ill ' {llllllfl'j 1. Class Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT / ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA HISTORY OF MINNESOTA JUDGE CHARLES E. FLANDRAU VOLUME I ILLUSTRATED WITH jtccl ghxU and <£oppcv gUtte 3£ngv;iuings CHICAGO THE CENTURY PUBLISHING AND ENGRAVING COMPANY 1900 Libr^/y of ContirMi ' Wb lUPlEi KltlHED OCT 25 1900 C*MrfgM«*y SECOND COPY. 0. 'and t« QROfc* DIVISION, OCT 26 1900 COPYRIGHT, 11)00 THE CENTURY PUBLISHING AND ENGRAVING COMPANY CHICAGO ^ ^ gcdi cation TO THE OLD SETTLERS OF MINNESOTA WHO SO WISELY LAID THE FOUNDATION OF OUR STATE UPON THE BROAD AND ENDURING BASIS OF FREEDOM AND TOLERATION, THIS HISTORY IS MOST GRATEFULLY AND AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR Charles E. Flandrau PREFACE. Many books of the character and general design of the present volume have been given to the public as embodying the history of certain States and sections of the Uuion, through the medium of biographies aud portraits of their representative men; but this work differs essentially from them all, in that, while it contains tin' usual features of biography and portraiture, it is also accompanied by a succinct, accurate, interesting and readable history of Minnesota, pre- pared by one of the oldest and most experienced citizens of the State. Judge Flamlrau, the author of this history, has participated in every important event which has occurred in Minnesota since its organiza- tion as a Territory in 1S4!>, and recounts in a colloquial and pleasing style, his personal recollections and knowledge of the growth and progress of the State. This history will be read by thousands, where a more pretentious and voluminous record would be eschewed as too laborious an undertaking. The State of Minnesota is quite a youthful member of the Union, its history compassing but half a century; yet its marvelous growth in all the elements that make for substantial worth and greatness, has been phenomenal, and entitles it to a prominent niche in the gallery of the sisterhood. Besides the history, the work contains the biographies of many of the prominent citizens of the State, with their portraits. We feel justified in saying that the workmanship and art bestowed on these portraits, is of superior excellence, both in the engraving and the perfection of the resemblance to the subjects portrayed, while the biographical sketches are authentic. It has been the aim of the pub- lishers throughout, to include in the list only those who have, by their ability, industry and courage, contributed to the building of the State to its present eminence. Many have been omitted, who are, no doubt, entitled to a place on the roll of honor, their great number making it impracticable to include them all in one volume. These omissions may, however, be remedied in a subsequent volume. In presenting to the public this Encyclopaedia of Biography of Minnesota, with its accompanying history, the publishers believe they have made a valuable contribution to the history and literature of the State, and acknowledge their thanks for the aid and support which they have received from their patrons and the people of Minnesota generally, in the preparation of this work. THE PUBLISHERS. CONTENTS OF HISTORY. CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED. Page Opening Statement 7 Legendary and Aboriginal Era 8 Fort Snelling 12 Selkirk Settlement 14 George Catlin 16 Featherstonhaugh 17 Schoolcraft; Source of Mississippi 17 Elevations in Minnesota iS Nicollet 18 Missions 19 Indians 21 Territorial Period 24 Education 26 First Territorial Government 28 Courts 29 First Territorial Legislature 30 Immigration 3- The Panic of 1857 34 Land Titles 35 The First Newspaper 35 Banks 36 The Fur Trade 37 Pemmican 39 Transportation and Express 40 Lumber 41 Religion 41 Railroads 44 The First Railroad Actually Built 48 The Spirit Lake Massacre 49 The Constitutional Convention 51 Attempt to Remove the Capital 54 Census 55 Grasshoppers 55 Militia 56 The Wright County War 57 The Civil War 57 The Third Regiment 60 The Indian War of 1862 and Following Years. ... 63 The Attack on Fort Ridgely 68 Battle of New Ulm 69 Battle of Birch Coulie 72 Occurrences in Meeker County and Vicinity 73 Protection of the Southern Frontier 74 Colonel Sibley Moves upon the Enemy 76 Page Battle of Wood Lake 77 Fort Abercrombie 78 Camp Release 79 Trial of the Indians 79 Execution of 38 Condemned Indians 81 The Campaign of 1863 82 Battle of Big Mound 83 Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake 83 Battle of Stony Lake 84 Campaign of 1864 85 A Long Period of Peace and Prosperity S7 Introduction of New Process of Milling Wheat. ... 87 The Discovery of Iron 88 Commerce Through St. Mary's Falls Canal 89 Agriculture 90 Dairying 90 University of Minnesota and Its School of Agri- culture 91 The Minnesota State Agricultural Society 92 The Minnesota Soldiers' Home 93 Other State Institutions 93 Minnesota Institute for Defectives 94 State School for Dependent and Neglected Chil- dren 94 The Minnesota State Training School 95 The Minnesota State Reformatory 95 The Minnesota State Prison 95 The Minnesota Historical Society 96 State Institutions Miscellaneous in Character 96 State Finances 97 The Monetary and Business Flurry of 1873 and Panic of 1893 97 Minor Happenings gg The War with Spain 100 The Indian Battle of Leech Lake 102 Population I0 _j The State Flag 105 The Official Flower of the State, and the Method of Its Selection jq6 Origin of the Name "Gopher State" 107 State Parks jog Politics i I0 Books Which Have Been Published Relating to Minnesota 112 -I INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES. Page Adams, David T 243 Adams, John Q 401 Aikin, Robert W 261 Allen, Alvaren 251 Allen, Clarence D 416 Ames, Albert A 372 Andrews, Christopher C 216 Atwater, Isaac 190 d'Autremont, Charles 405 Baker, James H 234 Barnum, Edward P 402 Bassett, Daniel 208 Batchelder, George W 396 Bean, Jacob 386 Beebe, Warren L 318 Belden, Clarendon D 451 Bierbauer, William 236 Bigelow, Alexander T 437 Bigelow, Horace R 184 Blackmer, Frank A 487 Blanchard, John 488 Blodgett, Elijah H 398 Bonniville, Harlow H 420 Bowler, James M 435 Bradley, Henry M 247 Brady, John D 272 Brant, Jabez A 296 Brewster, Henry W 423 Briggs, Asa G 394 Brill, Hascal R 442 Brown, Horatio D 362 Brown, Rome G 234 Buck, Daniel 202 Buckham, Thomas S 460 Bunn, Charles W 392 Bunn, George L 239 Butler, Pierce 481 Campbell, Samuel L 400 Cant, William A 303 Canty, Thomas 293 Carey, John R 267 Carleton, Frank H 207 Cash, Daniel G 245 Castle, Henry A 379 Christian Llewellyn 233 Chute, Richard 165 Chute, Samuel H 194 Clapp, Moses E 250 Page Clark, Thomas C 399 Clark, Greenleaf 142 Clark, Kenneth 438 Clarke, Francis B 313 Clough, William P 403 Cone, Royal D 204 Constans, William 416 Cotter, Joseph B 446 Cotton, Joseph B : 455 Crandall, Charles S 393 Culver, Joshua B 477 Dalrymple, Oliver 222 Daniels, Jared W 428 Davidson, William F 475 Davis, Cushman K 374 Davies, Edward W 413 Dean, William B 345 Dobbin, James 439 Dodge, Willis E 487 Donahower, Jeremiah C 277 Doran, Michael 237 Douglass, Marion 248 Douglas, Wallace B 249 Dunn, James H 311 Dunn, Robert C 281 Dun woody, William H 232 Edgerton, Erastus S 381 Ensign, Josiah D 244 Fanning, John T 266 Faribault, Alexander 454 Faribault, Jean B 473 Farrington, John 241 Ferris, Allen F 458 Flandrau. Charles E 187 Fletcher, Lafayette G. M 255 Flower, Mark D 279 Forbes, Melvin J 357 Frazer, Sheldon L 456 Freeman, George W 477 Gerdtzen, Ernst A 325 Gilbert, Mahlon N 425 Gilfillan, Charles D 492 Gilfillan, James 301 Gilman, John M 349 Gilmore, Clark W 325 Goodfellow, Reuben S 263 Gotzian, Conrad 360 Gi >tzian, Paul IT 339 INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES. Page Grant, Donald 447 Graves, Charles H 274 Grimshaw, William II 374 Grover, Marcus D 312 Halden, Odin 4'9 Hawkins, Henry H 35° Hill, Ansel L 445 Hill, James J 494 Hodgman, Jesse M 38o Hodgson, William 417 Horton, Charles 328 Horton, Hiram T 342 How, Jared 440 Hubbard, Lucius F 214 Hubbard, Rensselaer D 287 Hutchinson, Henry 3 21 Ireland, John 1 3 l Kelly, Anthony l6 ° Kelly, Patrick H 276 Kelly, William L 482 Kempton. Edward S 275 King, William S 432 Kingsley. Nathan C 397 Koon, Martin B l 99 Koop. John H 358 Kron, Frederick 320 Laird, William H 493 Lamberton, Henry W 3 2 9 Lawler, Daniel W l8 ° Lind, John '57 Lindcke. William 412 Lindsay, Thomas B 320 Lowry, Thomas l82 Lowry, William D 478 Lugger, Otto 324 .Magic. William H 352 Mann, Eugene L 320 Martin, John 340 Mathews, John A 4" McGill, Andrew R 290 McKinstry, Archibald W 395 McKnight, Sumner T 359 Meagher, John F 3 2 6 Mendenhall, Luther 272 Merriam, William R 3'° Mitchell. Edward C 253 Mitchell. Henry Z 303 Mitchell, William 147 Mitchell, William B 308 Monfort, Delos A 224 Montgomery, Thomas 337 Morin, William 463 Morrison, Clinton 181 Morrison, Dorilus 176 Morrison, Daniel A 304 Mott, Rodney A 4°7 Munger, Roger S 269 Mvrick, Nathan 389 Page Nelson, Benjamin F 371 Nelson, Knute 423 Nelson, Rensselaer R 4 02 Niles, John H 448 Northrop, Cyrus 196 Noyes, Charles P 369 Noyes, Daniel R 1 30 Noyes, Jonathan L 459 Nye, Frank M 421 O'Brien, Thomas D 483 O'Connor, Richard T 284 Odell, Robert R 336 Ogden, Benjamin H 350 Palmer, George M 362 Patterson; Robert H 297 Paulle, Leonard 325 Peavey, Frank H 219 Pendergast, William W 421 Peyton, Hamilton M 271 Pillsbury. Charles A 200 Pillsbury, Fred C 264 Fillsbury, George A 152 Pillsbury, John S 119 Pillsbury. Mahala F 125 Poole, Charles A 468 Ramsey, Alexander 128 Reed, Robert 452 ' Reynolds, Reuben 300 Rice. Henry M 364 Richardson. Henry M 259 Richter, Edward W 419 Roberts, Harlan P 378 Robertson. Daniel A 431 Rosing, Leonard A 443 Ruble, George S 414 Sanborn, John B 162 Sanborn. Walter H 172 Sargent. George B 178 Sargent, William C 319 Sawyer, Edward 191 Schaller, Albert 453 Schurmeier, Theodore L 441 Searle, Dolson B 368 Sellwood, Joseph 353 Severance, Cordenio A 410 Severance, Martin J 256 Shaw, John M 149 Shaw, Thomas 254 Sheehan, Timothy J 226 Sheffield, Benjamin B 363 Sheffield, Milledge B 485 Shepard, David C 346 Sherwood, George W 307 Sherwood, William C 352 Shevlin, Thomas H 382 Shoemaker, James 171 Sibley, Henry H 464 Simpson, Thomas 185 INDEX. TO BIOGRAPHIES. Page Smith, Charles A 370 Smith, George M 444 Smith, Hansen 273 Smith, James 344 Smith, Teter B 262 Smith, Robert A 436 Stanford. Mortimer H (30 Start, Charles M 192 Stevens, John H 484 Stickney. Alpheus B 383 Stockton, Albert W 461 Stone, George C 240 Tawney, James A 332 Thompson, Joseph 11 341 Todd, William E 440 Towne, Charles A 406 Towne, Edward P 354 I'mland, George F 343 Upham, Henry P 438 Valentine, Daniel H 292 Van Cleve, Charlotte 493 Vanderburgh, Charles E 198 Ward, William G 479 Washburn, Cadwallader C 167 Washburn, Christopher C 310 Washburn, Jed L 314 Washburn. William D 135 Page Watkins, Joseph R 298 Webber, Charles C 31; Webber, Marshall B 299 Wedge, Albert C 305 Welles, Henry T 144 Werner, Nils 309 West. John K 4 1 ,x Weyerhaeuser, Frederick [93 Wheeler, John B 466 Wheelock, Joseph A 490 Whipple, Henry B 469 Willard, John A 281 Willcuts, Levi