United States 50 Order of the States, in point of Population, at several periods 52 Order of Territories 52 Population of States by Races — Comparative Increase of Population 53 Area of the United States 53 Tho States of the Union „ , 54 The Individual States of the Union 55 Immigration 57 New Naturalization Law : 59 Presidential Vote §2 Declaration of Independence 68 Constitution of the United States TO Agricultural Statistics 85 Indian Corn — Wheat — Oats 85 Barley — Eye — Buckwheat — Potatoes 86 Hay — Cotton — Tobacco 87 Eice, Sugar and Molasses 88 Live Stock 90 Weight of a Bushel 91 Farm Labor and Wages P3 Average Weekly Wages. 95 The Labor Question 96 Living Expenses 99 Advice to those seeking New Homes ^*"^ Homestead for Soldiers ^^* i 'i he W e St 115 Historical Chronology 135 Foreign Nations 183 Commerce with Great Britain 189 Ifatlonal Debts of the World '3^ The Queen and Royal Family of England 1^^ Annual Average Consumption of Spirituous and Malt Ll^oorg and Wines in U. 3. . 194 Statistics of Manufactures ^'^ Imports of Certain Goods into the Fire great Atlantic Ports, &c 196 Exports of the Leading Articles of Domestic Produce from five Atlantic ClUee, Ao.197 THE GENEEAL GOYEENMENT. ITS PEIKCrPAIi DEPAKTMENTS, OFFICEES OF THE CABINET, THE AEMT AND NAVT, AND THEIE SUBOEDINATES — DIPLOMATIC EELATIONS — OUB MINISTEES AND CONSULS TO FOREIGN COTJNTEIES, AND THEIES TO THIS COUNTEY. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. PEESIDENT. Chester A. Arthur, of New York. Term expires March 4, 1885. The President is chosen by Electors, who are elected by the Peo- ple, each State having as many as it has Senators and Representa- tives in Congress. He holds office four years; is Commander-in- Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States; has power to grant pardons and reprieves for offenses against the United States; makes treaties, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; nominates, and, with the consent of the Senate, appoints, all Cabinet, Diplomatic, Judicial and Executive officers; has power to convene Congress, or the Senate only ; communicates with Congress by mes- sage at every session; receives all Foreign Ministers; takes care that the laws are faithfully executed, and the public business transacted. Salary $50,000 a year. ACTING VICE-PRESIDENT AND PRESIDENT OF SENATE. George F. Edmunds, of Vermont. Term expires March 4, 1885. Is chosen by the Electors at the same time, and in the same manner as the President; is President of the Senate, and has the casting vote therein. In case of the death, resignation, disability or removal of the President, his powers and duties devolve upon the Vice-President for the residue of his term. In cases of vacancy, where the Vice-President succeeds to the Presidential office, the President of the Senate becomes ex-officio Vice-President. Salary 88,000 a year. THE STATE DEpIeTMENT. Preserves the public archives, records, laws, documents and trea- ties, and supervises their publication; conducts all business and cor- respondence arising out of Foreign Relations; makes out and records passports, commissions, etc. Department Officers. Salary. Secretary of State - Fhedeeick T. Fkelinghutsen, of New Jersey $8,000 Assistant Secretary -John Davis, of Mass 3,500 Second Assistant Secretiiry— Wm. Hunter, of Rhnrli" Island 3,500 Third •' " — Alvey A- Adee, of New York ..3,500 Diplomatic Officers. Great Britain do do do do do do Eastludies.... Australia. James Russell Lowell . Win. J. Uoppiii Ehrmau S Nadal E. A. Merritt Stephen li. Tackard. ii. F. Cooper Lewis Richmond Hans MatUon Oliver M. Spencer... Canada ■ ^er;:eani P. Stearna :.OTaScotl» I Wakefield R. Kr irussia I William H. Hunt., do .... do .... do do .... do .... Pranoe do ... do do .... do .... do Spain •^ do .... do Cuba Portugal do do Beliiiimi do do Netherlands. do do Denmark do Sweden & Norway. do do Germany do do do do Baxony Bremen Hamburg Bavaria Wnrtcmburg Baden Austria-Uungary. .. do do do Switzerland do do Italy do do flo do Turkey do d) do Roumania & Servla Erypt Edgar Stanton S. r. Young L. E. Dver ."V. Wilkins Levi P. Morton K. K. Hitt Howry Vignaud George Walker John M. Glover Horace Taylor. H.innit,al Hamlin Gustavus Coward Alfred >i. Duffle Adam Badeau John M. Francis Henry W. Diraan William Stuve Nicholas Fi h Jolin Wilson James R. Weaver William L. ^^aiion WillL-im B. Wells D a viii Eckstein J. P. Wickerstiam Henry B. Kyder JoUnL. Stevens E..L. Oppe^heim Aaron A. Sargent H. Sidney Everett ( 'hanman rnleman MarTv S. Brewer Ferdinand Vogeler. Jdlin n. Steuart Wilson King John M. Wilson (J. Hcurv Horstinau Jus. S. Totter i:.iw;n-d M. Smitli Alphonso Talt James Riley Weaver \ A. W. Thaver .M.J.Cramer. J. E. Montgomery. W. W. After George W Wnrtz Louis Richmr^ad John F. llazleton.. B Oik- 11 Duncan... Lew Wallace. G. Harris < eap -V. A. Gurcuilio — Frank S. DeHaas.. Kuieue Schuyler.. John T.' Edgar. do I Hcortje P. Ponieroy. Greece Barbary States. Liberia Muscat Madagascar Japan Mo Eugene Srhuvler .. ^ \. Matthews John H t-myth Wm.'H. Hathorne William W. Robinson. John A. Bingham..!.. Durham W. Stevens.. David Thompson I. II. Haws T. B. Van Bnren W. P. Mangum N.J. Ne witter John A , Halderman J . Kussell Youne riiosterHoIcorabe Owen X. Denny Joseph J. Henderson. Charles P. Lincoln.... Wm. A. Conahc J. C. S. Colbv , M. M Delano R. M. Johnston E. C.Lord James C. Buck Rollln M. Daggett... James Scott John M. Langston Paul Jone.s , Philip H. Morgan Daniei S. Richardson.. . Augustus J, Cossard... , Dftvid H. Sii other Warner P. Sutton F. T7. R'^'rers Ilenrv C Hall Minister Secretiiry Legation.. 2d Sec. Legation. .. . Consul General Consul do ■■■■ do .;.:.■.■.■ : Consul-General Consul Consul <>euem] Consul rtcneral Minister Secretary Legation. . Consul-General Consul Consul Con.sul Minister Secretary Legation.. Asst Secretary Consul-General Consul do Minister Secretary Legation.. Consul Cousui-General Minister Hcsident.. Consul < onsular Agent Minister Resident Consul do Minister Resident Consul do Minister Kesident.. Consul Minister Resident Consul Minister Secretary Legation.. Asst. Secretary Consul General ConsiU-General do do do do do do Slinister Sccretarj- Legation. . Consul-Gene ral do Charge d'AlTairs Consul do Minister Secretary Legatiou • . I'onsul General Consul do MinisterResident Sec. Leg. & V. GcnU. I'lternnter Consul Con. Gen. & Dip. Ag. Consul A>-'ent ir. Gregoiredo Will.imov E. E. and M. P. First Secretary. Second Secretary. E. E. and M. P. 1st Sec. Second Secretary. «4 Mr. Oeorse Bakhmcteff SrAis Seuor Don Jose Brunctti Seiior Don Francisco Soliveres 41 •« Senor Dou Luis Polo de Bcrnabe Third Secretary. •• •4 44 Senor <'ol. Don Toodoro Bermiidez Military Attache. 44 E. E. and M. P. Mr. 0. de Bildt SwiTZEItLASD Mr. EmilFrey Minister Resident. ii reiroire Aristiirchi Bey E. E. and M. P. Secretary of Legation. E E. and M. P. Senor Don Audres S, Ibarra ,,,, Secretary of Legation- THE TREASUKr DEPAUTilENT Eeceives and has charge of all moneys paid into the United States Treasury, has general supervision of the fiscal transactions of the Government, the collection of revenue, the auditing and payment of accounts, and other disbursements ; supervises the execution of the laws relating to Commerce and Navigation of the United States, the Bevenues and Currency, the Coast Survey, the Mint and Coinage, the Light-House Establishment, the construction of Marine Hos- pitals, Custom-Houses, &c. The First Comptroller prescribes the mode of keeping and rendering accounts for the civil and diplomatic service, and the public land. To him the First, Fifth, and Sixth Auditors report. The Second Comptroller prescribes the mode of keeping and rendering accounts for the Army, Navy, and Indian Departments, and to him the Second, Third, and Fourth Auditors report. The First Auditor adjusts the accounts of the customs, revenue, civil service and private acts of Congress. The Second Auditor adjusts accounts relating to pay, clothing and recruiting of the army, the arsenals, armories and ordnance, and the Indian De- partment. The Third Auditor adjusts accounts for army subsis- tence, fortifications, military academy and roads, quartermaster's department and military claims. The Fourth Auditor adjusts the navy accounts, the Fifth diplomatic, and the Sixth postal affairs. Depariment Officers. ^ SaUrie*. Secretary of the Treasury— Charlbs J. Folger, of New York $8,000 Assistant Secretary — .Tohm C. New, of Indiann 4,500 " —Henry F. French, of Massachnsetts 4,500 Snjierming Architect — James G. Hill, of Massachusetta 4,500 Treasurer of "UniUd States — James Gilfillan, of Connecticut 6,000 TEE GENEBAL GOVERNMENT. 11 Sa1*i7. Deparimeni Qfficert— Continued. Assistant Treasnrer of United States-Albert U. Wynan, of Nebraska. 3 600 SoUcitor-KenBethi^J^er of|^J^^^^^^^ 4^000 KSrnSrJoifsS;^^^^^^^^^ of Cal.orn^ 6.000 First Comptroller- Wm. Lawrence ot Ohio ... • • ^ ^ Second Comptroller-WiUiam W. Upton °^^^' "S^Ji;- lli;^-^ - " 4 009 CommLssioner of Customs-Henry 0. Johnson cf Pemisylvama. •"'•'• 3 goQ 1st Auditor-Robert M. Reynolds, of Alabama • • 3 g^Q 2d Auditor-Orange Ferriss, of ^e^/^J'j^; ' .' 3,600 3d Auditor- Edwiu W. Eeightley, of ^lame 3 600 4tli Auditor- Charles Beardsley, of /"^^ ; . . ••■••• gjeoo 5tli Auditor- D. A. S. Alexander, of Indiana 3 ^00 6tb Auditor- Jacob H. Ela, 9^ ^^^^ampshu^e • -^ PennsvlVania . ....'.. . 8.500 Chief of Secret Service Divjsion-James J ±Jiooks(^ r ^^.^^.^^ ^^^^^^ THE ■VTAK DEPAKTMEIS^T Has charge of business growing out of military affairs, keeps the records of the army, issues commissions, directs the movement of troops, superintends their payment, stores clothing arms and equip- ments and ordnance, constructs fortifications, and conducts works of military engineering, and river and harbor improvements. Deparftnenf Officers. Salary ,000 Secretary of War-RoBERT T. Lincoln, of Illinois 2*500 fhipf r.lprk— H T. Crosby, of Pennsylvania • • • • •'••■ I^Sctor General- Brevet^Major General Delos B. Sackett, of Maja JX Advocate G^ McKee Dunn o^ Indiana . . Ailintant General— Brevet Major General Richard O. Druin. ot renn QSr mSS General-Bre.4t Major Ge^e-1 Rufus ingaUs. of Maine. . . . Commissary General-Brigadier General Robert Macfeely. of Penn ....... ^ Surgeon General— Brevet Major General -R^-nwn' oV*N Y Pavmaster General-Brevet Brigadier General Nathan J- Brow^ of K Cmef of Bureau of Engineers-Brevet Major ^ej^v ?J ff nf Morida Chief of Ordnance Bureau-Brigadier General S V. Ben6t of llonaa. Signal Ofacer-Brevet-Major General Wm. B. Hazen, of Vermont Bureau of MiUtary Justice— David G. Swaim, of Ohio . . General Officers of Begular Army. KAUE AND KAXK. ENTRY IKTO SKRVICK. LUuienant-General. Philip H. Sheridan ... Major-Qenerali. WliifieldS. Hancock.. Jiilin M, Schofield John Pope APPOINTEU FROM. NAME AND RANK. IeNTHY INTO APPOINTED SKR\1CK. FltOM. July 1, 1853 Ohio. July 1, 1844 Penna. July 1, ItST California. July 1, 1842 Illinois. Btlired List General. Wm. T. Sherman . . BrU/adier-GentraU. Oliver 0. Howard July 1, 1854 Maine. Alfred H. Terry Jan. 15, 1865 Conn Christopher C. Augur.. Juy 1, {^J New York. Georee Crook July 1. 18.')2 Ohio. NdJo^n A. M,l.s July 2S, ld66 Mas8. Major General*. Irwin McDowell John C. Robinson . . . Daniel E. Sickles Samuel S. Carroll July 1, 1S40 Ohio. July 1, 1888 Oct. 27, 1839 Nov. 29, 186-2 July 1, 1866 Ohio. New Tork. New York. Dlst. CoL Kentucky. jrm^^^rui'ckr."::: jS ]; g n- Yor^ EU Long June 27. 1850 Kentucky. 12 TEE GENHEAL GOYSENMHin. MHitary Geographical Divisions and Departments. I. IXvision '^ the itiasoim. — Departments of Dakota, of the Missouri, of the Platte, and of Texas ) beadqaarters at Chicago, lUinois. % JHvigion nf the Atlaiitic. — The Xe^^ England Sta1»9, the States of "Kew Tort, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware. Maryland, Virginia, "West Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, "Wisconsin, Indiana, and the District of Columbia ; headquarters at Kew York City. S. Division of the Pacific. — Departments of California , of the Columbia, and of Arizona ; liead- quarters at San iVancisco, California. 4. Division of the South. — Departments of the South and of the Gulf; headquarters at Louis- ville, Kentucky. 5. Department of the Misso^iri. — The States of Missouri, Kansas and Illinois, Mid the Territo. ries of Colorado and New Mexico, and Camp Supply, Indian Territory ; headquarters at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. 6. Department of the Platte. — The States of Iowa and Nebraska, and the Territories of Vtah and "Wyoming ; headquarters at Omaha, Nebraska. 7. Department of DaTcota. — The State of Minnesota, and the Territories of Dakota and Mom- tana ; headquarters at St. Paul, Minnesota. 8. Department of California. — The State of Nevada, the poet of Fort Hall, Idaho TerritOTy, and 80 much of the State of California as lies north of a line from the north-west comer of Arizona Tenitory to Point Conception, Galifomia ; headquarters at San Francisco, California. S. Department of the Columbia. — The State of Oregon, and the Territories of "Washington, Idaho, excepting Fort Hall, and Alaska ; headquarters at Portland. Oregon. 10. Department of Arizona. -The Territory of Arizona, and so much of the State of CaUfomia as lies south of a line from the north-west corner of Arizona Territory to Point Concep- tion, California ; headquarters at Prescott, Arizona Territory. II. Department of the South. — The States of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, (sxoept the Gulf posts from Pensacola Harbor to Fort Jeflferson and Key "West, inclusive), Alabama, including the posts in ilobile Bay, Tennessee and Kentucky ; headquarters at Louisville, Kentucky. 12. Department of Texas. — The State of Texas and the Indian. Territory, excepting Camp Sup- ply ; headquarters at San Antonio, Texas. Is. Departm-ent of the Gulf. — The States of Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi, and the Gtalf posts as far eastward as, and embracing. Fort Jeflferson and Key "West, Florida, ex^ud* ing the poitS jli jUqI^Uo B^y ; headquarters at New Orleans. Louisiana. THE NAVY DEPAHTMENT "^ Has charge of tlie Naval Establisliment and all bnsiness coimected therewith, issues Naval Commissions, instructions and orders, super- vises the enlistment and discharge of seamen, the Marine Corps, the construction of Na-v^ Yards and Docks, the construction and equip- ment of Vessels, the purchase of provisions, stores, clothing and ord- nance, the conduct of surveys and hydrographical operations. Department Officers. Salary. Secretary of the Navy— "^^'illiam E. Chaxdlfr. nf \ew Hampshire 8.000 Chief Clerk—John W. Hogg, of District of Columbia 2.500 Superiuteudenl of Naval Observatory— Kear-Aclmiral John Kodgers Hvdrographic Office— Captain S. R. Franklin Superintendent National Almanac— Prof. Simon Ne-wcomb Commandant of Murine Corps— Colonel C. G. McCawley Chief Signal Officer — Commodore John C. Beaumont - Chi-3f of^Bureau of Yards and Docks— Commodore Edward T. Nichols .... Civil Eacjiaeer— W. P- S. Sanger Chief of Navigation Bureau — Commndore John G. Walker C'lief of Bureau of Ordnance— Commodore Montgomery Secard C'jief of Bireau of Provisions and Clothing— Joseph A. SauLii, of Maine... Chief of B'lreau of :Mediciiie and Surgery— Surieon-Gfu. f liilip S. V\ ales. . lief of Bureau of Construction and Repairs— Theodore D. Wilson, of N. Y. Chief of Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting— Commodore Earl English.. Chief of Bureau of Steam Engineering- Chief Engineer W. H. Shock Judge Advocate General — William B. Reme}', TJ 9. M. Corps 3.500 IME GENERAL GOVERNMENT. Officers of the Navy. 13 NAME AND BANK. STATE FROM. KNTET INTO SERVICE. NAMK 'AND BANK. STATE FEOM. BNTKT INTO SSBVICE. Commodores. Admiral. Active List. David D. Porter Penn Feb. 2, 1829 Chas. H. Bildwlu i R. W. Shnfeldt New York New York April Mav 21,1839 11.18:39 Thomas Patttson New York March 3, 18:^9 Wm. N.Jeflfers N.Jersey. Sept. Feb. 2.5. 1840 Viae-AdTniral. Edward Simoson New York 11.1840 Wm. G. Temple V^ermont . April IS, 1S40 Stephen C. Rowan Ohio Feb. 1, 1826 • Thomas S. Phelps N.Jersey. Jan. 17,1810 Clark H. Wells Penn Sept. Fel). 25,1840 , Stepn P. Quackenbush. EarlEnglish .John H. Upshur New York 1.5. 1840 near-Admirals. N.Jersey. Virginia.. Feb. Nov. 25. 1840 4 18 ii Active List. A. A. Serames 1 Francis A. Roe Maryland. New York 1841 1811 Robert H.AVvman S.H ' March 11, 1837 ' Samuel R. Frankli n .... Penn 1841 George B.Balch Alabama.. Dec. 30. 18:17 ' Edward V. McCauley... Pe n 1841 Thomas H. Stevens Penn. .. ;.. Dec. 14,1836 ' .T. C.P. DeKrafft lUinolB.. . 1841 Andrew Rryson... New York Dec. 1. 1837 Oscar G. Badeer Penn 1841 Pierce Crosby Penn June 5, 18:58 Stephen B.Luce New York ISJl J. W. A. Nicholson New York 1SCI3 John Lee Davis Indiana... 1841 Georfre H.Cooper New York 18^57 Wm. T.Truxtun Penn 1S41 Aaron K. Hug-hes New York 1838 Jonathan Young Illinois. .. 1841 Edmund R. Colhoun Missouri.. 1839 "William K. Mayo Virginia.. 1841 THE DEPAKTMEKT OF THE INTERIOR Has charge of the survey, management, sales and grants of Public Lands, the examination of Pension and Bounty Land claims, the management of Indian affairs, the examination of Inventions and award of Patents, the collection of Statistics, the distribution of Seeds, Plants, etc., the taking of Censuses, the management of Gov- ernment mines, the erection of Public Buildings, and the construc- tion of wagon roads to the Pacific. Department Officert. Salary. Secretary of the Interior— Henry M. Teller, of Colorado $8,uOO Assistant Secretary — Merritt L. Joslyn, of Illinois 3,500 General Land Office — N. C. McFarland, of Eansts, Commissioner 4,OoO Indian Office^Hiram Price, of Iowa, " 3,500 Pension Office— W. "W. Dudley, of Indiana. " 3,600 Patent Office— Edgar M. Marble, of Michigan, " 4,500 Bureau of Education — John Eaton, of Tennessee " 8,000 Census Office— George W. Richards, of Ohio. Acting Superintendent Director of Geological Survey— John W. Powell, of Illinois 6,000 Commissioner of Railroads — Wm. H, Armstrong, of Penn 4,600 Architect of the Capitol — Edward Clark, of Penn 4,600 THE POST OFFICE DEPAKTMENT Has charge of the Postal System, the estabhshment and discon- tinuance of Post Offices, appointment of Postmasters, the contracts for carrying the mails, the Dead Letter Office, maintains an inspec tion to prevent frauds, mail depredations, etc. 14 TSE QENERAL GOVERNMENT. Deparimeni Officers. SaVaiy. Postmaster-General— -Waltkr Q. Grksham, of Indiana $8,000 Appointment Office — 1st Assistant P. M. General, Frank Hatton, of Iowa. ... 3, 500 Contract Office— 2d Assistant P. M. General, Richard A. Elmer, New York,.i 3,500 Finance Office— 3d Assistant P. M. General, Abraham D. Ilazen, Penn 3,500 Superintendent of Money Order System — C. F. McDonald, of Mass 3,000 Superintendent of Foreign Mails — J. H. Blackfan, of New Jersey 3,000 Superintendent of Free Delivery — K. W. Gurley, of Louisiana 3,000 Superintendent of Dead Letter Office— E. J. Dallas, of Kansas. 3,000 General Superintendent E. E. Mail Service — W. B. Thompson, of Ohio 3,000 Auditor Railroad Accounts — , 2,000 Superintendent of Bank Agency — Dudley W. Ehodes, of Ohio 3,000 Topographer — W. F. Nicholson, of D. C DEPAHTMEKT OT JUSTICE. The Attorney-General, who is the head of this department, is the legal adviser of the President and heads of departments, examines titles, applications for pardons, and judicial and legal appointments, conducts and argues suito in which Government is concerned, etc. Departmeni Officers. Salary. Attorney-General— Benjamin II. Brewster, of Pennsylvania $8,000 Assistant Attorney-General— William A. Maury, of Diat of CoL 5,000 do do Thomas Simons, of New York 5,000 Solicitor-General— Samuel F. Phillips, of North Carolina 7,000 Assistant Att'y-General for Dep. of Int. — Joseph K. McCammon, of Penn 5,000 do do P. O. Department — Alfred A. Freeman, of Tenn 4,000 Solicitor of Internal Eevenue — C. Chesley, of New Hampshire 4,500 Solicitor of the Treasury — Kenneth Eaynor, of Mississippi 4,500 Assistant Solicitor of Treasury — Joseph H. Eobinson 3,000 Examiner of Claims for State Department — H. O'Connor, of Iowa 3,500 Law Clerk and Examiner of Titles — A. J. Bentley, of Ohio 2,700 Chief Clerk— George C. Wing, of Ohio 2,200 THE JUDICIAET. Supreme Court of the United States. Appointed. 1874. — MoBBisoN R. WAriE, of Ohio .... Chief Justice. Atao. Jus. 1863.— Stephen J. Field, California do 1862.— Samuel F. Miller, of Iowa. do 1880.— "W. B. Woods, Alabama do 1877. — John M. Harlan, Kentucky do 1881.— Horace Gray, of Massachusetts do 1870. — Joseph P. Bradley, New Jersey do 1881. — Stanley Mattliews, Ohio do 1882. — Samuel Blatch ford. New York do The Court holds one general term, annually, at Washington, D. C, commencing on the first Monday in December. Salaty. James H. McKenney, of Washington, Clerk William T. Otto, of Washington, D. C, Eeporter John G. Nicolay, of Illinois, Marshal...^ Age. 66 Salary. $10,500 65 69 70 67 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10.000 10,000 THE GSXESAL GOTERNMEyX. 15. CircuU Judges of the United iitates. Salary. PmsT CiBCTJrr. — (Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Ehodo Island) —John Lowell, of Boston, Mass $G,000 Second CmcTJiT. — (Vermont, Connecticut, Northern New York, Southern New York, and Eastern New York)— William J. Wallace, New York . . . 6,000 Thikd Ciecuit. — (New Jersey, Eastern Pennsylvania, Western Pennsylvania, Delaware) — William McKennan, of Pennsylvania 6,0 <| Fourth Circuit.— (Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina)— Hugh L . Bond, Maryland 6,000 Fifth Ciecuit.— (Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado, Misssouri, and Nebraska)— Don A. Pardee, of Louisiana. . . 6,000 Sixth Ciecuit.— (Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky and Tennesee)— John Baxter, of Tennessee 6,000 Seventh Cibcuit.— (Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin)— Thomas Drummond, of nUnois 6,000 Eighth Circuit. — (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas) — Geo. W. McCrary, of Iowa 6,000 Ninth Ciecuit. — (California, Oregon and Nevada) — Lorenzo Sawyer, of California 6,000 District Courts. — Judges. (States.) Alabama, N. D., M. D. and S. D. — John Bruise, of Montfjomery, Ala. Arkansas, "W. D.— I. C. Parker, of Fo>t Smith, Ark.; E. D.— H. C. Caldwell, of Little Rock. Ark. California — Ogdea Pluffman, of San iirancisco. Colorado — Moses Hallett, of Denver. CoNyECTicux — Nathaniel Shipman, of Hartford. Delaware — Edward G. Bradford, of Wilmington. Flouoa, N. D. — Thomas Settle, of Jacksonville; S. D. — James W. Locke, of Key West. Georgia, N. D. — Henry K. McKay, of At- lanta; S. D. — John Erskine, of Atlanta. Illinois, N. D. — Henry W. Blodgett, of Chicago; S. D. — Samuel H. Treat, Jr., of Springfield. Indiana — William C. Woods, of Goshen. Iowa, N. D. — Oliver P. Shiras ; S. D. — James M. Love, of Keokuk. Kansas — Cassius G. Foster, of Atchison. Kentucky — John W. Barr, of Louisville. Louisian.^, E. D. — Edward C. Billings, of New Orleans; W. D. — Aleck Boarman, of Shreveport. Maine — Nathan Webb, of Portland. Maryland — Thos. J. Morris, of Baltimore. Massacbusrtts— T. L. Nelson, of Boston. Michigan, E. D. — H. B. Brown, of Detroit ; \V. D. — S. L. Withey. of Grand Rapids. Minnesota — B. R. Nelson, of St. Paul. Mississippi, N. D. and S. D.— Robert A. Hill, of Oxford. Missouri, E. D. — Samuel Treat, of St. Louis; W. D. — Arnold Krekel, of Jefferson City. Nebraska — Ehner S. Dundy, of Falls City. Nevada — George M. Sabin, of Carson. New Hampshire — Daniel Clark, of Manchester. New Jersey — John T. Nixon, of Trenton. New York, N. D— Alfred C. Coxf^ of Utica; S. D.— Addison Brown, of New York; E. D. — Charles L. Benedict, of Brooklyn. North Carolina. E. D. — Augustus tSeymour, of Newbern ; W. D. — Robert P. Dick, of Greensboro'. Ohio. N. D. — Martin Welker, of Wooster; S, D. — A. K. Sage. Oregon — Matthew P. Deady, of Portland. Pennsylvania. E. U. — \ViUiam Butler, of Philadelphia; W. D. — Mark W. Acheson, of I'ittsburgh. Rhode Island— Le Baron B. Colt, of Provi- dence. South Carolina — Geor;-e S. Bryan, of Charleston. Tennessee. E. D. and M.D.— David M Key, of Knoxvdle; W D.—E. S. Hararaonl. of Memphis. Texas, E. 1).— Amos Morrili, of Galveston; W. D.—E. S. Turner, of Austin; N. D.— A, P. McCormick, of Dallas, Vermont — Hoj't II. Wheeler, of Burlington. Virginia, E. D. — Robert W. Hughes, of Norfolk; VV. D. — Vacant. West Virginia — John J. Jackson, Jr.. of Parkersburg. Wisco.vsin, E. D.— Charles E. Dyer, of Racine; W. D. — Romanza Hunn. of Madison. Of these District Judges, two (Cal. and Col.) re- ceive $5,000 each; one (La.) $4,500; nine (Md., Mass., N. J., N. Y. 3, Penn. 2, and W. D. Ohio) $4,000; all the remainder, $3,500 each. Dist7'iet Courts.— fudges. (Territories.) Arizona — C. G. W, French. Dakota — Alonzo J. Edgerton. Idaho — John T. Morgan. Montana — D. S. Wade. New Mexico— S. B. Axtell. Utah— John A. 16 THE &EKERAL GOVERNMENT. Hunter. Washinqton — Roger 3. Greeae. Wyoming — James B. Sener. District OF CoLCMBiA— David K. Cartter, Chief Justice, $4,500. Alexander B. Hag:ner. "Walter S. Cox, Charlss P. James, Andrew Wylie, Arthur McArthur, Associates, $4,000 each. Court of Claims. Salary. C. D. Drake, Missouri, Chief Justice $4,500 4,500 Glenni W. Scofield, Pennsylvama 4,500 Charles C. Nott, New York 4,500 "William A. Richardson, Mass 4,500 J. C. Bancroft Davis, New York 4,500, Archibald Hopkins, Clerk 3,000 John Eandolph, Assistant Clerk 2,000 Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims. Presiding Justice — Hezekiah G. Wells $6,000 Jud^e — James Harlan, of Iowa 6,000 Judge —Asa French, of Mass 6.000 DEPAETMENT OE AGRICULTURE. Salary. Commissioner of Agriculture— Geoege B. Loeing, of Massachusetts $3,000 Chief Clerk— E. A. Carman, of New Jersey 1,800 Statistician — C. Worthington, of Maryland 2,000 Entomologist— C. V. Riley 2,000 Chemist — Pet«r Coll ier, of Vermont 2,000 Superintendent of Botanical Gardens — Wm . Saunders, of Pennsylvania Superintendent of Seed Eoom — A. Glass, of Dist. of Columbia Botanist — G. Vasey, of Illinois Librarian — E. H. Stevens, of Louisiana Disbursing Clerk — B. F. Fuller, of Illinois GO"VT:EirMENT PRINTING OEFICE; Salary. Congressional Printer— Steeling P. Rounds, of Illinois 3,600 Chief Clerk— A. F. Childs, of Dist. Columbia DEPAETMEKT OF EDUCATION. Salary. Commissioner of Education— Gen. John Eaton, Jr., of Tenn $3,000 Chief Clerk— Charles Warren 1,800 Translator — Herman Jacobson UNITED STATES MINT ANB BRANCHES. A. Landon Snowden, Superintendent Philadelphia Thomas C . Acton, do New York Henry L. Dodge, do San Francisco, Cal Henry S. Foote , do New Orleans, La. James Crawford, do Carson City, Nev 'Calvin J. Cowles, Assayer Charlotte, N.C Herman Silver, do Denver, Col Wm. Penn Prescott, do Carson City, Nev Albert Walters, do Boise City, Idaho Charles Rumley, do Helena, Montana Benjamin F. Flanders, Treasurer, New Orleans, La THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT. 17 THE LEGISLATIVE BEAKCH OF THE GOVEKNMENT. The National Legislature consists of a Senate of two members from each State, making tlie full Senate now consist of seventy-six members, and a House of Representatives, now having two hundred and ninety-threo ^ members. The Senators are chosen by the Legislatures of their several States, for a term of dix years, either by concurrent vote or by joint ballot, as the State may prescribe. The members of the House of Representa- tives are usually elected by a plui-ality vote in districts of each State, whose bounds are prescribed by the Legislature, for the term of two years. In a few instances they have been electtd at large : i. e.,by the plurality vote of the entire State. The Constitution requires nine yearc' citizenship to qualify for admis- sion to the Senate, and seven years to the Moube of Representatives* fin act approved July 26, 1866, requires the Legislature of each State which shall be chosen next preceding the expiration of any Senatorial term, on the second Tuesday after its first meeting, to eioct a successor, each House naminating viva voce, and then convening in Joint Assembly lo compare nominations. In case of agreement, sueh person shall be declared duly elected ; and if they do not agree, then balloting to continue irom day to day at 12 M. during the session until choice, has been made. Vacancies are to be filled in like manner. The members ol each House receive a salary of $5,000 per annum, and actual mileage at twenty cents per mile. For each day's absence, except when caused by sickness, $8 per diem is deducted from the salary. The Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives receives $10,000. CONGKESSIONAL DISTEICTS. The House of Representatives of the United States is composed of members elected by Districts. The number apportioned to the States has \»aried at each decennial census, as shown by the followmg Table : C^'^s^- When Apportioned. Whole No. Eep. Eatio, One to Uy Coustitution , 65 . ... ^, 1^00 Jau. 14, 1802 141 . 23 000 ^^^ Dee. 21, 18U 181 ::::::"::"::::.^ 1;^ Mar.h7, 1822 'J12 40 OOC ■^^0 May 22, 1832 240 46:700 '*^40 June 2o, 1842 y^3 70 C60 18ri0 JiijySO, 1852 233 93'423 |g^" April-. 18fil 242 '...'.'.liiim *S70 Dec— 1871 , 281 ..142.000 ^*=S0 Alar. — , i8S2 . . .325 ISi'siG 18 THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT Presidents under the Federal Constitution. Names. G-eorge AVasljiii]2:toii, of Virginia . . J >hii Adams, nf AlassacbusettB . . . Tlioiua.s J etletsoii . of Virgiuia James Madison, of Viiginia James Mouioe, of Tir;;iiiia John Quincy Adams, of Mass Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee' ' . Martin Van Buien, of JV'ew York William Henry ilaiiison, of Oliio John Tyler, ofMrginia, Tice-Pres ident, succeeded I'rcsident Hard. son, who died A j)ril 4. 1841 James K. folk, of Tennessee .. Zacliary Taylor, of Louisiana Millaid Fillmore, of K. Y., Tice- f resident, succeeded J'res Taylor "srho died July 9, If.'iO Franklin I'iercc, of K. Hrtmp.siiire James JJuchauan, cf Peimsyhania Abraham J.incoln, <;f Illinois Andrert' Jolin.son, Yice-Presidcnt eucceedcd President Lincoln, 'wlio was a.s.sassinated April 14 ]8(J5 Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois . llutherford 15. Hayes, if Ohio. ..." \ K James A. (iarHeld. of Oliio \ . Chester A.Artunr. of N.Y., Vice- President. succe22 1859. J 57 C2 58 58 58 58 C2 47 55 49 V I ills in office. Died! l>ec. 14, 1799 July 4— 182G July 4-1820 Juno 2S, 1 S3G JuK- 4-1^31 Feb. 2!. 1^48 Juno 8 — 1845 July 24, 1862 April 4,1841 Jan. 17, 18G2 June 15, 1849 July 9—1850 Mar. 8—1874 Oct. 8—1869 June 1— 18C9 April 15, 1865 Sep.22— 1S81 i 1825 Vice-Presidents. 06 4 July 31,ic75 67 I . ii ■■ Sept. 19, 1881 Names. Inaugurated. Bom. Died. 1. John Adams, of Massachusetts 2. Thomas Jetterson, of Virginia 1789 1797 1801 1805 1813 1817 1825 1833 1337 1841 1345 1849 1853 1857 1861 1865 1869 1873 1877 1S81 1735 1743 175G 1739 1744 1744 1782 1782 1780 1790 1792 1800 1786 1821 1809 1808 1823 1812 182G 1820 3. Aaron Jinrr, of New York 1836 4. George Clinton, of New York 1812 5. Elbridgo Gerry, ofMassaclnisetta 6. Daniel D. Tonipkins, of New York 1814 1825 7. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 1850 8. Martin Van Biiren, of New York 9. Ivicbard JI. Jobnson, of Kentucky . . . 1862 1850 10. John Tyler, of Virginia 1862 11. Geor2,e']SI. Dallas, of Pennsylvania 1865 12. Millard FiUniore, of New York 13. William R. King, qf Alabama 14. John ('. BreckenridL'c, of Kentucky 1874 1853 1875 15. Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine 16. Andrew John.son, of Tennessee 1^7S 17. Schu\ ler Colfax, of Indiana X8. Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts U75 19. William A. Wheeler, of New York l'^. Chester A. Arthur, of New York t Chief Justices oftlic Supreme Court of the United States. Name. John Jay ^ohn Rutledge . . . Oliver Ellsworth . John Marshall . . . ■Eoger B. Taney.. Salmon P. Chase . New York South (;ai-oliua. . Connecticut Virginia Maryland Oiiio Term of Service. 1789—1795 179,5—1795 1796—1801 1801—1836 1836—1864 lPf,4_1873 1745 1739 17.52 1755 1777 1808 1«25 Died. Morrtaon R. Waif | OMo -. ( ir?*— ... Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. 1829 1800 180T 1836 1864 1873 N.VJIE. State. Term of Service. John Kutledgo William Cuslung James W ilsou John Blair Robert H. Harrisou James Iredill Thomas .'olinson . . . William I'atterson . South Carolina, !Massaciinsi'tts . J'ennsylvania - Virginia Maryland ' North Carniina Maryland Nev.' .'"".sey. .. 1789—1791 1789—1810 1789-1798 1789—1796 1789—1789 1790—1799 1791-1793 1793— leOG Born. 1739 1733 1742 1732 1745 1750 1733 1743 Died. 1800 1810 1798 1800 1790 1799 1819 18«f> THE GENERAL OOVERNMEITT 19 Associate Justices o/tJie Supremo Court of the U. S. (Continued.) Name. 6an)nel Chase Bashrod Washington. . Alfred Moore "William Johnston Brockholst Livingston Thomas Todd Joseph Story Gabriel Duval Smith Thompson Robert Trimble , John McLean , Henry Baldwin James M. Wayne Philip ]£. Barbour John Catrou John McKinley Peter "V . Daniel Samuel Nelson Levi Woodbury Robert C. Grier Benjamin R. Curtis James A. Campbell Nathan Clitforcl Noah n. Swavne Samuel F. Miller David Davis Stephen J. Field William Strong Joseph P. Bradley Ward Hunt John M. Harlan State. Term of Service. Maryland 1796—1811 Virginia 17!)8~-1829 North Caroliua 17!»9— IfiOl Soutli Caroliua 1S04— 1K14 New York 1800-1823 Kentucky 1807— 182U Mas.sachusett8 l&l 1—1815 Maryland 1811—1835 Now York 13^3—1845 Kentucky 1820'— 182!) Ohio *. ., 1829— ISCl Pennsylvania 1830— ie4r) Georgia 1835-1807 Virginia 1830-1841 Toiinesseo 1837 — 1805 Alabama 1837—1852 Virginia ,.. 1841-1800 New York 18iS— 1851 New Hampshiio . . 1845—1851 Pcnnsylvai'if. 1840 — 1870 Ma.s.sachus tlie uumojr.SJS. or K:pr :ta ivos Seo. 8. 'I hat in eachStata entitled und'irthis apportionment, the nnnber It which RUOliSt,it-;raavbe entitled In the Forty-eighth and each subsequent Conares;, su.i!i u^ ol jctjd by ilistrlc s c )mp3sed ot contiguous territory, and containing as nearly as practicable ai eqaal number of inhuitaata, and equal in number to the Re res ntativos to which such State mav bi eatitleJ i i Coagrcs=i, no one dis- trict electiii;j more than one Representative; proyi Jed, that unless the Legislature of such State- Bhall othprwis3 provide, before the election of such IJep.ese.itatives shall take pldco as provided by Jaw, where no change shiU be hereby mads in the representation of a State, the Ujd eaeutativos thereof to the Forty-eighth Congress shall be elected therel i as nowprovidad bylaw. If he number OS hereby provided for shall be larser than it was before this change, then the additional Uepresen- tatlve or Representatives allowed to said State, under this npportionme it may t«c elected by the State al large, and the other Reorese tatives to which the State is eatitleil by the districts as n,iw pre- scribed by law In said '■ tate, an I If the number hereby providod for shall in any State be Il-ss than It Was before the r hatige hereby made, then the whole number to such State hereby provideil for shall peelected at large, unless the Legislatures of said States have provided or shall otS'^-'vlse proridft •afore ttte time fixed by law for the next election of licprescntativea therein. < Expense of maintaining the government, not including the interest on the bonds, for each j-ear from 1861 to 1832 : June 30, 1862 $.570,841,700 25 1863 714,709,995 58 1864 865, '234,087 86 1865 1,29 >,312,9S2 41 " 1S66 1,141,072,666 09 " 1867 846,720,124 33 18(18 377,340,284 00 " 1869 321,490,597 75 " 1870 309,653,560 75 " 1871 292,177,188 25 " 1872 '270,559,695 91 Juno 80, 1873 $262,254,216 97 1874 302,633,873 76 1875 288,447,543 16 1876 258,4-.9,797 10 1877 238,6';0,(i08 93 " 1S78 233,964,323 80 • " 1879 161. 619,933 53 1880 171,885,382 07 1881 178,204,146 41 1882 186,905,232 78 20 VALUATION OF PROPERTY IN THE UNITED STATES IN 19S0. Assessed and true Valuation of Properly in the United States in 1880 ; Taxes of each State and TernUr^ State Debts ; Capital Invested in and Product of Manufactures in 1880. t ^ CO 1- cs ^o; — oco-^— '•^•H*QOl^^:o^-tOlOo05D!£5?oc^>ClC^QOCOt-OlOiC'-'-* -*^oD'**'^~'^^l00oa)l- -^t^-^GOO — l-'OOO r^GO x^ -^ zo -^ >rt V- -^ CO '^S 00 t _ 31 iC-— ' O -' > -* o ■ _. o o ^ t-^ lO Ci" r-" o id jo" — c 3_^ o^ c- cc :/:■ i O lO .-i CN t-' CI :0 ■«* CI t-*' X" O* •-<' C> '^l O t- ^ T3 2 ■:: ^* '^ -2 =^- i! — " ■*' '^» ^' — ' 00* c-1 — " CD xt' ■-' •-< OliDOO CO *-ii-(i-iCO — "Tl O f :j T-l rn CO -# .c « I ^ :o — -O 'if v) 00 -* ■M Co' — ' V X* O Oi CO ^' o j-T-;^— *-ujo:ciooc-ioio — TO< COCl^HQCCOXCOT-'^C^t-OCOOCQ "M ^ ^j — -^ -« -~- = — - -.--.__ CN C^ c-T ^' id cT V.' ;;:;' rf' oo^ — "^ O oiooocodoi — t- -^^--OCOtOCSCOTl-^X COC^iM^ — ~OCO.-H ^" »r:j o -"'* a> o" t^ CO GO CO X O O C-» CC CfS I- r-. r-* O -o ■«»< t- C4 .r4 J> C^ CN CO «^*,- ^ f J 9^ -^ *r. 05 r'co crr~^a> ^<^ ' QO. ■■_; c>3 ^ ; Tg, a; a* — Gv ir- 1-1 Ci t& w. 00 cN 1— J.— t- .,-, uu C3 . - -^ ;^ •-l■^ , . ^- - ^"^--2||SS'-|^ - -'g P--^ I S si's 5 S i OJ iiTSOCSI-t-tcc-J-trh CDlO CO C5 I— -TO — *o -.: tJ* =r. Tf CO r> c: o o ,''- iO^tc "^ -M O ^'^,'^"^^'H'^ ^'-^ : or: (M rH ^ ;:^ ^tf =^ 7 ci t- =: - ^ --^ * ^ r-" '— ^Tfi CCOO^DTt"'^'"' CC>CO"-DC6CO c aocDiOOiOt-^-co «D ■r^ lO ^ coc^ CD ■^ o t- t- '2 t- Ci "^ *^ \ 30GO; 35O»CI--C0 'gj O u: CS z: c^ ^ -; ^ CI -t( -< -*" cf CI CO* r4" (N '*" rH IC d t-COO*»OaiCJt-CDCOt-X''*l:*COXOnOSt-COC;t-'*X«CSr-Ot-'**— < X •— ' n -J — n '^ X CI -H t— — CI {f if3 •«' ,-H ci -^ -^ t-' c:' CO* io — " CI t-' to ci c;' CI t-^ x" cd' --" oi r: t-" -" CO :r: -< co" t- OS -H o ^ O L' 1-- »0 O O O r-. TP lO CI CO — — . -, — — ._ ^ -,-*.,«- CDtOCOU0-<** — X3iCD CIX:00<-HCSO'*lr- r-«ClL-CIC-^UOast-CI 00 CO' X f-' CO *<**' o O i-< (Od—^rHClT-HCOdX _ 1 1-1 d 1-i X .-H CO ■^'Tjit-c: c0»O"Cih-:ocic;cit^xtD--oir:t-- xr:-; ■^lOdCOXc^cDOl— iXo — 0-^*OCCii- d — todco r-H^co o_co CO CO CO c:_x CO t- d '^ d CO o dco co^w "^co d CO i-i r-t" r-T d^ 1-J' .-T rH x' C^T ■* lO cod<<^ I scit- i IC < I OS t OtOt-*cox-Tt^?Or-cDCOXa>-*iCX— 'dCD^O Nr-ijoo— 'Omic-^r-. o-^to-^t^coxci-^C". "COd>Cd'^L--o-^'':— c — co cs x' 'o d' -t** — ' o "rH x" o' d o d' 'O t- o" d t-T — T d* X — ' »o" o -^t d -o 3s ^ o -Di ^_rj -^ m X t- CO — «c t* o d CD O; CI o no ,-( — ■ ci x o oi "JC ?o >c — o co »o t- »o d x ■*C0XXC0C0O-^rH.-<-^-*-t i-HOS'—XOiOXCOCOdt-XtCCO'CCOrH^ddO-H'— l"Tj X ■* '^t^ ro t- 00 - CD CJi_ t- »o " 'rji o" •* cd' Ut iC 04 '^ — •* co' co' o» CI oi -* TO t ■i |§ ?j rs CD i: O" X X Ol to ( D CO O I-* CI t-_ r-H ■*" O CO -H — ' Cl" vi t— CDt—OOSOX^Jw-T' ■ nj ?0t*dCDL-CO XCS-^CDd t-lOaSio'xcTxOsiCXt-J^iiacJT^T-— 'c^i^:;TirH C-t0C0?3ClOi-tC0t-C0aSOCDc*lt-CDt-'C0 Ot— X ^ Ttl CI r-1«O»OdrHC4i-(i-IC0 rH'Vd C^ cot'-osoO'^coascDi-H D CO ^ o_co CO X t-^ X »n d TO ^' — co" CO cs rH no r-" d d '" - ~ ~ -t-CDr-lCOOt-XOrHd'* d c -. '^ C — I 'tr CO i-t O ir- X t' >0 if^ ■ X t- Dl O I — t r-l d OCSCO-^Xt-DlOt-COO-* r) -^#( CO TO m CO 1 •D' r? C- X ^ I TO_ O --D rS CO . - C-- x' — " t-' -- ■O O C' »~ t- 'C O 't** •* -" ' ~ d" -D ^s xoo -O-^COTOiftTOOSCS-* — — 'O-HCSCDuOdOJC-CS — TIC5— *-xciTOrHr?t=xc-. X »o-H«csdot-w3«oTOiooio« — dxocor- ^ X CO ^ OS x* cico d TO OS TO TO CO CD d -H* •**« CO -- " " CO to -*< CI OS rH t- CO OS d 00 OS d b CO to -*< ' »ii I-H ( ■ cs C- V) r- TO d I * OS O '^ d^TO oTo" 00 X c c:"to ■^ O -D •* CD CO t^^X CD CO x — -* to" to' r-i -H d C< rH ■ O O l-- Oi d I O -D C- -J d o d ' J- X < d o": JO t- ^ ■O CD C: iC X CD - C^ u- d x*^ -t ! r ^ ^ ; «: ^ ^ : ^ '^ -- ^ ^ « ^ — " rl ^2 : a J S 3 ■ S ?-2 5 1 to i^ 1) b 0) - _MjJ ' S ~ 5 S ?:; Z S5 5^ Z ; • ■ a 9 3 • • • . • • a S u o • ■ • ' ] > rr. ^ ^ ] -^ J, be a ^ 'S > 9 c o oo -« 00 It- to •^ ocaooo a - - '^ be an, \^n U870-'T1). Funa«il Loan 19IT (ISTU-'Tl;. Resumption Loan, ls;»l Resumption Loan, 1!)JT. Three per cent. Bonds, 18S2. .. Refunding Certificates. Amount Issued in Thou- sands, i' « I 250,000 65,000 3J,50 When Redeemable. Amount Outstand- ing. Accrued Interest to Date. Na.vy Pension Fund | | 3 4XAfter3ept 1, 1801 | 185,000.000 4 i After Jul V 1 , 19 j7 ; 707,13-2,ToO 4>^ Sept. 1, l^91 ' 6o,0<)0,0(m 4 JJulyl,190T i 3ii,50*',00o| 3 |After3year3 | 274,937,'250| ...| I 8ln,150l I 14,000,000 l$l,276,885,150l$ll,881,895 2. — Pacific Railway Companies Loans. Iiilerest repAid by CransporU- ir cent. o( enrniDgs. TITLE OP LOAN Conditional -\\s.\t Xniereit now and all the principal and interest eventually to be paid by the Companies- Central Frtciflc Kansas P.icitio Union Pacific Central liri.nch of Union Pacific Western Pacific Sioux City and Pacific ' $25,835.120 ■ 1 6,303,000 1 27,23t;.512 ! 1,600,000 1 1.970,560 i l,628,3-.i0j Totals $64,623,512 Prinrinal Interest (Interest paid A, ... ^^fn„ Accrued and! bv the Outstandmg. ,^^^ ^^^ ^^j^ UnitedStates $1,615,587 $59,222,093 $1,615,587 $59,222,093 $i7,631,8:;4 $17,631,894 Balance of lutereat paid by tha United States, $40,935,001. 3. — Debt on which the Interett ha'i ceased since maturity. \ Principal. Interest, Total. ...i $15,138,' r95 $336,199 4. — Debt bearing no Interest. TITLS OP' DEBT. Principal. OW Demand and Legal Tender Notes ! *340, 739,396 Certificates of D.-poiit 1 1,000,1^00 Fractional CuiTency | 6,9,S9,4-J8 Gold and Sih er Certificates. •' 200,930 531 Am'lof lT.iO. ( i.r'. c-u.n:ue.l as lo3t or destroyed./ S,;3T6,9b4 Remarks. * In the summer of 1S31, all iho 5 and 6 psr cent. Honds du3 .'t that tims were made payable at th« pleasure of the tiovernment at Sk p^r cent., or paid at maturity. The Bonds returned to the holders at :i}4 per cent... amounted to $5fi0 Q'l'.+X). These have since b-^en refunded Into 3 per cents., or paid off, till, at this tiaie, January, lSi4, they are uU paid ^.r cxchiingtd into 3 per cents. THS PJJBLia DEBT. 23 PUBLIC DEBT AT ITS MAXIMUM— CUKRENCY AT ITS COIN VALUE. The public debt reached its maximum on August 31, 1865, when it amounted to ^,845,907,626, composed as follows: Funded debt $l,109,568,l!:j Matured debt 1,503,025 Temporary loans 107,148,713 Certificates of debt 85,093,000 Five per cent, legal-tender notes 33,954,230 Compound-interest legal-tender notes 217,024,160 Seven-thirty notes 830,000,000 United Slates notes, (legal tenders) 433,160,569 Fractional Currency 26,344,742 Suspended reqiiisiticns uncalled for 2,111,000 Total $2,845,907,626 Of these obligatioms $684,138,959 were a legal-tender in the payment of all debts, public and private, except customs, duties and interest on the pubHc debt. The amount of legal-tender notes, demand notes, fractional currency, and national currency, and national bank notes, outstanding on August 31, 1865, anJ annually thereafter, from January 1. 18G6, to January 1, 1883, are shown by the following table, together with the currency price of gold, and the gold price of currency, at each date: Date. Aug. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Kr7. De«. Jan. Jaly Jan. 31, 1865 1, 1866 1, 1867 1, 18C8 1, 1869 1, 1870 1, 1871 1, 1872 1, 1873 1, 187-1 1, 1875 1, 1876 1, 1877 1, 1878 1, 1878 1, 1S81 I 1, l8^a 1, ]8,s; I 1, 1884 United States Issue. Legal-tender Notes. §432,757,604 425,839,319 380,276,160 356,000,000 353,892,975 3j6,000,000 356,000,000 357,500,000 353,557,907 378,401,702 382,0.0,000 371,827,220 306,055,084 349,943,770 316,081,016 846.081,016 84t;.6il,Oiti n4i;,(;«ii,7 6 346 631,016 Old Demand Notes. $402,905 392 070 221,682 159,127 128,098 1 13,098 101,086 92,801 81,387 79,037 72,317 09,642 65.462 63,532 62,065 69,900 G!) 'Z'.it 69, o:. 5>.3«0 rr.ictional Cuirtncy. 826,344,742 26,000,420 28,732,812 31,597,583 34,215,715 39,762,664 39,995,089 40,707,877 45,722,061 48,544,792 46,390,598 4t,] 47.072 20,348,206 17,764,109 16,211,193 7,093,129 7,o'22.0T4 7 I 00.001 6,939.428 Notes of na- tionalbanks including Gold Notes. $176,213,955 298,588,419 299,846,206 299,747,569 209,629,322 299,904,029 206,307,672 328,465,431 344,582,812 350,848,236 354,128,250 346,479.756 321,595,606 321,072,505 3-32,450,715 361,220,003 302.727,747 ;^.^o.^l.'>..51•> 350,482,823 't o Aggregate. t-§ c 2 6^ -^ ' $635,719,260 $144 25 750,820,2:.^8 144 50 709,076,860 133 00 687,504,2:9 133 25 689,866,110 135 00 095,779,791 120 00 702,403,847 110 75 720,826,109 109 50 748,947,167 112 00 777,874,367 110 25 782,591,165 112 50 702,523,690 112 75 714,064,358 107 00 689,44.^,922 102 87 635,414,989 100 25 I 7 1 S.O.HI I 'S I T10,4;hj.i:2 I Till .^'Mi 202 104,211',652 I IM) 01 I 100 00 100 00 I 100 I o3 $69 33 09 20 75 18 75 64 74 07 83 33 90 29 91 32 89 23 90 70 93 40 97 2t 99 7S 100 00 ]iK)0» 100 00 loo 09 AA THE PUBLIC DEBT. EEDUCTION OP THE NATIONAL DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, from March 1, 18G9, to January 1, 1883. DATES. 1869 Mar. 1. Jnne 1. Sept. 1. Dec. 1. 1870 Mar. 1. June 1 . Sept. 1. Dec. 1. 1871 Mar. 1. June 1 . Sept. 1. Dec. 1. 1872 Mar. 1. June 1. Sevt. 1. Dec. 1. 1873 Mar. 1. June 1. Sept. 1. Dec. 1. Debt of the tJiiiled States, less cash in the Tieasuri'. 2,525,463,260 2,505,412,613 2,475,962,501 2,453,559,785 2,438.328,477 2,4"6,562,371 2,355.921,150 2,334,308,494 2,320,708,846 2,299,134,184 2,274,122,560 2,248,251,367 2,225,813,497 2.193,517,o78 2,177,322,020 2,160,568,030 2,157,380,700 2,149,963,873 2,140,695.365 2,150,862,053 Debt of the DATE3. United Slates, less cash in the Treasury. DATES. 1874 1879 Mar. 1. 2.154,880,066 Mar. 1. June 1. 2,145,268.438 July 1. Sept. 1. 2,140.178,614 Oct. 1 . Dec. 1. 2,138,938,334 Dec. 31 . 1875 1880 Mar. 1. 2,137,315,989 April 1. June 1 . 2,!3i>,119 975 July 1. Sept. 1. 2,125,808,789 Oct. 1. Dec. 1. 2,117,917,132 Dec. 31. 1876 1881 Mar. 1. 2,114,960,306 April 1 . July 1. 2,099.439,344 July ;. Sept. 1. 2,095,181,941 Dec. 1. Dec. 1. 2,089,336,099 1882 1877 Mar. 1. Mar. 1. 2,088,781,143 June 1. June 1 . 2.0r.3, 377,342 Oct. 2. Sept. 1. 2,055,469,779 Dec. 1. Dec. 1. 2,046,027.066 1883 1378 Jan. 2. Mar. 1. 2,042,037,120 Apr. 2. June 1 . 2 035,786,841 July 2. Sept. 1. 2,029,105,020 1884 Dec. 1. 2,027,414,326 Jan. 1. Debt of the United States, ■ less cash in the Treasury, 2,025,207,541 2,027,207,256 2 027,202,452 2,011,798,506 1,980,392,824 1,942,172,296 1,916,594,183 1,899,181,736 1,873,763,593 l,84",598,8ia 1,778,285,340 1,742,729,869 1,701.475,157 1,654,120,224 1,622,956,900 1,607,543,678 1,576,931,288 1,551,091,207 1,498,068,723 BEBT OF EACH ADMINISTRATION. Washinfftcn's First Term 1793 $80,352,638 do Second Term 1797 82,064,479 John Adam's 18U1. Jeftersou'a First Term . do Second Term Madison's Fit st Term . . do Second Term Monroe's First Term.. J do Second Term John Qnincy Adams.. Jackson's First Tern) 1833 Interest 1836 (j 82,038,050 1805 82,312,150 1809 57,023,192 1813 59,962,827 1817 o 123,491,965 1821 89,987,427 1825 83,788,43"J 1829 59,421,413 7,001,023 291,089 ackson's Second Term 1837 -. 1,895,313 VanBuren 1841 . 6,488,784 Tyler 1845 17,093,794 p;)lk 1849 64,704,693 Fillmore 1853 67,340,620 Pierce 1857 29,060,387 Buchanan 1861 90,867,828 Lincoln 1865 2,682,593,026 Johnson January 1 1866 2,81(»,310,357 Johnson March 4 1869 2,491,399,904 Grant March 1 1871....- 2,320,708,846 do March 1 1872 2,225,813,497 do March 4 1873 2,157.380,700 do March 1 1876 2,lU,9o0,306 do M.irch 4 1877 2,088,781,143 Haves March 4 1878 2,042,037,129 do March 1 1879 .2,026,207,541 do March 1 ISSO ...1,995,113.221 ^0 March 1 1881 1.379.S36.4ir. Garfield and Arthur Dr-ccmher 1. 1881 , 1,778,2S^.!!« Arthur ■■ • .January 1, 1883 1.607.548.0'"' do ."'.'.'.!*.*. July 2, 1883 1,551,091.207 :lo Januar^l 1«S4 1, 4-8. -v .9. 7-2 '5 TEJB FXTBLIO DEBT. 25 PAPER MONEY OF THE UNITED STATED Theamonnt of Legal Tender notes, Demand Notes, Fractional Currency, and National Bank Notes outstanding on August 31, 1865, and annually thereafter, from January 1, 1866, to December 1, 1882, and the amounts outstanding January 1, 1884, are shown by the following table, together with the currency price of gold and tho gold price of currency at each date, prepared by the Comptroller of the Currency : Date. Ang31,1865 Jan. 1. l»6e Jan. 1.1867 Jan.l, lb68 Jan. 1, 1869 Jan.l, 18T0 Jan. 1,1871 Jan. 1,1872 Jan. 1.1873 Jan. 1,1874 Jan. 1,1875 Jan. 1,1876 Jan. 1. 1877 Jan. 1. 1878 Nov.1.1878 Jan.l, 1879 Nov. 1,1&T9 July 1,1880 April 1, ISSl March 1,1863 Jan_l, 188:^ Jan. 1.1884 United States Isanes. Legal - Ten- der Notes. Old De- mand Notes. 1432,757,604 425,839,319 3HO,276,160 356,000,000 355,892,975 356,000,000 356,000.000 357.500,000 358,557,907 378,401,702 382,000 000 371,827,220 366,055,1/84 349,943,776 346,681.016 346,681,016 840,081 01 r 346,6i>l,016 &*/i.616, lO, 20, 60 and 100 B olivar . STATEMENT showing the Quantity of Crude Petroleum Produced, and the Quan tity and Value of 1'etroleum Pkoducts Excorted from the United States during each of the Fiscal Years from 1804 to I; 82. inclusive. rEAR ENDED JUKE ^o- PRODUCTION. E Z F 2. T S . Mineral, crude (IncludiaK all natural oils without re- gard to gravity). Total. 1864 i&bX Ib6b 1867 l36i 1869 1870 1871 , 1872 1873 1874 1875 1870 1877 1878 18Z9 j8«o i88j 1882 Gallons. 104,105,778 101,840,010 >32.959.-too 150,859,800 •SI. 775.773 1D9.95;.435 iS5,.'02,072 23J.-l68,550 245.381,871 301,178,405 ,69,927,122 423,520,770 370,571.964 451,560,582 619,007,004 710.539.4 S2 635.256,393 1.083,825,246 1,161,308,862 Gallons. 9.980,654 12,293,897 16,057,943 7.344.2^8 10,029,5!^ 13,425,565 10,403,31^ 9.859.038 13,559.703 18,439,407 ■ 17.776,419 14,718,1 u 20.520.397 26,819,202 26,036,727 25,874,488 28,297,997 39,984.844 41.304.997 1)0 lam. 3.864.187 6,803.513 6,015,921 1,864,001 1.564.933 2,991,404 2,237,292 1.971.847 2,307,111 3,010,050 2,099,69s 1,400,018 2,220,253 3.756,729 2,694,018 2,180,413 1,927.207 3,065464 3,129,511 Galloiis. 23,210,369 25,(96,849 50.987,311 70.255,481 79,450,»88 100,036,684 113.735.294 149,892,691 145. '71. .583 187,815,187 247,803,483 221,955,308 243.60V),I52 . 309,198.914 338,841,303 378,310,010 420,699,599 397,505.602 5.59.954 iSQo Uowiri. 10,782,689 >6, 563.413 24.830,887 24,407,642 21,810,674 31.127433 32,663.900 36,894,810 34.058,399 42,050,756 41,245,315 30078,568 32,915,786 61,789,43* 46,574.974 40,30;. 244 36,218,625 40,315.609 51,232,700 TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENTS. Territories. C'npit.a!s. GovERNons. Terri criea. Capitals. GovEnsoRS. Ariznn.n Ala.skii Dakota Dist. t'oi'biii Idaho Indiwii .... Prescott siikii YiiiiHtoii M'n-liiiiL'tfin B()i;s... Dnited States. 287 57 103 825 .48^ 1*3 46 85 S,030,OJO 8,t»i,cxx) 95,805,000 20,009,^00 25,489,620 296 66 240 651 172 92 t 35 75 642 Capital. Coitds. Capital paid la. 166,070,420 171,507,665 3,475,000 1,420,000 205,000 10,146,500 3,005,300 7,206,000 40,666,900 81,500,100 5o,oco 250,000 1,295,000 20 J ,000 100,000 350,000 150,000 400,000 425,000 150,000 1.250,000 Bonds on deposit. ClBCULATIOS. Issued. Outstand- ing. $9,383,800 5,820,500 7,6o5,40j 78,478,700 151472.750 20,045,100 136,807,250 52,895,450 12,293,350 48,730,600 1, 63 [,200 8.694,100 124,244,700 1,135,000 2,805,850 1,564,950 2,003,000 1,550,000 2,111,000 80. coo 1,481,000 371.3951485 2,140,000 930,000 205,000 9,604,700 2,790,500 2,095,000 30,502,000 24,061, 5CO 11,255,800 10,255,500 6,8&<,8oo 2,393 o°o 4,790,000 2,290,400 820,000 819,000 522,131,500 13.257,985 20,710,400 189,671,975 39.7.=io."5 52,701,700 338,223,675 3.709.950 8,042,470 5,355,880 4,696,110 3,866,885 5,293,840 95,900 3,214,130 66,000 7,052,030 2,063,070 585,600 20,782,295 7,026,670 11.717.525 4,6?o,ooQ 63,554,000 40,000 250,000 1,003,000 200,000 100,000 285,000 64,000 400,000 245,000 J 50,000 854,000 2,0^2 1164,365,085 3 ( 2 000,000 358,698,950 1 ,050,000 8^,568.355 61,848,910 371279.565 36.371 1055 18,848,170 8,175310 13.837.450 7,913,200 3,089,060 2,009,730 189,372,450 167.700 528,800 2,065,520 767,330 220,440 605,220 140,900 756,i;8o 302,290 174.640 719,600 $13,387,068 8,009.660 13.349.620 118,423,298 25,644,557 34,235.407 $8,744,432 5.248.325 7.360,780 71,248,567 1^,105,587 18,466,293. 213,049,610 250,3411781 54.128,714 125,174,065 I2i,053,70& 39,634,052 25.334.879 26,181,400 11,776,135 5.534.250 9,140,136 5,168,926 2,177,b6o 1,287,770 6,509,020 989,058,985 3,220,610 126,235,408 29 .439.64 1 "221214^858- Ili944i69i 10,189,649. 7,072,035 2,641,060 4.6971314 2,744.274 911,20a 721,960 63.137.042- 3.258.99»- 647.005, 5:h 1,004,605 ?,oy5 466,365,065 359.748.950 992,289,595! 648,910,199 343.8i4.«> 38 . .ANKS AND BANSJl^G IN TBE U. S. dumber ofSaite 6ants and trust e->nipanies, private bankers, and savings banks, with tiii average amount of their capital, deposits, and investments in United States bonds, for the six months ending May 81, 1880. ' Statk Bases and Trust Companies. Pritat* States aud Teeeitobies. Num- ber. 1 1 5 3 3 15 12 Capital. Deposits. Inveetedin U.S .bonds. Num- ber. Capital. Deposits . $2,340 36,003 1,607,553 1,323.634 6,120,679 3.611.242 3,767,165 $8313 5,202 185.063 568,043 030.543 254.312 5 5 I 4 42 7 10 $47,319 1,000 3,700 350,000 4.483.750 234,119 140,000 |i2o,'55 61,340 16/325 1, 636)2 :» 334,718 1,140,936 $50,000 350,000 260,000 644^549 3.074,3*^5 2,476,890 loston Connecticut Nc-w England States 40 49 31 2 11 8s 15 21 5 4 11 6,85^, 630 7,001,542 I8,i48,il4 550.000 1,255,373 4.4". 404 762.175 3.270,897 673,689 455.S41 2,447,511 16,468,616 1,688,460 74 _5.159.888 _3,7_43,705 ig,;8i,388 86,794,598 1,390,139 2,973. "9 10,0,72,689 25,234.689 5,2";.545 917,742 441 ,056 2,274,006 1,941,768 7,624,691 354.521 268,883 478,606 81,876 653,938 20,000 251,189 100,863 163 452 1 185 'I I 18 6 1,524,103 31,187.192 91,000 29.180 4,378,527 Ii346.729 324,382 2,000 & 357'ooo 11,402,788 30,552,744 71,649 930 18,737,565 4,104,601 M74.866 1,824 143.185 1,072,365 2,988^31 New York City Washington MiiWlc States 234 38.976,^6 154,894,971 u. 782,335 885 40,005,937 7i,U0.139 ~54 17 9 4 27 2,321, "igo 1,177,128 747.894 291^,000 3,634,6^5 5.137,229 3,089,199 1.477,416 611,067 4*41,983 270,208 87,488 '52',333" 20 I 9 20 16 3 ■•■87' 13 22 3 7 374.472 70,000 42,427 216,499 Sifeo 425,241 439,485 126,265 53.333 l,76i,S04 112,110 394,628 200,584 71,464 2,001,037 945,544 119,216 683I840 272,706 1,257,221 1,103,246 87,343 6 17 615,000 644,205 1,012,426 1,441,669 123,758 2 49 12 23 2,723,698 1,930,276 133,000 5,705,038 5,066,444 1,697.704 4,032,122 2,280,131 412,310 5,902,969 5,"6,i4q 3,050,686 643.013 3,000 74.017 218,553 471.197 "2,358 4,052,b20 165,318 1.7«,I45 687,524 172,054 Arkansas Tennessee SoutUcra States _24i "31 4 3 27 25 10 31 2^ 6^ 22 18 31 12 26,694,662 38,505,356 3,132.931 1,350,032 4,i98,9"9 2,iog,U7 3,228,683 8,846,734 3.378.821 6,252,293 6,100,307 1,911,978 10,360,054 18,074,610 1,810,416 480,354 2,055,955 163,656 20,882 '& "7,717 2,398,878 §8,973 329,692 "2,477 13,489 222,112 51.924 325.025 849,920 47,883 252 -^3 li 23 '1 81 '4 245 70 75 10 "7 71 4,809.706 4.361,082 775.472 105,000 3.164,190 3,042,881 586,381 1,009,099 206,041 793,229 161,500 2,583,7^ 935,068 1,083,125 454.973 790.437 401.858 13,541.159 Ohio I,2,-8,cs8 626,769 940.924 1,201,244 9S7.033 3,681,114 1,337,700 710,000 785.614 473.231 2,521,985 971,307 3,107,050 5,250,582 707,707 192,032 17,004,516 3,042,679. 826,111 9, =.90,096 13,282,590 3.726,779 3.727.131 826,455 3,309,346 i,';36,6o7 7,617,806 2,8lJ,325 4,046,563 614,089 3,060,734 I.539f>6o Detroit, Minnesota Western States , 407 24.892,350 78,8oo,9f9 5.454.733 1.443 20,520,000 76,871,288 14 20 12 31 9 11 5 4 2 18 13 4 5 1,203,466 460,913 2,083, m 7 325,067 250,457 206,000 6,667 128,05^ 5.358 127,5" 446,708 357,000 112,932 818.953 7,912,530 2.934.305 735.988 I.233.95J 181,925 271,201 18,368 396,279 724,031 525,109 243,673 58 5 7 4 8,283,006 7,901.233 259,2';b 108,000 11,269,822 18,199.412 M5,';i2 98,560 197.341 3,319.780 Utnli Arizona 1 : Pacific States and Ter's.... 74 i6,ii5i,489 30,113,306 3.517,121 148 5,626,250 16,970,944 United States 996 113,970,677 318,-83,228 24,498,604 3^2 76,121,961 182,667,23s BANKS AND BANKING IN THE U. S. 2^ JSFmnher of Slc.te hanka and trust companies, private bankers, and savinc/o banks, witk the average amouiri of their capital, deposits, and investments in United Slates bond'), for the six months ending Afai/ 81, 1880. Bankeks. Savings Banks. Total. Invested in O.S. bonds. Kum- ber. 16 154 12 Capital. Deposits. Invested n Kum U.S. bonds, ber. ■ Capital. Deposits. Invested in U. S. bonda. $21,599,469 28,204,106 6,907,562 142.510,2.-4 56,706,871 39.188,748 73,549,!-6o $3,284,637 916.297 653,862 13,633,993 6,499,110 4,570,369 8,131,932 64 7> 22 l6i 11 105 $47,319 51,000 353.700 510,000 5,128,099 2i6i6,'B9b $21,721,964 28,301,349 8,531.140 '44'-68,273 64,553,766 43,134,708 78,457,961 $3,292,959 924.499 690,846 $.;8.550 1,984,618 7,045 18,420 13,857,606 9,051,771 5 207,957 8 404,664 2.048,633 422 368,757.040 37,693.200 536 12.015,518 ~Cs25,64T 49.335.306 641,000 1.324.553 8,789,931 2,108 994 4,053.579 675,689 564.434 3.134.842 357,060 388,969,361 162,275,473 291.914,072 13,751,649 20,391,118 29,071,132 51,496,370 14,6;i,5S9 2,127,426 819,944 25,814.319 3,305,875 41,430,293 358,430 7.528.342 91 23 7 34 1 4 4 2 5 9 I 131,291,297 174,566.730 12,289,801 17,417.079 270,878 22,157 ,080 7.961,178 1,207, Sfco 235.703 2M67,947 S17.644 45,993,290 73,737.079 2,552,C05 5,871,992 70,000 6,472,097 1,679,366 303 506 12 51 271 61 12 38 7 48,293,488 88,890.112 2,910,426 6,141,675 822,786 800 274,180 ♦40,000 117.527 7.425 6,671,500. 2,340,729 458,300 10.085 20,075 13,^38 9,890,353 20,535 203,037 289,758 10,200,253 310,293 528,460 8,782,499 181 389^3.857_ >■ 46,301,155 1,300 _79,5io,943_ ti';,6i8,967 166,865,989 34.000 3 ^0,912 558,336 76 20 13 13 58 9 2b 33 3 II 105 15 71 15 30 3.036.974 1,247,128 790.321 511499 4,068.279 83,830 1,040,241 1,083,690 126,265 2,777,031 3.701,080 245,110 6,099,066 5,267,028 1,769,228 7,757,202 4,034.743 1,596,632 658,812 5,910,827 287,289 2,269,647 2.634.915 87,343 4,632,122 1,332,7-1 577,628 7,698,114 5,803,673 3,222.740 294,208 137,488 52,333 19,050 I 885,004 14.5^3 1,000 2,000 742 209,358 45,000 643,013. 163,133 75,102- 306.979. 8;,6oo i&o,i33 1,085 88,426 125,388 486,035 5 342,912 '.457,923 1,000 498 31,847,370 5,704,140 1,402,241 1.045.924 4.365.434 4,092,314 4,272,455 2,340.799 1,066,041 1.578,843 634,731 5,153,906 53.504.438 207834,648" 4,392,711 13,965,571 13.172,783 17,061, 183 12,584,083 7,105,952 7,544.048 5,964,028 7,78S,900 13,326,191 5,000,150 15,307,216 18,oaS,699 4,877,150 2,019,814 2.542,99* 703,819 25^.789 4 65,oco 697,202 85,959 248 12 9 316 34 155 14 1C9 9 309 954434 275,071 2,829,649 1 14 5 I 8,940,548 1,413.171 550,515 10,570 2,151,270 42,061 60,000 419.685 557.889 160,045 62,400 154.894 480,009 184,761 15.914- 16,050 72,284 1 150,000 1.867,594 1*4,267 & 208,018 3 119,968 428,208 103, *8 5 28 148 83 5.705,555 1.564.144 653,890 873.39s 90.397 2,682,821 33 330,567 13.91,465 2.474.557 1 1,883 1 45,743.007 _l69,633,732 1.033,103 14.928,718 67,497,291 3.479,877 834.548 1.233,952 i»i,925 271,201 18,303 396,279 724,031 525,109 2,1Q fi-Q 10,612,111 1 7 9 58,532 2,839,944 4i.3»5.352 I ,245,20 9,430.629 12,104,546 584,917 364,457 206,000 6,667 128,054 5,358 127,^11 446,708 2^,^^ 112,423 41.742 680,710 2,119,796 6,;oo j 15 85 118,723 129,272 2,711,604 1 26 38 13 6,160,050 1 1 1 5 4 2 18 13 4 5 25,000 1 366,695 17 2,842,248 4,044,187 44.^83.8j8 1 2,727.904 239 4,456 25,019,987 194,136,825 91,368,07,^ 6,601,720 658 14,366,684 817,644,113 j I3j,ia7,8 16 I.3I9.O94..576 228,053,104 ^Q LEGAL RATES OF INTEREST IX THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. LEGAL INTEREST. Alabama. — Eight percent. On usurious contracts iShe principal only can be recovered. .^rtanso.'i.— Six per cent., but parties may con- tract far any rate not exceeding ten. Usury for- feits both principal and interest California —Ten per cent, after a debt becomes ■due, but parties may agree upon any rate of intcr- «st whatever, simple or compound, Colorado Territory.— Ten per cent on money loaned. Omnerficirf.— six per cent. Usury forfeits in- terest taken in excess of legal rate. ZJaXota.— Seven per cent. Tartics may contract for a rate not exceeding twelve. Usury forfeits all the interest taken. Oelaicare —Six per cent Tenalty for usury for- feits a sum equal to the moncj* lent District of Columbia.— Six per cent Parties may stipulate in writing for ten. Usury forfeits all the interest JTtorWa.— Eight per cent Usury laws repealed. Money may be loaned at any rate. Georgia.— Seven per cent Parties may contract for twelve. A higher rate than twelve forfeits interest and excess. I WaTio Terri'torj/.— Ten per cent. Fartiesmay agree ^ writing for any rate not exceeding two per «cnt per month. Penalty for greater rate is three times the amount paid, fine of $300, or six months imprisonment, or both. /(finoi*,— Six per cent, but parties may agree in writing for ten. Penalty for usury forfeits the entire interest. /ndiana.— Six per cent Parties may agree in writing for any rate rot exceeding ten. Bej-ond that rate is illegal as to excess onl3-. loica —Six per cent Parties may agree in wri- ting for ten. A higher rate works a forfeiture of ten per cent Xonsoj!.— Seven per cent Parties may agree for twelve. Usury forfeits the cxcc?s. Kentttcl-y.— Six per cent., but contracts may be made in writing for ten. Usury forfeits the whole Interest charged. Louisiana. — Five per cent, eight per cent, may be stipulated for, if embodied in the face of the obligation, but no higher than eight per cent Jfaine.— Six per cent. Parties may agree in writing to any rate. Jlaryland.—Six percent Usurious contracts can- not be enforced for the excess above the legal rate. JfiVfii^an.— Seven per cent Parties may contract for any rate not exceeding te:i. JIftnntsofa.— Seven per cent Parties may con- tract to pay as high as twelve, in writing, but con- tract for higher ra'c is voiii to the excess. Jlissi.vippi.— Six per cci.t Parties may contract In writing for ten. Where more than ten is taken the excess cannot be recovered. Jlifxouri.— Six per cent Contractin writingmay |)e made for ten. The penalty for osuryisforfeiture of the interest at ten per cent Jfonfano.— Parties may etipnlbte for any rate of Interest Xebratrifi.— Ten per cent, or any rate on express contract not greater than twelve. Usury prohibits the recovery of any interest on the principal. ICecada.—Tcnj^cr cent Contracts in writing ma j be made for the payment of any other rate. Ifeic Ilavip.'hire.—Six per cent. A higher rate for fcits three limes the excess to the person aggrieve! suing therefor, J\>ir-J«-.«v.— Six per cent Usury forfeits all interest and costs. Kew-Mexieo Territory.— Six per cent, but partiei may agree upon any rate. Keic-Yorli. — Six per cent. Usury is a misde- meanor, puni hable by a f.no of $l,00f> or sir months imprisonment, or both, and fjrfeits th«i principal, even in the hands of third parties. North Carolina — Six per cent ; eight may be stip ulatedfor when money is borrowed. Penalty fot usury isdouble the amount lent and Indictment foi misdemeanor. Ohio.— Six per cent Contract In writing may be for eight No penalty attached for violation of law. If contract is for a higher rate than eight it is void as to interest and recovery is limited to principal and sis per cent Oregon. — Ten per cent Parties may agree on twelve. Pennsylvania. — Six per cent. Usurious interest cannotbc eo'.Icctcd. If paid it maybe recovered by suit therefor within six months. j:hode Ifland.—Six per cent Any rate mayba agreed upon. South Carolina. — Seven per cent Usury laws are nbo'ished, and parties may contract without llmiU Contracts must be in writing. Tennessee. — Six per cent Parties may con'ractin writing for any rate not exceeding ton per cent Tfios.— Eight per cent All usnry laws abolished by the Constitution. Utnh Territory.— Ten per cent No nsory laws. Any rate may be agreed on. rermonL— Six per cent Usury forfeits only tin excess. r/rjinin.— Six per cent Lenders forfeit all In- t: rest in case of usury. WaMngton Territory.— Ten per cent. Any rate agreed upon in writing is valid. Kest Virffinia.— Six per cent. Excess of intevert cannot be recovered if usury is pleaded. TTiVonsfn.— Seven per cent Parties may con- tract in writing for ten. No interest can bo con>- putcd on interest Usnry forfeits all the interest paid. ^Vyoming Territory. -Twelve per cent, but ao^ rate may bo agreed upon in writing. Vpper Canada.—Six per cent, but parUes nay agree upon any rate. Loicer Canada.— Six per cent, but any rate may be stipulated for. The Currency Act of Congress limits National Banks to a rate of six per cent. In the Districts Coltimbia CongreBS allows a rate of ten per cent FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ThAXSACTIONS OF TBE U. S. 31 c t» Q O H ^ i~ t- 00 H fe ■-I N O C3 <1 <1 ^ 1^ s ft O t3 T~ 05 w < H N iO -n<__ '^_ ■*.'-;. o t-^ o> — -- t- n ■* e5 -" 4 I 5 -* CO « i 1-5! «-< eo »— o O i-H 00 ■^ o t- -^ lo e? o o o o CO O O T)< OOOOJOO'^I^O CO o lO s o 1_ lO 1-^ cT co" crT ^-T cT ■>-* o c^ ^ C! c■^ Oq_ O^ rH^ Cfl_ CO •>-- '^" i-T cT co" cT c-i" C^ O T-l TH rl CO T-i 1 CO CO O «]. O -r}< o lO O Cs lO 00 o (» O CI o ■^ (T) O cc" ^ CO CO Cl '- XI* O l-H o b- ir5 o t- ^ o» ►- w - '^ "^^ ^ "^ ^ T-^ 00 •<* cT cs t-^ »o" lo" CO o ^ ^: :2: (M <>» Tf I- Cfl ^ ^ -^ ^. ' ■§ .a ^ 3 C ■" M c o . o s ^ 3 o V- k' O .X ^ c ft .2 e :: •■= 00 ^ h- o o o rC t- o C5 o „ ^_, ^ ■<* «) TA f^ rr: "T- "H o_ *r- "-- !i- '"■- t-_. (N 4' .H' R! O) 3 »- B a rt S 1-3 tlO V 7; a t^ c ■& 00 ** o '^ i o S o|:g =' P 3 •o esk _,- «; S - g O t- •O 5^ o -Co- rns'© c* .5 fe ^ ^ § c >> a . c d OS CS . O^ ■" *? CO S a =i m «« = -g s «» — eo .£. 3 "^ 2 — H I ■< <1 O E3 w H H CLi Ch C C-i Ci C4 82 POSTAL RATES AND REOULATIONB. POSTAL RATES AND REGULATIONS. Domestic mail matter is divided into four classes: 1st. Written matter; 2d. Period- ical publications ; -Id. Miscellaneous printed matter ; Ath. Merchandise. First-class matter embraces letters, postal c n\!s, and all matter wholly or partly in writinij (except in cases staled under head of third-class matter), and all matter sealed or clcsed against inspection. I'osTAGii on fir^t-class matter, after October 1st, 1883, must be prepaid at the rate of two cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof; except that on " postal cards," the postaixe is one cent each, and on " local " or '• drop-letters," postage is two cents per half ounce or fraction thereof, including- delivery at letter-c irrier offices, and one cent for each half ounce or fraction thereof, where free delivery by carrier is not established. First-class matter, except postal cards or drop-letters, deposited in any post-office wholly unpaid, or having only a one cent or two cent stamp affixed, will be " held for postage," and unless the postmaster is able to communicate the fact to the sender, the package must be sent to the Dead-Letter Office. Should such wholly unpaid or insufficiently prepaid matter, throu^li inadvertence, reach its destination, it is the duty of the delivering postmaster to collect on wholly unpaid matter double postage, and on insufficiently prepaid matter the ordinary letter rates; giving credit for the amount which may have been prepaid thereon. There were some important changes adopted by the Gengress which adjourned March 4, 1883, the most noteworthy being the adoption of the postal note. This note, about the size of a greenback, is ingeniously arranged for any date within the next 12 years, and can be issued for any sum from one cent up to four-,^uir dollars; the note itself costs three cents, and the postmaster at the office where it is issued, punches the month and the year, and the number of dollars, dimes, and cents for which it is is- Bued; the money being paid in when it is issued, and it is payable to bearer at any time within three months from the last day of the month oi issue. It is not quite as safe as the money orders, but costs less, and is convenient lor remitting fractional parts of a dollar. Something of the kind is in use in Great Bntain. UNCLAIMED LETTERS. All letters remaining uncalled for thirty days in a post-office, after being adver- tised, are sent to the Dead-Lett.-r Office, except letters bearing a request to return ,to the writer if not called for within a specific time, and letters bearing the name and address of the writer on the outside. Such letters are returned direct to the writers without advertising. FORWARDING LETTERS FREE Prepaid and free letters are forwarJed from one post-office to another, at the request of the persons addressed, without additional postage. But a letter which has been once delivered at its adilre.ss can- not be reraalled to a new adilre^s without the prepayment of additional postage. Drop-letters, when forwarded by mail to anothei- post-office, must be prepaid at 3 cents per half ounce. No mail matter, except letters or postal cards, can be forwarded lo a new address except ou prepayment of postage by stamps at regular rates. REGISTERED LETTERS. Letters can be resietered to any part of the United Slates and Territories and to foreign countries, on payment of a registration fee nf 1(» cents. All registration fees must be paid by stamps, and the post- age on all registered letters must nlso be preimld in full by stamps. The public are desired by the post- office never to send money or valuable articles in unregistered letters. Postmasters at all post-offices are obliged to register letters and packages when requested to do so. SECOND-CLASS MATTER. Regular Pnblicntions —This class includes all newspapers, periodicals, or matter exclusively in print, and regularly issued at stated periods from a known office of publication or news agency, ex- cept reL'ular publications desisned primarily for advertising purposes, or for free circulation, or for circulation at nominal rates Second-cl iss matter can only be mailed by publishers or newsdealers. Postage two cents a pound or fraction thereof. Weight of packages not limited. TIIIUD-CLASS MATTER. Mail matter of the thi-d class embracfS books (printed and Idank), transient newspapers and peri odicals, circulars, ai.d other matter wholly in print, proof-sheets and corrected proof-sheets, and uian- nscriptcopv accompanying the same, prices current and prices filled out in wriling, printed coiiimer- cial pai)er filled dut in 'writing (piovidii^g such writingis not in theniture of personal correspondence, and tlie paiieis are not the e.xpression of a monetary value), such as papers of legal procedure, unex- ecute: deeds of all kinds, waybills, invoices, handbills, posters, chromo-lithograplis, en-jravups, enve- lopes with printing thereon, iieliotvpes, lithographic and siereoscopic views with titles wniten thereon, printed blanks, printed cards; and postage shall be paid thereon at the rate of one cent for each two ounces or fractional part thereof. . . . Upon matter of the third class, or upon the wrapper inclosing the same, the sender may write nis erra name or address, wiih the word "trom " above and preceding the same, andin either rase may make Pimple ma'ks intended to designate a word or passage of the te.xt to which it is desired to caU attention. There may be placed upon the cov r or blank leaves of any book or of any printed matter of the ■ bird class a simple manuswipt dedigaiion w inscription that does not partake of the nature ol « personal correspondence. POSTAL RATiiS AND REQULATIOhS. 33- The " nature of a perconal correspondence " referred to in the preceding section cannot be ascribed »o the following viz- 1st To the signature of the sender or to the designation of his name, of his pro- fession of his rank 'or the place of origin, and of the date of dispatch. 2d. To a dedication or mark of rexpoct offered bv the sender. 3d. To the figures or signs merely intended to mark the pas.<=age or a. text in order to call attention to tbem. 4th. To tlie prices added upon the quotations or pricescurrent of exchano-es or markets, or in a book. £th. To prin'ed commercial papers, filled out in writmg, cir- cular« hand-bill'i etc 6th. To instructions or requests to postmasters to notify llie sender in case of the non-dpliveiy of matter, so that he may send postage for its return. Tth. Lastly, to annotations or^ corrections made upon proofs of printing or musical compositions, and relating to the text or to the; execution of the work. , ., .. in, »»!,„!. „„„^ All packages of matt«r of the third class must be so wrapped, with open sides or ends, that tneir con-« tentsmay be readily examined by postmasters. _ Third-class matter may be registered on payment of a registration fee, in stamps, of 10 cents. The limit of weight cf "packages is four pounds, except in cases of single volumes of books in excess, of said weight, and books and documents published or circulated by order of Congress, or official matter emanating from any of the departments of the government, or from the Smithsonian Insti- The' following specified matter, partly written and partly printed, and provided they are iiot in the nature of aperi^onal correspondence or the expression of n monetary vilue, are ruled as being entitled to pass through the miWsia unsealed envelopes as third diss matter, viz. ;_ notices of premiums or of promissory notes due; a-sessmant notices; printed circulars filled out in writing, whether signed or unsigned, and reproductions from circulars or other matter produced by the electrifr pen papvograph, m3tallogi-ap!i, hectograph, chirograp'.i or copygraph processes; unreceipted bills for merchandise, etc.; bills of lading; invoices; statements of account; transcripts of evidence; policies ot Insurance to which the final signature has not been attached; manuscripts when accompanied by proof- sheets or corrected proof-sheets; pension blanks, except " i)en?ion vouchers," filled out in writing witb matter which is the appropriate filling thereof; completed legal papers not having ' the expression, etc., of an obligation assumed, or a release or receipt given. FOURTH-CLASS MATTER. Mailablematterof the fourth class embraces blank cards, card board and other flexible material, flexible patterns, letter envelopes and letter paper without piinting thereon, merchandise, models, ornamented paper, sample cards, samples of ores, metals, minerals, seeds, cuttings, bulbs, roots, scions, drawings,- plans, designs, original paiiiti: gs in oil or water colors, and any other matter not included in the first, second or third clas-es, and wtiich is not in its form or nature liable to destroy, de- stroy, deface or otherwise damage the contents of the mail big or harm the person of any one engaged in the postal service. Postage rate thereon, one cent for each ounce or fractional part thereof. Other arlicles of the fourth class which, unless properly secured, might destroy, deface or otherwise damage the contents of the mail l)ag, or harm the person of any one engaged in the postal service, may- be transmitted in the mails when they conform to the following conditions: 1st. They must be placed in a bag, box or removable envelope made of iiaper-cloth or parchment. 2d. Such bag, box or envelope- must again be placed in a box or tube made of metal or some hard wood, with sliding, clasp or screw lid. 3d. Incase of articles liable to break, the inside box, bag or envelope must he surrounded by sawdust, cotton or spongy substance. 4th. Incase of sharp-pointed instruments, the points must be capped or encased, so that they may not by any means be liable to out through their inclosure; and where they have blades, such blades must be bound with wire, so that they shallremain flrmlyattached to ^ach other. 5. The whole must be capableof easy inspection. Seeds or otherartiolesnotprohibited which are liable, from their form or nature, to loss or damage, unless speciall.y protected, may be put Bp in sealed envelopes, provided such envelopes are made of material sufficiently transparent to show the contents clearly without opening. Upon any package of matter of the fourth class the sender may write or print his own name nnd ad- iress, preceded by the word " from," and there may also be written or printed the number and names of the articles inclosed; and the sender thereof may write or print upon, or attach to any such articles by tag or label, a mark, number, name or letter, for purpose of identification. The limit of weight of packages is four pounds. UNMAILABLE. Liquids, poisons, explosive and inflammable articles, fatty substances easily IJqueflable, live or dead- animals (not stuffed), insects and reptiles, except queen-bees when safely secured, fruits or vegetable matter, confectioner.v, pastes or confections, and substances exhaling a bad odor; and eveiy letter upon the envelope of which, or postal card upon which , indecent, lewd, obscene or lascivious delinea- tions, eiiithets, terms or language may be written or printed, and all matter cmcerning lotteries, eo- called yilt concerts, or other similar enterprises offering prizes or concerning schemes devised and in- tended to defraud the public or for the purpose of obtaining money under false pretences. POSTAL CARDS may be procured at any post-office at a cost of one cent each. The message, etc., must be always written on the 6afA; of the card. Nothing whatever must be ftWrzcAetf to the card. Postal cards will, he /('?'warcfecZ from one office to another in case of removal of the person addressed, but will in no gase be returned to the writer, nor advertised. DOMESTIC MONEY ORDERS The new rates for postal orders, which are to some extent reductions on existing rates, are as fol- lows: For orders not exceeding $lo, S cents ; between $10 and $15, 10 cents; between $15 and $80, 15 cents; between $30 and ,$4:t, 2:) cents; between $40 and $50, 25 cents; between $50 and $60, 30 cents; between $60 and $70, 35 cents; between $70 and $80, 40 cents; between $bO and $100, 45 cents. No money order is to be iss-jed for a greater sum than $10J. FOREIGN MONKY ORDERS. At the principal money-order post-offices in the United States (including all the larger post-offices), money orders, payable at money-order posl-i ffices in Great Hritain, Ireland and Switzerland, may be procured at the following rates: On orders not exceeding $lo, '25 cents : over $10 and not exceeding $20, 50 cents; over $20 and not exceeding $K0, 75 cents; over $:W and not exceeding $40, $1; over $40 ami not exceeding $5;i, $t 25. Orders can also he obtained on Germany at the following rates: On orders not exceeding $5, l."> cents ; over $5 and not exceeding $10, 25 cents; over $10 and not exceed- ing $20, 5il ce- ts ; over 5'20 and not exceeding $30, 75 cents; over $30 and not exceeding $40, $1; over 40 and not exceeding $50, $1.^. Zi BATES OF FOREIOir POSTAGS. RATES OF FOREIGN POSTAGE. I. POSTAL UNION RATES. Within the past few years postal conventions have been concluded with most of the civilized nations on the globe, by which letters, pjstal c:ird«, newspapers, and samples of merchandise of small weight, books, bound or unbound, maijazines, and .periodicals, proofs, and manuscript drawings, engravings, circulars, etc., may be transmilted to any of the countries which have joined in tlie postal union, at low and oi;iform rates, whatever the di-tance. The stand:!rd angle rate of weight on letters is half an ounce or less, or in metrical weight, fiiteen grammes; for newspapers, two ounces or less, and for samples of merchandise, two ounces or less. Books, /lampldets, etc., come under the same rule. From the U. S. and be- tween all places in the Postal Union and Argentine Republic. . Austria and Hungary Bahama Islands Barbadoes Belgium Bermudas Brazil Bulgaria Ceylon China, via Hong Kong Chili Caba Denmark and Danish colonies everywhere Ecuador Egypt Falkland Islands. . . . Finland France and French colonies everywhere, Oermany Great Britain British colonies in Aus- tralia, except N. So. 1 Wales, Queensland & ■ Victoria via San Fr'n- cisco , Greece Greenland Guatemala Hayti Honduras Hong Kong Indii (British). Ireland , Italy , Jamaica -11 ■a o a a 1- -^ uTrt ^ JA f B o u V o o Z J5 oa'" From the U. S. and be- tween all places in the Postal Union and 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 21 1 2 1 2" 1 21 1 2 I 2 1 •r " Japan Liberia Luxemburg Malacca Mauritius Mexico Montenegro Netherlands Netiierland colonies ev- ery where Newfoundland Norway I'iiraguay Penang Persia. Peru Portugal Portuguese colonies everywhere , Roumania Russia :*alvador Scrvia Singapore Spain Spanish colonies every where Straits Settlements. . . St. Vincent (W. Indies) Sweden Switzerland Trinidad Turkey IT. States of Columbia. Uruguay Venezuela Central Anier. States. •eg S^iijo-S U V At 01 ^5 The prepiyment of Postal Union rates is optional. When not prepaid double rates are collected. Letters, postal c.nrds printed mntter of all kinds, CDmmcrc'.al d"tunicnt3 and samples of merchandise, are transmissible in postd union matis. The following are considei ed as printed matter, viz. : newspapers and periodical worka BATES OF FOREIGN POSTAGE. 35 books, Btitcbed or bound, yamplilets, sheets of music, visiting cards, address cards, proofs of printing, willi or witliout the manusciijit rtlaliiig tliereto, enj^ravings, photographs, ciruwings, plans, geographical maps, catalogues, prospectuses, announce- ments and notices of various kinds, whether printed, engraved, liihogr.iphed, or au- tographed. Postal cards must belorwarded without cover. One of the sides must be reserved for the address alone, and ihe communication written on the other ^ide. It is forbidden to join to or attacli to postal cards, any article whatever. Printed matter must be eiiher placed under band, upon a roller, between boards, in a case open at one side, or at both ends, or in an unclosed envelope, or simply folded in such a manner aa not to conceal the nature of the packet, or, lastly, tied by a string. Address cards and all piinted matter presenting the form and consisting of an ua- foldod card, mi?y be forwarded w thout band, envelope, fastening or fold. The max- imum weight of printed matter is fixed at two kilograms (4 lbs. 6 oz.), Postage on printed matter, one cent for each two ounces. The Money Ordek System has been extended to Canada, Algeria, and most of the European States. The rales to Great Britain and Ireland are: Not exceeding $10, twenty-five cents; over $10 to $20, fifty cents; over J;20 to $30, seventy centa; over 130 to $40, eighty-five cents; over $40 to $50, one dollar. To Canada, German Empire, Italy, France, and Algeria, not over $10, fifteen cents; not over $20, thirty cents; not over $30, forty-five cents; not over $40, sixty cents ; not over $50, seventy-five cents. To Switzerland, not over $10, twenty-five cents; not over $20, fifty cents; not over $30, seventy-five cents; not over $40, one dollar; not over $50, one dollar and twenty-five centa. n. COUNTRIES NOT IN THE POSTAL UNION. The relations of Canada and British America to the United States in postal mat- ta>8, are so intimate that a special treaty has been made between these two countries, virtually extending our own postal rates over the whole of Erilish America, without change, except for letters, wliich remain at three cents. Newfoundland is the only ex- ception, the Postal Union rates continuing in force there as shown by the preceding table. Everywhere else in British America, across the entiri cont neut, the single rate on letters is three cents, and on newspapers om cent for two ounces. Patterns and samples in packages of eight ounces, ten ceats, prepaid, f >i eacli package. Com- plaint is made by our Post Office Department that our su[)p]y of mail bags and pouches, being much greater than the Canadian when our mails arrive in Canada, a large pro- portion of the mail bags are not returned, but kept iu the Canadian service. The number of other countries which have not come into the Postal Union is now very small, and is decreasing each year. As fast iS railways and steamsiiipa can penetrate to tlie unknown regions which remain, tiny wil be brought into tLi^ uni- versal equality of postal arrangements. The lb lowing table indicates those which etil] remained, in November, 1882, out of the Postal Union, and the rates now charged for postal matter. Countries and Places. o t o ?! N _« o Countries and Places. **« ^ O " .-1 ■2, (U lA H U O is Bolivia 11 10 15 10 10 10 6 io 15. 4 3 3 4 4 4 1 2 4 5 *4 4 t8 4 4 4 4 N. So, Wales, via S. Francisco New Zealrind, " " Queensland, " " S am, <* « Sierra Leone 12 12 12 1(1 10 13 27 12 10 2 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 4 Burmah 4 Cape of Good Hope Curacoa 4 8 Gambia 4 Gold Coast St. Domin-'o » Hawaiian Kingdom , Java St. IJelena 4 Victnria (Australia) via San Francisco Morocco, except Spanish Set- tlements 4 Zanzibar 4 ♦This rate for 8 oz. saniplcs, hijjhcst weight permitted- The prrp:>.ymeEt of ir;ost of those r.tes is c rainilsory. t For 4 oz. samples. 36 INTERNAL RBVENVE. INTERNAL REVENUE. These rates are those of the new Internal Revenue Law, passed March 3, 1883, and taking effect May-July, 1883. TAXES. Ale, per bbl. of 31 gallons $1 00 Beer, per bbl, of 31 gallons 1 00 Brandy, made from grapes, per gallon . . 70 Brewers, special tax on , „ . . 100 00 Chewing tobacco, fine cut, plug, or twist, per lb 8 Cigars, manufacturers of, special tax .....,, 6 00 Cigars, of all descriptions, made of tobacco or any substitute there- for, per 1,000 3 00 Cigars, iraportea, in a:?.dition to import duty to pay same as above. Cigarettes, not weighing more tnan 3 lbs. per 1,000, per 1,000 50 Cigarettes, weight exceeding 3 lbs per l.OOu, per 1,000 3 00 Dealers in leaf tobacco, wholesale 13 00 Dealers in leaf tobacco, retail, for license 2 50 Dealers in leaf tobacco, for sales in excess of $500, per dollar ol excess 80 Distilled spirits, every proof gallon 70 Distillers, producing 100 bbls. or less (40 gallons of proof spirits to bbl.), per annum 400 00 Distillers, for each bbl. in excess of 100 bbls 4 00 Distillers, on each bbl. of 40 gallons in warehouse when act took effect, and when withdrawn 4 00 IMstillers of brandy from grapes, peaches, and apples exclusively, producing less than 150 bbls. annually, special tax $50, and $4 per bbl. of 40 gallons. Distillery, having aggregate capacity for mashing, &c.,- 20 bushels of grain per day, or less per day 3 00 Distillery, in excess of 20 bushels of grain per day, for every 20 bushels, per day 3 00 Fermented liquors, in general, per bbl 1 00 Fanners and producers of tobacco may sell at retail, to consumers, at the place of production an amount not exceeding $100 an- nually ; or may furnish, not to exceed 100 pounds, as supplies to their laborers or employees, provided, further, that they are not at the time engaged in the general business of selling goods to others than their own employees or laborers. IHTEBHrAL REVENUR 87 Imitation wines and champagne, not made from grapes, currants, rhubarb, or berries, grown in the United States, rectified or mixed, to be sold as wine or any other name, per dozen bottles of more than a pint and not more than a quart $2 40 Imitation wines, containing not more than one pint, per dozen bottles 1 30 Lager beer, per bbl. of 31 gallons 1 OO tiiquors, dealers in, whose sales, including sales of all other merchan- dise, shall exceed $25,000, an additional tax for every $iOO on Bales of liquors in excess of such $35,000 1 00 Manufacturers of stills 50 00 Manufacturers of stills, for each still or worm made 20 00 Porter, per bbl. of 31 gallons 1 00 RectiSers, special tax 200 00 Retail liquor dealers, special tax 25 00 Retail malt liquor dealers .' SO 00 Snuff, manufactured of tobacco, or any substitute, when prepared for use, per lb 8 Scuff-flour, sold or removed, for use, per lb 8 Stamps, distillers', other than tax-paid stamps charged to collector, each 10 Tobacco, dealers in 2 40 Tobacco, manufacturers of 6 0€ Tobacco, twisted by hand, or reduced from leaf, to be consumed, witliout the use of machine or instrument, and not pressed or sweetened, per lb 8 Tobacco, all other kinds not provided for, per lb 8 Tobacco peddlers, traveling with more than two horses, mules, or other animals (first class) 30 00 Tobacco peddlers, traveling with two horses, mules, or other animals (second class) 16 00 Tobacco peddlers, traveling with one horse, mule, or other animal (third class) 7 20 Tobacco peddlers, traveling on foot, or by public conveyance (fourth class) 3 60 Tobacco, snuff and cigars, for immediate export, stamps for, each. . . 10 Wliolesale liquor dealers 100 00 Wholesale malt liquor dealers 50 00 Wholesale dealers in liquors whose sales, including sales of all other merchandise, shall exceed $35,000, each to pay an additional tax on every $100 of sales of liquors in excess' of $25,000 1 00 38 STAMP 2>VTIB6. STAMP DUTIES. The latest Internal Revenue Act of the United States (that of March 3, 1883), provides for the abolition of all stamp duties except those on liquors and tobacco, cigars and snuff, after July 1, 1883. A rebate is allowed on all unbroken packages of tobacco, snuff, cigars, and cigar- ettes, held by manufactuiers or dealers on the 1st of May, 1883, of the amount of the reduction, if applied for within sixty days after that date. Said rebate to be paid in stamps at the reduced rate. No stamps re- quired for the removal of matches from manufactories to United States warehouses after May 15, 1883. No drawback allowed on exports oi matches; etc., after Julj 1, 1883. RAILROAD SYSTEM OF THE UNITED STATES. 3» EAILROAD STATISTICS. MHiEAGE OP EAILEOADS IN OPERATION, AND ANNUAL INCREASE, 1830-1883. {From Poor's Manual of the^ Railroads of the United Statei.] Tears. M:ie.sin Opeiati'n. Annual Iiicieaseof Mileage. Tears. Miles in Operatiu Annual iicre:iseol Mileage. Tears. Miles in Operati'n. Annual Increaseof ilile.ige. 1864.... 33,908 738 '1S30 23 1847 5 5P8 668 35,085 3(i,827 1,177 1,742 1 31.... 95 72 1848.... 5.996 398 1866.... 1832... 229 134 1849.... 7,365 1,369 1867.... 39,276 2,4'19 1833... 380 151 18.50... 9,021 1.656 1868.... 42,255 2.979 1834... 633 253 1851.... 10,982 1,9(51 1869.... 47,208 4 953 1835... 1098 4G5 18.V2.... 1-2.008 1,926 18 0.... 5-J,898 5,fi90 1836... 1,273 175 18.53.... 15,360 2 452 1871.... f 0.568 7,670 1837.... 1,497 224 1854.... 16,720 1,360 1 1872... 66,735 6,167 1838.... 1,913 416 1855... 18,374 1.654 1873... 70,8-10 4,105 183!) .... 2,302 389 1856.... 22,016 3,642 ' 1874.... 72,741 1,901 1840... . 2.818 516 1857.... 24 .'03 2,487 1875.... 74,658 1,917 1841.... 3,. 535 717 18.58.... 26.968 2,465 1816.... 77,5U 2,856 1842.... 4,026 491 13.^9.... 28,789 1,821 1877.... 79,795 2,281 1843.... 4,185 159 1 860 . . . 30.035 1,846 l-'78.... 82,483 2,688 1844... 4,377 19^ 18lU.... 31,286 651 1879.... 87 0S9 4,60« 1845.... 4,«33 2.--6 1862.... 3:.>,120 834 ISSO ... 94/296 l.ioX 1846.... 4,930 297 1863.... 33,170 ' 1,050 1S81.... 1882.... 104,096 115,696 9,800 11,600 188.3. .. 122,299 6,600 It 13 estimated that there are 19,003 n^iles of rail -oail track, in double, treble or quadruple tracks idings, etc. The total length in miles of siujle track, ia 1533, is over 141, OUO miles. * MILEAGB OF NEW RAILROADS CONSTRtTCTED TS EACH STATE AND TERRITORY FOB FIVE YEAUS. 8TATX8, &0, 1878. 30 J93X Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas . . . Oalifornia... Colorado Connecticut Dakota 1 15 Delawara ' 6 Florida Georgia. ! 62 Idaho ... 126 Illinois 103 Indiana 1 71 Indian 1 ( rrltory Iowa 2c,c,^ Eacf:as iSqJi Kentuc .y 20 Louisiana I Maine ' Marvland 1 5H Massirhusetts.. 6 Michigan iio!< Minnesota 3^8X MlFBJasippI I 26 1879. 152 23 55 "225.75 Ji6.3a 165.50 ■;o8 Sil 67 86 2C.50 21 II 58. "iO 4S2.54 1882 I States, &a 3 I 401. so 35.70 I 3.12 06 376 445. 3<) 17 1 97.20 3 I 41. II 46.44 288.75 119.60 ^80 iMlssourl 'Montana Nebr.oska Nevada j^ew Hampshire jNew Jersey New Mexico. New York' 'North Carolina. Ohio 'Oregon Pennavlvania... i!!hode Island South Carolina. Tennessea . . .. Texas Utah Vermont Virg^inia W, Virsi'iia Wiscons II. . Wyoming Ter. GENERAL RESULT OF RAILROAD OPERATIONS, 1 8*71-1881. Tears. Milrs Operated. Capital nnrt Funded Debt Earnixgs. Dividends Gross. Net. Paid. 1871 44,C14 57.327 C6,2;i3 09,2': 3 71,7."i7 73,508 74 112 73,y..j 86.(87 94,r2J 103.594 32.664 657,04-. 3,1.VJ,423,057 3.781, 54:t,034 4 2Jl.763,594 4,415,631.6:0 4, 46^.. 591,935 4,.-(;8,597,24^ 4,0r6,290,806 5.:;7:l.l 49,8i-7 5,821, 649 ,98i $403,309,208 406 241,055 526,419,935 520,466,016 503.065,505 497,257,9.'^9 472,!:-0fi,272 49J,103,351 $141,740,404 165,754,373 183,810, .5(12 189,570,958 185,.50;,438 186, 4 52,-; 52 170, 07'', 607 187,575,167 $.-.6,456,681 64, .18,1.57 1872 1873 67,120,709 1874 (-.7,042,942 74,294,298 1875 1876 68,039,668 58 556,312 1877 18T8 fi8,G294aC8 18T9 •1930 1351 40 DIFFERENCES JN TIME. -THE LARGE CITIES OF THE WORLD. DIFFERENCE OF TIME. When it Is 12 o'clock at noon at New York City, it will be morning at all places Avest of New York, and afteruoou at all places east, aa in the annexed table. Places West. MOEN' 3.1 Places West. morn' s. s. 16 4 4 1 Places West. HORNING Aoapnlco, Mexico Auburn, New York... Augusta, Ga Saltimore, Md ajarliiigton, N.J Buffalo NT U. 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 8 10 10 11 11 c 11 M |S 10:48 5o:i2 28 2.-1 49 38 r>6 3'1 40 24 36 22 (i 2 18 16 23 5 J 19 20 2:1 54 5-1 4 38 9 37 8 3G58 47 .W 4844 24 1 8 8 16 11 a Little Rock. Ark Louisville. Ky Mexico, Mex Miiledv'evillc, Ga Milwaukee, Wis Mobile, Ala Monterey, Mex Monterey, CA Nashville. Tenn Natchez, Miss H.|M.j 10:47 lU 14i 10,19 Sacramento, Cal St. Augustine, Fla u. 8 11 10 10 10 9 8 9 8 11 8 10 11 10 11 11 w 10 11 11 11 1) 11 11 u. 56 29 55 43 22 7 40 51 48 31 37 57 17 24 38 57 5 55 31 6 47 33 43 54 49 s. 44 4 44 11 22:45 11 411G 11 2 10 14 22 8l4835 St. Paul, Minn San Antonio. Tesa«... >an Diego, Cal Sun Francisco, Cal Santa Fe, N. Mex Santa Cruz. W.I Savannah, Ga 45 8 11 CharlesUm, S. C 19 59 11! 8 10 50 1 1 59 48 26 24 44 4 49 44 4 19 Newark, N. J Newbfrn, N.C New Osleans, La Scarboro Har., W. T. . Springfield, 111 Tallahassee, Fla Tarapico, Mex Toronto. C.W Trenton, N. J 36 U 10 11 11 11 U 11 7 11 11 11 11 U 47 56 50 8 46 .-iS Dover, Del Swing Harbor, 0. T. . . ift.Leaven worth, Kan. GaJveaton, Texas. Geneva, N Y 40 37 Pensacola, Fla, Petersburg, Va Philadelphia.Pa 38 9n 55 25 35 56 45 6 57 26 5 23 40 52 46'l5| Tnscalnosa. Ala. TTtica, N. Y Vera Cruz, Mex.. Yincennes, Ind Washington. D. C Wheeling, W. Va Wilniingt'On. N.C Wilmington. Del Yorktown, Va 16 Harri.sburg, Pa Boiioliilu. S. I Huntsvillo, Ala Indianapolis. Ind ^1 Poijit Hird.^on, W. T.. Princeton. N.J 30 24 53 101.55 .'K 10 47 32 11 28 54 11 20 2f 1 Raleigh, N.C Richmond, Va Rochester, N. Y Sacketts Harbor, N.Y. 16 24 Key West, Fla Knoxville, Tenn 44 52 40 16 12 48 PLACES EAST AFTEK- NOON. PLACES BAST. AFTER- NOON. places east. aftbh- NOON. Albany NY H. M. 1 16 36 on B. 6 44 :,(} 39 .-)0 42 21 4 Halifax.N.S Hamburg, Germany... Uarttord, Conn Loudon, Euglaud 5 4 1 .\1. b. 41 38 35 58 5:21 55!41 10 4- P.iris, France Portland, Maine I'l videuce, R. I Quebec, Canada Rome, Italy St. Peter.sbnrg, Rns.. Stockholm. Sweden... Vicuna, Austria U.IM. 5! .5 s. 30 5 6 6 6 15 10 U 45 57 8 1 10 25 Beilin, Prus .59 Constantinople, Tur... Dublin, Ireland EdinliurKh, Scotland.. Prederi.-t-.n. N. 15 ( < 52 •SO 43 29 Middletown, Conn Montre.il, L. C Now Haven, Conn... 5 1 4 |44 ,23 1 18 18 37 THE LARGE CITIES OF THE WOELD. CITIES. POPDLITION. iondon 4 Paris 2, Peking 1, Canton 1, New York 1, Tckio 1 Berlin 1 Vienna 1 Constantinople.! Tien-tsin St. PetiTsburg. Philadelphia . . . •Calcutta New Yedo Sombay Brooklyn Macao. Moscow Hankow Chicago Kioto Liverpool Osaka Glasgow Naples 764,312 ,22.\9U) 650,000 600,000 206,590 140,586 CITIES. PopoLATioK. CITIES. Population. CITIES. POPCLATIOM. Dublin 418,152 Bieslau 272,910 Lille 177,940 " Louis 41-.' 000 l.ucknow 261,4-5 Salford 176,23.3 Uambu^ .410 120 Ciuciuaati 255,139 , Belfast 174,594 Madras 405.948 liii-miugham 400,757 Nanking .400,tKlO jl22,360 1 Brussels..., 103 110 .Manchester ]07o,6'J0 1 Lynns 872,890 930.001 870.5T0 847,1.50 794.645 780,62 1 753,000 670.C'00 Banc'kok . . 255,0ii0 Florence 169,000 Turin 252,850, Riga 168.840 Havana 252,000 Stockholm 168,770 399 936' BuenoB Ayres 248,110 Wolverhampton.. 164,308 . '. .■393!676 Lisbon 2-16 340 j Antwerp ^l,^ 2H " Palermo 24i.99Ui Prague 162,520 Copenha^'en v;35,254 Hull .. 161,519 San Francisco. . . .23o,9."9 Cleveland 160,146 Bud.-Pesth 3.59;821 {Bucharest 231,805. Lima . . . 160,056 Marseilles 857,530 Barcelona 231,161 iPatna, India 158,900 Cairo 849,883 Munich 230,0.';; Pittsburgh . Warsaw 339,340 F.dinburgh. Madrid 867,230 Boston ,..3»2,&;8 Baltimore.. . 62.5,000 j .\msterdam . 611,970 Milan 600,000 Shanghai... .575.000 Mexico 560,200 Leeds 5.52,42.5 I ilome 53.'<,0(0 Sheffield 511, .'82; Melbourne 493,110 ...882,31'? ...326.196 321,840 S'io.ooo Bordeaux. . . .156,.389 !228',190 Butfalo.T 16\13» .220,960 Delld, India 154.417 Dresden . , 220,820 Oldham New Orleans 216,009 1 All.ihabad. . . .\lexaiidria 212,0.54 Adrianople .. 315 996! Benares 207, .570 Leipsic ' »,9 126lBristol 206..50:? Kntterdam . . ■ ■30o'47o ' Odessa 193.510, Washington. ■2S4'41f> Klberfeld 189,480 Meinourne. ...'. ."280 -3' ■ Bradford 180,4.59 Rio do Janeiro ..27-i,'JV2, Genoa n9,olU| 1.52,511 .150.378 150,000 ..149,080 ..148 000 . .147,293 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 41 TABLE OF IMPORTS, FOUEIGN EXPORTS, NET IMPORTS A'ND DOMESTIC EXPORTS, FEOM 1844 to 1883, OF MERCHANDISE AND BULLION. The following table exhibits the Imports, Exports of Foreign Goods, net Im- ports and Exports of goods, the production, growth or manufacture of the United States from the year 1S21, when for the first time, the distinction was made between the imports and exports of merchandize and that of coin and bullion. The fiscal J jar closed September 30, till June 30, 1843, when it closed as now, June 30. An^ additional column gives the value of our domestic exports, since 1861, in mixed values — gold and currency, all the other columns being in gold values. Tear, Ending: Sept. 30 1821. •■ " 1822. " " 1823. " " 1824. " " 1825. " « 1826. " " 1827. " " 1828. " " 1829. " " 1830. " " 1831- " " 1832. " " 1833. " '■ 18.i4. " " 1835. " '• 1836. " " iS.;-.. " " 1838., " " 1839., " « 1840.. " •' 1641., " " 1842., Jose 30 1«43*, JTune 30 1844. " " 184.'S. V " 18^ " " 18^." " " 1848. " " 1349. " " 1850. " " 1851. " " 1852. *' " 1853., " " 1854. " " .1855.. " " 1856., " " 1857.. " " 1858.. " " ,...1859.. *■ " 18G0.. " " 18C1.. " " 18G-2.. " " 1863.. " " 1864.. - " 1865.. " " 1866.. '.' " 1867.. " " 1868.. " " 1869.. " " 1870.. *' " 1871.. " " .-> 1872.. - " 1873.. " '• 1874.. Imports. ..1875. ,.1876. ..i8;8. ..1879 ..:sso. .1881. .1882.. .1883.. $ 62,585,72-t 83,241,541 77,C79,267 . 80,549,007 96,310,075 84,974,477 79,484,068 88,509,824 74,4^2,527 7ll,87B,920 103,191,124 101,029,266 108,ll8,:ill 126,.521,332 149,895,742 189,980,035 140,9^0,217 113,717,404 162,092,132 107,141,519 127,946,17 l00,lfi2,0« 64,753,799 108,435,035 117,254,564 121,691,797 146,545,638 154,998,928 147,857,439 178,138.318 216,224,932 212 945,442 267,978,647 304,562,381 261,468,520 314,039.942 360,890,141 282,613,150 338,768,i:i0 362,16h,2.54 335.650,153 205.771,729 252,919,920 329,562,895 248.555,6.52 445,512,158 417,833..575 371.624,808 437,314.2.55 462,377,557 541,493.708 64a.3o8,766 66:', 6 17, in < 595,861,248 ( 553,906,153 T 176,'677,871 Foreign Expoits 492,097,.54O 466,872.846 21.302,488 22,8^6.202 27,543,622 25.337,157 32,.5y0,643 24,539,612 23,403,136 21,595 017 16,658 478 14,387,479 20 0.i3,5:>6 24,039,473 19,822,735 23,312,811 20.504,495 21,746,360 21,8.54,962 12,452,795 17,494,525 18,190,312 15,469,081 11,721,538 6,552,697 11,484 86' 15,346.830 11,346,623 8,011.158 21,128,010 13,088.865 14,951 80 21,098,20 17,289,382 17,,i58,4G0 21,850,194 28.448.293 16,378,578 23,975 617 30,886,142 20,89.1,077 26,933,022 20,645,427 16,869,466 26,123.58-1 20,2.56.940 32,114,15 14,742,117 20 61 1, .-.08 22,001,126 2. ,173.4 14 30,427,159 28,459,899 22,769,749 28,149 511 23,780,338 22,433,624 21,270,035 2,^,832,195 20,83;,738 Net Imports, 4fi6.n73,77r. 19,541,057 T60 9S9.056 19,487,331 ,' 753.240 la.")! 23 63130^1 767111 9R4 I S-^^Pg.TB.?/ 751,670,305 I 29,812,922 | 41,283,236 60.955,339 50,035,645 55,211,850 63,749,432 60,434,865 56,080,932 66,914,80" 57,834,049 56,489,441 83,157,598 76,989,793 88,295,576 103,208.521 12,955 136,946.912 196,689,718 192.368,984 213.417.697 252,047,806 24li,70(^,553 310,586,330 338,98,5,065 293,7.58.279 33.5,894,385 373,189,274 228,699,486 210,688,675 241.997.474 243,977,589 201,5.58 ;t72 420.101,476 33i,G18,08'i 353,135,87.5 318,082663 420,500,275 512,802 267 501,-J85.371 578,938,985 629,133,107 §10200,059 583,141,229 §15,596,.524 575,62(1,938 §10. .507, .563 632,804,962 7;)7,771,153 Mix'd VMlues GddifeC'rncy. $215,069,519 305,884,998 320,035, IGf 323,74.3,187 5.50,684,277 433 577,312 454 3111,713 413,961,115 4!i9.092,143 562,518,651 549,219,718 649,132,563 603039,054 §11,424,06(5 643,094,767 §15 596,524 644,956,406 §10,. ^07 .563 676,115,592 722,811,815 §10,535,857 717,r93 777 ' 717,093.777 833,e94.246 883 294.246 898 152 891 898 1.52.891 199,9.59,736 1 799,959.786 825,846,813 | 8'25,S46,813 * Nine months only. § Addition to Domestic Exports, Merchandise only, taken from Canadian reports. 43 EDU0ATIO]S"AL. The Educational condition of tlie United States, though not ye* what we may hope it will be, is far in advance of that of any other nation. Some of the German States maintain a system of compul- sory education, which ensures to every child a certain amount of intellectual training, but this is surrounded by such restrictions that it is not so beneficial to the youth of the State as our more free and practical system of education. In our country, up to the close of the late war, very few of the Southern States had any thorough sys- tem of primary education, and many of their secondary and higher schools, colleges and seminaries, were very superficial; but the last ten years has witnessed a great advance in these respects in thoso States, and the Northern States have made equally rapid progress. The tables which follow, show that nearly 9,375,000 of our children — about one-fifth of our population — were enrolled in our Public Schools, in 1878; 28G,G75 in our secondary and special schools (these returns are so incomplete that they do not probably represent one-half of the actual number in attendance), 202,165 others are reported as ia secondary and preparatory schools, the Universities and Colleges had 57,987 students, and the Scientific and Professional Schools 34,296, making a grand total of nearly 10,000,000 children and youth under instruction; more than 291,500 teachers are engaged in the work of Instruction. For the purposes of this education, the investment in real _ estate, appliances for teaching, and libraries, is over $390,000,000; the' amount of vested and permanent funds (largely increased by benefac- tions, sales of land, etc., every year) is more than $152,500,000, and the annual income $131,300,000. No nation in the world can make such an exhibit as this, but we may fairly hope that another decade will show one-fourth of our population under instruction, with greatly in> creased facilities. The reader will find, also, in the tables which follow, an account of the private benefactions made to education since 1870, and of the large libraries which have made such a rapid growth witluB Uie past few years. PUBLIC SQHOOLS, 43 STATISTICS OP THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THB UNITED STATES, JANUARY, 18T9. 1. Summary of School Age, Population, Eiirolm»nt, Attendance, dec. ' STATES tERaiTORIES. Alabama Arkansas Ca Ifornia. Colorado Connecticut. .... Delaware Florida Gaorgia llli"oi3 lodiaaa. Iowa K^ina.s Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Missaciiusetts. . . Michigan Minneiota Mississippi Missoui'i Nebraska. .. Nevada New Hampshire. New Je sey NeTYork North Oai'olina . Odi) Oregon PeaosylraDia. .. Rhode Island. . . . South Cariilina.. Tennessee Texa- Vermont Virginia West Virginia... Wisconsin. ToUl. Arisona , D ikoU Di>t of Columbia Idaho , Montana , New Mexico. Utah Wa-hiiigton Wyoming Indian TotaL Grand Total. ..i o21 .21 IT .21 16 .21 .21 .18 .21 21 .21 .21 .20 .21 .21 .20 .15 .20 .21 .21 .20 .21 .18 .21 .18 .21 .21 .2. .2.1 .21 5 .15 6. 16 6. .18 8.. 14 5.. •-'11 5. .21 6. .21 8T0,245 216,47.=) 2i)5,4T5 25,413 138,41)7 8.\649 72,935 433,444 1,002,421 699,153 575,474 26S 575 512,808 274,4)6 214,797 276,120 C297,202 476.806 271,428 345,013 63^,24.8 104,030 9,922 73,785 822,166 l,615,25i5 42 .',3^0 -51,027,343 53,462 /l,330,0O0 firJ3,316 228,128 448,917 194,353 92,831 483.701 209,532 478,692 14,418,923 4 5 ,^29 33, 12, 17,000 157,261) 14,576.183 115,339 858,647 160,440 757,440 223,128 307,742 1201,645 2,145,38^ 35,943 16i),71:< 83.747 154,064 16 641 119,828 26 78) 86,964 209,672 7i)6,T23 6 ■2,53.i 428,262 177,8ii6 248,000 83,047 155,150 156,274 810,181 8.^9,702 167,325 2i).'),978 448,033 62,785 7,612 66,023 202,634 1,032.052 228,092 740,194 26,992 936,780 45,633 116.2-39 261,152 146,946 73,0sl 202,244 130,154 297,5D2 9,294,816 9J,12o 94,693 9,699 73,565 83,694 69,532 73,879 2,214,939 9,373,19.3 23.933 l-'^O 60> c420,031 Sl.'S.SflS 256,913 106,932 160,000 c54,390 108,940 81,829 22-i,447 o210,000 84.66 115,976 cl?2,000 4,666 48,410 113,694 577,606 132,.'>53 46.3,372 21,464 603,826 23,756 172,198 ' '48,638 116,464 86,768 5,093,298 890 1,342 18,133 144.2 91 178 47 al57 5 105 8 MO 154.22 129 146 113 110 «80 118 183 176 1.30 85 79 99 102 161 96.65 194 179 46 155 94 145 ( hm I 182 91 77 '124 107 96.36 ;616I 189 187 132 137 130 543 a For white schools only. h la the counties. o In 177. d For colored population the school age is from to 16. t In rural Louisiana. / In 1873. g Census of 1875. ',(, Foi' evening schools. i Numijer lietween 4 and 15. j Census of 1S70. 2. Ko. of Teachers, Malt and Female, and their Salaries. Number of Teachers. a d a S S, 8,278 1,522 710 165 1,192 2,101 226 841 aT52 fl2,329 6235 &273 635! 835 8,6.54 1,826 9,475, 12.817 8,n39 5,742 7,561 ]3,02( 2,86'! 8,49"d 1,600 2,700 589, 1,533 2,280 4,540 1,295 1776 1,118 7,390 3.916 9,467 1,757 3,115 2,747' 2,016 (11,268) 2,699 2,121 45 124 6i)0' 8,026 993 2,436 7.973 22,.389 2,719 1,003 11,099 12.292 (1, 068) 9819^ 11,572 a30) al,012 1,844' 1,273 4,057 1,635 (4, 830) c720 c3,6(i8 2,3.53 1,750 Average Monthly Sal> ary. (*17 44) $50 HO, $40 00 83 95 68 24 49 90 61 w^ 83 08 2,822 (9, (269, 19 141 81 57 1.32 2,34 134 21 (19 925 808) 54 07 cSl 20 83 93 83 63 41) 01) d4<) 00 82 63 40 43 75 64 41 41 37 52 27 00 .'6 86 84 65 106 00 87 12 60 50 (43 (2 J 59 00' 45 00 ! So 58 46 95 86 50 26 19 30 8T C4.5 80 27 84 27 10 85 00 (/87 00 15 99 40 43 33 04 26 16 28 13 27 00 28 09 25 75 84 00 24 2b 36 U 44) lb) 41 00 S5 00 81 Si 75 00 i5 86 23 22 25 i3 (2 3' 12) 6(53,09) 80 44 20 00 132) 18 189 889 69 15 235 145 27 (271.144) 32 19 rf29 54 «105 55 27 14 c;26 19 e36 53 91 00 87 Ifi 86 55 74 00^ 26 54f 64 03 (5971) 85 00 22 00 40 00 SO 00 (T166) 89 70 89 70 a Number of males employed in wilier; Nn. oflemales employeil in summer. 6 For w''ite schjols only. c In cities. d Exclusive of New Orleans rosLic scnoui^s. 3. Annual Tnoome, Enpenditure, and Value of School Building&, STATES J 'rEURITORIES. Alabama Arkansas Caliroriiia Colorado. ...... Connecticut . . . . Delaware Florida. €teorgia niinois India a Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Marj'land Massachusetts . . Michigan Minne.-ota WississippL Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jer:^ey New York North Ca-ollna. , Ohio , Oregon , PeIm^J•lvatlia. . Rhode Island .. South Carolina. Tenne see Texas Vermont ■Virginia West Vircinia . Wisconsin 1430.855 11,20" 2,011,800 2,000,000 243,500 8,893.52-1 8,468,799 2 --jss.sgi 1,0(1(1,(100 A-8>.92l J400,5UO 906,i29 2.0C7,ltO0 &3, 15 1,418 8,8Ml,9e4 «815,-229 2,909,4.o7 2.120,182 *2T4,500 *4!)4,000 l.:^6.%284 7,270.584 112,(S00 *3,742,7(50 240,376 62,5V2,500 6fi69,0S7 i,4-?o,645 892.2:i2 2.6So,T03 c .2 rt.£J2 Ex '3 c— ' o £ =■§ < |4^0,?5! 191,19' 2,000,00 5,337,'-6- 8,9(4,401 10,000,00(1 1,600,000 906,229 M.&13,662 15,000,000 <;7,278 503 ilS,734,84S '^•53^' '00 l,3C5,2i4 6509,030 261,796 62.512,566 1,430,645 3'.I2.2:j2 ' 2,6.sii,703 JSTT.IS 258,355 S.S20,tili 281,074 1,509,159 216,540 18:i,811 411,45 9.(;34,728 4,591.9i;S 4,840 856 1,803,303 1,827,.'.75 546,466 1,140,914 1,540,861 64,&i5,635 3,210,486 2.5 4,485 f 20,21 8 8,424,41 8 . 665,0(;8, 236,491 68:^,440 2,(04.049 10,646,f51 1 452,516 T,842.oin 258,786 8, 80,000 1 7(9.4-;4 816,197, 904.428 a59,4Sli 516.SF8 . 938.fc81i 835,175 2,743,!56 Annual Hbcpenditure. re = ^ $4,435 456.566 24 5i9 132,687 182,102 4':4.304 720,790 265,(61 5,0*10 7,%'8 92,7(6 2o7,6<".2 4,786 665,:^3S 77,471 138,775 27.589 102,8-2 8.V2.243 ,584.988 12.864 ,015,785 80,f35 ,118,ls6 175.363 6,303 55,(85 29,648 ' '84.497 57,726 25k',G51 $s,oe4| "'42'i6o! 80,000 " 11,595 $850,633 121,397 2,272,551 1:3,089 l,04i,041 . 125,859 85,361' $6,788 426.708 26,1>4 302.849 90,681 6,SC0 76,005; ■(■")" I 6ti,45Si 25.lM)0' 82, 1 39 i 80,339! 28,250' 54,985 " 67,420 7,412 24,460, "l',0ii3' 28.180 129 400 13,495 185,850 "'72,800 10,201 ' 16,074 12,270 4^5.208 14.149 46,001 Total •Arieona l>akota 1 Dist.of Columbial Idaho I Montana New Mexico .... Utah I Washington j W.voming Indian TotaL .. Grand total. ; 57,845,640 86,085,264 8,39a,860 1,074,007 8,406| 1,100 20,723 i:9,3t55 11,435 I 21.396 72,950 87o.6o6 38,347 66,941 10,328 25,478 113.413 49,7(-5 .. 24.026 161,320 942,837 91,290| 14,035 27,463 1,500 j6,97S,101 8,458,650 1,083,M2 4,445.f57 8,0t;5,908 3,011,'.:30i 980.435] 1,0(10,000, 426,8891 830,6701 1,122,4141 cS71.857i 1,920,239; 8 78,980 1 586 393' 2,320.4::i0 444,600| 106,301' 419.258i 1,52S,('86 7756,844' 292,893| 4,956,514 194,571 4,755,620 427,445 291,268 692,198 656,977 407,8:^5 714,651 5ol 705 1,()0 1,252 1,161,689 954,518 2^5,46;B 100,000 91,35: 1^6,994 284,934 430,255 54(1,942 480,814 142,785 57,473 60,194 64,640 1.284,678 5,035 1,836,976 '2,241.371 66.761 21,459 80,925 ' 90.9f6 121.479 113,(95 217,632 51,858,86l!ll,542,083 14,947 80,489 227,159 2S,0S2 1,943 8,576 95,61 1»,4321 84,230, 16,410 73,025 8,'158 494.794 109.594 51,8-3,655 11,651,67 $358,697 148,393 3,155,815 24;B,85(> 1,506,477 216,540 134,880 411.453 7,526,109 4,(351,911 4,692.638 1541,417 l,lcO,000 55^,231 1,050,709 1,598.260 5,16C,9;8 3,116,519 1,494,685 592.805 2,4i'6.1?3 750,520 205,147 636,655 2.( 04.049 10,755,906 824,287 7,! 95 125 275,106 8,187,977 679,770 319,030 794,232^ 747.5341 511,1(1' 96:^895, C?7,275 2,117,.5S5 ll •5 "^ iu m ^ *2 o = — ja c S u $6,343.81 474,771 4*4,861 116,98* 16,105,S'(i 11,536,641 9,356,121 4,527,2'^. 2,300,000 700,00(1 8,063,4: J 8,937.091 8,S82,S6a "8,'32l',89» 1,806,46( 283.388 2,386,54 f 6,300,3(18 30,147,589 157,920 21,329,864 483,000 24,819,820 2,(a4,94f 1,051,891 1,012,503 1,688,349 6,115,556 9,652,553 174,887,319 21,396 57.798 373,606 23,082 65,5i5 18.^90l 113.193 rf4y.T05 16,400 137,775 47,473 60,819 1,181,664 """88',285 ■"i^2',ii2 '215,C()a 877,105 1,974,858 80,529,9581-6,812,177 a Included in teac'iers" salaries. b Total of items reported. c Only a psrtial report. d. Estimated by the Bureau- PUBLIC SCUOOL-x 4. Summary of Per Capita Expenditure. 45 C8 '5. ti .2 •- 3 5-3 11 1^ § "•3 '^ H'3 t- ^ fe a t- a >; K..g > STATES AND TERRITORIES. 5 = Sr3 « S 5S the ye betwec erest on perty. — o c "' c * a g ".= .11 S-a "3 V bfi Si b- '^o 3 1- . ^ H.'o ■? >3 .t; c ■■S gs'^ a-° 2 c = n C.3 "» P-o &=^ ^ w M ^o c.'t; n-i H w H H H $24 73 15 26 ala 74 12 G2 $35 76 $62 T6 14 Gi alS f,9 25 62 19 85 «28 19 38 96 ai$13 74 at?,l < 04 cV2 f.3 10 71 10 65 10 14 8 91- 8 22 cl7 10 12 87 14 22 16 40 15 13 11 05 cl9 33 2J 14 27'66" 19 08 18 43 12 85 9"62' 12 84 Distiict of Columbia 11 69 Iowa ■, . 14 37 o7 45 7 21 7 04 6 92 6 So a6^".5 5 50 5 U.6 5 10 all) 63 11 95 9 00 8 00 9 51 alO 80 8 90 15 57 24 03 15 10 fll3 52 Ohio 9 29 10 98 8 12 14 47 5 OG 5 r4 4 SS 4 52 4 50 8 82 8 05 6 4;3 7 32 7 24 6 13 9 24 17 09 9 62 12 18 i 82 «flO 69 10 54 (212 43 8 SO 8 33 3 33 2 0') z 00 5 23 : v:5 4 00 6 72 5 78 7 6:3 6 00 Utah 8 33 Louisiana 1 83 1 70 4 S7 2 93 7 59 8 46 2 87 8 07 Ol 53 97 a3 70 ■J 25 c4 91 3 64 Alabama 95 1 96 8 15 Korth Carolina 76.7 1 42 2 44.5 7 72 7 61 al 31 11 81 al4 40 aim 877. h Bel capita of popalatioQ between 5 and 17. c Includes expenditure for evening schools. d Per capita of population between 4 and 16. 46 SECONDARY AND &CIENTIFIO SCHOOLS. SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. After our Public Schools, of which we have giveu such full statisticg in the pro- ceding tables, some schools of secondary or superior instruction, which under a variety of names, form the connecting links between the public school and the college or university. Some of these are private schools but somewhat permanent in character; they may be schools for boys, or for girls, or both; others rank as academies, high schools or seminaries; others still, are jirepaiatory fchools for (he college course; others still as schools of superior instruction lor women, Female Seminaries, Colleges, Academies, or Collegiate Institutes. Still another class, are Commercial or Business Colleges. There are also Normal Schools or College.?, sometimes private, sometimes State or City institutions, intended for training teachers— and schools of special instruction for deaf mutes, blind, feebleminded, orphans and juvenile offenders. The character of these schools is so diverse th{.t WG cannot bring them under a table, showing the number in each State, bnc we give below the aggregate number of each class in the entire country, w'tn such particulars as can be collected concerning them, premising that a consideruole num- ber are not reported in any year. CLASHES OF SCHOOLS. 'fichoo 8 & Acad. B ya. I Sch I U& Acad. Girls. [ .. School', B ys and Uirls. ) i'reparator . St--hool3 Si'hools. Aearts, ,^ein .CVil & Col. Iris, for superior in Btriicti n ' f women N riittl Sihoola and Col .... Com. and Busiiieis Col Kin lerg.irt^n Sprcial Instruction — Seh ol3 for Deaf Mutes Schools for I he Blind Schools, feeble minded. 1 227 114 I.lio . et' Refirm Schoo's Orphan Asyliima, Soldiers' Or. Home*. liif nt Asyl- ums and lnd.is. bthools. . . Totali firandTolals « ^ E^ H J3 a ^ £ 1^ b ^ ?i !5 » ■2,429 3,318 100,371 (8 16) 12,538 834 1.B7J 92,619 (1, ■>'21) 3J669 (6 271 2l,0« 376 4,197 a m 6,03R (b 47) •2,il4 (4 i-:) ),"8I His 45J 1J,8.0 (3. 68S') 87,082 1 n 6 11) 3 506 ,5.121 '.8.1,243 I 2-2,6"9 11,5S9 15 27 ° 3 5 13,837,114 4,4'J9,27u rjg. Ill f'v 15a,' 3S.5i8. *j.0I8 ij,l P4,C9'i J,34S,699 ,.'»,1S5 rjT,824 o.i 165,6 6 76,8 4 41,469 21-2 6 135 128 ; 1,628,4 8 62;,8J2 513 6iC 116.8S'] 225 «-T 129.:' 3.1 49,984 3^,610 8MT9 1 ',527.661 '1. 01, IV. SCIEXTIFIO AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. There still remains to complete ovi- sniiiraary review of the Education.nl institutions oi" Mb oouiitrv some account of tbtiScieritieo and Profession nl SihooLs or Inslitnuoiis of Iho L-.i^ed States The Siientific Scbool.^rfre of two clas-es. Those orsanized under the law ir,-. Ring grants of land to AsricuUuraL Colleges, and receiving the avnils of these grants and Ih.so »Mt receivino- these avails, but ni.dowed by State or private nuuiificeiice. The The(do>;ical bpimiia- ries and" institutions can. be classed under a single head, thmiph some of tbem aio cuiecteil with Collen-esor Uuivevsities, and others are indepeiulent of these; some have » cmiiseof classical st"udy, and others are contined to theological studies exclusively. T).o Law .S.-hu..ls eome under a sin.'l.i head, but the Medical Schools are divided into Regular Ixouiflbopaf h:c. ai a Eclecti.', and thta D«ntal and I'harmaceutical Schools are slso classed;>v:th tfiem.^ We-givo horewitli sncli .^t.Ttistics as cnn he ohtaii'ed otj^sll the,^e Scienlific and P" .-'n^ioTT I s-, • ri.ASs=E.'r OF 8CHOOI. OR INSTI- TUTION- IN UN 11 ED STATES. L SCIHNTIFIC ^CHOOLP. A— Srh o a eiid,'"ed from ^gricult'iral gr'nt. B_Notthiise dowed. II. Thkol i.IC.I. ScB'ts, 1'25 III. L»w Schools 60 IV. ■ Ht.lCiL SlHOOLS.I A— RejTu «r I'uiclice.. 61 B — HMdiceopftihio . .. II C— E.le tic 6 Dental Sc 0"l3 12 Schooli ot I'harmacf ... 13 To'a's 867 ^1 Tin 6,'^3S 6,-42 6,4, 4.Hjn 4,S.O 3,Ul2J 3,U1'2 P,279 1,-215 448 101 1,187 1187 ■,■> 315 ■. 1 389 8,!P8 "to ^ $7 6=7,421 3,068, "I U !,,424.11(J 61, CO I,fi'6,':6' 34i,u 161 lOt 68,1(10 166,rti« •^W. HI 6,05i\446 311,.';03 l,J86 8in'137 3 S 7,i;'3 868 468 5' J 16.-, 24 414,347 «U,l.,00 .6,766 13,1 f 6 ep,6oo 18,i49.3 1 14,B 4 206 fi54. 4 2, 02,; 84 1 ,274 i. 4 6 6'6, 02 86,66 J 4«,'-«-. 89 80(1 3,'0' 61 S 5 116 1,0 0f.r4 In most o-fe Theol,-,.. cal S.h.l8,tiie tui ion is provi ed f r bv en.lowmcnt. and i= free. Tl>" S h-larsUp^of the S^e ar^Shooll cover lie". uition; the^e «• »!«. free scholarship, in some of iho Ueui.»l S hoo.s->,sua,ly th» rea.lt oi ""ol!r'lde8tho-einl7'chor.l,n<.tTep'-rt»d «^d 27 Incl-vl, d under ilie facu ties . f ■ he Unlvsrsitle. with which thc« «tooi» tie comwcM.i. The real a mber ui iu t,uct rb U aboui '••.•i. UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 4T I o o g o g O^c* •-' w O •as-' t^' ;s J? a«aX »ewi 8ii:> aoj sjd]90»H roO '-' C-*t^ 'VO < . ^ (i. i-- [i r^ M c^ o^ ri c>oo_ LT. q^ cH>o_ 5^ o, C 8AnonpojC Q S- o . O O CTv»>'"-'0 ■to "-^00 O; Q. °^^ ^ ^* t i • . rtco r^** r^ctco cococ^ 18!?8 8 8'i?,f 'C' °- ^ "^^ ^' ^ ^ ^ . »HQO M t<) -PTPia *BpauoiO JO oai^A •eaprejqn /^aioog n| *oh r ir, c oo »/^ tC c? ^ r? ^ £* - p^ HH Oyo On o -t r^ eOoO li^'O cr* m ^ "-• * O ^ vr«o [> [> f> §§2l3l-?§JI5IS8^i : :^§8?c§^ lOOOOOOCOOu'^QNQCvOCOO^OOO ■ •O'^OltOiC CO I ^ •sopnsjqrieSauooni-oiil '^-^ ^'^4,^i,§.%%tiii§,§&i,t°S'" j Sffig^ ?"^=^S'^2-S£°'?^" ' jsa •e^napms Si^npcjo jo "Oii o S" 8iaaptnsiBnondojorBio9dg Up 1 la a 2 * c<",QO r»"0 C -■00 0\ ■^p . cf AO I-I t,. rv p 8'OQO -^ . ' •uoi^onj^sui JO sdjoo ' ry oo \n-i-- r Ot^^O tN.-0 » •po^issBpnn. 8in9pu;s JO jaqurai^ :-l? -uotog joj Su^iTjdajj j •seanoo l^o I tN.cOC ojrJ - ^ =s " o " '^ «_,= .= ,„ © © d o o o j ■- ©s o ® ®^''-r'i>.t»s;=;>- 48 SBIIQIOUS STATISTICS, 1878-9. c-i ar ore cc 2.2. £. I <5 3 3 o- » ^.- .^ ^- (P ra ® "* * T ,„ o 5t3^o;iS'» •Of ® t» ^ aO. aS:§?=3 3 tcare, nation ;arly a tlie.le oftho herece mated ■136? "ig to c* . 2 " - 3 pr ™ B » jja s>-^ ^ 5 » " Sp^p=o ritios. , adhe einplo groupe stone g«?S£3- ^» B m , d- BC.;£-.t=o H O p+ - p 5q <^o 3 X2.3 •. to"-! -jj c;< ^ .U Kl *. O l-" O 0-. 00 -> ,1° Cl -O Ol to S *; Clergymen. »-* -~1 to ^0 en - 05 .ft' .». CO l-» 05 ^ .b. to .U CO ^ CI tn (-i CO GO 00 rfk ^ Dice's, Syu'd Coiif. Classes Associaiions Presbyt's. Ac ^ >^ CO M _tJ to J-'Ct *.- OS ^ ►.I 'o .*■,•-' ^oc oi -J j^ 03 "o o'— . Vta M m cooolo to'o cc-v « en O Cn-j^ I— ta.'Jl-.COOnOi— tOOCO«0»^.-^tOOOCOL*vf-.-CO. sgco OJClOCOi^O Churches, Congrefrnt'ns and P.irishns en 00 to CO "os "^ Of J^"'o"'~.c»(<)'b»~'— '— 7~--icoo c;f'o'co'io"co"o h-'io enosCi — c?To~ocoo~wfcoi,>ocoK) — — CO GO enococow 00>.' OOOODO ltO^-^lgOOOCX"gCOI-'OCO — K --1 S ►-' -3 *. J-" JUT jto^tojo h.i_oo — -qj?^_en to"cj»~"-e -:?"'--i CO o "bf "o 'co "io "co "o Church Edi- fices. J — J — ^ t\j t^ t-^ i-^ 1^ t^ J-* " I-* l:^ ..to — o o to CO en to e.-^*^ to oi loTo i-Vi en'^ *. ^^ enoeocsto^^oo^ocoooco- ccitc^ooDowe'i.-^cooDH-,'^ S^S^^^ en -'I en to en oo h- to od t0.co_h^jc ^ r;i oc .-4 c: en o coj3c o to — o >-'*en o'rc'o'h-. to'^j'o CO *."Qo">-»"en Vw'c:"co''to''rf^"^'*.;i. oenoo.TDMioo^o^otoenoo''jtocoocoocotoooio oooooooo.^ ocnoenooooco.^oooooo-'»*kO Number of Sittings. encotocn *>o*.toco _oj3j:s -4 .^ o ^ •- " ■ o o o en >-»tO to *.!-» enencneni~*C00D*JO. 0000*.00*4000 ; O O o O *. e; to w . en w CO en ► .& o CO CO 1^ _J0 >-'^j^ .." ' CO ►-' cn"en CO oc'-j"*. coIlt o~, ento.— ento.*».ooencoo,£.. J-" .^i^ J^J-^j-^j--* ^ OD Ci ^ to CO o CO en ^ c:iVj j;- o 'cs — H-Orf^toooenwento c o '- *4 en o - ^ CO cojoj^ jJ^JO 00 "to'to o CO o o CO 05 O 00 to l-* -5 ^ CD CO CO — c rJO.-'0Docceno„, en _;i rfijfe._jk en o Oen . S 2 T *^ Si! ■=> co'ots"'. ootocnooiooent o o 00 o o o en o o c !,fc.00*-I•-'C3Ot0^00i^ )00J— '"co'co ! to .(- > en -4 t jxjj:n_eo o .-4 co ,^ccyt co cojT) to _. CO o CO *. o CO 'lO CO en CO en tb. oo V ,t-oooooiCJoenoo*.tocsen -oooooooooooenoso Communic- ants, (ir Mem- b'rs of Chur- ches, Cong's, or Pari'b"-' CO c *■ '-4 nr 00 to "■-' "( to 00 O O to H^ c O Ot C5 OC 4k -I C ^J CO 00 CO o CO CO 1- o O -1 ooo on CO 4>. CO Ki CO ooon^'Xcn-itOf-' coen0icoc0i*..tocococoooo to to .ft. .u to .Jk C^ O ^ CD CD CO tn-.40>«*jts-icoto~{ Univ's.Coll'g's ATheolg.Stm'a of Dt'Tiom's. woSSwSojwatS |Periodl-j' Deno Newsp'cr? -J Periodi'j' . ou Denotes. I CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 49 CENSUS OF 1870 AND OF 1880. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. — GENERAL NATIVITY A]3D F0EEIG3 PAEENTAGE. [From the Report of the Superintendent of the Censas.] STATES AND rERRITOEIES. 1870. CotalTT. States Total States Alabama Arkansas - California Colorado Connecticut Pefaware .- . - Florida Georgia niiuois ■ Indiana towa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts .... Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska , Nevada New Hampshiro. . . New Jersej- New Tork North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennslyvania Ilhode Island 'South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia ■West Virginia Wisconsin Votal Territories. . Ariaona Dakota. Dist. 23.690 ^88,689 717,153 3,244,406 1,068,332 2 292 767 "' '79!323 2,1176,642 161,957 C97..532 1,239,204 756.168 283,396 1,211,409 424,923 690,171 348,530 3,849 9,366 J15,446 7,114 12,616 86,2.54 5(i,084 18,931 5,605 5,567,229 5,473,029 9,962 5,026 209.831 6.599 113,0S9 9,136 4,967 11,127 .515,198 141,474 204,692 48,392 63,398 61,827 48,881 83,412 353 319 268,010 160,097 11,191 222.267 30,748 18,801 29,611 188,943 1,138,3.53 3,029 372,493 11,600 545,309 55,396 8,074 19.316 62.411 47,1.55 13,7.54 17,091 364,499 94,200 5,809 4,815 16,254 7,885 7,979 5,620 30,702 5,024 3,513 1880. 50.155,783 49.371,340 1,262,505 802,525 864,694 194,327 62-2,700 146,608 2fi9 493 1,542.560 3,077, «71 1,978 201 1,624,615 996.096 1,648 690 939,940 648,936 934.943 1,783.085 1,636,937 780.773 1,131,597 2,168,380 452,402 62.266 346,991 1,131,116 5,082.871 1,899,750 3,198,082 174 768 4.282,891 27 6.. 531 995 527 1,54-2 359 1,591,749 332.286 1,512,56.-1 ' 618.457 1,315,497 42.871,566 784,443 40,440 135,177 177,624 32,610 39,159 119,565 143,903 75,116 20,788 1,25-2,771 792,175 671,820 154 .537 492,708 137,140 259,584 1,631,616 2,494,295 1,K34,123 1.36-2.765 886,010 1.589,173 885,300 590,053 852,137 1,339,594 1,248,4-29 513,097 1,122.388 1,956,802 354,988 36,613 300,697 909,416 871,492 1,396,008 2,803,119 144,26 3,695,062 202.538 987.891 1,525,657 1,477.183 291.327 1,497,869 600,192 910,072 604,284 24.391 83,382 160,502 22,636 27,638 111,514 99,969 69,313 14,939 6,499,780 9,734 10,350 292,874 39.790 129.992 9.468 9,909 1«,564 583,592 144,178 261,650 110,086 59,517 54,146 58,883 82 806 <43,49l 388,508 267,676 9,209 211,578 97,414 25,053 46,294 221.700 1.211,379 3,742 394,943 30,503 587,8-29 73,993 7.686 16,702 114,616 40,9' 9 14 696 18 26-. 405 4-25 180,159 16,049 61,795 17.15* 9,974 11,521 8,051 43,994 15,803 6.850 50 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. POPULATION OF THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE UNITED STATES. [This table has been carefully compiled from the census (official copy) of 1370 and 1880.] Cities and Towns. Popul't'n 1870 r C9,492 13.570 53,180 21,789 11,1()2 6,169 17,225 10,006 15,389 4,-128 Popnlat'n 1880 13,8S4 5,744 7,363 7,054 4,251 7,808 11,162 267,3.54 18,289 T,371 250,526 28.323 18,969 7,064 396,099 117,714 14,930, 14,387 6,i9S 5 2^" 5,511 10,282 12,692 14,590 1,000 5,944 39,634 20,045 5,940 Albany, N.Y..,. Ale.K ndria, Va . /llejjheiiy City, Pa A.liinta, Ga Aurora, 111 Auburn, Me Auburn, N.Y A!£ron,0 Augusta, Ga Austin, Te.\.a3 Attleboro, Mass Allentown, Pa Anuapolis, Md Ann Arbor, Mich A tchison, Kan Athens, Ga Augusta, Me Aurora, 111 Baltimore, Md Bangor, Me Bath, Me Boston, Mass Charlestown, " Bridge-port, Conn Bay Citv, Mich Brooklyn, N. Y Buffalo, N. Y Burlington, Iowa Burlington, Yt Baton Kouge, La Belfast, Me Beaufort, S. C. , Biddeford, Me Binghamton, N.Y Bloomington. Ill Boiso City, Idaho Calais, Me Cambridge. Mass Camden, N. J Cedar Rapids, Iowa Chicopee, Mass , Charleston, S. Charlotte, N. C Chattanooga, Tenn Chilicothe Chicago, 111 Cincinn'iti, O '. Cleveland, Olumbia, S. C Columbu", Oa , ('oluinbu3, O ' Concord, K. II Covington, Ky Carson City. Nev Charleston, Vv. Va Chelse:!, Mass Chester, I'a Chevenne, AVy Cohoes, N. Y Concord, N. II Columnus, Miss Castleton, N.Y . Council Bluffj, lowa . - . Cortlan.;, N.Y Cuml)erland, Md Canton, Davenport, Iowa Dayton, lies Moines, Iowa .- .. ^, ■ .., Detroit, Mich 79, 577 Dubuque, Iowa lS4o* Dallas, Texas I _ 5,000 48,956 4,473 6,093 8,920 298,977 216,239 92,829 9,298 7,401 31,374 12,2« 24,5 5 3,1100 3,162 18,.'-)4 9,4S.T 1,4,".0 15,3.57 12,241 4,S12 ' 10,020 8.(100 b,G(50 2'i,03S 30,473 ]2,o:!5 90,758 13 688 78,682 87,499 11,825 9,556 21,891 10 512 21.891 10.960 11.111 18 063 7,000 8,000 15,106 7,500 8,666 11,825 332,313 16,857 7,875 362,838 27.643 20.693 566,063 155,139 19,450 11,304 6.500 5,308 2,540 12,652 17,315 17,181 3,000 6,172 62.669 41.659 10,104 11,325 49,984 7,053 12,892 10,938 603,185 255 139 160,140 10,040 10 000 61.647 13 83H 29,720 5.000 4.205 21.782 14 996 4 000 19.417 13,838 4.500 12 079 18,059 12 664 8,205 12,258 21 831 38,078 22,408 116,349 22.254 10,358 Cities and Towns. Popul't'n Popult'^i 1870 188J Denver, Col Derby, Conn Dover, Del Dover,N. H Klizabeth, N.J Ellsnorth, Me Eastport, Me Elmira, N. Y Erie, Pa Easton, Pa Evansville, Ind East Saginaw, Mich Ehu Claire, Wis Kail River, Mass Fort Wayne, Ind. Kitchburg, Mass Frankfort, Ky Favetteville, N. C Fishkill, N. Y Fonii-du-Lac, Wis Frederick, Md Galveston. Tex Grand Rapids, Mich Galesburg, 111 . Georgetown, D. C Georgetown, P. C Gloucester, Mass Greenvill", S. C Hannibal, Mo Haverhill, Mass Harrisburg, Pa Hyde Park. Ill Hartford, Conn Hoboken,N. J Hamilton, O Holyoke, Mass Houston. Texas Huntsville, Ala Helena, Ark Helena, Mon Indianapolis, Ind Idaho City, Idaho Jackson, Miss Johnstown, N. Y Jacksonville, Fla .Jersey Cit..v, N.J Jackson, Mich Jacksonville, 111 Jelferson City, Mo Kansas City, Mo Kiiig.iton, N. Y' Knoxville, Tenn Keene, N. H Kenkuk, Iowa Key West, Fla Lancaster, Pa Lockport, N. Y Lawrence, Mass Leavenworth, Kan Lexington, Ky. Little Rock, Ark , Louisville, Ky Lake Township, 111 Lowell, Mass Lynn. Mass , Long Island City, N. Y. Lyiichl)urg, Va ; Lafayette, Ind La Crosse, Wis Lansins, Slich 1 Lawrence, Kan I Lenox, N. Y 1 .906 9,294 20,832 1.5.863 19,646 21.830 11,350 26,766 17,718 5,896 4,660 12,764 8,5-'6 13,818 16,507 10,1.58 11,384 3,.5'20i 15.387: 8,135 10,V25 28,104 87,180 20,297 11,081 10,738 9,382 4,907 2,249 8,107 4B,244 1,000 4,234 6,912 82,540 11,447 9,203 4,420 32,260 8,682 6,000 12,760 5,000 20,233 ' '28,921 17,873 14,801 12,SSo 100,75;J 40,92!: 2?,233 6,.S25 13.501' 7,7>5 5,241 &,3-.;0 CENSUS OF THE TJIUTED STATES. 51 VOPULATION OP THE CITIES AND TOWNS OF THE UNITED STATES— Co««»«««(^, Cities and Towns. Popul't.'n 1b70 Lead ville, Coi Lewistou, Me Lincoln, Neb Lns Anjieles', Cal Macon, Ga . Maiden, Mass Mancliester, N. H Memphis, Tenn Middlel own, Conn Milwaukee, "Wis Minneapolis, Minn Marlboro, Mass Mobile, All Montgomery, Ala Madison, Ind Madison, \\ is Marysville, Cal MaysTille, Ky Meriden, Conn Meridian, Miss Montpelier, Vt Muscatine, Iowa Newburg:, N. Y Nashville, Tenn Natchez, Miss Newton, Mass New Albany, Ind North Adams, INIass New Bedford, Mass Newark, N. J Newburyport, Mass New I'.runswick, N.J New Haven, Conn New Orleans, La Newport, Ky New York, N. Y Norfolk, Va Norwich, Conn Nashua, N. !l Nebraska City, Neb New Berne, N. C New Lots, N. Y" Newburgti, N. T New Loudon, Conn Newport, I?. I Norwalk, Conn Ogdensburpr, N. Y Omaha, Neb Orange, N, J , Oswego, N. Y Oakland, Cal Olvmpia, Wash , Os'hkosb, Wis Paterson, N. J Pawtucket, R. I Peoria, 111 , Petersburgb, Va Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburg, Pa , Portland, Me , Portland, Or Port'^mouth, Va Poughkeepsie, N. Y Providence, R. I Paducah, Ky Pirkersburg, W. Va Pensacnla, Fla Portsmouth. N. H Portsmouth, Quiucy, 111 13,600 2,441 5,727 lo.sio 28,.'--36 40,-?:5G 6,9 53 71,440 33,0C6 82,034 1(»,.')S8 10,709 9,176 4,-38 4,705 10.495 2,700 8,023 6 718 17,014 25,s('5 9,057 15,:f96 21.320 105,059 21,595 15,058 50,840 191,418 15,087 942,292 19,2'29 16,658 10,543 0,050 5,84D 17,014 9,.576 12,52] t2,119 10,076 16,083 9,348 -^0.910 10,500 1,203 12,663 83,579 6,600 22,849 18,950 674,022 86,076 81,413 8,298 10,492 20,080 68,904 6,866 5,516 8,34T 9,211 10,592 24,053 Populnt'n 1880 Cities and Towns. Popul't'n 14.820 19,083 13,004 11.211 12.748 12,017 32,630 33,592 11,731 115,,587 46,887 10,120 29,132 10,714 l.i,000 10,325 4,100 0,087 18,340 6,000 3,225 9,000 18,050 43,350 8,000 10.996 10 422 10,192 20,845 13G508 13,537 17,167 62,882 216.009 20,433 1,206,299 2l,06i; 21, HI 13,397 5,000 6416 13,681 18,050 10,529 15,693 13,9t!0 10.340 30,518 13,200 21,116 34,555 1,250 15,249 61,031 19,030 29,259 21.656 847,160 156,389 3J,810 20,149 11,388 20,207 104,857 10,000 7,000 7,500 9,690 11,314 27,268 Raleigh, N. C Reading, Pa i Richmond, Va. ... j Rochester, N. Y Racine, Wis Richmond, Ind Rockford, HI Rockland, Me Rome, N.Y Rome, Ga Rutland, Vt Sacramento, Cal Salt Lake City, Utah St. Joseph, Mo St. Louis, Mo , . St, Paul, Mir.n Salem, Mass Saratoga Springs, N. Y . . . San Antonio, Tex San Francisco, Cal Savannah, Ga Scranton, Pa Selma, Ala Somerville, Mass SpringBeld, 111 Snringfield, Mass Stockton, Cal Syracuse, N . Y St. Augustine, Fla St. Albans, Vt St. Charl s. Mo Salem, Oreg Schenectady, N. Y Sandufky, S.m Jose, Cal Santa Fe, New Mexico . . Saugerties, N.Y Shreveport, La Sprinsrfield, Mo Springfield, O Taunton, aiass Terre Haute, Jnd Toledo, O Trenton, N.J Troy, N. Y Talequah, Ind. TeiT Tallahassee, Fla Topeka, Kan Tucson, Arizona Utica, N.Y Virginia City, Nev Vicksburg, Miss Washington, D. Wheeling, W. Va Wrttervliet, N. Y. ....... Williamsport, I'a........ Wilmington, Del Wilmington, N. (' , Waliham, Mass Worcester, Mass Waco, Tex Watertown, N. Y Waterbury, Conn Wilkesbavre, Pa Weymouth, Mass Winona, Minn Woonsocker., R. I Yankton , Dak Yonkers, N.Y Zanesville, T,790 33,930 .51,0 8 62,;}8(! 10,1)00 9,415 11,049 7,000 11,000 8,199 9,834 16.283 12,854 19,505 810,864 20,030 24,117 " V2,2.56 149,473 28,235 85,092 6,4^'4 14,685 17,304 2(1,703 lo, New Jersey Alabunii C'ouneclicut .... Vermont New Hampshire Louisiana Illinois Missouri Mississippi Khode island... Delaware Flo'.da Michigan Arlcansas New York Pennsylvania... Ohio Virginia Tennessee Massachusetts.. Indiana Kentncky Georgia North Carolina. Illinois Alabama .Niissouri South Carolina. Mississippi.. — Maine Maryland Louisiana New Jersey Michigan Cojinecticut New Hampshire Vermont W isconsin Texas 'Arkansas Iowa Khode Island... California Delaw.irc Florida Minnesota New York Pennsylvania Ohio lllmois Virginia Indiana Massachusetts.. Missouri Tennessee Kentucky Georgia North Carolina. Alabama Mississippi Wisconsin Michigan Maryland South Carolina. Iowa New Jersey Louisiana Maine Texas [Connecticut ! Arkansas California New Hampshire Vermont Rhode Island. .. Minnesota Florida Kansas Delaware Oregon New York New York ^ Pennsylvaaia... PennByivania... Ohio Ohio Illinois lllmois Missouri Missouri Indi ana Indiana Massachusetts.. Massachusetts.. Kentucky Kentucky Tennessee Michigan Virginia Iowa Iowa Texas Georgia Tennessee Michigan Georgia North Carolina. Virginia Wisconsin Noith Carolina. Alabama Wisconsin New Jersey Alabama M ississippi M ississippi Texas New Jeisev Marj land South Carolita. Louisian Kansas South Carolina, ijouisiana Maine Maryland California California Conncci icut Arkansas Arkansas Minnesota TVest Virginia.. Maine Kansas Connecticut Minnesota West Viigiuia.. Vermont Nebraska New Hampshire New Hampshire Eliode Island. . Verrront Florida Khode Island... . Delaware Floiida Nebraska Colorado Oregon Oregon 'Nevada Delaware I Nevada ,, ORDER OF TERRITORIES, 13S0. *' SiBtrict of Columbia, Utah, Dakota, New Mexico, Washington, Arizona, Montana, Idaho., Wyoming. The cens«3 of Alaska has not bean taken. CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 53 POPULATION OF STATES BY RACES IN 1880. Alabama Arizona Arkansas 'California Colorado (Connecticut Dakota Delaware , District of Columbia. Florida Georgia Idaho , Illinois Indiana Iowa , Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland ....... "Massachusetts. . Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire *New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina . . Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island . . South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Utah. Vermont Virginia Washington Territory West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming * Tribal Indians, of whom there are about 2T5,00'\ a WhiU-s. 6G->.8'28 36.178 591,611 76T,2CG 191,452 610,884 133,177 120,198 118,236 141,832 814,251 29,U11 3,032,174 1,939,094 1,614,666 952,056 1,877,1 &7 455,007 646,993 724,718 1,764,004 1,6U,07S 770,940 479,371 2,0-3,568 85,446 449,806 58,574 846,264 1,091,947 169.127 5,017,116 867,478 3,118,344 163,087 4,197,106 269,931 891,234 1.139,120 1,197 499 142,.38(i 381,248 8>>0,981 67,349 592,606 1,309,622 19,436 Colored. Indians.* Asiatics 600^103 155 210,666 6,018 2,435 11,547 401 26,442 59,596 126.690 725,133 53 46,358 39,22K 9.516 43,107 271.451 453,055 1,451 210,230 18,697 15,100 1,564 650,291 145,350 346 2,385 488 6.-i5 38,853 1,015 65.104 631,277 79,900 487 85,635 6,488 604.332 403.151 393,3.^4 232 1.057 631.616 325 25,886 2,702 298 rp nrit, included 213 3,493 195 16,277 154 255 1.391 5 5 180 124 165 140 246 466 815 SO 848 625 15 369 7,249 2,300 1,857 113 1,66,3 235 2,803 63 74 9,772 819 •1,230 130 1,694 181 77 131 352 993 807 11 85 4,405 29 3,161 140 amons these. 4 1,632 1.33 76,218 612 129 238 1> 17 18 17 8,379 212 29 33 19 10 i89 8 5 23T 23 25 51 91 1.765 j8 6.419 U 172 67 926 1 112 9,512 156 27 9 25 136 fiOl "5 3,187 6 16 9U COMPAKATIVE INCREASE OF POPULATION. Census. Popvlation. Tnerettte, Per Cent. 1790 3,929,827 5,305,937 7.239.814 9.638,191 12.866,020 17,069,453 23.191,870 - 31,445,080 38,558.371 50,165,183 1800 35m 36.45 33.13 33.49 32.67 35.87 35.5P 22 59 1810 1820 . ia30 1840 1850 I860 1870 1880 80.07 AREA OF THE UNITED STATES. ^.r«. Total area of the Public Lands of the States and Territories 1,792,844,I6» Total area of those States whore there are no Public Lands 476,546,560 Area of Indian Territory 44, 154,240 Area of District of Columbia ??.'i5? Grand total of area of the United States, in acres 2,311,583,360 or, Three Million Six Hundred and Two Thousand Nine Hundred and Ninety square Miles. This does not include the area of the ji^reat Lakes just within and forming a portion of our Northern boundary; neither does it include the marine league on the coast. 54 TSS STATES OF THE VyjON. O P w O CO H H CO W H -^3 o o c o .CBS OOOOOOOOS o^ o sa^;^3assss;:5S 's-;^<;S « c3 C8 CS C3 C3 c 3 d 3 S = = =3 ■ -. fN H H HHHr-iHHr'E-iriHr^ — H r-i — H ^^^^^ 5) _; _• '^ -3 _, » X '^ OQ '^ « C 3 * = " = H H = H =■ H -0 r- h II H >' *^ o c '^ = kfr c n P e o n = c s c « c f^ Stat-fefer' •J; o _• _■ rt 3 « > § g *i 9 a =■ ^ ^ fA 00000 0000000=0000000003000000000^0000 g -00000 = 00000 o:;=-oooo=c:coooi050cc:oooc:.oo iO o c: o o iooo^o=^o o^^^o*-: o^o^c^o^oo w^u^o^o^o =^in o^oo o .i._o =^i ^j>^ G0XX^/;^CO-'J':/-Q0XQ0X00COCOXXQ0J(-X00XXX0000aOXXCCMXaC0OXa) ; D c c a a a > ; ca « rt t« d rt ° a c a a —c a c a cccacccccsCrfflcc ■ q -^ >, •. •- g c Sir; ^ I = -!- c -J £ t^.2 rt> ""^ (T r-i C2 M C - * -5 ■?,s~>r-:i c iSM S ^' V'5 -35" >•? ?^-a-- ^•^s C • ' ■yi 3 .* '3 "S X! o „; s P ■-= -J K &> "-5 l-S Oi O O C ^'^E^ <=>.? - p i: a a a c o lill Id C3 . ~> 4">oia: Ot-00 05«>W* > o^C5coa)OX'«i^tot-ocDooo'^osOT-icoo:'0' 04 CO r-n-1 r-l i-i CC-*GO(Mir5Mi-(l:-OCCOO:OiCb-CO'MO«OasOO»OOGCOOa5C^<:CCaOir^'^lO' ' T-< r-l ■* « I 7-"C^TOt-K>'^-~-^ CNr-iCCT-.o*©^'^"^'^^ ^1 — . 1- -f -H< o on cs — 1- o ri t— •": o -f — — - o (N tO ■:'? — o eo o — o -^r rH '>^ -^ = OS ^ c o » — ^ tf t.-t ^ -t o o ;: ^ t-. — ~. o »c = cj ci o c-. " o o o = '^> L'i i.-; = ~i i - o c o^Tt 'M 00 -t o^t- " X o o^Dr o o o x^:.: = t-^o^c^c;^'^??_— ^t-^cc^n o^o^co o_o_i^_o^' ^"■^'"o'ci ^-^o'"l- -fn' r-. ~' ~^-^ r- ?C tc'o'b-T— * cri-'"rJ"-M''o4'x'o'(M* —'"•.': c"— ^t^O^X^X 0*^1 - CO u: (; 3 ""o o 3;£ o _Ck a V 3 -ill ^ o. a iOU3^t*OXCOO-Hr-*l0100'J:0?3iO 0'N;:7iT^OC'ascoi O-H31Ci-*^-«*^XC^t^0S O to O W ..- O ^ -^ X .o ^ O O ~- .r- C> O Ci t'_ o -o '^ M C» .^^ CO c--_ O t^ CO c« «0 -* CO to X -o o -* r> I t-c«^0'etoa>ira>— (t— ooxt— X _«.^^, ~-CS"*T^r-'-'r;OCOCO'-HmCOr-? coc>^t^cD-H^c>xot-oa6:cxt'OOOOC^c^oo_c\i-HXC^^c^xif:_ -^ :^ ^ - ^^ '^" o c* -^" -H* xJ" -^ ri t-* •* -o -« 7^ -k' -o o> :^" ^ CO ^' 23 ^" ^' *^ ^; t: "^ t;; ££* ST Z3 5 — i~ to I i-H O CO 00»0U3W''^0U5»0OOi*0OO0»0OC'OO*2OOO "s;^^;::^^-:?^::^— .1000— roM'«*'Xc^cox— •csooc«c^oot-^'^. ^'^ rs" -S -o *o ^)" -r X r> cs x x co" -^o c»" o 5" 3» t-" 5" cf —" o o '-<* o ci 10 » cj V «« 10 «5 S_ X « Ci 3V O '-0 -«** -^ ro o o ■r? CO X « -^" cq co' wj •£ o ^' ;^ "^ 2 ^^ X X CO to S o 2 (u ^ -^ =*c ? >5S8 CO w :5 cc y :^ m r-4 _, (C X — -r nay; 'S'S'o §"0^.2 c:5'2 ? S § =3 «i:-- :-• — •- v o o o : eSrS.S St. w » t-l £^ 0-3 H3 THE INDIYISUAL STATES OF THE VNION. 55 THE INDIVrOUAIi STATES OF THE UNION. HISTORICAL AKD STATISTICAl, TABLE OF THE UNI'"'=;D STATES OF NORTH AMERICA. \^Note. — The whole area of the United States, including water surface of lakes and rivers, is nearly equal to four million square miles, embracing the Russian purchase.] miles Tbb Thirteen Origiual States. New nampshire Massachusetts Kliofle Island (/onuecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylv.jnia SET- TI/U 1623 9.30.5 lti;^U 8,315 Kiaii 1,250 1C33 4,99U l(li:i'49,170 1()-34| 7,815 16S1 45,215 Sq. * Pop. miles 1860. 346 991 1,783,085 276,531 622.700 5,082.871 1,131,116 4 282,891 The Thirteen Origiual States. Delaware Maryland Virjiiuia — East and West , North Carolina , Son til Carolina (Tpor^ia Totals Set- tled 1627 1634 .607 1650 1670 1733 2,0.i0 12.210 67 230 62,250 30,570 59,475 349.845 * 1-' p. lasu. 116.608 934 94 3 2.131.02-2 1.399 7.50 69.5 .577 1,542.180 20 fi7r. 305 * The totai population of the United States in 1860 was, in round nnnibers, 31,500,000. In 1865 it is estimated tliat the population was 35,500,000, including the inhabitants of the Ter. ritories, estimated at 360,000 persons on January 1. 1865. The Census of 1870 made the whole number 38,558,371 ; that of ISSO gives a total of 60,165.783 THE STATES ADMITTED INTO THE UNION. STATES ADMITTED. Kentucky , Vermont Tennessee Ohio Louisiana Indiana MisfSissippi Illinois Alabama. Maine Missouri Arlian.sas Michigan Fh.rida Iowa i.. Texas WiscwDsin Calil'ornia Minnesota Oregon Kanuaa "iVest Virginia i«Nevada 1^ Colorado rj I-i rEBBITOBISB. Wyoming . . Now iloxico. Utah Washington . Dakota Arizona Idaho Montana Indian li District of Columbia. Unorganized Territory i Northwestern America pnrcbasfd by treaty of May 23, 1867 Delawnre, Karitan and Lower WHEN 8ET- TLUD. ACT OROANIZINQ TEUItlTORT. 1866 1570 1847 1840 1850 1600 1862 1862 1832 1771 July 25, 1868 . Sept. 9, 1,S.50.. Sept. 9, 1850.. March 2, 1853.. March 2. 1861 . Feb. 24, 1863.. March 3. 1863., May 26, 1864 . July 16, 1790.... March 3, 1791.... ( Lat, 3fio 30'-37o, iLon. 100° 108'. 1799 July 27, 1868 15 New York Bays . U, 8. STAT- UTES. 178 446 453 171 239 664 808 1301 2141 240 ABKA TS 8Q. aULES. 97,890 122,580 *84,970 69,180 149,100 .113,020 84,800 146,080 64,690 70 5,740 POPULA. TION. 1880. 20 119, 143 75. 135, 40, 32, 39, 70, 789 .565 903 116 177 440 610 159 ,U00 677.390 about 50,000 720 56 THE INDIVIDUAL STATES OF THE UNION. NOTES TO THE FOREGOING TABLE. o. The areas of those States marked a are derived frorm geographical authoi> Ities, the public surveys not haviug Ixjen completely extended over them. b. The i^resent area of Nevada is 112,000 square miles, enlarged by adding one degree of longitude lying between the 37th and 42(1 degrees of north lati- tude, which was detached from the west part of Utah, and also north-western part of Arizona Territory, per act of Congress, approved May ;">, ISOG, (U. S. Laws, 1865 and 1866, p. 43), and assented to by the Legislature of the State of Nevada, January 18, 1867. c. The present area of Utah is 84,476 square miles, reduced from the former area of 88,056 square miles by incorporating one degree of longitude on the east side, between the 41st and 42d degrees of north latitude, with the Terri- tory of Wyoming, per act of Congress, approved July 25, 1868. d. The present area of Arizona is 113,916 square miles, reduced from the former area of 127,141 square miles, by an act of Congress, approved May 5, 1866, detaching from the north-western part of Arizona a tract of land equal to 12,225 square miles, and adding it to the State of Nevada. (U. S. Laws 1865 und 1866, p. 43.) e. Nevada. — Enabling act approved March 24, 1864. (Statutes, vol. 13, p. 30.) Duly admitted into the Union. President's proclamation No. 22, dated October 31, 1864. (Statutes, vol. 13, p. 749.) /. Colorado.— Enabling act approved March 21, 1863. (Statutes, vol. 13. p. 32.) Not yet admitted. g. Nebraska. — Enabling act approved April 19, 1864. (Statutes, vol. 13. p. 47.) Duly admitted into the Union. See President's proclamation No. 9, dated March 1, 1867. (U. S. Laws 1866 and 1867, p. 4.) h. That portion of the District of Columbia south of the Potomac Kivep Vras retroceded to Virginia, July 9, 1846. (Statutes, vol. 9. p. 35.) i. Boundaries. — Commencing at 54'^ 40' north latitude, ascending Portland Channel to the mountains, following their summits to 141^ west longitude; thence north on this line to the Arctic Ocean, forming the eastern boundary. Starting from the Arctic Ocean west, the line descends Behring Straits, be- tween the two islands of Krusenstern and Romanzoff, to the parallel of 65° 30', and proceeds due north without limitation into the same Arctic Ocean. Begin- ning again at the same initial point, on tbe parallel of 65^ 30', thence, in a course southwest, through Behring Straits, between the Island of St. Lawrence and Cape Choukotski, to the 170*^ west longitude, and thence southwesterly through Behring Sea, between the islands of Alton and Copper, to the meridi' Hix of 193° west longitude, leaving the prolonged group of the Aleutian Islands In the possessions now transferred to the United States, and making the west- ern boundary of our country the dividing line between Asia and America. j. The present area of Dakota is 150,932 square miles, reduced from the for* iner area of 243,597 square miles, by incorporating seven degrees of longitude nf the western part, between the 41st and 45th degrees of north latitude, with the Territory of Wyoming, per act of Congress, approved July 25, 1868. k. The present area of Waho is 86,294 square miles, reduced from the for- mer area of 90,932 square miles by incorpor?t!ng one degree of longitude on the east side, between the 42d .nnd 4!th degrees cf north latitude with the Territory of Wyoming, per act of Congress, approved July 25, 1868- IMMIGRATION. 57 IMMIGKATION, FROM 1783 to 1883. By an Act of Congress approved March 2, 1818, Collectors of Customs were required to keep a record, and make a quarterly return to the Treasury of all passengers arriving in their respective districts from Foreign Ports, and these reports, duly condensed in the Depart- ment, are the chief bases of our knowledge of the si;bsequent growth^ and progress of Immigration. Total number of foreign- born passen-| gers arriving at the ports of the United States in the several years from 1783 to 1883, inclusive, are as follows: Previous to 1820 250,000 18-20 8,385 18-21 9,127 1822 6,911 18-23 (i.:t.^4 18-24 7,912 18-25 10.199 18-26 10.837 1827 18.875 18-28 27.382 18-29 22,520 18:?0 23 322 1831. 22,033 1832 60.482 1833 ."18,040 1834 65,305 1835 45.374 1836 70,242 1837 79^40 1838 38,914 1839 68,069 1840 84,006 1841 80 289 1842 104.565 1843 .52,496 1844 78.015 1845 114,371 1846 1.54,416 1847 234,968 1848 2-26.527 184i) 297,024 1850 369,980 18.51 379,466 1852 371,603 18.=.3 3i;8,645 18.54 427 833 18.55 2()0,l>77 1856 200.036 18,57 250.H82 1858 122 872 18.59 ) '21,075 1860 153,413 1861 91.862 1862. 91 S2S 1863 176,214 1864 193.436 1865 248.111 1866 318,401 1867 298,358 1868 297.215 1869 395,922 1870 378,798 1871 367.789 1872 449.483 1873 437,004 1874 277,593 1875 209,036 1876 182,027 1877 149,020 1878 174.088 1879 272,487 ISSO 622,250 1881 730.849 1SS2 788,992 1883 603,322 Of the Immigrants who landed on our shores in the sixty-two years ending with Dec. 31, 18b2 (1820 to 1882), there came from different countries as follows : Great Brifain an 1 Inland. 5,193 796 Frajne 821243 West Indies... 78,180 fawedcn and >orwTv 5^9.151 S. Ame ica.... 9,326 Africa 866 Russia and Pol-and 120 3^3 Switzerland... 102 541 China 225.131 Germany 8,549 320 Holland 54 302 Mexico 24.402 Italy 12.636 bpain 26,975 i Belgium 2o.695 Denmark Portugal.. Turke.v 6 4 Greece 379 Aust'o- Hun- gary 125, .''48 Japan 3„o Asia, not spe- cified 616 64, '^06 British North America . . . Central Amer. Au-tralia, &c. Countries not specified . . 82T.321 1.487 20,6U 420,000 Total 62 yrg. 11,^67,071 Of those arriving here from January 1st, 1820, to Dec. 31, 18S0, those wholly or mainly speaking En'2:Hsh were from Oreat Britain and Ireland 6,025,796 Azores and African Islands . r.iitish North .vmerica 738. '.31 ; Africa F.ii£rli.sh West ln Maine fri.Tiio New Hampshire 4,3 Ml Vermont 6,()0 ! Massachusetts.. lSi»,ISfi lihoiielsbmd... 4.'4')-t Connecticut 9j,i3'J Middle States.. 590,079 New Jersey.. Pennsylvania Delaware ... Maryland ... Dis. Columbia Bouthera States . 66, 737 Virginia W. Virginia.. N. Carolina.. S. Cardlina... Georgia Floriila Alabama .... Mi«si=sipi)i . . . Louisiana. ... Texas Arkansa--! Teiiufssee. ... Kentucky.... Western States. 1,363,374 Ohio Michigan .... Indiana. ..... Illinois Wisconsin .... Tovi Mi sauri Min-esota... New Brunswick 12,263 Kansas Nova Scotia .. 27-1 Nebraska .... New Foundland 127 Dakota Manitoba 1,83.-| Colorado f^outh America. 7sa Wyoming ... Cuba 49J Utah Lima 24 Montana Me.xico 682 Idaho Berauidas and Nevaria other W. In 9f;7 Arizona Central Am.... 673 New Mexico.. N. W. Coast... 1,460 Califoinia Australia 27i Oregon and Sandwich Isl's. 110 Wash. Ter.. Japan 54 China 77 Other Coustries. Vancouver's I.. 1 Unknown 23,036 Brit. Columbia.. 2S4 Canada 74.442 The total arrivals of Immigrants into the United States ia t'aa year ending Dec. SI, IStl, was 7J0, 045, of whom 165,230 were f-om tha United Kingdom of Grat Britaau and I. eland; 249,572 from Germany; 91,810 from other European countries; 9". IPS from Britiish America; 20,711 from China and Japan; and 3 815 from Scandir avian countries; 37,3c:2 from Traz-ce, Switzerland and Italy, and £0,337 from all other countries. Passengers landed at Castle Garden from Maj' 5, 1827, to July 1, 1882, ARRIVED FROM Austria Atlantic Islands Australia •••. Asia, including Persia and Asiatic Russia V Africa British America Belgium " B .liemia Canada < hina Central America Denmark East Inilia England France ; Germany Gi-eece Hungary Holland Isle of Man Ireland Iceland ilaiy 4€,?82 3,500; l,0,9i 400 84S 7,315 14,633 1 83,243| 3,S93 2,:)S7 94f> 62.448 47T 910.8'>4 125,312 2,68«,7'J2 491? 23.2.^(1 61 ,:'t51 2-1 i^ 2-27,98f ITS 112,011 ARBIVEI? FROM Japan . . Luxemburg Malta .. Mauiitins Mexico New Zealand Norway, including Lapland New Brunswick Nova Scotia P rtugal K.ssia including Finland... Sindwich Islands Switzerland Scotland Sweden Spaii = ■--. South America Turkey Wales AVt'Sl Indies Unknown and N. S. Total 10? 3 18, 1, 59, 116 203, 270, 11, 83. 307 L054 3i: '9 1,0.- 6 (•4 !.133 ,314 ,T16 ,i21 ,?C6. 