M 317 Williston, William C 286 Willson, Charles C 404 Wilson Horace B 387 Wilson, Hudson 398 Wilson, George P 283 Wilson, Thomas 170 Windom, William 209 Windom, William L 355 Woodmansee, Benjamin D 2^<) Wise, John C 295 Yi mng, George B 169 Young, Henry A 206 Zimmerman, Charles A 384 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA BY JUDGE CHARLES E. FLANDRAU. As the purpose of Ihis volume is to record the biographies of the men who have distin- guished themselves in one way and another in building the State of Minnesota, it was deemed in harmony with the general subject to pre- mise the same with a compendious history of the State, the duty of preparing which I ac- cepted with many misgivings as to my fitness or ability to do justice to such an undertaking. I have decided to reduce the work to the small- est possible limits, and still cover the ground. It has been a little over fifty years since the or- ganization of the Territory which, at its birth, was a very small and unimportant creation, but which, in its half century of growth, has expanded into one of the most brilliant and promising stars upon the union of our flag; so that its history must cover every subject, 1 al. physical and social, that enters into the composition of a first-class progressive West- ern Slate, which presents a pretty extensive field; but then' is also to be considered a pe- riod anterior to civilization, winch may be called the aboriginal and legendary era. which abounds with interesting matter, and to the general reader is much more attractive than the prosy subjects of agriculture, finance and commerce. Having lived through nearly the whole pe- riod of Minnesota's political existence, and having taken part in most of the leading events in her history, both savage and civilized, I pro- pose to treat the various subjects that compose her history in a narrative and colloquial man- ner thai may not rise to the dignity of history, but I think, while giving facts, will not detract from the interest or pleasure of the reader; if I should, in the course of my narrative, so far forget myself as to indulge in a joke, or relate an illustrative anecdote, the reader must put up with it. Nature has been lavishly generous with Min- nesota, more so perhaps than with any State in the Union. Its surface is beautifully diversified between rolling prairies and immense forests of valuable timber. Rivers and lakes abound and the soil is marvelous in its productive fer- tility. Its climate, taken the year round, sur- passes that of any part of the North American Continent. There are more enjoyable days in the three hundred and sixty-five that compose the year than in any other country I have ever visited or resided in, and that embraces a good part of the world's surface. The salubrity of .Minnesota is phenomenal; there are absolute- ly no diseases indigenous to the State; the universally accepted truth of this fact is found in a saying which used to be general among the old settlers, that "there is no excuse for any one dying in Minnesota, and that only two men ever did die there, one of whom was hanged for killing the other." The resources of Minnesota principally con- sist of the products of the farm, the mine, the dairy, the quarry and the forest, and its indus- tries of a vast variety of manufactures of all kinds and characters, both great and small, the leading ones being Hour and lumber, to which, of course, must be added the enormous carrying trade which grows out of and is nec- essary to the successful conduct of such re- sources and industries; all of which subjects 8 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. will be treated of in their appropriate places. A\'i tli these prefatory suggestions I will pro- ceed with the history. LEGENDARY AND ABORIGINAL ERA. There is no doubt that Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan priest of the Recollect order, was the first white man who ever entered the pres- ent boundaries of Minnesota. He was with LaSalle at Fort Creve-Coeur, near Lake Peo- ria, in what is now Illinois, in 1680. LaSalle was the superior of the exploring party of which young Hennepin was a member, and in February, 1680, he selected Hennepin and two traders for the arduous and dangerous under- taking of exploring the unknown regions of the upper Mississippi. Hennepin was very am- bitious to become a great explorer, and was tilled with the idea that by following the water courses he would find a passage to the sea and Japan. On the 29th of February, 1680, he, with two voyageurs in a canoe, set out on his voyage of discovery. When he reached the junction of the Illinois river with the Mississippi, in March, he was detained by floating ice until near the middle of that month. lie then com- menced to ascend the Mississippi, which was the first time it was ever attempted by a civ- ilized man. On the 11th of April they were met by a large war party of Dakotas, which tilled thirty-three canoes, who opened tire on them with arrows, but hostilities were soon stopped, and Hennepin and his party were taken prisoners and made to return with their captors to their villages. Hennepin, in his narrative, tells a long story of the difficulties he encountered in saying his prayers, as the Indians thought he was work- ing some magic on them, and they followed him into the woods and never let him out of their sight. Judging from many things that ap- pear in his narrative, which have created great doubt about his veracity, it probably would not have been very much of a hardship if he had failed altogether in the performance of this pious duty. Many of the Indians who had lost friends and relatives in their fights with the Miamis were in favor of killing the white men, but better counsels prevailed, and they were spared. The hope of opening up a trade inter course with the French largely entered into the decision. While traveling up the river one of the white men shot a wild turkey with his gun. which produced a great sensation among the Indians, and was the first time a Dakota ever heard the discharge of firearms. They called the gun Ma /.a wakan, or spirit iron. Tlie party camped at Lake Pepin, and on the nineteenth day of their captivity they arrived in the vicinity of while St. Paul now stands. Prom this point they proceeded by land to Mille Lacs, where they were taken by the In- dians to their several villages, and were kindly treated. These Indians were part of the band of Dakotas, called M'de-wa-kon-ton-wans, or the Lake Villagers. 1 1 spell the Indian names as they are now known, and not as they are given in Hennepin's narrative, although it is quite remarkable how well he preserved them with sound as his only guide.) While at this village the Indians gave Hen- nepin some steam baths, which he says were very effective in removing all traces of sore- ness and fatigue, and in a short time made him feel as well and strong as he ever was. I have often witnessed this medical process among the Dakotas. They make a small lodge of poles covered with a buffalo skin or something sim- ilar, and place in it several large boulders heated to a high degree. The patient then en- ters naked, and pours water over the stones, producing a dense steam, which envelops him and nearly boils him. lb' stands it as long as he can, and then undergoes a thorough rub- bing. The effect is to remove stillness and soreness produced by long journeys on foot or other serious labor. Hennepin tells in a very agreeable way many things that occurred during his captivity; how- astonished the Indians were at all the articles he had. A mariner's compass created much wonder, and an iron pot with feet like lions' paws they would not touch with the naked HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. hand; but their astonishment knew no bounds when he told them that the whites only al- lowed a man one wife, and that his religious office did not permit him to have any. I might say here that the Dakotas are polygamous, as savage people generally are, and that my experience proves to me that mis- sionaries who go among these people make a great mistake in attacking this institution un- til after they have ingratiated themselves with them, and then by attempting any reform be- yond teaching monogamy in the future. Noth- ing will assure the enmity of a savage more than to ask him to discard any of his wives, and especially the mother of his children. While I would be the last man on earth to ad- vocate polygamy, I can truthfully say that one of the happiest and most harmonious families I ever knew was that of the celebrated Little Crow, who, during all my official residence among the Dakotas, was my principal advisor and ambassador, and who led the massacre in 1802. He had four wives, hut there was a point- in his favor — they were all sisters. Hennepin passed the time he spent in Min- nesota in baptizing Indian babies and picking up all the information he could find. His prin- cipal exploit was the naming of the Falls of St. Anthony, which he called after his patron saint "Saint Anthony of Padua." That Hennepin was thoroughly convinced that there was a northern passage to the sea which could he reached by ships is proven by the following extract from his work: "For ex- ample, we may be transported into the Pacific sea by rivers, which are large and capable of carrying great vessels, and from thence it is very easy to go to China and Japan without crossing the equinoctial line, and in all proba- bility Japan is on the same continent as Amer- ica." Our first visitor evidently had very confused ideas on matters of geography. The first ac- count of his adventures was published by him in 1683, and was quite trustworthy, and it is much to be regretted that he was afterwards induced to publish another edition in Utrecht, in 16S0, which was filled with falsehoods and exaggerations, which brought upon him the censure of the king of Fiance. He died in ob- scurity, unregretted. The county of Hennepin is named for him. Other Frenchmen visited Minnesota shortly after Hennepin for the purpose of trade with the Indians and the extension of the Territory of New France. In 1089 Nicholas Perot was established at Lake Pepin with quite a large body of men, engaged in trade with the In- dians. On the 8th of May, 1689, Perot issued a proclamation from his post on Lake Pepin, in which he formally took possession in the name of the king of all the countries inhab- ited by the Dakotas "and of which they are proprietors." This post was the first French establishment in Minnesota. It was called Fort Bon Secours; afterwards Fort Le Sueur, but on later maps Fort Perot. In 1005 Le Sueur built the second post in Minnesota between the head of Lake Pepin and the mouth of the St. Croix. In July of that year he took a party of Ojibways and one Dakota to Montreal for the purpose of impressing upon them the importance and strength of France. Here large bodies of troops were maneuvered in their presence and many speeches made by both the French and the Indians. Friendly and commercial relations were established. Le Sueur, some