296 55 6:^5 3 son to be admitted a citizen ; or if any person shall in any manner use . for the purpose of registering as a voter, or as evidence of a right to vote, or otherwise, unlawfully, any order, certificate-of citizenship, or certificate, judgment, or exemplification, showing such person to be admitted to be a citizen, whether heretofore or hereafter issued or made, knowing that such order or certificate, judgment or exemplification has been unlaw- fully issued or made ; or if any person shall unlawfully use, or attempt to use, any such order or certificate, issued to or in the name of any other person, or in a fictitious name, or the name of a deceased person ; or use, or attempt to use, or aid, or assist, or participate in the use of any certificate of citizenship, knowing the same to be forged, or counterfeit, or ante-date^, or knowing the same to have 60 THE NEW NATTTRALIZATION LA W been procured by fraud, or otherwise unlawfully obtained ; or if any person, without any lawful excuse, shall knowingly have or be possessed of any false, forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit certificate of citizenship, purporting to have been issued under the provisions of any law of the United States relating to naturalization, knowing such certificate to be ,/alse, forged, ante-dated, or counterfeit, with intent unlawfully to use the same ; or if any person shall obtain, accept, or receive any certificate ot citizenship known to such person to have been procured by fraud, or by the use of any false name, or by means of any false statement made with intent to procure, or to aid in procuring, the issue of such certificate, or known to such person to be fraudulently altered or ante-dated ; or if any person who has been or may be admitted to be a citizen shall, on oath or affirmation, or by affidavit, knowingly deny that he has been so admitted, with intent to evade or avoid any duty or liability imposed or required by law, every person so offending shall be deemed and adjudged guilty of felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to be imprisoned and kept at hard labor for a period not less than one year nor mor^ than five years, or be fined in a sum not less than three hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars, or both such punishments may be imposed, in the discretion of the court. And every person who shall knowingly and intentionally aid or abet any pereon in the commission of any such felony, or attempt to do any act hereby made felony, or counsel, advise, or procure, or attempt to procure the commission thereof, shall be liable to indictment and punishment in the same manner and to the same extent as the principal party guilty of such felony, and such person may be tried and convicted thereof without the previous conviction of such principal. Sec. 3. — Atid he it further enacted, That any person who shall know- ingly use any cei'tificate of naturalization heretofore granted by any court, or which shall hereafter be granted, which has been, or shall be, procured through fraud or by false evidence, or has been or shall be issued by the clerk, or any other officer of the court without any appearance : and hearing of the applicant in court and without lawful authority ; and any person who shall falsely represent himself to be a citizen of the United States, without having been duly admitted to citizenship, for any fraudulent purpose whatever, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in due course of law, shall be sentenced to jiay a fine of not exceeding one thousand dollars, or be imprisoned not- exceeding two years, either or both, in the discretion of the court taking cognizance of the same. Sec. 4. — And he U further enacted, That the provisions of this act shall apply to all proceedings had or taken, or attempted to be had or taken, before any court in which any proceeding for naturalization shall be commenced, had, or taken, or attempted to be commenced; and the courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of all offenses under TEE NEW NATXIBALIZATION LAW 61 the provisions of this act, in or before whatsoever court or tribunal the Bame shall have been committed. Sec. 5. — And he it further enacted, That in any city having upward of twenty thousand inhabitants, it shall be the duty of the judge of the eircuit court of the United States for the circuit wherein said city shall , be, upon the application of two citizens, to appoint in writing for each > election district or voting precinct in said city, and to change or renew said appointment as occasion may require, from time to time, two citizens resident of the district or precinct, one from each political party, who, •when so designated, shall be, and are hereby, authorized to attend at all times and places fixed for the registration of voters, who, being registered, Would be entitled to vote for representative in Congress, and at all times and places for holding elections of representatives in Congress, and for counting the votes cast at said elections, and to challenge any name pro- posed to be registered, and any vote offered, and to be present and witness throughout the counting of all votes, and to remain where the ballot boxes are kept at all times after the polls are open until the votes are finally counted; and said persons or either of them shall have the right to affix their signature or his signature to said register for purposes oJ identification, and to attach thereto, or to the certificate of the number oi vot«s cast, any statement touching the truth or fairness thereof which they or he may asli to attach ; and any one who shall prevent any person 60 designated from doing any of the acts authorized as aforesaid, or who shall hinder or molest any such person in doing any of the said acts, or gball aid or abet in preventing, hindering or molesting any such person in respect of any such acts, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on convic- tion shall be punished by imprisonment not less than one year. Sec. 6. — And he it furtlier enacted, That in any city having upward of twenty thousand inhabitants, it shall be lawful for the marshal of the United States for the district wherein said city shall be, to appoint as many special deputies as may be necessary to preserve order at any elec- tion at which representatives in Congress are to be chosen ; and said deputies are hereby authorized to preserve order at such elections, and to arrest for any offence or breach of the peace committed in their view. Sec. 7. — And he it further enacted. That the naturalization laws are hereby extended to aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent. Approved, July 14, 1870. (52 I'RESIDUNTJAL TOTES. Awr. XII. OP Amendments to the Constitution of the TTntted States— The Electors ehaH meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, onft of whom, at least, shall uot be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballot the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distijict lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of tlie numbL-r of votes for each, which lists they sli.iU sipn and certify, and transmit sealed to the scat of government of the United States, directed tKES. PltES. V.-PUES. STATES. c o .2 00 s -J X 3 3 a o o tx (- o o O 3s a c ci »-5 p 5 c 1; 5 ^. a: i Hi 1 .s & g a CO s a 51 Pi a S p. a 'a OS P 'A 1 e CO 1-5 3 9 4 8 3 3 12 3 9 - < hi 3 s a a P 3 9 'e 3 3 12 3 9 10 3 7 8 29 15 8 25 4 11 8 8 25 218 e •p 5 s 8 a 1 1 9 3 "e 3 "h 9 4 "e 9 4 "e 9 3 "'e 9 3 Delaware Georgia Illinois "c 3 12 3 3 12 3 Kentucky ■J 7 12 3 12 3 Alary land 9 19 9 2 19 C 5 22 G 2 5 20 8 22 8 22 11 15 3 7 8 29 15 8 25 4 11 8 8 25 231 1 Ni'W Hampshire 13 11 3 20 7 3 4 6 y 13 11 '20 io 5 '24 7 3 4 3 "g "is 7 25 s 8 25 8 29 "4 1 "is 7 25 "ii 8 8 25 7 8 29 "4 8 8 29 15 8 25 4 11 8 8 25 " 8 8 29 15 8 25 4 11 8 8 25 12 New York North Carolina Ohio I'ennsylvania 10 5 C 24 Tennessee --- Total 122 47 C 113 47 9 3 3 128 89 131 86 183 34 183 22 6 * In ISIR Connecticut gave five votes to James Ross, of Pennsylv.ani.% for Vice-President, and fonr to John Marshall of Virginia (Chief-Justice Marshall) for the same office. Delaware gave three votes for Robert G. Harper, of Maryland, for Vice-President. 1 In 1820, John Quincy Adams n-ceived one Electoral Vote for President (from New Hamp- slrire), and Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, one for Vice-President. Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, received 8 vot«8 from Massachusetts for the Vice-Presidency. Daniel Rodney, of Dela- ware, 4 from bis own State, and Robert G. Harper, of Maryland, one from his own State, for the same office. I There is no record of the Popular Vote by States previous to 1824 known to be existence. Many of the States chose the Electors by joint convention of the Legislatures previous t« that time, as a few did later. PRESIDENTIAL YOTBS. 63 XtjIO XJU9H llOSilOUi' AVOJpUy ;: „' ^o - Mr. — ct-jo iTiO-AO -TOO < ■' — — " — DN_q;^ V)inir« I ® 'I g ^ 'uo.inaTif.vuij.icit -H u-i c> • i^> o CO ' Ti- ^ t>.ao < MljSi uiviiii.U I V-W\,i{ Ul|nf I -tiiK) A.ni.iii I uosjiocf AV0.H1UY ■\ 0^ - "". O m • 'S- •* t'.CO « u-, — o sua;pv f) uiiof | uos5io»!f .«ajpuv t^'^-^OOO M CT^ "^ -:; . iIi;uisuii!iiltA\ i|sii}r l'-i':i|oiH jnun[Bo ui[Of in |iv h U(|iic uos^ouf Avaapuv Xcio .f jusn liaoj.ttBJo H •uiAi U0S5I0t!f Al3jpUV Biutjpv b unof Ai!io AauoH luaiiH UCA uiUflV UDsiiaiic .wo.ipuv UODBH |,lIUPinB\' ■pjoiHvs muiiBM unctjirg -3 uiiof JiVXi) A'.iuou pjoi.mt.iQ H -WW siuBpv '5 UllOf uosijai'f A^OJp^lv I ^> t^OO OMTl • 00 < Electors in each State in 1832 r-"c = ?^- = =■; lipl |i C- == „ " >,-M c~o2"r' «uS .^"■"•r.S = ;^ 4/ S ==:S^ _ > <-• ^£5 3 £=2 c - cj s c -c.-s o •r o •: uo « ~ . c o c ,^ t;— t. « a .3 o O ■' "" ~ „, £■ C 3 ■J' «J O Oi 2 S 5j« i;«5-? cocH Wp:MQjcn ^'»^ c - 5 « t- pi: 03 "^ o. i3<;^ a y i: * y.o c ic a o t;si g~S-.S'-Sa> .0" CL 2 = o^i^.-S'S o*'25 326'Sg! ;3 IS „ = Kfv o > t; S cbctS « o 00 S*^ " o = S'C:-' v.-'t: £•0 S*J -^ 0!<1 SS lei — >1 §"^ - w " E? ; ^ u n o ^ o , w ^ O W** J^ 64 PRESIDENTIAL TOTES. 33UIU10>{ •oamuiox 'Xn^i^ •A\il J AJUiJH uos.\nii s«iioa K o3JOao .Coio Smon Jtioj -H SOlUUf •OdUIUUi;; A'j^AVls -IJUV 'AOiiJia Of aauunojjin.id •99mniON^ Six\ \\ uosuavH 11 uiAi N CO -^ TTso u-..-. ^■tnt>.W'-t« N cnri Tr*r >IIIM M liOUlBr IIOAVOZBX -AV q jai.fX "UOf ^ luajiiy UVA uijjUK :; I uosuavH u "i.Vi ■s a;i -imox Siijw 'lunS ^im.U 'uosuaBH •aamraojj oritija -ouio j "uejtia u«^ i[juus mBtiii.v\ JOSUBJO StJUBiJ uosuqof K P.^3^a uinr.uBK J J UU.H aajsqa^piuBQ aJTUAV 1 vSnn uoswavfi H W'M lUOJug UBA. nTV">rc tnc* f«co poo t^i o en r^ o N xjD ' woo « M \fCC '{% Ig en j jvo en- ■ iT'^o' I ■* I d en ^ : ■«? iTi ! co' en 8 en ^0 ~. r^.oc -too t-Nxfi) — sCOO« n t^cnrio o Ot^ 00 t-oo — en " » \c — 00 c. *^ o M t, en t>. rx , q en CT"^ en c* « oB en -T N_ c ct ,3 o i^scr en -♦ u^ t>. -r CN —' t-^xo n en *A »C tC«-» d v^T en " en en w « « ^-, ^ en jn t ^^-o c: ^o ci tt 1 8^ r^wcoc^"- c>— i5^t>. t-.»c oc r^— e<". — ^rtj-, c^— ir^o ^ o c ^ I ff :>a : c r>v : f?rS; ; 00 ^r Q O -r 3Nac M vO « ; r o> 00 t^ ^. — - X c^ C : *? 'T >,,o c*l T j I " :a r rs:8- £=^^ &--S5 Sc-S*. -■IKS ^3 = 1 r.»a « -^C-^Ovi 00 Q -*'\r>t^Q u-cnc 1^- «c o en tri N £r> *eroD e^ — u^cirxro o -*c*lv^ r*30 ' uxria K)Tz , I ST?" B \Mmo 02 s ^ c i'3 ,C u C 3 .= I- It s^ll FRESIBENTIAL yOTES. 63 *djouiiiij VJBUIK «?' o'o NO ^c » O' CO t^ ai — ' -too' rt -i vd 00 Tl ^ ^ •■8! :SS8 » 5« a : : m iO\ O »/"i 1^1 "too 00 CO o o cO"\oa>oi^. j^t^t^. „^.. t^ 0\ C<1 0^ O ei nog C^OO -T r^vo < > CO Q i^i^O i^ ■TvO OO iTi Tj-aO J CM "- COfN O I CO aaiiiHion -mad ' ci^vO -^ *f o' u^ r^ e 1 -^no c^^o (J* >»»- lUuqBJO v lU-ii 1 suix a ™^niiAv 'CO^ -VOOOOO *OC^OnU~. t^" O CO t^ ^00 %\03i; piJtfujAV I : : : : : :::::2:::£?::::::::: : :2:'"::|» IO\ T ^r>£> C^CIO — c00 1 q^ CO • ■ \rco i^ • CO C< f* • ; 00 " -OODt-^W GiJ'ieOO C OOC n- O^ -t O O -*C1 (N r-OO (^ o x 00 do p-< t^ o I c"co u "" Ov^^ O t^O -^ -T -t "-T co- ir. CONTTCHCO-C^u-r^ e CO -^ Wf^ . r fO30 i/»0 ■»?■ ■^ CO v/ c 1 TT :^.00 t^-O CH TT »■ - « 1^ o - • 0\c^ -^ • • Ov • • »'"»sO tN*0 ocoeno • • -NO -oot I ■<*■ ■ CO -o • 0*N ^ • • 0\ ' • W>0 Cv*0 • • -co* •OV-'*-t-^'^ O CO CO O • • • N so -00 > «* • CO -o — t- Cj O 0_^ O— r- r-i ^ C " " —■--■—•-* i; O G^i OJ3 4)— n cj aj ^■— jT^ •3 I 00 a; So _-> 12 *•• SgS .ocs*- ^^ t:'- btsa ^1^ -^3 su = = £-n 5 «'? H**J! ' «;: OcS i!i V. 0« 111 , os^i 5 '••H tSgt KI SXX0J^3TH0iaxiX o*-*-*^ encno •- cotf nvooogo eo^ t^o»»r»«Ni; 66 n:ESID! NTIAL TOTES. aanmio.si aTiruooniaa ! ^ --r en ^ o_ o -co o ;, T O -IaC sO •ipnu a si-niuj^ I xiijioy Joi.Ouios ■ CO ■ so cr,ao CO ^ .inotuA'oy DIMM 'U I ; :o ;/v . . . _ ! U-,iro C*i sO COCO CO 00 Oy» t M (itM^rJ ~l ►-<' to ON -too' •-' COvo' UVsD' coco CI 30 C<-. -H — ■^ M i s^ ■) CO o> c^'-a ?>\oco' q' t cooS ■ : : -S : gi lit o;o_Y icjojo,)[ ..,'- I ' 1 croo cr. Hi t^ t- t-^ M 00 ■ OatlTUlOsi OpTJJDOTIIOg 'uuiirfiyjiv'U aSaoa;) 'uiua'uj'x Uiuiiujqv uo;aipudaH0^O 1 ^ uosuqof .«.ojpuv 11B1C>103I\: H "0''i) I uiootitq uicqBjqv iri-t Dvo CO -T t^ iriO i-T o'vr: M iri HOC -■ I ^ BI ui ajOA iiuu;Doia > c^iOO c<-. --Ot^t^<*tcO-1-OH-OCO*/-iC^f OOUI -uio_M SuiAV 8un PIO pill! uouia 'r^H "M"c aouutio.M ^fif ontuoomoaTPUSP-'i'll 00 ' • 83uimo«j TiBOijqnd I -aa "uio'ourj uiuijBaqv H uosui|Of AMa^-iaH liaja.vjipjBAvpa I OtlU'l" qd^lsop I o^"" iii[U"!ii iijquiux!!! s u ixinoQ v ■utlJ}^ 113a "UOf I apiJU3si3o.ia OP £ uiooun uiBUBjqv I I^C'-vCCO ■ira- u~i • e*^cO t^-* 0531 ai e»OA lojenoaia 2 a'~'~ ^ '■ , a~.o i S3" :■ y " ■ t: 1; :5& : ^■<;S^Q^5=-S>3^^"^'='"^S^^~'--' i CJ O U C.C I- a)J= Ceo: V. y, /^ z >^ ooa-ajry. g-,e-r Q\ ^ •o CO er, o ■ HvOOOflO ^i>'T^^tJ^OOWH^■ ■a « Jt> ; Oca ■==1 PEESIDENTIjr. ^OTEls, 67 •s3itTJ9noog >nuv '-l.JaA JO IS — I •aauiiuox uon | 3 ■jo '.aoa itax I a__ -noaio'BAi. jjo Si t>; s '•o -^d t^+? -M ■* M U<) ^ Ji>g"S •03ii{o;ot{ l'"nuo.x JO '3(000 •aoatttio^ avoii;i'n(l8ji 'otifo JO 'piaij I rj o ^ -r ^ ^ 10 t^ c^iO \o "^:o vj ^l-i^ ;k^ I roo 30 i^ O M I O « ""00 CI M 1 -.r^gr,, ^ -TvO O O. r^ T O I . u-i o^ i^ ttW ^ -t [» .1 'uugj JO '>[ooo S'g'-oiqo JO 'PWtt I ,H^ I --iBJ "V saiuBf I •0351 ui 'sjoA iBJojaaia I ■eo-^^ • - ■ -Moo -oa < »/-i N 00 t^-oo C<", -■ U-iQO ' ^cni/'iO^""'0 « coc •..iu..=\i|V!)"V JO -VIM I'l'-u^a V "111 JO '•'a-lI«.W ■>£ ""'"f •sasti luoNj 110 ■\Y.]j I ■u[ ipuiiM.U;) 'uuic) I •>I ^J 'isiuOO J3)«d I ■aamnioM I oin'J-Jooioci 'i[joi !&9S. JO I 'uayiSl'l' ioniuBS I •s>3Ut:noM j UBOiiq'adajj 'omO JO '^OAUII I : "a pJuj..3qiuii 1 m "puLlo 'S5[Dup I g -uaHjif SBaiouX I b 1 'Jiaox Max JO 'Jai I ^l-adUAVV^'BllllAi. I r^ONO't^ >-" ■I - ' 0*(S 0\C t^.O t^"" 1 O O^vO^-O'oC^ '^ •'tr Q. ^ '-) -N l^ c" O c" c^>r^r^u-.0 < ' 0-0 cr, o » 3 1 iT, t^ o r^c-*o^'^»£» t»»»i " -T U-, « cf -f -f 1/. or o" •9^31 V\ '^%0X lbJ04D8ta I <^fXi I/". CO CO "^ O' I' a"ssn4' ill aannuosj 'inad / iq3!B,iJs" 'X 'Nf JO MOUOO.O "SBllO \ aaataio>i oijbjo I -ouiaQ iy \i?o!i I cjndoji iBJoqiq 'AataajQ ao-gjOH ] - ' ^ ^ o |-rao>^^ uBoiiqud I '^.'C° "^ -ai 'BTcuiiii JO I S-5-r, ^1 -ore JO 'QA^oja' I : : : g zjBJo uimrfj aa I : : : 'i" 'sspn JO I o«vo" !»'| 'coatiii. /jnsH I .1 '^I.TO.^ A\aM JO g I "Xatajuo 90BJOH ■siounii JO }n«J9 -g 11389^1X1 -S^Tr,' iT 1-1 i-» lO ■■^*«) f.^O 00 t^>0 O M CO u~O0 " • 1 t'OO T TfC^COO : : 1: •00 t-» • C<^»- 1 o « Ep-£" S-S-Scj-'MxiC-: I I : 'f-'-l ?. a : J ■ "".9 ' U 'W81 UI 'a4oj5^ IBXnoaia 1 2"°* °" '^^z T. ^« "^S" """ ^T' • CCtOU' OM*- C ri '^ tCK = E ° c-° ' o o - C " '^'^ llriiiM'3 , 'r^ S 3 „ O «^- 35 o3 "^.g c**5!*^ ? ei^cid 68 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to as- sume among the poweks of the eaeth the separate and equal station to which the ,Laws of Natuee and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent resi^ect to the opinions of MANKIND requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Ckeatok with certain Unalienable Rights; that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed : That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the eight of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new goveenment, laying its foundation on such peinciples, and organizing its powers in such foem as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate, that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, Avhile evils are sufferable, than to right themaslves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usuepations, pursuing invari- ably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their eight, it is their duty, to throw off such goveenment, and to provide new guards for iheir future secueity. Such has been the patient suflFcrance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of Government. The history of the present king of Geeat Britain is a history of repeated Injuries and Usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to Laws, the most ' wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- tion till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neg- lected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accomodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Ecp- resentation in the Legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into, compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Kepresenta- tive Houses rej^catedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the Bights of the People. He ha.s refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of annihila- tion, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the poi>ulation of these States; for that purpose .obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pat 3 others to encounigo \\ia\v migrations hitlior, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lauds. Ho has obstructed the administration of Justice, by refus- ing his assent to L.v^vH for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his will al.ine for the tenure of their ofuces, and the amount and pay- ment of their salaries. He h;is erected a multitude of new offices, and scut hither fiwarms of officers to harass our poople, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times ^f iieace, Standing .'\.rmxcs, without the consent of our Legislu.. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 69 tares He Has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the Svil power. He has combined with others tosubject us to a J-isdichon foreign Sour Constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to Iheir act. Tf Pretended Legislaton:-For quartering largo bodies of Armed Troops among t rrprotectlng them by a Mock Trial, from punishment for any Munlers " hich they should commit on the inhabitants of these States:-For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:-For imposing Taxes on us without our consen : -For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of Tra^ rv Jx;n.:--For trans porting ifs beyond seas to be tried for pretended Offences :-For abolishing the Tee svstemot English Laws in a neighboring Province, estabhshing thereni an Arbitm-y Cxovernment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it a onc^an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute ru e in o these Col- onies -For taking away our Chakxebs, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments :-For suspending our own Lelllres, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in aliases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here bj^deelanng us out ot 1 protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our S- ravaged our coasts, burnt our Towns, and destroyed the lives of our People. He - at t'^^ timetrans^ortinglargearmiesofforeignmercenariestocompletethewoiksofdea^^^ desolation! and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and Peifidy scarcely paralleled in the most babbakous agks, and totally unworthy the head of a civii^izEB NATION. He has constrained our fellow-citizens talo^n captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited Domestic In- surrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- tiers the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistin- guished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every sage of these 0PPEE6SI0NS, we have Petitioned for Eedkess in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a TYRANT, is unfit to be the ruler of a FREE PEOPLE. Nor have we been wanting m attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap- pealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by he Ses of our common kindred to disavow their usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce m the nece sity which denounces our sepabation, and hold them as we hold the rest ot mankind. . enemies in War-in Peace, Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions,, do, in the name, and by authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare: That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Fbee and Independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that as Fbee and Independent States they have full power to levy War conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this DECLARATION, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Pkovi- DENCE, va mutually pledge to each other our lives, our foetunes, and our sacred fiONOB. 70 CONSTITUTION OF TEE UNITED STATES. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquihty, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the bles mgs of hberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and estabhsh this Constitution of the United States of America : ARTICLE I-Congress. Section L —Legislative Powers. 1 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con. 1 gress of the United States, which shaU consist of a Senate and ' House of Representatives. Section II. -House of Eepresailaiives. 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the . e ectors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. QualificaiioTis of Members.— Apportionment. 2 No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of tliat State in which he shall be chosen. 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, accord- ing to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to ser vice for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within •three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such man- ner as they shaU by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall -have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shaU be made, the State of New Hampshire shaU be entitled to choose three Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations .ne, Connecticut, five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eigh . Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, boutli Caroluia five, and Georgia three. 4 When vacancies happen in the representation from anv State the executive authority thereof shaU issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. ... OONSTITVTION OF TEE UNITED STATES. ^ 1 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Section IlL — Senate. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Sena- toi's from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expi- ration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year ; so that one third may be chosen evei-y second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments, until the next meeting of the Legis- lature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments ; when sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath, or affirmation. "When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside, and no person shall be convicted without the concur- rence of two-thirds of the membei's present. 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend farther , than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy ' any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. Section IV. — Election of Members. 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legis- lature thereof, but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. f2 OONSIITTITION OF THE VNITED STATES. Section V. — Powers of each House. 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- stitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller juimber may adjoaru from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each House may provide. 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two- thirds, expel a member. i 3. Each House sliall keeji a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section YI. — Compensation, Privileges, W,c. 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treas- ury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any q.\\\\ office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emolu- ments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the Unittd States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Section \Tl . — J5i7/.9 and Resolulions, Etc, 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose, or concur with amend- meuts, as on other bills. 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States ; if he ai:)prove he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 73 together witli the objections, to the other House, by which it shall, hkewise, be reconsidered ; and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But iu all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall bo entered on the jour- nal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment pre- vent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Kepresentatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section VIII. — Powers of Congress. 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- posts and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States. 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the sev- eral States, and with the Indian tribes. 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures. 6. To jjrovide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States. 7. To establish post-offices and post roads. 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing (or limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court. 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations. 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water. 12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years. 13. To provide and maintain a navy. >rA CONSTITUTION OF IMr lyiTED STATES. 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and navul forces. 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions. 16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the ser- vice of the United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of the officers and the authority of training the mihtia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise hke authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; and, 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for car- rying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department thereof. Section IX. — Frohihiiions and Privileges. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohib- ited by the Congress prior to the year 1808, but a tax or duty maybe imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars on each person. 2. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus- pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 3. No bill of attainder or ex-post facto law shall be passed. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in propor- tion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to lenter, clear, or pay duties in another. 7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriation made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- lished from time to time. 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any oflice of profib or trust under them, shall, with- CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 73 oiit the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foregin state. Section X.— State Eestrictions. 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation .grant letters of marque and reprisal, coin money, emit bills of credit,. make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, pass auy biU of attainder, ex-po^t /ado law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any im- posts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger fts will not admit of delay. ARTICLE n.— President. . 1. The executive power shall be \ested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows : 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person hold- ing an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap- pointed an Elector. 3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of wt.om one, at least, shall not be an inhabi- tant of the same State with themselves.' And they shaU make a Ust of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of ihe Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, iind the votes shall then be counted. The person having the great- est number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a ni™en during the recess of the Senate, by granting co S shall expire at the end of the. next session. Section m.-D,tlks of the Preskhnt 1 He shall from time to time give to the Congress intormationoi I. Hut was not ratified by a sufficient number of States to become vahd as a part of the Constitution. It is erroneously given in an edition ol the Laws of the United States,published byBiorenandDuaneinl815.] [Note. — The eleventh article of the amendments to the Constitu- tion was proposed at the Second Session of the Third Congress; the twelfth article, at the First Session of the Eighth Congress ; and the thirteenth article at the Second Session of the Eleventh Conjrress," CONSTITUnON OF THE UNITED STATES. 83 Akticle xin. Neither slayery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall ex- ist within the United States, or any place subject to theu' juris- diction. Aeticle aTV. Section 1 All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United ^ States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make^ or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any per- son of life, Hberty, or property, without due process of law. nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the Tec 2 Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. Unt when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in- habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shaU be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Sec 3 No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con- gress or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an, (Officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Con, stitution of the United States, shall have' engaged in insurrection o^ rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disabihty. Sec 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, au- thorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or 84 OOKSTITVTION OF THE UNITED STATES. emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by apprq3riate legislation, the provisions of this article. Akticle XV. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to rote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race or color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. AGRWULTVUAL. Sfi AGRICULTUKAL STATISTICS, 1870-183d. I.— CROPS. - i. Indian CoEN-In this crop Illinois ranks first; Iowa, second; Missouri, third Indiana, fourth; Ohio, fifth, and Kansas, sixth. Years. 1870 1871 1872 187U lf74 1675 Bushfls. 1,094,255,000 991,898,000 1,092,719,000 932,274,000 850,148,500 1,321,069,000 lR7fi' .. 1,283,827,500 ;S77 .. 1342,558,000 1,388,218,750 1,547,901,790 1,5:37,535,9011 1878, 1879. Totals . . . Average . 13,862,465440 "1,210,587,7 2. WnEAT-Illinois and Indiana lead on the wheat crop; Ohio and California come next, and Icwa and Minnesota follow closelj-. 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 235,884,700 230,722,400 249,997,100 281,254,700 308,102,700 292,136,000 289,356,500 i^;, 365,094.800 1878 ■ lb79 IJiSO Totals Average .... 18,992 19,943, 20,858 22,171, 24,967 26,381 27.627 26,277 82,10S, 86,037 420,122,400 448,756,11S 480,849,700 3;002r277,JlS|_287^ ""327,479,^38| 26,173, 3,345.641,4.56 304,149,t>6»: 13 96 13 9S OATs-Illinois takes the lead on this crop ; New York follows, and then Iowa "Wisconsin and PennsylTania. ^ ^. , ■, I T> ■ Value Value. Yield! Price. ! pg. Acre. 86 AORICULTURAL. 4. Baulet — California, New York, "Wiscon-siu and Iowa are the States wliicli raiso the largest part of the Barley crop. Years. Bushels, Acres. 1,108.924 1.177.666 1.397,082 1.387.106 1,. 580.626 1.7.-9.902 1.766,511 1.614.654 1,790,400 1.680.700 1,546,244 VaJue. Yield Price. Value per Acre. 1870 26.2^5,400 26,718,500 26.846.400 32.044,491 32,552,. 00 36,908,600 38,710,500 34,441,400 42,245,'BO 40,288,100 87,100,735 $22 244.-584 21.541.777 19.837,773 29,333.. 529 29.983.769 29.9.52,082 25.735.110 22,028.644 24,483,:n5 2.'3,7 14,444 26,804,421 23 7 $0 84 5 22.6 80 6 19 2 73 8 23.1 915 20 6 92 1 20 6 81.1 219 66 4 21 aJ 63 9 23 7 64 3 21 6 67 9 '2i S 70 9 t20 05 18 29 14 19 21 n 18 96 16 73 14 56 13 64 14 62 1871 1872 1873 1674 1S75 1876 1877 •1873 1879 isso 16 IT Total 874,147,256 16,888,815 $276,159,448 «25,106,404 22 1 22 1 $76 If «76 :- 1 ♦ 16 79 34,018,8S7 1,530,801 $16 79 m 6, Rye — Illinois, Pennsj-lvania, Wisconsin, New York and Kansas are in their order the principal States engaged in raising this crop. Years. Bushels. Acres. Value. Yield 13 1 14 3 14 1 13 1 13 4 13 13.8 14 9 15 9 14 5 14 S Price. j Value per Aor» J870 15,473.600 1.5,365.500 14.8.-8.600 1.5.142.000 14.990.iH)0 17,722,100 20,374,800 il, 170. 100 25,800,000 28.680,460 28,518,275 1.176,137 1,069,531 1,048,654 1,150,355 1,116.716 l,35ii.788 1.468,374 1,412.902 1,021,000 1,025,450 1,540,374 14,580,281 1,826,480 $12.612.00d 12,145.646 11,363.693 11,548.126 12,870.4(1 13.631. yoo 13,635,826 12,542 895 16.847.400 15,507,481 18,049,9J2 eo 81.5 79 76 3 76. S 85. S 76 £ 66 £ 59. i 55 : 65 6 79 S $10 73 1871 11 35 1872 10 St l.'^TS 10 04 1874 11 .52 1 10 02 1876 9 28 1677 8 87 1878 10 39 1S79 18S0 1) 54 11 74 Total 20S.lV-5,3:» 18,916,849 $150,805,825 $18,709,575 14 1 14 1 $72 9 $72 9 $10 89 $10 89 6. ^ucK-WHE-iT — This is not a larga crop, nor is it rapidly extending ; abont five, sixths of the whole is grown ia New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, "Wiscoik Bin, Maine and Kew Jersey. Years. Bushels. Aeree. Value. Yield Price. Value per Acre. 1870 9,841,500 8,328.700 8,133,500 7,837,700 8,016,600 10,082,100 9,668,800 10.177,000 12,247,000 18,140,000 13, 695,9 W 536.992 413,915 448,497 454,152 452.590 .575..\iO 666.441 (■49.923 673 IK10 689,900 614,804 rr,725,044 6.900.268 6,747,618 6,382,043 6.477,885 7,166,267 7,021,498 6.998..-10 18.3 SO 1 18.1 17 2 17.7 17.5 14 5 15 6 $0 78.4 m 3* h71 82 8! 16 67 82 9 15 04 ei 4; 14 05 p-2 !l..*73 1874 1875 lj!76 80.8 71 72 6 68 7 59 69 8 585 14 31 15 43 10 53 1877 10 76 18 8 7.22.''..230; 18 2 10 74 1879 7,856.191 8.008,799 $78.509.6.58 $7,136,^82 20 6 22 3 18 2| 13 28 1S80 18 05 Total 111.168,800 10,106.264 6.125.244 556,840 $T2 4 $18 11 18 2J $72 4 $ia 11 1. Potatoes — Now York tikos the lead in tlie Potato crop, and Pennsylvania, Wis- consin, Illinois, Michigan and Ohio follow, but the crop is a large one in moat of the northern States. AGRIOVLTURAL. 87 41 i^ 48 0-/ 43 50 $57"3l $53"7.% $57 3 $58 "i-"' S ILvv-XewYork bads in tl>i3 groat crop, and Iowa, rennsylvanm. lUmois and Michigan follow. We give only the statistics from 1S76, the early years oi tliis decade being unreliable. •Cotton— This product being only reported at the ports whence it is shipped, it is difScult to ascertain the exact product of each State. We give, therefoi-e, only the gross amount of the crops and their values, premising that Cotton is grown as a marketable crop only in North Carolina, South Carolina, Geor- gia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee and Southern Missouri. A few bales may be grown one or two degrees further north, but not enough to produce any effect iipon the market. Tears. Kales Proiluced Value. i5-. C i - .\llinuTlt Kxport- ed. A'alne of Exports. Am'tretain- c';-'.) ... tept. 1, 18Tf^S0... 4,S11.2G; 5,078,.^ 31 5,'.iCl,3U(J $24'.',000,0(^ 14-.',14i».987 24d,v!55,7U'2 12 2r 8 00 lu 20 Hales. 3.574.876 3.tii;t,7'i4 4,118,005 $180,081,484 16-J,304,2r.0 211,585,905 I,4fi3.625 1,415,000 1,248,295 $71,000,006 48,500,000 50,3S5,45S Average r 1- -, 1 1 10. Tobacco— All the chewing, and a large proportion of the smoking tobacco and snuff used in this country arc produced on our own soil, while about two thirds of the cigars and cigarettes are made here from native tobacco, the other third being imported either 'n the manufactured or unmaaufac lured state. 88 AaBICULTXTRAL. Tobacco I va.in«nf l-^mount re-l , , , Crop of the ''^^"001 turned for M.mountof Teur. I Crop. ) Rov. Tax. Tax. 187; .'.876 1877 1878 1S79 I8S0 £||Ain'ntof| Va] ue 399,000,000 490,000,000 382,546,700 40,217,000 38,487,000 22,18T,42o T.)bacco. 119.7il6,727 No Cif^ars & Ciiiraret'.s. I,908;i41,.'.70 Lbs. Mannf. Tobacco. 127,481,149 No. Ciiiars ifcCigare'ts. 1,958,391,482 Lbs.Mauut. Tobacco. 119,406,588 I No. Cigars &Ci!raret's. 2,0S2.3.i6,3G2 ^. . .„ Lbs. Manuf. On Man. Tob 391.2T8.860 22.T27.534| '^S^GS ^.^St 0? No. Cigars Cigars. &c ,&| & Cigaret'.s Wari'factur's ,8,276,r>;«,(iSl i.',72r.,l.'5 58 Lbs. Mauuf. On Man. Tobj 478,107,5^1; 88,794.83l| U WS5 ?3,76m18 04 No. Cigars Cigars,&c.,A cSr Cigaret's. Man'factur's 2,830,159,820 15,103,912 04 Lbe. Manuf. JOnMan.Tob 408,000.000 65,28\0O0ri^\GI5'^l"^|SS76" No.ofCig'rs OuCigars&o & Ciuaret's. amlManufs 1,967.959,6(21 9,494.147 Lbs.Mauuf. OnMan^Tob (Si. Dealers in 28,526,823 OnCgs, Cgrs and Manufs. 11,268,517 OnMau.Tob it Dealers in 29,881,90. OnCigars&c &Manufct's 11,224,6.'J0 On Man. Tob aniiDeal'.sin 28,204,045 Cigars&c.& Manfjictur'sl ll,887,7-;0 Amount ,,„, „ ^„ „. I Tobacco P "^l"® "f p, U Importd Import8|Esport«d! Exports. Lbs. I f 16 6,663,843 0,812,496 120174377. 28,547,803 Lbs. To- bacco, ice. 12.5 6,598,410 'No.ofCi- gars.&c 599,066 Lbs. 7,186,718 8-3 6,081,647 5,730,966 C-Expts Ko-E.'cp'ts 759,798 547,278 iufe'200734 25,6^2,670 Ee-Exprt Ee-Exp't9 706,3931 398,278 M 149347070 32,079.047 Re-Exprt Ro-Exp f.s 266,i.01| 292,315 5.6 8,603,641 6,439,868 283986557 28,484,482 iRe-E.xprt Re-Exp't.s .1 464,481, 313,091 5.8 7,tl2,746j5,8S8,8:6| 822295361 28,215,240 8.2 Be E.xp'rt Ee-Fxn'ts 441,8S6| 345,171 10412TS9 7,402,800 215928053 18,-U2.'273 Re-Exp'rt R©-Exp'ta ' 924,169 501,622 336 S)?!^? ^'^T^ ""^ °*^"' '^'''^"*"»<^t"'-'"« of Tobacco, to the ralue of $2,864 975 t Besides ■ 6T402"Tr '^ ? 2.0^-'.0O0 Cigars and other n^anufactures of Tobacco, "to , ho valul of ^d ttS^luT " ""' "'^'" "' ''"'''' ^'^ ''^^^ '^^ "^ n^anufaccored Tobacco ;^! WHS almost wholly prodijced on tl,e AUantJc coastT thP^?IS ^ <" T^. ''"^ ^'""^ '"'^P'^. ""d Now th- tou product in the best years, does not exceed 8^ 0l'>ons of pounds, half IS grown in Louisiana. exceea bo,ooo,uoo pounds, of which ab«ut one- •r; ^ Imports Value. Re- I Exports. ts. Pounds. 1$ 00. '53,065, 191 1,325,234 1,007,612 1,876,786 3,317,172 2,304,6961 ■ 00 43,123,939 5064,655,827 .2574,642, 631 60 83,755,225 .00'73.2.57.716 2,083 248 90 59,414,7t9:i.547;697 .00.71,561,8,r2'l,(;()3 547 •50 60,978,639] 1,439.767 ..147,489,878 l,K4.V.369r |>5,824,92.S 2,1.80 KV J'onuds. g I 8,886,(!64 284632 15.212, 8;J3 454316 |10,21J,920 281)463 |12,6.M,959'3:8996 |20 204,774,!.'i91417 2.5,840.8771763497 i 12,352.330 342694 16.610,614j406.i53 14,483.6451369235 9,65(■.,593|■i^8242 " '0(;..3ri2()780L' ' , I iValuel I Tiirii TalueiDom'stclDoms Total Taluo psportsjExptsI Export«.|Expt8 rounds. § I i>oi mis I a 2,232,833 14.5934 11,101,4971430466 '^^'ol1l^'-^^'^^^'~'3-*5'^-»"i'i^^l971 440,842 22502; 10,658,7621302965 ''"•' ^■-' 2-;68;13,0.'i5,-94 407764 19740 20,479,401 611157 27075 26.399.799i7»0.i7'> 19831 12,629,61 7i.362725 30918 17,0.M) 605:437471 "8II2I 15,790,6271447347 10.287,698 ;MTI95 K!.i''i:242S40 of the amount iuinortrd 'iho .,., 1 .• "'*'' ""t, smce l>b2 much if at all excppfi«H ..r,., 0: i! u puthasnoryetrea'he,Una,uoumo"nZ t,'*"''''^ and Sorghum Su.^ar has be.n iuc'^.^'l^ It has lately been charged by "iportation, exportation, uLd du- AGRICULTURAL. 89 1 1-1 i_i f- h-i I-" >-'>-' •-"-' aOODGDOOOOODCDQDQO ■ o^Q 00 W 01 *» w *^ 00 w O;^ t" pD "o O Ol o o ~a t*»- CD O CO oi tf^ O O 03 t*^ oi OT o to -5 to *- Ol CD m to o 05 *k C» ►-' *-q? -q^OOSt^CnlOl+^O-. ^OpOCO^CnpiOSCDg "o'ooVlo CD 00 OC' I-' Oi?" If^tOt— CC005l*»-i-'-3 -q -a to to oi oa 00 CO to >0C005t^-iUrf>-*>-rf^ ~Jt» 1-1 o"'-' *-> CT to *^ COODIO>-'ODCOi-'0 O Ot Ol to CO W 1*^^"" , "o CO to to "bo CO 'h^ to OOSOCncoOOtn ~q CO O Oi ~J CO CO CD so 00 to'o C5 CO oi w o U5£, Hi.OCn(*iCnCni-'OC-. *. to 00 00 OD 00j=> tO_05 o io oo'oD "tt^ "lo lo'cn o to » §hS cn^QCOODt^ to o> 00 >*^ 00 VI 05> «! *>■ Vl^ ►f^ t)»- >*>• ^00 OlJ* rfkpJ ~CO t*^ "to CO CD 00 Ol 05 CO ^ O CO ^ 10 l-» CI iO CD 03 -^ Ol OS 00 t-* OC C5 en lo I— ' -J en -J -J O 01 Qi o^2 OS ^ 00 O H-» jD O JO J-* CD co^">(i. H- >*^ It; JS CO C2COi-'Ototoocni*^ O en JO CD JO Jf»- OL CO cri Co"^ H^lo H^ Gi 00 Ot) (Ji — tOCnCn~4Cri0DCOO5 -a >f^ Oi en >)!»• to CO CD i-i i-Ji-' toioiototocooo 03 QO "rf^ V "co to V- 00 CO ^1— 'i*^coa200toto 00 to ;-a en JD 01 JO OJ H-i "iti-'cn 05~'h-'"10 oslxi rf^'h^ ODtOCnODOOtOCOOiOl 01 01 QC CD to !-■ O to I-* 00 CD H* to CO JO JO CO C7» "OT *>-' *-> CD ►»»- Ol so -J I-* to 1*^ ox.o X CO i-" -J 05 00 ~3 50 rf^JO O ►-'^J^ S ^ -3 I^ 01 -3 00 CD CO to CD 1*^ >t>. Oa CO en I-* to 05C0C0 CO^ rf^iOj. -^ Ol -J ^ 00 >>^ 1-1 -^ lototototObOtoto GC *» CO I-* t0jO5"^ oo'oD 'h-i oi *- CO le <;-; ; - w J^ i "co to 'w "-3 aD~V cn"co < cncncococoi— '-^cO' CO 10 CO to CO X O 00 I OiO c-i CO to *■ 50 p^r^ *-j*^» "^ 00 03 X oi t^ I-" en i-* =! tO-^coOCOsCiOSOJoS 00 05 p p w j* r ?= r" s '^ Oi CD '»*» en GO >*». !<»■ CO ■ H» *^ CO 00 CO OS CD >-* g> E. K era B p ooX CCX ICtO 05-J f^ Ol p 5.''' P P > CO h^^^CT) tf^ O *f»- O 1 Gi ~a CO to tt- to h*^ ) X CO en rf^ ^ g3 03 eooOOCI3entOCr(COCnt-' 05X~^tOCOXtOCO*-OD' tOcOCO.t»-(*^ptOpp^"-'a: "•O'o CO CD 00 en '-3 CO CD to 09J5 t2i_.ooxtocoioto •^-S l^ 03 X '^ X to OJ — rjen o> > OCo to < 5^cn CO I - to~a . O CO I ^ en 01 ts i-i , o C3 o ~a CD 1 h-- X CO J-3 p L_| I'co^'to'en K' cr , Oi CO t*' to X oi , tfi. C*Jppp" ) CO bo en o CO ) I— ' -^ O O X ; to -q ^1 CD CD V2 S : "o,X CD ' ,f>,en en ' '55 X _ O CJi :!55i CT 3 3 ~3 ^ I-" «o I— le I-* . CO CO top X ,-^-^^^COMt-l ) I— ' CO JO 03 CO cr- > o O to •f'P CO "■^I'rf^ioH-' CD -3 en X Gi o _:] 00 O I-* to -''ft; -J CD 03 >*^ -^ era to -J X X O X 05 to t— '03 OS CO 00 03 en X CO en X to 4- w h_. -J CD en en Mi- to i-J rfi. CD 03 -J "*.. hi i-i rf^ a* 03 to 03 COM p ^ p p ■ 'i^ to X »*»■ to to h;^ 00 h*>- ~3 X ~3 -jv! -a oi -J op Wj^,*-' ■ X Cw o (3> rf^ O P p 'tl^ x"x CO en M 33 to en CO [OCO CD >-' X X -a "^ 03 o I— ' cop op '^-"enox'to CO i-i ^^ *^ ^ I— » ooppp X Ml X CO (31 en ~3 03 -.1 X k-i xj en poo ^.cococoeocotoioiooj o-jencOh*^-ht^ -^ (X> oenrt^^*^Xt— * ;j*- CO en X p J^ p to -Jen O ^1 '-' ~3 03 to i-'ox»-'003cnp-* p 03 03-C0 p C' ^ p ">-' (^ t_i CO HI en )-' ►»>■ C^OSl-'tO^IOCCCO 00 x t*- *- CD en--x X >*^=" X en a (-• to ■^ 00 t_i l_i 1-1 ^ — 1-' to I X 33 t*^ to OT X O 1 ~a to X pp ^-' i^ : ^O CO X o\l en to ■ — wc v(^ K^ rfi ►"t en > CO CO 1-' p J^p O ) 35"en"x 00 CO *. J-:" ' ^ »j^ en O CO •"** -O t^-' ;3liq-q-3cO *.pj CX5 tn to 33 CO X ! r^ r- CO 33 I*- O ' I-" Cnp X^H-ip ' o "to "--a x'cD p en CD '-' I v-i CO X I o to *► CO Bi o 00 AGRICCLTURAL. II.— LIVK STOCK Thia department of agricultural production Increases in a much uiore mpiJ ratio tlian the population, mach of the land wett of tho Mississippi, na well as tb« prairie lands eASt of the river, being ndniirably adapted to iTmz nc, and the breeding of neat cattle and swine for slaughter, and sheep, both for their fleecsand for slaughter, being condncted on a large scale. Hordes and mules are also reared in great numbers for domestic use and for exportation. For ntany years past we have exported large quan- tities of salted and smoked meats to Europe, mess beef, mes:, pork, hams, shoulders, jerked beef, bacsn, Ac, as well as lard, and in moderate quantities, tallow, butter, cheese and condensed milk; but for the last three or four years, a large export trade baa sprung np in live stock for slaughter, neat cattle and sheep, and in fresh beef and fresh mutton, as well as much greater quant, ties of butter, cheese, and liquid condensed milk. This h.a3 speed ly developed into an enormous traffic. Oysters and fresh fruits »r« also exported in considerable qu.antltieB. In the following lahles we have givesi ths ntunbers, average price a:id csllmnted ▼alue of the live stock of the country in 1879 aiwl 1S80, and also the exports of animals and animal products for the List t):reo years. "We deem these statistics of great importance to the fanner, agrleu Itural settler, and to the shipper, as indicating ilia directions in wliich agricultural labor may be most profitably employed. 1. — Farm Animals at the beginning of each year. Akuials. Horses Mules Milch CowB.. Oxen & other Cattle .... SheepA Goat^ StriDe Jakuart, 18T9. Number. Price I Value. 10,618,800 61 26|650,401,500 1,G(1T,OOo'g4 01 100,604,670 12,206,60o!'22 91 219,658,206 21,077,000 18 10 831,498,700 3S,4.'-'2,000; 2 40 92,858,240 84,831, 400' 6 00 171,057,000 Jascirt, 1880. Av. Price $ 618,296,611 11,201,800 64 75 1,729,500 CI 2C| 105,948,819 12,027,00o'23 27;279 ,899,420 21,281,000'l6 10'341, 761,154 40,765,900 [ 2 21 1 90,280,68' 84,034.100 4 2S 145,781,515 JiSDinT, ISSl. Av. I ; Price I Value. 11,429.626 68 4*! 667,954,82.'; 1,720,731 69 79, 120,096,164 13,868,658 23 95 2CG,:;77,oa 20,987,702 17 88 36;:.SCl,.-09 48,576,899 2 89 116,020,750 86,247.603 4 70 170,535,-1;,'5 2. — Animals and animal products exported in each year. These are for the Fiscal year ending June 30. AnlmMls. living : iiogs nninber.. Hornedcattlc do .. Mulct; : do .. Photp ther pounds. . Tall )W do . . AVax do .. ■Wool : Kaw and fleece pounds.. Carpets yards. . Other manufactures 1879. $700,261 8,379, JOO 77*^.742 1,072,038 3J,M3 4.347 22^,104 4,82B.m8 43.779 379.170 18,629 ».I7'.5J3 5,846,SS2 402,', s,? 132,099 433.743 1,037.013 1^4,832 5l.074^'3 4,883,080 2.33''.^78 >;,42i,2o:; l"2,i;79,q63 119,88} 32,85,0,673 123,01^ 4,807, iibd 7,3iMo8 30,827 621,311 6,934,940 45,823 17.644 8.118 338,01 s Quantity. Value 83.433 182,746 3,oGo ^,178 219.137 1, 244 ,968 32,080 J*44.405 150,718 21,834,401 379.310 I.5;70,300 110,740.446 193,217 191, ■;« 8.54J ^421,079 J3.344.195 675,139 i;32,3&2 892,047 16,688 65,069 46431 237.549 5,403,950 32,650 332,726 24,552 649,074 5,086 JDlS " 658,242 441,069 133,810 440.947 814,656 33,069 50,987,012 7.44-!-'^2 J.M1.371 6,1^90,079 12,171,-20 121,013 14.148 37,020,304 176,218 c;.p30,227 7. 677. 073 38.567 6^)0,331 7,480,0^1 46,880 71.987 8.5,» 208,346 Quantity. Value. 77.456 •i»5.707 3.H23 3.207 179.919 I,59I,6^I 'l2,(,' ■ 1 ,780, 72 28,690,643 300,90s 836,215 77.490 746,944,545 106,004,1.12 40,098,649 3i,stxi,t,i-o 147,995,614 80,146 378,142,496 ic7,928,ot.6 13.323.757 56,403,372 104,090 10,54*) Total value of animals and animal matter. $145,641,233 ' i 160,931,14; $572,133 14,304,103 3(P.243 353.9:4 708.933 29,058 51,682 34 ,060 210,843 5.451 .410 59.030 305. If8 43,i'33 903,404 6J73,6p5 661 ,019 374,343 145. '*7 431 ,»-'I 5=;8.^76 00.359 61,161,205 S,boc ,st4 2,00s, 761 6,256.024 16,380,248 139^470 13.7:6 8,272,265 5.971. 5.S7 44r45^ 650, 01 6,800,623 140,303 19J17 10 750 330.333 1186,258,791 AORICULTITRAL. 91 p 5 o ; X! ' ^3^V2V;;"???i^^glk^^^^-f-~-^-^^' ^"- ^^^^'^ '^''"'"^ 5f Is 5 §• I' ll"g¥g g g i s g g g K s: a g a ;_g^g g s g - g gi JJ^J'iL H W ~i » > PJ H o en ?3 >- H en 1 Wheat. TTi cooic- £ 1 Buckwheat. ggSc«t£^S_2^T-**^^^2j;^-:,.^. .-.-—: iroriiontheCob. : 3: : : oS: So- cccoj o:-. ^. ^ £8: : : ; g: g: ; feSSS ssass HJ; SSSS- tS I Onions. ggg: g: : g: ; g; g I Turnips, English. . g: ?s I Beets. _gggSLJ__lf.=®S g: g: : : : : : g: Dgsggg: 8g5: "gT"|T^L§fg: gS8: 1 Beans. : gf I'eas. c tc li t>i t.i w w;.c ji- Oit : g: Sggg; Sgg: : ■■ gg: g: g: g: : £Sfe: I CI u» V ■ t;< c g: g: gg'g: g- gggggggggggg: SS"g: 2£3: 3»: g: : : : g: SS: g; : So. S: ^gSS: g: g: . ■». ». ^ I Apples, Peaches, *- I Pears and Quinces. I Dried Apple: O H O :3 CI W K O I Dried Feaches I Castor Beans. I Flax-Secd. I Hemp Seed. I Millet Seed. I Timothy Seed. I Bluc-tJrass Seed. 1 Hungarian-Grass S'd I Clover Seed. Coal, BitumiBous. I Coal, Authrscite. o OB M •5] "2, 2 -5 2! 50 C -3 I Lime. - I Hair. £^< S33 = = 33-5 £cog -^ = i X i. 2. ^ >^ C ? - 2 5.5.CO ^ " K; -•— (B rti <:> ra t> ra r;- - • — 5' 2 S ►^ y. o •/. o 9 >- si O c! « f g m"" C3 "i" OS '^> ,^ •^rs a Bi = =: 3 a" i-° er ?^ c: iCb 5 ^ AGSICULTUJUL. ADDITIONAL TO THE FOREGOIXCi TABLE- in addition to the articles named in the foregoing table, the following weights per bushel, of the following articles, are established by law in the States indicated, viz; Coke : Pennsylvania, 40 pounds to the bushel; Ohio, 40 pounds to the bitshel; Iowa, 38 pounds to the bushel. Hominy: Massachusetts, 50 pounds- to the bushel; Ohio, 60 pounds to the busheL Peas, ground: Georgia, 25 pounds to the bushel ; Kentucky, 24 pounds to the bushel. Parsnips: Connecticut, 45 pounds to the bushel; Wisconsin, 44 pounds to ihe bushel ; Montana, 50 pounds to the bushel. Euta-bagas : JIaine, 60 pounds to the bushel ; Connecticut, GO pounds to the bushel; "Wisconsin, 56 pounds to the bushel. Mangel-wurzel : Maine, 60 pounds to the bushel ; Connecticut, 60 pounds to tho bushel; Washington Territory, 50 pounds to the bushel. Vegetables not specified : Rhode Island, 50 pounds to the bushel; Washington Territory, 50 pounds to the bushel. Onion top sets : Virginia, 28 pounds to the bushel; Nebraska, 25 pounds to tha bushel. Dried fruit — Plums : Michigan, 28 pounds to the bushel. Peaches, peeled: Virginia, 40 pounds to the bushel; Georgia, 3g pounds to the bushel. Currants, gooseberries, and grapes: Iowa, 40 pounds to the bushel. Other berries: Rhode Island, 32 pounds to the bushel; Michigan, 40 pounds to the bushel ; Iowa, 32 pounds to the bushel. Chestnuts: Virginia, 57 pounds to the bushel. Peanuts ; Virginia, 22 pounds to the bushel. Seeds — Broom-corn: Iowa, 30 pounds to the bushel; Dakota, 30 pounds to the bushel. Cotton: Georgia, 30 pounds to the bushel; Missouri, 33 pounds to the bushel. ; Osage Orange : Virginia, 34 pounds to the bushel ; Michigan, 33 pounds to the bushel ; Iowa, 32 pounds to the bushel ; Nebraska, 32 pounds to the bushel. Rape: Wisconsin, 50 pounds to the busheL •' Sorghum: Iowa, 30 pounds to the bushel; Nebraska, 30 pounds to the bushel. Orchard grass: Virginia, 14 poimds to the bushel; Michigan, 14 pounda to the bus^^u. Eedtop: Virginia, 12 pounds to the bushel; Michigan, 14 pounds to the bushel. Sfoid: Iffwa, 130 pomids to the bushel. FARM LABOR AND VV-AGES. FAEM LABOR AND WAGES. 9-3 The following table of wages paid f.- ^^^^^ ^n t^e^^^^^^^^^^^^^ the United States, was comp led f^^ /^^^^^i^^j^"""?^,. Apparently, it April, 1880, and is placed in the report ^^^^is jcan^^^ PP^^ .Jj^^^ should be in the \^P«5\^fl?^,^;,^,^rta„d before the funds to print tha spring following the date ^^/^^^e report aMbeto ^be facts be report of that year are avalable, It 1^^^^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^ ^^^. fore the pubhc at as early a day as ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ close of the year. The same exp anat on appue ^ and wages published in the report of 1878, and wmcn w wages for April, 1879- AVERAGE WAGES FOR 1S89. By tlw Tear. PER DAT. Transient In Transient not Harvest. in Harvest ^ Maine $21 00 $Vi 78 Hew Hampshire... 21 4o| 18 31 Vermont 19 1'2 Massachusetts . Rhode Island . . Connecticut ... New York New Jersey — Pennsylvania. , Delaware Maryland .... Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia ElcH'ida Alabama Missiaeippi Louisiana .... Texas Arkansas Tennessee .... West Virginia. Kentucky... . Ohio Miciiigan Indiana Illinois ...... Wisconsin .... K'innesota.. .. Iowa ■' Mi^souri. , .~ Kansas Nebraska ... Oalifornia . . . Oregon Uevmla Colorado 80 * Utah 32 GO New Mexico 22 O'l Waohington 40 Oi Dakota 0 21 68 211 2.5 16 00 14 13 30 11 92 10 11 16 15 te 12 8T 13 55 16 62 17 48 17 61 18 08 18 45 16 281 21 (12 23 90 21 87 22 11 22 03 21 11 23 26 19 14 21 78 24 48 40 9--< 87 40 12 62 16 40 14 00 13 9S 12 75 12 00 10 00 9 23 8 25 8 10 7 82 8 21 10 6S| 8 87 9 80 12 26 12 09 11 73 9 13 11 77 10 75 13 9 15 08 14 15 14 97 14 7i 16 3:! 13 74 13 00 13 43 14 52 27 12 23 43 80 00 21 71 1:i Oi) 13 80 22 50 18 10 SJ 75] $1 50 1 1 40' 1 60 1 00 1 75 1 GO 1 77 1 47 1 00 1 40 1 18 1 09 1 14 1 08 98 1 10 1 10 1 03 1 25 1 32 1 40 1 13 1 48 1 68 2 07 12 $1 09 77 73 98 65 01 57 CO 1 94 2 21 2 15 2 00 2 06 1 98 1 25 2 00 2 8-5 2 87 1 061 1 10 1 22 75 1 84 1 20 1 48 1 11 75 1 06 93 84 74 95 1 04 1 08 80 1 14 1 80 1 63 1 89 1 87 1 57 2 24 1 57 1 22 1 27 1 56 1 71 1 61 1 07 1 50' 1 55 9! 1 50 1 97 2 25' 1 20 1 00 1 45 1 06 1 08 1 07 99 60 80 1 04 1 2n 97 1 10 1 13 1 29 116 92 1 08 1 09 1 1 5o 1 90 1 G9 1 •IS 1 05 1 .^10 1 41 2 17 $0 75 941 69 901 60' 71 74 76 68 83 53 45 45 48 46 62 51 54 65 67 65 62 59 m 75 86 7S 82 83 1 03 $1 861 $1 85 1 94 1 92 66 76 86 1 27 1 00 1 ?2 1 13 1 13 74 1 12 9:) 1 60 1 87 2 10 1 50 2 00 1 93 1 96 1 71 1 ro 1 76 160 1 66 154 1 86 2 08 2 10 2 12 2 47| 2 25 2 is 182 179 1 96 2 02 197 1 2 08 2 05 2 30 2 02 1 95 2 10 2 20 1 8 861 2 93 4 33 2.HS 2 77 2 90 8 37 2 42 4 00 SIS 1 77 2 07 1 50 2 08 1 80 2 00 1 60 2 00 1 77 1 57 1 60 1 64 1 81 2 24 1 99 2 80 2 55 2 80 2 1 1 74 1 74 1 84 1 98 1 91 1 87 2 03 1 95 2 2 2 01 1 8:3 2 06 2 19 3 15 8 00 5 00 2 96 2 80 8 20 3 75 2 O''.' 3 02 1 75 1 87 1 50 1 95 2 06 2 00 1 80 1 .^0 1 73 1 & 1 63 1 65 2 00 2 27 2 81 2 37 2 53 2 25 2 21 1 95' 72 94| 19 IS 9> 12 14 2 83 2 13 1 98 2 1 1 45 8 50 8 50 6 83 2 88 8 0( 3 10 8 75 2 64 3 81 ^ i2 09 $1 54 2 00 1 58 2 03 1 65 2 65 1 83 2 50 2 03 2 OS 1 95 2 00 2 12 1 75 2 03 2 20 2 50 2 72 2 79 2 68 8 10 2 84 2 87 2 82 2 00 2 29 2 33 2 24 2 20 2 25 2 23 2 42 2 35 2 36 2 32 2 33 3 83 8 00 5 75 8 3:' 3 25 6 oil 4 0;i 8 03 8 83 1 85 1 70 1 63 1 4T 1 25 1 68 1 33 1 20 1 36 1 58 1 84 1 53 1 82 3 10 2 05 1 77 1 .56 1 45 I 1 52 . 1 6T 1 67 1 07 1 70 1 73 2 05 1 83 1 70 1 87 1 96 2 74 2 80 5 00 2 50 2 08 3 83 8 00 2 89 8 83 94 FARM LABOR AI'{> WAGES. A comparison of the returns in the fi;< two columns of the prexseding table villi similar returns mad' last y'^ar, gives a clear idea of the change in the value of labor since then. The decline, which had been steadily goiufr u since 1873, till last yea-', seoms to have been arrested, and there is a decided advance in almost ^.very section. The averago wage of labor engaged by the ear or "^easoi, iuid which represents the steady and reliable force on the farm, was, for the whole country, last 'year, ,"n average of $20. '^O a month, without bo;yd. This year it is |;21.75, being an increase of 7 25 per cent. Taking into consideration the figures of the second column, being the rate paid with board to the same class of labor, we gain a clear view of the cost of subsisting the iaborer, which, for the average of the whole country, in 1880, is $7.17 a month, against $7.14 in 1879. Heretofore, in the decline of wages,the cost of subsistence declined in quite the same ratio, but for this year the proportion is largely in favor of the laborer^ as the cost of subsistence remains nearly at the loweot rate, Mhile the wage has materially advanced. The average price for labor, with board, is 814.50. An analysis of the figures in the first column shows only three States reporting less than last year, viz., Texas, Minnesota and California ; but a glance at tlie second column, or the wage paid with board, shows a marked increase. It must be borne in mind, however, that in all these States the sparseness of population and absenee of the tacilities of the old'.T States render it both necessary and convenient to lodge and feed the hired help. The price paid, therefore, with board, is the safest indication of the value of labor in those States. As was to be expected, the great^?st increase has been in those States where Agriculture had been the most remunerative since last year. Thus, in the West, and those States bordering on the Ohio river, which were the most favored, the increase has been the largest. The same applies to the cotton States. With the higher price for cotton, the ad- vance has been universal, and is, in some sections, as high as 8 or 10 per cent. The domaiul for labor is good in all sections of the country. In the New Ki gland and ^Middle States there is a steady and good demand for reliable men. and prices for that class have advanced very materially. The larger number of reports from these sections, state that the usual custom is to hire with board, and for the season. In the South Atlantic and Gulf States there is an active demand for all kinds of steady labor. Many correspondents report that tlie share •system, or a division of the product in lieu of wages, was growing more unpopular daily, and that the frcedmen are becoming more and more landholders. In Mississippi and Louisiana, there are a few reports of scarcity of labor, owing to the exodus to Kansas and the North, but in the same localities there is reported a good demand for reliable labor of all kinds. In the Northwestern States the supply of labor is quite equal to the demand. In that section most of the inhabitants are land-owners, and only hire help at harvest time, but skilled labor is reported in good demand. In the Territories and on the Pacific slope, the demand is re- ported as gTHxl, except in New Mexico and ^lontana, where a surplus is noticed, in the first-named Territv^.;y, the surplus is attributed to the opening of the railway from Kansas, and in the latter, to the large nu-Ji- bier of young and unskilled laborers arriving. TSE LABOR QUESTION. 95 AVERAGE WEEKLY WAGES.— 1860. 18-72, 1878, and 1881-82. From the Report of the Laoor Statistics of Mnss. compiled by Hon. Carroll P. Wright, Secretary of the Labor Bureau of Mass. Agriculture. Lal)'rs per mo.&.boar(l Lab'ra pr day, uo bo'rd Arms tS Avununitivn Machinist Macliiuists, foreiuen . . lusiwctors Inspectors, foremen. Fitters Tool-Maker. A niorers Watchmen Firemen . . Engineers Laborers • Boys Artisans' Tools Paittorn-Makers Filt'-Cutteis Machinists. Hardeners. Forjiei's . . - Moulders "Wood- Workers Finishers Helpers . . Lalxirers . Blacksmiths Bleach' g, By' ng, Prn'tg Overseers Engine Tenders Printers Back Tenders Dyers Designers Eugraveis Driers Starchers, Finishers and Packers Soapers Dyers and Steamers Si'ngoi 8 Engineers Carpei.ters Teamsters Mechanics, repairs. . Color-Mixers Watchmen Firemen Men Women BoA's Glils Boys and Girls Laborers Bookbinders. Gilders Finishers Forwarders F'ldrs & Sewers, Wmu Collators, women. Boots and Shoes. iidge-Setters Shoemakers Machine Hands, w'mn McKay Operators. - Heaters jtl 30 Beaters-out Trimmers Women 12 00 17 7813 00 n 60 10 33 14 Cii| « 00|12 -1 8 25 15 00 5 50 Boxes. ■Men Women and Girls. Boys Bread, Crackers, Etc Bread-Bakers CrnckeT-Bakers Drivers Shippers Packers, Women Breweries. Teamsters En'jineeis Watchmen |Ciirpentei-8 Painters Wash-House Mash-Floor (Joopors Bricks. Moulders Soiters Loa 16 00 Ko b'nl 11 36 7 60 7 69 8 8'; 13 33 G 01) 15 92 6 00 14 16 6 OU 10 04 G 00 10 04 9 83 18 1 2 96 3 23 3 00 4 00 Cutters Botti miers Machine-Closers. Boot-Treers Crimpers. Fitters Finishers Bufifers Betters Brushes. i I Finishers iFini.shers,low gr'dw'k JNailers Piiiut-Brush Makers. Do Fine Work Painters Borers Combers jCombers, low gr'd -w'k i Washers jPan-hands, women — Drawers, wi.men Boys Building Trades. Carpenters Painters & Glaziers.. Steam & Gas Filters. iSlaters Paper-Hangers Plumbers Plasterers Maaons Carpenters' Laborers Mas. &. Plast laborers 12 81 15 00 with b'rd 3 37 3 12 3 96 3 85 8 50 7 50 6 00 5 36 7 06 13 57 8 401 3 00 7 78 3 7 7 78 3 00| 12 891 4 00 14 00,16 89 13 48 1 6 00 14 80; 15 55'il7 10 13 C6 17 7c- 21 00 17 7'^ 12 C4 14 41 liJ 4:,14 52 7 50 5 27 5 IJ 4 10 9 9 11 0. 10 2 14 3! 12 9 14 05 10 18 11 4f 7 16 6 22 4 fcrt 4 411 18 01 •r> 00 15 10 15 10 14 34 8 00 8 00 5 01 4 70 5 00 la &i 14 66 15 35 13 00 M 66 1 n 33 II ill 13 85 III .55:12 16 16 00 12 50 14 H2,10 45 14 45 14 •-:2 18 00 18 00 ;U 33ll2 25 18 23 21 33|13 37 14 04 8 29 8 C8 7 14ll2 23 8 13 8 60 96 TRU LABOR QVESTIOy. OCCUPATIONS. Cabinet Making. Cbair-Miikera l)t'C(iiatois Gilders .Turnora Carveri! Cabiiici -Makers ^lillMen Polislieis tfc Fiuishors. Upliolsf crtTs TJpliolst. sewers, w'nin Carpetings. "Wool-Sorters >V()olWaslier8 Wool-Prepare rt Combers i^iiisbers Dyers and Dryers Drawiuj; in I'illiiiji Boys Drawers Dressers Weavers Burlers Section Hands Drawers and Spinners Doffers lYanie-Spinuers Twisters Cai-dcrs Firemen Packers Overseers Machn'sts &Carpnt'rs M'^atchnieu Laborei-s Laborers' Boys AVKKACB \l LIOKH- >VaoeS, Gold Standard. IHGO. 1872. I 1878. fio 11 'en r.f. ifit on 1881-2 , Carriages. Body-Makei-8 Painters Carriage-I'art Makers Wbeelwrijjhts Trimmers Blackemitbs Blacksmitbs' Helpers Corset-t. ry)rewoman Overlookers Embroiderers Keedle-Handa yinisbers & Packers Macbine-Hands Boners Eyeleters. Binders Cutters Cutters, men Pre^sera Pressors, men Custom \A'ork iiO 50 15 00 11 H) 1-J 80 10 50 10 05 10 00 10 90 6 00 6 50 5 50 50 6 00 5 25 6 00 4 bO 2 50 6 00 7 50 6 50 3 50 7 50 3 00 4 50 7 50 00 2-1 00 9 00 7 00 5 00 17 ;t:i 15 11 10 00 14 (i( 12 41 11 ;>■! 14 (i(i e 07 24 00 17 00 11 (0 12 3;i 11 o:i 10 fi7 10 2. 11 4; 7 00 8 1 9 93 11 P2 11 ilO 9 50 10 04 12 021 11 20 7 50 22 67 9 87 Clothing-Ready- Ma d< Overseers Cutters Trimniei-8 Pressera Basters, women Mftch'u-oper's, woniei PMnsh'rs.atbome.wnin Finisbers, shop, wm'n Finiabers, contr. w m'n F»ni8ber8,cnst'm, w mn P*nt8,Yeet, Cuat. Wrk 19 55 17 33 17 4S\ 17 77 17 77 10 00 12 43 10 67 7 11 7 It 7 11 8 00 7 11 7 11 16 00 8 89 25 7 2"i " .10 6 30 5 57, 7 50 7 13 3 ,5i'' 6 50 10 50 8 50 4 70 10 33 4 ,3.-. 3 00 5 00 9 00| 10 75 7 00 7 50 27 00 11 00 10 00 7 0, 3 7; ^10 9; 23 1! 15 cr, 12 Oi 12 Oi; 12 00 10 25 10 19 12 00 6 00 OCCUPATIONS. Cotton Goods. Openers and Piekers. I Ho Boys. Strippers Stri).iHra & Grinders Grinders Krunio Tenders Drawers 4 48 4 50 () 51 3 48 2 33 2 70 ,3 50 Overseers of Carding. 10 70 "■"" " ' 12 00 1 K:alway& Alley Bcjs jSlnbbers AVBRAQB WekklV WaOK, Gold Stanoakd. 1660. 1872. 187 14 7C 1S81-2 6 70 10 50 3 78 4 20 15 70 14 50 14 11 13 70 60 10 6 ^^^ 3 CO 00 4 96 14 4. 12 1- i« m 13 42, 19 45 13 92 11 00 9 17 6 32 5 53 4 09 4 56 6 00 5 58 24 45 19 85 11 20 10 0,". 7 7: 10 81 4 74 24 82 16 00 14 31 10 28 ti 46 5 92 3 40 4 58 3 50 8 00 6 90 Section Hands.. I Second Hand.i 31 76i Ov(-r,seers of Spinning 6 60 Second Hands SeetionHands :. (H'neral Hands Yoiini: Persons 6 60| Spare Hands Mule Spinners ,Mule Spinners, wm'n, Mulo Spinners, bovs, liackBo^s Doliers Frame Spinners FianieSij'iirs. b's&g'.s Friinie Sjiinners, p\\» Fr«ini< ilpiiiners, boys Hiaiiie Spinner.s,w'iuii K iiii; Soiiiner.s, ovej-s'r i;in;iSpinneta, 2db'n(l Km.i;S;iinnei,ii,3diri,d Ki"}r Si>iniiers, girls. . I I>o s])arebrds. g'ls inoti'er.-!, boys & giils . Dofl'ers. Boy. a 2 Fly&J'kl'V'niTndrsI 3 50 Beel'g &Warp'g, ov'rs I Do second bands.. Do spare b'ds, gills Do spoolers Do do overseei-s ' Do young persons Keelers iBeainers Warpers Dressers g 1915 4 ;Dressers' overseers. . . 21 yi 31 33 [Sla.sher- tenders [Thread-dressera Drawers iDrawers. second h'licls jDrawers, sect'n h;inds Drawers, third liantls. [Drawers, room biuids.i Ouill-rs 2 71 3 68 Twisters.-. 6 00 8 00 Twisters, women 4 50 5 33 Winders Winders, women Winders, overseers... Weavers Weavers, overseers. . 1 iWeavers,8econd h'nds Weavers, sect n h'nds 7 74 10 67 2S 33; Weavers, spate bauds 4 50 6 61 19 811 Weavers, 4 looms 5 78 18 69l Weavers, 5 looms 7 81 14 70 Weavers, 6 looms 9 50 8 00 Weavers, 8 looms 11 33 9 47 liobbin-boya 4 00 6 43} Clotbroom, overseers 18 10 14 67 4 95 ClotbriH-ira, sec'd b'ds 7 17l 8 64 I Cloth-room, men 5 44 8 16 8 71j Cloth-room, wm.&b'ys 4 06 4 80 8 64 Packing-room, g'sili'a 4 03 I ' Dyers j 5 87| 8 93' 23 16 et l.i 80 18 62 15 21 10 15 9 00 9 69 7 66 5 71 6 47 5 37 4 50 6 02 4 00 6 37 6 78 7 00 12 00 7 50 14 00 5 00 8 00 i3 80 9 0o| 10 51 6 61 4 95 2 70 7 05 16 05 9 44 4 S3 5 21 e'lo" '6'67' 6 1.3 10 28 18 OC* 760 "6"49' 6 65 • WagM depend ou fiklll. TUero has b«.n no reduction In tb«M wagea. THE LABOR QUESTION. OCCLTATIOXS. Cotton Goods — Cont'd. Buudlers 0\ ei sieis of Kcpairs. Mechanics Mechanics' Laborers. Engineer^ Fireiui'n Overseers of Yard Yard Hands "Watchmen Teamsters Average Weexly Wages, Gold Standard. 18C0. Cutlery. Forgers Forgers' helpers. . . Grinders Sawyers Haft ers and Finish ers Hafters & Fin'rs boys Machinists Packers Iu.spectors Inspectors, women. . . Stampers, boy s & girls Men Women r Boys Laborers Dressmalcing. Managers Dressmakers. Envelopes. Cntters ■ Trimmers Folders, ■women Machine hands, -vvm'n Overseer of Ruling. . . Kulers, women Printers., Printers, women Box-makers, women. . Sewers, women Packei's General Help Laborers Foremen Qlass. Blowers Kiln-men Cutters Polishers Gatfers Servitors Foot-makers Pi e8.sers Gatherers Stickers-up .•. . Wa re -u heelers Engravers Mixers Men, not in doprtm'ts Boys Women and girls Hosiery. Overseer of Carding. . Young persons, card'g Overs'r, bl'digife dye'g Men, ble'ch'g & dye'g Overseer of Spinning. Mill & boys, spinniu}. Shiipcrs. .". I<"iiii.-.her8, wnien Cutters and himnlers 1872. 1878. lSSl-2 $6 00 17 10 8 35 5 47 9 00 7 09 11 56 5 2-.J 6 8.3 5 40 9 40 6 00 12 60 8 25 9 00 3 00 11 00 5 75 10 00 6 50 8 3 13 60 5 17 4 53 5 50 9 94 G 52 19 50 12 05 7 75 7 75 18 00 6 00 11 00 4 00 9 00 10 00 10 50 5 00 6 00 21 00 |8 09 17 3:i 12 Ki 8 72 8 76 10 6 13 33 7 11 7 33 6 12 44 13 33 17 78 16 00 13 33 13 33 12 00 10 07 7 II 9 n 18 2J 10 67 3 56 4 44 20 00 10 72 C 94 11 3 8 33 16 0.- 6 32 8 12 8 01 12 00 6 00 11 65 9 00 10 62 3 30 14 25 6 00 10 50 7 50 9 00 13 60 5 17 4 53 6 00 12 19 7 43 16 50 10 86 6 75 6 75 15 00 4 50 9 00 3 00 8 00 9 00 9 75 4 SO G 00 21 00 f S 27 18 39 13 M 7 9 33 17 87 7 C9 9 23 9 31 OCCUPATIONS. 12 00 10 50 9 00 12 Olt 20 00 13 no 11 00 13 00 12 00 8 00 6 00 12 00 12 00 10 50 4 50 4 00 13 liO 6 00 16 62 7 87 13 .'■>0 6 75 7 50 5 10 8 40 12 00 11 86 Hosiery — Cont'd. Winders Kiiilter.s Twisters Sewing-girls Menders Kotiiry-knitters, men Engineers Vard hands & watch'n Leather. Liners and Beamers lT;inners |Shavers iFinishprs Splitters JKuifo-meii iTable-nien Foremen AvBRiGE Weekly Waq*, Gold Standard^ 1860.11872. 1 1878. 1 lS81-a Linen Goods. Hacklers Preparers Preparers, boys. . . Preparers, women. Preparers, girls... Bleachers Finishers Spinners Spinners, boys spinners, girls Spinners, women.. Spinners, men Kuffers Spoolers Warpers Dressers Winders Machine boys Mechanics Jute Qoods. Carders Weavers Rovers Drawers Feeders Bundlers Callenderers Katchers Shifters Piecera Bobbin. carriers ... Winders Reelers Oilers Yard hands 7 50 6 83 9 00 8 50 14 25 12 00 7 00 15 00 5 5 00 2 62 4 2 60 5 00 6 00 2 37 4 00 8 00 5 00 1 ;5 4 50 5 75 3 25 3 12 8 Oo 6 00 6 85 6 OOi i; Oft| 5 70 15 00 12 00 7 80 11 on 8 60 15 00 11 00 10 00 16 00 13 7713 50 13 25 8 eo 20 00 18 50 20 00 15 00 16 11 ^2IachincscCMachinery 12 55 Pntteru Makers 7 95 Iron Moulders 8 71 iBra-s Moulders 15 0(t !(%,roMirKers 14 :« jl51:icksniillis 10 91 T.UKksiiii I h's helpers 4 76 Machinists 5 UO Cleaners and Clippers jChuckers j Kill ers IT 10 Polishers 4 57 Setters up 21511 Hivet heaters, boys.. 8 'IS Kiieters 17 45 I Wood- workers 7 8 jl'ainters 7 hi Laborers 5 70 j Watchmen 6 161 'Teamsters $ 5 68 8 94 6 00 6 49 i 96 17 86 17 U 8 40 9 Oft 8 74 11 75 10 18 17 ea 14 15 10 03 36 67 6 7.- 6 15 3 30 5 45 3 09 6 80 7 50 5 18 3 00 3 00 4 80 11 40 5 70 1 80 5 40 7 50 3 55 3 90 10 09 6 57 6 00 7 84 6 78 5 73 4 00 5 78 7 5 6 Tf 12 3: 7 bi 7 8" 10 6( 4 91 8 1'- 14 6'. 10 4!^ 7 SS OCCUPATIONS. 1 1 'reserved Meats-, \ Fruits and Pickles. Men iWomen and Girls Printing. ;Job Compositors Job Compositors Proof-readers Proof-readers, women Job Pressmen Job Pressmen Nows-work Press Feeders Pre.ss Feeders Press Feeders, wom'n iConipositors, daily Proof Readers Pressmen, daily Book Compositors Book Comps., women. I Rubber Goods, j Elastic Fabrics. Rubber-workers [Rubber- work er9,wmu Overseer of Weavers. jWeavers, women Dyers jDyers, Foremen Sewing girl.s jOverseer of Spoolers. 'Spoolers, men Spoolers, women Overseer, Leather w'k Men on Leather work Boys on Leather work Quilleis, boys & girls. Wood-workers j Safes. Safe Makers.. Painters Helpers I Sh^p-B^lilding. ,Caipenter.<<, old work, Carpenter.^, new work Calkers, old work Calkers, new work. .. Joiners, old work Joiners, new work. . . . iPainters Riggers Blacksmiths } Silk. Winders Doublers Spinners Spoolers and Skeuiers Dyers Silk Cleaners Watchmen Machinists Engineers & Firemen Soap and Candles. Men Caudle Makers I Stone. ?uarrvmen aviiiji-cuttera j8t one-cutters jPoUsliers iBlack^niths. ;Team»stera Laborers Atbragb Wbkklt Wagh Gold Standard. 1860. 1872. 1878. 1881-2 U 67 12 67 5 00 4 44 10 60 10 33 6 28 12 30 4 05 14 1 15 47 20 09 11 12 60 16 53 15 11 6 40 6 38 5 80 18 2f 25 26 55 18 11 22 12 87 11 7 22 12 00 5 55 15 00 5 40 7 87 18 00 6 30 15 00 8 75 4 75 16 50 8 40 4 37 2 75 14 25 15 33 24 00 21 21 00 16 27 00 24 00 22 50 21 00 18 00 15 00 15 00 12 67 U 11 7 56 9 00 7 50 12 00 10 50 12 00 9 00 12 00 15 00 9 75 5 40 5 40 6 75 5 70 10 50 3 60 13 00 15 00 10 50 9 47 11 00 6 80 6 75 12 00 9 00 10 50 9 75 6 00 1« 00 16 00 21 81 9 33 14 D^^ 16fii 11 37 8 58 20 00 18 n 13 00 900 8 99 654 30 05 7 48 9 42 16 00 6 43 11 38 9 00 6 42 1-3 59 T 88 3 00 3 46 15 60 ? 09 a 00 14 25 10 00 r,i '10 :o (10 1 :-0 THE LABOR QWESTIOX. 99 OCCUPATIONS. Straw Goods. Eleachtrs Bl(x;k^ 14 6 20Ji 8 lOJf 155i 20 103^ 17X 18>^ 10 i>}4 25 )i 123i »7M 6X 25 6 45 6 74 5 04 9 n% 5 55 9 43 4 19 2 63 1883« $9 9i;,( 8 57 9% 133^ 68 18)^ 283i 9^ 10 11 663^ 623^ 16% 6X 9« IT 203i nx 153i 20 ll3tf 163i 18 13i^ 153i 12 133^ 84?i 6 T88Ji 8 96?^ 709 8% 11 1034 M% 16 16% 731 8 18'a 7 99 12 26 475 3 00 Decrease. AU the rest Increase in cost. 101 ADVICE TO THOSE SEEKING NEW HOMES. «' GO WEST, YOUNG MAN."— Horaw Greeley. For soiiie years after the late civil war, emigration from Europe increased and the average number of arrivals of immigrants, for the port ot New York alone, fof SrnTne?earrib65-1873, both inclusive, -- 240,000 But m 1874 there -s^ sudden reduction in the number of i^rrivalss falling off fx^m 266 ttl8 in 18 /3t^ 104 041 in 1874; 84,560 in 1H75; 68,264 m 1876, and 54.536 m l^'^' /"A^l^q^f, trade beean to rise kgain-75,347 coming to the port of New York, and 138,469 at fu poinS it Zuld be said,' also, that I larger ^^^.ber than formerly came xnto the country by wav of the Dominion of Canada, and other Atlantc and Pacilio ports In a l^about 4,612,000 immigrants have arrived in this country smce 186L The mst falling off in immigration was dua to several causes; the depression in Liness and finances%hich had lasted from 1873 to 1878 had caused many busi- ness failures and the'reduction in values, a necessary prelude to resumption had SstmraTyzed manufacturing. Our immense agricultural crops were sold at very ?ow prices because there was not, until 1877 and 1878, a large demand for them f^m Earo'pe thTcereals of Southern Russia being marketed at a lower price-and he^roSSn was too great for the consumption of t^e home market Meanwhile thfi demand for labor at remunerative prices was, until Ibil, tttkmg all tnmgs into Scoun^ better in Europe than here-and the number of emigrants who returned rthe?rhomesVn Europe was greater than at any previous period As our con- Storbegrto improvl, and bLiness grew more brisk, and.manufacto^^^^^^ here, the state (rf- affairs in Europe became rapidly worse; in GieatBiutan the in- debtedness in India was crushing the wealthy farms engaged m that tiade , the dmandSr "heir manufactures Irom this country and other countries was^rapi^^^^ diminishing and, to a large extent, our goods were taking their place. 1 heie was mUe demand except from India, which could not pay, for British iron and steel: SiuS?l¥anceaJd Germany ^ere underbidding English iron masters on theiJ own soil The goods of Manchester and Sheffield remamed on their shelves, and American goods of better quality were offered in those cities at lov er prices. The faUuii o?the £nk of the City of Glasgow in October, 1878, of the West o England Bnk in December, and of one or two smaller institutions subsequently caused STat numbers of failures; and the extensiNe strikes which followed the attempt of SrmWacturers, shipbuilders and mme owners to '^^'^'^^^^J'Yfhe'mrt o? he general gloom. While this reduction was a matter of necessity on the part ot the Srilst it bore with great severity on the working cl-«--^^^h-, jn add.uon to this the government was carrying on war m Afghanistan and m Zululand, and h!ad accepted heavy respousibilitiesln Asia Minor, Cyprus and Egypt involving x^ncreased taxation, and India was hopelessly in debt, there was great room tor apprehension, and the tendency to emigration is a natural consequence of that ^TnS Continent the condition of things was not much better. Germany Italy, Spain and Franco were in a condition of upheaval. Socialism on the one side and Ul?ra-montanism on the other, are threatening the peace of all four, ^^ ^ttempts at repression only aggravate the difficulty. Russia is permeated by Nihihsm, the worst form of socialism, becauseit is only destructive, ^.ath no desire or intentiou of reconstruction. Turkey is in a deplorable state, but her people do not migrate westXr From the othe? countries named, as well as from the Scandinavian States, the probabilities are strong of a greater immigration t« this^country than we have ever seen. Neither Canada nor Australasia offer any such ^-^^ue^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ mdustrious and peace-loving immigrants as we can offer-and we shall, unquestion- ably, receive the larger portion of them. ,,-,.. ii „a.^ o^o ir. Let us, then, give some friendly and disinterested advice to those yl^oa^e in- tending to come and make their homes in our country. We are not if erected m any land scheme-any railroad or transportation company; ^^^ ^^^^ J^o* citizens ot ..ny of the so-called land States or Territories, and do not own an ;}'^^^ ^f ^f ^^^^^^j^^y one of them; we are simply intelligent citizens of the United states patriotic enough to desire the growth and prosperity of our conn ry^ ^|\^\;t«^f* fJ^'^X^ honest, upright, law-abiding, industrious citizens, who will build up for themselves and their children homes here in which they may enjoy long lile and prosperity. 105 SEEKING NEW HOMES. V We have taken the utmost paius to obtain the most thorough information possi- ble in regard to the dUierent states and Territories which are inviting immigration* and v.'hat we have to say here, will be found to be entirely true, and without any coloring of personal interest. But it is not nloue for European emigrants that we have collected this informa- tion. Since 1S73 more than two million American citizens have migrated from the Eastern States to the States and Territories Mest ot the Mississippi ; and perhaps as many more, most of them mechanics and young farmers, though including also other professions and trades, are fully determined to go within the next year or two. We would not seek to detain them at the East, for there is a grand field for devel- opment in the West, and the greater the number of iutelligeut, industrious and patriotic American citizens who shall settle its vast prairies and carry thither the religious, literary and political institutions which have caused the East to prosper in the past, the stronger will be the guaranty of the perpetuity of our Union with its noble heritage of free institutions. To both classes, then — the emigrants from foreign lands and our own sons, brothers and friends — who are setting their faces westward, we would address our . counsels. 1. We would say, first, to all intending emigrants, whether from our own or foreign countries, do not go West without some ready money beyond your tiuvelliug ex- penses, and the amount necessary to secure your lands. If yoii are intending to be farmers, you will need money to stock your farm, to buy seed and food for your stock, and to support your familj' uutil you can realize on yottr first crop. The emigrant who is thus unprovided will fare hard in a new country, though the settlers there are as generous and helpful as they can be. The larger the amoimt of ready money an emigrant can command, the more eitsily and pleasantly will he be situated. The building of a rude house, and fvu-uishing it in the plainest way, will consume considerable money — and the first breaking up of his land, the necessary agricul- tural implements and machines, and the hire of help in jratting in his crops, aside from the cost of stock and fodder, will add to his early expenses. The man who can go to any of the western States or Territories and take up a farm and have on hand, after paj-ing the necessary fees and land expenses, $1,000 (_£200), will have a very comfortable time, and will, under ordinary circumstances, be well situated for the future. The man who has a much smaller sum will find that he has many hardships to undergo, and Avill do bett-er to seek employment as a hired laborer for the first year, pui-chasing his l:\nd meanwhile, and if possible, getting in a crop. The mechanic or operative who goes West for a home also needs capital , though perhaps not as much, if his calling is one of those which are indispensable in a new country. A good carpenter, mason, blacksmith, miller, sawyer, stone-cutter, brick- maker, painter and glazier will be reasonably sure of remunerative work very soon; but two or three hundred dollars at least, and as much more as they can command, will be needed. For professional men there may be a longer waiting required. The clergyman may have a congregation to preach to, but the salary he will receive from them at first will be vei-y small, and unless he can derive at least a part of his salary from other som-ces, he* will be very sure to sufl'er. The physician will find his services in demand but his fees will, many of them, be collected with diffictdty. The lawyer may have to wait long for business, but will generally manage to get Lis pay for his services. The editor, the artist, the bookseller, and the dealers in lux- uries generally must wait till society reaches its second stage of development. 2. Be deliberate in the choice of a location, and do not decide until you have carefully weighed all the advantages and disa Ivantages of each. It is our purpose to set these before you so fully and fairly as to aid you in this matter. It is not necessary to go to the West in order to find land at a reasonable price, in good and healthy locations, and within moderate distance of a good market. There are large tracts in ilaine of very fair land, with ready access by river or rail- road to good, though not large , markets. The soil is not as rich as that at the West, and the \viuters are long and cold ; the climate is healthy, except a strong tendency to pulmonary consumption, which is the scourge of most cold climates on the sea- board; but these lands compare Aery well with the new Canadian lands, and are more accessible to markets. Wheat, rye and barley can be grown to advantage, but the summers are not generally long enough for Indian corn, though a very large business is done at Saco, Biddoford, <\:o., in canning the green corn for consump- tion. The long winters make the roaring of cattle and she- p less profitable than in southern regions. The other Kew England States have but little land which, at th»- prices at which it woK'ld be sold, would be attractive to emigrants. SEEKING NEW HOMES. 103: The State of New York has much desirable land for settlers. The eastern two- thirds of LonJ Island has a light,friable soil, easily cultivated, inclined to oe sandy but ylldinrvery large crops when properly manured, with abundant manures, and r i roS Ss Rmog it speedy access to the New York and Brooklyn n.arkets, the b"st on the Continent. The whoh, island might and should be covei^d with market wardens and flower gardens. Much ot this land is purchasable at Irom three to S doners an acre, and for market gardening from 10 to 20 -^^^^f^^)^^ climate is mild and healthful, and the prompt returns lor labor suie It '^ neces UT tliat the settler should know something of the busmess ot "''-".^f «;^j;^|""'?^ but this is as easily acquired as any other agricultural business. The Island is m i^8 greatSt TcS^ lung, and from 7 to 15 miles broad. The ciifiiculties n le-aid to thts region in the ptst have been due to the want ot good railroad communication; but these have now disappeared, and the ^Ir"''^'^^ ,^;^jl^""";gy from year to year. Within tea Toars these lands will increase in value, certainly tive fold and possibly ten fold. -There are extensive tracts of land m eastern Ne^; Jersey tS might ilso bo easily transformed into rich market gardens, as some oC thSave already been. But to return to New York. In the northern part of th.«- SaSrhlroisay^Lttract known as the John Brown Tract, covering he greaer- mrt of several large counties, of excellent larming lands, much of it lo est with numerous lakes and streams-valuable laud for grain crops, especially wheat, bar- ley ?ye?oa« and buckwheat, and much of.it excellent f^'^azing land. J ^as b^n proposed to set it apart as a public park with a view to the utilization of ts lakes and streams for the supply of the canals and the upper waters of the Hudson There are^-ailrnads and navigable streams on all sides of this vast ti-act, but as yet nSlroad tlroigh it, though this difficulty would be readily overcome it it were ?awj opened for settlement." All the cereals except Indian corn could V)e produced abundantly. There is much wild game in the tract, deer especially, and leathered game of all sorts, and delicious fish in great abundance. There are some bears, catamounts, l^xes, badgers, and many foxes woodchucKS, rabbits, squirrels &c. &c The ma^ets are Ogdensburgh, Oswego, Watertown, Rome, Utica, Lntle Falls, Schenectady and Albany . Land can be purchased at Irom 50 cents to $o P ;r acre Pennsylvania has, near the centre of the State, a similar tract ot desirable though ""iSJt^pTrhaps^^n" some respects, the most desirable region for some classes of .immlgnmts Lid settlers is to be found in West Virginia. The region is hilly and narta of it too mountainous for cultivation, but wherever it can be cultivated the soil is rich and productive. The whole region abounds m valuable timber- black walnut, oak, ash, beech, hickory, chestnut, and other hard woods with a fair proportion of hemlock and pine. These command high prices at markets readily accessible. Its mineral wealth of coal, of the best quality, petmleum, salt, lime. Sta, Ac. , is incxhaustible-and the markets of Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Richmond. Norfolk and Baltimore are easily accessible from nearly all points of the State. Three railroads cross the State, one at its northern border one at its Bouthern, and one nearly through the centre. The Ohio River also skirts the border of the State on the north-w<^st and is navigable for large steamers. The climat^ is excel ent Land can be purchased in this State at from $3 to $10 per a«e, and tracts not so desira- ble at lower prices. The Governor of tho State will lumish all the information "In'the southern Atlantic States there is a fine climate, though the «=>«'" Z*^* somewhat sickly, especially for e nigrants from "7,^^^™ "^^^tf^^Tr^asl Ire the northern States; but the higher land., 60 tolOO m.les ^^^^H from tl>e coast, are healthy, and the land is good, though n<,t excessively rich and is offered at leas i- able prices. These States now offer inducen,eirt,s, to settlers in search of and climate and semi-tropical fruits and products, equa to most of the Y';^,^" ^^^ \"- Florida has been an exception to the other States m the past ^-om its ^^y^)^j^^y healthful climate, its large production of oranges lemons and figs, ""'l^ayy l'^" ^ and vegetables, and it is now growing rapidly by immigration, largely fiom tlie. °°ThTGid?and lower Mississippi States, Alabnma, Mississippi, Louisiana, anji Arkansas are not yet, for a variety of reasons, receiving lar-e "^cessions o imnii- grants. Where cotton or sn;ar are the lea iin:, fro|r., a Ion- apprenticeshi and considerable capital is required to mike their cultivation profi able; tne lo viands are somewhat unhealthy, and the hi-her lands not always very fertile. 1'"™;^?"°;.^ are now as cordially received there as anywhere ia the Union. Arkansas, especia > is desirable m its higher lands for the cuUivation of corn and other grains and hxuis» 104 SSIIEIXO NEW HOMES. and possesses large mineral wealth, which only awaits development. Its mineral springs, especially the " Hot Springs," have a high reputation for the euro of rheumatic and gouty diseases, Texas has, siace IS'ZO, been a favorite resort for those emigrants who desire a warm climate. The interior of the State is heultliy, and for rearing cattle, sheep and horses, its advantages are superior to those of nu)3t other States. Tiie lands in eastern and middle Texas are very fertile and yield immense crops of Indian corn, sorghum, sugar-cane, cotton, rice and tobacco. Western and north-western Trxas have less rainfall and are better adapted to grazing. The N, AV. Texas lands were formerly considered too dry even for cattle and sheep ranelies, but vnst tracts there liavo recently been purchased by capitalists, who have sold them to an English syndicate, and they are now being fenced, and artificial irrigation by canals, ditches, and artesian wells established, Tliey will ]>rove, eventually, very valualjlo for graz- ing lands. Central Texas has extensive timber lands. The titles to the lands are generally good, a\id have passed through sofowhundsas not to invol vo long searches and law suits. Very little good land can now be obtained lower than from $3 to $6 per acre. Texas has grown far more rapidly from immigration since 1870, than any other southern or sonth-western State. The va-^t network of railways now completed and in progress in the SLate, connecting it wit!» Mexico, Now Mexico, Arizona, Cali- fornia and the Indinn Territory, as well as with nil points north and west, are aiding rapidly in developing Texas. It has al^o great mineral weaUh, Tennessee (Kast Tennessee in partie\ilar) has much desirable land. Tho valleys along the Api>alachian chain, in eastern Kentneky and 'i'ennessce, extending into northern Georgia and Alabama, have a deliglilfid climate, great mineral wealth, and much valuable timber, and in many places a fertile soil. For capitalists, miners, workers in iron, copper or zinc, colliers, and the mechanical trades generally, this region gives excellent promise of obtaining a competence. East Tennessee raises very little cotton, but lari;e quantities of food products. It is travci'scd by several railways, and has for its markets Cincinnati, Chattanooga, Charleston and Savannah. Middle Tennessee has much desirable land for settlors, and it is offered at low prices. Middle and western Tennessee ]ir()duee large quantities of cotton. Indian corn, sorghum, wheat, barley and oats. Pea nuts are also a favorite and proiitable crop. Missouri has many tracts of land snited for immigrants, and her board of emi- gration are making great efforts to facilitate their coming. Some cotton, but more grnin, especially Indian corn, sorghum, hemp and tobacco are raised, and the culture of the vine is beooming extensive. St. Louis and tlio otber large cities of the State offer am])le and steady employment to .irlis ins and machinists. The State is rich ia TCincs of iron, lead, copper, zinc and coal, and miners are generally in demand. In Indiana, Illinois and Iowa there are no very desirable lands belonging to the United States Government, and certivinly none which could be taken \iuder the Homestead, Pre-emption or Timber Culture laws— and very little in Wisconsin. The Illinois Central R. E., Chicago &. North Western, Chicago, llock Island .t Pacific, Burlington AMissouri River, and Sl veral others have laud grants and will sell ulteruate Kectious to settlers at from $0 to $10 per acre. These lands being on tiunk railroad lines are, in many cases, desirable as investments. But in tho States of Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado, east of the Sierra Nevada, and the Territories of Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona, there are still very consid'erable quantities of government lands; though in oai'h of tho States and in the Territories of Wyoming, Utah and New Mexico, there have been largo grants to railroads. Of these States and Teiritories some are more desirable than others, though all have their advantages and disadvantages. Minnesota has a fertile soil, great enter- prise, and a magnilicent future. The climate in winter is cold, but dry and uniform ; in summer it ia delightful. The western portion of the State, -which forms a part of the valley of the Red River of the North, is tho best laud for Spring wheat in the United States, and tho larger portion of tho IMinnesota wheat, which has a world- wide reputation, is raised there. This region is atiractiug great nundurs of immi- pniuts, and is traversed by several railroads — the Northern Pacific, and the railroad now building through the Red River Valley from Pembina southward, are the most important. Lands every way di'sirablo can now bo procured in this region, by the nseof cash or bounty land scrip, under the Honiestead Act or under tho Timber Culture Act. We e'lall explain thes>( processes of obtaning laiuls further on. Xands oaa also be obtSiBSd D9 individoai settlers from the railroads which gridirou SEE KINO NEW nOMEH. 106 *;,„ c!f„f„ at somewhat hiffher prices, but with tho advantngos of a roadiy access to ^oocfm rl 1 Sfdei^^^ inn-.io/.s of tho Stato aro well adapted to grazmK, bat S: "s oJ- rai^iug Lck for food pur?,osos is greater , and the plantiug of tree seeds or cuttings to the amount of ten acres: Three years' time are allowed in which to do this, making the cost merely nominal. Persons entering a claim for timber culture are not re- quired to occupy it, or even go upon it, if they do not desire to. The improve- ments can be made by employed help. Tm-o years are allowed before any trees need be planted, and t he entire expense, if done by employed labor, will not exceed $120 for the entry. Every individual may enter either pre-emption or homestead and a claim under the Timber Culture Act at the same time, making 320 acres, and after fulfilling the requirements of the law regulating either of the former two, can exercise his remaiuiug unoccupied right, giving him 480 acres. Persons wishing to enter these lands must appear in person at a Territorial United States Land- Office, or before a Clerk of the Court for the county in M^hich the land is located. All persons, however, who have served in the army or navy of the U.S.A., or their widows or orphans, can enter a homestead through power of attorney for the sum of $2, and hold the land one year without occupying it. _ They have also the privilege of changing their entry to any other selection within six months, and if they fail to ratify their application at the end of the six months and enter upon their claim, no forfeiture is made excepting the privilege of filing again by power of attorney. Nebraska is one of the newer States of the Union, admitted in 1867. Its area is nearly 76,000 square miles, a little less than that of England and Scotland together. Its population, which was 122,993 in 1870, was not less than 450,000 in 1879. The increase by immigration alone, in the year ending June 30, 1878, was not less than 100,000. There were sold to immigrants in that year 614,774 acres of pre-empted, homestead and timber culture lands by the government, and 303,991 acres of rail- road lands, making nearly 920,000 acres beside all sales of private farms and all the imcompleted sales of government lands. The unsold government lands amounted at that time to about twenty-eight million acres, but only a portion of these were desirable. The climate is excellent, though the heat of summer is sometimes intense for a few days, and the winds in winter sweep over the prairies with great force. Western Nebraska, beyond the 100th Meridian W. from Greenwich, is subject to drought, the rainfall being comparatively small; but the influence of settlement and cultivation, and especially of tree-planting^, has been remarkable in increasing the amount of ram fall. The crop of cereals in 1877 in the State was about 50,- 000,000 bushels ; in 1878 over 80,000,000 bushels. Much of the country is admir- ably adapted to grazing purposes— and with, at the utmost, a few weeks shelter, cattle can obtain their own living from the prairie grass. Many of the settlements are by colonies, and these have generally done well. Of the more recent immigrants, the greater portion are from the Eastern aud Atlantic States. The Missouri Eiver forms the entire eastern boundary of the State, and is navigable and navigatedby large steamers for the whole distance; the Platte River aud the Niobrara, which traverse the breadth of the State from east to west, are not navigable Ihronghont the year or for any considerable distance. The Platte i s a broad butshallow stream, andVeceivcs many aflluents from its north bank, but very few from the south bank. The numerous branches of the Kansas Eiver, which water the southern aud south- eastern part of the State, largely supply this deficiency. The Union Pacific R.R., which follows the Valley of the Plalte, Lodge Pole Creek, and the South Fork of astsae nsw boxes. 10' th. Ftotte, c^««s fte State ne» the .mddle '-" ''tolTan-d citf Ci^ffS also, was duG to the wanton destruction ot the praine I'^^^^^.'l °^^^f„^^''^ebraska and the soil is covered in summer with alkaline deposits. Water is scanty, ana many of the small lakes or ponds are saline or alkahne Nebraska, but Cent»l«tkeof.heU«U„dStat^ traversed by an unusual number of railroads, and all portions except the ^lorth-west SeTe'dUy 'accessible by means of the great ^^-^ -^t m-esertt're'gtnf mo t yet southern and south-western Kansas seem to be at P^^^^^f *J^^^^Sj!^g 1,^,^ its lrn-,nht bv settlers Like its neighbors in the north and west, Kansas ha^ naa us SadolSo'ghtt'of grasshof.persor Rocky Mou^^ beetles but has survived them all, and by the abundance of its crops tor tJiree or foi?r vears past has recovered from its losses. It is hardly probable that it will be dSedbTetberotthesescourgesagainverysoon. The educational advantages orbotii Nebraska and Kansas are excellent, and the two states are m a good finan- cial condition. The principal towne in Kansas are thriving and growing rapidly, and offer good opportunities of employment to industrious and mtelhgent mecham^. "colXts SL latest accessioS to'tbe sisterhood of states b„--jf -/^^^f in the Centennial year, 1876. It lies between the parallels of 3 1 and UN . ^t \nd the merid ans of 102° and 109- west longitude from Greenwich It^s ar^ i^ 1S4 500 sSiare Ses, a little less than that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire anXaXts population, which in 1870 was 38,864, now probably exceeda 200 000 UnHke the states and territories previously described, it is a mountein Se; the Rocky Mountains in two nearly parallel ranges pass tl^ough it fro^^ north to south nearly centrally, and have withm the bounds of the state eome ot tSoftiest peaks The table- ands and foot-hills by which the Rocky Mountains arrapproachfd from the east, are themselves elevated, and most of the arable and mstor?l lands of the state are from 4,000 to 7,006 feet above the level ot the sea. ?'he mountain peaks rise to an altitude of from 12,000 to 15,000 feet. On the west- ern p^rt on ^- ?he state beyond the Rocky Mountains the --fece is excee^ngly rough, though with some beautiful valleys. The Grand Green and San Juan Rivers and^heir affluents, which are the sources of the Colorado of the West plough through these broken lands in canons varying m depth from 2.000 to 4,000 leet^ This is one of the new mining regions, and gold and silver ^^V^wlaJand 'hi quantities by those who are willing to undergo the hardships of the way and .he Btill greater hardships which attach to the miner s life m such a region Another peculiar feature of Colorado is its vast natural parks. ^ hero_are se^ em of these, the largest being the North, the Middle, the South and the San Luis Parks^ Th^ are extensWe fertile valleys, surrounded by the lofty "^^^-^f^'^^jf^.^l^^l Rocky Mountains, and are undonbtedb' the beds of ancient lakes of vast extent. 108 SHEZINO NEW HOMES. which, in some of the npheavals of the geologic periods, have been draiued, and formed these beautiliil valleys. These parks are six or seven thousand feet above the sea. Their whole surface is covered with a rich and abundant herbage, and iu the season, with the gajest flowers. Colorado has much good soil, but for the most part is better adapted to grazing than to the culture of the cereals and root crops. Its grasses are eagerly sought by cattle and sheep, and both thrive and fatten on them. At the close of the last year this new state had over half a million of cattle iind 750,000 sheep in its pas- tures. Notwithstjmdiug the elevation, both cattle and sheep seldom require to be sheltered and fed during the winter. Most of the arable lands require irrigation, for which, in many sections, provision has been made, and if projjerly irrigated, the lands yield almost incredible crops. In the table lauds of Weld County, in the N. N. E. part of the state, irrigated fields are reported by the very highest authority, to have yielded iu successive years, over 300 bushels of Indian corn to the acre, a yield nevtr equalled elsewhere. To the enterprising farmer with a small capital, perhaps no portion of the west offers a better opportunity of protitable investment and labor. The grains, vegetables and root crops, which by irrigation yield so abundantly, are in immediate demand at protitable prices, by the miniug and other population. Those farmers who are engaged in stock raising, are large purchasers of Tegetables and grain, and as from the salubrity, dryness and elevation of the country, Colorado has become a favorite resort for iuvalids, the towns form excel- lent markets for produce. Eastern Colorado is well provided with railroads. The DenviT Pacific, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Colorado Central, and several minor roads, some of them of narrow gauge, traverse these table lands, while the Union Pacific skirts its northern border. As yet the principal range of the Eocky Mountains in the State has not been crossed, and Western Colorado has no railroads in operation, but at the present rate of progress this will not long be the case. The recent discoveries of gold aud silver in enormous quantities at Lead- ville. Silver Clift", Kosita, aud further West, near Ouray, are producing a stampede iu that direction, and will compel the quick completion of i-ailroads now in progress. WvoMiNG Terkitoky lics between 41- and 45= of north latitude, and between the meridians of lOi' and 111=' of west longitude from Greenwich. The Eocky Mountaius cross it diagonally from north-west to south-east, covering a breadth of more than 200 miles, though between the ranges there are some fine, arable valleys, especially those of Big Horn Eiver and its afliueuts, and the north fork of ihe Platte Eiver. Between the -i'id and 43d parallels the Sweet Water Mountain range crosses the Territory from we>t to east, terminating at the east iu Laramie Park. The two parallel diagoual ranges, are the Wind Eiver Moimtaius on the west, and the Big Horn on the east. A small portion of the Black Hills region, now noted for its gold mines, is in the north-east of this Territory, and the Yellowstone Na- tional Park, covering 3575 square miles, containing the most woudci-fiil natural curiosities in the world, is iu the north-west corner. Wyoming has an area of 97.- 883 square miles, or 62,045,120 square acres, considerably more than England, Wales aud Scotland, btit only one-eighth of the whole had been surveyed, to July, 1878. The mineral wealth of Wyoming is perhaps less abundant than that of some of the other States and Territories, though gold iu paying quantities is produced at several points. The whole amount of deposits of gold and silver at the mint or its branches, from Wyoming Territory since its first settlement, is only ^ii>!4,000. Cop- per is found at several points, but awaits development. There are, also, iron, lead and gypsum iu large quantities. But the most profitable mineral product of the country is coal, it is supposed to be lignite, being found in tertiary deposits, bnt it is of verj' good quality, aud is used not only on the Union and Central Pacific Eoads, which travers the southern part of the Territory, but in the towns and vil- lages along those lines. "Wyoming is better adapted to the raising of cattle than to the cul^n^e of grain and root crops. In mauy quarters there is a good hay crop, but for cereals or roots, irrigation is required, and in valleys, with this aid, large crops are raised. The presence of a large population of consumers of food wiU insme a prompt and ready market at high prices for vegetables and cereals, and will justify consid- erable outlay for irrigation. The rush of travel toward Yellowstone National Park, will make the stations on the route thither excellent markets for all kinds of produce. The Indians in the Territory are generally peaceful and friendly. Montana Tekkitoky lies north and north-west of Wyoming, extending to the boundary of the Dominion of Canada on the north, joining Dakota on the 55th iSEEKiyo xi:w homes. lOD meridian, and extending to the Bitter Root and Wind Kiver Mountains, the western- most range of the Kocky Mountains on the west. It hes between the 45th and 4yth parallels of north latitude, the west portion dippiug down to the 44th parallel, and between the lU4.h and the llGth meridians west from Greenwich. Its area is 143,776 square miles, or 92,016,640 acres, or one seventh larger than the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a moimtaiuons country, though it has many beautiful and some fertile valleys, and some extensive plains. The various ranges of the Eocky Mountains traverse the whole we-teru portion, covering a width ©f from 150 to 180 miles. The Bitter Eoot range divides it from Idaho Territory. There are also lower ranges dividing the Yello\vstoue from the Missouri, as well as north of the Missouri, and south of the Yellowstone; they run fi'om west to east. The Territory is well watered. The sources of the largest rivers of the continent, the Missouri with its great tributaries, the Yellowstone and the Madison, Jefferson and Gallatin, and the head waters of the Siiake and Clark's Fork, the two great tributaries of the Columbia River, are in this Ten-itory. The climate is mild and temperate except on the high elevations. The rainfall is from 12 to 16 inches annually, and is increasing, but the facilities for irrigation are generally good. The Territory is rich in mineral wealth, 120 millions of dollars of gold and silver, mostly gold, having been produced in its mmes since 1861. The yield in 1878 exceeded §5,000, 000. There are also valuable copper ores, coal beds, (_lignite) and petroleum springs in this Territory. About one-ninth of the whole land in Montana has been surveyed ; while there is much of the Territory which is unsurveyable, and worthless for agricultural and pastoral purposes, there is also a much larger amount of valuable land than has hitherto been. supposed. The sage-brush lands, covered with alkali, and formerly Bnpposed to be worthless, prove, under the increased rainfall, and especially with moderate irriL;ation, the most fertile lands for cereals in the world'. The wheat and oats produced on these lands, surpass all others in the market in weight and qual- ity. But this Territory is especially adapted for stock raising, and has already- very large herds and flocks. The returns in 1878 show 300,000 cattle and 100,000 sheep, about 40,000 horses and mules. There are no railroads as yet, in the Terri- tory, but it is very accessible by the Missouri and Yellowstone, and has good wagon roads. The Indians are not likely to be very troublesome. Idaho Teebitory lies between the parallels of 42® and 49® north latitude and meridians of 111° and 117® west longitude from Greenwich. It is of irregular form, narrow at the north and broad at the south,its eastern boundary being the Bitter Root and Wind River range of the Rocky Moimtains, the westernmost range of these mountains. It is for the most part in the Valley of the Snake or Lewis River, the main tribu- tary of the Columbia River, and part of the great basin lying between the Rocky and the Sierra Nevada or Cascade Mountains, but is crossed by several considerable ranges, those on the south-east and south forming the borders of the Great Salt Lake Basin, the Coeur d' Alene Mountains in the north being outlying spurs of the Bitter Root Mountains, and the vast irregular mass of the Salmon River Moimt- ains near the centre, dividing the upper Snake River Valley from the Salmon Eiver, or lowt-r Snake River Valley. The area is 86,294 square miles, about as large as New York and Ohio. The Territory is mainly drained by the Snake River and its aflluents, the Owyhee, Salmon and Spokane Rivers, through the Clark's Fork of the Columbia, and some of its affluents cross it in the north, and the Bear Eiver, a tributary of the Great Salt Lake, enters the Territory on the south. The climate of Idaho is temperate and mild exce^ot at the highest elevations. Much of the land requires irrigation, but under a moderate amorrnt of irrigation it yields very large crops of cereals and vegettibles. The mountain, slopes are covered with heavy timber. There are couaiderable tracts of good pastoral lands. Only about one- twelfth of the area of the Territory has as yet been surveyed. Much of what are known as sage-brash lands might be profitably settled, b »• companies or colonies who would pr^^^de for irrigation on a large scale, by which the most bounteous crops could be secured. The mineral wealth of the Territory is very great, over 23 millions of bullion, mostly gold, having been deposited in the mint and branches, ] revious to July 1, 1878. The yield in 1878 was at kast $1,500,000, and might be almost indefinitely increased. There is one railroad in the soxathern part of the Territory, the Utah, extending from the Union Pacific at Ogden, to Old Fort Hull on the Snake River. The settlement by colonies is the best method in this Territory. Utah, "the land of the Mormons, '' lies between the parallels of 37 ® and 42® north 110 WBEIh^9 SET7 UOMSH \ )«utG(3e, QEd totween 109^ and 114° west longitude from Oreenwich. It is for ths most put in a deep basin sorrounded by high mooutaius, the Wahsatch rauge form- iug the eastern rim of the basin. East of this rauge the country belongs to the Kocky Mountain sj'stem. It is drained by the Colorado and its tributaries, the Grand, Green and San Juan Kivers, all of which flow through deep canons, Ironi 2,000 to 5,000 feet below the surface of the elevated plain. West of the Wahsatch Mountains there are a succession of valleys, forming to- gether a pai't of the Great Salt Lake Basin, and the lakes and rivers have no outlet. The Great Salt Lake is 100 miles long and 50 broad, and has an area of 1,900 squara miles. In the north-west and west the plains are alkaline, treeless and covered with sage- bush, biit by irrigation, even these produce 40 to 50 bushels of wheat, 70 to 80 bushels of oats luid barley, and from 200 to 400 bushels of potatoes, to the acre. The Mountains are generally covered with timber, which belongs to the California forest growth, though not attaining its great height. There is about 4,000 square miles of timber of the 84,000 square miles in the Territory. The lower portion of the valley around Utah Lake, and the Jordan and Sevier, is fertile and requires less irrigation. The Mormon sj'stem of irrigation is very effective. The climate, though dry and cool from the general elevation of the surface, is very healthy. The rainfall is somewhat more than 15 inches annually, except in the north-west. Eastern Utah has a climate and soil much like Colorado ; the soil yields large crops when irrigated. About three-fourths of the inhabitants are Mormons, a peculiar people acknowledging Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, and their succes- sors, as their supreme religous leaders and prophets, holding many strange and crude views, practicing polygamy, and defying the authority of the United States in regard to it. The remainder of the people are not Mormons, and are engaged in mining, agriculture and other business pursuits. Utah is very rich in minerals. Mining for the precious metals has been discour- aged by the Mormons, but the yield of silver is now more than $5,000,000 a year, fmd considerable quantities of gold are also produced. It is richer in the best iron ores than any other portion of the United States. It has also copper, lead and sulphur in abundance, and has immense beds of both lignite and bituminous coals of excellent quality. The Union Pacific Railroad passes across the northern portion, and the Utah Railroad, 54 miles in length, extends from Ogden southward. Th«i"e aro 350 irrigating canals. ^EW Mexico, a Territory largely inhabited by Spanish Americans and the Mex- ican or Pueblo (village) Indians, lies between the jjarallels of '31° 20' and 37® north latitude, and between the meridians of 103® 2' and 109° 2' west longitude from Greenwich. Its area is 121,201 square miles, almost precisely that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It forms a part of the elevated table land which forms the foundation of the Rocky Mountains, as well as of the Sierra Nevada. At Santa Fe it is 6, 682 feet above the sea, in the Upper Rio Grande Valley, 5,000 to 6,000 feet, at Albuquerque, 4,800 feet, on the Llano Estacado, or Staked Plain, and at El Paso, 3, 000 to 3,5U0 feet. From this elevated plain rise hun- dreds of peaks from 3,000 to 10,000 feet above the plain. The Staked Plain, in the south-east, is a broad, almost level, treeless and waterless plain, sterile, but where it can be irrigated, capable of yielding immense crops, and producing abundantly the mesquite, a small but very valuable and deep rooted sbrub of the Acacia family. West cf the Rio Grande, wTierever irrigation is possible, the soil yields abundantly, grain and vegetables, wliile the gramma grrss on the hill slopes furnishes a delicious and fattening food for cattle. The raising of cattle is likely to become the favorite agricultural pursuit in the Territory, and many portions are admirably adapted for fruit raising. The climate is unrivalled for health. The rainfall in Santa Fe is about 13 inches annually; at Mesilla, in the south part of the Territory, on the west bank of the Rio Grand, it is not quite six inches. There are two railroads entering the Territory. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe comes from the east, and is now completed to Santa Fe. The Denver and Rio Grande comes from the north, and has also reached Santa Fe. The population is about 130,000; 100,000 whites and nearly 90,000 of them Mexicans, the remainder mostly from the Eastern States — there are 25 to 30,000 Indians of various races, including about 8,000 Pueblo or Village Indians, of the ancient Mexican races. Education is in a very low con- dition; more than three-fiflhs of the pcpulaiiou cannot read or write. The public Schools and most of the private Schools are under control of the Jesuits, or other Catholic orders, and the instruction is more religious than literary. Colonies will do Weil in this Territory. SEEKI^O NEW H0ME1>. south. ,, o orr - ^1 q7o north latitude, and between the meridians of 109^ It is between 31° 37' and 37=- ^^'^^^If}}}^ Its area is 113,916 square miles, or and 1140 25' west longitude f^^f ^^^hk^ and iTlLois. The north and west a little more than the «?^itf , ^^^I'^.^^^JSoBiver and its principal tributaries, the of the Territory are drained by the Colorado Kiver ana 1 f through San Juan and little Colorado. ^^^^^^^IjJ'^^^^^ooo^^^ 5 000 f'^t -^^^P- anil the lands the mesas or table-lands, m f"°"^^^^|"^^;rsterile except where they can be ir- through which they pass «^-*^„^^^y' ^ f s^nty snp^ of water, and among the rigated. A few artesian wells J^J^^^^^il '^'J^g^^^^^^ the rain water, which ruins of the Aztec towns are l^/g^«/,ff ^"^'tio?" f^^^^ by the Gila audits rarely falls. The southern part of the ierriiory is ^ai j rainfall, m'merous tributaries and is j-^-^^/.^^^yXtT^^^^^ The heat and the banks of the Gila and l^f Colorado are overno ^^^ ^^ n summer in south and south-west ^^f^l^^'J^tmveminve in summer, but the and 160O or more in tj^e «un, ts ^^^f , J^^t^^X^^i^^dTthe temperature is pleasant winters are mild and delightiul. On the t^ble lana production everywhere m during the year. Irngatii,n is ^^^^n?^ *°^zfngTands, aSd a sufficient amount of the Territory,, but it '^'^Zt^S^oi^ylg^lh^^^^ cereals for the population ?:S'rstn:rab?e^ttr^^^^^ Blopes. and the various species of tin, nickel, very pure copper ores lead t^^^^* °'„f ^J^ '^.ecious stones, abound excellent quality, ^^1^, sulphur gypsum and ma^^^^^ ^^^ Territory m there. $.500,000 of gold and $3,000,0110 ot .^^^ j^^^^ increasine population. The S?B. and thatamountis constant yincrea^^gwitMh^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ Indians are no longer txonblesome. For miners engine^ , ritovy is very attractive andintemgej* farmers c^^^^^ ^^^ notoriously too small, Nevada was admitted as a State wlien its P"!^^ *" ., • , •,, Ug^g^ the quota for a and though the number of inhabi ants is ^^°[«^^,^^g'^^V membef i^^^^^ lower house Member If Congress, though ^^^^/.^P^f^^^J^^iad^oar^^^^^^^^ latitude, and of Congress. It hes between the 35th and4za Paraue Greenwich. Its between the 114th and 120th meridians of wesU^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ,^,. kea is 112,090 square miles, about the same as Arizona. ^^ ^.^^^^ nt PJcUotoStoMrmoBUy parted .from ^ '^^^ ^^I^Si^^X^. dol ar?, .nd both gold and .iWer "^ !°TS& bomi, cSwte of so'da, iu lower in the mountains, and the ^eat m the summer is eq y ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ s^^ertN^ttrrirmr^^^^^^^ -- — Territories lying east of it, but HMich °f *^« l'^^*^^^i[';'dap^^^^^^ tf grazing, and the cJbvated. Muchof the mountain slopes is weladapte^^^^ gtete has already a large amount of li^« ^^^f ' /^.^f ^&£ ciov^'^' ^^^ ''''^^' ^'^ lands where irrigated, yield -^^7 large crops f ^he ^^"^ acres of vegetables. Provision was made in Ibva tor irrigauug mu ttiesa sage-brush lands; ^„^^f.^ iha water in some is pure, in The State has many lakes, mostly J?tbotit ouUet,^he jr^ er n ^^^^^^^ l^ ^^^.^ others brackish or alkaline m a ^^^^^ ' J'^XmboWt Carson, Walter's, Freuss. in the centre, the three Mud Lakes, Holloway, Humboia^^^ ^ Franklin,Pahranagat, andon the border ImeofCahforniath^^^^^ ^^^ 1,500 feet deep, and 6,000 feet above the «^a. Southern l^evartw^ desolate region. b«t has valuable mines The C^^^^^^^^ 20'and39o 30', State in a west-south-wes chrection, ^^tw^f^^ the P^^^ ^ ^^^^^ and there are severallocal rail loads. ^^^a^^V^l* ? ^^^^ectaujcs. engineers, intelligent femew, g»»«, and enterprising mechanics. 112 SEEKING NEW BOMES. Califoknia has been so often described, that wo can only speak of it no^ in re- ference to its adaptation to receive emigrants. It has a vast territory, extending from 32= 28' to 42° north latitudo, and lying between the meridians of 114=" 30' and 121° 45' west longitiide from Greenwich. Recent surveys have reduced some- what its supposed area, which was formerly staled at 188,980 square miles, but is now said, by the United States land oflice, to be 157,801 square miles, a territory about as lar o as that of the Kingdom of Sweden. The climate varies through all the gi-adatious of the temperate and semi-tropical regions The average mean temperature of the year ranges from 61° 5' at Hum- boldt Bay, and 50° G' at San Francisco, to 73° 5' at Fort Yuma. The summer mean temperature has a range of 33 degrees between Humboldt Bay and Fort Yuma, while the winter mean varies but 14°. The annual rainfall is equally varied, at Humboldt Bay, from 57 to 64 inches; in Klamath Co., from 81 to 110 inches, in Nevada Co., at latitude 3i)° 20', 04 inches to 81 iilches; in San Francisco, 20.7t> inches; in Sacramento, 18.23; in San Diego, 10.43; in Fort Yuma, 3.24 inches. It is a lixnd of lakes, rivers and mountains, with some of the most beautiful and fertile lands in the world, and some of the most desolate and forbidding. Its golden grain is famous the world over, and its vineyards and olive gardens, luscious fruits and abundant crops of every thing which will grow anywhere, are well known. About 50 millions of acres of its lauds are arable, but they are mostly taken up in large ranches or plantations, though these are now being divided, in many instances, into small farms. For the most part, arable lauds are too dear for the farmer of small mesins. Many of these large ranches are on unsurveyed lands, and must eventually come into market, when there Mill be a good opportunity for purchasing farms. There are nearly 40,000,000 acres of grazing lands, and though stock-raising is generally carried out upon a large scale, it is possible for an intelligent stock grower to do well in the business. South-east California is a wild volcanic region, with its dry lakes covered with salt or bitumen, its vast sinks, many of them below the sur- face of the ocean, and its Death Valley, most appropriately named. It is now pro- posed, by a short ship canal, to turn the waters of the Pacific into this valley and render it habilable, where it is not submerged. The mineral wealth of California is very great. Its production of gold and silver since 1849 has been nearly 700 million dollars, and it is still producing over 20 mil- lions a year, mostly in gold, quick-silver to the amount of about 2,000,000 annually; copper, tin, coal, &c. , &c. , are also produced. Most parts of the State are easily reached by railroads and steamers. California is a good State for artisans, gardeners, vine growers and dressers, and farmers who are content to be employed at first by others; miners, metal workers, machinists, and operators in woollen mills, lso largely c.j.ort.d. ^fj^^r™ '" TOe SXf L'de i» very large, the tojy. wheal, oata nn.l potatoes »';'"'»';='{ ;^/„„„,, a„,,,hle Fruit is also hiigelj culti- ""T,' VrifanSSSy forS^^^^^^^^ especialy cattle aldW it woofprodJct oi th^^^ is cLsiderable, and mosUy consumed m Oregon wooi- len factories. ^ -^^ ^ t go fuUy developed as it wich. The Columbia llnei.wmcu ^^ ^^ ^^.^^ ^^^ ^^^ westera southern boundary, ^^r three-foui hs ot lU ^^ the Strait of JuandeFucaandthe shoresare washed bythePac^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^V^^l, Gulf of Georgia. 1 he aiea o^;^^^^,™j^'Jj,'i^^a but tLe valleys, especially around ';^'^'''trTvl^?ii:^^^^^^ Blopes otShe^mountains are boih sides of i^^g^*^ f^'^^^X^" There are 200 miles of railroad in operation m the KLranTttclmtoi^er^^^^^^^^^^^^ KamialllOOto ^'^y'^'^",^" ""]'^ , The summers in Central and Easiern Wash- tern Washington IromU^o 24 nches.Th^^^^^^ Pennsylvania, cold, but not Svt? Xtfabo^u't ontthlrtolthe'public lands are yetsurveyed. There is some S?,\ thP Territorv but more coal, iron, and other minerals. ^°m1 ioHn thfl pJklluT) Valley is anthracite, of e::cel]ent quality, and a railroad ^?}sSy^i'^riiisraVo^t7«^^^^^^^^^ Ja'yoS maA^t, by the Cc!lu»bia -d ^-te a^«s »hrch have .^^^^ vm nlerrupted nav,gal,oo. IJ^^'g'^"^^ 0~1,;^; "Sjund. aod iS the Columbia, a« ?,7p«;oaS^e S grTd'tu^uTe atusthe citilen, ot Oregon aud Washington. Jll HOMES^t^EAD FOR SOLDIERS HOMESTEAD FOR SOLDIERS. Department of the Interior, i General Land Office, Aug. 8, 1870. ( Gentlemen : — The following is the twenty-fifth section of the aci rW Congress, approved July 15, 1870, entitled " An act making appropri- siions for the support of the army for the year ending June 30, 1871, and* 'fcr other purposes," viz. : Sec. 25. — And lie it furtJier enacted, That every private soldier and afiicer who has served in the army of the United States during the rebel- 2»B, for ninety days, and remained loyal to the Government, and every asaman, marine, and officer or other person who has served in the navy &i the United States, or in the marine corps or revenue marine during iaie rebellion, for ninety days, and remained loyal to the Government, aftall, on payment of the fee or commission to any Register or Receiver of any Land Office I'equired by law, be entitled to enter one quarter section of land, not mineral, of the alternate reserved sections of public lands albng the lines of any railroads or other public works in the United States, wherever public lands have been or may be granted by acts of Congress, aad to receive a patent therefor under and by virtue of the provisions of ;lii© act to secure homesteads to actual settlers on the public domain, and sfe acts amendatory thereof, and on the terms and conditions therein pre- Ksribedj and all the provisions of said acts, excetp as herein modified, limll extend and be applicable to entries under this act, and the Commis- jfonerof the General Land Office is hereby authorized to prescribe the BEcessary rules and regulations to carry this section into effect, and deter- mine all facts necessary thereto. By these provisions the Homestead Law of 20th May, 1862, and the acts amendatory thereof, are so modified as to allow entries to be made by is&e parties mentioned therein, of the maximum quantity of one quarter- aection, or 160 acres of land, held at the double minimum price of $2.50 j&r acre, instead of one-half quarter-section, or eighty acres as heretofore. In case of a party desiring to avail himself thereof, you will require ifm to file the usual homestead application for the tract desired, if legally Sable to entry, to make affidavit according to the form hereto annexed, iiastead of the usual homestead affidavit, and on doing so allow him to make payment of the $10 fee stipulated in the act of 20th May, 1862, and the usual commissions on the price of the land at $2.50 per acre, the entry to be regularly numbered and reported to this office in your monthly liiomestead returns. Regarding settlement and cultivation, the requirements of the law in iiiis class of entries are the same as in other homestead entries. Very respectfully your obedient servant, Joseph S. Wilson, Commissioner, Register, and Receiver. 115 THE WEST: WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHER. TH.B. have been in our countr, as i-U^e-T^^^^^^ periodical crazes-times when ?^*^«°^' ^Yn^in- idea which, with the great Jletely under the influence ^^ f X^j^^^XSttughts from their minds. Kiasses of the people, d^°?^« «"^/l^'if ' t^^^^^^^ think and talk of noth- Eating or drinking, waking or ^^^^P^^J' ^JJ^Xsurd to us, as we look back ingeli Th-e-.zessomet^^^^^^^ They -ay do some craze, its sfEect is much the same. THE MORTIS MtTLTICAUXIS CRAZE. doien cuttings »f a '»™'g".*™^ " "''"S C'e a,*! pipe stem, there would fortune; tliat from these little =''*/• °°''°fi'J,^SillionJ of silkworms to be presently grow ^''t'l? ""f //^f ^ form eocoons, which an, girl eould da*rfui^shXsit:<:?zt\rf"c^t:^^^^^^^^ %he whole thing loo., -P-^'f ''^j^J^^ '„" Tr'eZo^TS^^ S THE WESTERN CRAZE Or 1847-48. A few years later there was an emigrat^n craze^ J^^SuH^'nV^tre tneant Indiana, Illinois, Michigan ^isconsm, Iowa, and M^^^^^^ ^^^^ cities of Chicago, Milwaukee, and ^t- L«;^^^'. X^^i^^m^ds of cities laid of thousands of miles of ^^^l^^'-^^l^^Xr^iStstiAt every kind of wild-cat b!^t*„i:d^:k"lLtto^m''^sra£=;:r^uaghi^^^ IIG THE west: who should migrate thithee. OTilEE CJeAZES. Tune ^-ould fail me to tell of the crazes since that time ; of the petroleum mama, the .shoddy speculation, the mining fever of a dozen years ago the new railroad excitement, all ending in general disaster, and in long years of gloom ; now to be replaced, perhaps, by an emigration fever, and a reckless speculation in mining properties, almost as absurd as the earlier manias and even more disastrous. It seems to be the fate of the Yankee to be at one moment on the top of Pisgah, and the next in the Valley of Humiliation. THE PRESENT MINING CRAZE. _ There are at the present time (May, 1883) over 1800 mining compa- nies or organizations in the region west of the Mississippi, nine tenths of i^^^n nr!? n'Jv.'^'*^!.'" ^""'^ ^^'^^ ^''''^^' ^°^ ^^^^^^S ^ uomiual Capital of about ?4, 000 000,000. From ignorance of the business, bad management, and often from misrepresentation in regard to their value, more than nine tenths will prove unproductive, and the stockholders will meet with heavy losses One hundred and forty mining companies, incorporated in San Francisco Within a few years past, have assessed their stockholders $47,000,000, besides their original capital, and have paid in all only $6,000,000 dividends. the desire to go WEST. ■»;r "But," it may be asked, "what has all this to do with goinff West ?» Much more than you may think, my friend. You are a working-man, a ma- chinist an operative m a manufactory, a builder, or an artisan in some one of the trades or callings which are followed in our Eastern communities, or you nave been farming m a moderate way, or engaged in trade. You have laid up a little, have perhaps a home of your own, though there may be a small mortgage on it; but you do not get rich so fast as you would like, and, as you look upon your wife and little ones, you think to yourself, "I have kot much to leave to them if I were taken away, and they might be left to suffer 1 must try in some way to accumulate property faster, so as to be able to i leave them in better circumstances. " As you look about you, there seems to be no chance in your present circumstances and position, for doina this If you are a working-man, your wages are only likely to be advanced, when there are such advances in food and clothing and living expenses, as will leave you no more net gain than you have had in the past. If you are fol* lowing a trade or calling, any advance in price is necessarily accompanied by an advance in material, or wages of employes, and in living expenses, which eaves you no better off than you were before. In trade, there is perl naps a little advantage in prosperous times, because there are not so many bad debts, but very few can lay up money in retail trade. You are appar- ently cut off from any. considerable improvement of your circumstances. the emigration fever. Meantime the spirit of emigration is abroad in the air. Every other man whona you meet is talking of the West-the West, with its rich and con- stantly developing mines o'f gold and silver; the West, with its productive farms and its agricultural wealth ; the West, with its immense herds of cat- tle and Its hundreds of thousands of sheep and goats. You ask yourself, ^ Why not go to this great West and accumulate wealth, as others have done in a lew years, instead of wasting my time here for a mere pittance?" WHAT IS INVOLVED IN EMIGRATION TO THE WEST. The mania is abroad, and you are m a fair way to become one of its vic- ZWOB. btiU yoiir question is a reasonable one. Allow us to answer it, after tne Yankee fashion, by asking some others. Have vou a very clear, distinct Idea ot what is included in emigration to a new State or Territory? THE WEST: lit THE DISCOMFORTS. You hare a good, comfortable home, with all its appliances and con- veniences. It may be small, but it is a good home. If you emigrate to the frontier, even if you have a good sura of money to pay your living expenses, your home for the first year or two must be of sods, of logs, or of canvas. You must content yourself with the fewest possible conveniences for com- fortable liousekeeping, and the roughest and poorest food; all those thou- sand little comforts, which go to make up our Eastern civilization, will be wanting, for a year or two at least. If you make your new home on the prairie, the summer's sun will scorch and burn you, and the winter's snow may bm-y your little cabin out of sight. Neighbors at first will be few and far apart. Schools and churches will come in time, but you will have to lift heavily to make them come, and for a year or two you will be obliged to go without them. If your home is in the timbered land, other disabili- ties, equally severe, will try you. Wolves, panthers, lynxes, and now and then a bear, will pay you visits, not so much because they care for your so- ciety, as because they hope to find some food, on or about your premises. You will have a vigorous appetite, though it may sometimes be difiicult to satisfy it ; and the exposure to the pure open air may improve your health, though there are some chances of malarial fever or catarrhal afliections. You may have been particular about your clothing at the East, but you will very soon present an appearance which would well befit a tramp. DANGERS TO HEALTH. We do not speak of the risks to health, because, with only a few ex- ceptions, the region west of the Mississippi is healthy. The region border- ing immediately on the Mississippi, from the Iowa line southward, and the lower Missouri, as well as Southeast Kansas, much of the Indian Territory and the lower lands of Texas, are to some extent subject to billions, remit- tent, 'and intermittent fevers, and care should be taken, if a location is sought there, to select elevated lands, with good drainage and no standing water, and to avoid the night air and heavy dews. RISKS OF LOSS, There are also some risks in investing the money you have been able to save in the past. If you have saved $1000 or $2000, and buy or secure a farm in some one of these new States or territories, by whatever mode you have obtained or are to obtain a title to it, it will probably be about twenty months before you can realize anything on your first crop. Meantime you must make your first j^ayments on your land, which will be more or less, ac- cording to the mode of purchase ; pay for having it broken up, which will cost you from four to eight dollars per acre, according to the thoroughness with which it is done; must pay for seed, and buy the horses, mules, oxen, or cows needed, and the wagons, carts, ploughs, harrows, cultivators, and, if you can, a harvester for your first grain crop. You must also buy or build your cabin and furnish it, or, which will be about the same thing, pay the freight on your furniture from the East. And whatever you or your family need in the way of food or clothing, before you receive anything from the first crop, must also come out of this reserve. THE CHANCES OF SUCCESS AND FAILURE. It is true that, if you are successful, yom* money will have been put out at good interest — ten, twelve, or even twenty per cent, perhaps — but there are cliKX^^s of failure, and the risk should be fairly considered. Even if you aib able to pre-empt your land, and so delay paying the Government ?rice for.it for thirty-three months, or take it up under the Homestead or imber Culture acts, or buy it of the railway companies, on long time, you 118 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHEK. will still find ample use for your $1000 or $2000 in paying your necessary expenses, and maintaining your family, imtil the crop money comes in. WHAT A SUCCESSFUL FIRST CROP WILL ACCOMPLISH. If this first crop has been twenty acres in root crops and twenty in wheat (you will hardly be able to crop more than forty acres at first), and there have been no drawbacks, but a full crop of both, you should be able to raise about $2000 from the forty acres, and cultivating besides a large gar- den plot, to provide your family with all the vegetables they need. A pig and a calf will add to your meat rations, and your cow should furnish the butter and milk needed. Under these circumstances, if you are a good manager, you may be able to make your next payment, if necessary, on your farm ; to improve your dwelling, and break up an additional twenty or forty acres; support your family in better style than the previous year, and still lay up a small sura toward replacing your reserve. THE POSSIBILITIES OF FAILURE. But suppose that your wheat is consumed while growing, by the grasshop- per or Rocky Mountain locust, and your root crops by the Colorado beetle or potato bug, and the gophers, or the moles ; or that your farm is desolated by drought ; that your horses or mules, your oxen or cows, or the pig or pigs, whose luscious flesh you have been looking forward to, as a part of your winter's supply, are destroyed by wolves, lynxes, or bears, or are seized with the diseases not infrequently prevalent ; your supplies for the coming year will be cut off, and if yom- reserve has all been expended, you will be very hard pressed to find the means for supporting your family, and obtaining the seed necessary to be planted or sown for the next year. You may say that it is not probable that all these disasters will come at once; so would have said many thousands of farmers, who put in their first or second crops in the autumn of 1873 or the spring of 1874, and yet it was exactly these disasters which did come in that year, and thousands of families were only kept from starvation, by the pubUc and private bounties bestowed upon them, largely by Eastern people. ROSE-COLORED PICTURES OF THE EMIGRATION AGENTS. This is not the sort of talk you will be likely to hear from the agents of emigration societies, or land-grant railroad companies ; they will represent to you that the climate, soil, and productions render the country a perfect paradise ; that there are no disturbing or discouraging influences, but that everything is perfectly lovely. The crops are grown without labor, the houses are builded without effort, the live stock takes care of itself, the rain irrigates thoroughly the long-parched soil, so soon as the immigrant plants his foot upon it. Such unthinking advocates of emigration will accuse us of hostility to it, but most unjustly ; for while we have presented frankly and without exaggeration the troubles and privations which the emigrant must encounter in the early months of his settlement, there is a bright future before him, if he has only the nerve, patience, ent»rprise, and good fortune to triumph over them all. WHY THE DARK SIDE AS WELL AS THE BRIGHT SHOULD BE PRESENTED. No man of true courage is ever discouraged by the presentation of difli- culties to be surmounted in attaining a desired end ; he is only stimulated to greater effort to overcome them. If, on the other hand, only the bright side is presented to him, and all knowledge of difficulties and discouragements is carefully withheld from him when he is called unexpectedly to encounter serious trials and privations, of which he had no previous warning, the grobability of disappointment and despair is greatly increased. He is the est friend of the emigrant who shows him what clouds and storms will darken his way, as well as the glowing sunshine Avhich will gladden it. 119 , - , THE west: garibaldi's pkoclamation. When Garibaldi wa. about to enter upon ^^^^l^V^^^^^^^^^^ of Rome and its annexation to he kingdom of 1^^^^^^^ ^^^, ^^^^ conquest of clamation: "Itahans, ^ ^^J^^^;^ J^i.'^^of I aly to volunteer for my help Rome, and I call ^P«^ ^ f . ^;;;" ^"^^^^^^^^^ his couch wiK? Whoso joins my army mil have but scanty ana ^ wounded of be the cool ground his ^^^^ f '^ to £• ^if he f alls, no priest will give sick, no hospital will open its gates to ^'^^^^^^ '_x^it at the end of him extreme unction, or say f'^^'J Z.^}' Comvldef brothers, forwai-d and '^^^ S ttr S :omr?^t{% 'eXtty thousands, and thoug. many Ml. ^^^ S^^^* "^^ ^^^ ^* ^""'^ ^ ' WHAT THE EMIGKAKT HAS TO EKCOUNTER. your warfare is not with ^^^^^^^ SS s'a^^ but only with the inertia ^^^J^^^^^^^f.^'^^^'' °^s^^^^^ with insect foes, diseases vations incident to a ^^^^^f "^^^^f^J^' ^^,e?me and you will have established THE CHANCES FOR THE MEN WHO HAVE TRADES. Those working-men ^^^^o Xl^ef^^^^^^^^^^^ find provable employment in the resp^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^^_ than the farmer, and t^^^,^/^^°W^;.^^^t\^ey will do well to secure some tions, than they can usually ^« ^^f '^ ^'^J'^ceeD two or three cows and a few land -enough for their own needs^ .r^ps are^needed for home consumption: sheep; to raise what gi^in and '.^^^^'''}ll^'\^^^^^^^^^ of flowers, shrubs.., •to have a comfortable l^^^' J^^^^ ^Pj^^bl, garden wUl not be very expen- fruit and forest-trees, and ^ 8°° V^^f '*^^^' if ^in or near one of the growing 8ive, if there are young hands to ^^f P'^^^/^J pleasure,ubut of constantly- the revenues of the ^f ysehold business of stock-raising „. ZlZ^l^'^t£rZ::r:ni::^erl^^ » co..id„.ab.e ca,nta. .. OOmmanl. ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^j^^ j^ STOCK-B^MIKG. Aca«.e.aoc..^e.o.*;-^«,^^^^^^^ ra5lorVsCaV;of4We^ot.,e.a.™ P*y- BECOMING A HERDER. Another way of ,orki.g into .luB businesB -uld be to b-o-u^r^JS or "co«-boy at first, and '"'J'';? » '^.f^^'^raod U m'^ h tbo I.erder, the rest of . he sto.k. At " ■"'""'"S "''„,,' ""j,, com" of five or eight JM« „,„ brand (.;|,khmu.^^^^^^^ |1;-- „ ^„g.,„„i„g, ; ,„,t^ ;'urans"er?os:tnp"a7operanel.e. This can be done to n>uch bet.« "^^^^ WHO SHOULD MIGEATE THITHER. advantage in Tesaa than elsewhere; but the Texas cattle bring lower prices IB the market than those of the States farther north. SHEEP-FARMING. As to the sheep, $14,000 or $15,000 will answer to start a sheep farm if a man understands the business, though a larger sum is better. The profit from raising sheep is sooner realized than from raising? cattle, and is nearly as g?eat. A single man with a little money, who will be content to serve as a shepherd for hve years, and pasture his own sheep with his employer's flock can lead out a very respectable flock at the end of that time; but it would be difficult, if not impossible, to support a family in that way before the five years were up The wages of a herder or a shepherd vary from $18 to $25 c month and keeping; but their lives are very lonely, and the danger to life and hmb IS considerable. ^ j; 6 THE MINIKG CRAZE. There is at the present time a great craze in regard to the fortunes to be made in rmmng operatwm, especially for gold and silver in the West You will hear every day that Mr. A. or Mr. B., Senator C, or Judge D., or Col J!., has become a millionaire, through the valuable mines in which he has invested. Sometimes you will be told that some of these fortunate men feave accumulated five, six, ten, or twenty millions in a very short time. This may be true, or it may not. HOW GREAT FORTUNES ARE MADE IN MINING OPERATIONS. If it is true, you may be sure of these three things: Fii-st, that these mil- lionaires were men of comfortably large fortunes before they took hold of those great enterprises; that they investigated very thoroughly, and, having their money at command, took advantage of the circumstances and bought for a smallsum what has brought them a large profit. Second that a great part of their profit has been realized by selling shares in a company w'hich they have formed puttmg in a property which cost them perhaps $S0 000 as the equivalent for a capital stock of $3,000,000 to $5,000,000. The mine may have been worth five or ten times what they actually paid for it but ^nl ^,-,?''%f ^'''/'f T ^'^^^''^^ prodigiously. Third, that however many millions this fortunate mine-owner may suppose himself to be worth or make others believe he is worth, it is by no means certain, that within one, two, or three years he may find that Lc is not worth as much money a« He was, when he made his first investment in mining property. A STRIKING EXAMPLE. Take an example. Not six months ago Col. C.'s name was in all tho papers ; hehad come to one of the great mining centres with a fair property most of It m ready money, a year or so before, and had investigated the con' ;dition of a newly-opened mine there, had taken an interest in it before it -was much developed, had bought other claims on the same lode, till with a trusty partner he owned three fourths of this mine and the adjacent cLrms He then orgamzed a company, with a capital of ten millions, and laro-e amounts of the stock were sold; what capital was necessary was used for the full development of the mine, and a smelter purchased and kept running on the ores. For several months the dividends were large; the amount of nch ore smelted was sufficient to ju.'^tify them, and the stock-of which the par value was |25-rose to $32 or $fl3. Suddenly it began to fall, and when It reached $13 our capitalist gave orders to sell all his stock; but too late' rf continued to sink till it reached $4.50 per share, where it stood a few days ago The "ore on the dump," that is, the ore which was mined and brought to the surface, was exhausted, and the miners had come to a wall ©f porphyry, or, as they call it, a "horse," which contained no silver Ex- pensive explorations were made, and there was some ground for hope, that Ibeyond this wall of stone, there might be another lodS or vein which would THE west; 121 prove as profitable as the former ones. The capitalist was honest and well- meaning, but when he looks around and sees the wreck of his own property and tlie property of others who boup-ht the stock from their faith in hiai, ho doubtless wishes he was back where he was two years ago. MOEAXS to THIS STORY. There are several morals to this story — indirect ones, it is true, but none the less serviceable, if you Trill only heed them. One is, that it is not all gold {hat glitters, and that even the shrewdest man who is not practically i acquainted with mining, may make a great mistake in purchasing mining property. Another is that you should never be beguiled into buying mining stocks, no matter at what price they may be offered. The par value of these stocks represents from ten to one hundred times the actual cost of the mining property ; and even at that, most of them are liable to assessments beyond the original p'lrcliase, "to develop the mine." WHAT SHOULD BE KNOWN BEFORE BUYING MINING PROPERTY. Ko [ if you will put your money into mining property, wait until you can see the property for yourself; until you can learn how much ore has been taken out, what its probable value per ton is, what is the condition of the mine behind "the ore on the dump" — i.e., whether the veins or lodes not yet worked or excavated, promise as rich ore as that already raised — whether there are any obstructions to future success m mining, such as accumulation of water, intense heat ot the mine, "horses" in the veins, or barren tracts in the lodes. It is necessary also to know what is the character of the product of the mine : if it is gold, whether it is free milling gold, which needs only to be crushed by the stamps and run over the amalgamated plates to yield up the quarter part of the gold; or whether it is combined with sulphur and copper, or sulphur and zinc, or with lead. Where sulphur is present in the form of sulphides or sulphurets, roasting, and sometimes chlorination or lixiviation, is required to expel the sulphur; and these are costly processes, and will only pay when the ores are rich. If the ores are silver, you should know whether it is combined with lead, zmc, or copper; whether it is a car- bonate, a sulphate, a chloride, a telluriate, or a sulphuret of silver, or of silver-bearing lead. Most of the silver ores require smelting, some of them roasting, some chloridinizing, and some lixiviation. TRANSPORTATION. At some mines, distant from railroads, and requiring difficult and ex- pensive methods for the complete reduction of their ores, there is a process of concentration carried on which preserves in a kind of base bullion all the valuable portions of the ore, rejecting that which is worthless, and reduces the weight from four fifths to nine tenths, so that they can be transported at much less cost to the works where the silver can be completely reduced and the full value of the lead retained. The questions of transportation and of the proximity of a railroad are, next to the reduction works, of great importance in estimating the value of a mine. If your ore or base bullion has to be packed on the backs of mules over a mountain trail for twenty, thirty, or fifty miles, or if it must be carried one hundred or one hundred and fifty miles in wagons, at $12, $15, or $20 a ton, it must needs be very good ore to pay for the tran?portation, and yield any profit to the miner; but if it is near a railroad, where the ore can be carried without too much handling, and if it is ore that can be easily or readily reduced or concentrated, ore which will yield from $6 to $10 a ton will pay a handsome profit. If, then, you will buy an interest in a mine, look it over thoroughly be- fore buying; be sure to "come in on the hard pan," as the miners say, i.e., pay only the first cost of the mine, before they have begun to water the stock, and pay for the mine, only the value of the ore in sight. You cannot be badly defrauded if you do this. 122 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHEK, FOLLY OF BUYING AN INTEREST IN A PLACER MINE. Do not be beguiled into buying an interest in a placer mine, even if it is worked on the hydraulic system. It may pay magnificent dividends for a time, but it is sure to be completely exhausted before long, and will leave no hope of any further profit, unless the tailings can be re-worked by Edison's process, and generally, John Chinaman has already extracted every available grain of gold from them. PROSPECTING FOR A MINE NOT ADVISABLE. If you visit the mining districts, you may be tempted to try your hand at prospecting for a new mine. Unless you are an educated mining engineer, please take our advice — which is, in one word, "Don't!" No "tenderfoot" (the mining phrase for greenhorn), or, at least, not one in a thousand, has ever tried that with success, certainly not in these later days. You run a much better chance of being struck with lightning, than of discovering a mine worth working, or one which, when found, you could develop without a considerable amount of capital. It is much better to join forces with an honest expert, if you can find such a one, and putting your capital, m part or in whole, against his knowledge, work away together at the mine, till you have developed it sulficiently to be able to command the necessary capital to make it a success. PURCHASING A PARTLY-DEVELOPED MINE. There is no lack of good mines, as yet not much developed, in all the Eocky Mountain region, and there is not likely to be, for many years to come. But if you have, by thus joining forces with an expert, found a really good and valuable mine, do not give it away to the capitalists, in re- turn for their establishing smeiting works or stamp mills near you. If you have a good thing, hold on to it, and they will come to you for your custom. In some sections, as in the Black Hills, for instance, the large mine owners who have an abundance of capital, make it a rule to buy up every new mine which promises fairly, that they may be able to hold a monopoly of the mining business of that region. Although the ores there are all of low grade, very few of them yielding more than from $6 to $13 a ton, and some not more than |5, yet from the convenience and economy of their reduction works, they are able to make their poor ores pay a better profit, than higher grade ores pay elsewhere. THE LIFE OF THE PRACTICAL MINER. Having thus briefly placed before you the difficulties and dangers incident .,to investments in mining property, let us say a few words concerning the life foi the practical miner and his work. By the practical miner we mean here, ■'not, necessarily, the dull, uneducated mining laborer, who pursues his daily task and receives his daily wage, with no thought beyond these, but in many instances the owners of new and undeveloped mines, who, with but moder- ate means, and with great intelligence and commendable industry, are work- ing diligently, to open a mine and ascertain its real value. In many instances, m Colorada, Montana and Utah, graduates of our great universi- ties, professional men, merchants, mining engineers, master mechanics, and machinists have bent their backs, begrimed their faces, and blistered tlieir hands, at their unaccustomed toil with the pick or shovel, the winch, the pan or the sieve, in washing, amalgamating, digging shafts, opening winzes and tunnels, drawing up and lowering the miner's bucket, and stoping, or opening the veins or lodes, above or below the levels, which they had cut in the rocky ridge in which their principal lode was found. This is hard work ; and it is only the hope of gain sufficient to remunerate these volunteer working-men for their toil, which gives strength to thei^ ■io«5 THE west: „„. a.d Vigo, to «.eir WO- Fo, l^^^^.^fj^^^.^i^'^S'^li h^ve to give pla,<:o to *= JlTtl^rtav' Sficient eicouragement in their Sosrcr\oTL':i^l«i'V™;4ment of men of greater brawn and ainscle, thougli of less intellectual ability. UVKDSHIPS OP THE IMMIGKAI^ TO A MIKIKG KEOIOK. The lot Of tlie iaimi^a^ l:i:tT?l^^:Si-^- ^J^c^XS. can have a rude yet --P-f /-i^iro" t^^^^^^^^^^ edge of the forest, storm reared very soon. , ^is farm is on^^^^ He can command gener- and at all events not on ^^^f^l Samilv either from the rearest town, aUyfoodsufficientforhimsef and hisfamU^^^^ ^.^^ ^^ ^.^ fishing-rod. or; if on the extreme irotr by th^use^^ ^^^^^^ .^ ^^^ opportunity Before he realizes ^"^^11 ng from ms o ' ^^^^ for earning good ^vages by ^ Stn^n^ff re^ finds them invariably in a rough Butthc immigrant *» the mining re j^^^^ ^^^he Rocky Mountain and broken country, ^^^^ }^ ^V.^errslCes ^vhich are richest in gold and ranges, especially ^^ t^^^^^^,^^',t,7i,rhas'crme upon a region, ^vhich has silv°er, he will f^^^^^^"" ^i Wac^^ of its cliffs, the rug- hardly, a parallel on the eaxlhs surface in tn^^^ ,ts canons, and the gedness of Its precipices the deptn ana ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ wonderful character of f eroded ^°^ ^^ displaced by volcanic S', ^rl?e mSe^tu^fali'^^^ larger fissure veins and lodes. A MINING VENTURE. • „, then, you determine to try Jo- fo^^^^^^^^^ located a promising J^^^^^.^yf^^^^^es Jour partner on •' the grub stake expert as we have spoken of, ^^f °"=°^^^'on you furnishing the necessary- plan," as it is called m t^e mmmg^^^^oj' y ^^^ ^ Stables) against Sioneyand provisions (f «^t]y .^^^^' ^ TkS and working his experienced ^lining kno vledge and^kiU i ^^ ^.^^^ ^.^^ ^^^ ^.^^ ^^^, Stly; laSLf r cfn ^nd meaLj^o e^ploy f or the so^^^^^^^^^ ?ote^sVt?ally developed the ^^^nerjoy^^^^^ claimed, and l^A^^nryrr^^Tntr hav^m^d^^uc^h examination and assay as to satisfy ycu that it probably contains paying ore. STAKING OFF YOTJB CLAIM. n« to Stake ofi your claim. By the United States Your first business is t^^taKe on y as thev sometimes are, you can niining laws, unless restricted by local l^^'^ J^^^^^ ^ ^idth of 300 feet S^L?500 feet in length upon t^e ^^^ ^/^^^^ Vylo'o' 'et, unless this extends on each side of it, making a tiact ^^ If "^^^^ ^Of acres. To make sure into other claims previously made^lh^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ drift of the course and dip of your hssure vein v ^. ^^ -^^^t you stake into It or sink a «haf t of sma^l size bef oi e rec^^^^ .^^^ ^.^^.^^ ^^g.^^^^,^ this ofi and have it Recorded withm U e^y ^ -^^ ^^^^h some promi office, describing It by Its metes and bounas ^^^^^^ ^^^ Lnt 'natural oblect, stating also the prec^^^^ tie point of discovery of the whether it is taken o%«°?