time after, returned to Min- nesota ami explored St. Peter's river (now the .Minnesota) as far as the mouth of the Blue Earth. Here he built a log fort and called it L'Hullier, and made some excavations in search of copper ore. He sent several tons of a green substance which he found and sup- posed to be copper', to France, but it was un- doubtedly a colored clay that is found in that region, aiid is sometimes used as a rough paint. He is supposed to be the first man who sup- plied the Indians with guns. Le Sueur kept a journal in which he gave the best description of the Dakotas written in those early times, and was a very reliable man. Minnesota has a county and a city named for him. Many other Frenchmen visited Minnesota in early (lays, among whom was Du Luth, but as they were simply traders, explorers and priests among the Indians it is hardly necessary in a work of this character to trace their exploits IO niSTORY OF MINNESOTA. in detail. While they blazed the trail for oth- ers (hey did not, to any great extent, influence the future of the country, except by supplying a convenient nomenclature with which to designate localities, which has largely been drawn upon. Many of them, however, were good and devoted men, and earnest in their en- deavors to spread the gospel among the In- dians; how well they succeeded I will discuss when I speak of these savage men more par- ticularly. The next arrival of sufficient importance to particularize was Jonathan Carver. He was born in Connecticut in 1732. His father was a justice of the peace, which in those days was a more important position than it is now re- garded. They tried to make a doctor of him, and he studied medicine just long enough to discover that the profession was uncongenial and abandoned it. At the age of eighteen he purchased an ensign's commission in a Connec- ticut regiment, raised during the French war. He came very near losing his life at the mas sacre of Fort William Henry, but escaped, and after the declaration of peace between France and England, in 1763, he conceived the project of making an exploration of the Northwest. It should be remembered that the French sovereignty over the Northwest ceased in 1703, when, by a treaty made in Versailles, between the French and the English, all the lands em- braced in what is now Minnesota were ceded by the French to England, so Carver came as an Englishman into English territory. Carver left Boston in the month of June, 1766, and proceeded to Mackinaw, then the most distant British post, where he arrived in the month of August. He then took the usual route to Green bay. He proceeded by the way of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers to the Missis- sippi. He found a considerable town on the Mississippi near the mouth of the Wisconsin, called by the French "La Prairie les Chiens," which is now Prairie du Chien, or the Dog Prairie, named after an Indian chief who went by the dignified name of "The Dog." He speaks of this town as one where a great central fur trade was carried on by the Indians. From this point he commenced his voyage up the Mississippi in a canoe, and when he reached Lake Pepin he claims to have discovered a sys- tem of earthworks which he describes as of the most scientific military construction, and in- ferred that they had been at some time the intrenchments of a people well versed in the arts of war. It takes very little to excite an enthusiastic imagination into the belief that it has found what it has been looking for. He found a cave in what is now known as Dayton's Bluff, and describes it as immense in extent and covered with Indian hieroglyphics, and speaks of a burying place at a little (lis tance from the cavern, and made a short voy- age up the Minnesota river, which he says the Indians called "Wadapaw Mennesoto-r." This probably is as near as he could catch the name by sound; it should be Wak-pa Minnesota. After his voyage to the Falls and up the Miu- nesota he returned to his cave, where he says there were assembled a great council of In- dians, to which he was admitted, and witnessed the burial ceremonies, which he describes as follows: "After the breath is departed the body is dressed in the same attire it usually wore, his face is painted, and he is seated in an erect posture on a mat or skin placed in the middle of the hut with his weapons by his side. His relatives seated around, each harangues the deceased; and, if he has been a great war- rior, recounts his heroic actions nearly to the following purport, which, in the Indian lan- guage, is extremely poetical and pleasing: 'You still sit among us, brother; your per- son retains its usual resemblance and continues similar to ours, without any visible deficiency except it has lost the power of action. But whither is that breath flown which a few hours ago sent up smoke to the Great Spirit? Why are those lips silent that lately delivered to us expressions and pleasing language? Why are those feet motionless that a short time ago were fleeter than the deer on yondermountains? Why useless hang those arms that could climb the tallest tree or draw the toughest bow? Alas! Every part of that frame which we late- ly beheld with admiration and wonder is now become as inanimate as it was three hundred years ago! We will not, however, bemoan thee as if thou wast forever lost to us, or that thy name would be buried in oblivion. Thy soul yet lives in the great country of spirits HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. II with those of thy nation that have gone before thee; and though we are left behind to perpet- uate thy fame, we shall one day join thee. Actuated by the respect we bore thee whilst living, we now come to tender thee the last act of kindness in our power; that thy body might not lie neglected on the plain and become a prey to the beasts of the field and the birds of the air, we will take care to lay it with those of thy ancestors who have gone before thee, hoping at the same time that thy spirit will feed with their spirits, and be ready to receive ours when we shall also arrive at the great country of souls.' " I have heard many speeches made by the descendants of these same Indians, and have many times addressed them on all manner of subjects, but I never heard anything quite so elegant as the oration put into their mouths by Carver. I have always discovered that a good interpreter makes a good speech. On one occasion, when a delegation of Pillager Chip- pewa s was in Washington to settle some mat- ters with the government, they wanted a cer- tain concession which the Indian commissioner would not allow, and they appealed to the President, who was then Franklin Pierre. Old Flatmouth, the chief, presented the case. Paul Beaulieu interpreted it so feelingly that the President surrendered without a contest. After informing him as to the disputed point, he added: "Father, you are great and powerful; you live in a beautiful home where the bleak win Mr. Steele, he releasing the government from all claims and demands. The action of the Secretary of War in carrying out this settlement was approved by the President in 1871. The fort was 01 1' the besl structures of the kind ever erected in the West. It was capable of accommodating five or six com- panies of infantry, was surrounded by a high stone wall and protected at the only exposed approaches by stone bastions guarded by cannon and musketry, its supply of water was obtained from a well in the parade ground near the sutler's store, which was sunk below the surface of the river. It was perfectly im- pregnable to any savage enemy, and in conse- quence was never called upon to stand a siege. Perched upon a prominent blurt at the con fluenceof the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, it has witnessed the changes that have gone on around it for three-quarters of a century, and witnessed the most extraordinary trans- formations that have occurred in any similar period in the history of our country. When its corner stone was laid it formed the extreme frontier of the Northwest, with nothing but wild animals and wilder men within hundreds of miles in any direction. The frontier has re- ceded to the westward until it has lost itself in the corresponding one being pushed from the Pacific to the East. The Indians have lost their splendid freedom as lords of a Continent and are prisoners, cribbed upon narrow 7 reser- vations. The magnificent herds of buffalo that ranged from the British possessions to Texas have disappeared from the face of the earth and nothing remains but the white man bear- ing his burden, which is constantly being made more irksome. To I hose who have played both parts in the moving drama, there is much food for thought. I devote so much space to Fori Snelling be- cause it has always sustained the position of a pivotal center to Minnesota. In the infancy of society it radiated the refinement and elegance that leavened the country around. In hospital- ity its officers were never surpassed, and when danger threatened, its protecting arm assured safety. For many long years it was the thsi to wi Ironic i he Incomer to the country and will ever be remembered by the old settlers as a friend. After the headquarters of the Department of the Dakota was established at St. Paul, and when General Sherman was in command of the army, he thought that the offices should be at tlie fort and removed them there. This caused the erection of the new administration build- ing and the beautiful line of officers' quarters about a mile above the old walled structure, and its practical abandonment, but it was s;pon found to be inconvenient in a business way and the department headquarters were restored to the city, where they now remain. Since the fort was built nearly every officer in the old army, and many of those who have followed them, have been stationed at Fort Snelling, and it was beloved by them all. The situation of the fort, now that the rail roads have become the reliance of all trans portation, both for speed and safety, is a most advantageous one from a military point of view. It is at the center of a railroad system that reaches all parts of the Continent, and troops and munitions of war can be deposited at any point with the utmost dispatch. It is believed that it will not only be retained but enlarged. THE SELKIRK SETTLEMENT. Lord Selkirk, to check whose operations were among the reasons given for the erection of Fort Snelling, was a Scotch earl who was very wealthy and enthusiastic on the subjecl of founding colonies in the Northwestern Brit- ish possessions, lie was a kind-hearted, but visionary man, and had no practical knowledge whatever on the subject of colonization in un- civilized countries. About the beginning of the Nineteenth Century he wrote several pamphlets urging the importance of colonizing British emigrants on British soil to prevent them settling in the United States. In 1S11 he TTTKTORY OF MINNESOTA. 