^,^J„^f„';/citficate of location. At the same existence of the lode, and o^tam your certinca ^^ ^^^^^ time, notice • ^.nt as the Govemznent now refuses to adnxit a claim which has not been » This )s important, at. tne uuxcn^*" thus explored. ^24 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHER, and the direction from the point of discovery shaft. Tlie bounds of ths claim must be defined by good sized posts of wood or stone, set at suitable distance from each other. HOW TO ENTER SEVERAL CLAIMS. If several others are associated with you, you can, if vou choose claim r .similar tract of 1500 feet by 600 feet foJ eac?i person, nJt exceeding Sh? /Lfr ''^^^"S- 'i«^'«^«i-; ^V^cle exploration by a discovery shaft timnel or 'drift on each plat, and having staked it off and ported a notice of it at the discovery shaft, giving all the particulars already specified for each plat. But these, several plats must not run into any other claim, and each must have m its central line a well defined lode or vein-and all these particulars must be given for each plat in the application for a recorder's certificate each lat ^'"° ""^ ""^^^^ ^^ *^^ Register and Receiver for HOLDING POSSESSION. In order to hold possession of these mining plats it is required that until the patent 13 issued-which may not be under one, two, or three years-the locator or locators must perform work, or make improvements on ea^h plat, tLwVi ? ''''^■^^'l ^^'^"^ ''''' l^^^di-"^ dollars each year. It may happen that the lode or (vem dips at such an angle as to come outside of the ckim on one side or the other, at a depth which is not too great to be worked- where this is the case the locator or his grantors and legal successors can c aim this vein between the vertical lines of 1500 feet (the extent of the claim), although these lines may be extended beyond the three hundred feet limit on either side. BLIND LODES AND TUNNELLING CLAIXS. _ If in tunnelling their lode the owners of a claim ccme upon blind lodes ^e those not appearing at the surface, extending at a greater or less angl^ from the original lode and not previously known to exist, they have a ri|ht tunnel these blind lodes to an extent not exceeding 3000 feet, though they must be worked wjth reasonable diligence, and a failure to work them for SIX months is considered an abandonment of them. If they are worked continuously no surface claimant of the land beyond the limits of the 300 feet and within 3000 feet of their commencement can make a valid claim to the surface under which they run. These are called tunnel rights. . CONTESTING CLAIMS. Where a contesting claim is brought against an original one, the law Tcquires that both parties should file a survey, which must be endorsed by the Surveyor General, and the Register publishes a full notice of both claims, Seaix4^th?claim ^^''^^^"^8, for sixty days in some newspaper published MAKING PAYMENT FOR THE CLAIM. Or if there is no adverse claimant, the publication may be made for the protection of the title of the original claimant, who at the end of the sixty days files his afiidavit showing the posting of the claim duving the sixty days, and that he has complied with the other requirements of the law, and asks lor his patent, paying to the Receiver, in addition to the other fees, five dol- lars for each acre and five dollars for each fraction of an acre in his claim Ihus in the case of a single claim the payment will be for the twenty and lour-seventh acres, one hundred and five dollars. The Receiver issues the usual duplicate receipt for this money and forwards all the papers to the t^eneral Land Ofiice at Washington, where a patent for the land is issued if It IS louud regular. THE west: 125 PROSECUTINa AN ADVERSE CLAIM. If there is an adverse claimant who persists in his claiip, after the sixty days' publication the Receiver gives notice in writing to both parties, requir- ing the adverse claimant to proceed within thirty daj's to prosecute his claim before a court of competent jurisdiction, and if he fails to do so within that time, it will be considered waived, and the application of the original claim- ant for a patent will be allowed to proceed on its merits. These are all the provisions of the law in regard to lode or vein mining, and they apply as well to the newly discovered form of deposits known as con- tact lodes, except so far as "tunnel rights" are concerned. PLACER MINING UNCERTAIN, Placer mining comes under different provisions, but as we cannot advise you to invest in placer mining on account of its uncertainty, it is hardly worth while to specify the lengthy provisions of the law in regard to it. WORKING THE CLAIM. Kow, then, your claim to your mine being reasonably secured, you have time to find out what value there is to it, present or prospective. Here come in your uncertainties and perplexities. It may prove a fortune for you, and then again it may not. The chance is perhaps about one ia five that if your prospector was skillful, you have a good thing. THE DISCOUNT NECESSARY ON THE ASSAY. If it is a true fissure vein, and the dip is at such an angle that it can be worked without too much expense, it may prove profitable; but you must not suppose that because the lode at or near the surface yields on assay (if it is gold) eighty or a hundred dollars to the ton of ore or gangue, that you will be able to realize that amount per ton from it in practically working the vein. Even if it proved as rich at a greater depth as at the surface, which is not probable, as the productiveness usually diminishes to some extent as you penetrate deeper, the assay must be reduced at least twenty-five per cent, to estimate the actual working product. "pockets" AND "chimneys" VS. "HORSES." There may be "pockets" and "chimneys," spurs from the main vein, of exceptional richness yielding three, four or five hundred dollars or more per ton; but these are rare; while the occurrence of "horses" or boulders of porphyry or quartz, entirely barren of gold, blocking the vein for some feet, are far more frequent, and tracts of barren rock in the vein, extending for a hundred feet or more, are not uncommon. LOW GRADE ORES SOMETIMES PBOPITABLE. There are very few gold veins in the whole mining region whose average yield is as much as forty dollars to the ton; hundreds of veins are worked and yield a good profit under favorable circumstances where the yield does not exceed from six to thirteen dollars per ton. If your gold mine has a stamp mill near at hand, and you can transport your ore or quartz there without too heavy expense, and tlie gold is what is known as free milling gold, that is, pure or nearly pure gold in the quartz, and not a sulphuret, or other combination which requires, for its reduction, roasting or chloridiniz- ing or lixiviation (all expensive processes), you have no reason to be discour- aged if it does not yield over $15 or |20 to the ton. 126 WHO SHOULD jnGRATE THITHER. CONTACT LODES, But it is possible that, instead of a fissure vein, you have a contact, lode. You do not know what that is ? Very probably; but we will tell you. It iv a newly-discovered form of mineral deposit, so far as we yet know confined to silver-bearing lead ores, in which, however, there may be some gold in combination with the silver and lead. These contact lodes were first discov- ered in the vicinity of Leadville, where their character was not for a long time understood ; but they have since been found in other localities on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, and elsewhere, and it ia possible that some of the mines in the Black Hills, may prove to he of the same character. In the fissure veins or lodes the gold or silver (oftenest the gold) was found mixed with quartz and other broken down rock between walls of porphyry or other hard rock. These veins, and the fissure which they fill, may incline at any direction, but they are generally very narrow, varying from two or three inches, or even less, to perhaps, at the widest, four or five feet. When, therefore, the carbonate of silver deposits in the vicinity of Leadville began to uncover to a width of forty, fifty, and finally one hundred and even one hundred and fifty feet, people wond- ered at the tremendous dimensions of this vast fissure vein, and were ready to think they had hit upon the mother-vein of the Rocky Moun- tains. After a time, however, they began to find that, though so very broad, these deposits were not very thick ; that, while the true fissure veins pene- trated for an unknown distance into the earth, the miner in these, going down vertically, soon came to entirely barren rock. Penetrating through this, he might come to another layer of silver ore, or he might not. WHAT CONTACT LODES AKE. It was a considerable time after these discoveries were made before their real significance was understood. They are layers or strata of tho argentiferous carbonate of lead, interposed between the strata of rock, sandstone, limestone, slate, hornblende, gneiss, or granite, as the case may be, and they may extend to the right or left indefinitely, thinning out in some places and thicker in others; but their vertical thickness is not very great. In some instances, on penetrating through the lyiderlying stratum of rock, one, and we believe, in one instance two, similar deposits were found between lower strata. The name given to those deposits — contact jodes — expresses their character very well, for they are in contact with the strata above and below them. THESE CONTACT LODES NO KICHER TITAN THE FISSUKB VEINS. You are not to suppose that these deposits are entirely of pure ore, or indeed that they contain any larger proportion of pure silver or lead than the deposits contained in fissure veins. The average yield of silver and lead from the mines in the vicinity of Leadville is from $50 to $TTJ to the ton. A few have exceeded this for a time, but the yield of larger amounts, as of $200 to $350 per ton, has very soon fallen off. C0STT.Y KEDUCTION WORKS NECESSARY. Like all silver mining, this cannot be carried on successfully without costly reduction works, smelters, or works for roasting, chloridinization, lixiviation, etc. These, if owned by other parties than the owners of the mines, generally absorb the largest share of the profits, and in the end often become the proprietors of the mine, if it is a good one. LARGE CAPITAL NECESSARY FOR SILVER MINING. The point where the small mining proprietor begins to lose ground, and make losses instead of profits, is the one where he finds that more capital is indispensable for tlie development of his mine, and, in order to secure that iHE west: 137 eapital, parts with a controlling interest in it, and soon is crowded out by his wealthier associates, who take advantage of his toil and sacrifices, with- out making him any adequate return for them. There are not to-day a dozen mines in all the West which are in the hand* of their original discoverers or owners. MINING IN THE SMALL WAY IN AKIZONA. In Arizona, to those who are disposed to brave the climate, and the often protracted drought, and the isolation from the great centres of life and civ- ilization, there are good opportunities for mining, even on a small scale. The lodes, both of gold and silver, are exceptionally rich, and even the sim- plest and rudest processes yield large returns. In no other region among civilized nations can a farmer do as General Frgmont says many of the Ari- zona farmers are in the habit of doing — viz. : having found a gold mine upon their farms, which they have not the means of working on a large scale, they pursue theii ordinary farm- work, and, when a leisure day comes, dig a quan- tity of gold ore from the vein, pound it up in a wooden or stone mortar with a log pestle, wash it in an old tin pan, or pick out the gold if it is in large grains, or amalgamate it if it is in small scales or powder, after the rude Mexican way, and then expel the mercury by heat. At the next market-day, with their other produce, they bring their bag of gold dust and sell it, re- peating the process when spending money runs low. This method of min- ing \s rather wasteful, as much of the gold is lost ; but there is more money made by it there than in many of the mines by more expensive processes. The vein and lodes in Arizona are so rich in gold and silver that there ia a much better opportunity for men of small means to unite together and re- duce the ores in a small way and with inexpensive apparatus, and obtain la^ge profits, than anywhere else.* THE MINING OP OTHER MINERALS. But gold and silver are not the only minerals to be mined in this Western country, nor the o»ly minerals which will yield a large profit. The produc- tion of gold and silver in the United States amounts to from eighty to ninety million dollars a year, and in the coming years will undoubtedly exceed one hundred millions; but it constitutes only about one twelfth of the entire mineral production of the country. The coal mines yield a much larger an- nual amount than the mines of gold and silver — at least three, and perhaps four, times as much. Copper, lead, and zinc are produced annually to the amount of more than one hundred millions, while iron and steel, the latter now made directly from the ore, exceed two hundred millions. The other mineral products, such as petroleum, salt, plaster of Paris, cement, sulphur, borax, nitrates and carbonates of soda and potassa, etc., etc., make up an- other large sum. The production and marketing of some of these minerals will yield a more certain, and in the end, a larger profit than most of th« gold and silver mining. PETROLEUM AND COAL. Petroleum and coal production, in particular (the former found in grtia4 abundance in Wyoming Territory and in California, and probably in some of the other States and Territories, and the latter in many parts of the West),t * There is, however, a strong probability that the marked tendency, which is no-w mani- fested, to invent or discover processes by which the severe labor and large expense now incurred in the reduction of gold and silver ores may be materially lessened, will not prove unavailing in other regions than Arizona. The recent invention of Mr. Edison by which the tailings from the stamp mills and amalgamated plates may be made to yield up a large per- centage of gold hitherto lost, and another process, even more successful, now about to be brought to public notice, gives us great reason to hope that we are about to see cheap yold mining at least. + The coal-beds west of the Mississippi are of all Imown qualities, and are valuable for fuels, for gas-making, for smelting, and the production of iron and steel. Many of them are geologically lignite, or coals of the tertiary formation; but in New Mexico, and perhaps at other boints, we have a phenomenon which is not know to exist elsewhere on the globe- viz: these soft, lignite, bituminous coals transformed into anthracite by yoloauia action. 128 WHO SnotTLD MIGKATE THITHER. are industrious, which cannot fail to prove profitable and to be largefy de- veloped within the next five or ten years. The production of copper and lead is already very large, and it is not necessary now to send the ores of tba former to Euro]3e to be smelted. SALT, BORAX, AND SULPITUR. Salt, a prime necessity of human life, and used extensively in mining pro« «esses and in meat packing, is found in all forms : by evaporation at the salt lakes and on the ocean shores, by boiling and solar evaporation from brine springs, and by mining in the numerous deposits of rock-salt. Borax (bi-borate of soda) is found as a natural product in California and Nevada, in such quantities, that its gather! ug and exportation is a large and growing business. The alkaline plains yield at certain points carbonates and nitrates of soda and potassa (cooking-soda, saleratus, saltpetre, etc.) in large quan- tities, and nearly chemically pure sulphur is very abundant in California, Nevada, and Utah, and can be exported with great profit. An industry in which there is not too mucli competition is much more certain to yield suc- cess than one of greater promise into which thousands are rushing. THE ARTISAN IN THE WEST. But it may be tha you have no fancy for mining or the exploiting of min- eral products. You have not been brought up on a farm, nor been accus- tomed to the rearing of live stock. You have a good trade, and are sKiiiul in it, and you have been accustomed from boyhood to the care ol a garden, and to the cultivation of vegetables, fruit trees, and flowers; but your pres- ent quarters are too contracted for any considerable indulgence of your tastes. You have, moreover, a great desire to go TV est. What shall you do? Go, by all means, friend. You will find abundant employment, and a good opportunity to acquire a competence. You ir.ay have to rough it at first, but in a short time you will find yourself in ft position of comfort. WHAT CALLINGS ARE MOST SUCCESSFUL. If your calling is one of the indispensable ones — builder, mason, plasterer, painter, glazier, paper-hanger, blacksmith, butcher, baker, hatter and fur- rier, or perhaps tanner, shoemaker, harness-maker, brick-maker, watchmaker and jeweller, bookbinder, stationer and news-dealer, miller, saw-mill tender, tinman, roofer, etc., etc. — you will find plenty of work in any of the new- mining towns or farming villages, and at good prices; but take our advice: secure, before it is too high, a forty-acre lot of good land in the immediate vicinity, have it broken up, build a house on it, small at first, but so it can be enlarged easily. Sow your land to wheat or root crops, and you can sell this crop at home, with but little trouble, and add a comfortable amount to your income. Then plant young trees — shade trees, fruit trees of well- known and choice varieties — and devote your spare moments and hours to them; plant eight or ten acres, as soon as you can, with all the vegetables and truck which go to make up a market garden, and you will soon find that however profitable your trade maybe, your market garden brings in twice as much ; and your nursery of young trees will soon be thronged with purchasers. If you have children who are growing up, add flowers, build a greenhouse, ar^d as fast as you can learn the art of floral cultivation, work into the florist's business. KURSERIES, MARKET GARDENS, AND GREENHOUSES. ^ If work at your trade is dull, push your flowers, your market garden, your nursery, the more, if work is brisk, train your children to attend to this, giving them your oversight as often as you can. THE west: 120 HO .tTICULTURR "JS. SPECULATION. Following up this course, you need not break your heart if your neighbor A, who is a mine owner, finds a pocket in his mine wliich yields him many thousand dollars, or if your neighbor B sells out his shares for fifty or a hundred thousand dollars more than they cost him. You are adding to the earth's production, you are making two blades of grass grow where only one grew before, or a hundred trees where none grew pVeviously; your neighbor ■who speculates in shares produces nothing, he only gambles on what others have produced. You may acquire property more slowly than he, but your course is suie and safe, and the chances are that ten years hence, you will be much the richer man of the two, though he may have won and lost a dozen fortunes in that time. THE TEACHER AT THE WEST. If you are a teacher, and would better your condition by emigrating to the West, our advice would be much the same. Good teachers are always in demand, even in the newest towns. The Yankee must have a school- house, and, generally, a church too, in his new village, quite as soon as a house for himself; the school-house, at all events, is sure to come very soon, whatever the nationality of the settlers of the town. But while you arc teaching the young idea how to shoot, teach the shrubs, the young trees, and the flowers and vegetables to put forth their shoots too. Secure your forty acres as near to the town as possible, and make and keep it productive. Then, when teaching becomes a drudgery, and you desire to be relieved from its cares, you will have a valuable property, and a profitable business to make your declining years comfortable. Keep bees, if you can, or pigeons or poultry, rabbits or hares, or pet birds, anything except cats and curdogs. Teach your children botany and natural history, and lead their minds up fi'om the beautiful flowers to Ilim wiio painted them with His sunbeams, and from the wise and curious animals, so well adapted to their modes of living, to Him whose omniscience guides all the actions of His creatures, and whose providence provides for their needs. PROFESSIONAL MEN, CLERGYMEN. The members of the several learned professions hardly need our advice ia regard to emigration. Clergymen, in the exercise of their clerical duties, will find their positions at first trying, because of the present poverty of most of the settlers. When a man has expended all his means in paying for his land and its first cultivation, and the food which his family must con- sume before he realizes on his first crop, he cannot aid in supporting a min- ister, however strong may be his desire to do so. Moreover, these new im- migrants must aid in building a church edifice of some kind, as well as in sup- porting a pastor, and this, while still straitened in regard to their own means living. After a few years this will be easy, but meantime they cannot with safety dispense with the church or clergyman. If the clergyman has any spare money he will do well to buy some land, or at least to secure the title of it to himself; it may be very convenient by and by. In most instances the Home Missionary Societies, of the different denominations, in the East will grant aid to deserving churches and ministers, till the churches aie able to stand alone. LAWYERS AND PHYSICIANS. Lawyers and physicians are plenty enough, but they fare rather better than clergymen. The lawyers find a great deal of business in the abundant litigation in the mining districts and in conveyancing, and most of them have an additional resource in politics, which sooner or later bring them into ofificial positions. The physicians, beside their professional duties, are mostly either chemists, metallurgists, or botanists, and find employment which 130 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHER. is profitable, either in connection with some of the mining, assaying or smelting companies, or in a professor's chair. ENGINEEKS AND ARTISTS. Engineers are sure of constant employment, whether mining or civil engineers, if they understand their business. Artists generally come as visitors, not immigrants, but are often employed .by the wealthy mine ownei-s very profitably. OPERATVES AND EMPLOYES IN FACTORIES, ETC. Employes and operatives in manufactories may find employment in some kinds of manufacture in tlie States nearest the Mississippi, for there is a large amount of manufacturing in Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, and Kansas, and manufactures are increasing in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. There is some opportunity for millers, saw-mill hands, sash, door and blind makers, coopers, agricultural machinery hands, iron ana steel rail makers, iron furnace and foundry hands, stove and hollow ware founders and finish- ers, smelters, and in California and Oregon, salmon packers and a few woollen factory hands. In Kansas, Arkansas and Texas there are some cotton factories, and many oil mills for expressing cotton-seed oil, castor oil, linseed oil, etc. COTTON AND WOOLLEN FACTORIES. The factories for manufacturing cotton and wool are likely to increase largely within a few years. A machine has been invented, and is now in use to some extent, for spinning cotton with the seed in it, unginned, and the yarn is much better and more beautiful and durable than can be produced from ginned cotton. The yarn produced by these machines is destined to be manufactured largely in the vicinity of the cotton fields, and will thus create a home demand for cotton. Wool is now produced so largely through- out this whole region, that much saving of freight will result from its manu- facture near the centres of wool production. When this is accomplished, the operatives from Eastern cotton and woollen factories will find it for their interest to emigrate westward. IS IT NECESSARY TO GO WEST ? But, after all, is it not barely possible that there are lands east of the Mississippi, where, all things being taken into the account, a man or family can live as well and make as much money as in the West, and at the same time avoid the hardships and discomforts of a life on the frontier ? There is the same choice of occupations here as at the West. Land is not quite so low, generally, but on the other hand you avoid the long and ex- pensive journey to the West. The agricultural production, under favorable circumstances, does not differ materially; but there prices are low and the cost of transportation to a better and higher market is very heavy, while here you have a market almost at your doors, and that, one which pays the highest price for produce. If there is a difference, as tliere certainly is in some sections, the Eastern climate is healthier, neither the heat nor the cold so oppressive, the rainfall suffieientto prevent any apprehension of a drought, tSie insect pests much less formidable, and the danger from malarial fevers less serious. The intensity of the cold of winter is greater in the northern tier of States and Territories of the West than in the middle Atlantic States, and the heat of the south-western States and Territories in summer, has no !f)arallel in tiie East. WHERE THE NEW LANDS ARE — MAINE AND NEW ENGLAND GENERALLY. " But where,'" you will ask, " are these lands, to which you refer in the Atlantic States, and how can we reach them?" We answer, Not perhaps in Maine, though there is much good land in the State which is to be had at THE west: 131 from three to five dollars per acre; but it is, for the most part, somewhat remote from good markets, and the -svinter's cold is severe and proti'acted. Yet if you wish to engage in silver or copper mining there is a very fair opportunity for doing so in Maine, and with perhaps as good results as most men will attain at the West, and with lighter expenses. Northern New Hampshire and Vermont have some good lands to be pur- chased at low prices, but the winters are hard and the soil rocky. Massa- chusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island are too densely populated to have much cheap land. Still there are old farms to be bought very low in the two former states, which need only the energy of a thorough farmer, to bring them into a thrifty condition and to make them yield very profitable crops. There are more or less mines and quarries in all three, which would pay well if well managed. NEW YORK — NORTHERN NEW YORK. New York has two large tracts of land and several smaller ones which, all things considered, are as favorably situated for profitable settlement as most of the Western lands. These are, first, the region known as " the Adiron- dacks," " John Brown's Tract," etc., in Northern New York. The country is well watered, the soil is mostly a virgin soil, with considerable timber of excellent quality on it, and will yield large crops of spring wheat, rye, and barley, the early sorghum, and in some sections Indian corn. The land can be purchased for from two to five dollars per acre, except where there is heavy timber on it, when it would probably be worth from eight to ten dollars. It is not at present traversed by any railroads, but these would soon be con- structed if settlements were made there. The winter is very cold, but so it is in the valley of the Red River of the North. Wheat, rye, oats, and barley, as well as potatoes and other root crops for which it is well adapted, can be brought to market at a moderate expense, and the prices they will command are much higher than those paid in the West. LONG ISLAND. The second region which is eligible for settlement in New York, is on Long Island, and mainly in Suffolk County. It seems almost incredible that half a million of acres of land lying between thirty-five and ninety miles from New York City, the best and most inexhaustible market in the world, with a good soil, a very healthful climate, well watered, and having a suf- ficient but not excessive annual rainfall, should lie unimproved, and be at the present time for sale at from five to twelve dollars per acre. And the wonder is all the greater, when we find that a railroad passes through the whole length of this tract, with several branches, and that no part of it is more than twelve miles from the railroad, and much of it within from one to five miles of it, and that this railroad is now offering every facility to farmers, to transport their produce to market, and to bring from the city the needed fer- tilizers. The shores of the island abound in the best qualities of edible fish, oysters, clams, mussels, scollops, lobsters, crabs, etc., andthe jpfame birds and four-footed game of the whole region are abundant. On the island are forty factories for the production of oil from the menhaden, and the fish-scrap, or guano, one of the best fertilizers known, is now sent away from the island, because there is little or no demand for it there. ■WHY IT HAS NOT BEEN SETTLED HITHERTO. The only causes which can be assigned for the non-settlement of these lands, are the apathy of the inhabitants, and their lack of enterprise, andthe evil report which has been made, falsely, of the barrenness of the lands, by those who preferred to supply themselves with wood from these lands, rather than to have them cultivated and populous, and be obUged to purchase coal for fuel. This state of affairs is now passing away. 132 WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHER. ITS ADVANTAGES. The land can be cleared at from five to ten dollars per acre, some of the timber being large enough for building purposes or for railroad ties. It ■will yield from twenty-five to thirty-five bushels of -wheat or from twenty to twenty-eight bushels of rye to the acre, from two hundred and fifty to three hundred and fifty bushels of potatoes of the best quality, and with good cul- tivation and fair manuring, the whole region can be transformed into market gardens, fruit orchards, and strawberry, blackberry, and raspberry lands of the greatest productiveness, and for all these products there is an unfailing demand at the highest prices, in New York and Brooklyn and the cities ad- jacent. MARKET-GARDEN FARMING MORE PROFITABLE HERE THAN AT THE "WEST. With the same capital, a young farmer, who is intelligent and enterpris- ing, can do better on these lands, than he can in Kansas, Minnesota, Dakota, or Montana, and can be so conveniently situated to the great city that he or his family can visit it as often as they please. The great summer resorts of Cony Island, Rockaway Beach, Long Beach, Fire Island, and Montauk, •which are visited by nearly two millions of people every season, afford ad- ditional markets for produce. The island affords also great opportunities for successful manufacturing. The great city of Brooklyn at its western ex- tremity, has more than 250 millions of dollars invested in manufacturing, and there is now rapid progress in the establishment of manufactories in the counties of Queens and Suffolk. NOT ADAPTED TO MINING. There are not, at present, any known mineral deposits of great value on the island, whatever there may be in the future. The man whose heart is set on obtaining wealth from mining, will do better to go elsewhere ; but even he need not go to the Rocky Mountains or the Pacific coast to find ( employment suited to his tastes, as we shall presently show. NEW JERSEY. If "Long Island's rock-bound shore" does not satisfy your longings for a new home, what have you to say to New Jersey? Just listen to a few facts in relation to the lands which can be furnished to immigrants in that State. These facts are officially published, during the present year, by the Secretary of the Bureau of Statistics of Labor and In- dustry of New Jersey. A MILLION ACRES. There are more than a million of acres of uncleared lands in t?ie eight 'southern counties of New Jersey, which can be purchased at from $5 to $20 per acre. They have been held by large proprietors, and most of them have their titles direct from the "Lords Proprietors." Penn, Fenwick, Byllinge, and others, wlio rcc<-ived their grants from Charles 11. These great jirojirie- tors hold (heir estates of from 17,000 to 80,000 acres of woodlands, and in- creased their fortunes by selling wood, timber and charcoal to tiie forges, iron furnaces, and glass-works of the vicinity. These great estates are now broken up, and tlici use of anthracite and other coals for the furnaces and ghiss-works, and for fuel, has rendered their former business less jjroduc- tive. THE SOHi AND CLIMATE — FERTILIZERS. The soil of these lands is good, a light loam, but easily cultivated ; it can be readily fertiliz-ed hy the use of mtirl, which is abundant in the imme- cliate vicinity, and is worth from $1 to $1.75 per ton; lime, which is worth THE west: 1C3 from twelve to fifteen cents a bushel ; or fish guano, which is a very power- ful manure, worth from |15 to $18 per ton. It will produce almost any crop which you may desire to cultivate, and yields fine crops of the cereals and Indian corn (thirty to sixty bushels of the latter), root crops, melons, market- garden vegetables of excellent quality, fruit of great excellence, and all the small fruits. Railroads traverse all ttiesc counties, and both New York and Philadelphia furnish excellent markets. The climate is very mild, the mean annual range of the thermometer bein^ only 43^° and the extremes being about 90° and 15° F. RAINFALL, GRAPE CULTURE, MANUFACTURES, ETC. The rainfall is about 48 inches. Ploughing can be done every month in the year. The culture of the grape is a favorite industry, and the grape at- tains great perfection from the long season without frost. The region is re- markably healthy and free from all malarious influences. It is especially commended for sufferers from pulmonary complaints. Here are glass-works, silk factories, iron mines, artificial-stone works, iron furnaces, and a great variety of other manufacturing and mining indus- tries. WEST VIRGINIA. If, however, you still prefer a country abounding in mineral wealth, turn your face westward or rather south-westward, and you will find in "West Vir- ginia, western North Carolina, or east Tennessee all that your heart can de- sire in the way of mineral wealth. In West Virginia the most abundant min- erals are petroleum, salt, coal, and iron, and all are found in the greatest abundance. The salt springs along the banks of the Great Kanawha yield a salt of the very best quality. The petroleum wells yield mostly the heavy lubricating oils, though some of them produce the lighter illuminating oils. The quantity seems to be inexhaustible. The coal is of several varieties, but all of excellent quality. There are cannel coals, gas coals, smelting coals, analogous to the Indiana block coil, and some semi-anthracite coals for fuel. At some points in the canon of New River and elsewhere, the best iron ores and furnace coals are in such close proximity, that the pig iron can be pro- duced at tlie lowest possible cost, limn and other fluxes being also at hand, and the cars of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway passing close at hand to carry it away. The climate is salubrious and pleasant, except on the moun- tain summits, where the snow lies long. The mountain slopes are covered with valuable timber, furnishing the principal supply of black walnut and other hard woods to the manufacturers of furniture. The soil in the val- leys is excellent, the rainfall sufficient, and the crops satisfactory. Land is cheap here, but the settler, though nearer the great markets than at the West, is very much isolated. NORTH CAROLINA, In her mountainous region, in the west of the State, has veins of gold and silver, which, though not very rich, yield a fair competence to the in- dustrious miner. She has also mountains of mica, from which the best large sheets are procured ; and some iron and lead. The soil is not very rich, and the method of tilling it is primitive. There is much timber in the moun- tains. The climate is agreeable, and there are valuable mineral sprmgs at several points. Land is held at low prices, but its quality is not such as to 'make it very desirable. EAST TENNESSEE. East Tennessee has valuable iron mines, copper mines, and coal-beds, and at several points is largely engaged in the production of iron which is of excellent quality. There is also gold, salt, and some petroleum in her hills. Much of her land is covered with heavy timber. Land is cheap, but the soil fS4 "WHO SHOULD MIGRATE THITHER. is poor, and requires fertilizers to enable the settler to procure good crops. But the mineral wealth of the region -will eventually enrich it. Northern Georgia and Alabama have considerable quantities of gold and silver, but the ores are poor, or the precious metals have not been thoroughly extracted. These regions are not very attractive to the emigrant. rLORIDA. J Florida offers many advantages to the settler in her fine climate, her ■generally fertile soil, and her early seasons. The cultivation of the orange has been greatly developed there, and is profitable to those who can wait for the maturity of the orange groves. This takes about ten years, and then the income is permanent and constantly increasing. Some parts of the pen insula are subject to malarial diseases. THE MORAL. The moral of our long dissertation is, that with health, industry, enter- prise, and economy a man can achieve a competence almost anywhere : with- out thfim. b« will not succeed, even under the most Ibvorable circiunstances. 135 "ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO." UISTOKICAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1T61. Excitement in the colonics against the Brit- ish Government, caused by eiifarcement of Navigation Act against illegal traders. 1765. Protests against Stamp Act (passed Marcli 22) !>}' the colonists, who ol ject to taxation without roprcsentution. . .Oct. 7 — First Col- onial Congress met in New York, 17(36. Stamp Act repe.il d. 1767. New duties levied on glass, paper, printers' colors and tea. and against which the colonial aasemblies protest. 1768. Gen. Gates sent to Boston to overawe the colonists. 1770. March 5 — Boston Massacre, when the first blood was spilt in the dispute with England. . . . .Daniel Boone explores Kentucky. 1771. Armed protest against taxation in the Carolinas, and Governor Tyrou suppresses the rebellion. 1773. Bri ish Parliament repeals the duties, ex- cept three-pence a pound on tea. . . .Dec. 16 — Dutiable tea emptied into Boston Harbor by men in disguise. 1774. Boston closi'd by British Parliament as a port of entry. . . .Sept. 5 — The first Conti- nental Congress assembled in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia Declaration of Colonial Rights issue 1. .. .April — Tea thrown over- board in New York Harbor. .. .Dec. 25 — British tea-ship forbidden to laud at Phila- delphia. 1775. April 19 — Battle of Lexington, Mass., and beginning of the War of Lidependence. . . . May 10 — Fort Tieonderoy;a captured by Cd. Ethan Allen. . . .Crown Point and Whitehall taken. . . .June 17 — Battleof Bunker Hill, and death of General Warren... 20 — George M'ashingion commissioned Commander-in- chief of the Arm}- of the United Colonies . . . Bills of credit, known as Continental money, issued by Congress. .. .Americnns invade Canada. .. .Surrender of Montreal ...Death of General Montgomery before Quebec. . . . Kentucky first settled by whites, near Lex- ington. 1776. March 17 — The liritish evacuate Boston. ....Americans driven out of C.uiada. . . , July 4 — Declaration of Independence. . . . Ann-. 2 — Signed by the reprcsen atives of the thirteen States . . .July 8 — Road to the peo- ple by John Nixon Irora the Observatory, State-iiouse yard, rhilndelphia. . . .Aug. 27 — Americans defeated on Long Island. . . Sept. 9 — Title of " United Stati s" adopted by Con- gress. . . .Sept. 15 — New York City taken by the British Oct. 11, 1 J— Battle on Lake Charaplain. .. .Retreat of Washington over the Hudson and across the Jeiseys to Penn- S3ivania. . . .Oct. 18 — Kosciusko commission- ed an officer in U. S. army . , . .Oct. 29 — Bat- tle of White Plain.s, N. Y. . . .Dec. — Congress adjourns to Baltimore. . . .25 — Washington crosses the Delaware; 26 — Captures 1,000 Hessians at Trenton, and recrosses the Dela- ware.... Deo. — Benjamin Franklin and Ar- thur Lee, U. S. Embassy to solicit .-lid from France, arrive in Paris. 1777. Jan. 8 — Battle of Princeton... Washing- ton in Winter quai-ters at Morristown, re- ceives 24,00o muskets from France . . .Con- gress returns to riiiladelphia . . . .April — British burn Danbury, Ct. .. .May— Ameri- cans destroy British stores at Sag H rbor, L. I. . . .June 30 — British army crosses from Jersey to Staten Island . . .Jul}' lo— Seizure of British Gen. Prescott in Rhode Island bv Col. Wm. Barton July 5 — Burgoyne tak.-s Crown I'oint andTicondcrogM. . . 31 — Lafay- ette commissioned a major a-cneral, and intro- duced to Washington, in Phikxilelphia, .Aug 3. Aug. Ifi— Battle of Benuino-'ton .". .. Sept. 11 — Battleof (-irandvwine and retrc b of Americans to Chester, and to Phil ulelpli-a 12. ...Sept. 18 — Consjress retires to Lancns- ter, and then to York .28 — IMtish Gen. Howe marches to Philadelphia, and encamps at Germantown ...Oct 4 — Washington at- tacks the enemy at Germantown. . . .Bu"- goyne advances to Saratoj^a ..17 — Surren- der of Burgoyne and his whole army to Gen. Gates, at Saratoga, N. Y. . . .22 — Battle of Red Bank, on Delaware River, and death of Count Donop. .. .Howe's army goi-a into Winter quarters in Philadelphia, and Wash- ington's at Valley Forsje. 1778. Feb. 6— Treaty of Alliance with France. . . . .May 5 — Baron Steuben created a majoc 136 CHEONOLOGY. general in American army.... June 18 — Howe's army evacuates I'hiladelphia, and re- treats towards JSew York 28 — Att:icked by Americans on the plains of Monmouth, iind retreats again 2'J. . . .July 8 — A Irench fleet arrives in the Delaware. .. .30— Con- gress meets in Piiiladelpliia. . . .Shoes worth STOO a jiaii" in the Carolinas. . . .Aug. 12 — French and Englisli fleets d sabU-il in a storm ofl' Rhode Island . . ti!»— Battle of llhode Island. . . .Wyoming Valley pillaged by Tories and Indians. .. .N<.v. 3— French fleet sails for West Indies 11, 12 — Cherry Valley attacked by Indians and Tories. . . . Dec, 29 — The Eritish capture Savannali, Ga. 1779. March — Major-general Israel Putnam's fam- ous ride down Horseneck Hid. . . .Muy 11 — British advance to Charleston, S. C, but re- treat at the approach of Gen, Lincoln . . . June 6 — Patrick Henry dies. . . .June — Nor- folk, Va., burnt by the British. . . .June 20 — Ami-ricans repulsed at Stone Ferry .... July ■ — New Haven, Ct., plundered, and East Haven, Fairiield and Norwalk burned... btouy Point, on the Hudson, captured by the Americans. .. .Sept. 22 — Paul Jones, in the Bon Homme Richard, captures the British ship Serapis. . . .(Jet. 9 — Repulse of French and Americans, and death of Count Pulaski. 25 — Withdrawal of British troops from Rhode Island. . . .Gen. Sullivan chastises the I Six Nations . , .Dec. 25 — Sir Henry Clinton, | with his forces, sails for the Snuth. . . . Washington in Winter quarters at Morris- town, N. J, 1780. Washington sends Baron De Kalb to ai i the Piitriots in the Carolinas. . . Feb. 11 — Clinton's troops land below Charleston. . . . May 12 — Surrender of Charleston ^ubju- gation of South Caiolina. . . .Gen. Gates marches South, antl is dett-afed by the Brit- ish at Camden, S. C, Aug. Iti; . aron DeKalb killed ..British again land in Jersey and attempt to capture Washington's s ore^ at Morristow^n, but are repulsed at Springfield, June 23... July 10 — Arrival of a French •fleet and 6,000 troops, under the Count de Rochirabeau, at Newport, R. I Sept. 22 — Arnold ineets Andrn at Haverstmw to ar- r.mge for the surrender of West Point. . . .23 — Capture of Major Andre and discovery i>f Benedict Arnold's trea.son Oct — Andre hanged as a spy ... .American Academy of Irts a^d Sciences, at Boston, founded. 1781. Continental money almost worthless.... Jan. 17 — Defeat of the Briti-h at Cowpens by Gen. Morgan, and retreat of the Americ.ins into Virginia. . . .March 15 — Battle of Gui'- ford . . .1?t- treat of the British to Wilminance cripple the American shipping trade abroad. . . . .Congress decrees an embargo, which de- tains all vessels, both American and foreign, in port. 1809. March 1 — Congress repeals the embargo on shipping, and at the same time passes a law forbidding all commercial intercourse with Englimd or France until their obnoxious re- strictions on commerce shall be removed. . . . March 4 — James Madison inaugurated Presi- dent. 1811. Congress refuses to recharter Ihe Bank of the United States. . . Nov. 5 — Battle of Tip- pecanoe — General Harrison defeats the In- dians. 1812. June 19 — The President formally declares war against Great Britain. . . General Dear- born appointed Commander-in-cliief. . . .New England States threaten t'> secede. .July 12 — Gen. Hull crosses tlie Detroit River to attack Fort Maiden, Canada 17 —Fort Mackinaw captured by British and Indians. . . .Aug. 7 — Hull retires from Canada. . . .13 — The Essex, Captain Porter, captures the Alert — first ves- sel taken from the British in that war .... 1 6 — Surrender of Detroit to British. .. .Several sldrmishes on the frontier. . . .19 — U. S. frig- ate Constitution, Commodore Isaac Hull, cap- tures and burns the Guerriere. . . .Oct. 18 — U. S. sloop Wasp, Capt. Jones, captures the Frolic, and both are taken by the British ship Poictiers , . .25 — U. S. frigate United States, Cora. Decatur, captures the Macedonian. . . . Dec. 28— The Constitution. Com. Bainbri'dge, makes a prize of the British frigate Java. . . . April 8 — Louisiana admitted as a State. 1813. Jan. 22 — British Gen. Proctor defeats the fAmericans at Frenchtown; prisoners and pounded massacred by the Indians. . . Admi- ral Cockburn ilestroys shipping in the Dela- ware and ravages the Southern coast. . . .New England coast blockaded by Com. Hardy .... Feb. 21— Battle of Ogdensimrg, N. Y. March 4 — Second inauguration of President Madison . . . .Successful defense of Forts Meigs and Sandusky . . .April — Americans capture York (now Toronto). .. .May — Fort George taken. .. .June 1 — U. S. frigate Chesapeake surrenders to the Shannon (British); Capt. James Lawrence — (" Don't give up the ship !") — raortilly wounded and dies June 5 . . Aieu- eral Dearborn succeeded by Gen. Wilkinson ....Aug. 30 — Massacre by Creek Indians at Fort Mimm=i, Alabama River. . . .Generals Andrew Jackson end Coffee prosecute thj war against the Indians Sept. 10 — Battle of Lake Erie — Com. Perry defeats and captures the British P'leet. . . .28 oc 29 — Americans take possession of Detroit. . . .Oct. 5 — Battle of the Thames. Americans, under Gen Har- rison, almost annihilate the British, under Proctor. Tecumseh killed. . . .Termination of the war on the Northwest boundary. . . .12 — • Americans compelled to abandon Fort George. . . . .r.ritish and Indians surprise and capture Fort Niaijara and burn Buffalo and several other villages and towns. . . .Power loom in- troduced in the United States. 1814. March — The Essex taken by British ships Phoebe and Cherub. .. .Gen. Wilkinson re- pulsed on (.'anadian frontier and superseded by Gen. Izard. . . .May 5 — British attack Os- wego and withdraw 7. . . .July 3 — Fort Erie captured. . . .4 — Battle of Chippesva; British defeated. .. .25 — Battle of Niagara; British again defeated. . . .Aug. 9-12 — Com. Hardy makes an unsuccessful attack on Stonington. ....Aug. 15 — Repulse of assault on Fort Ei'ie....21 — Rosa defeats the Ameiicans at Bladensburg, and on the same day captures the City of Washington, burning the Capitol, White House and other buildings. .. .25 — British retreat to their ships. . . . Sept. 12-14 — Unsuccessful attack on Baltimore; Gen. Ross killed. . .Sept. 13 — Key composes "TheStar- Spangled Banner.". . Sept. 15 — British at- tack on Mobile repulsed .. Sept. — Com. Mc. Don(.u^-h's victory on Lake Champlain. The British land forces, under Prevost, are defeat- ed at Plattsburgh, N. Y. ... Americans de- stroy Fort Erie, and November 5 go into Winter quarters at Buffalo... Nov. 7 — Gen. Jackson storms and captures Pensacola, Fla., and leaves for Mobile 9. . . 15 — Hartford Con- vention — Federalists oppose the war, and threaten a secession of the New England States. .. .Dec. 2 — Gen. Jackson arrives at New Orleans. .. .24 — Treaty of peace with Great Britain signed at Ghent. ,1815. Jan. 8 — Battle of New Orleans. . . .16 — IJ. S. ship President captured by the Endymion. ....Feb. 17 — Treaty of Ghent ratified and peace proclaimed. . . .March 23— The Hornet captures the Penguin . . . .War with Algiers. . . . .Com. Decatur humbles the Mediterranean pirates. .. .April 6 — Massacre of American prisoners at Dartmoor, England. 1816. Congress charters a new United States Bank . Indiana admitted as a State . . . .The Republican party in N. Y. City adopt, for the first time, the title of Democrats. 1817. James Monroe inauy;urated President. . . . The United States suppiesses piratical estab- lishments in Florida and Texas. .. .Trouble with the Seminole and Creek Indians.... CHKONOLOGT. 139 Dec. — Mississippi admitted as a State July 4 — Erie Canal begun. 1818. Gen. Jaclvson pursues the Indians into Florida, takes Pensacola and banishes the Spanish authorities and troops. .. .Aug. 24 —Centre foundation of present Capitol laid at Washington, D. C....Dec. — Illinois ad- mitted a? a State. 1819. Florida ceded by Spain to the United States. ....Steamer, named the Savannah, first crossed the Atlantic. .. .First lodge of Odd. fellows opened in the States. . . .Territory of Arkansas formed. . . .Dec. — Alabama admit- ted as a State. 1820. March — Maine admitted as a State. . . . James Monroe re-elected President. 1821. Aug. 21 — Missouri admitted as a State, Xvith the famous " Compromise." under which it was resolved that in future no slave State should be erected north ol northern boundary of Arkansas. . . .Streets of Baltimore lighted with gas. 1822. Piracy in the "West Indies suppressed by ^he United States. . . .Boston, Mass., incorpo- rated as a city ... .March 8 — United States acknowledge independence of South America. . . . .Oct, 3 — Treaty with Columbia. 1823. President Monroe promulgates the doctrine ^hat the United States ought to resist the ex- tension of foreign dominion or influence upon khe American continent. 1824. Aug. 15 — Lafayette revisits the United States. 1825, March 4 — John Quincy Adams inaugurated President. . . .Corner-stone of Bunker Hill Monument laid by Lafayette. .. .Lafayette leaves for France in frigate Brandy wine. . . . Erie Canal completed . . . .Contest between the Federal government and Georgia concerning Indian lands. 1826. Julv 4 — Death of ex-Preir' dents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson . . .Morgan excitement end formation of Anti-Masonry Party, 1828. May — Congress passes a tariff bill imposing heavy duties on British goods. Denounced by the Southern people as oppressive and unconstitutional. .. .Title of "Democrats"' adopted generally by Republican party. 1829. March 4 — InaugurEtion of Gen. Andrew Jackson as President. .. .July 4 — Corner- stone laid of U. S. Mint, Philadelphia. 1830. Treaty with the Ottoman Porte Work- ingman's Party originated in New York city. 1881. Jan. 10 — King of the Netherlands renders his decision on the boundary question be- tween Maine and the British j)()ssessions. Rejected by both parties and question settled in 1842 by tiie Treaty of Washington.... July 4 — James Monroe dies. 1832. Black Hawk Indian War commenced.. ... June 2*7 — Cholera breaks out in New York.' . . . .Aug. — Indians driven beyond the Mis is- sippi — capture of Black Hawk and end of the war.... South Carolina declares the tariff acts null and void and threatens to withdraw from the Union if the Government attempts to collect the duties. .. .Dec. lu — President Jackson issues a proclamation, denying the right of any State to nullity any act o the Federal Government. . .'.The Morse system of electro-magnetic telegraphy invented. 1833. Tariff dispute settled by the passage of Henry Clay's bill . . .March 4 — President Jackson inaugurated for a second term. . . . He removes the public funds from the Bank of the United States. Widespread com- mercial distress .. .Opponents of Andrew Jackson first call themselves the Whig Party. . . . .Oct. 14 — Politictl riots in Philadelphia. 1834. Cholera again rages in New York. 1835. War with Seminole Indians, led by Osceola, in Florida. . . .Texas declared independent. ...Nov. 15 — Great fire in New York.... Democrats first called "The Locofoco Party." . . . .July 12 — Negro riots in Philadelphia. 1836. The Creeks aid the Serainoles in their war. ....Arkansas admitted as a State.... Na- tional debt paid off. . . .March 29 — Pennsyl- vania newly incorporates the Bank of the Urnted States. 1837. Jan. 25 — Michigan admitted as a State. . . . .March 4 — Martin Van Buren inaugu- rated President. . . .The banks suspend specio payment; panic in business circles. . . .Many Americans assist the Canadian insurgents. . . . The steamboat Caroline burnt by the British, near Schlosser, east of Niagara, on United States Territory. 1838. Proclamation by the President against American citizens aiding the Canadians. . . . The steamship Sirius, the first to make the western transatlantic passage, arrives at New York from Cork, Ireland, and is followed on the same day by the Great Western from Bristol, Eng . ..The Wilkes exploring expe- dition to South Seas sailed. 1839. Another financial panic, and, in October, banks suspend specie payment. 140 CHKONOLOGT. 1840. July 4 — Sub-Treasury bill becomes a law. .... Railroad riots in Philadelphia. 1841, March 4 — William H. Harrison inauj^urat- ed President; died April 4 Aug. 9— Sub- Treasury act repealed and a general bank- •ruptcy bill passed Alex. Ma'cLeoti, impli- [Cated in the burning of the Caroline, tried tor arson and murder at Utica, N. Y., and ac- quitted, _ Oct. 12 Feb. 4 — United States Bank failed and other banks suspended specie payment. 1842. Aug. — Treaty defining the boundaries be- tween tiie United States and the British American Possessions and for suppressing the slave trade, and for giving up fugitive crim- inals, signed at Washington Aug. ] — " Abolition Riots," in Philadelphia. Churches burned, 1843. Suppression of a threatened insurrection in Rhode Island, caused by the adoption of a new constitution, known as the Dorr Rebel- lion Jan. 11 — " Weaver's Riots," Philadel- phia. 1844. Treaty of commei-ce with China.... Way and July — Riots, and Catholic cliurches burn- ed in Philadelphia May 27— Anti-rent riots in Nev York State Telegraphic communication established between Wash- ington and Baltimore. 1845. March 1— The Republic of Texas received into the Un on 3— Florida and Iowa ad- mitted as States . . .4 — James K. Polk inau- gurated Pre-^ident Juno 8— Death of Gen. Andrew Jackson. . . .Treaty with Great Brit- ain fixing Northwestern boundary Gen. Zachary Taylor ordered to defend the Texan border against a threatened invasion by Mex- '.CO. 1846. War with Mexico May 8— Battle of Palo Alto 9— Battle of Resaca de la Pal- « a. Mexicans beaten in both July 6 — i >m. Sloat takes possession of iVIonterey . . . ■Jiug. — Gen. Kearney takes possession of New Mexico Col. Fremont occupies Calirornia. . .Au-r. 19— Com. Stockton blockades Mex- ican ports D(C.— Iowa admitted as a State. ...Oct. 25 — Com. Perry bombards Tobasco, Mexico. ...iS'ov. 14— Com. Connor occupies Tampico. IS41. Feb. 8 — K<'arney proclaims the annexation of California to Ve United states Col. Doniphan defeats Mexicans in Chihuahua and takes possession of that jn-ovince. . . .Feb. 23 — Battle of Buena Vista, Taylor defeats Santa Anna. . . .ilarcli 27 — Surrender of Vera Cruz and castle tn G(n. Scott and Com. Perry. . . . Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18. . . .Aug. 20 — Battles of Contreris and Cherubusco. Sept. 8— Battle of Molino del Rey 13-1! Battle of Chepultepec 14 — American army enters City of Mexico. 1848. Feb. 1 P— Gen. Scott superseded in Mexh^o by Gen. Wm. O. Butler Treaty of Guada loupe Hidalgo which stipulated for tho evac uatiou of Mexico by the Ameriean Army within three months'; the payment of $15,- 000,000 by the United States to Mexico foi the territory acquired by conquest ; and it also fixed boundaries, etc Feb. 23— John Quincy Adams dies Postal convention bo tween United States and Great Britain May 29 — Wisconsin admitted as a State. . . . July 4 — Peace with Mexico formally pro- claimed . . .News (if tho discovery of gold in Call ornia reached the States Mormons (founded by Joseph Smith 1827) settle I near Great Salt Lake, Utah. . . .Dec. 8 — First de- posit of California gold in Mint. 1849. Great exodus of gold-seekers to California. March 4 — The " VVilmot Proviso" passed by Congress . . .March 5 — Gen. Zachary Tay- lor inaugurated President June 15— James K.Polk dies. . . .The people of C^aliforiiiavote ai,ainst slavery in that Territory . . .Cholera in New York. . . .May .SO to Sept. 8 — PhiladeU phia depleted bv cholera. . . .Treaty w th En- gland for a transit way across the "isthmus ot Panama. 1850. March 81 — John C. Calhoun dies May— The Grinnell expedition, in search of Sir John Franklin, leaves New York July 9 — Pres- ident Taylor dies Great fire in Philadelphia. . ..10 — Vice-President Mi''ard Fillmore as- sumes the Presidency . . .Violent debates be- tween the Pro-slavery and Free-soil parties in Congress over the proposed admission of Cali- fornia Sept. 9 — Passage of Henry Clay's "Omnibus Bill," relative to slavery Terri- tory of Utah organized. 1851. Le'ter postage reduced to three cents. . . . Lopez's expedition landed in Cuba Lopez captured, and e::ecuted in Havana. Sept. 1. Minnesota purchised from the Sioux In- dians. . . .Dec. — Louis Ko'!sutharr'ves in New York. .. .Dec. 24 — Capitol at Washington partly destroyed by fire. 1852. United States expedition to Japan, under command of Com. Perry, a brother of the Irro of Lake Eric. . . June' 29 — Henry Clay die.-. . . . .Oct. 24 — Daniel Webster dies. 1863. Washington Territory created out of the nortliern part of Oregon. . . .Mar. 4 — Franklin Pierce inaugurated President. . . .May— Four vessels, under Capt. Ringgold, leave on an ex- ploring expedition to tho North Pacific Ocean . . . .Expeditions start to explore routes fjr a CnRONOLOGY. ui railway to the Pacific C"ast Second expe- 1 dition in search of Sir John Franklin leiives, j ander command of Doctor K-.me . . Capt. In j D-raham upholds the rights of American citi- zen ship in the affair of Martin Koszta, at Sin vrna. 1854. May— Passage of tlie Kansas-Nebraska Bill, ifhich created those two Territories, aud left the people of every Territory, on becoming a State, free to adopt or exclude tiie institution of !*la'very Feb. 28 — Seizure of the Amer- ican steamship Black Warrior in harbor of Havana June Y— Reciprocity treaty be- tween Great Britain and the United States, respecting international trade, fisheries, etc. July 13— Capt. Hollins of sloop Cyane bombards San Juan de Nicaragua March 31 — Commercial treaty with Japan concluded by Com. Perry Oct. 9 — Ostend Confer- ence. 1855. Serious trouble in Kansas over the slavery question . . .William Walker takes possession oi Nicaragua and establishes a government there June 28 — Railroad from Panama to Aspinwall opened Dispute with England ;)ver enlistment of soldiers for Crimean War. ....Gen. Harney chastises the Sioux In- dians. 1856. May 22 — Preston S. Brooks of South Caro- lina assaults Charles Sumner, in Senate. 1857. • Jan. 4 —Kansas rejects the Leeompton Con- stitution Disturbances in Utah. . . .March The Supreme Court gives judgment in the Dred Scott case Aug. 24— Beginning of financial panic, which culminates in an almost Mineral suspension of banks. ^ 1858. j^ay — Minnesota admitted as a State Aug. 3 — Kansas .again rejects Leeompton Con- stitution Aug.— Atlantic telegraph cable laid. President's message to Queen Victoria t«nt on the 16, but cable proved a failure. 1859. Oregon admitted as a State June 25 — Commodore Tatnall, of U. S. Navy, in Chinese waters, makes his famous utterance: " Blood IS thicker than water!" ...July 4— A. _H. Stephens of Georgia advocates the formation x)i a Southern Confederacy Oct. 16 — John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry 18 — Brown and his companions Ciiptured. . . . Oec 2 — Brown hung.... Nov. — Gen. Scott lent to protect American interests in San Ji'an. 18G0. March — John Brown's companions hung. ....March 27 — Japanese Embassy, first to bave Japan, arrive at San Francisco. Re- ceived at Washington, D. C, by President Buchanan, and afterwards have public recep- tions in Ballimoro, Philadelphia and New York, departing from the latter c'ty in frigate Niag ra June 29 . . .May 17 — Abraham Lin- coin nominated at Chicago ...>ept. 21 — I'rince of Wala.s arrives at Detroit, visiting United States, and subsequently goes to Phil- adelphia, New York and Boston, embarking for home Oct. 20, at Portland, Me . . .June 28 —Steamship Great Ea^tern first arrives at New York. . . .Dec. 18— U. S. Senate rejects "Critter.den Compromise" Dec. 20 — Caro- lina secedes from the Union Dec. 26 — Gen. Anderson evacuates Fort Moultrie, Charles- ton, and occupies Fort Sumter Dec. 30 — President Buchanan declines to receive dele, jrates from South Carolina. 1861. Jan. 9 — Mississippi secedes. Confederates at Charleston fire into reinforce nent steamer Star of the West 10 — Alabama and Flor- ida secede. . . .11 — Major Anderson refuses to surrender Fort Sumter 12 — Confederates fortify Vicksburg, Miss., and sAze Navy Yard at Pensacola, Fla 18 — Georgia seceles Jan. 26 — Louisiana secedes 29 — Secretary of Treasury John A. Dix issues his thrilling order, addressed " W. Hemphill Jones, New Orleans": " If any one attempts to haul down the Amei'ican flag, shoot him on the spot 1" Feb. 5 — Texas secedes by legislative act. . . Peace conference assembles at Washington, 1). C, and first congress of the seven seceded States assembles at Montjiomery, Ala Jefferson Davis chosen President of Conf jde- I rate States, and A. H. Stephens, Vice-President. ... .18 — Davis inaugurated at Montgomery, I Ala Gen. Twiggs surrenders to the Con- federates in Texas, and, March 1, is dismissed from U. S. Army in disgrace 22— Presi- dent-elect Lincoln, with his own hands, raises the American flag at the State House, Philadel- phia March 4 — He is inaugurated at Wash- ington. .. .April 12 — Major Anderson again refuses to surrender, and the Confederate bat- teries open fire on Fort Sumter. The North aroused 14 — Major Anderson evacuates Fort Sumter " with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting his flag with fift y "-uns." 15 — President Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops 17 — President Davis issues letters of marque, and President Lincoln blockades Southern ports Virginia passes ordinance of secession 18 — U.S. Arsenal ut Harper'? Ferry destroyed by Federal authorities First troops arrived at W^asliington, via Har- risburgh, Pa 19 — Sixth Massachusetts Regiment attacked while passing through Bal- timore. .. .Seventh Regiment of New York leaves tha*- ciy f r Washington. . . .21 — Nor- folk (Va.) Navy Yard burnt by Federal au- thoiities. . . .May C— Arkansas formally se- cedes 9-1 1 — Tennessee secedes. . . .20— Nor;h Carolina secede) 24 — Col. E. E. Ellsworth murdersd at Alexandrix, Va June 3— Stephen A. Douglas dies July 21 14ci\ CHKONOLOGY. — Bitr.Te of Bull Kun Aug. 10— Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri. . . .Gen. Nathaniel Lyon killed 20— Gen. G. B. McClellan as- sumes command of Army of Potomac. . . . Sept. 20 — Col. Mulligan forced to surrender at Lexington, Ky Oct. 21— Battle of Ball's Bluff, Va., Gen. E. D. Baker killed 81— 'Gen. Wintield Scott resigns, and McClellan is n;ade commander-in-chief. .. .Nov. 8 — Capt. Wilkes of the San Jacinto captures Mason and Slidell on board of the Trent. War witli England imminent. . . .30 — Jefferson Davis elected President of Confederate States for six years . . Dec. 2 — Congress votes thanks to Capt. Wilkes. . . .30 — Banks in New York sus- pend specie payment. . . .Mason and Slidell surrendered, and on Jan. 1, 1862, they sail for Europe. 1862. Jan. 17 — Ex-President John Tyler dies. . . . Feb. 6 — Gen. Grant captures Fort Henry 7-8 — Gen. Burnside captures Roanoke, N. C. ....13-16 — Assault and capture, by Gen. Grant, of Fort Donelson, Tenn. . . .27 — Gov- ernment enjoins newspapers from giving pub- licity to important military movements. . . . March 2 — Gen. F. W. Lander dies at Camp Chase, Va . . .6-8— Battle of Pea Ridse, Ark. . . . .8 — I'ebel ram Virginia (formerly Merri- mac)sitdcs the Cumberland and the Congress. . . . .9 — Naval battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac. . . .11 — McClellan assumes per- sonal comman'l of the Army of Potomac 14 — Burnsido captures Newbern, N. C. . . .18 — Gen. W. H. Keim dies April 1 — Slavery abolished in District of Columbia. . . .5 — Mc- Clellan begins siege of Yorktown, Va 6-7 — Bat'.le of Shiloh or Pittsburgh Landing — death of Gen. A. S, Johnston; Gen. C. F. Smith dies, 25, and Gen. W. H. L. Lawrence, 10. . . . 25 — New Orleans surrenders to Farragut. . . . Mav 1 — Gen. Butler formally takes possession of New Orleans. . . . 5 — Battle of Williamsburg, Va. , . .31-June 1 — Battles of Fair Oaks and Seven Pines, Va. . . .27-July 1 — Seven Days' Fight, Vii. . . .12 -President Lincoln appeals to the Border States in behalf of emancipation. .... 14 — Gen. Pope assumes command in Vir- ginia. . . .18-19 — New York and Philadelphia begin using car lickets and postage stamps as currency. .. .23 — Ilalleck made General-in- cliief of U. S. Army.. . . Aug. — Admiral George C. Reid dies. . . .5 — Battle of Baton Rouge, La. — Gen. Thomas Williams killed... 6 — Gen. Robt. L. McCook shot by guerillas. . . . 9 — Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. . . .16 — Mc- Clellan retreats from Harrison's Landing, Va. 23— Gen. Henry Bohlen killed 29— Battle of Groveton, or Manassas, Va. . . .30 — Second Battle of Bull Run, Va. — Gen. George 1^. Taylor dies Sept. 1 Sept. 1— Battle of Chautilly, Va. — Gens Philip Kearney and Isaac J. Stevens killed . . .President Lincoln issues proclamation as a preliminary to eman- cipating slaves . . .McClellan placed in com- mand of fortifications of Washington .... 14— Battle of South Mountain, Md. — Gen. Reno Idlled. .. .13-15 — Harper's Ferry, Va., sur- rendered. . . .17 — Battle of Antietam, Md.— ^ Gen. Mansfield killed ; Gen. L P. Rodman dies Sept. 29, and Gen. I. B. Richardson Nov. 4. . . . .24 — President Lincoln provisionally sus- pends habeas corpus. . . .Oct.l — Internal Rev enue Stamp Law goes into effect. . . .3-4-6 — • Battle of Corinth, Miss. — Gen. P. A. Hackel- man killed. . . .8 — Battle of Perryville, Ky. — Gens. R. J. Oglesby, Wm. R. Terrill and J. 8. Jackson killed. .. .10-13 — Confederates, un- der Stuart, enter Pennsylvania. .. .30 — Gen. Rosecrans supersedes Gen. Buell at the West. Gen. O. M. Mitchell killed at Beaufort, S. C. . . .Nov. 5 — Gen. McClellan superseded by Gen. Burnside as commander of Army of Potomac. .. .Nov. 6 — Gen. C. D. Jameson dies. . . .7 — Com. Garrett J. Prendergast dies. ....10 — Rear-Admiral E. A. F. Lavalette dies 22— Gen. F. E. Patterson killed at Fairfax, Va. .. .Dec. 10-15 — Gen. Burnside attacks and reti'eats from Fredericksburg, Va. — Battle of Fredericksburg .... Dec. 13 — Gens. G. D. Bayard and C. F. Jackson killed. ....31 — Battle of?' rfi-eesboro, Tcnn., be- gun, and Bragg is del 'ated. 1863. Jan. — Gen. E.' N. Kirk, wounded at Mnr- freesboro, dies 1 — President Lincoln emancipates slaves . . . .9 — French Govern- ment offers mediation; declined Feb 6. . . .26 — Gen. Hooker supersedes Gen. Burnside .... 25 — Congress passes the Conscription or Draft bill. . . .March 3 — Congress authorizes suspen- sion of habeas corpus . . .6 — Clement L. Val- landigham serenaded Jin Philadelphia — ^great excitement there ...18 — Bread riot of Con. federate soldiers' wives, Salisbury. N. C 21— Gen. E. V. Sumner dies 28— Gen. James Cooper dies. . . .April 7 — Federals at- tack Cl-rrleston, S. C. . . .26--Gen. Burnside assumes- command of Department of Ohio. . , . .May 1—4 — Battle of Chanceilors^'ille, Va. — Stonewall Jackson is wounded, and dies May 10; Gen. H. G. Berry dies May 3; Gen. A. W. Whipple, May 5 ; and Gen. Ed- Kirby, June 1. . . .May 4— -Gen. Joseph B. Plummer dies.... 14 — Grant defeats Gen. Joe Johns ton at Jackson, Miss . . .16 — Grant defeats Gen. Pemberton at Champion Hills, Miss. . .. . 18 — Grant invests Vicksburs:. Miss ...June 14 — Battle of Winchester, Va....Gen. Lee invades Maryland and Pennsylvania. . . .16 — Mayor Henry, of Philadelphia, calls upon citizens to close their places of business and prepare to defend the State . . . 27 — Gen. Geo. H. Meade snpers^'des Gen. Hooker.... 28 — Theatres, libraries and places of business closed in Philadelphia, and earthworks thrown up on roads leading into the city. . . .July 1- 3 — Battle of Gettysburg, Pa. - Gens. Rey- nold, Weed, Farnsworth and Zook killed. . . . 4 — Vickaburg surrenders to Gen. Grant and CHRONOLOGY. 143 Rear-Admiral Porter T— Great rejoicing j.i tho North over the surrender S;ate- ^ouse and fire-bflis rung in Philadelphia 6- Port Hudson, Miss., surrenders 15 — President Lincoln names Aug. 6 as a day of National Thanksgiving . . .18-16— Draft riots In New York City; also that week in P.oston, Mass., and Portsmouth, N. H 30— Gen. Gc). C. Strong, wounded at storming of Fort "W'agufer, Charleston (July 10-18), dies j^u^. 14 — Gen. Benj. Walsh dies 21— Lawrence, Kans., sacked and burned. . .25-30 Gen. Avcrill's cavalry raid into Virginia. Sept. 5 — Women's bread riot in Mobile, Ala. During the year there was also one in Richmond, Va., five thousand women taking part 6 — Fort Wagner, Charleston, evacu- ated 8 — Boat attack on Fort Sumter. . . 10 — Gen. Burnside occupies Knoxville, Tenn. 19-20 — Battle of Chickamauga, Ga. — Gen! W. H. Lytle killed Oct. 10— Quan- trell's attack on Fort Scott, Kansas 21-22 —Battle of Philadelphia, Tenn Nov. 12— Jileeting held to restore Arkansas to the Union 1-1-17 — Gen. Longstreet defeats Burnside. . . .23-25 — Grant and Sherman de- feat Bragg at Chattanooga, Tenn. . .25 — Gen. Wm. P. Sanders dies 26-27— Battles ot Locust Grove and Mine Run, Va Dec. 4— President Lincoln offers amnesty to all but the rebel leaders 16— Gen. John Buford dies 2? — Cooper's Shop Soldiers' Home, Philadelphia, dedicated 20— The Monitor founders off Cape Hatteras. 1864. ' Jan 8— Rear-Admiral George H. Storer dies Feb. 11— Com, Wm. J. McCluney dies ...20 — Battle of Olustee, Fla Feb. 27-March 4— Kilpatrick and Dahlgren re- pulsed at Richmond, Va. . . .March 12 — U. S. Grant succeeds Halleck as commander-in- chief April 8— Battle of Sabine Cross Roads, La 9— Battle of Pleasant Hill, La. . . . .12 — Massacre at Fort Pillow, Tenn . . . May 1— Com. W. D. Porter dies 5-13— Battle of the Wilderness, Va.— Gen. Alex. Hays killed ; Gen. James S. Yv''adsworth dies. . . .May 6-9— Gen. John Sedgwick killed 10 — Gen. Thos. G. Stevenson killed 11 — Stuart, Confederate cavalry leader, killed 18_25— Battles of Spoltsylvania Court-house, Va., etc. . . .June 1-6 — Battle of Cold Harbor, Va.' and vicinity. . . .5-30 — Battles of Lost Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, and Little Ken es;iw, Ga.— Gen. C. G. Harker killed 27 .... 19 — Naval battle — the Kearsarge sinks the Ala- bama 1 5-1 S— Assault on Petersburg, Va. July 1 — Part of Lee's army invades Maryland, threatens Baltimore and Washing- ton, and retreats July 12-13 6 — Gen. Samuel A. Rice dies' 20-22-28— Sher- man' .s three battles near Atlanta, Ga.— " The March to the Sea." 80— Confederates again invade Maryland and Pennsylvanin, and burn Chamberaburg. , .Aug. 5 — Confed- erate flotilla near Mobile, Ala., destroyed by Farragut . . . .6 — Gen. Griffin A. Stedman killed. . . .8— Fort Gaines captured 16— Gen. D. P. Woodbury dies Sept. 1— Sher- man occupies Atlanta, Ga 7— He orders its depopulation 14— Gen. J. B. Howell killed ] 9— Sheridan defeats Early at Win- chester, Va. — Gen. D. A. Russell killed. . . ^ 24— Com. T. A. Conover dies 29— Gen. H.^ Burnham dies Oct. 19 -Rebel raid on St;. Albans. Vt 19— Battle of Cedar Creek, Va.— Gen. D. D. Bidwell killed 29— Gen. T. E. G. Ransom dies Nov. 8— McClellan resigns from U. S. army 13— Sherman de- stroys Atlanta 30— Gen. Thomas repulses Hood at Franklin, Tenn.— Rebel Mnj.-Gen. P. R. Cleburne killed Dec. 14-16— Thomas defeats Hood near Nashville, Tenn. . . 21 — Sherman enters Savannah, Ga 24-25 — ■ Admiral Porter and Gen. Butler assault Wil- mington, N. C. 1865. Jan. 13-15 — Attack on and capture of Fort Fisher, N. C. . . .16 — Monitor Patapsco sinks, Charleston Harbor Feb. 1— Congress abolishes slavery in the United States 6 — Battle of Hatcher's Run, Va 17— Colum- bia, S. C, captured 18— Charleston, S. C, surrendered. ..18 — Gen. Lee assumes supreme command of Coa'^ederate armies, and recom- mends arming of the blacks 22— Confed- erate Congress decree that the slaves shall be armed. Schofield captures Wilmington, N. C. .27-March 6 — General Sheridan's raid into Virginia March 4 — Second inaugura- tion of President Lincoln 14-April 13— Stoneman's raid in Virginia and North Caro- lina March 10-11— Battle of Kinston, N. C ,. 20— Mobile, Ala., besieged 29-April 3— Battles of Hatcher's Run and Five Forks, Va 2— Assault on Petersburg, Va 2-3 --Grant occupies Richmond and Peters- burg, Va 6— Battle of Deatonville, Va. .°9_General T. A. Smyth dies. Surren- der of General Lee, Appomattox Court-house, Va... 12 — The Union flag hoisted at Forf Sumter. Mobile. Ala., captured 13— Drafting and recruiting stopped 14 — President Lincoln assassinated by Jobs Wilkes Booth 15— President Lincoln dies, and Andrew Johnson becomes President 22 — Com. ^Y. \\\ McKeon dies 26— j,' Wilkes Booth shot May 4-9— Surren- der of Gen. Tayhu- and rebel fleet 10— Capture of Jefferson Davis at Irwinsville, Ga. 26 — Surrender of General Kirby Smith.. '. . . .End of the Rebellion 22— President Johnson rescinds order requiring passports from all travelers entering the United States, and opens Southern ports 20 — He pro- claims a conditional amnesty. . .-.June 1 — Solemn fast for death of President Lincoln. July 7 — Execu ion of Payne, Atzerott^ ilarrold and Mrs. Surratt, for complicity in Lincoln's assassination. . . .Oct. 11— Pardon 144 CHEONOLOGT. of Alexander Stppher^ nnd other Southern officials .... Nov. 2 — National thanksixivino; for peace.... 6 — Capt. Waddfll surrenders cruiser Shenandoah to Briiisli Government. .10 — Capt. Wirz of Andersnnville piison executed. . . .22 — Com. J. H. Missroon dies ", ...Dec. 1 — Habeas corpus restored at the ■Jilorth. 1866. Jan. 28 — Hon. Thomas Chandler dies. . . . Feb. 19 — President vetoes Freedmen'3 B^irea'? bill.... March 14 — Jared Sparks, historian, dies. . . .25 — President Johnson vetoes Civil- rights bill. . . .April 9 — Civil-righta bill pass- ed over tlie President's veto.... 12 — Hon. Daniel S Dickinson dies May 16 — Presi- dent OohnFon vetoes the admission of Colo- rado uf r. State... 29 — General Wiufield 8oott dies. .. .June 7 — Feninns from the United States make a raid into Canada. . . .17 — Hon. Lewis Cass dies. . . .July 16 — Fr.ed- men's Bureau bill becomes a law. . . .27 — At- lantic telegraph — the successful one — com- pleted 30 — Maj. Gen. Lysander Cutler dies . . .Aug. 14 — National Union Convention assembles in Philadelphia — wigwam. . . .Sept. 1 — Southern Unionist Convention assembles in Philadelphia. . .7 — Matthias \V. Baldwin, pioneer in American locomotives, dies. . . . Oct. 13 — "Prince" John Van Buren, son of Hon. Martin, dies. . . .Dec. 13 — -Congress passes bill giving negroes the right to vote in _ District of Columbia. . . .26 — Major General Samuel R. Curtis dies. ) 1867. • Jan. 9 — Virginia rejects Fourteenth Amend- ment. . . 10 — Congre.-^s passes bill providing for "universal suffrage" in the territories. . , . .25 — President Johnson vetoes bill to admit Colorado. . . .29 — He vetoes bill to ad- mit Nebraska. ,. .Feb. 6 — Delaware and Louisiana reject Constitutional Amendment. ....8 — Nebraska admitted as a State.... March 2 — President Johnson Tetoes Recon- struction bill.... 25 — Tenure-of-office bill passed over President's veto.... 23 — Presi- dent vetoes Supplementary Reconstruction bill.... SO — Announced at Washington that Russia cedes Alaska to the LTnited States. . . . April 9 — Senate confirms Alaska treaty. . . . 11 — Site conveyed to United States Govern- ment fur post office *n New York Cit}-. . . . May 8 — Jught^hour riots in Chicago. . . .9 — General strike of workinginen throughout the States.... 13 — Jefferson Davis admitted to bail at Richmond, Va. . . .June 3 — Gen, Sheri- dan removes Gen. Wells of Louisiana, and on 6 appoints 13, F, Flanders Governor. . . .July 3 — Congress assembles in exti aordinary ees- Bion , . . .11 — Reciprocity treaty between the United States and the Hawaiian Islands. . . . 19 — President vetoes Supplementary Recon- struction bill . . . .24 — RiotinKnoxville.Tenn. New York State Consiitutional Convention rejects woman-siifirage proposition. . . .30- Gen. Sheridan removes Governor TlirocVmor- ton of Texas .... Aug. o — Secretary Stanton is requested by the President to resig'i, but refuses .. .12— Stanton suspend'^d. and Gen. Grnnt appointed Secretary of War ad interim .... 17 — G Ml. slieridan relieved at New Or- leans. . . .19 — Natio lal Labor Congress meets at Chicjigc . . Sept. 8 — President issues am- nesu'/ proclaciation 30 — Negro ri;)ts in Savanna], Ga... Oct. 3 — Wiiiskey .-iot in Philadelphia Nov. 2 — Gen. Sherman an- nouiiCi'S Indian war at an end. . . .8 — Formal transfer of Aliiska to Gen. Rosseau, at New Archangle. . . 14 — Denmark concludes treaty, ceding and selling the islands of St. Thomas, San Juan and Santa Cruz, to United States. ....22 — Jefferson Davis retuins to Rich- mond.. ..Dec. 7 — Resolution of Judiciary Committee to impeach President Johnson voted down in the House — 108 to 57. 1868. Jan. 6 — House of Representatives passes bill making eight hours a day's work for Gov- ernment laborers. ..13 — The Senate reinstate Stanton ... 14 — Gen. Grant vacates War office in favor of Secretary Stanton. . . .Feb, lo — Another attempt to impeach President Johnson. . . .20 — New Jersey Legislature withdraws ratitication of proposed Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment. . . .21 — Stanton a:;jain remov(d, and General Thomas appoint- ed Secretary of War ad interim. . . .22 — Stan- ton adiieres to the office. . . .24 — House votes (126 to 27) to impeach the President. . . .25— Gov. Ward of New Jersey vetoes resolution of Legislature withdrawing ratification of Fourteenth Amendment . , .March 2 — House adopts impeachment articles. . , .4 — They are presented to the Senate.... 5 — New Jersey Senate passes over Gov. Ward's veto as to amendment; lower House does the same. 25. . . . .6 — Senate organizes a Court of Impeach ment. , . .7 — President Johnson summoned to appear b»-fore it. . . .13 — Impeachment C-ourt sits....ii3 — President's counsel answer im- peachment articles, and Court adjourns to 30. . . ..26 — Senate ratifies North German treaty. . . . .28 — U. S. Grand Jury at Richmond, Va., finds new bill of indictment against Jefferson Davis. . . .April 2 — North German Parlia- ment passes the Naturalization treaty with the United States. ...6 — Michigan votes against negro suffrage. . .24 — President nomi- nates Gen. Schofield to be Secretary of War. . . . .May 21 — Grant and Colfax nominated at Chicago. .. .The Burlingame Chinese Em- bassy arrive at New York. . . .26 — Impeach- ment Court declares the President not guilty. Secretary Stanton resigns . . . 30 — -Senate confirms Gen. Schofield as Stanton's successor. . , . .June 1 — Ex-President James Buchanan dies.... 5 — Chinese Embassy received by President Johnson . . . 22 — King of Belgium reviews United States squadron undtr Farra gut off Ostend. . .24 — Senate passes eight CHRONOLOGY. 145 ftour law . .25-=President vetoes " Omni- bas" bill. . . .20 — President vetoes Electoral College bill. Secretary ^^eward announces ratifieati n of the Fourteenth Amendment. . . . .21 — President orders Secretary of War to withdraw military forces from Southern States represented in Congress. Senate rati- fii'S treaty witli China. . . .25 — Senate ratifies treaty with Mexi.'o... 27 — Jefferson Davis and fatnily siil from Quebec for England. . . . 80 — Gen. Me-ule declares civil government restored in Florida, Georgia and Alabama. ....Aug. n — Hon. Thaddeus Stevens dies, Washington, D. C 22 — President declares Sitka a port of entry. . . .2G — Oregon with- draws ratification of Fourteenth Amendment. ....Nov. 3 — Iowa and Minnesota vote in favor of negro suffrage, and Missouri against it. 1869. Jrn 1 — Gen. Grant holds a public reception in Independence Hall, Philadelphia. . . .Feb. 20 — Martini 1 iw declared iii Tennessee.... 22-26 — C ngrcss passes Fifteenth Amend- ment. Kansas is the first State (Feb. 27) to ratify it, though imperfectly, and Delaware the first to reject it. . . .Marcli 4 — Gen. Grant inaugui'ated as Pre.'iident. . . .25 — Pennsyl- vania ratifies Fifteenth Amendment. . . .April 13 — Senite rejects Alabama Treaty with Great Britain. . . .May 13 — Woman-sufirage Convention in New York City. . . ,19 — Presi- dent Grant proclaims that there shall be no reduction in Government Laborer's wages because of reduction of liours . . June 18 — Hon. Henry J. Raymond, y. Y. Times, dies. ....July 13 — CompU'tiion of Atlantic cable from Brest to St. Pierre; thence to Duxbury, Mass... 30 — Hon. Isaac Toucey dies.... Aug. 16 — National Labor Convention, PhiLi- delphia. . . .Sept. 1 — National Temperance Convention, Chicago. . . .8 — Hon. Wm. Pitt Fessenden dies. . . .10 — Hon. John Bell dies. . . .16 — Hon. John Minor Bolts dies. . . .Oct. 8 — Virginia ratifies Fourteenth and Fiftecnt i Amendments Ex-President Franldin Pierce dies. . . Nov. 4. — Geo. J'eabody dies. .... 6 — Admiral Oliarlcs Stuart dies . 24 — National Woman-suffrage Convention, Cleve- land, O., and Henry Ward Beecher chosen President Dec. 10 — National Colored Labor Convention, Washington. . , .24 — Hon, Edwin M, Stanton dies. 1870. Jan. 26 — Virginia re-admitted into the Union . , ,Feb, 9 — IT. S. Signal Bureau es- tablished by Act of Congress. ., .17 — Mis- eiasippi re-admitted into the Union. , , ,23 — Hon. Anson Burlingame dies. . . .March 28 — Maj.-Gen. Geo. H. Thomas dies 29 — Texas re-ndmitted to representation in Congress, thus completing thj work of reconstruction. , . . .30 — President Grant announces the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment. . . . July 12— AduxiralJohnA.DaldgreDdiee. . . Aug. 14 — Admiral David G. Farragnt diea. ....15- National Labor Congress, Cincin- nati. . . .22 — President (-irant issues a procla- mation enjoinitig neutrality as to war between France and i'russia. . . .23 — Irish National Congress convenes, Cincinnati. .. .Oct. 4—* Second Southern Commercial Conve ^tion, Cincinnati. . . .12 — Death of Gen, Robert E, Lee. . . .25 — Convention in Cincinna'i 'or pur- pose of removing Natimal Capitol from Washington to some ])oint West, 1871, Jan, 1. — Cabral, the Dominic in Ciiief, de- nounces President Grant, and opposes sale and annexation of St. Domingo totlie United States. .. .10-11 — U. S. Hnuse and Senate appoint commi. tee to visit St. Dotninsfo. . . , 11 — Hon, John Covode dies. . . 29 — O'Douo- van Rossa and other Fenian exiles arrive in New York. , . .30 — House of Representatives pass resolution of v.elcome to Irish exiles. . . . Feb. 9 — New Jersey recommends Phila dclph'a as the place to liuld Centennial cele- i'ration, 1876.,.. 18 — Cabral, in a letter to Vice-President Colfax, denouncs the union of Dominica and Hayti. , . . 19 — Helena, Ark., almost destroyed by a tornado . . . 22 — British members of Joint High Cijmmission arrive in New York , . . 27 — Commission begins its sessions in Washington, D. C. . . .March 3 — ■ Riots in Pennsylvania coal mines.,.. 5 — Chinamen's riot in San Francisco, Cal. , . .27 — Senator Sumner d'nounces Santo Domingo scheme. , . .30 — Colored parade in New York in honor of Fifteenth Amendment. . . .April 7 — Coal riots in Scranton, Pa.... 10 — Cele- bration in New York of German Unity and end of war between Prussia and France May 1 — U. S. Supreme Court sustains con- stitutionality of Legal-tender Act . . .3 — 1 'resident Grant issues proclamation for sup- pression of Ku-Klux Klan. . , .6 — Joint High Commis.sion concludes Washington Tr.aty. ....15-16 — German peace celebration in J'hiladelphia. . . .24 — Treaty of Washington ratified by Senate 29 — Naturalization Tr.aty between Austria and United State** ratified by the Reichsrath . . , .30 — Decoration Day . , .June 1 — American naval force, mak- ing a survey of the coast of Cona, Asia, fired on from ma-ked batteries .... 2 — Minister Low demands an apology, and is answered that ." the Corean civilization o; 4,000 year? brooks no interference from outside barba- rians.". . . ,10-11 — U, S. naval forces land oa the island of Kang Noe, Corea. and destroy a fort and the Citadel . . . .17 — Hon. Clement L, Valtandigham dies 2S — President Grant appoints Civil-service-refor-n Commis- sion. , . , July 3 — Naval forces having attain- ed their object, retire from co'st of Corea, . . . .4 — President Grant proclaims comfdete ratification of Treaty of W ashington. . . .12 — • Orange parade and riot in New York. . . .19 —Massachusetts' Centennial Committee ar- 14G CHRONOLOGY. rive in Philadelphm. . . .Sept. 24-Chief-. us- tice McKeon, of Utah, decides agaiust Mo,- mons serving aa giand jurors jn I'ederal courts. . . .Oct. 2-rostal raoney-order ar- rangement between U.iited Stati-s anu Great Britain goes into effort. . . .Brigham \ oung arrested for Mormon proclivities. . . -^—j:^^^^ ,sveat fire in Chic^igo breaks out o-J— llecond and greai est fire in Ohicaoo . . . 1 0— Wtionriotin I'hiladelphia between white rou"-hs and negroes, and attempts to (lestroy the'office of The Press. . . .26-( Jen. Robert Anderson dies. Nice, Franc^J ; Hon Thonujs Ewiug, Lancaster, O. . . .27- Arrest oi ^^ il- 1 iiam M. Tweed, New York City . . -Dec 17 —Internationalist funeral procession m New York City. 1872. Jan 10— National ^v'oman-=!uff^a2:o Con- vention, Washington, . . .Feb. 28— Congress -ets apart Yellowstone Yalley as a national park . .April 2— Prof. S. F. B. Morse dies New York City. . . . 16-Prof. Morse meniorial services in various cities and also m Hall ot United States House of Representatives . . . MaylO— Woman-sutfra2:e Convention m New York nominates Mrs. ^Yoodl.uU forPres^dent and Frederick Dou'kss lor Vice President. . . 22— Congress passes Amnesty bid. . . .June 3 -James Gordon Bennett, A^. Y. Herald, di^^. 5.6— Gen Grantnominatedfor President ^t Philadelphia, and Henry Wilson for Vice- President . : . . 15-B<.ard of Arbitration, under Treaty of Washington, meet at Geneva, Switzerland ....17-Monster Peace Jubilee, Boston.... July 9-Democ.alic Convention 1 at Baltimore, nominates Horace Greeley l.>r President. . . .Nov. 5-Grant re-ekcted 1 resi- (lent 9— Great fire in Boston, Mass ^y ^Death of Hon. Horace Greeley. 1873. Jan 6— McEnery inaugurated Governor of Louisiana; also, Kellogg. .. .Jan. 20— Sanguinary defeat of United States troops by the Modocs....27-Congres3 abolishes the franking privilege. .. .Feb. 26-Alexander H Stephens elected to Congress from Eighth District of Georgia. . . .March 4- econd in- auguration of U. S. Grant as President . . April ll-Gene-.al Canby and Dr. Tliomas murdered by Captain Jack and the Modocs 96— United States troops surprised ana T^bxughtered by the Modocs in the l';jva beds ' May 5- Hon. Jaoies L. Orr, United States Minister to lUiss a, dies, St. Petersburi^h. 7— Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase dies "■■june 1— Captnre of Captain Jack and the "last of the Modocs. ..10-The Ameri- can Department in the Vienna Exposition formaUy opened. . . .27-Completion ot the new Atlantic cable... July '^0-Captain Bnddington and party rescued in the Arctic Sea bv the whaler Ravenecraig . . .25—Great fire in Baltimore, Md. . . .26-Destructivetire • Id Norfolk, Va ...Aug. 2-G-eat fire m Portland, Oregon .... 9-Dlsastrou3 cov^fla. gratiou in Portland, Mc. . . .Sept. 18— Su» pension <.f Jay Cooke & Co., and beginning of a financial panic. . . .30-Grand Masonift p-.rade in Philadelphia. .. .Oct. 3-Captain Jack and three accon>plice3 hanged. . . .Inrst session of Evangelical Alliance, N. \. City. Hi_Spani.h gunboat, Tornado, seizes American steamer Virginius on the high pcas ...4— Gen. Burriel of Santiago de Cuba shoots Gen. Ryan and others . . 7— Ha butchers Capt. Fry of the Virgmiusand hi3 cre.v ....28— A protocol, arranging tue difference between the United States and Spain, agreed upon. . . .Dec. 24--Death %f Prof. Louis Agassiz....l6-Celebration in Boston of the centennial of the tea- party " in the harbor of that city. . .Spam formally rarrenders the Virgmius to the United States. . . .26-The Virgin,us,_ in tow of United States steamer Ossipee, smks ott Frvinir Pan Shoals. ^ ^ 1874. Jan 8-Repeal of the Salary Act save with respect to President Grant. .. 9— Board of Centennial Supervisors, Phdadelphia adopt plans and specifications for permanent cxhi^bilion building. . . .21 -President Grant llus new salary bill . • -Feb. 21-Women s movement against liquor-sellmg begins m Ohio and spreads to other ^^tat^^s- ._. .^b Defeat in the House of the bill revivmg the I franking privilege .^^ April C-A cremaUon society formed in New York •••IJ-^o^- ore.-s passes the inflation or currency bill ... March 8-Death of exPresident Millard Hi- \'^^l ii_Death of Hon. Charles Sum> -,„.. ■ ■ 'oo—pi-esident Grant vetoes inflation. ■ May 13— The Brook forces surrender m AVkansr)s, and quiet is restored. ... 23— Sen. ate parses Supplementary Civil-rights bilL 06 _>enate passes bill inviting foreign nations to take part in the <,e"tennial at Philadelphia .. J""« ^-U .^; ^^^^-TT ^^m tara, with party of scientists, sailed fiom New York to observe transit of Venus . . ]0— Senate passes Moiety bill.....lrf— House defeats Compromise Currency bill. ... f^^lVs-Government of District of Columbia Beecher d.-niands an investiga ion of the charccs against him. . . .H-Great fir 3 m iSo .! . Aug. 28-H. W. Beecher acquit- ted by the investigating committee of 1 ly- mouh Church.... Sept. 14-Over throw of the Kellogg government at ^^.^^lea"^.- ^ 1 '7_'rhe McEnerv government, in obedience Jlproclamatio/ifom President Grant, sur- renders to the United States Army. .J^- Kellogg government reinstated . . . . iSf v w CHKONOLOGT. 147 tory of the American Rifle-team in the Inter- national match at Creedmoor, L. I..... Oct. 16— National monument to Abraham Lincoln dedicated at Springfield, III. 18Y5. Jan. 8 — Beginning of the civil suit of The- odore Tilton vs. Ilenry Ward Beechor 7— House of Representatives passes Sherman's S;jccie-resumplion bill 14 — President Grant signs it Feb. 8— President Grant denounces the Garland government in Arkan- sas, and recognizes Brooks as Governor. . . . 18— He issues a proclamation convening the Senate in extraordinary session March 5 March 1— President Grant approves the Civil-rights bill 2— Franking privilege partially rest, .red 1 2 — Announcement from Rome that Archbishop McCloskey, of New York, had been created a Cardinal. . ._. 24.^Extraordinary session of Senate termi- nates. President Grant orders all available cavalry into the Black Hills country, to re- move trespas-ers, etc. .. .April 18 — Centen- nuil of the Battles of Concord and Lexing- ton, Mass., celebrated in those places 24 —Spain pays $45,000 of the $80,000 agreed upon as the Virginius indemnity 21 — Cardinal McCloskey receives the beretta jj^y 11 — First international Sunday-school Convention assembles in Baltimore, Md. . . . IV — Ex-Vice-President John C. Breckenridge dies June 17 — Celebration at Boston of the Bunker Hill Centennial. .. .William M. Tweed released from Blackwell's Island, _re- , arrested, and consigned to Ludlow street jail on a civil suit 29 — The American Team win the International rifle-match at Dolly- mount, Ireland July 2 — Jury in Tilton- Beecher case fail to agree. . . .9 — Gen. Fran- cis P. Blair dies 27— Duncan, Sherman & Co., N. Y. Bankers, suspend, and the fail- ure is followed by others 81— Ex-Presi- dent Andrew Johnson dies. . . .Nov. 22 — Vice-President Henry Wilson dies Dec. 7 ■ — President Grant, in his annual message, recommends free and non-sectarian schools, separation of Church from State, taxation of Church property, and a sound currency. . . . 8 — Congress is memorialized to appropriate $il, 500,01 10 for the Centennial Exhibition 4 — Escape of Wm. M. Tweed 11 — Dyna- mite explosion at Bremer-haven, 60 persons killed 1 2 — Sarah Alexander, a Jewess, brutally murdered at East New York, Kings Co., N. Y. . . .16 — Explosion in a coal mine in Belgium, 110 persons killed 17-^Wes- toa, Thompson and Ellis executed in the Tombs for the murder of the pcdler Weis- borg. . . .25 — 80 persons killed ';.t Helekon, Switzerland, at a Christmas festival. . . .28 — Destructive hurricane in the Phillippine Islands, 250 lives lost. 1876. Jan. 1 — Centennial year ushered in with ri^oicings 6 — Defeat of Herzegovinian insurgents by Turks, G'O killed 7— A second defeat of the Ilerzeproviaians, many lives lost Ships Harvest Quyen and Cape Comorin collided off the Briti h c:orist, all on board lost 8 — 68 mlitary recruits burned to death in Russia by burning cf railroad cars 11 — Over 300 Soldh-rs frozen to death'in Douza, Turkey 14— befeat oC Amnesty Bill in U. S. House of Representa- tives 15 — Earthquake in Maine ...17 — Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Va., failed, liabilities, $1,-300,000 18— Herzegovini- ans rout 6 battalians of Tm-ks, 30O Turks killed. . . .22 — Two days fighting betweem Herzegovinian s and Turks ; 450 Turks killed, 25 — E. D. AVinslow, Boston journalist, etc., fled, having committed forgeries to amount of $250,000 25— fhe Centennial appropriation passed the House of Represen- tatives Masked burglars robbed the Northampton (Mass.) National Bank of S 670,000. . . .26 — Postage on third-class mat- ter reduced to ono cent for two ounces Writs s Tved on Gen. Schenck, Am. Minister to England, on account of his connection with the Emma Mine matter. . .29 — Destruc- tive overflow of the Ohio Uiver Feb. 2— - Portuguese House of Peers voted the Aboli- tion of Slavery in St. Thomas, Africa, and the Gulf of Guinea 4— Fire in a colliery in St. Etienne, Belgium, 156 men killed 8— Large fire in New York, $3,000,000 property destroyed ; 4 firemen killed. .. .11 — Centennial appropriation passed the Sen- ate. . . .15 — Wiiislow, the Boston forger, ar- rested in London 17 — Gen. Schenck, U. S. Minister to England, resigned IS — Maine Legislature abolished Capital Punish- ment 23 — President of San Domingo re- signed. Provisional Government established. 27 — Sinking of steamer "Mary Belle" on Mississippi River; loss, $500,000 28— Carlist War in Spain declared ended. . .29 — Announcement of annexati.m of Khokand to Russia March 1 — Discovery that General Belknap, Secretary of War, had sold Post Traderships and pocketed proceeds Bel- knap resigns 2 — 8oO Turks slain in Her- zegovina 7— Alfjn'^ 148 CnEONOLOGY. Holland, give way, flooding the town ; hun- dreds of horses swept away and 6,000 persons niaiie homeless. ., .28 — 500 Persians losf. by a shipwreek in the Arabian Sea. . .29 — Gov\ Adelbert Ames, of Mississippi, resigns, and J. M. Stone, President of Senate, succeeds him.... April 4 — Successful and bloodless '.revolution in Hayti 5 — U. S. Senate organized a-s a High Court of Impeachment lin^tlie Belknap case 10-12— The bill to issue silver coin in place of fractional cur- rency passes both Houses of Congress. . . . 13 — Turks successful in a battle near Kjevais ; 300 insurgents killed. . . .15 — Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, arrived in New York. . . 17 — Issue of silver currency began . . .27 — Belknap's trial began . . . .28 — Queen Victoria assumed the additional title of " Empress of India.". . . .May G — 20,000 charges of " rend rock powder" exploded on Jersey City Heights, doing immense damage, . . .8 — The House of llepreteutativea passed the Hawai- ian Treaty Bill. . . .9 — Grand Jury of Crim- inal Court of Distiict of Columbia, found a true bill again^^t Ex-Secretary Belknap. . . . V. N. Rubenstein. the condemned murderer of Sarah Alexander, died in prison. . . .12 — A battle between Turks and Herzegovinians this day, and another on the 25th ; Turks de- feated in both, losing 700 in the first and 500 in the second 16 — Green Clay Smith nominated for Presidency by Proliibitionists. ....18 — Peter Cooper nominated for Presi- dency by Inflationists. .. .20— Sir Edmund Bricldey, Bart., manuiacturer, declared bank- rupt, liabilities $2,500,000 22— Edwards Pierrepont appointed Minister to England; Alfonso Taft, Attorney-General; J, Donald Cameron, Secretary of War. . . .29 — Abdul Aziz, Sultnn of Turkey, deposed and Murad EfFendi declared his successor . . , .June — The Turks were defeated in encounters with the Herzegovinian insurgents on the 1st, 8d, 4th, 18th and 20th, losing in all 3,480 men. . .3 — 44,000 barrels of crude petroleum oil were etruck by lightning and burned at Oil City, I'enn ...4 — Abdul Aziz committed suicide in Constantinople. .. .A special train ran from Jersey C'ity, N. J., to S(in Francisco, in 83 hours, S4 minutes. .. .10-15 — Disas- trous inundations in China, many thousands of Chinese drowned. .. .12 — Destructive in- undations in Switzerland, many lives lost, . . . .14-16 — Republican National Convention ia Cincinnati, Rutherford B. Hayes nomi- nated fur President, Wm. A. Wheeler, Vice- Presi lent. . . .1.") — Turkish J\iinisters of War and Poreign Ailairs, and other p.cr ^ons killed, and some others wounded, by c.n assassin nam- ed H.ssin. ...17— Bej. II. Br.stow, Secretary of Trc .sury. resigncii . . . Ha-^sin, the assassin, han'j:ed. . .".20 — U. S. Tn-nsurer New, and So- licitor of ti Tre.asuiy, liluford Wilson, rc- 8i'.?ncd . . .21 — Lot M. iMor:i'l, of Maine, ap- pointed Seci'etary of I'roas iiy. .23 — Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria; within three months reported from 18,000 to 30,000 persons mur- dered, women ravished, and 37 towns and vdlages plundered and destroyed. .. .25 — Gen. Geo. A. Custer, his two brothers and 250 soldiers killed in a fight with the Siou.x on the Little Horn River, Montana 27-29 — Democratic National Convention met at St. Louis and nominated Samuel J. Tilden for President, and Thomas A. Hendricks for Vice-President. . . .29 — Albert M. Wyman ap- pointed U. S. Treasurer. . . .July 1 — Servia declared war against Turkey, and on the 3d, her army was defeated near Luicar, losing 2,000 men, and again, on the 6th, experienced another severe defeat, losing 1,300 men. . . . 4 — Centennial Anniversary of American In- dependence ; a vast concourse of people at Philadelphia, and a universal observance of the day throughout the United States .... Terrible tornado in Central Iowa, 60 to 80 persons killed . . . .11 — lion. D. D. Pratt, Com- missioner of Internal Revenue, resigned. . . . lion. Marshall Jewell, Postmaster-General, resigned and gave })lace to James M. Tyner, of Ind., who was appointed on the 12th. . . . 19 — At the College regatta, at Saratoga, Cor, nell University won all three of the races. . . 26 — The French Government's powder maga- zino at Toulouse exploded, with great loss of life.... 29 — Ex-Queen Isabella returned to- Spain . . . .30 — Tlie Turks were guilty of great atrocities in Bosnia, 3,000 Christians were massacred, and all manner of outrages commit- ted; their troops were defeated by tlie Sery. iansand Montenegrins . . Aug. 1 — Colorado declared a State of the Union by President Grant .... Gen. Belknap acquitted on the im- peachment trial. . . .7 — Servians defeated by the Turks, losing 5,000 men 14-15— The Turks were defeated by the Montenegrins, losing 8,000 men, and the next day by the Servians, with great slaughter. . . .17 — Gn-at famine in the northern provinces of China, thousands dying dailj'. . . .Great outi-ngcs by the Turks in Bulgaria ...18 — On this date, and the 19th and 23d, the Turks were repul;^ed and defeated by the Servians. . . .22 — The great Coal Combination was broken , . . .23 — • N. Y. State Republican Convention held at Saratoga, E. D. Morgan nominated for Gov- ernor, Sherman S. Rogers, Lieutenant Gover- nor. .. .Severe fight between the Sioux and Gens. Terry and Crook, Indians defeated, but losses heavy. . . .30 — N. Y. State Democratic Convention nominate Horatio Seymour for Govenor, but ho would not accept . . Lieut.- G >vernor Dorsheimer rc-nondnaied . . . .21 — • Murnd Efl"endi. Sul: an of Turkey, d( posed, and Abdul Hamed proclaimed ins successor. . . . .Sept. 4. — Servians defeated by tiie Turks. . , , .6 — \\'m. M. Tweed arrested at Vigo, Sixain Turks lost 1,800 men in a fight wi: h the Montenegrins . . . 7 — 1,500 Egyptian troops massacred ia Abyssinia. . . .9 — IndiMj CHKONOLOGT. 149 village captured and destroyed by Gen. Crook's troops. .. .13 — N. Y. Democrutic Convention reconvened, and nominate Lucius Ef'binson for Governor. . . .14 — International Rifle Matcli at Creediuoor, American Team victorious .... 1 5 — Yellow fever raging at Savannah ... 1 6 — Gen, Crook destroys an- other Indian village. . . .17 — Fight between whites and blacks at Aiken, S. C. . . .24 — Hell Gate reef, in N. Y. harbor, successfully blown up ; 50,000 pounds of dynamite and powder used.... 27 — Statue of Seward, in Madison Park. N. Y., unveiled 28-30— The Servians were twice, and the Turks once defeated. .. .30 — Great hurricane in Porto Rico, many lives and much property lost. . . . Oct. 3 — Cyclone passed over Central America; many lives lost; $5,000,000 property des- troyed. . . .5 — E. A. Woodward, one of the Tammany Ring, arrested in Chicago. , . .7 — Montenegrins defeat the Turks; 850 Turks Ailled....lO — State Elections held in Indi- ana, West Virginia and Ohio ; Democrats successful in first two and Republicans in the last.... 12 — Monument to Christopher Co- lumbus unveiled in Philadelphia. .. ,10,000 Egyptians massacred by Abyssinians. . . . Montenegrins defeat Turks and kill 1,500 of them.... 17 — ^outh Carolina declared in a state of insurrection. . . .21 — Turks evacuate Montenejjro . . .24 — Gen. Crook captured 480 lodges of Indians, .. .25 — Continental Life Insurance Company suspended . . .28 — Brit- ish Arctic Expedition, Capt. Nares, returned; they had penetrated to within 400 miles of the Pole. . . .29 — The Servian General Tcher- nayefF defeated by the Turks. . . .31 — About 215,1 00 people perished during a cyclone in India ; several thousand houses demolished. . . . .Nov. 1 — Armistice signed between Turkey and Servia. . . .5--400 Cheyenne lodges surrender to Gen. Miles. . . .7 — Day of Presidential Election; result uncertain.... Lerdo de Tejado re-elected President of Mexico. . . .10— Centennial Exhibition for- mally closed. , . .12 — Gold discoveries in the Black Hills. ...16 — European Powers pre- paring for war. .. .Germany refuses to take part in the Paris Exposition of 1878. . . .20 — The Younger Brothers plead guilty to the murder of Haywood, Cashier of Northfield (Maine) Bank.... 22 — Chief-Justice Iglesius I'evolts from President Lerdo, and declares himself Provisional President of Mexico . 23 — The Sultan abolishes slavery in the Turkish Empire. . . .Tweed arrives in New York from Vigo, and is imprisoned in Lud- low street Jail. . . .26 — Russian loan of $73,- 000,000 subscribed. . . .South Carolina Can- vassers imprisoned for contempt. . . .Webster Statue unveiled in New York. . . .28 — Gen. Crook captures 100 Indian k/dges. . . .29 — Great fire in Tokio, Japan ; 5,000 houses des- troyed ; 50 lives lost. . . .Dec, 1— rSale of the Centennl-al Buildings .... 2 — Resignation of the French Ministry, . , ,4 — Greeley monu- ment unveiled in Greenwood Cemetery. . . .5 — Burning of the Brooklyn Theatre, about 300 lives lost. . . .New Anglo-American Ex- tradition Treaty negotiated .... 6 — Remains of Baron de Palm cremated at Washington, Pa, , , .7 — Lerdo flees from the Mexican Capi- tal, and Gen, Porfiris Diaz proclaims himf^e^ Provisional President. . . .8 — Severe gale auT snow storm, from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic. . . .13 — Ice gorge in the Missis- sippi, at St. Louis ; many steamers crushe 1. . . 15 — Centennial congratulations received from the Mikado of Japan. . . .19 — Midhat Pasha appointed Grand Vizier. .. .25 — 120 vessels lost on the Coast of Scotlnrd by a gale. . . . 26 — The Isthmus Canal Commission report in favor of the Nicarrgua route. . . .Conflu- ence of European Powers at Constantinople. . . . .29 — Terrible railroad disaster at Ashta- bula, O.: train breaks through a bridge, cars take fire, about 80 lives lost. 1877. Jan. 1 — Orders sent to U. S, troops on the Rio Grande to protect American citizens against Mexican outrages. , . .Two Legisla- tures organized in Louisiana, . . , Terrific gale and many shipwrecks on the South coast of England. , , .Queen Victoria proclaimed Em- press of India at Delhi. . , ,Rev. Dr. W. L. Breckenridge, Presbyterian, 73, died at Ray- mond, Mo. . . .2 — Turks attack Negotin in Servia; are repulsed with loss of 146 soldiers, ,.,.S. — Centennial celebration of the battle of Princeton. . . .Terrible hurricane in Gui- puzcoa, Spain. . . .Gen. Diaz att;icks and de- feats Iglesias at Guannjuata. . . .Railroad ac- cident near Copenhagen, Detimark; 9 killed, 37 injured . . .Cornelius Vanderbilt died, aged 83, N. Y. . . .Extradition treaty signed between LL S. and Spain ; applies to all criminal offenses except political. ., .Spain severs relations with Chinese government. . . 5 — Active war preparations in Ruhsia.... Active German officers forbidden to enter the Russian army. . . Steamship Geoi-ge Crom- well wrecked off Cape St, Mary, N. F.; all on board lost. . , .6 — Rev, Richard Cobbold, Eng. author, died in London, 80 7— i Steamship L'Amerique ashore at Seabright, N. J.; 3 of the crew lost. . . .Duel betweea Bennett and May in Delaware; nobody hurt. , , , , Steamer Montgomery sunk by a coilision off Cape May; 13 persons drowned. , . .Gen. Miles defeats Crazy Horse's band at Wolf Mountain. .. .Hermann Brockhaus, German Orientalist, died at Leipsic, Ger. . . .9 — The Russian fleet, with the Grand Duke Alexis and Constantino, arrives off Charleston .... 12— Fall of 300 feet of the glass roof of the Grand Central Depot, N. Y., from the weight of the snow. . . .Earthquake in California. . , . 13 — Ice gorge on Oliio River; great loss of life and property ; $2,000,000 eacli at Pitta- burgh and Cincinnati, .. .14 — Battle witli 150 CJHRONULOGY. the Inciiang near Elthorn. . . .15 — The Great Powers submit their modified ultimatum to Turkey . . .American ^llipGeori;•e Green lost with all on board, on the English coast. . . . lY — Rear Admiral Joseph Smith, U. 8. N., 83, died at Washinolon, D. C. . . .Shower of serpents at Memphis, 'I'enn. . . .Election riofc 4it Montreal; sacking- of T-^wn ITall. . . .News fof dreadful famine in India; British Govern- ment estimate cost of relief at $o--',500,00(». ... 18 — Crazy Horse Ci-.ptures a wagon train and kills 20 men we.stof Mi.ssouri. . . .Turkish Forte unanin:ously reject the ultimatum.. . 8tf amer George Washington, N. Y. lor St. Johrs, N. F., lost near Cape Race; 29 per- sons drowned. .. .21 — Captain Richard R. Locke, one of the Dartmoor prisoners and . to Limerick. . . Rev. W M. P). ily, D.D., LL.D., formerly President Louisiana State University, Methodist, C5, (lied at Now Orleans .. .Outbreak among Apache Indians in Arizon i . . . .Rear Admiral James Alden, U. S. N., died at San Francisco. . . . .Col. J, O'Mahoney, Fenian le \der, 57, N. Y. City. . . .British Str. Ethel ashore on Lun- dy Island, Wahs, and ti-n persons drowned. . . . .The Electoral Commission, by a vote of 8 to 7, decides not to go behind the rpturns. ...Cr.izy Horse's bnnd defeated by Gen. Miles, near Tongue River. .. .8 — Henry B. Smith, D.D., LL.D., Professor Union theo- logical Seminary, Presbyterian, 61, di''d in N. Y. . . Rear Admiral Chas. Wilkes, U. S. N., 76, died in Washington, D.C. . . .Opening of English House of Parliament. . . .10 —Gun- powder explosion at Adhernahed, India, kills 50 and wounda 1,000 persons. . . .Rear Adm'l Theodorus Bailey, V. S. N., 74, died at Wa&Ii ington, D. C. . . . 11— Sir Wm. Ferguson, Pre sident of Royal College of Surgeons, 69, died in London. ....12 — Rinderpest spreading throughout Germany. . . .New insurrection in Bosnia. . . . 13 — ^ew Stock Exchange orean- ized in New York .... 14 — ReceiT^er appointed for New Jersey Central Railroad. . . . Ainie de Pichot, French writer, died in Lond — L. D. Pilsbury confirmed as Supt. of N. Y. State prisons . . .Midhat Pasha arrives at Naples. . . .17 — Gen. I>iaz elected President, and Ignacio Vallaste Chief Justice of Mexico. . . . .18 — Attempted as.^assin.ation of the Arch- bisliop of Mexico . . .Rear Admiral Chas. H. Davis, IT. 8. N., 70, died at AVashington, D. C. . . .19 — Judge II. W. Williams, a justice of the Supreme Court, died at Pi'tsburgh, Pa. . . . .20 — Rear Admiral I-ouis Goldsborough, U. S. N., 72, died at Washington, D. C Rinderpest at Hull, Eng. . . .21 — British bark Marie wrecked off west coast of Africa; 12 men lost. .. .Boiler explosion at Middleton, Ohio, killing 4 and injuring 12 persons 22 — Train thrown from railroad track near Lowell, Mass., by train wreckers Str, Franconia wrecked off Point San Bias. . . . Major Gen. Amos B. Eaton, Commissary Gen. U. S. A., died at New Haven, CoTin 24 — Submarine volcanic eruption at Kalakaua Bay, Hawaiian Islands. . . . 25 — Furious storm on the coast of Long Island ; several vessels and crews lost. . . . 26 — 229 Sioux Indians sur- render at the Cheyenne agency. . . . 27 — Whal- ing Str. Spitzbergen, with 20 pi-rsons, lost near Bergen, Norway. .. .Ex Gov. Joseph Johnston, 92, died at Bridgeport, Va. . . .The Electoral Commission decide all the doubtful States for Haves and Wheeler by a vote of 8 to 7. . . .March 1 — Formidable mob dispersed in Charleston, S. C. . . .Gov. Hayes leaves Columbus, Ohio, for Washington The Miridites take up arms against Tiu'key, and besiege the Puka fortress. . . .The British Me- diterranean squadron ordered to concentrate at Malta.... 2 — The electoral ci unt com- pleted, and Messrs. Hayes and Wheeler de- clared duly elected President anl A''ice-Presi- dent of the U. S 3— Joel T. Hart, sculptor, 67, died at Florence, Italy Chief Justice Wai!e administers the oath of office to Pres. Hayes . . .Diplomatic relations between Tur- key and Servia restored. .. 5 — Batemaa House at Knn>as, Pa., burned: 6 persons per- ish. .. .XLIVth Congress adjourns sine die. President Hayes and Vice-President Wheeler publicly inaugurated. . . .Special ses- sion of Senate opened. . . .Marquis de Com- piegne, distinguished African traveler, kiUed CHKONOLOGT. 151 in a duel ac Cairo, E-ypt. .. .Austria con- centrates troops on the frontiers of Dalmat.a and Croatia.... C. P. Coinpton M»rqu.s ot Northampton, 61, died in London.... 6— Franklin J. Moees, ?r.. Chief Justice Supreme Court of South Carolina, Y2, died in Columbia, 8 C Destructive lire in Bond street, is. i . (liobbins & Appletonbuildino); loss $1,061. - 000 .'..Joe Cobun, notorious pughst, pei.t to ;=ins; yin- for ten years. '^"^'.'f, ^""f" Fid-^nt nominates his cabinet. . . .MatUdi A. Heron, nctress, 47. d ed in N ^ . .Fame i , the yi F.;mci3 Xavier Church, i\.Y.; se/erai pcr.3on^ killed .... Ashtabula bridge de- cla'-ed by coroner's jury to have be u unsat ■, and Lake Shore R. R. Co. censured 8— Explosion in Worcester. Eng., coal mine and death of a Lirge number of miners 9— Montenegro and Turkey cannot t.greoupon a peace basis. . . .10— Tenement house m New York burned with three inmates . . .Cabinet nominations confirmed Senator Simon Cameron resi-ned. . . .Rev. E O Hovey, Professor of Chemistry and Geo.ogy, 76, died at Crawfordsville, Ind. . .11— 250 Com- munists (convicts) pardoned in France.... 1;— Chas. Cowden Clark, Eng. author, 91, died at Genoa, Italy Mme. Octavia Le Vert, authoress, 67, died at Augusta, Ga. . . . Ilenrv M. Stanley announc d the survey of LakeTanganyika. . .14— Six Chinamen mur- dered in Chico, Butler Co.,Cai., by a gang of white ruffians.... The Khedive presents Cleopatra's needle to Great Britain . . .Fred. •Douglass appointed Unite 1 Slates Mar^^hal fnr "the Di-^trict of Columbia 15— Diaz recofmized as Pre4dent of Mexico by U. S. "Stephen 8. Jones, editor, Chicago, shot dead in his office by Dr. W. C. Drake .17 — U. S. Senate adjourns Six hours fight between Bosnians and Turks near Orezgonia. 18 Sir. llussland from Antwerp to New York went ashore at Long Brancli Iglo- gias, late President of Mexico, but deposed by the Diaz revolution, issued .i proclamation fi-om New Orleans England demanded a modification of the Russian protocol Sir Edward Belcher, Rear Admiral, commander of an expedition in search of Sir John Frank- lin, '78, died in London 19— Ex.-Gov. Emory Washburne, of Mass., 77, died at Cambridge, Mass J. Dona'd Cameron, late Secretary of Treasury, elected U. S. Senator from Pean Saigo begins aformid- able rebellion in Japan 20— Congress ap- propriates $200,000 to complete the W ash.ng- ton Monument . . .21— Leipsic fixvd upon as the seat of the Imperi 1 Court of Germany. .Death of Prince Charles of Ilcsse Darm- stadt President Hayes' cabinet decide upon a Louisiana Commission 22 — Labor crisis in Germany 23— Jno. D. Lee, one of the Mormon murderers at the Mountam Meadow massacre, was executed there; his confessiou implicates many leading mormons. _ _ 24 \^illage of Madri.l, St. Lawrence Co., N.' Y., almost destroyed by fire . . 26 — Wat ter Ba^eliot, publicist, died in London Prof Jno. S. Hart, teacher and author, 67, died'inl'hila....27-Dam of the Stafl^ords- Tide Coun., reservoir gives way; two per- sons drowned; $1,000,000 loss... One edi- tor kills anoth.^r in Topeka, Kansas .Si^ J F. Fitzgerald, F.eld Marshal liriti.^h Arm, f_ 91 died^in Tours, France 28-Pnnci Antoinj Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon J, died in Flon-nce, Italy.... 29-Mexican au- thorities imprison L. S. Consul Sutton.... SO-Revoltin Pashalik (i Diarbekir, Arme- nia General Charette presents Cardinal Simeoni with an album contdning the signa- tures of over 3O,00J viduntecrs, who are ready to figlit for the temporal power of the Pope . .31— '['he Cabinet decides to with- draw the U. S. troops from South Carolina. Russia amended protocol, incorporating England's suggestions, accei)ted by the pow- ers Anril 2— First telephone concert at Steinway'Hall, N. Y. City. . . .Bismarck ten- ders his resignation as Chancedor of Ger- many. . .3— Capt. Fred'k Lalirbush. formerly of British Army, 11 1, died in N. Y. City. . . 4_Prospect8 of war in the East increasing; Russia determined to fight . . .5— Orville D. Jewett kills his uncle and himself by explod- in^ a handgrenade in his store in Front st., N*Y 6— The Louisiana Commission com- mences "its session at New Orleans Insur- o-ent Gen. Tru) Ho defeats conservative forces in U. S. of Colomlda. S. A., and the State of Antioquia i3 su-rendere 1 to him. . . .8— Rev. William A. Muhlenber;:, D.D., an eminent pliilanthropist and founder of St. Luke's Hospital, and St. Johnland. 80, died in New York- and John Conant, also a philanthro- pist, 87, died at Jaff;ay, N. II. . . .10— U. S. troops withdrawn from the State House m Columbia, S. C; Gov. Cbamberlin gives up the contest 11— Southern Hotel in St Louis burned, and 10 lives lost ...Prof. Smith, of Rochester, discovers a new comet near Cassiopeia Ross Winans. an eminent inventor, 80, died at Baltimore, Md 12— i' Joseph, chief of Nez Perces, in Oregon, de- clines to go onthoLapwai r scrvation. . . . Russian troops move toward the Roumanian frontier 13— S. S. Leo, Savannali t<.. Nas- sau burned at sea; 3 passengers and 13 of crew lost Darien expl ring expedition re- turns to Panama 14— Lorenzo Sabine, ex-M C. and author, 75, died at Boston, !\Ias3. 1,000 Indians, Roman Nose's band, with their chief, surrender to Gen. Crook at Spot- ted Tail Agency Turkey rejects the terms of the protocol of the Great Powers; panic on the Vienna Bourse. .. .15— Grand Duke Nicholas reviews Russian army of the Pruth .17— Japanese insurgents defeated and put to flight. . . .50,000 people in London make a demonstration in favor of Tichborne 152 CHRONOLOGY. elaimant Russia and Turkey making energetic preparations for war. . . .Tweed de- livers a statement to the Attorney General. . 18 — The Murphy temperance movement spreading throughout Pennsylvania and Ohio. . . . .An insurrection breaks out in Spain. . . . 19 — The Louisiana Commission reports in fa- Jljvor of JSicholls for Governor, and his Legis- iature....20 — Twelve oil wells and tanks destroyed by lightning in Butler Co., Pa The Roman government determines to dis- solve all Republican and International Asso- ciations in Italy 21 — Eight lodges of Cheyennes, comprising HiO persons — 86 fight- ing men — surrender to Gen. Crook... Brig Roanoke, Wylie, Philadelphia to Porto Cabel- lo, lost at sea; 11 peisons drowned ...Em- jieror of Russia arrives at Kischeneff . . . . Re- volt in Paraguay; a brother of the President assassinated, but the conspirators routed. . . . 23 — Russia declares war ngainst Turkey .... Jassy (ui Roumania) occupied by Russian troops: the Montene:^rins occupy Kistar. Rus- eiana cross the Pruth at three points. . . 24 — Withdrawal of U. !S. troops from Louisinna State House. End of the Packard govern- ment 26 — Atrocious murder of Judge Chisholm, his son and daughter, and Mrs. Gil- mer, by a mob in De Kalb, Kemper Co., Miss. . . . .P'irst battle of the war near Batoum, on the Black Sea; Russians lose 800... 29 — Str. Sidonian, Glasgow to N. Y., explodes a boiler, 7 killed. . . .Montreal Kovelty Works burned; 9 killed, 1 injured ,. . Batt'e before Kars. Russians under Melikoff defeat Moukh- tar Pasha. . . .Ex- Senator and Gov. Wm. G. Brownlow (Parson Brownlow), T2, died at Knoxville, Tenn. . . .31 — Roumanians, Mon- tenegrins and Herze2,ovinians join Russia against Turkey. .. .May 1 — Queen Victoria issues a proclamation of neutrality in the East- ern war. .Part of the roof of the N. Y. post- office falls, killing 3 men. . . 2 — Diaz declared elected President by the Mexican Congress. . Russian troops capture Bayazid in Arme- nia. Montenegrins hold the Duga Pass, block- fading Goransko and Nicsica. The Press law of 1865 suspended at Constantinople. . . .Col. .John Forsyth, editor, 66, died at Mobile. . . . 8. — Great land slide in Canada on banks of river Voillrt; 5 persons killed. .Tho Porte is- suea a circular denouncing Roumania's trench- «ry . 4 — Rev. Mr. Miller suspended for here-y by New Jersey Synod. . . .Turkish monitors bombard Reni. . . .President Hayes calls an extra Congressional S'ssion for Oct. 15. . . .5 — Spanish government offer amnesty and par- don to a'l Cuban insurgents who will lay down their arms. . . .6 — Crazy Horse and his band of 900 Sioux surrender. .. .Russians bombard Kara . . .7 — King of Abyssinia de- clares war against tho Khedive of Egypt. . . . Transvaal Republic, ^outh Africa, annexed to British Ivmpire. . . .P — I'xniration of sewitig machine patents. . .Postal convention Italy signed by President.. .Turliish monitors Tjom bard Russian batteries at Ibrail, and with the fortress at Widin, bombard Kalafat also Cossacks cross tlie Danube 9 — Explo- sio I in VVadesville mine, St. Clair, Pa., killing 7 and wounding 2. . . . A fanatical outbreak in the Tchelohnntse country, in consequence oi the Turkish war, put down by the Russians; loo killed, 250 \\ounded. .. .Commodore B, S. Totten, IT. S. N., 71, died at New Bedford, Maa3....1(' — Opening of permanent exhibv tion at Philadelphia by President Hayes. . . . Iquique, and 15 other towns and villages in Peru, partly or wholly destroyed by an earth- quake; 600 lives and 20 millions of property lost. . .Rev. F. X. Schenhous, founder of the Redemptionist order in ^America, 68, died in Baltimore ... 1 1 — Prof. Taylor Lewis, LL.D., 75, died at Schenectady, N. Y .Walls of an untinished couvt-kouse at Rockford, 111., fell, killing 10 workmen, . . Turkish iron clad sunk by Russian masked batteries near Ibraii. Russians deleated at Batoum with heavy less in an 8 hours battle.. 12 — Japanese tm[;ire admitted to Postal Union from June 1 . ..13 — Di:iz recognized by Germany. . . .L. J. E. Pi- carJ, French ttatesman, 56, died in Paris.. 14 — I'oisoning of miners at Streator, III. .Burn- ing of villages of Clinton Mills, Edinburgh and Forest in northern N. Y Six Turkish iron-clads bombard Sukum Kaleh, but are defeated. . . .President Hayes attends the ban- quet of Chamber Commerce. . . .15 — b'nvcil- ing of statute of Fitz Greene Ilallock at Cen- tral Park, N. Y .... Five-foot tidal wave in Lake Erie. . .The Miriditea drive the Turks frcjm Oroschi. . . Mexican authorities at Aca- pulco apologize for imprisoning Consul Sut- ton, and salute his flag. . . .16 — The Legisla- ture of Illinois attempts to make silver coin a legal tender for all debts in the State. ..Com- modore E. W. Carpenter, U. S. N., 80, died at Shrewsbury, N. J. . . .Crisis in the French cabinet. .. .Destructive forest fires in Michi- gan. . . .Tornado at Fulton, Mo., destroys 10 buil'lings and part of railroad depot. . 17— Ded icat'on of revolutionary monument on Dor- chester Heights, Ma?s. . , . Ex-President Grant sailsfor Europe in the Str. Indiana. . Ardahan wi'h 22 cannon captured by the Rus.sians. . .Terrible famine in Shan-tung and Chih-li provinces, China.. 19 — Convention at Doad- wood, Dakota, to take steps for organizing the new Territory of Lincoln . . . .Prince Cassan, fie Khedive's son, left for Constantinople with 6.000 Egyptians Ex-Gov. Kent, of Maine, 75, died at Bangor, Me Count H. de Toc- queville, life senator, died in Paris, France. . . . '>[ — Roumania declares her independence and proclaims war against Turkey. .. .22 — Acci- dent at lauTich of steamship Saratoga, at Ches- ter, Pa. : 7 men crushed to death and 2 injured, ... .S'.r M. D. Wyatt, ari hitect, died in Lon- don. .. .Ghivct burned by Russians; Adler bombarded by Turks ; Forts Tahmaz ond Kara CHRONOLOGY. ISS Dagb, oatworTrs of Kars, bombarded by Rus- giaDS....23 — W, H. Hosmer, poet, died in Avon, N. Y. . . .Don Carlos^leaves France for Linz, Austria. .. .Russians repulsed at Ba- toum....24 — Religious war proclaimed in Losnia. . . .Ten Broeck, at Louisville races, n^akes the fastest one mile on record — time, 1.39f . . . .26 — Gen. and Mrs. Grant arrive at QiK-enstown. . . .The Russians blowup a large monitor on the Danube with torpedoes. . . .28 — Lieut. Lawton leaves Red Cloud Agency for the Indian territory with 972 Chejennes }:nd Arapahoes. . .The Russians carry Sameba Heights 29— The Turks defeat the Rus- sians near Kutari. .. .Fletcher Harper, last survivor of the original Harper Brothers, 71, died in N. Y. .. .John Lotlirop Motley, his- torian and diplomatist, 63, died in London. . . . .31 — Moukhtar Pasha dismissed and dis- graced. .. .June 1 — Gen. Ord instructed to loUow marauding parties of Mexicans across the Rio Grande. . - .Gen. Grant given a recep- tion by the Prince of Wales at Marlborough House, London. .. .2 — Fire caused by light- ning near Millerstown, Pa.; $85,000 worth of petroleum destroj'ed. . . .3 — Fiftieth anniver- sary of the consecration of Pius IX as a bisliop observed at Rome . . . Sophia Frederica Matil- da, Queen of Holland, 59, died at the Hague, Holland. . . .Mrs. Elizabeth EUet, authoress, 59, died in N. Y 4 — Tornado visits Mt. Carmel, 111. ; 11 persons killed and many in- jured . . AVaterspout does great damage in lowa,N. W.of Burlmgton. . . .5 — Over 16,000 million feet of standing pine timber destroyed by forest fires in Michigan and Wisconsin. . . . A Greek patriarch, in a pastoral letter, coun- sels loyalty to Turkey. . . .The Czar arrives at the front. . . .6 — A bridge falls at Bath, Eng., and nearly 200 persons thrown into the Avon; 12 killed and 50 injured....'/ — Cleopatra's needle, destined for England, exhumed. . . .8 — A hat shop burned at Bridgeport, Conn. ; 11 men killed by falling walls. . . .Destructive fire in Galveston, Texas ; $1,500,000 of prop- erty destroyed. . . .New levy of 218,000 men ordered in Russia. . . .The Turks try to force the Duga Pass in Montenegro and lose 4,000 men . . . .9 — Fast passenger traffic inaugurated by the Pennsylvania and connecting Western roads. .. .Persia applies for admission into the Postal Union. . . .12 — Collision on Bait. — Gen. Grant arrives at Brussels. .. .120,000 Russians cross the Danube. .. Ru-'sian campaifin in Amieniaa failure .... F. W. llacklaiider, iraveier and author, dird in Munich....? — U. S. troops eruss the Kio Grande in pursuit of Mexican marauders. .. .l>estruc'ive storm in I'ensau- lee, Wis.; almost tlie wiiole town leveled ; 6 persons killed .. Russians capture 'J irm.va, capital of iiulg^ria. . . .Kliedive of Egypt of fersafl 'ettothiiPorte. . . 8— Russians foieed to withdraw from Kars, wiili lieavy loss. . . 9 — Hurrica:ie at Springfield, Mass. . . .hxport of horses from Germany prohibited. . . .Rrof. Sanborn Tenney, of V\ iliiams College, 50, died in Buchanan, 0. . . .10 — Chief Jfoseph's Nez Perces kill 31 Chinamen in Idaho. . . .11 — Six miners killed in a mine explosion at "Wheatland, Pa. . . .Fight between U. S. troops and Nez Perces at Cottonwood; Capt., Lieut. and 11 men killed; 13 Indians killed. . . .Meet- ing of Georgia Const (invention. . . 12 — At- tack on Orangemen in ^Montreal, 1 killed, 4 wounded. . . .Russ'ans routed and driven from Plevna. . . .Gen. Grant in (Germany. . . .Gen. Sir Geo. Bc41, K. C. B., died in London. . . 13 — Baron W. E. von Kclteler, Bishop of Mayence, died there. . . 14 — Boiier explosion tit M.icurgy, Pa , 3 men Idlled 1 5 — British istiv. Eton wrecked off the coa&t of Chili, and tver 100 lives lost. . . IG — Great railroad strike on Bait. & Ohio R. R. . . $6S,0(n>,000 subscribed to date of the U. S. 4 per cent. loan. . . . .The Russians capture Nikopoiis on the Danube. .. .1*7 — Strike continues on Bait. & Ohio K. R. The whole line blocked. . . .Ex- Gov. Tilden and Hon. .1. Bigelow, Sec. of State of New York, sail for Europe. . . .18 — Gov. Matthews of W. Virginia, calls for gov- ernment aid to suppress the riot; 250 regu- lars sent . .19 — The stTikes become general over all the roads managed by the Bait. & Ohio and Penn. Central... Suleiman Pasha appointed commander of the army of Rou- melia. . . .Hon. D. A. Lapham, author and scientist, 68, died at Milwaukie, Wis. . . .20 to 26 — The strikes become general on most of jthe trunk roads, though very slight on New [York Central. . .21 — Terrible riot and conflag- ration at Pittsburgh. Pa., more than $3,000, 000 of property destroyed. . . .Collision between State troops and rioters; many killed and wounded . . Pittsburgh rioters surrender on 23d. . . .Riotous demonstrations against Chin- ese in i^an Francisco. . . .On the 26lh riots in Chicao:o, Louisville and St. Louis ; many kill- ed and wounded ....26 — Another riot in Chicago; 21 killed and many wounded Bloody riot in Reading, Pa.,.. 2*7 — Affairs quieting in all quarters . . N. Y. militia or- dered to their homes . . 29 — All trunk roads open again, but great dis'rder iu the coal re- gions. . Foreign, 20 to 29 — RuKsiaiiS attack Osman Pasba, but are repulsed wi h heavy loss. . . .Suleiman Pasha is defeated by Rus- sians at Kara" urar . .The Russians destroy si\ raih'oati bridges on ti-e Danube . . .Mont- enegrins bombard Nicsies. . . .On tlie 29th, tlie Czarowite.h's forces difeated the Turkd near Rustchuk, taking 8,oi.O prisoners, '-'A guns and lu standards . . On the 24th hsco- bodo, the Mexican ioi-urgent genci al, was ar^ res'icd. . . .On the 26th eight men were killed liv a bi'iler cxplufsion ne.ir Tunst.ill, Eng, . . . SO — Centennial aniiivers.iry of the ad.)pti;>a of the New York constitution celebrated at Ivings'on. . . .'1 he Russians we re defeated noi;r I kvna. . . .Gen. Ghourka won a victory over the Turks at Yeni Sagra, Roumelia. . . On the 25th George W. Matse 1, ex pnl ce super- intendent and commissioner, died in New York . . On the 28th Prof. Isaac W. Jackson, M. 1)., of Union College, 72, a- pers there susjiended. . . .13 — Mexican out- rages on the Rio Grande ; Mexicans cross the river, murder Judge Cox and another man, release Mexican murderers from jail and es- cape across the river. . . .Chauncey Rose, an eminent philanthropist, died in Terro Haute, Ind....l5 — The struggle between the Rus- sians and Suleiman Pasha for Shipka Pass commenced. . . .Wm. Longman, London pub- lisher, 78, died in London. . . .16 — Rev. Asa I). Smith, D.D., LL.D., president of Dart- mouth College, died at Hanover, N. U . . . . CHEONOLOGT. 155 Prof. Asapli Ila"! discovers two patellit-s of Mars. . . .Ceiiteunial celebration of the battle of benuington atte.cU-d by more than 60,000 pi'Oile. . . .16 — Gayville, Dakota, almost en- tirely d stroyed by fire, 200 bu'ldin^s c n- siiraed, loss ^'.lO.O )0 19 — Moukhtar Taslia repulses a Ru sian attack. . . .20 — (.'onsolida- tiun of Wt stern Union and Atlantic a-d I'acifit' Telegraph Companies . . .Great strike in J'ennsylvania coal regio 'S, f)0,OiiO men out.... 21 — Meeting of National Board of Trade at Milwaukee, Wis. . . .22 Insurrec- tion in Crete. .. .Another revolt in Bosnia. ... .24 and 25 — Sharp and continuous light- ing in Shipka Pass. . . .The Russians gain and hold some important positions. . . .TIjc Turks capture Kiziltope, but are defeated at Kuruk Dara 2(5— Dr. H. Draper and Prof. C. H. Holden discover a third satellite of Mars. . . . Hon. E. P. Noyes, Minister to France, reaches Paris. . . .27 — The Knights Templars of the^ U. S. hold their 20th tiiennial conclave at Cleveland, Ohio , . . Strike ended in the Le- higli Valley coal regions. . . .Senor Costello and his son. leading Cuban insurgents, sur- render to the Spanish authorities. .. .28 — Conference of State Governors at Philadel- phia. . . .Ben Do Bar, actor, 61, died at St. Louis, Mo.... 29 — Uailroad accident near V*es Moines, 20 persons killed ... .Brigham young, the Mormon prophet and chief, 76, ciied !\t Salt LakeCity, Utidi. .30 — Monument to John Brown, of Ossawatomie, Kansas, dedicated in presence of 10,000 people R.Tphael Serames, ex-commander of the Con- federate cruiser Alabama, 68, died fit Point Clear, Ala. .The village i;f Karahassenlar cap- tuiH'd by the Turks afi er a severe battle, Turk- isli loss 3,0' '0 killed and wounded, Russian loss 4,0 . .Russians defeated on the Lorn, Popkoi ab ndoned, and the Russian position complete- ly turned. .81 — Fire at Paris, Texas, 10 busi- ,.„-.-, blocks destroyed, loss $250,000. .Osmau Pa->ha gains a signal victory at Plevna. . . . September 1 — Tornado at Maysville, Ky. . . . Meeting of Am, Association for Advancement of Science at Nashville, Tenn. . . . Alvan Adams, founder of Adams Express Co., 7'^, died at Watertown, Mass. . .E. L. Davenport, acior, 61, died at Canton, Pa. . . ,2 — Insurrec- tion in China among interior tribes. .. .3 — Louis Adolpho Thiers, ex-president of France, 80, died in Paris, France. . . .Flale's piano faetorj', N. Y., burned and several p r.^ons killed. . . .A house in Cincinnati undermined and fals, killing 4 women.... 4 — '"Crazy Horse" arrested at Spotted Tail Agency or attempting to induce the Indians to go to w'.r ... .Russians capture Lovatz after 12 h lurs fighting. . . 5— " Crazy Horse " is killed while trying to escape from the guard house at Camp Robinson. .. .7 — President ILnyea and party It^ave Washington for a visit to Cho and other States. .8 — Rev. Edwin Ilnl', D.D., professor of Theology at Auburn, died there. .The Catholic Bishop, Amocleus, died at St. Albans, Vt.,..9 — Nicsics surrenders to t'C Montenegrins. .The deaths from famine in Madras, India, reported to be about one million 11 — Yellow fever appears at Fer- nandina, Fla. . . .12 — The Brit th s-hips Av.i- bmclie and Foster collide off Portland, Eng, l!)4 persons drowned . . . .(ia;;ibetla sen- tenced to fine and impri-<(mmcnt for a politi* c 1 spe'ch, but the ca^e wns appealed and thy sentence never carried out. . . .Tlie Russians again repulsed at Plevna with terrible loss. . . .Herculano de Carvalho, Portuguese historian, 67, died at Lisbon.... 14 — Rev. Benjamin Schneid r, an enanent missionary to '1 urkey, died in Boston, Mass. . . .14 — The Amei-iean rifle team win the international match at Creedmoor. . . Four persons mur- dered by Chinamen near Rockton, Placer county, California. .. .Constantino Canaris, Brime minister of the Kingdom of Greece, b8, died at Athens, Greece 17 — The Presidential party cordially received at Louisville, Ky. . . .Chinese Quarters at Grass Valley, Cal , burned. .. .Soldiers' and Sail- ors' monument at Boston dedicated. . . .Queen Pomare, of the Society Islands, died there. ....18 — Eastern bound express train on Union Pacific R. R. robbed by thirteen men at Big Springs, Neb.; §78,000 taken H, M. Stanley, the African traveller, reaches St. Paul de Loanda (west coast of Africa), having crossed the continent and traced the ( 'ongo or Livingstone river from its source to the sea. . . .19 — Centennial celebi'ation of the brittle of Bemis Heights 20— Louis V. Bogy, IT. S. S 'nator from Mi^Fouti, 64, died at St. Loni-J, Mo. . . .21— Collision o'.i K. Y. Central R. R. near Rome, N. Y., three killed and several wourded. . . .Str. Olga sails from Alexandria, Kg^pt, towing the caisson con- taining the obelisk. . . .Great ba'tle of Biela, in whicli the Ru.-sia s are defe.itcil, losing 4,001) killed, 8,000 wounded 22— W. H. Fox Talbot, the fatlier of photography, 77, did in London, Eng ...23 — The famine in Imliii subsidincr, heavy rains having fallen in, many of the districts. . . .Urb.ine J.J. Lever- r ei-, astronomer, 66, died in Paris. . . .24 — • Patent Office at Washington parti.illy burned. . . . .President Haves in Va . . .Japanese iu- s-.r3:eitt leaders siain ana rebellion ended. . . .V hurricane iu Cura^oa, W. L, destroying two million of property and many lives. . . . Yellow fever raging at Vera Cruz; 140 deaths in Augi:st. . . .25 — The Montenegrins capture Goransko, Pina and Foit Grivica, and Vum Belek and surrounding villages. . . 26 — Lieut. Bullis crosses the Lio Grande ia ])ursuit of Mexican raiders. .. .Commodore J. M. Frailey, U. S. N., 69, died in Philadel- })h a, Pa.... 28 — Conference at Washington of S;oux Indians with the President. . . .29 — Osman Pasha again defeats the l^ussi-ans at Plevna. . . .Henry Meiggs, the great South 156 CHKONOLOGT. American railroad contractor, 66, died in Peru 80 — Village of Putnam, Conn., nearly destroyed by fire. ..Wm. ('. Gilmaii, a well known business nuin in N. Y., detecti d in forgery and swindling to the extent of $-30, ■ 000... .Lusuceessful attempt at revolution i:i Hayti. . . .Russians dcleat 4,000 Pa^hestan insurgents .... .Oct. 1 — Sioux delegates ar, Washington consent to removal to the new reservation recommended by the President. ....Heavy but indeci ive b:.tile in As:;i Minor between Russians and the Turks under Moukhtar Pasha, . . .2 — The Sultan confers the title of Ghazi (conqueror) upon Osman Pasha and Moukhtar Pas'^a .. .Womm suf- frage proposiiion defeated in Colorado.... Lewis Lillie, inventor and manuf tcturer of safes, died at Elizabeth, N. J 3 — Car shops of N. Y. Dry Dock R. R. Co. burned, loss $500,000. . . Boiler exjilosion at iSiieil- dertown, Ohio, tli'd; men killed and several others fatally injured. .. .Spanish troops de- feat 2,000 insurgents on the Looloo Is ands. ....Railroad accident between Woren-eli and Korstoff on the Don ; 400 Abchasian prisoners killed . . J. R. Bayley, D.D., Ri>- rnan C itholic Archbishop vi Baltimore, 63, died in Kewark, N. J. . . .Mme. Tere-a lit- jiens, prima donna, 43, died in London. . . . 4 — Centennial of battle of Germantown, Pa. .... Severe cyclone, doing great damage, along the S. and l*]. Atlantic const . . .Excui-- sion train v»recked near PhoBuixvilJe, Pa.; 12 killed and a number injured . . 5 — Col. Miles captures Cliiei:' Joseph and the Nez Perces after a three davs' battle. . . .6 — Great num- ber of Cuban insurgents surrender. . . .Wm. Gale walks 15 uiilcs in 1000 consecutive hours, begim.ing Aug. 26. . . .'J — -enator L. O. Bordeau died in Paris, France.... 8 — First suit under ths timber depredation l.iv s, in Mhmcsota, is decided lor the government. ....Severe e.trthqu!r)7''>,000 indemnity to Minister Lowell f )r losses by American citizens in .Cuba. . . .12 — Wm. C. Oilman (referred to in ii jpt ) surrenders himself and is sent to Stata pris(>n for five years.... 14 — The " Cleopa- tra's needle" encounters a heavy storm en route to Englatid. and is abandfjned off Cape Finisterre; is subsequently picked up ar:d taken to Fcrrol, S^ aiu. . . Republicans gain an overwhelming!: victory in the French elec- tio s. . . .15 — Prof. Pctess, of Clinton, N. Y., discovers a new pi. met of the eleventli mag- nitude. . . .Extra session of Congress opened at Tv'ashin:;! n ; Samuel J. Randall chosen speaker of the House. .. .Antonio Scialoja, eminent Italian lawyer and publicist, dies at Rome. . . .10 — 4,')00 N. Y. ci;;"ar makers on a strike.. .Ti ccdaio Barriere, drama; ic autiior died in Pa is . . .(ico. Kadley, M.D., Prof, of Chemistry, 04, died in Buffalo . . 1 7-Centennial celebration of surrender of Bnrgoyne at Schuylerville, N. Y. . . 19— Hcavv fighting at Kars 20— Fire in Portland, "N. B. ; "250 hu Mings burned ; 2,500 persons homeles-^. . . . 22 — Collierv exjilosion at High Llant\ i-o, Scot- laiid ; 200 lives lost . . 23 — Commission inter- \ iewed Sitting Bud at Foi t W,dsh,Can:aLi, but were unsucce.- sful . . . 24 — George L. Fox, pan- toniimist, 52, died at Cambridge, Mass . .Prof. .F;is. Orton, of Va^sar College, scientist, 47, di din Bolivia, S. An)erica. . .25 — The Turks repulse the Pussians at Phrygos .... 20 — Is- mail Pasha effects a junction with Mmikhtar Pasha. ...Ku Klux outra;:es in Clark Co., Ohio.... 91 deaths from Yellow Fever in Fcrnandina to date.... 28 — Edwin Adiims, acior, 42, died in Philadelphia, Pa. .Julia KaT< an; gh, novelist, 63, d ed in Nice, Italy.... Joseph Durham, sculptor, died in Lom'.on.... 29 — ]S. B. Forrest, ex-Confederate general, 56^ (.ied in Memphis, Tenn. .. .Meeting of Na- tonal Liberal League at Rochester. . . .E. W. Stougliton nominated as Minister to Russia, . . . 30 — John Walsh nominated as I.linister to England .Goldsmith M;ud, famous trot- ting mare, 21 years old, withilrawn from the turf. . . .Nov. 1 —Collision between freight and express trains on Philadelphia and Erie 1!. R. ; 6 men were killed. ..Wm. Gale, pedes- trian, London, completed 4,000 quarter miles in 4,000 consecutive periods of in minntea each, beginning October 20. . . .President Mc- Mahim gives a dinner to Gen. Grant at Ely- see, Paris. . . .Oliver P. Morion, U. S. Sen;itor from Indiana, and former Governor, 54. di d at Indianapolis. .. .Field Marshal Frederick Von Wrangel, 93, died in Berlin, Prussia.. . . 2— Chief Justice W. K. Draper, C. B., 77, died in Toronto, Canada .. .4 — E rthquika shocks throughout northern New York, New England, and the Eastern British Provinces, at 2 A. M. . . .5 — Bland Silver Bi.l passeil tho Hou^e. . . .6 — Elections held in 12 States . . . Gustav Brion, French painter, died in P;iris. ....Heavy battle near Erzeruin; Russians repulsed. .. .7 — Amelia, dowager Queen of Saxony, died in Dresden.... 9 — Insurgents in San Domingo increasing in numbers; alarm at the Capitol. .. .10 — Schooner 5Ia- gellan wrecked oa Lake Michigan; 8 lives lost. . . .Forty of ex Sultan Murad's servants strangled, for aiding in a conspiracy to rein- state him. .. .Martin Paine, M. D., LL. D., pro.'ess >r, tfec, 83, died iu New York City. . . . 11— Kiot in El Paso Cour.ty, Texas 12— Suit commenced by Cornelius J. Vanderbilt and his sister, Mrs. La Hau, to break their f thei's will . . .Prof. Watson, of Michigan University, discovers a planet of the 11th magnitude .... Great storm on the British coast; loss $1.200,000 F. Blodgett, Ex. Governor of Georgia, died at Atlanta. Ga. . . . Passage of the Army appropriation bill by the House. . . .13 — Henry Peters Gray, f.rt;.-t, 58, d.ed in New York City. . . .14 — Burning CHEONOLOGT. 157 crField, Leiter A Co.'s dry pjoods house Cin- ea'To- loss. $250,000. .. .BiH^'i-d match for the world's championship, S.xton beats (.'\- rille Dion . . .Tr.ms-Facilic Cable Company .r-anized to lay a Cable from Califori.ia to Japan..;a Honolulu; capital stock,$10,OnO,000. 15— Explosion of fire-damp, m Jermyn U>1- Uery. near Scranton, Pa.; a number killed aud injured . ■. . .Earthquake shocks m Iowa, Nebraska, and in the N. W. generally, and b to Tennessee .... Army appropriation bill amended and passed by Senate . 16— Pierre Lanfrev, Republican Senator of France, died at Veraill''3 18 — Russians capture Kart b7 a brilliant night assault . . -19— Fort Ed- ward Institute burned. . ..20— Julms kirchca, of Isew York, cremates his dead infant 2l_The Roumanians, after a three days' bat- tle, capture Rahova .. J"hn V. L. Pruyn LL I) Chancellor of Board of Regents of University of State of New York, died at Al- bany N Y 23— Steamship Alabama lost on coast of South America; W drowned ^ Diaz orders Trevino,with 2,500 troops, to the Rio Grande, to repel invasion by U. S. troops. Canadian Fisheries Commissioners, one dissentiu"-. decides that the II. S. shall pay Great Britain §5,500,000 for fishing in Cana- dian waters. . . .24— The revolutiou m Ecua- dor collapses. . .U. S. Steamer Huron wreck, d at Kitty Hawk, N. C; 100 lives lost. . .,2G— All nv'ht session of U. S. Senate 2,— Steaflier C. H. Northam burned in N. Y. Har- bor three lives lost , . . .27— Twenty colored peaiJe drowned and thirty horses swept aw.iy by a fl 'od at Buekhannon, Ya. . . .29— Work- ino-n.en's demonstration against the Chinese in'' San Francisco; Kearney comes to the front The insurrection in San Domingo sprcadVover the entire country 30— The Senate p:.s3 the Paris Exposition bill . . . T.irty mile Oil Pipe between Great Belt and Pittsbur'rh, Pa., completed Commodore C. N. B.°Caldwell, U S. N., died at Waliham, Mass . . .Dec. 2— Messrs. Moody and Sankey commence their labors in Providence, R. I. The leading merchants and manufactur- ers" of Paris appeal to President McMahon to yield to the majority, in the interests cf trade and of the International Exposition 2 — Steamboat Lotos burned on the Mississippi, near Waterloo, La. ; 11 livei lost .. Extra sv.ssioQ iu Congress closed and regular session opened .. .Attorney -General Connor of S. C resigned 4— Turks capture Elena. . . Robert Tyler, son of the late Ex-President, died in Baltimore Consul General Sturz, a German philanthropist, died in Berlin, Prus- sia 3 — Austria protests ap;ainst Seivia's p 'rVicipation in the Uusso-Turkish war . . .C -_Fi-o in Millerstown, N. Y., loss $200,000. Freneli ministry tender their res'gaa- ti'oVs, and Mc'jJa'-on'acccpts tliem M.Du- f.ure rrantr d perfect liberty in farming a new . Cablnc< by tho President Reports of ter- 1 rible famin'^. in Bulgaria 7— John A. Col- lirs alias Thorpe, hung in Auburn for th« murder of a fellow convict ...Erie canal closed Wreck of the Steamer European i 1 the English channel, no lives lost . . Rev. Dr. A. T. Bledsoe, editor and author, 69, died In Alexandria. Va Active Temper- anco crusade iu Baltimore, over 12,000 sign the pledge 9— $800,000 fire in Louisville, Ky . .Plevna surrendered unconditionally to the' Russians by Osman Pasha, 3 ',000 pris- oners and 11 guns surrendered. . . . 10 — Gen. John M. Harian, takes the oalh of office as Associate Justice of the United States Su- preme Court 12— The Grand Turkish Council at Constantinopl-; resolve t.) carry on the war to the last extremity Tie Czar visits Osman Pasha, and returns his sword. ... J. Cogswell Perkins, author. 68, died at Saiem', Mass 13— A new French Ministry announced ^ev. Samuel Sprir.g, L>. D., Congregationalist author, C.i, died in ILirt- ford'Ccmn 14— Town of Osceola, Mo., taken possession of by a masked raoh. . . . Sjiyia declares war against Turkey; the Turks burn and evacuate Elena An insur- rection in the province of Amyre, Crete . . . 15— The Poile asks the European powers to meuinte . The Servia'is cross the Turkish frontier at Pirot, and march on Kossovo, a: d on the 16th fortify the ho'gh'.s of Topolnitza and Secanika, commanding the defense at Nitzsch 16 — President Hayes nominates ex-GoT. R. C. McCorinick, of Arizona, Com- missioner-Gener.d to the Paris Exposition ._ . 17 — Ardar.itzsch.c.irricd by assault by Russians AH the powsrs except England, re use to interfere between Russi.i and 'i urkey . .D'Au- relle de Paladines, corps commander in IS^O- 71 , and life Senator of France, died in Paris . . 18— Texas State troops surrender to the mob at San Elizario Orders given ia Russia for the immediate mobilization of 6t>,000 more troops 19— Jas. Ballantinc, author, G9, died in Edinburgli, Scotland Reports of fandne in Norihern China. . . .Six persona suffocated with coal gas at Randolph, Mass. .Two children burned t ) deat!> at Newport, K Y 20— Explosion in Greenfield & Son's confectionary factory in New York, 15 lives lost Cabinet crisis in Germany ...Rus- sian loss by the war to date, oflieially stated at 80,412 men. . . Mercy B. Jackson, M_. D., Prof.' of disc 'ses of children, Boston Univer- sity, 75, died iti Boston 31— The famous racing iiuiro FU)ra Temple, died near Phila- delphia, aged 32 yea-s Prince Charles of Uoiunania. receives tlie Iron Cross f.oni the Emp' ror V/ illiam . . .22— Americaa Musf^um of Ka-ur.d Ili.-tory, a^. \ew York, formally opened by Pr'siie.it Hayes... Exci.si Com r.iissioncr Murphy cf New York, absconds with $50,000 of the public funds. . , .23 — The Porto ineffectupdlv attempts to depose Prince Milan of Servia'... Henry M. Stanley ar- CHRONOLOGY. rives at Aden, Arabia, on his way home. . . . Terrible snow stoi-ra in Roumania; hundreds of Russian soldiers and Turkish prisoners perish. . . .24 — Robert P. Parrott, (Parrott's rifled cannon,) i.'jventor, died at Cold iSpring^, N. Y....Mrs. Hatfield and three children drowned through the ice near Yarmouth, Ni , a Scotia. . . .The insurgents at Crete convoke the National Assembly to establish aPn vinc- ial government. . . . I he Servians are repul-!«'d at Yatic, but capture Ak-Palanka a'ter eight hours fighting .... 26 — Thirty thousand Ser- vians with I'iO guns inveet Nitzsch. . . .Mon- tenegrins defeat A Turkish force near Du'.cig- no. . . .George A. Bailey, publisher of tlie Congressional Globe, died at Deering, Me. . . 27 — The Servians arc repulsed atNovi Bazar and Pirot by the Turks. . . .28 — Explosion in the Stanton shaft near Wilkesbarre. . . .80 — The British Channel fleet and all commission- e 1 6l.ip.-5 under repair, ofdered to be ready for sea by January 15. . . .G. Dodge, M. D. . for several years superintendent Kew York State Inebriate Asylum, died at Binghaniton, N. Y. ...31 — Gustave Courbet, artist and communist, die J in Paris President Hayes' silver wedding celebrated in Wash- iagton, 1878. January 1 — John S. Randall, noted ento- mologist and numismatist, 60, died at Utica, N. Y. . . .2 — Albania invaded by the Monte- negrins. . . .Turks defeated at Bogrov. . . . St von men killed by a nitro-glycerine explos- ion at ISe2,annee, Mich. . . .Euiile Lambinet, French artist, 70, died in Paris. .. .3 — Rus- sians capture Sophia, in Central Turkey. . . . Communicaiion between Servians and the Russian army of the Yid. . . .Retreat of Sulei- man Pasha on Stalitza. . . .4 — Marquis Wilo- jolski, Polish statesman, died in London .... 5— Report of the massacre of 15,000 people 5n Kashgar by the Chinese. . . .Stanley wel- ronied at the court of the Khedive. . . .U. S. eteamer Kearsage driven ashore in Ports- mouth harbor. . . .John Orton Cole, 84, died \n Albany. . , .Gen. Alfonso de la Marmora, ital an soldier and statesman, 73, died in Florence, Italy.... 8 — Occupation of Sta- litza and Petrichero by the Russians .... Re- treat of Chnkir Pasha. . . .Don Francisco do la CTuerra, Mexican statesman, died in Mexi- co.. ..Count de Palikao, French Statpsuian and Senator, 81, diedin Paris. . . .9 — Russiaio Older General Radet.-ky capture entire Turk- isli army at Shipka Pass. . . .Resolutions in- troduced in the Massachusetts Legislature favoring a gold standard and condemning the Bland Silver Bill Victor Emanuel II, King of Italy, 57, died in Rome. . . .11 — Fer- nando Wood's investigation resolution passes the House. . . .Nissa captured by the Servians after a five days' battle. . . .Eski-Saghra and Yeni-Saghra occupied by the Russians. . . . Demetrius Bulgaria, Greek Statesman, died in Athens.... 12 — Great fire in London loss over $1,000,000 13— Central Super intendency of Indian aff'airs discontinued by order of Secretary Schurz 14 — Thirteen lives lost by the wreck of the schooner Little Kate, off Duxbur}-, Mass 15 — Sixleen pers' ns killed and a large number injured by a raih'oad accident near Tar.ff'ville, Conn. . . . $-.300,000 voted for the new State Capitol at Albany. .. .General McClellan inaugurated Governor of New Jersey. . . .16 — Lead City, Dakota, captured by border ruffiaiis Samuel Bowles, journalist f!-'pringfield Re- publican), 51, died at Springfield, ISliss. . . .17 — Four negroes killed by a mob at Lexing- ton, Ky. . . .Treaty of commerce and friend- sliip between the United states and Samoa signed .... 18 — Commodore George W. Hoi. lins, U. S. N., 79, died at Baltimore. . . 19— The Ohio Senate passes a joint resolution favoring remone ization of the silver dollar and passage of the Bland bill. . . .''lurks evacu- ate AdrianojDle. . .Ear.quet to Stanley at Paris. . . .Insurrection at Thes.«aly and Mace- donia..,. 21 — Cleopf.tr.i's needle arrives in England. .. .Strvian troops ocupy ^r.stina and Kar Shumli. . . Widdin completely in- vested and bombardment commenced. .. .E. \ K. Collins, founder of Collins' line of Steam- ships, 76, died in Ne>v York city. . . .22 — Russians occupy Adriam.plc. . . .23 — Mar- riage of Alfonso, Kiig of Spain, to the Princess Mercedes. . . .The Austrian Cabinet resigns. . . .Gen. Aug. Willich, 68, died at St. Mary, Ohio. . . 24— Earls of Derby and Carnarvon, of the British Ministry, resign . . . 25 — The U. S. Sena'e passes Matthews Silver resolution. .. .26 — Terrible famine reported in China; 9,000,000 people starving Wil- liam Gale completes a walk of a quarter of a mile every ten minutes for thii-.een consecu- tive days. . . .Dr. John Doran, a noted Eng- lish author, 70, di'^d in London .. 27 — Three islands in Lake Scutari captured by Monte- negrins. . . .George ]'. Gordon, inventor of the Gordon printing press, 67, died in Nor- folk, Va 28 — Defeat of tlie Turkish army at Raschasink by the Servians. . . .Revolt in Athens 29 — Turks defeated byThessalina insurgents on Mount Poli.n . . .^ir Edward S. Creasy, English historian, 65, died in Lon. flon SO — Joseph Ilihlebrand, German philosopher, 72, died in Germany. .. .31 — . Steamer Metropolis, Philadelphia to Brazil, driven ashore on Currituck Beach, N. C, and wrecked, nearly 100 lives lost. . . .Armistice signed between Russia and Turkey. .. .Feb- ruary 1 — Storm on tiie Atlantic coast, many vessels wrecked. . . .Panic in Constantinople. . . . Russians occupy Kazan. . . .Stranding of British steamer A^tarte at Castillos, and 30 lives lost. . . .Geiirge Cruikshank, F^nglish artist and designer, 85, died in London. . . 2 — Postal convention signed between the United States and Australia. . . .3— 8uO Red CHKONOLOGT. 159 ^'Sond Indians ^o upon tte war-path. . . .Oov. Wells, of Louisiaua, surrenders. . . .Cliaiies Thomas, brevet Maj.-Gen. U. S. A., 80, dies at Washing;ton, D. C . .VErzeioura 8urr<'i.- ders to the Russians. . . .An asyhini in Tieti- Tsia. Ciiiiia, burned with U,OviO persons. . . .5 —Prefect of St. Petersburg siiot by Veri Sassulitch. . . .6 — Russians t.ke possession of the fortifications at Coiistaatiiiople 7 — Giovanni M. M.-Ferretti, Pope Pius IX, 85, dies at Rome. . . .Conchision of Louisiana trial; Anderson cunvicted. . . .8 — Tornado at Augu.sta Ga....9 — lipirus insui-g-ents pro- claim a union with Gre2ce . . .Immense tidal wave on the toast of Peru. . . .Evacuation of Widdin, Rustchuk, Silistria, and Belgradshvik by the Turks .... 