15 obtained a grant of land from the Hudson Bay Company in the region of Lake Winnipeg, the Ked River of the North and the Assinaboine, in what is now Manitoba. Previous to this time the inhabitants of this region, besides the Indians, were Canadians, who had intermingled with the savages, learn- ing all their vices and none of their good traits. They were called "Gens libre," free people, and were very proud of the title. Mr. Neil, in his history of Minnesota, in describing them, says they were fond of "Vast and sudden deeds of violence, Adventures wild and wonders of the moment." The offspring of their intercourse with the Indian women were numerous and called "Bois Brules." They were a line race of hunt- ers, horsemen and boatmen, and possessed all the accomplishments of the voyageur. They spoke the language of both father and mother. In 1812 a small advance party of colonists arrived at the Red River of the North in about latitude 50 degrees north. They were, however, frightened away by a party of men of the Northwest Fur Company, dressed as Indians, and induced to take refuge at Pembina, in Min- nesota, where they spent the winter suffering the greatest hardships. Many died, but the survivors returned in the spring to the colony and made an effort to raise a crop, but it was a failure, and they again passed the winter at Pembina. This was the winter of 1813 - 14. They again returned to the colony in a very distressed and dilapidated condition in the spring. By September, 1815, the colony, which then numbered about two hundred, was getting along quite prosperously, and its future seemed auspicious. It was called "Kildonan," after a parish in Scotland in which the colon- ists were born. The employees of the Northwest Fur Com- pany were, however, very restive under any- thing that looked like improvement and re- garded it as a ruse of their rival, the Hudson Bay Company, to break up the lucrative busi- ness they were enjoying in the Indian trade. They resorted to all kinds of measures to get rid of the colonists, even to attempting to in- cite the Indians against them, and on one occa- sion, by a trick, disarmed them of their brass field pieces and other small artillery. Many of the disaffected Selkirkers deserted to the quar- ters of the Northwest Company. These annoy- ances were carried to the extent of an attack on the house of the Governor, where four of the inmates were wounded, one of whom died. They finally agreed to leave, and were escorted to Lake Winnipeg, where they embarked in boats. Their improvements were all destroyed by the Northwest people. They were again induced to return to their colony lands by the Hudson Bay people, and did so in 1816, when they were reinforced by new colonists. Part of them wintered at Pem- bina in 1816, but returned to the Kildonan set- tlement in the spring. Lord Selkirk, hearing of the distressed con- dition of his colonists, sailed for New York, where he arrived in the fall of 1815, and learned they had been compelled to leave the settlement. He proceeded to Montreal, where he found some of the settlers in the greatest poverty, but learning that a large number of them still remained in the colony he sent an express to announce his arrival and say that he would be with them in the spring. The news was sent by a colonist named Laquimonier, but he was waylaid and, near Fond du Lac, bru- tally beaten and robbed of his dispatches. Sub- sequent investigation proved that this was the work of the Northwest Company. Selkirk tried to obtain military aid from the British authorities, but failed. He then en- gaged four officers and over one hundred pri- vates who had served in the late war with the United States to accompany him to the Red river. He was to pay them, give them lands and send them home if they wished to return. When he reached Sault Ste. Marie he heard that his colony had again been destroyed. War was raging between the Hudson Bay people and the Northwest Company, in which Gov- ernor Semple, chief governor of the factories and territories of the Hudson Bay Company, was killed. Selkirk proceeded to Fort William, i6 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. on Lake Superior, and finally reached his set- tlement on the Red river. The colonists were compelled to pass the winter of 1817 in hunting in Minnesota, and had a hard time of it. In the spring they once more found their way home and planted crops, but they were destroyed by grasshoppers, which remained during the next year and ate up every growing thing, rendering it necessary that the colonists should again resort to the buffalo for subsistence. During the winter of 1819 - 20 a deputation of these Scotchmen came all the way to Prairie du Chien on snowshoes for seed wheat, a dis- tance of a thousand miles, and on the 15th day of April, 1820, left for the colony in three Mackinaw boats, carrying three hundred bush- els of wheat, one hundred bushels of oats, and thirty bushels of peas. Being stopped by ice in Lake Pepin, they planted a May pole and celebrated May day on the ice. They reached home by May of the Minnesota river with a short portage to Lac Traverse, the boats being moved on rollers, and thence down the Red river to Pembina, where they arrived in safety June 3. This trip cost Lord Selkirk about six thousand dollars. Nothing daunted by the terrible sufferings of his colonists and the immense expense at- tendant upon his enterprise, in 1820 he engaged Capt. R. May, who was a citizen of Berne, Switzerland, but in the British service, to visit Switzerland and get recruits for his colony. The Captain made the most exaggerated repre- sentations of the advantages to be gained by emigrating to the colony, and induced many Swiss to leave their happy and peaceful homes to try their fortunes in the distant, dangerous and inhospitable regions of Lake Winnipeg. They knew nothing of the hardships in store for them and were the least adapted to en- counter them of any people in the world, as they were mechanics, whose business had been the delicate work of making watches and clocks. They arrived in 1821, and from year to year, after undergoing hardships that might have appalled the hardiest pioneer, their spir- its drooped, they pined for home, and left for the South. At one time a party of two hun- dred and forty-three of them departed for the United States and found homes at different points on the banks of the .Mississippi. Before the eastern wave of immigration had ascended above Prairie du Chien, many Swiss had opened farms at and near St. Paul, and be- came the first actual settlers of the country. Col. John H. Stevens, in an address on the early history of Hennepin county,says that they were driven from their homes in 1836 and 1S37 by the military at Fort Snelling, and is very se- vere on the autocratic conduct of the officers of the fort, saying that the commanding officers were lords of the North, and the subordinates were princes. I have no doubt they did not underrate their authority, but I think Colonel Stevens must refer to the removals that were made of settlers on the military reservation of which I have before spoken. The subject of the Selkirk colony cannot fail to interest the reader, as it was the first at- tempt to introduce into the great Northwest settlers for the purposes of peaceful agricul- ture — everybody else who had preceded them having been connected with the half-savage business of the Indian trade; and the reason I have dwelt so long upon the subject is because these people on their second emigration fur- nished Minnesota with her first settlers, and, curiously enough, they came from the North. Abraham Perry was one of these Swiss refu- gees from the Selkirk settlement, who, with his wife and two children, settled at Fort Snelling first, then at St. Paul, and finally at Lake Jo- hanna. His son Charles, who came with him, has, while I am writing, on the 29th of July, 1899, celebrated his golden wedding at the old homestead at Lake Johanna, where they have ever since lived. They were married by the Rt. Rev. A. Ravoux, who is still living in St. Paul. Charles Perry is the only survivor of that ill- fated band of Selkirkers. GEORGE CATLIN. In 1835 George Catlin, an artist of some merit, visited Minnesota and made many sketches and portraits of Indians. His pub- HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 17 lisbed statements after his departure, concern- ing his personal adventures, have elicited ad- verse criticism from the settlers of that period. FEATHERSTONHAUGI1. Featherstonhaugh, an Englishman, about the same time, under the direction of the United States Government, made a slight geo- logical survey of the Minnesota valley, and on his return to England he wrote a book which reflected unjustly upon the gentlemen he met in Minnesota; but not much was thought of it, because, until recently, such has been the En- glish custom. SCHOOLCRAFT AND THE SOURCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI. In 1832 the United States sent an embassy, composed of thirty men, under Henry R. Schoolcraft, then Indian agent at Ste. Marie, to visit the Indians of the Northwest, and when advisable to make treaties with them. They had a guard of soldiers, a physician, an inter prefer, and the Rev. William T. Boutwell, a missionary at Leech lake. They were supplied with a large outfit of provisions, tobacco and trinkets, which were conveyed in a bateau. They traveled in several large bark canoes. They went to Fond du Lac, thence up the St. Louis river, portaged round the falls, thence to the nearest point to Sandy lake, thence up the Mississippi to Leech lake. While there they learned from the Indians that Cass lake, which for some time had been reputed to be the source of the Mississippi, was not the real source, and they determined to solve the prob- lem of where the real source was to be found, and what it was. I may say here, that in 1810, Gen. Lewis Cass, then Governor of the Territory of Michigan, had led an exploring party to the upper waters of the Mississippi, somewhat similar to the one I am now speaking of, Mr. Henry P. School- craft being one of them. When they reached what is now Cass lake, in the Mississippi river, they decided that it was the source of the gnat river, and it was named t'ass lake, in honor of the Governor, and was believed to be such until the arrival of Schoolcraft's party in L832. After a search an inlet was found into Cass lake, flowing from the west, and they pursued it until the lake now called "Itasca" was reached. Five of the party, Lieutenant Allen, Mr. Schoolcraft, Dr. Houghton, Interpreter Johnson and Mr. Boutwell, explored the lake thoroughly and, finding no inlet, decided it must be the true source of the river. Mr. Schoolcraft, being desirous of giving the lake a name that would indicate its position as the true head of the river, and at the same time be euphonious in sound, endeavored to produce one; but being unable to satisfy himself, turned it over to Mr. Boutwell, who, being a good Latin scholar, wrote down the Latin words, "Veritas," truth, and "caput," head, and sug- gested that a word might be coined out of the combination that would answer the pur- pose. He then cut off the last two syllables