11 — bhip liritisli America and brig Carrie AVinslow collide off Handy Hook; several lives lost. .. .Gideon Wells, ex-Sec. of Xavy, 75, died in Hartford, Conn. . . . Charles M. Conrad, ex-LT. S. Senator and ex-Sec. of War, 73, died in Kew Orleuns, Lo. ....W;n. Welsh, philmthropist, 76, died in Philadelphia ...12 — Reception by Congress of Carpenter's picture of Abraham Lincoln. ... .13 —The British fleet entered the Darda- nelles. .. .Rev. Dr. Alexander Duff, mission- ary, 71, died at Lidmouth, Englaui,... Mother Teresa (Miss Mary Hannah Sewell), fo nder of a religious order, 87, died in Bal- timore. . . .14 — Turkish Parliament dissolve). . . . .15 — Opening of the Spanish Cortes. . . . Baj'ard Taylor nominated Minister to Ger- many.... 16 — Passage of che Bland silver bill. .. .Withdrawal of the British fleet to Madanea Bay. . . .Rev. Wm. Goodell, pioneer abolitionist, 85, died at Janesville, ^v is. . . . 17 — Fourteen persons drovv'ned by the sink- ing of the steuner C. R. Palmer. .. .Disas- trous fire in New York, two churches and six stores burned; I.jss §1,000,000 18 — Russia persuaded not t) occupy Constantino- ple . . .20 — End of the ten years' Cuban re- bellion .. .Cardinal Pecci elected Pcipe, and taken the name of Leo XlTl. . . .21 — Concur- rence of the House in the Senate amei dments to the silver bill, and the measure sent to the Presi.lent. . . .22 — National Greenback party organized at Toledo, Ohio. . . .ProC. Albert Smith, M.D., LL.D., 78, died at Peterbor..', N. H . . . . 23 — Passage of an act by the Utah legislature disft'anchising Gentiles ...24 — Collision .of a ferryb at and a schooner in the Hudson river ; several killed ...25 — R. \V. Tayl ir, first Comptroller of L". S. Treas- ury, died in Washington . . Hon. Townsend Harris, ex-U. 8. Consul to Japan, died in N. Y. City. . .General Duplcs-^is, French soldier, died in Paris. . . .26 — Distrucliva floods in Califomit, causing the lo-s of many lives. . . leather Angelo Sacchi, Italian astmn mier, 60, died in Pisa, Italy . . . 27 — The Bland sil- ver b 11 vetoed by the I'reident ...The Archbishop of Rennes dies there .28 — Passage of the Bland silver bill over the President's veto. . . .Reorganization of the New York State Military Association.,.. March 1 — Excitement in England, and prep- arations ado t\)r a conflict wiili Russia. . . . 2 — Duel between M. de Cassngnac and M. Thi;mpson ; the latter wounded in the thi-oat, . . . .henj. F. Wade, ex-Vice-l'resident of U. S. and ex-U. S. Senator, 77, died at Jeffer- son, O 3 — Signing of the treaty of Saij Stefano between Ruscia and Turkey. . . .Cor--, onation of Pope Leo XIll ...Great demon- s'ration at Pottstown, Pa., in opposition to the Tariff bill 4 — Tornado in Casey county, Ky., and several persons killed. . . , i\Ir. Porter, of Indianapolis, nominated for first Comptroller of the Treasury .... Con- firmation of Bayard Taylor as Minister to Germany. . . .6 — Hot Springs, Ark., nearly destroyed by fire. . . .6 — Judge Asa Briggs, ex-M C. and ex-U. S. Senator from N. C, 6^!, died in N. Y. City.... 7 — Opening oif It .liau parliament. . . .Count Paolo F. Schlo- pis, one of the "Alabama" arbitrators, an Italian statesman, 79, died in Italy. . . .The Archduke Francis, uncle of Emperor of Aus- tria, died in Vienna. . . .8 — Colliery explosion near Glasgow; great loss of life. . .9 — Print- ing of one and two dollar greenbacks re snmcd by the Treasury department. . . .Ter- rific wind and snow stcrm in the west ; snow 15 feet deep in the streets of Cheyenne, Wyo . . .10 — Outbreak of cholera in Arabia. , . . .Hurningof the transport steamer Sphin:j near Cape Elia, 7,000 Circassians perish. . . . Overthrow of President Baez of San Do- mingo. . . .11 — Disgraceful hazing aff..ir at Dartmouth College. .. .12 — Colliery explo- sion near Bolton, Eng.; 40 lives lost. . . .13 — Jefferson county. W. Va., swept by a terrific storm. . . . A. Viollet le Due, architect, land- scape painter and author, died in Paris. , . . 14 — Commodore Robert F. Pinkney, U. S. N., 66, died at Baltimore, Md....l5 — Commo- dore John H. Graham, U.S.N., 84, died at Newbury, N. H, . . .En-^land commences a war with the Caffres in South Africa. . . . 17 — Treaty of peace ratified at St. Petersburg. . . Robbery of the Le'-hmere bank, Boston. , . j 1 8 — Great strike of weavers in England .... 19 — O'Donovan Rossa riot in Toronto, Can. .... Anderson released by order of Supremo Court of La 20 -End of the HaytL re- IxiUion. . . .Prince BismarcVs ultimatum to Niciragua. . .Paul Boynton swims the Strait of Gibraltar. . . .22 — Five persons killed by a boiler explosion in Richmond, Ya. . . .23 — • Steamer Bla enta bursts a steam pipe near Sing Sing, N. Y.; six persons killed. . . . O'Lenry wins the international walking match in London. . . .4,000 houses destroyed by fire in Tokio, Japan. . . .John Allison, Register of the Treasui-y and ex-M. C, died in Washing- ton, D. C 24— Sinking of the British naval training ship Eurydice off the Isle of Wight ; 300 lives lo.:t. . .25 — A million-dollar 1(50 CHKONOLOGT. firo in Philadolphia. . . 26 — Fire in Kew York, loss $500,000. .. .27 — Forty persons killed by a coliiei-y explosion in North Staf- fordshire, Enj;^....28 — Glenni W. S.;otield confirmed as Register of the Treasury . . . 30 — Ex-1 'resident Grant received by the .Pope. . . .April 1 — Opening of the Mexican /ongress... Mai-quis of Salisbury becomes /Secretary of State in English Cabinet . . . 2 — Assassination of the Earl of Leitrim, clerk Rnd driver, in Derry, Ireland. 5 — Mob violence in Rhode Island cotton mills, Kent county. . . .20 persons killed and injured by an oil explosion at Mauch Chunk. . . .7 — Burning of the iJath, N. Y., poorhouse; 15 inmates perisli in the flames. .. .Boiler ex- plosion in a Boston factory, and several per- sons killed 9 — Thirteen buildings de- stroyed by fire in Galveston, Texas. . . .11 — Steeiiburg, the Amsterdam, N. Y., murderer, confesses to eleven murders. .. .Prince Na- poleon Lucien C. J. F. Murat died in Paris. . Ex-Chief Justice T. Bigelow, 68, died in Boston, Mass. . Rev. Geo. Putnam, D.D., 71, died in Boston, Mass . . 1 2 — Portions of Kansas swept by a tornado; great loss of life and property. . . .Wm. F. Tweed, 55. died in Kew York E. Delafield Smith, ex-U. S. Distiict Attorney, died in New York. . . .I)r. J. Peh- rendt, ethnologist, diediuGuafemaln, Central America. . . .George Tyler Bigelow, LL.D., 68, died in Boston, Mass 13 — Fifteen acres of Ciarksville, Tenn., burned over; jloss $500,000. . . .Oxford wins the boat race ■with Cambridge on the Thames.... 14 — ■ Canton, China, devastated by a hurricane accompanied by two water-spouts. . . .Town of Goa, Venezuela, destroyed by an eartii- quakc....l7 — Three murderers Ij'nched at lluntiville, Ala 18 — Collision between ■white and black miners, and a number killed, at Cold Creek, Ind. . . .19 — A general strike in the manufacturing districts of Eng- land .... Riots in Montreal Geo. W. Blunt, Pilot Commissioner iand author, 76, died in Ncvv York.... Rev. P. F. Lynden, Catholic Vicar-general of Boston, died there. 20— Rev. J. P. Dubreuil, D.D., Vicar- general of Baltimore, ]\Id., 63, died there. . . 21 — The Azor sails from Charleston, S. C, with 250 colored emigrants for Liberia. , . . 2'i — Promulgation of the Pope's encyclical asserting temporal power. . .Isihilist troubles in Russia. . . .Wm. Orton, President Western Union Telegraph Co., L4, died in New York. 23 — Dcstruciivo tornado in western Iowa 24 — Prof. Malaguti, chemist, 78, (lied in l^evre-, France. .. .26 — Geo. Grant, founder Victoria Colony, Kansas, died there. ... 27 — The B. relay street explosion, in is'ewYork ( i^y, b-ss $1,500,000.'. . .Delega- tion of distinguished Southerners entertained at Bos'on. ...8 — Gen. Todlcben appointed to succeed the Gra d Duke Nicholas in com- mand of the Russian army in Turkey.... Twenty persona killed by a boiler explosion at Dublin, Ireland. . . .30 — First contingent of British troops sent to Malta. . . .May I — . Opening of Pi,ri9 Exposition ..John Mor- rissc^v, gam'oler, ."^tute Senator and ex-M. C, 47, died at Saratoga . . 2 — Flour mill explo- sion at Minneapolis, killing 17 persons.... W. S. O'lirien, " Bonanza King," died at San liaiael, Cal. . . .4 — England trausjorts native troo})s from India to operate ag;.inst Russia. . . . .5 — Count Schouvaloff sets off on a mis- irion of peace ..6 — Packard nominated for consul at I-iverpool. . . .7 — An insurrection in Central Turkey; 21 Mohammedan villages destroyed. .. .U> — The Canadian parliament prorogued. . . .S. S. Sardinian burnc d at har« bor of Londonderry; three killed and forty injured. . . Troubles with the Mexicans on the Texas border. .. .The bankrupt act re- peal bill passed. . . .11 — Attempted assassin- ation of Emperor \\'illiamby lioedel. . .13 — Seventeen American vessels chartered by Russia. . . .Catherine E. Beechcr, educator and author, 77, died in Elmira, N. Y. . . 13 — I'rof. Jose h S. Henry, LL.D., si-ientist, Sec- reuiry Smithsonian Institute, 80, died in Washington, D. C. . . .Mrs. John Bright, wife of lion. John Bright, died at Rockdale, Eng. . . . .Maj.-Ge '. 'Ihos. S. .l)akin, celebrated rifle shot, 46, died in Brooklyn, N. Y. . .16— Cotton strike riots at Preston, Manchester and Burnly, Eng . , . 17 — The Potter investi- gation ordered by the House of Representa- tives. .. .Message from President Hayes on the fishery award ...18 — Meeting of the American Social Science Association in Cin- cinnati 19 — Forty persons burned to death in a Calcutta theatre. .. .Rev. S. M. Isaacs, journalist, 74, died in New York. . . . 22 — A pleasure steamer capsized in Grand River, Canada, and nine per-or.s drowned. . . Francis Peralto rode 305 miles in 14 hrs. and 31 min. at Fleetwood Park, N. Y . . . . 23 — An Indian outbreak in Montana. . . .24 — Great storm in Wisconsin, attended with loss ot life.. 25 — Duchess of Argyle died at Iv'.in- burgh. . . .John A. Bolles, naval Solicitor- general, 69, died in Washinii:ton. . . .Jno. Scott Harrison, cx-M. C, died at North Bend, Ind.... 28 — Invitations to the Berlin Con- gress issued by Germany. .. .Earl Russell (Lord John Rus.icU), formerly British Pre- mier, 86, died in J..ondon Eng. . . .30 — Seveie drought on tha Island of Jamaica. . . .Sink- ing of the German naval vessel Grosser Kur- furst in the English channel, and nearly 300 lives lost.... The body of the son of ex- President Harrison found in an Ohio medical college . . June 1 — Uprising of the Bannock Indians.. .2 — A tornado destrovs 100 houses in Rirhmond, Mo. .. .Wreck of the steamer Idaho on .the coast of Ireland. . . .Nobeling attempts the assassinatioi! of Emperor Wil- liam. . . .3 — Vera Sassulitch escai)es from the Russian authoritiea.. ..4' jO Russians luussa- CHRONOLOGY. 161 cred in Rotiraelia 6 — The Pope appeals to the powers to protect Catholics in Turkey. . . Rev. Nath'l Bouton, D.D., historian, 7Y, (lied at Concord. N. H....John Wingate Thorn- ton, historian, 60, died at Boston, Mass .... Gen. Neville Bai'aguay d'Hilliers, French Boldiv-T and statesman, 83, died at Paris. . . . Y — I'eace proclaimed in Cuba. . . .Colliery ex- plosion in Lancashire, Eng., killing 240 per- sons. . . .The act repealing the bankrupt law signed by the President . . . Five negroes lynched at Bayou Sara, La. . . .9 — Capt. Har- per's fi_;ht with the Bannock Indians. . . .Am- nesty granted to Cuban patriot piisoners. . . . Turkey selects two Christians to attend the Berlin Congress ...Bulgarians burn 19 vil- lages and commit horrible atrocities. .Earth- quake in Lisbon, Portugal. .. .John A. Mc- farahan, journalist and war correspondent, 33, died at Constantinople. ..Dr. Mannel Freyre, Peruvian Minister, dies at Washington, D. C. ....11 — Ten thousand natives killed by a toruiido in China. ... Adjournment of the French Senate and Chamber of Deputies. . . , Downfall of the Catholic Ministry in Belgium. . . . Wm. Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist, 83, died in New York. .Ex-King George of Han- over died. . . .13 — Meeting of the Berlin Con- gress . . .Prof. G. W. Keeley.LL.D., 73, died 'm Waterville, Me.... 14 — Messrs. Fenton, Groesbeck and Walker nominated as com- missioners to the International Monetary Con.^ress 18 — Col. Wm. M. Vermilye, founder of banking house, 72, died in New Yoj-k. ...19 — Schooner Eothen sails from New York for the Arctic regions in quest of the relics of Sir John Franklin. .Centennial anniversary of the evacuation of Valley Fori^e. . .Rev. Chas. Hodge. D.D., LL.D., theological professor and author, 80, died at Princeton, N. J . . . .Thos. Winans, of Baltimore, inventor and millionaire, died at Newport, R. I ... 20 — Hanlan defeats Morris in a sculling race at Hiilton, Pa. . ,■". Congress adjourns . . .Gen. FitzHenry Warren, 62, died jit Brimfield, Mass. . . .800 French Communists pardoned 22— Great fire in Montreal 23— Col. Geo. P. Kane, Maj'or of Baltimore, commercinltreaty ...Pierre ftoui.. 1^X11 " H.-iw3er Ni-htinarale." former i&ter to Spain, rebel Commisnoner, died in New Orleans, La 15— Commodore Schu- feldt's cruise to Africa Baron Von Pretis Cognoda intrusted with the task of formmg a new Austrian cabinet. . . .16— Convention signed between the Cretans and Jthe Turks. Kine persons killed by a panic in a colored Baptist Church, at Lynchburgh, \ a Gen Gideon J. Pillow, Mexican war and rebel General, died at St. Helena, Ark. . .lY ^A New Bedford whaler capsized, and 73 fishermen drowned 19— Passage of the (^,erman Anti-Socialist bill tenjamm H. latrope Jr., eminent civil engineer, 71, died in Baltimore, Md 20— Rear Admiral Hiram Paulding, U. S. K, 81, died at Hunt- ington, L. I. . . .20— The German Socialists S. Sleeper, "Hawser Nightingale," former proprietor of Boston Journal, 84, died in Bos- ton 17— Pas~anante attempts the life of Ilumburt T., of Italy Publication of Lord Salisbury's reply to Secretary Evarts on the fishery question 18 — Political massacre at Leniberg, Gemauy Destructive inunda- tion in Norwich, England Assassination of Don Manuel Pardo, Ex-President of Peru. .Serious loss of life by inundation of the riVe'r Save, at Pesth, Austria 20— A re- ward of §;50,000 offered for the recovery of A. T. Stewart's body and conviction of the thieves War begun between England and Afghanistan Duel between M. Gambetta and M. de Fourtnu ; neither injured 21 — Explosion at a coal mine at Sullivan, Ind., i"^^r.i,e 1 .iAiVin . body. K »d , .T„Ke;»"n,e. H.led a„d a ..n.nber i.ju.ed leave tlie Keiclistag ma "< ^'.V- • • .,, ^, _ . p.^ment of the fisheries award undei collision in Wales, and 12 persons killed and ' 20 iniured 21— Fifteen villages inundated by the Nile. . . .Rt. Rev. S. N. Rosecrans. R. (' Bishop of Columbus, and brother of Gen. Rosecrans, 51, died at Columbus 22— Resignation of the whole Italian cabinet 23 Pennsylvania visited by a wind-storm, and many people killed and injured Car- dinal Paul Cullen, 75, died in Dublin. . . .25— Loss of tlie steamer City of Houston, on the Florida coast Moncasi attempts the assas- sination of King Alfonso, of Spain. . .^27-- i Robbery of the Manhattan Bank, New \ ork. 28— Strike of 3",000 Clyde iron workers. "!. Bulgarian insurrection spreading Arrival in Ireland of Lord Dufferin 30— Resignation of the Grecian Ministry 31— Terrible ravages of cholora in Morocco Steamer Halvetia, from Liverpool to New York runs down and sinks the British coast- guard cruiser, Fanny, and 17 lives lost. .. ^lov 1 — Great conflagration in Maynooth Col- Ico-e' Ireland Extensive strike in English ct^ton-spinning district Garnier Page, French statesman and historian, died m 1 aris. 3— Christopher R. Robert, philanthroi.ist, f .under of Robert College, Constantinople, 77, died in Europe 6— Jean Jaqnes Fazy, Swiss statesman, died in Switzerland. . . .7— Robbery of A. T. Stewart's grave in New York ' Appeal of Mormon women in Utah a^ainet 'polygamy.... H. W\ Bache, U. S. . .Payment of the fisheries award under protest by Minister Welsh in London. . . Rus- sian Gen. Kauffman's extraordinary assur- ance to the Ameer British success in Klivber pass. . .23— Arrival of the Sarmatian at Halifax with t!ie Marquis and Marchioness of Lome on board .. .24— Unveiling of the Humboldt statue at St. Louis 25— Sink- ino- of the steamer Pomerania by a collision nelr the English coast, with the loss of twenty lives . . .27— Khurum Fort occupied 1 by the British . . . Flight of the Afghan gar- I rison to Peiwar Fifty persons jump off » ferry boat at Liverpool, and are drrwned, owin"- to a panic 11 obcrt Heller, magi- cian,'45. died in Pliilade'phia. . .28— Louia A. Godey, proprietor of "Godey's Lady's Book," 76, died in Philadelphia English forces enter Khyber pass, in Afghanistan 29 Riot in Breathitt county, Ky. . . .Lyman Tremaine, ex-M. C. aud ex Attorney Gtneral of N y., 60. died in Albany Col. Robert Chustre Buchanan. U.S. A., 67, died in Wash- inutoD. D. C . . .Commodore Wm. T. Spicer, US N.', 57, died in Washington Dec. 1— Collision on the Mississippi between the steamers Charles Morgan and Cotton Valley ; sinkin" of the latter with the loss of 20 lives.". Geor-e H.Lewes, author, husband of "George Eliot," died in London Al- fred Wigan, an actor, died in London 2— Openitig of the International Dairy Exhibi- 164: CHKONOLOGT. lion in New York city . . . .Congrepg con- venes. .. .lit. Rev. JosepVi V. 1\ Wilmer, professor, Bishop of New Orleans, died there . . 8 — Evacuation of Jelallabatl by the Ameer'a forces ; twtnty villaoies burned and Tiiost of the iuhabitunts massacred by the ^Macedonian insurgents 4 — Opening of itlie En;:i,lish parliament. .. .Formution of a 'new Turkish Ministry. .. .General Roberts wins a victory in Peiwar pass. . .5 — Ovation to Emperor William on his return to Berlin. ....Capt. Whyte Melville, novelist, died in England. . . .Senor Rivero, chief of the pro- gressionists and democrats in Spain, died there. . . .7 — Arrest of an American, Romer, in Ctstantinople, charged with conspiracy against the Sultan. . . .8 — Failure of the West of England Bank. , . .9 — I'ublicaiion of the Ameer'a reply to the Viceroy of India. . . . British Consulate at Adrianople raided by the Russians 10 — Banishment of Mah- moud Damad Pasha to Tripoli. .. .Heavy floods in New York and various other States. . . . .James H. Monalian, Chief Justice of Common Pleas and privy councillor, 73, died in Dublin. . . .Henry Wells, founder of \\ ells College, and Wells (fc Fai;go's Express, 73, died in Glasgow, Scotland. . . . 11 — Discovery of rich silver fieMs at Leadville, Colorado. . . . .12 — A general u]n'ising reported against the authority of the Ameer in Afghanistan. . . . .The commandant of Fort Ali-Musjid blown fnmi the ujouth of a cannon. . . .'i lie Afghans plead for peace . . 14 — Abdul Ke- rim and Redif Pasha bani-hed to Rhodes. . . The Princess Alice Maud Mary, of England, Grand Duchess "f Hesse Darmstadt, died at Darmstadt of diphtheria, aged 35 years. . . . 16 — Cholera and f miiuo carrying off thou- eands of people in Morocco. . . .Severe busi- ness depression in England. . . .17 — Gold at par in New York city for the first time in 17 years. .. .John H. Almy, journalist and foi'- mer army agent, 48, died in New York. . . . 18 — Execution of Jack Kehoe, leader of the Molly Maguires. .. .Steamer Byzantin sunk in the Dardanelles, and 100 lives lost.... Formition of a new Italian Cabinet. . . .19 — Bayard Taylor, author, traveller and poet, American Minister to Germany, 53, died in Berlin.,.. 20 — Jelnllabad occupied by Gen. Browne. . . Flight of the Ameer from Cabul t» Turkestan ...21 — Reported loss of the brig C. R. Burgess, bound from Boston to England, with all on board. . . .Rev. Dr. Mc- Cauley, principal of King's College, Windsor. N. S., d,ie 1 there . . .24 — Accident on the Lehi.rh Valley Railroad, and five persons killed . . . American steamship State of Loui- fiiana founders upon the rocks of Lough Larne, Ireland . . Hear Admiral Hofif, U. S. N., 69, died at Washington, D. C Rev. Jos. B. O'llacran, S. J., President of College of Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass , died there. ....26— ev. Lejuard Woods, D.D., LL.D., Ex-President of Bowdoin College, died ii> Mass. . . .Submission cf Yakoob Klian, son of tlie Ameer, and virtual ending of the Afghan war. . . .The capital of Nortiiern Brazil de- vastated by small pox ; CiiO deaths daily. . . . 27 — Arrival of the Ameer of Afghanistan at Tashkend. .. .News received of the loss of the steamer Emily B. Souder, two days out of New Y^ork, on the 10th inst., with the loss of 36 lives, . . .Gen. D. C. CoUum, Superin- tendent of Railways and Army Transjjorta- tion, during the war, and former Superin- tendent of Erie Railway, died in Brooklyn, N. Y....Rev. Geor..ie Thacher, D.D., ex- President of the University of lowa, died in Hartford, Conn. . . .Ex-Go v'. Onslow Stearns, of New Hampshire, died in Concord, N. H. . . Nitro-glycerme explosion at Up]>er Preak- ness, N. J., killing three men.... 30 — Har- riet Grote, widow of George Grote, author- ess, died in London. 1879. January 1 — Special payments resumed; large cotton fire, Charleston, S. C... 2 — > Caleb Gushing died 6 — British cavalry d"feat Afghans. . .Morton McMichael died. . . 7 — Astrakhan plague in Russia. .. . Opening rnado; resolution ii I'anama. . . .19 — Explosion of gaa in coai mine at Depjiriure Bay. . ..Uailroad accident on Hannibal and St. Josi'ph road. . . . Massacre of Christians by Albanims. . . .2fi — Military law declared in six Russian pro- vinces. . . .21 — Ge&. John A. Hix died . . .22 — Subsidiary Silvrr Coin bill pa.Hsed by C^n- fress....23 — Lord Chelmsford relieves the eleaguered tro()))S of Col. Pi-iirson at Eiowe, after defeating the Zulus at Ginglelwa, South Africa . . .Seven men burned i.i coal mine at Wilkesbarre, Pa.; attempt ti assassinae Ed- win Booth at McVicker's Theatre, Chicago. . . .24— E. W. I'almsr shot and kill^dby fn-. Cabell near Danville, Va ...25 — Bi.^hop Ed- ward R. Ames, of M. E. Church, died 23 — Earkentine Velocity sunk at s-a near New York by steimer City of Rio. . . .27 — Silver wedding celebration of Emperor and Empress of Austria, .at Vienna. . . .Ex- Judge George C. Barnard died. . . .Gen. Alfred Sully, U. S. A., died... 28 — Seven men rescued from mine at Wilkesbarre, Pa... 29 — President Playes vetoes Army Api)ropriation bill ; Prince Alexander of Biittenburg elected King of Bulgaria, under title of Alexandi-r I. . . 30 — City of OiMuburg, on the Ural, ia Russ'a, nearly destroyed by fire. . . .May 1— Chas. F. Freeman, of Pocassett, Me., killed his daugh- ter, Edith, aged five years, as a religious 8 icrifico, believi.ig that she would be restored to life in three days. . . .4 — Riot at Coik, Ireland 5 — Fatal explosion of nitro- glycerine, and 100 cars wrecked at Stratford, Canada. .. .Porter and Johnson (negroes) lynched at 1; t;irkville. Miss.... 6 — Edward Parr murdered his daughter, Mrs. Irwin, at Philadelphia. .. .Johnny Dubba arrested for Manhattan Bank r jbbery . . . ." Red Leary" escaped from Ludlow Street Jail. . . .7 — New State Constitution adopted in California ^-Yokoob Khan treats for jieace with the Eng- lish. . . .'Longshoremen's strike in New York City ...9 — Four Thousand Nihilists sent to Sibei-ii. . . .10 — llear-Adrniral Enoch G. Par- rott, U. S. N , died. . . .11 — Pope Leo XIII. appointed five ciirdiri.il priests and three car- dinal dc'acons, Dr. John Henry Newman, of England, among t'le cardinal-; . . .Cetewayo's youngest brother surrenders to the English; death of one of t c King's brothers coufumed. . . . .15 — Floods and destruction of villages in Hungary; more arrestsof Nihilists in Russia; International Congress in session at Par's on project for canal across Istlunus of Panama; Jacob Staempfli, member of Court on Ala- bama Claims, died.... 16 — Greater part of Lubin, Poland, burned 17 — Judge Asa Packer died. . . .18 — Steam-launch Louisa cap- sized OK TTo^'s Back, near New York, and three lives lost 19 — Ex-Commissiouit James h'. Nich Ison died; p ipular vote ia Sivitzerland ag.dnst le-ostablishment of c pi t.d punishment 20 — Herr Von Forcken- beck. President German Par. lament, resigned; Charles Cohb sentenced to life imp.risonment for the murder of Wesley Bishop, at Norwich, Conn. ..21 — Herr Scidnitz elected President German Parliament 22 — N> w York elevat 'd railroads leased to the Manhattan Company. .. .Receiver appointed for City of Memphis, Tenn. . . .23 — I'he 13th regiment, N. G. S. N. Y., arrive at Montreal to p.aitici- pate in celebration of Queen Victoria's birth- day. . . .24 — Peace negotiations between Ma- jor Cavagnari for Great Britain and the Aiheer of Afghanistan... Queen Victoria's Ijirthday celebrated at Montreal. . . .William Lloyd Garrison did. .. .Warner Silver bill passed 25 — Dedication of St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York city... 27 — Professor Nordeuskjold's vessel, Yvgi, arrives at Behring's Stracits, via the Northwest Passage ... .Treaty of peace between Great Britain and Afghanistan s'gned at Grandamark by Major Cavagnari and Yakoob Khan. .. .Sir Garnet Wolsley made s'iprcme commander of British forces in South . Africa ... .28 — The Wyse-Panama route for interoceanic canal recommended at Paris 29 — Desperate nival encounter off Iquique, Peru, between Cliiilian wooden vessels and Peruvian iron- clads, all being sunk except the Huascar (Pe- ruvian) The Colon- Aspinwall route for interocanic canal anopted at Paris. .. .30 — • Cetewayo, the Zulu King, defeats a deserting force, his brother slain. . . . Alarming eruption at Mount Etna 3i — Portuguese cabinet resigns . . Jnne 1 — Louis Napoleon, Prince Imperial of France, slain in South Africa by the Zulus. . . .Lepers sent from San Francisco to China. . . .2 — Kelly and Shevelin held for the Manhattan Bank burglary. . . .Glenn re- leased. .. .Great strike of iron-v/orkers at Pittsburgh, Pa ...3 — M. do Le3sep3 begins in Paris the formation of an luttroceanic Canal Company. . . .Baron Lionel de Roths, child died. .,4— Famine in Cashmere officially reported to be beyond exaggeration. . . Jam«3 O, Woodruff, of Scientific Expedition, died. . . 6— The Test-oath bill passed by the U". S. Senate. . . .7— Solovieff of Russia, who at- tempted to kill the Czar, sentenced to be hong . . . .King Ce'ewayo desires terms of peace. . . 8 — Elanqni, Fre'ich Socialist, pardoned.... 9 — Eruption of Mount jEtna almost ended. . . Solovieff executed at St. Petersburg 10— Commandora Foxhall A. Parker died. . .11 — Germany celebrates the golden wedding of Emperor William and the Empress August:i . . . .Mrs. Jane L. De Forest Hull murdered in New York by the negro Chastine Cox. ..12 — ■ Kir.g of Burmah murders royal princ s . . . - 13 — Washiigton Monument bill passed. •• CHEONOLOG"i . 167 14 — Striko of cotton-spinners at Full River, Mass. . . I'j — Jud^e Dorinan, of Viigiiiiu, died . . . .17 — A terrible earthquake occurs ia tlie Etna region. . . . 18 — Earthquake in Sicily. . . 19 — Miss Lilian Duer, convicted of man- elaughter at Snow Hill, Md., for the shooting of Ella Hearn, and fined 15 lO . . .23 — Chas- tino Cox, the murderer of Jlrs. Hull, arrested in Boston 24— G. N. M. Reynolds, the noveli.t, died. . . .25 — lasurreotion in Algeria ended. .,26 — Ismail Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, deposed, .nnd his son. Prince Moliammed Tewfik, appointed his successor. . . .Joseph A. Blair shoots and kills his coachman, John Armstrong, at Montclair, N. J.... Albert Weber, piano manufacturer, died. ...28 — Fatal ex[)losion of boilers of steamer May Que-n on Luke Minetonka. Minn. . . .29 — lie- ported that King Cetewayo ha3 sent more peace messengers to Lord Chelmsford. . . .Tlie ex-Khedive departs from Egypt. . 30 — Sutro tunnel, Nevada, completed. . . .Sir William Fothergill Cooke, constructor of first teleg -aph line in England, dies . . . .Edison completes his electro-motograph telephone. . . .July 1 — Ex- tra session of Congress adjourned. . . .Prince Jerome Bonaparte declared head of Napole- onic dynasty . . . United States Board of Trade incorporated 2 — Whale weighing 4,60J lbs. captured off Sandy Hook. . First Hebrew National Convention. . . ,3 — John Dimon, an old shipbuilder, died. . .Joseph A. Blair found guilty of manslaughter by coroner's jury and held for trial in N.J... .4 — John F. Seymour mysteriously shot and killed Professor Goldsmith shot. . .T — Steamer Jeannette sails on Arctic exi:)edition. . . .Bulgarian fortresses demolished. . . .8 — Reported assasainalion of Nagle, the Fenian informer . . Centennial an- niversary of burning of Fairfield, Conn. . . . 9 — Czar of Russia grants r^^'ligious liberty to dissenters. . . .Order for sale of Atlantic and Great Western Railway issued by Judge Tib- bals, of Ohio. . . .Breaking out of yellow fever at Memphis, Tenn. . . .10 — Sir G„rnet Wolse- ley arrives in South Africa ...Remains of Prince Louis Napoleon arrive in England. . . . Flight of residtuts of Memphis, Tenn. . . .Je- rome Bonaparte assumes leadership of Impe- rialist partj' in France. . . .Captain James C. Luce, formerly of Collins Line steamers, dies . . . .ex-Governor William Allen, of Ohio, died . . . .Jetty channel at Mississippi river com- pleted. . 11 — Powder-mill explosion at Wilkes- barre. Pa. . .12 — Reception to Duke of Argyll at Boston. . . Funeral of Prince Louis Napoleon in England. .. .14 — Ciiastine Cox arraigned for murder of Mrs. Hull.... 16 — Centennial celebration of the battle of Stony Point. . . . Christian A. Zabriskie, N. J. millionaire, killed. .. .Duke of Argyll sails for England .... 1 1 — Rev. Mr. ' Vosburgh, charajed with attempt to kill his wife, in Jersey City, gets a divorce from her in Dakota. . . .Chastine Cox condemned for murder. .. .Steamer State of Virginia lost at Sable Island. , . .18 — Gather- ing of Orleans princes at Geneva. . . .General William Barry, commandant at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Md., died. . . .New cases of yellov* lever at Memj)hi3. . . .19 — Stay of executiuu of Chastine Cox . . .Collision betwe3n steaiu».r Santiago de Cuba and steamer Scotch Grey? . . . .Lite of King of Belgium threateuer. . .^ Henry D. I 'aimer, t'leatrical manager, dies i» London. .20 — Yellow lever panic at Memphis, Tenn. . . .Great fire at Nijni Novgorod, Russia . . .21 — New cases of yellow fever at. Meaipliis . . . .22 — General Miles has fight with Sioux . . . .Charles LaLidseer, brother of Sir Edward Landseer, dies . . .strike of spinners at Fall River, Mass. . . .General Donald ISlcLeoddead . . .23 — Colonel Buford sentenced for murder of Judge Elli itt. . . .25 — Dis:nissal of Lieuten- ant-Governor Letellier of Quebec . . .26 — Ira D. Sankey, the evangelist, returns Ironi Europe . , . .ex-U. S. Senator Robert W. .lohnsondied 27 — John Welsh, U. S. Minister to Eng- land, resigns. . . .28 — Arrival of immigrants from Iceland to form a new colony. . . . Baron von Gerolt, Privy Councilor to Emperor William, dies. .. .Duke Frederick William died. . ..29— Hon. Bland Ballard, U.S. District Judge for Kentucky, died. . . .31 — Col. John V. Du Bois, U. S. A., died Major George S. Hunter, U. S. A., died August 1— Thirteen deaths from yellow fever i a Memphis, Tenn . . . .4 — William M. Ward, t.ie actor, dies Zulu chiefs demand a white king. . .Town of Volcano, W. Va., burned.... 5 — Charles Fechter, t!ie actor, died. .. .Chilian blockade of Iquique raided 6 Keith J ihnson, African explorer, died . . .7 — Exchange bank of Montreal, Canada, fails. , . .8 — Increase of yellow fever at Memphis. . . .Protest of Sec- retary Evart3 to foreign powers against Mor- mon immigration Serajyvo, capital of Bosnia, buined, 10,000 people homeless. . . . the Ville Marie (Canadian) Bank su'^pends... . 9 — Yellow fever at Memphis daclired epi- demic. . . .Meeting of Emperors AVilliam and Francis Joseph at Ga-tei i. . . .Major William Leland died.... 11 — Riot in Belfast, Ireland . . . .Earthquake in St. Thomas. . ..12 — Georga Long, the English scholar, died.... 13 — De^ falcation in mills at Fall River, Mass... Steamer Semiramide sunk at sea by steamer Corsica. . . .14 — Great demand in England for American iron.. .Bishop Odenheimer, of New Jersey, died.... 15 — Failure of James Mc- Henry in London — Reported arrival of Amer- ican Arctic exploring vessel Jeannette at the Aleutian Islands. . . .Riot in Quebec, Canada . . . .10 — Thirty-one new cases of yellow fever at Memphis. . . .20 — Distress among laborers in England. . . .21 — Meeting of Bar Associa- tion at Saratoga. . . .23 — ilev. I. S. KallDch, Workingman's candidate for Mayor of San Francisco, shot by Cha:'les De Young 25 — • Great damage by rain to crops ia England... . 26 — Ludwig Vogel, the Swiss artist, died. . . . 168 CHRONOLO'ptomber 1 — lieiurn of amnestied feommuuisti to France . . .2 — Northwest pas- siige effectal by Professor Nordenskjold. . . . Refusal of Pope Leo XIII. to intprfere with Alfonso and 1>mu Carlos.... 3 — Francis IJal- gtead, the English art dealer, died . . . .4 — Carlotta Patti married to Ernest de Muncic. . . 6 — I. S. Kalloch elected Mayor of San Fran- cisco, Cal . . seven lives lost (m Lake Ontario . . Juilge Kerr, ofthe North Carolina Superior Court, died . ..6 — L onard Monti-fiore, nephew ©f Sir Mosc* Montefiore and Sir Anth'my Rothschild, dies. . . .Famine in China . . .V — Major Cavagnari and staff massacred by the Afghans at Cabul. . . .Connt Amadee de Noe, the French caricaturist, dies. .. .8 — Opening life-saviug stations on Atlantic coast. . . . William Sinrris Hnnt, the American painter, died '..9 — Review of military at Toronto, Can., by Marquis of Lome... 10 — William AVilliams, pres.deut of Bullock Printing-press Company, dies . . .Rev. William Pattern, ]).D., died. . ..11 — Rumored death of Afghan Ame r ....Secretary Evarts in Canada to discuss fishery question 12 — King Mtesa, of Africa, frees 500,000 slaves. .. .14 — Cuban slaves demand freedom and leave plantatifju ....15 — Arrival of General Grant at San Francisco. . . .Rear- Admiral Chas. Boardman died 16 — John D. Long nominated for Governor of Massachusetts. . . Bishop Baring, uncle to Lord Northbrook, Viceroy of India; died. ,. .1Y-— General Kirham, while bearing message to Queen Victoria from Abyssinia, died. . . .18— Daniel Drew died at N. Y. city . . . .Close of the Zulu war in Africa. . . .19 — Piano-makers strike in N. Y. city . . . .20— Re- ception to General Grant at San Fiancisco... . 21 — Bismarck makes mysterious vis^its to .Vienna Rev. Joseph Thompson, D. D., iJ>L.D., died at Berlin. . . .22 — Indian raid in Arizona. . . . Treat v between Indians and Mex- icans. . . .Chief Sitting Bull fights a duel. . . . Robert Goelet, millionaire, of N, Y. city, died ....23 — Hon. J. Warren Woodward, Justice of Supreme Court, Pennsylvania, died . . 24 — Rev. Dexter Lounsbury shot by his wife at Stratford, Conn. . . .26 — King Cetewayo ia Cape Town Castle. . . .Great fire at De id- wood, D. T....27 — Archbishop McKinnnn, of Antic st I, N. S., died. ...28 — Yakoob Khan and General Roberts meet . . . .Gates of Cabul closed... 29 — W. H. Cooper, the American forger, arrested in England October 1— John Josper, Jr., succeeds Mr. Kiddle as Superintendent of 1 ub ic >ichools. . . .Pietro Ba'.bo kills his wife at 14 Rose street. . . .2 — (Jvrus W. Field erected monument to Major Andre, the British spy. . . .Eleven new yellow fever cases in Memphis 3 — Derrick for moving C'leopatra's Needle shipped. . . .Pietro Balbo, wife murderer, captured. . ■. .New Gov- ernment at Port-Au-Prince. . .4 — Correspond- ence with lottery-dealers prohibited . . . .First battle at Shutargardan Piss, between Eng- lish and Afghans . . .5 — Blair trial begun in New Jersey. . . .6 — Great famine in Ca.shmere ...Stannard murder trial begun at New Haven. . . .0 — 100th anniversary of the siege of Savannah and death of John Jasper. . . .11 — A balloon, supposed to be Prof. Wise's, found near Milwaukee ...General Roberts's army enter Cabul. . ..11 — Miss McDonald shot v'-'ylvester llickey in Cincinnati. , . .Embezzler W alter Paine, of Fall River, Mass., arrested in Quebec . 13 — English enter Cabul.... Henry C, Carey died ...14 — Charles Foster elected Governor of Ohio. . . .16 — Dr. F, J. Lemoyne cremated at Washington, Pa .... 17 — Death of Bishoji Whittingham, of Maryland . . .18 — Major Thornbnrgh's remains reach Rawlins, W. T . . .19 — One thousand persona drowned by floods in Spain . . .22 — Montauk Point, L. 1., sold to Arthur W. Benson, of Brooklyn, for $151,000 ...Jos. A. Bluirac quitted of Armstrong's murder. . . .23 — York- town, Va., centennial anniversary celebration . . . the Egyptian obelisk delivered to Amer- ican representatives. . . .26 — Tlie Ute Indians make overtures of peace.... 28 — Memphis fever quarantine raised. . . .29 — Robert Bon- ner's stock sale at N. Y. city. . . .Murderer Cox's appenl in Supreme Court. . .John BLicb wood, the English publisher, died.,.. 30— Marx will case opened at N. Y. city. . . .31 — Lady Gooch, wife of Sir Francis Gooch, died ...General Joseph Hooker died.... Rev. Jacob Abbott, and J. B. Buckstone, the Eng- lish comedian, died. . . .November 1 — Senator Zachary Chandler died. . . .2 — I)isastrou3 fire- damp explosion in a coal mine at Mill Creek, Pa.... Mound City, 111., nearly burned.... 4 — Alonzo B. Cornell elected Governor of Jfew York 5 — Rear Admiral William Reynolds, U. S. N., died. . . .6 — One hundred lives lost by floods in Jamaica . . . 7 — Fatal fire in Kansas City, Mo .... Steamship Arizona crushes into an iceberg off the Newfoundland coast. . . .Steamer C hampion sunk by ship Lad/ Octavia 14 — At a fire at No. 80 Cannon street. New York, five persons are killed, including an entire family named Botzski, and Fireman Patrick J. Lvnch is badly injured 17 — Laying of the new French Atlantic telegraph table completed between Brest, France, and North Eastham, Ma.S3....18 — Steamer Shenandoah sunk in Indian Ocean. . . .19 — The statue of Gen. Geo. H. Thomas unveiled at Washington Rev. Ethan Allen, the oldest Episcopal minister in U. S.,died 20— Danish steamer Bellas lost . . .21— Wm. H. Vanderbilt sold $20,000.n00 stock of New York Central Railroad. . . .22— • CHBONOLOGT. 169 Anti-renfc agitation iw Irelanrt. ... 24 — At Slijjo the examinatiou of the Irish State pris- oners is begun, Mr. Parnell attending. . . . John T. Delane, editor London Tunes, died.. . 27 — Paris restored to the "fpgal title of capital of France. .. .Massacre of Ahmed Mukhtar Pasha, Turkish general, and his body guard in Montenegro. .. .29 — Cliilian Minister to England confirms the report that the Chilians have captured Iquique. . . .Alfonso XII., King of Spain, married to Archduchess Marie Chris- tina, of Austria, at Madrid. . . .3U — General Jeff C. Davis died. .. .December 1 — Second sessio 1 of the Forty-sixth Congress begun. . . . 2 — Attempt made to kill the Czir of Russia by exploding an infern;il machine in the streets of Moscow. . . .3 — William C. Oilman, the forger, pardoned by Governor Robinson . . . .Y — Judge W. W. Ketcham, of Pennsyl- vania, died 8 — A. M. Lay, M. C, of Mis- souri, died at Washington, I). C. .9 — Mahmud Jan, the Afghan, defeats the British. . , .11 — Dr. Enoch Cobb Wines, prison reformer, died . ..12 — rhe town of Red Hock, Pa., destroyed by tire. . . .15 — Calcraft, noted English han:^- raan, died. . . .17 — News received of a crush- ing defeat of the Peruvian army by the iDhilians at the battle of San Francisco, Nov. 26....Ayoob Khan, the Afghan Governor, deposed . . .22 — Judge Geo, P. Scarborough, of Virginia, died.... 23 — Gen. Roberts de- feats the Afghans on Cabul Heights ... Steamship Borussia foundered, 300 lives lost 26 — John K. Hackett, Recorder of the wounded. . . .Provincial Parliament buildings at Victoria, Australia, burned .11 — ''Stand- ing Bear" relates the hardships of the Ponca Indians before the Senate Committee. , . .Dr. Williiim S. Clupley, Superintendent Cincin- nati Sanitarium, dies. .. .12 — Abraham Lin- coln's birthday celebrated in New York . . . A large grain elevator in Chicago blown down. . . .13 — Dr. Alexander Keitli, traveller and author, dies in London, aged 89 . . . 14 — Gi;n. Carlos Bulteriield, U. S A., died in Washington, aged 66... Nordersljold ar- rives at Naples and is warmly welcomed. . . . The Princess Louise injured at Ottawa, Ont. . . 17 — James Lenox, founder Lenox Library, dies in New York, aged SO. . . Rev. J. B. Jeter, Baptist author and journalist, dies £.t Hichmond, at^ed 78... Attempt to assa-*i-- nate the Czar at St. Petersburg. . . .18 — The Inter-Oc 'anic Canal discussed in Congress. . . 19 — Constautine l^rumidc, fresco painter to the Government, dies in Washingtun, aged 75 20 — The alliance between Peru and Bolivia bioken. . . Ilhe Turconians defeated by the Russians . . 21 — The Hudson River opens its entire length . . 22 — Gen. Grant arrives at Mexico and is publicy welcomed.. . Colonel Syngeand wife are captured by Greek brigands ...Panchot wins a walking match in Boston Washington's birthday ob- served throughout thu' United States. . . 23 — A British ironclad ordered to talonica in consequence of tlie capture of Col. Synge .... Several students in Moscow arrested on a charge of setting fire to an academy. . . .24 — Freight trains running across the ice at Mon- treal.... An earthquake in Cuba . Arrival of Count de Less.^ps in New York city. . . .26 — Gen. Louis MelekoiT appointed Military Di- rector in Russia . . 28 — Citizens of Kansas and Arkansas organizing to invade the In- dian Territory . . . A baud of Indians in New Mexico routed by U. S. troops... 29 — Mt. Sb, Gotham tunnel completed wiJi mhch re- joicing. . . .March 1 -William M. Wood, Sur- geon-General U. ». N., died at Owings Mills, Md., aged 72.... 2 — The famine in Ireland continues Grand military reception to General Grant in t!ie city of Mexico. . . .3 — Erastus Cooke appointed Judge of the Su- preme Court of N. Y., Second Judicial Dis- trict. . . .Attempt to assassinate Gen. Melelcoff in Russia. . . .5 — Isaiah C. Ilanscom, ex-Chief Bureau of Construction, Washington, D. C, died, aged 65 6^- Albert Grevy elected Life Senator in France 7 — Hon. E. B. Washburne delivered an orati(m in Chicago in honor of Adolph Cremieux, French states. man.... Great lire in St. Paul, Minn.; losi nearly a million. ..8 — Massing ot U. S. troooa in and near San Francisco as a piecaution against a labor riot . . .Costello, leader of the insnrgeuts, killed at Saint Domingo. .. .Mr. Parnell having spoken and asked contribu- tions in the principal cities of the U. S., both for the famine sufferers and the Land League, reaches Montreal 10 — De Lesseps and Capt. Eads before tho House Interoceanio Canal Committee. . . .11 — Mr. Parnell returns to New York and sails for Ireland . . .Bis- marck, Dakota, out of provisions in cons - queuce of a snow blockade.. .• .12 — Dennis CHKONOLOGT. 171 Keartey arrested for Sf^dition in San Fran- cisco. . . .snnw, rain and hail in Virginia. . . . Distress in Ireland increasing. . . .Gen. Grant welcomed at Pueblo, Mexico. .. .Chung, late Chinese Embassador to Russia, beheaded at Shanghai... 13 — An attempt to assasslna'c Mayor Baxter, of Louisville, Ky Lord Derby jiiins the Libe-als. . . .14 — Tlie Shereef o f Mecca assassinated by a Persian fanatic. . . 15 — Debate on the Ferry Education b U in Paris, .. .Over 7,000 puddlers on strike in PenasylTania . . .Kearney sentenced to six months' imprisonment and $1,000 fine. . . .Id — The Crows aiid Sioux form an ar.iance. . . . Gonzales, who attempted the life of King Al- fo )S0, sentenced to death at Madrid. . . .17 — Gen. Skobeloff le-^ds an army against the Tur- comans. . . .Dr. Vielal becomes President of Uruguay. . . .Strike of piano-makers in New York.... .18 — Count Do Lesseps arrives at ISan Francisco. .. .A new planet discovered by Dr. Peters. . . .19 — The Ute investigation in progress in Wasiiin^ton . . Gen. Thomas L. Davies dies in Poughkeepsie, N". Y., aged 88. . . Gen- Hector Tyndall died in Philadel- phia, Pa. . . .21 — Gen. Stewart's forces march on Ghuznee. . . .22 — The Frencli grape vines eufier groally from the cold. . . .A battle be- tween Indians near Atoka, Indian Territory 23 — Gen. Grant publicly welcomed at Galveston, Tex A fight between Sioux and whites in Montana. . . .Thomas W. Olcott, banker, dies at Albany, N. Y., aged 85. . . . Chief Engineer Harman Newell, U. S. N., Nor- folk,.Va., died there. . . .24 — Mrs. May Agnes Fleming, novelist, died in Brooklyn, N. Y., aged 40. . . .25 — The ex-Empress Eugenie em- barks for South Africa. . . .27 — Six thousand chests of tea seized at Toronto, Ont. . . .The Cldlians advancing norfhward. .. .Petroleum for.nd in Alabama .... 3 1 — The Chinese and Cossacks have a skirmish on the Kuldja fron- tier. . . .Minister Faircbild presents his credei- ti;ds to King Alfonso at Madrid. ... .General Gra::t welcomed in New Orleans .... April ] — The Conservatives defeated in the Parliamen- tary elections in England. . . .4 — Forty-two persons kided by a colliery explosion at Au- derlues, Belgium. . . .Nordenskjold receives a hearty welcome at Paris. . . .The Chinese in- vade Siberia. . . .5 — The Cadet Wliitaker af- fair occurs at West Point.... 10 — Investi.'a- tiun of tlio West Point affair begins. . . .Hart (colored) wins the O'Leary belt in the walk- ing match 10 — Seven hundred people buried alive as a sacrifice in Burmah. . . .The Chilians blockade Calloa. . . .10 — Gov. Wm. A. Howard, of Dakota, died at Wash., D. C. . . 11 — Rev. Dr. W. S. Hutton, Dutch Reformed divi.ic, died at New York 12— Elliott C. Cowdin, ex-Asscmblyman and financier, died at New York, aged 61 13 — Gen. Grant welcomed at Memphis, Tenn. . . .14 — A ehoek of e.irthquake at San Francisco. . . .Samuel Osgood, D. D., LL.D„ died at New York, aged C3 . . . .Robert Fortnn'^, botanist, London, died, aged 67.... 16 — Mahommed Jan, the Afghan chief, flees to Ghiiznce 10 — Ex-Empresa Eugenie arrives at Capo Town . . .Twenty- seven livcj lost by a powJer-raill explosion at Berkeley, Cal. . . .18 — .V fi rce tormdo and hurricane at Mis-.o iri ; 18) kille 1 and 200 in- jured . Lord Be iconsfud.l holds an auJienc(»^ witli the Q eeu and resigns ai Pr'niii-r . . . j *» — Gen. Joseph W. Revei'O, djscen-.lant of Pa. I liHvere, die I at Hoboken, N. J., aged 73. . . . 20 — Beacon-sfielil's resignation acce[)ted. . . . 21 — Fall of the MadisonSquare Gar len build- ing in N. Y., kUhng 5 persons and injuring 22 ....21 — Queen Victoria ill ...The Berlin fi-h show opens. . . .The relief ship Conttella- fiou arrives at Queenstown. . . a $2,000,000 fire at Hull, Ont 22— Q een Victoria in- structs Lord Hartingloa to form a ministry. . . 23 — Gen. Stewart routs the Afghans near Ghuznee. .. .Charles De Yoang, editor Saji Francisco Chronicle, killed by L M. Kalloch, son of the Mayor of San Francisco The steamer Strasburg brings 1,914 emigrants from Bremen to Baltimore. . . .24 — Mr. Glad- stone undertakes to form a ministry at the in- stance of Queen Victoria. . . .Nordenskjold has a magnificent welcome at Stockholm, Sweden Ezra French, second auditor U. S. Treas- ury, Was'jington, D. C, died 26 — Joseph Seligman, banker, diodatl^ew Orlean.s, La., aged 61 . . .Six men drowned in the Shagifc river, Washington Territory 28 — Mr. Gladstone succeeds in f )rming a ministry. . . . 29~The British Parliament formally opened 30 — Michael De Young arrested for al- leixed libel oa Mayor Kalloch. .. .May 1 — Methodist General Con fere:ice meets at Cin- cinnati Major General Smmei P. Hentzel- raan, U. S. A., dies at Washington, D. C.,aged 75. . . .2 — A riot at Pater -on, N. J., in conse- quence of a murder. . .4 — .The German Reich- s*ag passes the Anti-Socialist i>ill....5 — A deficit discovered in the East India finances . . . .8 — The Irish famine incn'asng . . l^rge conflagrations in the oil regions of Pennsyl- vania U. S. troops attack Victoria's band (Apaches), near Rock Creek Canon, Colorado^ ....C. F. A. Peters, director Astronomicali Observatory, died at Kiel Prussia 9 — George Brown, life Senator a id journalist, died at Toroi'to, Can 80 houses and 7,00i> barrels of oil burned at Rixf rd. Pa. . . Tho village of Kinderhook, N. Y., nearly destroyed by fire . . .11 — Annual dinneroftne Chamber of Commerce in N. Y. City. .. .Famine in Persia increasing. . . .12 — An atierapt to kill the Spanish Consul-Genaral in New York by means of an infernal machine. . . .A fira a* Bordeaux causes the loss cf $400,000 ...The Bulgarians p'I'lage nine 'iurkish villages. . . . 12,000 mill operatives strike at Birmingham, Eng. ....13 — Isabella Johnston, ceutvnarian, dies at Toronto, aged 110 ...The village of Stuyvesant, N. Y., destroyed by fire; loss. 172 CHEONOLOGY. $1,800,000. . , .Large fires in fh-j oil regions of Pennsylvania, and destructive forest fires in Kew Jersey. . . .14 — The town ir Stratford Canning), long Britis'i Embassador to Turkey, dies at London, aged 92 . . 16 — Herschel V. Johnson, ex-Governor and ex-U, S. Senator, dies in Jefferson County, Georgia, aged 68. . . .Fifteen farms in Lancashire, England, infected with plcuro-pneumonia Grand Conclave of Kniglits Templar at Chicago, 111.... 17 — Eu- reka, Nev., loses $1,000,000 by a fire Dip- lomatic relations established between Rou- mauia and the United States. . . .18 — Vioknt riots at Dungannon, Ireland 19 — Candaliar bombarded Alleged diseov- •^'■y ^^ gold and silver mines in Hamilton County, i\. Y. . . .20 — Two immense oil tanks on lire at Bradf ird, Pa. . . .Eighteen hundred hostile Sioux surrender at Fort Kcogh, Mon- tana An earthquake in Cuba 21 — Brownsville, Tex;\s, nearly destroyed by a s'orm. . . .23 — A large fire at St. Paul, Minn.; loss, $500,000 24— D.'ath of Gen. Albert J. Meyer, U. S. A., Chief Signal Officer, at Buffalo, N. Y., aged 52 26— A yacht up- sets at Roclfaway; six men drowned. .. .J» maica devasted by a hiu-ricane. . . .Rev. W. B Hodgson, Prof. Economic Science, dies at Edinburgh, Scotland. . . .Death of Ouray, Ute chief, at Los Pinos Agency, Colorado, aged 65 . . . .27 — St. Julien trots a mile in 2.11 1-4, at Charter Oak Park, Hartford, Conn 29 — Sanford R. Gifiord, N. A. artist, JS'ew York, died at the age of 57. . . .Dr. I harles T. Jack) son (lied at Somerville, Mass., aged 75... > steamer Marine City burned at Alcona, Mici'.; several lives lost. . . .The U'.es choose Sapa- vanari as Ouray's succtssor. . . .30 — A colli- sion at Bridgeport, Conn.; several persona killed Ex-Gove^nor Paul 0. Hebert, ol Louisiana, died at New Orleans, aged 68.... 81 — Three large Jesuit colleges cksed in France. . . .The Irish Constabulary bill passes the House of Commons Rev. William Adams, D.D., LL.D . Piesident Union Theol. Seminary, dies at Orange Mountain, K. J., aged 73 September ] — Wreck of the steamer City of Vera Cruz off St. Augustine, Fla.; about seventy lives lost. . .Gen. Roberts enters Caudahar unojposed. . . .2 — A ftarful cyclone in the Gulf of Mexico. . . .The battle of Sedan commemorated by the Germans... 3 --General Roberts d mands Ayoi b Khan's surrender. . . 4 — A fire at Sidamanca, N. Y., destroys property to the value of $159,000. . . 5— A ^350,000 fire at Mobile, Ala. . .F. urteen war vessels of the allied fleet at Hogusa. . . 7 — The Greek arii:y reuniting. .. .8 — An ex- plosion at Sishan colliery, near Durham, SVales, kills 147 men Id — Death of Rev. P. B. Aydelotte, D. D., at Cincinnati, ag( d 85 . . . .11 — Death of Marshall 0. Robert-^, finan- cier, (fee, at Saratoga Springs. .. .Death of Gen. Bushrod Johnson, C. S. A., at Brighton, III, aged C3 . , 1 2— A revolt at Herat ; the Gov- ernor killed 13— The battle of Korth Point commemorated at Baltimore. .. .The Sultan of Turkey rebuked by the Imanns of the Mosque 15 — The French take possession of the Society Isles. . . The town of Seymour, Conn., nearly destroyed by fire... IG — The River Ouse ovtrflows 17 — Explosion at Bridgeport, Conn.; nine men killed. .. .ISine men killed by the breaking of a cable in tha Consolidated Imperial Mine, Col. . . 18 — Half the city of East Las Vegas, N. M., destioyed by fire. . .19 — Maud S. trots a mile in 2.10 3-4 at Chicago, 111 . . Death of Lafayette S. Por- ter, ex-Judge, U, S. Senator and Vice-Presi- dent of U. S., dies at Norwich, Conn., rgcd 74 . .M. de Freycinct. French Premier, resigns. . 2' I — Destructive floods in England. . . . A new French ministry formed with Jules Ferry as Premier. .. .21 — Great slaughter of Afghans at the battle of Kush-i-na Khud! . . .22 — The Pan Presbyterian Council opens at Philadel- phia. .. .2o — Anniversary of the captu e of Andre at Tarrytown, N. Y. . . . Return of the Schwatka Arctic Exploration Expedition to New York 24— A fire in Brooklyn, N. Y., m OHEONOLOQY. causes a loss of $360,000. . . .Cuban insurgent chief, Carillo, surrenders. . . .27 — The murder of Lord Mountmorris alarms Irish landowners . . . 30 — Presidcni flayea arrives at Port'and, Or. . . .October 1 — Opening of the Melbourne (Australia) ( xhibition 2 — Death of Key. Samuel Hanson Cox, D.D., LL.D., at Broux- vi.le, Westehes er Co., N. Y., aged 81. .Death of Wm. A. Halloct, D. D., one of the founders of Am. Tract Society, N. Y. . .8— The Powers again demand the surrender of Dulcigno. . . . A new and rich lode discovered in the Xavier Mine, Arizona. . . .4 — The Presidential party ascend the Columbia River, Oregon. . . .Gari- baldi welcomed at Genoa, Italy. ..The Chinese make warlike preparations. . . .5 — Thomas Ilnjihes, M. P , opens a new colony in Ten- nessee, called Rugby. . . .Jacques Offenbach, French musician and composer (opera bouffe), dies at Paris, aged 61.... 6 — A fatal cattle disease appears in Virginia. . . .Two mills burned at Lowell, Mass. . . .Death of Professor Benjamin Pierce, LL.D., F. R. S., of Harvard University, at Boston, Mass., aged 71 years . . .Y — Celebration of the Centennial anniver- sai-y of the battle of Kings Mountain, at Charleston, S. C. . ..A severe gale at Penzance, England. . .The funeral services of OfFeuhaoh, thj violinist, observed with great solemnity in Paris .. .Riots and strikes in Russia.... 9 — Feari'ul accident at Pittsburg, Pa.; twefity- CUH persons killed. . . .The Chilians bombard Chorillos end A neon . . 10 — President Guardia, of Costa Rica, proclain:s himself a dictator . . . 11 — I;aUimore celebrates the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of its foundation. . . . The Kurds burn one hundred and fifty Per- sian villages 12 — The Sultan orders the surrender of Dulcigno Ten meu kille.d by the flooding of a nunc in Nova Scotia The Basutes routed in an attack on Masiru, South Africa. . . .13 — General Rocca installed President of the Argentine (""onfederation .... 14 — General Grant meets with a warm recep- tion at Boston. . . .15 — 'Ihe completiiin of the Cologne Cathedral celebrated with great Bplendor. . . .The Albanians persist in retain- ing Dulcizno. . . .IP — General Grant enthusi- astically welcomed at Ilarttbrd, Conn . . Heavy wind and snowstorm in the Northwest. . . IT — Six thousand bales of cotton burned at Charlest-n, S. C. . . 20 — Five persons burned to death at a fire at Cincinnati, O. . . .PulKica- tion of the forged Morey left r . . .Mrs. L3(lia Alaria Child, author and philanthropist, dies at Wiiyland, Mass., aged 18 Rt. Hon. A. n. Tliesiger, Lord justice Court of Appeals, dies in London, a2,"ed 42.... 22 — Erastus C. Benedict, Judge-Chancellor Univ, of New York, dies in N. Y., aged 80 Rev. Wm. S. Plummer, D.D , LL.D., Theol. Professor, &c., dies in Baluraore, Md., aged 18 23 — Iquiqne, Peiu. destroyed by fire. . . .25 — Ne- goti.itions for the surrender of Dulcigno re- sumed in Montenegro 26— Henri Fred. Schopin, French painter, (fies in LondtMi, i^gfl 16 27 — Mile. Bernhardt arrives in mw York. . . .The Irish Land League makes an ajipeal for aid.... The Kurds within thirty mill's of Tabre:z, Persia. . . . Edward D. Mans- field, LL.D., journalist (" Veteran Observer"), dies at Morrow, O., aged 1'.) — 28— Edward Se- guin, M. D., founder of Institutions for Idiot Training, philantnropist and author, dies in N. Y. city, aged 69 . . A riot at Canton, Chioa ; several French priests ki led . . . 29 — The vih ItJge of the Basuto chief stormed and burned by the Cape troops.... 80 — Victoria's band kill several men on the Mexican frontier. . , • November 1 . . . .Riot at Denver, Col. . . .Der- vish Pasha, the new Governor of Albania. arrives ut Dulcigno .... A new Servian min- isiry formed . . .2 — Princess Olga, of Greece, dies nt Athens. . . .Day of Presidential elec' tion ; James A. Garfield, of Ohio, elected President, and Chester A. Arthur, of New York, Vice President, receiving 214 of the 369 electoral votes.... 3 — Thirteen persons killed by the bi caking of the hoLsting appa- ratus at a collie ly at Mons, Belgium. . . .Lay- cock defeats Riley in a boat rnce on the 'ihames. . . .Rowell wins the Astley belt in London . . . .The steamer Rhode Island wrecked off Bonnet Point, N. J . . . .The Franco-Anicn ican Treaty Commission meets in Wasliington . . . .7 — A c met discovered by Prof. Lohse. . Sheik Abdullah repulsed W7th great loss in Persia.... 8 — Great excitement in Ireland, and several land meetings held denouncing the Government . . .9 — A cabinet crisis in France . . A shock of earthquake felt in Austria; two hundred houses ruiiied. . . .The schooner Norway foundered on tlie co.ist of Ontario and eight lives lost . . .19— Lueretia M'.tt, pliilanthr^ipist and reformer, dies at I'liiladelphia, Pa., aged 87. . . A terrible acci- dent at Bordell City, Pa.; eight men killed . . . Cyelono at Keatchie, La.; several persons killed 11 — A cannon '^xplodes at Safe Harbor, Pa., and kills several persons .... 1 2 — Fixty-six men killed by a colliery explosion at Stellarton, Nova Scotia. . . .Dervish Pasha orders the Albanians to surrender Dulcigno. . Fifteen Nihilists found guilty in St. Peters- burg.... 13 — The Kurds routed at Urumiah, Persia. . . .The crew of the stranded bnr.k Formosa mutiny. .14 — The St. Peters (Minn.» ]:i.';ane Asylum burned and a number of in ' mates perish ...Dr. C C. Crosby, inventor' dies in lirookh n, ao^ed 67. . . .Scarcity of food leads three thousand people to leave Dulcigno . . . .17 — Cc'ebration of the birth of the Span- ish princess begun in Cuba. ...18— Tiie St. Etienne (Friince) sugar factory burned ; loss l,0()<»,00i» fr.mcs The Chilian squadron sails from Valparaiso for Lima, Peru. . . .First appearance of Sara Bernhardt in New York. . . 19 — Ross and Laycock the winners in the Tliaiues boat races.... 20 — Dervish Pasha'a troops surrounded by Albanians Michael CHEONOLOGT. 175 Davitt, the agitator, arrives at Cork — The j lost by a colliery explosoin at Rhoudda YaU Lotus Club of New York city give General ley, Wales .. .Another earthquake at Agram, Brant a dinner James D. Williiims (" Blue Jenus "), Governor of Indiana, dies at Indian- Bpcdis. aged 12. . . .Lord Chief Justice Alex- ander J. E. Cockburn dies in London, aged 72 . . . .Rev. D. U. Dorsett, centenarian, dies in Elgin, 111., aged 100 . . 21 — The Persians de- stroy twenty-five Kurdish villages. .. .Field Marshal Gen. Sir Charles Yorke, constable of Croatia . . .0. V. Winchester, inventor of the Winchester rifle and head of the Winchester Rifli- Co., died in New Haven, Ct., aged 71. . . 11 — S''f50,0i)0 worth of property burned at Pensacola, Fla. . . .Gen. Grant at Paterson, N. J.... 12 — Madame Thiers, widow of the ex-President, dies in Paris. . . .13 — Secretary Thompson retires from the Cabinet. . . .14 — A' the tower, dies in London, aged 90. . . .22 — i boiler explosion at Louisville, Ky., injures Mrs. Sitrah Pittoek, centenarian, Pittsburg, ' several persons. .. .Minister Longstreet pre- Oregon, dies at the age of 100. . . .Statue of Alexander ILimilt:>a unveiled in Central Park, . New York city. ..23— Extremely cold weather throaj:hout the United States. . . .24 — Dervish Pasha captures Dulcigno after a slight engage- uient. . . .The French steamer Uncle Joseph sunk by a collision off the coast of Greece ; 250 lives lost 25— Over one thousand bnats blockaded by ice in the Erie and Champ \ain canals. .. .Several mills at Troj', N. ,\'., suspend on account of low water. .27 — Lieuc- Gov. Geo. B. Robinsun accidentally shot in Lt'adville, Col . . .A revolt in Albania against the Turks . . . 28 — Sixty laborers buried imder \ snow slide at Colorado 29 — A fire at iV'est Point, Va., causes a loss of $250,000... . Archbishop of Goa, primate of the East, dies in Goa, India. . . .The British army in Ireland reinforced ...30— Sheik Abdullah harassing the Persians near Urumiah Leadville draped in mourning on account of Lieut. -Gov. George B. Robinson's murder. .. .Announce- ment that treaties have been made with China . . . .December 1 — Six inches of snow at Al- bany. . . .A tobacco factory destroyed by fire at Naples, Italy ; loss, $1,000,000 francs Captain Eads arrives in Mexico. . . .President Gonzales, of Mexico, inaugurated. . . .2 — Five hundredth anniversary of the translation of the Bible into English by Wj^cliffe. . . .Great meeting at Academy of Music, New York, under direction of Am. Bible Society; orution by R. S. Storrs, D.D., LL.D 3— Admiral Sevmour announces the dissolution of the combined fleet. . . .4 — The Kearsarge Mills at Portsmouth, N. H., burned; loss, $500,000.. . 5 The Ba«uto3 routed by the Colonial troops at Napsuog. . . .6 — Brig.-Gen. William B. Hazen appointed Chief Signal Officer, vice Mvor, decea-ed. . . .7 — The hostile feeling be- tween Turkey and Greece increasing. . . .Fail- ure of B. G. Arnold & Co. and others, great tea and cofiBe merchants, in New York ... .A loss of $300,000 occasioned by a fire in 0:i),iha, Neb Death of Dr. Edward M. Lixon, a noted medical author, in New York, aged 72 8 — Boiler explosion at Orange. Mass.; six persona killed and several wounded . . . .The epizooty prevalent r.t Ottawa, Ont. . an earthquake at Agram, Croatia. . . .9 — Peace restored in Kurdistan....!'' — Extreme cold ia the North aad West. , . .One hundred lives sents his credentials to the Sultan of Turkey ....Resignation of Associate Justice Strong from U. S. Supreme Court.. . . .15 — Balthazar i uon Compagni, Italian scientist and author, dies at Turin, aged 69.... 16 — A defect dis- covered in the new Capitol at Albany. . .Ova- tion to General Grant in Conirress. . . .ITie ChUians capture Pisco, Peru, without resist- ance... 19 — Michel Chusles, mathematician, (lied in Paris, aged 87.... 20 — A destructive fire in Rangoon, Burmah. .Francis Trevelvan Buckland, A. M. M. R. C. S., F. R. S., a dis- tinguished naturalist, died in London, aged 54 . . . .21 — A strike at Fall River c; mmeuces. . . Great ice harvest on the Hudson.... A. T. Ackerman, ex-U. S. Attorney-General, dies at Carlesville, Ga., aged 59 22— A train falls into a chasm at Charlotte^ N. C. .. Judge Wm. B. Woods, of Alabama, confirmed as Jus- tice Strong's successor. . . .Mrs. Marian Evans Cros? (George Eliot), eminent novelist, died in London, Eng., aged 60. . .Eugene F. William- son ("Gentleman Joe"), a noted fcrger, died in Sing Sing Prison. . . .23 — Marriage of Miss Flora Sharon, daughter of U. S. Senator Sharon, to Sir Thomas Hesketh, an English baronet, at Belmont, Cal. .25 — M. Auderwert, Swiss President-elect, commits suicide. . . .26 — Rey. E. 11. Chapin, D. D., Universalist di- vine and orator, died in New York, aged 65. . 27 — John J. Mechi, eminent English agricul- turist, died in London, aged 78 — The editor of the Socorro (New Mexico) Sun murdered. . Aleko Pasha tenders his resignation as Gover- nor of Roumelia. . . .28 — Serious trouble in Las Vegas and Socorro, N. M. . . .Celebration' of the 250th anniversary of the settlement of Cambridge. Mass. . . .Chief Justice May retires' from the Queen's Bench in Dublin.... 29 — Revolt of Boers in the Transvaal ; the town of Derby captured 30 — Two large liotela burned at Atlantic City, N. J ...Benj. E. Phelps, District Attorney N. Y. Co., dies in N. Y., aged 48 . . .Epes Sargent, author, dies in Boston, aged 66.... Louis A. D. Blanqui, French communist and socialist, dies in Paris . .. .The Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, diovl at New Strelitz 31— The Boers hold the town of Pretoria w.th 2,500 men. . . .Erasmus D. Hudson, physician, lecturer, &c., died at Riverside, Conn., aged 75. 176 CHRONOLOGY. 1881. Janiiarv- 2 — Mount St: Vincent's build- ings in Central Park destroyed by fire ... 5 -Blajiqai's funeral, in Paris, attended by 30,000 people . t>— The English Parlia- ment opened by Commission 10— Ex- Judj^e Benjamin Nott, a son of the late iPresident Noit, of Union College, died in .his 81st year.... 12 — The Marquis d'Apre- 'mont died in a wretched hovel in this city ...13 — Governor Churchill, of Arkansas, inaugurated . . . Mr. John Ballard, one ot the oldest leather merchants in this city, died at his residence in Brooklyn . . Beiu hardt, the murderer of his wife, hanged at Staten Island Dr. J. L. Vattier, the sur- vivor of the seven members of the Last Mun'ij Society, formed in 1832, died m (Cin- cinnati ...16— Dr. Fowler, author of an English grammai" and several other works, and son-in-law of Noah Webster, died. . . 17 — Kev. Dr. Humphrey Loyd, provost of Trinity College, Dublin, died in his 81st year ...18— Thomas Stoner, lord-in-wait- ing for many years to Queen Victoria, with whom and Prince Albert he was a favorite, died i J his 84th year 19 — Mariette Bey, the Egyptologist, died at Cairo, Egypt, in his 60ch year . . . .20 — Great snow storm in England, the snow in some places seven to eight feet dee p.... 22 — Sothern, the actor (Lord Dandreary), died... The obelisk placed in position in Central Park. . . 26 — The English House of Commons adjourns after a session of twenty-four hours. 28 — Aaron B. Hayes, cashier of the North Ptiver Bank, and the oldest cashier in the United States, died in his 78th year . . .February 1 — Mrs. S. C. Hall, the author, died in Lon- don, in her 76th year. .. .2— Disastrous floods throughout Spain ...The House of Commons adjourns after a session of forty- one hours, the longest deliberative session on record. . . .3— Intensely cold weather. . . 4— Michael Davitt, the home ruler and former Fenian, arrested in Dublin ...5 — Thomas Carlyle died in London in his oJth year . . .7— Colliery explosion in England, by which twenty men were killed Steamer Bohemian lost on the Irish coast in a storm and thirty-three persons drown- ed. . . .8 — Spanish Ministry tenders its res- ignaticn Mr. Henry Metcalf, for twen- nine years County Judge and Surrogate of Kichmond county, New York, died on Staten Island in his 76th year ..9— The Coercion bill had a second reading in the House of Commons . . . 10— Carlyies body buried in a churchyard in his native place, Ecclesfechan, Dumfrieshire, Scotland . . . 11 — J. E. Gatteaux, a French medallist of high reputatio i, died in Paris at the ago of 93 .. .14 -Fernando Wood, once Mayor of New Y rk, and long member of Congress, died at Hot Spriigs, .Irk., in his 69th year „ . . .12— Lady Burdett-Coutta and Mr. Ash- mead Baitlett married in London . . .15 — Harry Hunter, the Lone Fisherman, of the original Ilice Evangeline troupe, a d mb part which ho filled for .seven years, died at Cincinnati at the ago of 37 . . . 17 — Parnell returned to London ...E.J Meunier. man- ufacturer of the chocolate bearing his name, died in Paris in his 55th year... 22— Formal presentation of the .Obelisk to the City of New York 23 — Prussian Diet closed by royal decree. .. .25~The House of Commons passed the Coercion bill by a vote of 281 to 36. . . .27— Prince William, el- dest son of the Crown Princ3 of Germany, and Princess Augusta, of Schleswig-Hol- stein, married at Berlin . . Gen. Colley killed in an encounter wih the Boers. . . . 28— Eev. J F. W Ware, pastor of the Ail- iugton Street Unitarian Society, Boston, and long kn'"iwn as an eloquent speaker and charming \M-iter, died at Boston, aged 03 . . .March 2 — Drouyn de Lhuys, who had been in political life for fifty years and was especially prominent in the time of Napo- leon III, died in Paris, in his 76tn year 3 — Snow storms of great severity in the Northwest . Robert William Hartley, longf engaged in benevolent entt-rprises in this citV; died here in his 85th year. .. .Presi- dent Hayes vetoed the Funding bill. . . .4 — President Garfield inaugurated. . . .Violent storm of wind and snow in Great Britain .... 6 — Mrs. Hannah Cole died in Eome, N. Y., at the age of 105. . . .9 — Fire in Paris, France, by which $1,800,000 worth of prop, erty was destroyed . . .Mr. Ivory Chamber- lain, of the New York Herald, died in his 60th year. . . .Queen Caroline, of Denmark, widow of King Christian VIII., died at Co- penhagen, in her 85th year. . .12 — Alexan- der 'I., of Russia, killed by a bomb thrown at him.... 14 — Gen. Butler, who carried the flag for his regiment at Waterloo, and was one of a few survivors of that battle, was burned to death at his house in Eng- land, in his 82d year. . . .Sir John McPher- son MacLeod, the oldest member of the British Privy Council in age, died in Lon- don in his 90th year .. Mr. Benjamin Flagg, the oldest male inhabitant of Wor- cester, Mass., died there, aged more than 90 years. . . .16 — Hugues Merle, an hostori- cal painter, died at Paris, at the age of 58 20— Gen. Milon, the Italian Minister of War, died at Home. . . .The Earl of St. Ger- mains, long in the British Diplomatic serv- ice, died in England, in bi.s 52d year 23 — The Opera House at Nice, Italy, de- stroyed by fire, and more than 150 persons burned to death. . . .Robertson nominated for Collector of New York... 24 — Count Pecci, brother of the present Pope, died of apoplexy. .. .The Hudson River open for the season. ..28 — John Prescott Knight, an English portrait painter, died in his 78th year. . ..29— James Sinclair, Earl of CHRONOLOGY. 177 Caithness in Scotland, died in the Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York .... .Jl — I he .En- glish Court of Appeals decided that Brad- laugh could not voie in the House of Com- mons wiihout takiug the oath . . The Prin- cess Caroline, the elder daughter of Fred- erick VI. of Denmark, diea at Copenhagen, in her 83th year ...April 1 — William Da- vid Lowis, of t'hiladelphia, secretary of the United tState.s Commissioners who negotia- ted the treaty of Gheut, died in Philadel- phia, ii.' his 89ch year, .. .Lev. August H. M. Held, the oldest Lutheran clergyman in the United iSta es, died in this city in his 76t".iyear . 3 — Great earthquake in Chio, Greece 4— Great floods in Si)ain. . . . James Buell, formerly President of Import- ers and Traders' Bank, died . . .8— Oxford wins in the English University boat race ....lu — .Mr. Henry llobertson, the father of Collector Robertson, died in Westchester ounty, at ttie age of &l) .12 — hear-Ad- miral Lardner, U.S.N., a distinguished of- ficer, die.l in Philadelphia, aged 79 ...14 — itev. William Morley Punshon, the En- glish Wesleyan preacher, died in London in his 57th year. . . .19— Lord Beaconsfield died. . . .22— \rchibald Jenkins, the oldest native of Chemung county, died in that county in his 80th year. . . . 24 -Mrs. Louisa G. Allen, daughter of Jacob Patterson, who lounded Paterson, N J., and aunt by mar- riage to Foe, the poet, died at Richmond, Va., aged 83. .25— James T. Fields, the author, died at Boston, in his 64th yetr ... 26 — Lord Beaconsheld buried at Hughen- den Gotthold Carlberg, the conductor, ^ied in New York ... 27 — Emile Girardin. the journalist, died at Paris, in his 75th year ...Mayl Gen. John y. Preston, of South Ca olina, died.... Mr, Pachard H. Bowne, one of the oldest conveyancers in New York, died in his 71st year. . . .Capt. Komolo Gessi, long one of the principal administrators of iSoudan, Egypt, under the Ktiedive died at ouez, aged 50.... 8 — Joel Taylor, the oldest letter carrier in the United States with one exception, died at Manchester.. New Hampshire, a^ed 63.... 10 — Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, and the Princess Stephanie, of Belgium, v/ere married at Vienna ...12 — Treaty signed between Franca and Tunis, which gives France the control of the latter country. . . 16 —Senators Conkling and PI tt resigned their seats in the Senate . . . Silas M. Still- well, long a prominent politician in this State, and the author of the Stillwell act, died in this city, m his 84th year. . . ,15 — The Baron de la Ronciere le Noury, a dis- tinguished French Admiral and Senator, died in his 68th year .. .18— Robertson coniirmed as Collector of the Port . . .19— Count Von Arnim, famous by having been long persecuted by Bismarck, died at Nice, Italy, in his 57th year 20— The Anglo- French Union Bank of Paris failed; it had 160 branches throughout France.... 21 — Mrs. Caroline Blake, long a prominent ac- tress, and the widow of William Rufus Jilake, died at Long Branch, in her 84th year. . . .22— Duvergier de la Mauraune, a French statesman, prominent in politics for more than lifty years, died at Paris, aged 83. . . .25 — Count Casablanca, a Fr.nch iml- itician and a relative of Casablanca, died in his 85th year. . . .June 1 — Iroquois wins the Derby . . . 2 — Littre, the French philologist, and one of the most learned men of our time, died in Paris, in his 81st year Mr. Alfred B. Street, State Librarian and poet, died at Albany, aged 70. . . .3 —Count Von Eulenberg, long in the German Diplomatic service, died at Schomberg . 5 — Joseph Sabin, a well-known bookseller of New York, died in his 60th year ... Minthorne I'ompkins, a son of Vice-President Tomp- kins, died in his 74th year . . 6 - Henri Vieuxtemps, an eminent violinist, died in Paris, in his 62d year . . 9 — Great fire in Quebec. . . .10— An attempt to blow tip the Liverpool Town Hall with dynamite. . . .14 — Cyclone of wind in Missouri .... 15— John H. Brower, the oldest cotton broker in New York, died at the age of 80 . . , Dr. James Darral, Roman Catholic Bishop of South- wark, England, died in his 60th year. ... 12— Foxhall wins the Grand Prix at Paris ....21 — Benjamin A. Delamater, for fifty year^ a prominent resident of Brooklyn, died in his 86th year The Earl of Wick- low and one of ihe representative peers of the House of Lords died, aged 42 , . . . 26 — The Earl of Harrington, a distinguished British statesman, died in his 72ean Stanley died. . . .21— Intense and nn- examjiled heat in London, Eng W. H. Hudson, to whose invention locomotive en- gines in this country owe much, died at Paterson, N. J., in his 78th year . < hief Justice Harris, of the Supreme Court of the Sandwich Islands, died at Honolulu . . 24 — Charles P. bmith, the heroic commander of the steamboat beawanhaka, died at Kos- 1> n, L. I., in his 56th year ...25 -Judge Clifford, of the United States Supreme Coarr, died at Portland, Maine, in his 78th year , 27— Herr Charles Christian Bruhns, au eminent German astronomer, died in his 5Lst year .. 28 John C. Burch, secre- tary of the United States Senate, died in Washington . John J. Bagley, twice Go\ eraor of Michigan, died at San Franciscr iu his 50th year . . August 2— Mrs. Suzette Grymes, long distinguislied in bociety in this country, died at Paris, in her 85th year. . . James Stokes, a native ot and long a prominent merchant in this city, died aged 76 3 — Bradlaugh attempts to force an entrance into the House of Commons and ii ejected by the police Jemes Clark, senior member of the tirm cf Clark & Co., sijool cotton manufacturers, died at Paisley, Sc tland, iu his 61st year . . Wil- liam G. Fargo, one of the founders of the American Express Company, and long its president, died at ButiiiJo ,. Mr. AldenL. Si)ooner, one of the best known citizens of Brooklyn, L. 1., died at Hempstead, L. L, in his 72d year . . . Henri Blonne, Secretary- General of the Panama Canal Company, died at sea . . .Bishop Haven, of the Meth- odist Church, died at Salem, Oregon, in his Gist year. . . .5 -Greenfield, murderer'of his wife, was hanged at Syracuse, N. Y., after delaying justice for more than six years. Henry Morford, a literary man, died in Brooklyn, in his 60th year . . . . .7— Gen. llobert Patterson, of Philadelphia, distin- guished in tiiC Mexican war and an emi- uent citizen of Philadelphia, died there, in hisUJMi year . 