of Veritas, making "Itas," and the first syllable of caput, making "ca," and, putting them to- gether, formed the word "Itasca," which in my judgment is a sufficiently skillful and beautiful literary feat to immortalize the inventor. Mr. Hunt well died within a few years at Stillwater, in Minnesota. Presumptuous attempts have been made to deprive Schoolcraft of the honor of having dis- covered the true source of the river, but their transparent absurdity has prevented their hav- ing obtained any credence, and to put a quietus on such unscrupulous pretences Mr. J. V. Brower, a scientific surveyor, under the aus- pices of the Minnesota Historical Society, has recently made exhaustive researches, surveys and maps of the region, and established beyond dmibt or cavil the entire authenticity of School- craft's discovery. Gen. James H. Baker, one* 1 Surveyor General of the State of Minnesota, and a distinguished member of the same so- ciety, under its appointment, prepared an elab- orate paper on the subject, in which is col- lected and presented all the facts, history and i8 niSTORY OF MINNESOTA. knowledge thai exists, relating to the discov- ery, and conclusively destroyed all efforts to deprive Schoolcrafl of his laurels. ELEVATIONS IX MINNESOTA. While on the subject of (lie source of the .Mississippi river, T may as well speak of the elevations of the State above the level of the sea. It can lie truthfully said that Minnesota occupies the summit of the North American continent. In its most northern third, rises the Mississippi, which in its general course Hows due south to the Gulf of .Mexico. In about its center division, from north to south, rises the Red River of the North, and takes a general northerly direction until it empties into Lake Winnipeg; the St. Louis and other rivers rise in the same region and flow eastwardly into Lake Superior, which is the real source of the St. Lawrence, which empties into the Atlantic. The elevation at the source of the Mississippi is 1,600 feet and at the point where it leaves the southern boundary of the State 620 feet. The elevation at the source of the Red River of the North is the same as that of the Mississippi, 1,600 feet, and where it leaves the State at its northern boundary 767 feet. The average ele- vation of the State is giveu at 1,275 feet, and its highest elevation in the Mesaba Range. 2,200 feet, and its lowest, at Duluth, 602 feet. NICOLLET. In 1836 a French savant, Mr. Jean N. Nicol- let, visited Minnesota for the purpose of ex- ploration. He was an astronomer of note and had received a decoration of the Legion of Honor, and had also been attached as professor to the Royal College of "Louis Le Grand." He arrived in Minnesota, July 2C>, 1836, bearing let- ters of introduction, and visited Fort Snelling, whence he left with a French trader, named Fronchet, to explore the sources of the .Missis- siiqii. He entered the Crow Wing river, and by the way of Gull river and Cull lake, he en- tered Leech lake. The Indians were disap- pointed when they found he had no presents for them, and that he spent the most of his time looking at the heavens through a tube, and they became unruly and troublesome. The Rev. Mr. Boutwell, whose mission house was on the lake, learning of the difficulty, came lo the rescue, and a very warm friendship sprang up between the men. No educated man who has not experienced the desolation of having been shut up among savages and rough unlet- tered voyageurs for a long time can appreciate the pleasure of meeting a cultured and refined gentleman so unexpectedly as Mr. Rout well encountered Nicollet, and especially when lie was able to render him valuable aid. From Leech lake Nicollet went to Lake Itasca with guides and packers. He pitched his tent on Schoolcraft island in the lake, where he occupied himself for some time in making astronomical observations. He con- tinued his explorations beyond those of School- craft and Lieutenant Allen, and followed up the rivulets that entered the lake, thoroughly exploring its basin or watershed. He returned to Fort Snelling in October and remained there for some time, studying Dakota. He became the guest of Gen. Henry H. Sibley at his home in Mendota for the winter. Gen- eral Sibley, in speaking of him, says: "A portion of the winter following was spent by him at my house and it is hardly necessary to state that I found in him a most instructive companion. His devotion to his studies was intense and unremitting, and I frequently ex- postulated with him upon his imprudence in thus overtasking the strength of his delicate frame, but without effect." Nicollet went to Washington after his tour of 1X36-7, aud was honored with a commission from the United States government to make further explorations, and John C. Fremont was detailed as his assistant. Under his new appointment Nicollet and his assistant went up the Missouri in a steamboat to Fort Pierre; thence he traveled through the interior of Minnesota, visiting the red pip" stone quarry, Devil's lake and other important localities. On this tour he made a map of the HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 19 country — the first reliable and accurate one made, which, together with his astronomical observations, were invaluable to the country. His name has been perpetuated by giving it to one of Minnesota's principal counties. MISSIONS. The missionary period is one full of interest in the history of the State of Minnesota. The devoted people who sacrifice all the pleasures and luxuries of life to spread the gospel of Christianity among the Indians are deserving of all praise, no matter whether success or fail- ure attends their efforts. The Dakotas and Chippewas were not neglected in this respect. The Catholics were among them at a very early day and strove to convert them to Christianity. These worthy men were generally French priests and daring explorers, but for some rea- son, whether it was want of permanent support or an individual desire to rove, I am unable to say, but they did not succeed in founding any missions of a lasting character among the Dakotas before the advent of white settle- ment. The devout Romanist, Shea, in his in- teresting history of Catholic missions, speak ing of the Dakotas, remarks that, "Father Me- nard had projected a Sioux mission; Mar- quette, Allouez, Druillettes, all entertained hopes of realizing it, and had some intercourse with that nation, but none of them ever suc- ceeded in establishing a mission." Their work, however, was only postponed, for at a later date they gained and maintained a lasting foot- hold. The Protestants, however, in and after 1820, made permanent and successful ventures in this direction. After the formation of the American Fur Company, Mackinaw became the chief point of that organization. In June, 1820, the Rev. Mr. Morse, father of the inventor of the telegraph, came to Mackinaw and preached the first sermon that was delivered in the Northwest. He made a report of his visit to the Presbyterian missionary society in New York, which sent out parties to explore the field. The Rev. W. M. Terry, with his wife, commenced a school at Mackinaw in 1823 and had great success. There were sometimes as many as two hundred pupils at the school, rep- resenting many tribes of Indians. There are descendants of the children who were educated at this school now in Minnesota who are citi- zens of high standing and are indebted to this institution for their education and position. In the year 1830 a Mr. Warren, who was then living at La Pointe, visited Mackinaw to obtain a missionary for his place, and not being able to secure an ordained minister he took back with him Mr. Frederick Ayre, a teacher, who, being pleased with the place and prospect, re- turned to Mackinaw, and in 1831, with the Rev. Sherman Hall and wife, started for La Pointe, where they arrived August 30, and established themselves as missionaries, with a school. The next year Mr. Ayre went to Sandy lake and opened another school for the children of voyageurs and Indians. In 1832 Mr. Boutwell, after his tour with Schoolcraft, took charge of tlic school at La Pointe, and in 1833 he removed to Leech lake and there established the first mission in Minnesota, west of the Mississippi. From his Leech lake mission he writes a let- ter in which he gives such a realistic account of his school and mission that one can see everything that is taking place, as if a pano- rama was passing before his eyes. He takes .1 cheerful view of his prospects, and gives a com- prehensive statement of the resources of the country in their natural state. If space al- lowed, I would like to copy the whole letter; lint as he speaks of the wild rice in referring to the food supply, I will say a word about it, as I deem it one of Minnesota's most important natural resources. In 1857 I visited the source of the Mississippi with the then Indian Agent for the Chippewas, and traveled hundreds of miles in the upper river. We passed through endless fields of wild rice, and witnessed its harvest by the Chippewas, which is a most interesting and picturesque scene. They tie it in sheaves with straw before it is ripe enough to gather to prevent the wind from shaking out the grains, and when it has matured they thresh it with 20 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. sticks into their canoes. We estimated that there were about one thousand families of the Chippewas, and that they gathered about twen- ty-five bushels for each family, and we saw that in so doing they did not make any impres- sion whatever on the crop, leaving thousands of acres of the rice to the geese and ducks. Our calculations then were, that more rice grew in Minnesota each year, without any cul- tivation, than was produced in South Carolina as one of the principal products of that State; and I may add that it is much more palatable and nutritious as a food than the white rice of the Orient or the South. There is no doubt that at some future time it will be utilized to the great advantage of the State. Mr. Boutwell's Leech lake mission was in all things a success. In 1834 the Rev. Samuel W. Tond and his brother, Gideon H. Pond, full of missionary en- thusiasm, arrived at Fort Snelling in the month of May. They consulted with the In- dian agent, Major Taliaferro, about the best place to establish a mission and decided upon Lake Calhoun, where dwelt small bands of Dakotas, and with their own hands erected a house and located. About the same time came the Rev. T. H. Williamson, M. D., under appointment from the American Board of Commissioners of For- eign Missions, to visit the Dakotas, and ascer- tain what could be done to introduce Christian instruction among them. He was reinforced by the Rev. J. D. Stevens, missionary, Alexander Huggins, farmer, and their wives, Miss Sarah I'oage and Miss Lucy Stevens, teachers. They arrived at Fort Snelling in May, 1835, and were hospitably received by the officers of the gar- rison, the Indian Agent and Mr. Sibley, then a young man who had recently taken charge of the trading post at Mendota. From this point Rev. Mr. Stevens and family proceeded to Lake Harriet in Hennepin county and built a suitable house. Dr. Williamson and wife, Mr. Huggins and wife, and Miss Poage went to Lac qui Parle, where they were welcomed by Mr. Renville, a trader at that point, after whom the county of Renville is named. The Rev. J. D. Stevens acted as chaplain of Fort Snelling in the absence of a regularly ap- pointed officer in that position. In 1S37 the mission was strengthened by the arrival of the Rev. Stephen R. Riggs, a grad- uate of Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, and his wife. After remaining a short time at Lake Harriet Mr. and Mrs. Riggs went to Lac qui Parle. In 1837 missionaries sent out by the Evan- gelical Society of Lausanne, Switzerland, ar- rived and located at Red Wing and Wapa- shaw's Villages on the Mississippi, and about the same time a Methodist mission was com- menced at Kaposia, but they were of brief duration and soon abandoned. In 183C a mission was established at Poke- gama, among the Chippewas, which was quite successful, and afterwards, in 1812 or 1813, missions were opened at Red Lake, Shakopee and other places in Minnesota. During the summer of 1843 Mr. Riggs commenced a mis- sion station at Traverse des Sioux, which at- tained considerable proportions and remained until overtaken by white settlement, about 1854. Mr. Riggs and Dr. Williamson also estab- lished a mission at the Yellow Medicine agency of the Sioux, in the year 1852, which was about the best equipped of any of them. It consisted of a good house for the missionaries, a large boarding and school house for Indian pupils, a neat little church, with a steeple and a bell, and all the other buildings necessary to a complete mission outfit. These good men adopted a new scheme of education and civilization, which promised to be very successful. They organized a govern- ment among the Indians, which they called the llazelwood Republic. To become a member of this civic body it was necessary that the appli- cant should cut off his long hair and put on white men's clothes, and it was also expected that he should become a member of the church. The Republic had a written Constitution, a president and other officers. It was in 185C, when I first became acquainted with this insti- tution, and I afterwards used its members to great advantage, in the rescue of captive HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 21 women and the punishment of one of the lead ers of the Spirit Lake massacre, which occurred in the northwestern portion of Iowa, in the year 1857, the particulars of which I will relate hereafter. The name of the president was Paul Ma-za-cu-ta-ma-ni, or the man who shoots metal as he walks, and one of its prominent members was John Otherday, called in Sioux, An-pay- tu-tok-a-cha, both of whom were the best friends the whites had in the hour of their great danger in the outbreak of 1862. It was these two men who informed the missionaries and other whites at the Yellow Medicine agency of the impending massacre and assisted sixty-two of them to escape before the fatal blow was struck. What I have said proves that much good at- tended the work of the missionaries in the way of civilizing some of the Indians, but it has always been open to question in my mind if any Sioux Indian ever fully comprehended the basic doctrines of Christianity. I will give an example which had great weight in forming my judgment. There was among the pillars of the mission church at the Yellow Medicine agency, or as it was called in Sioux, Pajutazee, an Indian named Ana-wang-mani, to which the missionaries had prefixed the name of Simon. He was an exceptionally good man and promi- nent in all church matters. He prayed and exhorted and was looked upon by all interested as a fulfillment of the success of both the church and the Republic. Imagine the conster- nation of the worthy missionaries when one day he announced that a man who had killed his cousin some eight years ago had returned Prom the Missouri and was then in a neighbor- ing camp, and that it was his duty to kill him to avenge his cousin. The missionaries argued with him, quoted the Bible to him, prayed with him; in fact, exhausted every possible means to prevent him carrying out his purpose, but all to no effect. He would admit all they said, as- sured them that he believed everything they contended for, but he would always end with the assertion that "he killed my cousin, and I must kill him." This savage instinct was too deeply imbedded in his nature to be overcome by any teaching of the white man, and the re- sult was that he got a double-barreled shotgun and carried out his purpose, the consequence of which was to nearly destroy the church and the republic. He was, however, line to the whites all through the outbreak of lsiiU. When the Indians rebelled the entire mission outfit at Pajutazee was destroyed, which prac- tically put an end to missionary effort in Min- nesota, but did not in the least lessen the ardor of the missionaries. I remember meeting Dr. Williamson soon after the Sioux were driven out of the State, and supposing, of course, that he had given up all hope of Christianizing them, I asked him where he would settle, and what he would do. He did not hesitate a mo- ment, and said that he would hunt up the rem- nant of his people and attend to their spiritual wauls. Having given a general idea of the mission- ary efforts that were made in Minnesota, I will say a word about the Indians. INDIANS. The Dakotas — or, as they were afterwards called, the Sioux — and the Chippewas were splendid races of aboriginal men. The Sioux who occupied Minnesota were about eight thousand strong, men, women and children. They were divided into four principal bands, known as the M'day-wa-kon-tons, or Spirit Lake Villagers; the Wak-pay-ku-tays, or Leaf Shoot- ers, from their living in the timber; the Si-si- tons, and the Wak-pay-tons. There was also a considerable band, known as the Upper Si-si- tons, who occupied the extreme upper waters of the Minnesota river. The Chippewas num- bered about seven thousand eight hundred, di- vided as follows: At Lake Superior, whose agency was at La l'ointe, Wisconsin, about six- teen hundred and fifty; on the upper Missis sippi, on the east side, about three thousand four hundred and fifty; of Fillagers, fifteen hun- dred and fifty, and at Red lake, eleven hundred and thirty. The Sioux and Chippewas hail been deadly enemies as far back as anything was known of them and kept up continual war- fare. The Winnebagoes, numbering about fifteen hundred, were removed from the neu- HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. tral ground in I own to Long Prairie in Minnesota, in L848, and in 1 s.~>4 were again removed to Blue Earth county, near the present site of Mankato. While Minne- sota was a Territory its western boundary extended to the Missouri river, and on that river, both east and wesl of it, were numerous wild and warlike bands of Sioux, numbering many thousands, although no accurate census of them had ever been taken. They were the Tetons, Yanktons, Cut heads, Yanktonais and others. These Missouri Indians frequently vis ited Minnesota. The proper name of these Indians is Dakota. and they know themselves only by that name, but the Chippewas of Lake Superior, in speak- ing of them, always called them "Nadowes- sioux," which in their language signifies enemy. The traders had a habit when speaking of any tribe in the presence of another, and especially of an enemy, to designate them by some name that would not be understood by the listeners, as they were very suspicious. When speaking of the Dakotas they used the last syllable of Nadowessioux, "Sioux," until the name at- tached itself to them, and they have always since been so called. Charlevoix, who visited Minnesota in 1721, in his history of New France, says: "The name Sioux that we give these Indians is entirely of our own making, or rather it is the last two syllables of the name Nadowessioux, as many nations call them." The Sioux live in tepees or circular conical tents supported by poles, so arranged as to leave an opening in the top for ventilation and for the escape of smoke. These were, before the advent of the whites, covered with dressed buffalo skins, but more recently with a coarse cotton tent cloth, which is preferable on ac- count of its being much lighter to transport from place to place, as they are almost con- stantly on the move, the tents being carried by the squaws. There is no more comfortable habitation than the Sioux tepee to be found among the dwellers in tents anywhere. A fire is made in the center for either warmth or cooking purposes. The camp kettle is sus pended over it, making cooking easy and cleanly. In the winter, when the Indian family settles down to remain any considerable time, 1 bey select a river bottom where there is timber or chaparral, and set up the tepee; then they ciii i he long grass or bottom cane and stand it up against the outside of the lodge to the thick- ness of about twenty inches, and you have a very warm and cozy habitation. The wealth of the Sioux consists very largely in his horses, and his subsistence is the game of the forest and plains and the fish and wild rice of the lakes. Minnesota was an Indian paradise. It abounded in buffalo, elk, moose, deer, beaver, wolves, and in fact nearly all wild animals found in North America. It held upon its surface eight thousand beautiful lakes, alive with the finest of edible fish. It was dotted over with beautiful groves of the sugar maple, yielding quantities of delicious sugar, and wild rice swamps were abundant. An in- habitant of this region with absolute liberty, and nothing to do but defend it against the en- croachments of enemies, certainly had very little more to ask of his Creator. But he was not allowed to enjoy it in peace. A stronger race was on his trail, and there was nothing left for him but to surrender his country on the best terms he could make. Such has ever been the case from the beginning of recorded events, and judging from current operations there has been no cessation of the movement. Why was not the world made big enough for homes for all kinds and colors of men and all characters of civilization? As the white man progressed towards the West and came in contact with the Indians, it became necessary to define the territories of the different tribes to avoid collision between them and the newcomers as much as possible. To accomplish this end, Governor Clark of Mis souri and Governor Cass of Michigan, on the 19th of August, 1825, convened at Prairie du Chien, a grand congress of Indians, represent- ing the Dakotas, Chippewas (then called Ojib- ways), Sauks. Foxes, Menomonies, Iowas, Win- nebagoes, Pottawattamies and Ottawas, and it was determined by treaties among them where the dividing lines between their coun- tries should be; which partition gave the Chip- HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. pewas ;i large part of what is now Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the