11— Mrs. Fillmore, widow of President Fillmore, died at Buffalo, in her7Lst year Orville H Browning, an iniimato friend of President Lincoln and a prominent politician in Illinois for forty years, died there in his 76th year 12— Stc[)hen Butler, the oldest citizen of Wilkes- baire and the son cf Col. Butler, who com- manded the militia at the massacre of Wy- oming, died at Wilkesbarre, in his 92d year . . .Origen S. Seymour, long a promi- nent politician in Connecticut, died there in his 78th year 13— Ihe Earl of Gains- borougii died at the age of 63 15— Capt. Paterson, superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, to which he had been attached for forty years, died in Washing- ton, at the age of 65. . . .Mrs. Annie Wet)b died in England in her lu3d year. . . Seth Ames, formerly Justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, died near l^o.■^ton, in his 76th year .. 27 — English Parliament prorogued ...Dr. Bradley appointed Dean of Westminster. . . .SfimuelB. . niggles died i 1 his 82d year f^e|>tember 1 Isew Coda of Criminal Procedure goes into operation in this State . . Ben. Israel Butler, eldest son of Gen. Benjamin P. Butler, died in his 27th year 6 — President Garfield transferred from Washinton to Long Branch 4 — Lorenzo Delmonico died 7 — Judge Ulshoeffer, the oldest member ofthe -Vew York bar, the f)ldest ex-Assembl.\ man, aad the oldest man who had sat on the beuch of any court in this State, died in this city, in his 89th year. . . Bobert Buth- erford Mori is, a grandson of Lewis Moriis, a signer of the Declaration < f Independ- ence, died at >iew Bochelle, N. Y. . . . 9 — The Emperors of Russia and Germany meet at Dantzic, Germany . 10 — Bain in New York for the first time since Augut-t 7 .... 13— Gen. Burnside died at Providence, Rhode Island, aged 60 14— Iroquois A-ins the St. Leger. . . .Ca'-tain Breese, a distinguished ofticer of the United States navy, died In Boston at the age of f]0. . . . Lord Airey, an officer of distinction in the English arnn , died in England, in his 79th year Rev. Walter H. Bidwell, pro- prietor ofthe Ecieciir, ]\laijazine, died at Sar- atoga, in his 84th year . . . Henry Stowe Smith, for more than fifty years a clerk in the Parliament office. House of Lords, England, died there in his 75th year.... Baron Mothomb, a i)rominent Belgian poli- tician, died at Brussels, in his 76th year . . . 19 — President Garfield died 21 — President Garfield's body removed from Long Branch to Washington. . . . 22 — Henry F. Vail, President of the National Bank of Commerce, of this city, died here in his 69th year . . 26 — Funeral of President Gar- field, at Cleveland, Ohio 28— Professor James White, one of the most prominent physicians of Buffalo, N. Y , died there at the age of 70 . . General Eli N. Barnum, early connected with elevated railways in this city, died at Salt Lake city. . . . 30 — Daniel Kingsland, long prominent in the affairs of the Academy of Music in Ibis city, died in the 70th year of his age.... October 1 — Nathan W, Aylwin, the oldest pay clerk in the United States navy, died in Brooklyn, in his 79th year 2 — Mother Theodore Mary, Superioress of the House of Little Sisters of the Poor, honses of which order she established in this city and elsewhere, died at Germantown, Pa , in her ,60th year. . . . Monsie'ir Laborde, an eminent French tenor, for whom Donizetti wrote the famous opera La Favorita, died in France. . . .3— John D. Mairs, Vice-Prefr CHRONOLOGY. 179 ident of the New York Elevated Bailway Companj', died at Irvington-on-Hudson, aged 54 . 4 — Guiteau indicted by Grand Jury at Washington Fletcher Urling Harper, of the firm of Harper Bros., died in his 34th j^ear. . . 5 — Republican Conven- tion of this State meets at the Academy of Music, New York. . . Sir John Karslake, a famous English lawyer, died in England, in his 60th year. . . .Eev. Dr. Stewart Eob- iijson, for many years the acknowledged leader of the Presbyterian Chufch in the South and Southwest, died at Louisville, Ky .... G — John G. Floyd, grandson of Wm. Floyd, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, died at Mastic, L. I., in his 7Gth year ...Orson Pratt, the oldest apostle of the Mormon creed, died at Salt Lake City, aged 70 8 — James B. Brace, .1 practical philanthropist of this city, died ....liev. Joseph G. Atwell, rector of St. Phillip's Church in this city, and the first colored man ordained as a deacon of the Protestant Episco]>al Church in Kentucky, died in tins city, in his 50th year 11 — Foxhall won Cesaie witch Stakes .... Baron Hay merle, the Austro-Hungaiian Minister fo- Foreign Affairs, died at Vienna of heart disease, aged 53 Dr. Eobert S. Newton, President of the Eclectic Medical College, and father of the actresses Kate and Meta liaiilett, died in this city Florence Cbaplin, elder daughter of the Duke of Sutherland, died.. F. P. Scholes, for a quarter of a century President of the Broad- way Savings Bank, died at the age of 81 .f. Richard M. Staigg, formerly of high reputatiou as a miniature painter, died at Newport, in his 61st year 12 — Dr. J. G. Holland, one of the founders of Scrib- rfr's Monthly, died in this city, in his 63d y ar 13 — Parnell, the Irish agitator, ar- rested. .... 14 — Guiteau arraigned .... Capt. AlcOrea, of the United States navy, died suddenly, at Y''orktown .... 16— Louis A. VViltz, the Governor of Louisiana, died at New Orleans, in his 38th year. . . John Mc- Coiub, the oldest policeman in England, (lied at Liverpool, in the 90th year of his age ..17 — The Centennial celebration be- gins at Yorktown . Signor Baffaelle Mon- ti, one of the most eminent of modern Ital- ian sculptors, died in England, at the age of f;3 20— Henry Feerster, the Prince Bishop of Breslau, died at the age of 81.. . . 21— Judge Sanford. of the Superior Court of this State, died in his 55th year. . . . Prof. J. G. Brantschli, an acknowledged author- ity on International 1 .w, died at Carlsruhe 24— E. D. Morgan nominated and con- lirmed as ; ecretary of the Treasury. . . .25 — Foxhall wins the Cambridgeshire Stakes at Newmarket .. 27 — Chas. J Folger nom- inated for Secretary of the Treasury, E. D- Morgan having declined. .. .Dr. John B. Beale, one ol the oldest and most respected citizens of Washington, D. C , died in his 80th year . 29— John S. Giles, long con- nected with the Fire Department of this city, died here, aged 82 . . 31— The Me- chanics' National Bank of Newark, N. J., stops payjijent in consequence of a large defalcation by the cashier. . . . Dr. I. B. Uoiiilland, who was long in the fiont rank of French physicians, died at J'aris, in his 85th year November ] — Mr. and Mrs. Nehemiah Perry died at Newaik, N. J., the wife five hours after her husband 2 — Benj min Franklin Baclie, a great grand- son of Benjamin FiankJin. and medical di-V rector of the United States ^avy, died at '• Brooklyn, in his 8lHt year. . . >ignor Gio- vanni Ruifini, an eminent Italian author, died at Rome, Italj, iu his 74th year . 3 — Mme. Patti arrived in New York . . 8— - Samuel T. Skidmore. one of the oldest ves- trymen of Trinity parish. New York, died in this city, in his 81st year.... 9 — Two buildings fall iu Grand street. New York ; several persons killed. . Lord Mayor's day in London, the American flag carried in procession 10 — Premier Jerry and his colleagues resign, and President Grevy accepts their resignation. ... 13— Mrs. Ed- win Booth died in this city. . . .14 — 1 rial of Guiteau begirs . Gambetta forms his cabinet. ... P. A., I. Pauliuier, Archbishop of Besancon, France, died 15 — Rev. Dr. Henry P. Tappan, the real founder of the University of Michigan, died in Switzer- land, in his 77lh year. .. .16— James L. Ridgley, tor many years a prominent Odd Fellow, died at Baltimore, Md., in his 75th year. . . . 18 — George Law died in this city, in his 77th year. . . 20 Alex. Randall, one of the most respected citizens of Annapo- lis, Md., died there, in his 78th year. . . .21 — Dr 1 oD.rt S. Mackenzie died at Phila- delphia, in his 73d year 23 — Rudolf Bial, a well-known conductor and com- poser, died in this city, in his 48th year ... John Anderson, a tobacconist of this city, died in Paris, in his 70th year... 26— Isaac Bunnell, one of the oldest men in New Jersey, died in Sussex county in that State, in his 93d year. . . .29— Arthur Lefroy, the murderer of Mr. Gold, hanged . . . .Thomas R. Gould, an American ^culp- tor, died at Florence, Italy, at the age of 63 . . . .December 1— Cardinal Borromeo died at -Rome, Italy, in his 60th year . . 4 — Gen. Kilpatrick, United States Minister to ' Chili, died at Valparaiso, in his 54th year .... 5 — First issue of the 3Iail and Kv]>ress ....6 — Congress meets, and Mr. Kiefer chosen Speaker of the House. . . 7 — Presi dent Arthur sends his first message to Con- gress . . 8 — The Ling Theatre at Vienna destroyed by tire, and more than 800 per- sons in it burned to death . . 9 — Col. John W. Forney, the veteran journalist, died at Philadelphia, in his 65th year Col. 180 CHRONOLOGY. Henry G, Stebbins died in this city, in his 70lh yenr . . .12 — Frederick l\ Frelinghuy- sen noiuiuated and cuufiniied as Secretary of State. . . .Daniel P. Ingraliam, for thirty- five years a Judge in this city, died in his Slat year.... 17 — Kx-Judge Heury E. Da vies dead.... 19 — Mr. Brewster confirmed as Attorney-General of the United Slates . . , .Siro Dehnonico died. . . .By a colliery explosion in England, 150 lives are lost. 20 — JuiJge Horace Gray, of Boston, con- firmed as Justice of the Supreme Court ot the United States. . . .News received of th ■ destruction of the Jeannette and the s xfety of a portion of her crew. .. .21 — Kiederick A. Palmer, Auditor of Newaik, N. J., con- fessed to havinjj embezzle I $125.tiOi). . . .24 — Dr. Leonard Bacon died in his 78th year . , . .27 — L^ineteen lives lost by the explosion of a steamer on the York River, Va. 1882. January 1 — The Mexicans captured and ehot the Apache Chief Nana and forty of his band. . . .2— President Arthur's first official reception at the While House. . . .3 — Meet- ing of the State legislature. . . .The prosecu- ti.y ,)f che Guite.iu case closes. . . .4 — Coid- es*' .-lay of the season; the Hudson fi-ozen aor.v,> Catskill. . . .Judge Cox refuses to al- low tLo defense in the Guite lu trial to re- open its case; the defense closes. .. .Post- master-General James retires, and his sue cessor, Mr. Howe, takes possession of his of- ifice. . . .Death of Prof. John \V. Draper, aged seventy-one; at Boston, John P. Healy, LL.D., a former partuer of Daniel Webster, aged seventy-one. . . .5 — Congress recon- venes. .. .Gens. Grant and Terry request President Artliur to restore Fitz John Por- ter to his former position in the army. . . 6 — Confirmation of the news that the king of Ashantee massacred 200 young girls... News that Indians in Sonora, Mexico, killed twenty-four white persons. .. .7 — Death in New York of the Hon. Edwin W. Stough- ton, aged sixty-four; at Florence, Italy, Richard H. Dana, the Americin lawyei* and author, aged sixty seven . . .Great storm of wind and rain raging in Euirland, Scotland and Ireland; enormous damage..,. 8 — Havemeyer f Delano A. Goddard, ed- itor of tlie Advert'ner, a^eJ fiity-ono;. . . . ; 12 — News that Lieut. Danenhower and five of the Jeannette crew arrived at Irkutsk, Siberia. . . .Mr. Davidge addresses the jury for the prosecution in the Guiteau case. . . . 13 — Collision at Spuyten Duyvil; two drawing-room cars wrecked and burned; eight persons killed, including Senator Web- ster Wagner. . . .A new comet seen at San Francisco. .. .14 — Great flood in the Cum- berland river. .. .Deaths: At Monroe, Mich., the njother of Gen. Custer; at Rich- m md, Va., Caroline Richii)gs-Bernard, the actress. . . .15 — Many French soldiers frozen to death in the Sahara. . . . 16 — News of the loss in the Gulf of Mexico of the British schooner Weather Gauge, with eight per- sons. . . .Deiths of ex-Judge McKenzie, who sent Sherman's famous signal, " Hold the fort; " Mrs. E. A. Sotheru, widow of the actor; Capt. A. D. Perkins, who took the first vessel loaded witli wheat out of Clii- cago. .. .Severe gale off the Newfoundlanil coast; nine vessels missing. . . .17 — Attempt to assassinate Osman Pasha, Turkish minis- ter of war.... The Mulleys and Blanche Douglass indicted at New Haven for the murder of Jennie Cramer . . .Mild weather succeeded by a very cold wave. . . .Death of Alexander H. Bullock, ex-governor of Mas- sachusetts . . .18 — News of a treaty of peace between Chile and Bolivia. .. .Centeimial anniversary of Daniel Webster's birth, cel- ebrated in Boston and Washington . . .19 — Attempt to assassinate the Russian ambas- sador at Vienna. .. .Panic among speculators on the Paris bourse; the Union Generale involved. . . .Anna Dickinson makes her debut as Hamlet at Rochester. .. .Destruc- tive floods in Tennessee,Mississippi, Alabama and Louisiana. .. .20 — Scoville concludes his argument for the defense in the Guiteau case.... The national board of health de- clares small-pox epidemic. .. .Five ship- wrecks along the Atlantic coast.... 21 —Ten tliousand persons driven from home by the Cumberland floods; great floods else- where in the South. . . .Fire at AHanta,Ga. ; damage $500,000 . . .22— The Union Gen- erale panic extended to Vienna. .. .Heavy snow storm in ttie Northwest ; sudden and severe cold in this section. .. .Death : In Brooklyn Gen. Silas Casey 23 — Judge Porter begins the closing argument for the prosecution in the Guiteau case. . . .Death in New York of Clarkson N. Potter, aged fifty- eight 24 — Coldest day of the season; mercury reaches 40° below zero at several points. . . .25 — The jury in the Guiteau case rend:r a verdict of "guilty as indicted." The trial lasted ten weeks and four days . . . .26 — The Gambetta ministry resign. . . . M. Rouzaud, Christine Nillsson's husband, becomes insane in Paris owing to Union G6n6rale losses. . . .Severe shocks of earth- quake in California. . . .29 — Death of Alex- ander L. Holley, the builder of the first Bi-s- 3 -mer steal works in this country, aged fifty CHKONOLOGY. 181 ^^. .30 — M. de Freycinet announces a new French cabinet. . . .The Union G6nerale ot Paris suspends payments.... Death: In New York, the Rev, Dr. Henry W. Bollows, aged sixty-eight. . . .31 — Burning of the old World buildiug in New York ; six lives lost and $1,000,000 worth of property burned . . . .Oscar L. Baldwin, the Newark defaulter, Bentenced to fifteen years imprisonment. . . . February 1 — Iiidictment of conductor Han- ford and bi'akeman Melius of tlie train wrecked at Spuyten Duyvil for manslaugh- ter. . . .2 — Arrest of the president and man- ager of tiie suspended Union Genera.'e in Paris. .Charles E. Patterson of Troy elected speaker of assembly by agreement between the Tammany and regular Democrats . . 3 — Slossou defeats Vignaux in the billiard match at Paris, 3,000 to 2,553 4-Gui- teau sentenced to be hanged June 30.... Great snow storm in the eastern and middle States. . . 6 — Death at Klausenburg of Capt. Daniel Kadpcsi, the last survivor of Napo- leon's escort to Elba, aged 102 7 — Open- , ing of the British parliament; Bradlaugh re- fused admission to the commons. . . .William yindham, the phenomenal murderer, repriev- ed till March 24. . . .8 — Death in London of the earl of Lonsdale, husband of " the beau- tiful Lady Lonsdale." 9— A. M. Soteldo fatally shot in the Republuan office, Wash- ington.... 11 — Peter Cooper celebrates his ninety-first birthday in New York. . . .12 — Great oil fire at Glean, N. Y. . . . Extensive floods in Arkansas and Texas and in the Mis.sissippi. . . .13 — Five men killed in a railroad tunnel at Baltimore. . . .Publication of terms of peace between Chile and Bolivia Death: In New York, Daniel Slote, the original of '" Dan" in Mark Twain's "in- nocents Abroad ;" in St. Petersburg, Prince Suwaroff . . . 14 — Ice gorges and floods in various parts of the country, owing to ndld leather .... Death: At Cambridge, Mass., Ko Kun Hua, professor of Chinese at Har- vard, aged forty. . . .15 — News of the loss at sea of the steamer Bahama, bound from Porto Rico to New York, during a gale ; twenty persons drowned .... Death : In Charle'ston, S. C, Bishop Wm. M. Wight- man of the Methodist church, aged seventy- four.... 16 — The Edmunds anti-polygamy bill passed by the senate. . . .the house fixes the number of representatives under the new apportionment at 325. .. .Death : At Wash- ington, Col. A. B. Meacliam, who was with Gen. Canby when the latter was kdled by Indians, aged fifty-six. . . .17 — Explosion in a fireworks factory at Chester, Penn.; seven teen persons killed and fifteen injured. . . . Disastrous fire at Haverhill, Mass. ; the bus- iness part of the town destroyed ; loss over 61,000,000... 18— Sudden cold wave with heavy snow storms in the Northwest. ... Gen. Skobeleflf's sensational speech at Paris . . . .20 — Indictment at Washington of " the Dorsey combination" of star-routers.... Serious floods along the Ohio and Missouri rivers. . . .Mrs. Kate Cliase granted a divorce from her husband .Deatiis : At l^aterson, N. J., John Cooke, presidet;t of the Danforth locomotive works. . . .21 — Heavy snowstorm throughout the North and West. . . .Brad- laugh takes the oath aud enters the house of commons, but is expelled by the speaker. . . . 22 — Death in Paris of M. Kouzaud, husband of Christine Nilsson. . . .23 — Great excite- ment in the New York stock market and heavy fall of some stocks. . . .The senate passes the bill to place Gen. Grant on the letired list. . . .25 — President Artlmr nomin- ates Roscoe Ci nkling for associate justice of the United Slates suprcn 3 court and A. A, Sargent for mini.-ter to Berlin. .'. 26— Col- liery explosion at .Styria, Austria; 150 lives lost. .. .Sudden death at Albany of Robert II. Pruyn, ex-minister to Japan, aged sixty- seven. . . .27 — Garfield memorial services in the hall of the house ; oration by ex-Secre- tary Blaine. .. .Death: At New Rochelle, !Mrs. Daniel Webster, aged eighty-four 28 — Eleven nihilists on trial in St. Peters- burg convicted and sentenced to death ; tea sentenced to Siberia. . . .The new apportion- ment bill approved by Preside: t Artliur. . . . The store of Edw.ird Mallej-, father of Wal- ter Malley, charged with the murder of Jen- nie Cramer, burned at New Haven; loss $200,000 March 1 — Appalling loss of life and property by the fliocis along tlie Mis- sissippi. . . .2 — Rodeiiek MacLean attempts to shoot Queen Victoria at Windsor sta- tion. .. .Death in Boston of the Hon. Charles Hale, a distinguished journalist and diplomat and brother of the Rev. Edward Everett Hale, aged fifty-one. . . .4 — Death of Milton S. Latham, ex-governor of and ex- senator irUm California. . .Hazael wins the New York walking mi.tch ; score 600 miles 6 — Gen. Curtis, special t!e:isury agent at New York, indicted for solicif.ng mon- ey for political purposes from government employees. . . .8 — Over 85,000 persons left destitute by the Mississippi floods. .. .Be- ginning at London of tlie tri^l of " Dr. " Lawson for poisoning his brother-in-law . . . .9 — The Chinese emigration bill passed by the United States. . . .10 — Sergeant Ma- son, who attempted to shoot Guiteau, sen- fenced to be dishonorably discharged from the army, and imprisoned eight j-ears in the Albany penitentiary . . News of the death of Henry Highland Garnet, minister to Li- beria. . . .11— A new Planet found by Palisa at Berlin. . . .12 — The Mississippi flood said to cover 80,000 square miles of territory ....13 — The President nominates Samuel Blatchford to be justice of the United States supreme court, and John Russell Young to be minister to China . . . 14 — The anti-poly- gamy bill parsed by the house. . . .Dr Lam- son, an American, convicted in London of poisoning his brother-in-law, Percy John, and sentenced to death 17 — Numerous 182 CIIEONOLOGT. Btrikes by various branches of labor through- out the country. . , .18 — Discovery of a new comet by Charles S. Wells, at the Dudley observatory, Albany. . . .22 — Emperor Wil- liam's eighty-fifth birthday celebrated in Berlin. . , .28 — Tiie assembly passes the free canal resolution, 74 to 44. . . .The house of representatives passes the anti-Chinese bill, 167 to t)5 ...24— Death at Cambridge, Mass., of Ileai'y \V. Longfellow, aged seven- ty five . . .26 — A fire in Richmond, Va., de- etroys $500,000 worth of property 27 — Steamer Thomas Cornell wrecked in a fug on Danskammer point, below F'oughkeepsie ; loss about $200,0 0. . . .28— Zuni ludiansper- form peculiar and Taditional religious rites, at the sea shore, near Boston, accompanied by Lieutenant Cushing, their " adopted son." . . . .29 — Great loss of life and widespread Buffering caused by a " blizzard " in Dakota . . . .'Si^ — The steamer Golden City burned at Memphis, Tenn.; thirty-five lives lost. . . .31 — The New Jersey legislature adjourns sine die in great confusion, owing to the railroad bribery disclosures. . . .April 2 — Cornelius J. Vanderbilt commits suicide by shootinij in a New York hotel. , . .News of the death at Lima of Gen. Stephen A. H;irlbut, Uniti-d States minister to Peru ... 3 — Hanlan df-- feats Boyd at New-Castlf-on-Tyne by five lengths; time 21.25. .. .Jesse James, the outlaw, shot and killed by Robert Ford. . . . 4 — President Arthur vetoes the anti-Chinese bill. . . .6 — The President, nominates Wm. E. Chandler to be Secretary of the navy, Wm. H. Hunt to be minister to Russia, and John Jay Kno.x tj be complroiier of the currency. .. .5 — Terrific hurricane in Kan- sas, Iowa, Michigan, and other western States; twelve persons killed, many injured and much property destroyed. . .8 — Arriv- al at New York of the famous elephant Jumbo . . .9 — Prince Gortschakoff, the Rus- sian prime minister, retires; M. de Ciers succeeds him... 10 — Judge Wylie denies the motion to quash the indictments against »Brady, Dorsey, and other star-routers.... Mr. I'arnell released froin prion on parole Ito vi'-it his sister in Par's. . . .Frauds said to aggregate over §4.000,0i)0 discovered in the transactions of Vogel Brothers, silk dealers in Hong Kong, China... 11 — George M. Chilcott appointed United States senator from Colorado. .. .Deaths; at Chappaqua, Ida Greeley Smith, eldest daughter of Hor- ace Greeley; at London, Dante Gabriel Rosetti, the painter and poet. . . .12 — John F. Slater, of Norwich, Conn., gives Jil.OOO,- 000 for the education of southern freedmen ....14 — Captain Howgate, the embezzler, escapes from custody in Washington ..15 — The firm of A. T. Stewart & Co. announces the intention to sell all its property and re- tire from business. . . .10 — Remarkably mag- nificent display of aurora. . . .17 — The Ford brothers, who killed Jesse James, sentenced to death, but pardoned by Gov. Crittenden, of Missouri 18 — Bcjrinning of the trial of the Malley brothers and B'anche Dong- lass, for the uiurdr of Jennie Cramer at New Haven.... 20 — Death in England of Charles R. Darwin, the scientist, aged sev- enty-three 23 — The new Ohio Sunday law goes into effect.... 25 — The senate passes the Mississippi river improvement bill, appropriating $6,000,000 . . 27 — Death at Concord, Mass., of Ralph Waldo Emerson, aged seventy-nine. .. .28 — Dr. Lamson hanged at London. . . .29 — Explo- sive infernal machines sent to William H. Vanderbilt, Cyrus W. Field and Police Su- perintendent Walling, of New York ... May S — President Arthur issues a proclam- ation against .Arizona outlaws. . . .Death at Knoxville, Tenn., of ex-Postraaster-General Horace Maynard, aged sixty-four . . . 5 — A dispatcii from Engineer Melville announces the finding of the bodies of Lieut. Da Long and the ten men with him .... 6 — Lord Fred- erick Cavendish, chief secretary for Ireland, and Thomas Henry Burke, under secretary, assassinated by unknown parties in Dublin . . . .8 — The President signs the modified Chinese bill.... 9 — Lorillard's horsi% Mis- take, wins the Newmarket spring handicap . . . .11— Mine explosion in AVestphalia; fif- ty-six lives lost..., 14 — Death; at Eureka .priugs. Ark., Gen. Cadwallader C. Wash- burn, ex-governor of Wisconsin, aged sixty- four. . . .17 — Total eclipse of the sun, visible only in the eastern hemisphere. . . .20 — The ship Western Belle caught and sunk in the ice in St. Lawrence gulf; thirteen men lost 23— Death in New York of Moses Tay- lor, aged seventy -six. .. .24 — Deaths; In London, Sir John Holker, ex-lord justice of the court of appeal, aged fifty-four . . .in Washington, D. C, Brevet Major-General George D. Ramsay, U. S. A., retired, aged eighty . . . 26 — George Couley, the basso, and Herman A. Reitzel, the pianist, of Clara Louise Kellogg's troupe, drowned in Lake Spofiord, N. H 27— The disaffected Egyptians assume a defiant attitude toward the Khedive and demand his deposition. . . . 28 — Arrival in New York of Lieut. Danen- hower and party, Jeannette survivors. . . .29 — Death a*- Philadelphia of Gen. George H. Grossman, U. S. A., retired, aged eighty- four.... 30 — Decoration Day universally observed. . . .June 1 — Beginning of the star route trials at AVashington. . . .England and France invite the powers to a conference at Constantinople, on the Egyptian question ....2 — Death; at Caprera, Italy, Guiseppe Garibaldi, aged seventy-five. .. .5 — Death in New York of Dr. John F. Gray, the first American physician to adopt Hahnemann's principles. . . 8 — Foxhall wins the gold cup at Ascot. . . .11 — Serious riots in Alexan- dria, Effypt, by natives; 340 Europeans killed, and the foreign quarters sacked .... 13 — The senate passes the Japanese indem- nity bill, returning $785,000 to Japan..., CHKONOLOGY. 183 14 — Harriet Boecher Stowe's seventieth birthday celebrated at Newtonville, Mass. ....15 — Death; at Columbus, Ohio, Wil- liam Dennison, the " war governor " of Ohio 16 — Paul Tulare, of Princeton. N. J., gives $2,000,000 to New Orleans, for educational purposes. .. .19 — Particulars of the finding of De Long and party, showing tliey died of starvation and cold, after terrible suffer- ing. ...20 — A new Egyptian ministry an- nounced, with Arabi Pastia minister of war . . . 22 — Business in New Y(irk almost stag- nated by a stiike of freight handlers. . . .25 — Hottest day of the season in New York and elsewhere in the east; nearly lOU degrees in tlie shade. . . .29 — A train runs off a bridge near Long Brai.ch into the fcrhrewsbur}" river; five persons fatally injured; Gen. Graut slightly hurt. . . .3ii — Chiirles J. Gui- teau, the assassin of President Garfield, hanged at Washington. . . .Acquittal (;f the Malley brothers and Blanche Douglass, for the nmrder of Jennie Cramer. . . .Fourteen persons murdered by Indians in Dakota . . . July 1 — Disastrous storms in portions of luflianaand Illinois. , . .3 — J. Bancroft Da- vis, first assistant secretary of state, resigns ; John Davis nominated to succeed him. . . .4 The excursion steamer Scioto collides with a tow boat and sinks near Mingo Junction. Ohio; sixty lives lost. . . .Death at Ports- mouth, N. H., of Ichabod Goodv^in, the " war governor " of the State, aged eighty- eiq....!! — The British fleet bombards Al- exandria, Egypt.... 13 — Alexandria aban- doned by the Egyptians; liorrible atrocities by the Arab mob; 2,000 christians reported massacred; the town pillaged and a large part of it burned. . . .14 — John Bright re- signs from the British cabinet. . . .16 — Death at Springfield, 111., of Mrs. Abraham Lin- coln, aged sixty-seven. , . .19 — Gre.it fire in Smyrna, Turkey: 1,400 houses burned and 6,000 persons homeless. . . .20 — Death ut Bordentown, N. J., of Fanny Parnell, sister of the Irish agitator, aged thirty-four. . . . 21 — News of Disastrous storms in Dakota and Montana. . . .23 — The Khedive dismisses Arabi from the ministry and declares him a rebel. . . .23 — A fight between Arabi's forces and the British at Ramleh ; the Egyptians driven away. . . .25 — Death at Long Branch, of John C. Hamilton, son of Alexander Hamilton, aged ninety -two. . . .27 — The hot- test day of the healed term .... 30 — The steamer Alaska makes the tiip from Queens- town to Sandy Hook in seven days, seven- teen minutes, the fastest on record.... August 1 — President Arthur vetoes the river and harbor biU. . . .2 — Congress passses the river and harbor bill over the veto . . .8 — Congress adjom-ns sine die. . . .16 — Death at Atlanta, Ga., of United States senator Ben- jamin H. Hill, aged fifty-nine. .. .24 — The British troops begin their ailvanca toward Cairo from Ismailia. . . 28 — Battle between the English and Egyptians at Kassassin; the Egyptians deieated . . . .September 11— Partial veVdict rendered by the star route jury. . . .13 — Attorney-General Brewster or- ders a re-trial of the star route cases . . . Engineer Me.ville and party reach New York. . . .15 — Arnbi captmed at Cairo; Gen. Wolseley declares the Egyptian war ended . . . .Rifle matcli ot Cre^nlmcjor ended ; iJrit-' ish victorious . . Judge Wylie grants Miner and Kerdt 11 new ti ials ... 22 — Railroad col- lision in the Fonrtii avenue tunnel, New York; tnree persons klled and many iu- jureJ. . . .24 — News of great desiruetion by earthquakes in I'annma. . . .25 — The Khed- ive of Egypt enler.4 Cairo, escorted by Brit- ish troops. .. .October 4 — Death at Hot Springs, France, of Adelaide Philips, the singer, aged forty-nine. . . . 12 — Webster centennial celebration at Marshfield, Mass. ....20 — Death at Aberdeen, Miss., of the Rev. Dr. Robert Paine, senior bislmp of the Methodist church, south, aged eiirhty-lliree .,..24 — Philadelphia celebrates t^e two hundredth anniver-ary of Williann Penn's landing. . . .The British parliament opened . . .28 — Sir Garnet Wolseley arrives in England 30— The Park Thea-.re, New York, in which Mrs. Langlry was to make her first appearance in America on tiiia date, burned. . . .31 — Mrs. Seguin, the wife of Dr. Edward C. Seguin of New York, shoots End kills her three children and ler- self. . . .November 2 — Deaths; at Wollaston, Mass., Josiah Quincy. aged eighty; at Napa, Cab, J. W. Simonton. . . .12 — A daughter born to the queen of Spain.... 20— Death in New York of Prof. Henry Draper, the eminent scientist, aged fortj^- five....22 — Death in New Y'ork of Tlmr- low Weed, aged eighty-?ix. . . .25 — Presi- dent Arthur removes Marshal Henry, and other officials in Washington, for inter.'er- ing with justice in the star route prosecu- tions. . . .December 1 — The new penal code takes effect.... 2 — The President appoints Clayton McMichael marshal of the district of Columbia. .. .3 — Arabi sentenced to ex- ile for life.... 4 — Congress assembles; the' President's mei=sage transmitted .... — Transit of Venus observed in many portions of this country .... 7 — Great fire in London ; loss about $15,000,000 12— A fire de- stroys the business portion of Kingston, Jamaica; loss $30,000,000 14— Mr. Glodstone resigns the chancellorship of the exchequer. .. .19 — Death at Boston of Henry James, sr., aged seventy-one. .. .20 — The City Bank of Rochester suspends, owing to defalcations by the president, C. E. Upton, of several hundred thousand dol- lars. .. .21 — The Comyitercial Advert ser building and the Masonic temple in Buffalo burned; loss $300,000 24 — Death of Senor Z vidua, president of Colombia. . . 21 — Celt^brating the six hundredth annivers iry of the founding of the royal Austrian house of Hapsburg. 184 CHRONOLOGY. 1S83. January ] — Tn Paris, Loon Ganibetla died, aged forty-five. .. .5 — At Chalons, France, Gen. Chanzy died, najed sixty. . . .Discovery of Defalcations by M. T. Pol'c, treasurer of Tennessee, reaclun^j nenrly f 500,<>i)0. . . .7 — Steamer City of Brussels sunk near Liv(>r- ])ool, ten lives lost. . . .8 — Newlnll House, Milwaukee, burned ; seventy-five lives lost — At Augusta, Me., Lot M. Morrill died, ftgecl 65. . . .12 — In Washington, Clark Mills, the sculptor, died, aged sixty-seven .... 14 — Fire in the Planter's House, St. Louis; three persons burned to death .....20 — A Southern Pacific train runs fiWay down a steep grade and is wrecked near Tchichipa, Cal. ; twenty-one persons killed or burned to deatii 21 — At Berlin, Germany, Prince Frederick Charles, brother of the emperor, died, aged eighty- two. .. .23— In Paris, Gustave Dore died, aged fifty-one. . . .Coldest day of the season ; temperature 46° below in Winnipeg, the low- est on record. . . .29 — Great storm along the English coast; three vessels wrecked in the Bristol channel ; fifty -six lives lost; terrible loss of life and damage by the hurricane on shore. . . .31 — Isaac H. Vincent, treasurer of Alabama, discovered to be a defaulter to nearly $300,000. . . .February 1 — Burning of the Inman Pier, New York; loss foOO.OOO ....3 — Great snow storms and railroad blockade in the West. .. .Disastrous floods in Pennsylvania and Ohio. . . .Great fire in the Standard and other oil works at Cleve- land ; loss $300,000 7 — Steamer Kenmore Castle foundered in the Bay of Biscay; thir- ty-four lives lost. . . .Seven men killed by falling coal in a mine at Centrehill, Penn . . . . 9 -In New York, William E. Dodge died, aged seventy-eight. . . .Steamer Golden Horn •wrecked off Hartlepool, England. . . .10 — In Hartford, Conn., Marshall Jewell died, aged fifty -eight In New York, Chas. R. Thorne, Jr., the actor, died. . ..13 — In Venice, Richard Wagner, the composer, died, aged seventy. . . Great floods in the Ohio river; the water over sixty-six feet hio-h at Cincinnati ; enor- mous dama'.^e at that point, Louisville and all along the Ohio: a railroad depot at Cin- cinnati carried away. . . .14 — In New York, ex-Gov. Edwin D. Morgan died, aged seven- ty-two. . . .15 — M. C. Kerdell, one of the star- route defendants turns state's evidence. . . . 16 — Seventy men imprisoned and drowned in a coal mine at Braidwood, III.... 17 — James Carey, one of the Dublin conspirators, turns informer. . . .In Princeton, Prof. Lyman H. Atwater died, aged seventy. . . .20 — Six- teen children killed in a panic in a parochial school in Fourth street. New York. . . .21 — News of the loss of the United States steamer Ashuelot off the Chinese coast ; eleven men drowned. . . .'23— In New York, the Rev. Dr. Paul A. C.jadbourue died, aged sixty. . . . 24 — Suspension of the Augustinian society, Lawrence, Mass. ; liabilities over $500,000 ....-7 — Earthquake shocks in Connecticut and Rhode Island. . . .March 3 — David Davis resigns as president pro tempore of the sen- ate ; Senator George F. Edmunds elected his successor. . . .Congress adjourns sine die. . . . 4 — Steamer Yazoo sunk near New Orleans ; sixteen lives lost. . . .In Atlanta, Ga., Alex. H. Stephens, governo,' of Georgia, died, aged seventy-one. . . .7 — Great floods in the Mis- sissippi at Helena, Ark., and other points. . . . 10 — Eleven miners burned to death at Brownsville, Dakota. . . .11 — Severe gale and high tide along the Atlantic coast. . . .lu Baden Baden, Prince Gortschakoff, ex-chan- cellor of Russia, died, aged eighty-five.... 14 — Ex-Gov. Sprague nominated by the in- dependents for governor of Rhode Island .... 17 — Attempt to assassinate Lady Florence Dixie at Windsor, England. . . .Ship Dun- staffiage wrecked off Aberdeenshire, Scot- lana ; fifteen lives lost.... 22 — Arrival in New York of the remains of John Howard I'ayne, author of "Home, Sweet Home.". . . . 23 — Reported loss of twenty-three fishing smacks off the British coast ; 135 men drowned. . . ,25 — In Kenosha, Wis., Postmas- ter-General Timothy O. Howe died, aged sixty -eight. . . .26 — Avalanche on Mount Ar- arat; 150 persons killed. .. .28 — At Wind- sor Palace, England, John Brown, the queen's attendant, died. . . .29 — In Chicago, Gen. N. B. Buford died, aged seventy-six. . . .30 — A train thrown down an embankment near Ma- son City, Ky. ; fifty-one persons injured, six fitally. . . .April 4— Walter Q. Gresham, of Indiana, appointed Postmaster-General by President Arthur. .. .In New York, Peter Cooper died, aged ninety-two .... 5 — In Wash- ington, Joseph K. Barnes, ex-surgeon-general U.S. A., died, aged sixty-six .. . .Great excite- ment in England over dynamite conspiracy diselosures; a nitro-glycerine factory discov- ered in Birmingham and large quantities of dynamite seized in London ; five men arrested . . . .7 — Thirteen persons burned in a hotel at Greenvill", Texas. .. .8 — Fire destroys 145 houses at Vallorbe, Switzerland ; 1,200 per- sons homeless. . . .13 — Joseph Brad}', one of the Phoenix Park conspirators, convicted in Dublin and sentenced to be hanged May 14 18— Daniel Curley, a Phanix Park as- sassin, convicted in Dublin and sentenced to be hanged May 18.... 19 — Norman, one of the alleged dynamite conspirators arrested in London, tm-ns informer, . . .Eighteen nihil- ists convicted in St. Petersburg; six sen- tenced to death. . . .Centennial revolutionary anniversaries celebrated at Newburgh, N. Y., Lexington and Concord, Mass. .. .21 — In Constantinople, Suleiman Pasha died, ageJ forty -five. .. .22 — Terrible havoc by torna- does in Iowa. Nortli (jarolina, Georgia and Mississippi ; villages of Wesson and Beaure- CHRONOLOGY. 185 gard, Miss,, almost totally destroyed ; 200 to HOO lives believed to have been lost ; enor- mous damage to property; torrents of rain and dre;idful thunder and lightning attend the tornado. . . .23 — In Sing Sing, Dr. Pierre C. Van Wyck died, aged fifty-nine. . . .27 — Michael Fagan, a Phoenix Park assassin, con- victed and sentenced to be hanged May 28 ...29 — A mimber of persons killed by a tornado near Benton, Texas ...Siven lives lost by t^ie upsetting of a boat at Toulon, France. . . .May 2 — Patrick Delaney and Thomas CafFrey plead guilty of participation iti tiie Phoenix Park murders; CafFrey sen- tenced to be hanged Juue 2. . . .4 — New York legislature adjourns sine die Wm. H. Vanderbilt retires from active railroad man- agement 8 — Disastrous hail, wind and thunder storm at Trenton, N. J., and vicinity ....^0 — Oil works at Communipaw struck by lightning; six lives lost and $500,000 damage done.... 11 — In Jersey City, Mrs. Hannah Simpson Grant, mother of Gen. Grant, died, aged eighty-four 12 — In Philadelphia, ex-Gov. Israel D. Washburn, of Maine, died, aged seventy. . . .13 — Great tor- nado in Kansas and Western Missouri ; the town of Ornogo entirely wiped out ; terrible loss of life and destruction of property. . . . 14 — Joseph Brady hanged in Dublin for the murder of Lord Cavendish and Mr. Burke . . . .Destructive wind storms in Ohio, Indi- ana, Virginia and Dakota. . . .15 — Treaty of ■]ieace signed between Chile and Peru. . . .16 — Tornadoes in Kentucky, Texas, Nebraska and other States; Empire, Ky., destroyed; several lives.... 17 — In Syracuse, Bishop Jesse T. Peck, of the Methodist church, died, aged seventy-two 18 — Daniel Curley hanged in Dublin for complicity in the Phoe- nix I'ark murders. . . .Burning of the steamer Granite State near Hartford, Conn. ; several lives lost. . . ."acine, Wis., visited by a tor- nado; twent^'-five persons killed and great destruction caused Destructive wind storms in Illinois. Minnesota, Texas, Missouri and Nebraska ; sixty-three persons killed in Illinois. . . .20 — About half the town of Dead- wood, Dak., carried away by a flood; many lives lost and much property destroyed. . . . 21 — Terrific galea on the great lakes. . . .22 — Coronation ceremonies in Moscow. . . .24 — The East river bridge formally opened with imposing ceremonies. . . .25 — Boiler explo- sion on the steamer Pilot on Petaluma Creek, Cal. ; eighteen lives lost. . . .26 — In Damas- cus, Abd-elKailer died, aged seventy-seven . . . .27 — Terrific tornado in Indiana; great destruction at Clay City and Edinburg ; twenty persons killed; much damage by tor- nado in Arkansas. . . .Alexander III crowned czar of Russia at Moscow. . . .28 — Michael Fagan, a Plioenix Park assassin, hanged in Dublin 30 — Panic on the East river bridge, twelve persons crushed to death ; many others injured June 1 — Council Bluffs, Iowa, nearly submerged by a sudden flood; great damage done.... 2 — Thomas Caff^rey, a Phoenix Park assassin, hanged in Dublin. . . .3 — Great havoc by a cyclone in Barbour county, Ala. . . .4 — Greenville, Tex- as, partly destroyed by a tornado. . . .9 — Timothy Kelly, a Phoenix Park assassin hanged in Dublin. . . .10 — Great damage by cyclones in various parts <- f Illinois. . . .11 — Destructive cyclones in Wisconsin, Iowa and Illinois; enormous damage at Beloit, Wi?., and many villages partly destroyed. . . .13 — Disastrous cyclone on Long Island ; much damage at Hempstead and Garden City. . . . 14 — The star-route jury rendered a verdict of acquiital. . . .In San Francisco, ex-United States Senator Eugene Casserly died, aged sixty-one. .. .16 — Failure of the great Mc- Geoch grain and provision corner in Chicago ; liabilities from $1,000,000 to $2,500,000 Panic in Victoi-ia Hall, Sunderland, England; 186 children trampled and suffocated to death . . . .18 — Great damage by hurricanes, light- ning, hail and rain in the Northwest, Ohio, I'eunsylvania and elsewhere; Missouri Val- ley, Iowa, nearly swept away . . .High water in the Mississippi and other streams, and de- struction to crops and other property. . . . In Philadelphia, James Frederick Wood. Catholic archbishop of Philadelphia, died, aged seventy. . . .21 — In New York, Chaidey Backus, the minstrel, died, aged fifty. . . .23 — Immense damage by floods in Nebraska ; twenty -five lives lost. . . .Disastrous floods caused by the breaking of Mississippi river levees in Illinois. .. .25 — In Princeton, Ste- phen Alexander, emeritus professor of As- tronomy in Princeton college, died, aged seventy-six... . .Cholera breaks out at Dami- etta, Eg3'pt; forty -two deatlis reported. . . .27 — In London, William Spottiswoode, LL.D., F. R. S., queen's printer, died, aged fifty-eight. . 30— In Washington, Rear-Admiral Benjamin F. Sands, U. S. N. (retired), died, aged sev- enty-two years. . . .July 1 — Accident on the Rochester and Pittsburgh railroad near Brad- ford, Penn. ; seven men killed . . .2 — In Dub-, lin, the Rev. Father Thomas N. Burke died, ^ aged fifty-three .... In Edinburgh, Scotland, the. Rev. Dr. Strain, Catholic archbishop, died, aged seventy -three. . . .3 — Six persons killed by the collision of a railroad train with a wagon near Cincinnati. . . .4 — In Cockeys- ville, Md., William Pir.kney, LL.D., Episco- pal bishop of Maryland, died, a^ed seventy- four. . . .In Davenport, Iowa. Bishop John McMullen of the Catholic diocese of Dav; ii- port, died... In Cincinnati, John Baptist Purcell, Catholic archbishop, died, au.ed eighty -th ree. .. .5 — In London, the Duke of Mnrlboiough died, aged seventy-one. . . .10 — - Soldier, Kau., partly demolished by tornado; ten persons killed. . . .In Middleboro', M iss., Charles II. Strattou ("Tom Thumb") died. 186 CHKONOLOGY. aged forty-fivG. . . .13 — Terrific wind, thun- der and liglituino- storms in various parts cf Dakota, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and Illinois; great damage done and manj- serious casual- ties. . . .Part of an excur-ion party ihi-own into the water by the collapse of a dock at North Point, Tivoli, near Baltiiuoi-e ; sixty- five persons drowned. .. .16 — Cholera gene- rally prevalent in lower Egypt except at Alexander; breaks out -with great virulence at Cairo.... 18 — Hanlan, the oarsman, de- feats Ross at Ogdensburgby sixteen lengths; distance four miles, time 27:5Yi. . . .19 — Dis- astrous fire in Brooklyn ; a pier and three ships burned, two men di'owned and several firemen injured; loss $500,000. .. .General strike of telegraphers employed by the West- ern Union company. . . .21 — ^The internation- al rifle match at WirabLdon, England, won by the British team. . . .Six hundred deaths from cholera at Cairo. . . .Tornadoes cause great destruction and loss of several lives in Minnesota and Wisconsin ; a train blown from the track near St. Paul ; several persons killed. . . .22 — In Havana, of yellov/ lever. Gen. E. 0. C. Ord died, aged sixty -live. . . . 23 — In Boston, Ginery Twichell died, aged eeventy-two. . . .In Washington, Commodore William N. Jeffers, U. S. N., died 24— Captain Matthew Webb, the English swim- mer, drowned while attempting to swim the whirlpool rapids at Niagara. . . .In Leesburg, Va., Thomas Swaun, ex-governor of Mary- land, died, aged seventy-eight. . . .26 — Mar- shall T. Polk, the defaulting treasurer of Tennessee, convicted and sentenced to twen- ty years imprisonment 27 — In Silver fcprings, Md., Montgomery Blair died, aged seventy 28 — Accident on the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburgh railroad at Carlyon, N. Y. ; twenty-three persons killed, over forty injured. .. .Earthquake at Casa- micciola, in the island of Ischia, Italy; 5,000 persons killed and the town nearly destroyed . . . .29 — In New York (suicide by shooting), Senor Don Francisco Barca, t;panish minister to the United States, died, aged fifty-two. . . . James Carey, the Dublin informer, shot dead on a steamer near Port Elizabeth, Cape Col- ony, by Patrick O'Donnell, who is arrested . . . .August 1 — The Southern Exposition at Louisville, Ky., opened by President Arthur . . . .2 — Number of deaths in Egypt, to date, from cholera, reported to be 11,000. . . .6 — Proctor Knott, democrat, elected governor of Kentucky Y — Destructive and fatal wind and hail storms in Iowa and Kansas. . . . 9 — Four dynamite conspirators at Liverpool convicted a:id sentenced to penal servitude for life.... 13 — Sudden decline in stocks in New York; almost a piinic; numerous fail- ures. .. .The Kimball House, Atlanta, Ga., burned ; loss $1.00i>,00o 15— Courtney defeated at Watkins by Lee and Ross. . . .16 — Burnintr of United States Rolling Stock Company's building at Chicago ; loss $500,000 . . . .17 — End of the telegraijlier's strike; the operators defe ted. . . .18 — In Port au Prince, liayti. Princess Soulouque died.... In Car- diff, Wales, William Wirt Sikes die;!, aged forty -six. . . .Outbreak of yellow fev^r at the navy y;ird, Pensacola. . . .19 — In Erif, Penn., Judge Jere S. Black died, aged seventy-three . . . .Terrific storm in Ontario, Canada; great damage by wind and rain.... 21 — Fearlul cyclone at Rochester, Minn.; one-third of th3 town destroyed; a railroad train lifted from the track; thirty persons killed, fifty wound- ed 23 — The Northern Pacific railroad completed. . . .24 — In Frohsdorf, Austria, the Count de Chambord died, aged sixty-three . . . .26 — Appalling destruction of life and property by volcanic eruption in Java ; 100,000 lives estimated lost 27— News of the death of Ranavala, queen of Madagascar . . . .Tidal waves and earthquake shocks at St. Thoiuas. . . .28 — Explosion of the boiler of the steamer Riverdale off New York; six lives lost 29 — Tidal wave and terrific storms along the Atlantic coast; much dam- age done in New Jersey and elsewhere; nearly lOO fishermen lost in the gale on the Newfoundland fishing banks; many marine disasters and much loss of life; violent hur- ricanes on the Atlantic. .. .September 2 — Earthquake near Rome; great danjage by a hurricane in Paris; storms throughout Eu- rope causing widespread disaster. .. .3 — In Bouvigal, France, Ivan Tourgueneff, the R\is- sian novelist, died, aged sixty-five. . . .Nine lives lost at a fire in Cincinnati. .. .Wreck of the steamer Britannia on Sable Island; twelve lives lost. . . .4 — In London, William Marwood, the hangman, died, aged fifty. . . . 6 — Frank James acquitted of the cliarge of train robbing at Gallatin Mo. .. .Great de- struction by forest fires in the vicinity of Boston....? — News of a destructive hurri- cane in the West Indies 8 — The last spike in the Northern Pacific railroad driven at Gold Spike, Montana, with impressive ceremonies. . . .Terrible hurricane in Nassau, W. I.; fifty vessels wrecked, sixty lives lost . . . .10 — Heavy damage by frost in the east- ern, middle and western States. ...12 — In Monmou h Beach, N. J., Hugh J. Hastings died, aged sixty-three. . . .13 — News of .the foundering in ISmith's sound, July 23, of the steamer Proteus, sent to the relief of the Arctic observation party commanded by Lieut. Greely. . . .16 — In Manchester, Mass., Junius Brutus Booth died, aged sixty-two 22 — In Summit, N. J., the Rev. Edwin F. Hatfield. D. D., died, aged seventy-seven 24 — Disastrous storm on Lake Erie; many vessels wrecked and others damaged . . . .25 — F. Mayer !:6,iV! 2,846,102 22,CCO,000 1 .500,000 50,155.783 4;:i'".245 2.075,245 1,970,132 1^0,000 I5B,0CC 20O,00C 198,000 c,2,OCC 827,15; 240,41=, 5,8m 314,400 29,292 11,369 140,000 500,740 290,000 3,217,645 152,000 33,52+ 3,204,381 240,110 4,5S9.3£*I 124,0' . 320,638 87,364 26,040 14,784 248,3 212,600 204 ,030 208,624 i<;,94i 40,776 2,965 10,2U4 39,840 114.380 146,568 60,000 230,0c L. 4,^34 997 743,948 3,5.';o 313,000 12,727 49,51.0 2,4:7 42,470 SI,c8j 636,21:3 440 3W ;;f,5io 135,955 4Q,26r 8,325,393 933 1,421 5,/tv 7,0-8 20.956 3,6o2,9c,o 73,538 439. '19 7,531 Coptic. Mohani'dan. Buddhist. .VIoliam'dan. R. t;atholic. K. Catholic. R. C. & Prot -Mohani'dan. R. Catholic. I{. 4,000, an annual average of $120,442,000, against $3,445,037,(100 of exports of all kinds of merchundise to that Empire, or an annual average of $287,089,083; cotton being nearly 42 per cent, of the average exports. The following table gives the aggre- gate b 7 decades, of imports and exports, and of exports of cotton to the British Empire, for oP years- Eocports. Teriodg. Imports. Exports. of Cotton. \ 3821 <50 $290,831,000 $242,482,000 $1«5,397,0G0 1831 40.... 475,194,000 462,146,000 378,185,000 1841 50.... 464,358,000 570,651,000 378,576,000 185] 60 1,166,322,000 1,193,350,000 840,436,000 1861-70 1,343,702.000 l,748.307.('0O 799,810,000 l»Vl-80 1,820,966,272 3,484,812,753 1,375,847,593 Total for 60 years.. $5, 561,373,272 $7,701,748,753 $3,958,251,593 Annual average 92,689,555 128,362,479 65,970,860 Our trade with the United Kingdom during the last 60 years aggregates, in round numbers, $6,661,000,000 in imports, and $7,702,000,000 in exports, an excess of ex- norti over imports of $2,141,000,000, which has been used in paying balances to oreditor nations It was not, however, till 1847, that onr exports to the United Kingdom, began, as r.' rule, to exceed our importB. Since that date there has been but eix yt-ara out of COMMERCE WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 191 81, in which we imported more merchandise from Great Britain than we sent her, these years were 1850, 1852, 1853, 1854 and 1 855, and 1864, and, as we had said, the excess of our exports in the 60 yeai-s since 1820, amouats ty $2,141,000,000. Let us now give a list of our principal ex lorta to the British Empire, in 1881, by way of comparison with those of 1790, on the preceding page. PRINCIPAL DOMESTIC EXPOETS TO THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN 1881. Values. Agricnltnral Implements and Ma- chines $1,50^, no Ashes, Pot and Pearl 66,898 Bark for tanning 64,831 Blacking log, iSs Bones, Bone-black, &c 68,606 Books, &c 499,944 Braes, &c 121,743 Breadstuffs 170,871, "lOi Brooms, Brashes, and Candles 134,394 Carriages, Carts, and Railroad Cars. . . 748.907 Clocks 773,599 Coal 2,297,340 topper 85,^24 Cordage 68,iio Cotton, raw I56,m9,396 Cotton, manufactured 3,324,600 Distilled and Fermented Spirits si8,oi;7 Drugs and Chemicals 1,618,076 Eartnen Stone and China Ware 79.3;-iS Fancy Articles 294 .182 Fruit 2,989, tbg Fur and Fur Skins 4,462,404 Gensing 561 , =;45 Glass 368,710 Hair 236,764 Hats and Caps 227,656 Hay 1x1.404 Hemp, and manufactures of 594.072 Hides and Skins 734,701 Hops 2,005,890 Iron and manufactures of Iron / ,.0, ,„ Steel and manufactures of Steel. . . J * 5.904.4-!- Je welry 109,882 Lamps 133.550 Leather and manufactures of Leather. Living Animals of all kinds Manures Marble, &c Musical Instruments Naval Stores Oil Cake Oils, animal and vegetable Oils, niineral Ordnance Stores Paints and Paintings Paper, (Sc Perlumery Plated Ware Provisions Quicksilver Keflned Sujjar ai.d Molasses Rubber G oorts Scales and Balances Seeds Sewing Machines Soap Spirits of Turpentine Starch Tallow Tobacco, mannf 'd and unmanufd Watches Wearing r.pparel Wood. Tiiuof-r and muinir« of Wood.. Wool and m.inulactures of Zinc and manufactures of Articles 1 ot enumerated VaUiei. $5,329,332 14,923,610 480,373 753,669 1,383,081 6,284,732 1.53 ,855 9.535.189 104.379 255,520 462,493 89,119 157,871 106,27^,669 618,792 1,180,926 206,151 159.857 734.937 807,670 149.074 6,518 440 "94.635 4,020,895 8,564 388 8.1,078 „ 279.9J9 8,444,364 265,427 119,439 6,666,154 Total exports 539,264,552 A comparison of these two lists will show that while the exports of most of the articles which then were staples, have increased enormously, a few have dropped out entirely. We do not export now, pot and pearl ashes, flax-seed, rice, wax (nor till the present year, honey), whale and sperm oiJ^, and very small amounts of seeds and roots, or indigo, logwood, lignum vUse, or mahogany. "We do export some wines, but they are of our own manufacture. Tobacco, cotton, breadstuffs, provisions, tallow, furs, and naval stores were sent to England in 1881 to the amount of over 452 millions of dollars; while mineral oils, which were unknown in 1790; wood in manufactured forms, oil cake, living animals, leather and its manufacture.", iron and steel and their manufactures, refined sugar and molasses, hops, agricultural implements, sewing machines, musical instruments, clocks, carriages and railroad cars, manufactured cotton goods, coal and hemp, are among the new articles whicii figure most largely in our exports, even to Great Brit- ain, after the great staples. Our imports from the British Empire in 1881 were $246,141,823, considerable less than one-half the amount of our exports to the empire. A considerable portion of these new exports.are the result directly and indirectly, of our Centennial Exposition here, and that of Paris in 18Y8; and if we are careful to encourage our agriculture and our manufactures and to make known oiir products to the world, it is not too much to hope that before the dawn of the twentieth century, we shall be the leading commercial nation of the world, and Xew York will he, what London has been for bo many years, the financial Capital of the world, 192 NATIONAL DEBTS OF THE WORLD. ft ? eJ 5 O 00 00 p © I- 00 o 00. I— I P O O m H H P 12; £ »; C 2 2 ojoooot- 3_orooooco.-io cc o o o o CO CO in c_ o o_ o_ '-c o_ •^^^ ■— '_ o^ c (M CO -"i" ^ Ti<_^ ■*__ 00^ co_^ ■-<_ -t-; co_ =^_ <^i ^„ c." to" od" oT o o" •— ^ -t- im" OS lO 00 i-- ■* o •:© OOf-COiOlOi— iCO^CO_'*-*»C'-li-< co" CO 03" (?f iri~ (M i-H f-( OOOOOCCOOOOOOOOOO- 00000 C-JOOOOOCOSOCO o o o >o 0_^Tt<_C__0_0_ 10^ o__ "«_ o_^ o_^ o_ o_^>o_ ci 1> O cf o" OS o o «o -* 05 o oo t-^ 0_ >-<__-_ |^_ (^^ t-^ Co" O" o" O" O" •* Co" — <" O" oT C^" Co" oi" O O CO i-oo£-oooSjooc--oocooooc^«og;»« t-00OC005Tte0O!N'— "CO *~ (M" co" i-<" r-T ,-( (fj r-( jn c o o C' (N >o lo o_^ %£ O '-i" of iC (m" CO* -#' (M cooooooO'+iOiaiO i-i (M .— ' iQ Oi^ 00 C^ «";_ 1M_^ •"j*" co" Tj^' 10* t-' TjT CO o '-o »0Cso ^ ^■^ co' r-T • 000 • o c o . O ■* lO^ ■ s^r to' '*" . CO :: ix> , en Tj- (N i-H ^ r-l ■"* 00»OJOCOOO-*OCOOOC01iS 5 O ^ CO O-l to O O 3^ 2 i- O O iO t- CD O 1-1 CC to t- O O r-H_ 0_^ O 0_^ 0_ '—^ ■£-__ 00 o" co" co" OJ" O o" o" 10 o" O* O" «0 CO i- OCD w C C3 00 •'- >■ 2 (B m c3 ^ . , 03 ;:- -a H C3 " a i 3 ? 4) £ a «J =! •*? Pi :c ^ p<5c-';:i,<5Ho«xOOft so 6 r^ A -o (► 2 >. e3 o 01 c3 p ' .5 ^ 1 ^ 'Ph--^ 0) o fcj) >-■ a bo £2 ^ >> .2 -<5 Xi t* s OS *^ - -v. a-" O o rt o o Sf t- 5 ^ fcc S. 02 ^3 -a C3 -^r ,(j f— ^ be .2 § S ,, a R 1 "S • r-4 a +j S PI 5 s ,J3 cj si (D -U T^ rd ^3 >> .2 2 ^" .2 > 03 c3 >> 1 01 (0 3-5 r-H II J .2 •S :3 ^ OS PI ^ 2 fc. 3 W > o Co OS C/ c4 ■S -d u g' a «> 8 PI 5 -^ .^ 09 PI it 11 ^ ^t ^ n "0 2 s n) d ^ 5^ u -d ^3 * S "♦"'^ 02 ^ ■^^ <1> ■*3 0) 'i ■5 5 3 n nOYAL FAMILY OF ENGLAND. 193 THE QUEEN AND ROYAL FAMILY OF ENGLAND. THE QUEEN.— ViCTOKiA, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- land, Queen, Defender of the Faith. Her Majesty was born in Kensington Palace, May 2-i, 1819; succeeded to the throne June 20, 1837, on the death of her uncle, King William IV.; was crowned June 28, 1838; and married Feb. 10, 1840, to His Koyal Higjhness, Prince Albert, who died Dec. 14, 1861. Her Majesty is the only chiid of his late Royal Highness, Edward, Duke of Kent, son of King George III. The children of Her Majesty are — Her Royal Highne?^s Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, Princess Royal of E>fGLANi» AND Prussia, born Nov. 21, 1840, and married to His Imperial Highness William, the Crown Prince of Germany, Jan. 5, 1858, and has had issue, four sons and four daughters. Two sons (the third and fourth) have died; the first, Francis, June 18, 1866; the second, Waldemar, March 27, 1879. The eldest daughter, V. E. A. Charlotte, was married Feb. 18, 1878, to Hereditary Prince of Saxe Meiningen, and has one child. His Koyal Highness Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, Born Nov. 9, 1841 ; mar- ried, March 10, 1863, Alexandria of Denmark, (Princess of Wales), born Dec. 1, 1844, and has had issue, Prince Albert Victor, born Jan. 8, 1864, George Frederick Ernest Albert, bom June 3, 1865; Louisa Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, born Feb. 20, 1867; Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary, born July 6, 1868; Maude Charlotte Mary Victoria, born Nov, 26, 1869, and Alexander J. C. A., born 6th April, died 7th April, 1871. Her Royal Highness Alice Maud Mary, bom April 25, 1843; married to H. R. H. Prince Louis Frederick of Hesse, July 1, 1862, and hadissue five daiighters and one son; second son killed by accident May, 1873; Youngest daughter died of diph- theria, Nov. 15, 1878, and H. R. H. died of the same disease, Dec. 14, 1878. His Royal Highness Alfred Ernest Albert, duke of Edindurgh, born Aug. 6, 1844; married Her Imperial Highness, the Grand Dutchess Marie, of Russia, Jan. 23, 1874, and has one son and three daughters. Her Royal Highness Helena Augusta Victoria, born May 25, 1846; married to H.'R. H. Prince Frederick Christian Charles Augustus Schleswig-Holstein-Son- derburg-Augustenburg, July 5, 1866, and has had issue three sons and two daughters. The youngest son died when seven days old. May 19, 1876. Her Royal Highness Louisa Carolina Alberta, born March 18, 1848; married to John, Marquis of Lome, eldest son of the Duke of Argyle, March, 1871. The Mar- quis is now Governor General of Canada. His Royal Highness Arthur William Patrick Albert, born May 1, 1850, Duke of Connaught, married March 13, 1879, to the Princess Louisa Margaret, grand niece of the Emperor of Germany, and daughter of Prince Frederick Karl. He is Colonel- in-chief of the Rifle Brigade since May 29, 1880. His Royal Highness Leopold George Duncan Albert, born April 7, 1853, 11. K, Bt, took orders in the Anglican Church in 1879. Her Royal Highness Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, bom AprU 15, 1S57. 194 AUTTTTAI, AVEP.AO'B CONSTJMPTIOIT Or SPIMTTTOTS AND MaLT LlQITOKS AfTD TVlNSS IN THE tTNTTEn Statks (luring the three years endi:.g Juue 30, 1878, and the actual consumption for the years ending June 30, 1879, 1880, i8Si, and 1882, and the wholesale value of these liquors. Aktiolbs. Annual aver- age for the •years ended June 30, 187b. For the year ended June 30 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. Distilled spirits of domestic pro- duction: ■Whisky and other tax-paid spirits, except from fnill — Spirits distilli'd from fruit Imported spirits entered for Gallons. ■;4,652,5i9 '1,100,904 1.358,559 57,111,982 Gallons. 52,003,467 1,021,708 1,253,300 54,278,475 Oallons. 61,126,634 1,005,781 1,394,279 63;526,6o4 Gallons. 67,426,000 1,701,206 1,479.875 70,607,081 Oallons. 70,7";9,548 1,216,850 1,^79,638 Total distilled spirits 73,556,036 Wines of domestic production* Imported -n-iiies entered for ti5,ooo,ooo 4,812,675 t20,000,000 4.533,015 24,532,015 23,453.827 5,030,601 28,484,428 tig.ooo.ooo 5,231,106 24,231,106 +20,000,000 5,628,071 Total wines 19,812,675 25,628,071 Malt liquors of domestic pro- 309,523.463 1,129,78^ 344-195.604 880,514 413,760,410 1,011,280 443,641,868 1,164,505 525.514.635 Imported maU liquors entered 310,653,253 345,076,118 414.771.690 444.806,373 527,051,236 Estimated value of the liquors annually consumed $i69,o';3,344 93 $182,980,167 66 $217,563,013 20 $228,985,561 80 $260,156,645 13 ' In computing the quantity of sparkling and still wines In bottles, 5 so-called quart bottles are reckoned as equivalent to a gallon. t Estimated. The estimated value of these liquors is a wholesale value based on the average export price for these seven years. The retail price would be merely double. AJtSTAL AvEBAGE rsiCE, from 1S60 to 1882, per ton, of 2,240 pounds of Impoktid Ibon a2s-d Stebl Kailboad Baks in the United States. Iron Rails. Steel Rails Iron Rails. Steel Rails. Average Import price per ton. Average Import price per ton. Average Import price per ton. Average Import price per ton. i860 Dollars. 30-36 29.03 25.89 31.63 32.89 , 36.61 ^-40 28.94 30-73 aj.56 37-90 Dollars. 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 Dollars. 37-41 49.08 54.26 35-29 25-,52 • • 32-27 31.27 3S.19 DoUara. ^7.18 64.38 I86I 1862 71.36 jg63 1864........ 1865 70.72 50.48 48.18 26.84 32.60 36.15 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 2871 33-3S * £)one Imported. 195 STATISTICS OF MANUrACTUilES. The following- table shows the capital invested, the number of hands em- ployed, the amount of wages paid, the value of materials used, and the value of products, for all the establishments of manufacturing industry, gas excepted, in each of the States and Territories, as returned at the census of 1880. States AKD Teubiio^iics. United States Alabama . . Arizona . . . Arkansas. . Calitoruia . Colorado . Connecticut.... Dakota Delaware Dist. Columbia Florida ^ a o 531,753 842 2 90 4,022 266 28.851 8 1,426 1,389 558 3.619 8 15,233 3,615 1,431 392 3,529 1.335 13,777 21.700 105,976 4,784 1,636 413 5.474 3 120 6 :3 9 3 Total Amount Paid in Wages dur- ing the year. 181,913 2 160 1.460 156 8.445 43,501,518 6 339,375 962 4,267,349 261 3,924.612 382 1.270,875 [2,319 5.252,952 6 136,326 8,936 67,429,085 3,821 21,960,888 1.559 9,725,962 632 2,913 661 3,746 6,547 17,445 4,362 674 527 4,321 1 209 16 $947,919,674 16,184 3,291 27,099 12,152 i 137,393 29 529 2.939 2,352 18.563 12,829 92 93 73,064 29,667 18,270 7,548 1,023 1,118 1,1!)6 1.674 116 398 221 232 2,271 831 6,144 5.261 25 12 340 1,065 6,241 2,613 11 2,500,504 111,180 925,358 21,070,585 2,314,427 Value of Materials. $3,394,340,029 3,999,599 11,657,844 4,358,841 13,621.638 18,904,065 128.315,362 25.318,682 8.613,194 1,192,645 24.309,716 318,759 1.742,311 461.807 14,814,793 46,083,045 218,731 198,634,029 2,740,768 62,103,800 1,636,566 134.055,304 21.355,619 2,836,289 5.254,776 3,343,087 858,863 6,164,479 7,425,261 632,226 4,313,965 18,814,917 187,798 8,470.206 380,023 4,382,080 72,607,709 8,777,262 102,769,341 1,523,761 12,828,461 6,365,400 3,040,119 24,010,239 844,874 289,826,907 100,260,892 48,704,311 21,407,941 47,461,890 14,442,506 61,119,286 66,923,630 886,952,655 92,852,969 65,660,681 4,669,658 110,698,392 1,006,442 8,208,478 1,049,794 43,552,462 165,280,179 871,3.52 679,578,650 13,090,937 215,098 026 6,933,330 462,977,258 58.103,443 9.8,S5,63» 23,710,125 12,956,269 2,561,737 18,330.677 32,873 933 1,967,469 13,891,444 85,796,178 601,214 Value of Products. $5,369,667,706 13.565,504 615,665 6,756.169 116,227,973 14,260.159 185,680,211 2.373,970 20,514.438 11,882,316 5,546,448 36,447,443 1,271,317 414.864,673 148,006.411 71,045,926 30,790,212 75.483,377 24,205,183 79,8'20.393 106.771,393 631.511,484 150,692,025 71). 065, 198 7,495,802 165,384,005 1,835,867 12,627,335 2,179, 6'^6 73,978,0J8 254,375,236 1,2.84,848 1,080,638.696 20 084.237 848,305 390 10,879,983 744,748,045 104,163,621 16.738,003 37,074,886 30,719,928 4.324.999 81,354.366 51,810,692 8,250,134 22,867,126 123,245,430 898,494 196 Imports of Certain Goods into the five great Atlantic Ports, and also the Total Imports into the ITnicn in 1880. AETICLES. Gold bulliou and bars Gold coin , Silver bullion Silver coin Chloride of lime Cocoa, crude, leaves and shells Cochineal Coffee Cotton, raw Cotton , manufactured Cutches and terra japonica. . . Dye-woods in sticks Fish not of American fisheries Fur skins, undressed • Furs and dressed fur skins. . . Gums ,....- Hair manufactured Hair and manufactures of. . . . Hides and skins, not furs. . . . Household & w'ri'gappl, f .o.d. India rubber, &c., cr'ue&mf'd Indigo Oils, min'rl, chm'cland vegb'l Paintings Paper materials Paper and manulactures of. . . Silk, raw ^ilk, manufactures of Soda and salts of Sulphur, crude and refined. . . Sugar and molasses, etc Tea Tin in bars and manufactured Wood, manufac. &uumauulac. Animils living Spirits and nialt litxuors Books, pamj^hlets, kc Barks, medicinal, and others. Articles prod, of manuf. of U 8., brought back Chemicals Breadstuffsand other far. food Bristles Buttons and button materials Clothing , Coal, bitumin' us Copper and manufactures of. Earthenware, st. and ch. ware Fancy goods Flax and manufactures of. ... Fruits of all kinds Glass and gla-sware Hemp and manufactures of. . Iron and hteel and maul, of: Jute& other grasses, nianf. of. Lead and manufactures of. .. Leather and manufactures of. Marble and stone, and mauf. of Metals, and manf. of, n. e. s. . . MusicalluHtriimeuts Opium and extract of Paints Precious stones Provisions, including v'g'tab's Salt Seeds Spice of all kinds Straw & palm leaf, & manf. of Tobacco and mauuf. of Watches, watch movmts, &c. Wool, Goat's Hair, &c., and manufactures of Zinc, spelter, etc., and mf. of. Argols ,. All other articles, f. o. d. . , All other dutiable articles Philadel'a. Baltimore. N. Orleans $17,911 8,553 80,158 407,423 138.724 218.369 225,105 56,480 1,007.570 480,797 491. sya 778,816 12,771 154,226 91,493 329,389 140,496 7,391,363 68,321 1,005,788 654.540 622,779 99.039 1,646,613 93,598 3,245 587,754 1,149,228 184,187 13,462,190 13,298 1,721,155 337,950 3,176 660,390 194,139 4,900 205,251 1,094,088 90,612 239 75,918 109,658 163,595 13,926 956,950 182,543 2,129,237 873,161 441.074 638,929 6,755,725 - 496,024 2,306 1,674,716 132.524 183.015 48,429 38,880 106,847 100,169 118,032 230.710 32,063 214,521 44,213 13,291 17,467 15,205,542 21,707 6,819 Totals $68,716,380 $35,978,084 16,152 640 146 667 1,756 61.185 145.053 5,099 1,328,021 20,294 / 199,660 2,326 85,129 85,906 4,146 42.660 182,182 13,242 637,664 34 309 46,121 58.066 219,027 92,073 12,901 559,975 994,167 254,892 8,761, 4U 163 2,633,379 88,689 986 313,212 133,470 389,333 27,220 1,015,331 12,4.59 801 141,568 8,008 19.655 659,922 100,479 1,301,261 934,225 165,681 76,891 8,023,841 1,649,707 15,082 313,775 70,372 58,444 26,555 318.448 30.795 292,207 29,850 196,998 32,409 68,700 38,561 3 177 7,704 3,054,970 53,951 94,546 $1,631 8.630 7,720 95 ;,473,698 14 155,613 9 3,701 1,689 1,931 7,835 3,248 149,736 21,005 7,946 8.945 10,()9.S 23,749 11,441 35.246 432,476 313,342 1,105,334 1,592 1,449.410 12,387 69 77,380 21,415 490 702,724 170,145 10,978 373 2,887 10,285 1,488 334.223 109,720 113,347 252 293 289.673 33.690 2.821 3,716,034 2,748 375 25 217 66,500 10,977 28,187 1,245 1,917 153,771 3.459 3 105 35,760 394 1,944 213.001 2,010 $19,966,623 $3,355 6,286 222,260 11,603 4,010,166 386,727 1,022 51 1,439 21,044 30 90,015 3,159 90,403 50,805 771 9,6)9 36271 224,657 7,121 817,056 173 364,623 100,490 60 551,4(19 4 191 9,473 48,022 39,186 17,791 2,160 8,514 11,441 301 175,088 33.466 235.907 301,171 55,516 1,728,951 71,606 51 22.513 3,M04 7,860 25,413 2,203 14,097 107,247 1,095 13,182 2,343 258,321 4,280 120,419 New York. $19,298,528 57,894,197 145,163 C,320 357 403,769 1,120,770 534,511 43,512,094 458,921 26,314,501 1,296,451 1,082,089 817,343 1,471,227 3,040,325 2,232,020 586,927 729,421 20,430,171 278,983 8,142,905 2,063,301 1,819,924 2,019,408 4,783,649 1,282,592 1,969,057 30,758,123 4,418,089 1,083,814 58.328,413 13,715,368 16,181,330 2,392,448 33 979 6,132,377 2,090,659 1,932,726 4,183,223 10,038,9i2 549,412 1,007,972 3,633.866 1,192,523 196,664 852 616 3,485,789 5,345,124 19,393,375 10,588,054 4.389,638 2,237,040 30,291,991 5,794,567 299.710 10,035,891 536,057 1,3.58,641 751,819 1,427,687 935,477 6,294 492 677,90,s 517,21,'-, 3.042,2211 2.051,543 3 768,210 6,.';77,9l'0 1.493. b8u 37 517.398 568,537 2,004,038 The Union. $11,073,165 $627,253,643 $760,9.^9.056 $20,330,445 60,420,951 1,081,425 10,294,489 985,585 1,306,239 890,108 60,3GO,76f 591,125 29,929,366 1.803,542 1,808,730 2,168,208 2,496,277 3,927,835 2,444,302 960,077 922,887 30,002,254 2,078,841 9.918,290 2,752,900 2,821,603 2,319,352 6,097,197 1,671,120 12,024,699 32 lS8,690 7.048,069 1 933,032 83,771,165 19,782,631 23,507.2,')0 9,535,777 3,739.996 8,420,017 2,487,8f;8 2,818,051 5,644,274 12,807,018 8,856,497 1,009,495 3,^77.105 1,445,899 2,071,022 1,415,212 6.050.267 5,983,163 23,730.326 13,270,078 5,221,511 3.291.570 63,714,003 7,931,485 327,113 12,205,033 888,874 1.687,695 917,778 2,786.(06 1,10.^,804 6,698,488 1,511,446 1,837.432 3 279,22S 2,428,657 3 947,003 7,3i'2.300 1,520,948 67,638,743 653.390 2,105,403 11,080,486 8 224,122 197 Exports of the Leading Articles of Domestic Produce from five Atlantic Cities and from the -whole Union in 1880. ARTICLES. Boston. Philadel'a. Baltimore. N, Orleans. New York. The Union. Bread and Breadstuflfs $14,927,617 7,033 344 1,174.024 18,772,674 645,047 999,568 260,260 1,161,251 5,533,771 841,668 1,4^2.745 896.808 37,373 186,152 240,629 60,966 124,729 384,204 378.146 21,111 88,(i43 68,726 29,326 176,818 17,155 402,781 8,251 91,249 17,871 109.894 17,010 65,336 6,071 3,086 147,992 3,685 919 20,572 152.840 13,695 40,928 3S,652 71,491 28,774 33,517 $28,987,812 2,075,692 96,271 6,296,658 6,578,762 930,583 148,400 770,557 382,960 363,446 633.696 212,462 471,492 169,904 97,272 6,622 81,334 257,091 320 1,948 32,505 73,675 35,721 5,523 668 16,165 168,196 293 848 3,842 $66,364,054 6,763,755 34,650 4,208,727 1,628,888 4,107,405 88,894 252,116 852,035 64,. 540 230,776 8,867 23,442 2,295 14.025 3,849 87,258 30,476 15.700 18 114,481 28,267 19,876 688 251 29,750 152.172 870 17 208,204 $9,291,558 75,553,195 39,606 95,472 5,169 61,272 1,189 803,667 89,805 17,987 70,893 3,024 1,687,158 $134,671,452 36,213,94; 7,442.398 90,303,925 27,178,159 8,^98.270 1,399,619 6,410,152 7.344756 8,016,724 4,957,120 6,176,480 3,798,806 4,971,047 2,817,283 905.621 1,277,987 2.443,105 2,584,050 162,022 2,254,001 2,349,996 606,396 1,980 687 354,033 1,398,364 180,173 1.156,756 1,167,927 858,784 89,515 919,866 429,741 800,218 267,789 174,811 53,890 603,365 609,737 428.634 422,733 338,752 513,666 1,397,810 426,200 29,315 381.809 147,948 1,502,580 423,057 4,145,631 $288,036,835 211,535,905 Cotton, Manufactures of.. Provisions 9,981,418 127,043,242 36,218,625 Tobacco, Unmanufactured Tobacco, Manufcictures of Wood, and BI'Dnfctures of Animals, Living..., .... Iron and Steel, Manf. of. . Tallow 16 379,107 2,063.166 16,237,336 15.882,120 14,716,524 7,689,232 Leather, and Manf'rs of. . Oil Cake 6,760,186 6,259,827 Furs, and Fur Skins Drugs, Chemicals and Me- dicines 5,404,418 7,262 2,487,283 210 856 662 24,729 1,049 35 38,78 3,708 105 1,105 126 1,144 395 602 1,040 1,325 461 615 320 6,656 424 505 1,857 748 842 1,039 37,063 340 212 3,350.450 3,476,240 1,676,079 Sugar and Molasses 3,258,230 3,027,645 Beer, Ale, Porter & Cider. Seeds . 238,818 2,776,823 2,573,292 Naval Stores (Resin, I'nr- 2,452,908 Agricultural Implements . Spirits of Turpentine Fruits 2,245,743 2,132,154 2,090,634 Coal 2,068,080 Hemp, and Manuf'rs of. . . ClooliS and WatcheB Carriages, Carts, Cars, &c. 1,629,259 1,453,237 l;407,425 1,360,176 Paper and Stationery Metals, and Manufactures of.N.E.S Copper, and Manuf rs of.. 16,477 439 366 9,650 28,326 982 3,575 441 745 i,405 6,816 16,546 11,269 16,329 2,967 23,329 47 1,183,140 970,679 949,218 649,074 603,668 Wool, and Manuf'rs of. . . Fancy Articles, Combs, &c Musical Instruments .... 69 2,594 270 367 49,377 1.774 3,656 3,256 6,228 288,663 875,856 811,177 777.344 Glass and Glassware 749,866 707,966 690,122 Marble and Stone. Manu- 652,963 Booka and Other Pnblica- 626,630 633,012 Starch •. ... Jewelry — , 6,321 600 8,411 53,775 439,397 3,057 650 17,607 29,362 268,995 28,781 505 111 27,979 391,357 $76,220,870 14 330,248 10 447,842 231,531 769 6,428 23,691 1.649,367 All Unmanufactured Arti- cles, not enymert'/*d . . All Manufactt^red Articles not enumerated 782,661 6,518,283 Totals of 1880 Totals of 1870 $68,023,587 12,261,267 $49,612,195 16,903,072 $90,249,874 107,658,042 $388,441,664 209,972,491 $823,946,853 455,208,341 Increase , $45,772,320! $32,709,123 $61,890,632 *$17,403,168 $178,469,173 $368,738,013 * Decrease. The cotton export of New Orleans in 1870 was larger than that of any year sinte 1860, and wrb never equaled except in that year. ATLAITIC Mutual Insurance Company, NEW YOEK. OFFICE, 31 WALL STREET. OBGANIZED 184:2. Insures aciinst Mjibihe und Ihund Nihgiition Risks, And will issue Policies making Loss payable in England. Its Assets for the Security of ite Policies, are more than Ten Million Dollars. In the course of its Business it has paid losses amounting to $90,000,000, Attest ''^""'^ '' ''' ^'''""" " Certificates of Profits, bearing $52,000,000, of which amount there has been redeemed in cash $45,000,000, divi^!^' ^'"^ n' ""^ *^' (^orn^^ny revert to the assured, and ar« dmded annually, upon the Premiums terminated during the y^ Certificates for which are issued, bearing interest until^edeeL^ ^. I>. JOIVES, President. CHAS. r>E2VIVIS, Viee-I>re«ident. W. H. H. MOORE, Sd Vice-I>re«'t. A. A. RA^VEIV, 3*1 Vice-Pros^^ BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND. TOSEPHGILLi .<>^^^^. tb^^ THE MOST PERFECT OF PENS. .x^< PoR PineWriting, Nos. 1-303-170-604. SOLD BY ALL DEALERS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. 9> &^/. "^^^^"^iltr^ Nos. 1-303-170-604. ^^^J^V o,9^^^ V.^^^ ^-OoJ^^Ng^ all hands.) ^O^^^O^'c^^O^^^'^ Wholesale Warehouse, 91 John Street, New York. JOSEPH OILLOTT & SONS. HENRY HOE, Sole Agent EMPLOYMENT FOB ALf SALARY OR COMMISSION. L ENERGETIC, RELIABLE and INTELLIGENT Farmers, School Teachers, Ministers, or Expe- rienced Agents of all classes, Wanted to Sell MURRAY'S NEW and BEAUTIFUL MAPS, CHARTS, ETC.. IMMENSE PREMIUMS, QUICK SALES, TREMENDOUS PROFITS I ^ BIG CHANGE TO GOOD MENl Large Catalogue free. Write at once for Circulars that may prove the STEPPING STONE to FORTUNE ! E. E. MURRAY & CO., Map and Chart Publishers, 214 East Broadway, New York. "ZINGARI. THE GYPSIE QUEEN'S SECRET." r//£ MOST WONDERFUL HEALING OINTMENT IN THE WORLD. A $1.00 BOX GIVEN AWAY WITH EVERY MAP. AND A 35 CENT BOX WITH EVERY CHART SOLD BY AGENTS. ALL DRUG- GISTS KEEP IT. s^s* mMm M^ if"^^^ '-^i sm ^V ! S:^ ¥^r ^■^r .:.^M j«MW LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 011 560 196 9