Dakota* lands to the west of them. But it soon became apparenl that these boundary lines between the Dakotas and the Chippewas would not be adhered to, and Governor Cass and Mr. T. L. McKenney were appointed commissioners to again con- vene the Chippewas. This time they met at Fond du Lac, and there, on the 5th of August, L826, another treaty was entered into, which, with the exception of the Fort Snelling treaty. was the first one ever made on the soil of Min- nesota. By this treaty the Chippewas, among other things, renounced all allegiance to or con- nection with Great Britain and acknowledged the authority of the United States. These treaties were, however, rather of a preliminary character, being intended more tor the purpose of arranging matters between the tribes than making concessions to the whites, although the whites were permitted to mine and carry away metals and ores from the Chippewa country by the treaty of Fond du Lac. The first important treaty made with the Sioux, by which the white men began to obtain concessions of lands from them, was on August 29, 1837. This treaty was made at Washing! on through Joel R. Poinsette, and to give an idea of how little time and few words were spent in accomplishing important ends I will quote the first article of this treaty. "Article I. The chiefs and braves represent- ing the parties having an interest therein cede to the United States all their land east of the Mississippi river and all their islands in said river." The rest of the treaty is confined to the con- sideration to be paid and matters of that na- ture. This treaty extinguished all the Dakota title in lands east of the Mississippi river in Minne- sota and opened the way for immigration on all that side of the Mississippi. Immigra- tion was not long in accepting the invitation, for between the making of the treaty in 1837, and the admission of the State of Wisconsin into the Union in 1848, there had sprung into existence in that State west of the St. Croix the towns of Stillwater, St. Anthony, St. Paul. Ma line, Areola and other lesser settlements, which were all left in .Minnesota when Wiscon- sin adopted the St. Croix as its western bound a iy. Most important, however, of all the treaties that opened up the lands of Minnesota to set- tlement were those of 1851, made at Traverse des Sioux and Mendota, by which the Sioux ceiled to the United States all their lands in Minnesota and Iowa, except a small reserva- tion for their habitation, situated on the upper waters of the Minnesota river. The Territory of Minnesota was organized in 1819 and immediately presented to the world a very attractive field for immigration. The most desirable lands in the new Territory were on the west side of the Mississippi, but the title to them was still in the Indians. The whites could not wait until this was extinguished, but at once began to settle on the land lying on the west bank of the Mississippi, north of the north line of Iowa, and in the new Territory. These settlements extended up the Mississippi river as far as Saint Cloud, in what is now Stearns county, and extended up the Minnesota river as far as the mouth of the Blue Earth river, in the neighborhood of Mankato. These settlers were all trespassers on the lands of I lie Indians, but a little thing like that never deterred a white American from pushing his fortunes towards I he setting sun. It soon became apparent that the Indians must yield to the approaching tidal wave of set t lenient, and measures were taken to acquire their lands by the United States. In 1851 Luke Lea, then commissioner of the gen- eral land office, and Alexander Ramsey, then ( rovernor of the Territory of Minnesota, and ex- officio superintendent of Indian affairs, were appointed commissioners to treat with the In- dians at Traverse des Sioux, and after much feasting and talking a treaty was completed and signed, July 23, 1851, between the United States and the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of Sioux, whereby these bands ceded to the United States a vast tract of land lying in Min- nesota and Iowa, and reserved for their future occupation a strip of land on the Upper Min- nesota, ten miles wide on each side id' the cen- ter line of the river. For this cession they were 24 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. io be paid $1,665, I, which w;is to 1"- paid a part in cash 1. ls.11. another treaty was negotiated by the same commissioners with two other hands of Sioux in .Minnesota. the Meda\ wa kui tons and Wak-pay koo-tays. By this I real \ these ha lids ceded to the United States all their hinds in the T( rritory of Min- nesota or State of Iowa, for which they were to be paid $1,410,000, very much in the same way that was provided in I he last -named treaty with the Sissetons and Wak-pax Ions. This treaty also was amended by i hi' Senate and not fully perfected until February 24, 1853. Both of these treaties contained the provision that '•The laws of t he United States, prohibiting tic introduction and sale of spirituous liquors in the Indian country, shall he in full force and eifecl throughout the Territory hereby ceded and lying in Minnesota, until otherwise di- rected by Congress or the President of the United States." I mention this feature of the treaty because it gave rise to much litigation as to whether the treaty making power had au- thority to legislate for settlers on the ceded lands of the United Stales. The power was sus- tained. These treaties practically obliterated the Indian title from the lands composing- Min- nesota, and its extinction brings us to the ter- ritorial period. TERRITORIAL I'KRIOD. It must be kept in mind that during the per- iod which we have been attempting to review. the people who inhabited what is now Minne- sota wen- subject to a great many different governmental jurisdictions. This, however, did not in any way concern them, as they did not. as a general thing, know or care anything about such matters, but as it may be inter- esting to the retrospective explorer to be in- formed on the subject I will briefly present it. Minnesota has 1 wo sources of parentage. The part of it lying west of the Mississippi was part of the Louisiana purchase made by President Jefferson from Napoleon Bonaparte in 1803, and the part east of that river was part of the Northwest Territory ceded by Virginia in 1784 to the United States. I will give the suc- cessive changes of political jurisdiction, begin- ning on the west side of the river. First it was part of New Spain, and Spanish. It was then purchased from Spain by France, and became French. On June 30, 1803, it he- came American, by purchase from France, and was part of the Province of Louisiana, and so remained until March 26, 1S04, when an act was passed by Congress creating the Territory of Orleans, which included all of the Louisiana purchase south of the 33d degree of north lati- tude. This act gave the Territory of Louisiana a government and called all the country north of it the District of Louisiana; this was to he governed by the Territory of Indiana, which had In en created in 1800, out of the Northwest Territory, and had its seat of government at Vincennes, on the Wabash. On June 4. 1812, the District of Louisiana was erected into the Territory of Missouri, where we remained until June 28, 1834, when all the public lands of the United States lying west of the Mississippi, north of the State of Missouri, and south of the British line, were, by act of Congress, attached to the Territory of Michigan; we remained under this jurisdiction until April 10, 1830, when the Territory of Wis- consin was created. This law went into effect July 3, 1830, and Wisconsin took in our terri- tory lying west of the Mississippi, and there it remained until June 12, 183S; then the Terri- tory of Iowa was created, taking us in and holding us until the State of Iowa was ad- milted into the Union, on March :',. 1S4.">. which EISTORY OF MINNESOTA. left us without any government west of 1 he- Mississippi. The pari of Minnesota lying east of the Miss- issippi was originally part of the Northwest Territory. < »n May 7, 1S00, it became part of the Indiana Territory and remained so until April 26, 183G, when it became part of the Wis cousin Territory; it so continued until May 29, 1848, when Wisconsin entered the Union as a State with the St. Croix river for its western boundary. By this arrangement of the western boundary of Wisconsin, all the territory west of the St. < Jroix and east of the Mississippi. like that west of the river, was left without any government at all. One of the curious results of the many gov- ernmental changes which the western part of Minnesota underwent is illustrated in the resi- dence of (Jen. Henry II. Sibley at Mendota. In 1834. at the age of twenty two. Mr. Sibley com- menced his residence at Mendota. as the agent of the American Fur Company's establishment. At this point Mr. Sibley built the first private residence that was erected in Minnesota. It was a large, comfortable dwelling, constructed of the blue limestone found in the vicinity, with commodious porticos on the river front. The house was built in 1835-6, and was then in the Territory of Michigan. Mr. Sibley lived in it successively in Michigan, Wisconsin. Iowa and the Territory and State of Minnesota. He removed to St. Paul in the year 1862. Every distinguished visitor who came to Minnesota in the early days was entertained by Mr. Sibley in his hospitable old mansion, and, together with its genial, generous and refined propri- etor, it contributed much towards planting the seeds of those aesthetic amenities of social life that have so generally flourished in the later days of Minnesota's history, and -;iven it its deserved prominence among the States of the West. Tin- house still stands, and has been occupied at different times since its founder abandoned it. as a < 'atholic institution of some kind and an artist's summer school. The word Mendota is Sioux, and means the meeting of tin- water's. It was the admission of Wisconsin into the Union in 1848 that brought about the organiza- tion of i he Territory of Minnesota. The peculiar situation in which all the people residing wesi of the Si. Croix found themselves set them to devising ways and means to obtain some kind of government to live under. It was a de- batable question whether the remnant of Wis cousin which was left over when the State was admit teil carried with ii the Territorial govern- ment, or whether if was a in man's land, and different views were entertained on the sub- ject. The question was somewhat embarrassed by the fact that the Territorial Governor, Gov- ernor Dodge, had been elected to the Senate of the United States from the new State, and i he Territorial secretary. Mr. John Catlin, who would have become Governor ex-officio when a vacancy occurred in the office of Governor, re- sided in Madison, and the delegate to Congress, Mr. John II. Tweedy, had resigned, so even if the Territorial government had in law survived there seemed to be no one to represent and ad- minister it. There was no lack of ability among the in- habitants of the abandoned remnant of Wis consin. In St. Paul dwelt Henry M. Rice, Louis Roberts, J. W. Simpson, A. L. Larpenteur, David Lambert, Henry Jackson, Vetal Guerin, David Herbert. Oliver Rosseau, Andre Cod trey. Joseph Rondo, James R. Clewell, Edward I'helan. William <1. Carter anil many others. In Stillwater, and on the St. Croix, were Mor- ton S. Wilkinson. Henry L. Moss. John Mc- Kusick, Joseph R. Brown and others. In Men- dota resided Henry II. Sibley. In St. Anthony, William R. Marshall; at Fori Snelling, Frank- lin Steele. I could name many others, but the above is a representative list. It will be ob- served that many of them are French. An initial meeting was held in St. Paul, in duly of 1848, at Henry Jackson's trading house, to consider the matter, which was undoubtedly the first public meeting ever held in Minnesota. ( )n 1 he 5th of August, in the same year, a simi- lar meeting was held in Stillwater, and out of these meetings grew a call for a convention to lie held at Stillwater. August 26, which was held accordingly. There were present about sixty delegates. At this meeting a letter from Hon. John Cat- 26 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. lin, the secretary of Wisconsin Territory, was read, giving it as his opinion that the Terri- torial government of Wisconsin still existed, and that if a delegate to Congress was elected he would he admitted to a seat. A memorial to Congress was prepared, set- ting forth the peculiar situation in which the people of the remnant found themselves and praying relief in the organization of a Terri- torial government. During the session of this convention there was a verhal agreement entered into hetween the members to the effect that when the new Territory was organized the capital should be at St. Paul, the penitentiary at Stillwater, the university at St. Anthony, and the delegate to Congress should be taken from Mendota. I have had reason to assert publicly this fact on former occasions, and so far as it relates to the university and the penitentiary my statement was questioned by Minnesota's greatest his- torian, Rev. Edward D. Neill, in a published article, signed "Iconoclast," but I sustained my position by letters from surviving members of the convention, which I published, and to which no answer was ever made. The same statement can be found in William's History of St. Paul, published in 1876, at page 182. The result of this convention was the selec- tion of Henry H. Sibley as its agent or dele- gate, to proceed to Washington and present the memorial and resolutions to the United States authorities. It was, curiously enough, stipu- lated that the delegate should pay his own ex- penses. Shortly after this event the Hon. John H. Tweedy, who was the regularly elected dele- gate to Congress from the Territory of Wiscon- sin, no doubt supposing his official career was terminated, resigned his position, and Mr. John Catlin, claiming to be the Governor of the Ter- ritory, came to Stillwater, and issued a procla- mation, October 9, 1848, ordering a special elec- tion to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of Delegate Tweedy. The election was held, October 30. Mr. Henry H. Sibley and Mr. Henry M. Rice became candidates, neither car- ing very much about the result, and Mr. Sibley was elected. There was much doubt enter- tained as to the delegate being allowed to take his seat, but in November he proceeded to Washington and was admitted, after consid- erable discussion. March 3, 1849, the delegate succeeded in passing an act organizing the Territory of Min- nesota, the boundaries of which embraced all the territory between the western boundary of Wisconsin and the Mississippi river, and also all that was left unappropriated on the admis- sion of the State of Iowa, which carried our western boundary to the Missouri river, and included within our limits, a large part of what is now North and South Dakota. The passage of this act was the first step in the creation of Minnesota. No part of the country had ever before borne that name. The word is composed of two Sioux words, "Minne," which means water, and "Sota," which means the condition of the sky when fleecy white clouds are seen floating slowly and quietly over it. It has been translated "skytinted," giving to the word Minnesota the meaning of sky- tinted water. The name originated in the fact that in the early days the river now called Min- nesota used to rise very rapidly in the spring and there was constantly a caving in of the banks, which disturbed its otherwise pellucid waters, and gave them the appearance of the sky when covered with the light clouds I have mentioned. The similarity was heightened by the current keeping the disturbing element constantly in motion. There is a town just above St. Peter, called Kasota, which means cloudy sky — not stormy or threatening, but a sky dotted with fleecy white clouds. The best conception of this word can be found by pour- ing a few drops of milk into a glass of clear water and observing the cloudy disturbance. The principal river in the Territory was then called the St. Peter's river, but the name was changed to the Minnesota. EDUCATION. An act organizing a territory simply creates a government for its inhabitants, limiting and regulating its powers, executive, legislative HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. and judicial, and in our country they resemble each other in all essential features. But the organic act of Minnesota contained one provis- ion never before found in any that preceded it. It had been customary to donate to the Terri- tory and future State one section of land in each surveyed township for school purposes, and section sixteen had been selected as the one, but in the Minnesota act the donation was doubled, and sections sixteen and thirty-six in each township were reserved for the schools, which amounted to one-eighteenth of all the lands in the Territory, and when it is under- stood that the State, as now constituted, con- tains 84,287 square miles, or about 53,943,379 acres of land, it will be seen that the grant was princely in extent and incalculable in value. No other State in the Union has been endowed with such a magnificent educational founda- tion. I may except Texas, which came into the Union, not as a part of the United States pub- lic domain, but as an independent republic, owning all its lands, amounting to 237,504 square miles, or 152,002,560 acres — a vast em- pire in itself. I remember hearing a distin- guished Senator, in the course of the debate on its admission into the Union, describe its immensity by saying, "A pigeon could not fly across it in a week." It affords every citizen of Minnesota great pride to know that, under all phases and condi- tions of our Territory and State, whether in prosperity or adversity, the school fund has always been held sacred, and neither extrava- gance, neglect nor peculation has ever assailed it, but it has been husbanded with jealous care from time to time since the first dollar was real- ized from it until the present, and has accumu- lated until the principal is estimated at $20,- 000,000. The State Auditor, in his last report of it, says: "The extent of the school land grant should ultimately be about 3.000,000 acres, and as the average price of this land heretofore sold is about $5.96 per acre, the amount of principal alone should yield the school fund not less than $17,000,000. To this must be added the amount received from sales of timber, and for lease and royalty of mineral lands, which will not be less than $3,000,000 more. It is not prob- able that the average sale price of this land will be reduced in the future, but it may in- crease, especially in view of the improved method of sale inaugurated by the new land law." The general method of administering the school fund is, to invest the proceeds arising from the sale of the lands, and distribute the in- terest among the counties of the State accord- ing to the number of children attending school; the principal always to remain untouched and inviolate. Generous grants of land have also been made for a State university, amounting to 92,558 acres. Also for an agricultural college to the extent of 100,000 acres, which two funds have been consolidated, and together they have ac- cumulated to the sum of $1,159,790.73, all of which is securely invested. The State has also been endowed with 500,- 000 acres of land for internal improvements, and all its lands falling within the designa- tion of swamp lands. An act of Congress, of February 26, 1857, also gave it ten sections of land for the purpose of completing public buildings at the seat of government, and all the salt springs, not to exceed twelve, in the State, with six sections of land to each spring, in all seventy-two sections. The twelve salt springs have all been discovered and lo- cated, and the lands selected. The salt spring lands have been transferred to the re- gents of the University, to be held in trust to pay the cost of a geological and natural his- tory survey of the State. It is estimated that the salt spring lands will produce, on the same valuation as the school lands, the sum of $300,- 000. Large sums will also be gained by the State from the sale of timber stumpage and the products of its mineral lands. Some idea of the magnitude of the fund to be derived from the mineral lands of the State may be learned from the report of the State Auditor for the year 1896, in which he says that dur- ing the years 1895-6 there has been received from and under all mineral leases, contracts and royalties, $170,128.83. It will be seen from this statement that the 28 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. educational interests of Minnesota are largely provided for without resort to direct taxation, although up to the present time that means of revenue has, to some extent, been utilized to meet the expenses of the grand system pre- vailing throughout the State. THE FIRST TERRITORIAL GOVERN- MENT. The organization of the Territory was com- pleted by the appointment of Alexander Ram- sey, of Pennsylvania, as Governor; Aaron Goodrich as Chief Justice, and David Cooper and Bradley B. Meeker as Associate Justices, C. K. Smith as Secretary, Joshua L. Taylor as Marshal, and Henry L. Moss as District At- torney. May 27, 1849, the Governor and his family arrived in St. Paul, but there being no suitable accommodations for them, they became the guests of Honorable Henry H. Sibley at Men- dota, whose hospitality, as usual, was never failing, and for several weeks there resided the four men who have been perhaps more prom- inent in the development of the State than any others, Henry H. Sibley, Alexander Ramsey, Henry M. Rice and Franklin Steele, all of whom have been honored by having important counties named after them and by being chosen to fill high places of honor and trust. The Governor soon returned to the capital, and on the 1st of June, 1849, issued a proc- lamation declaring the Territory dulj organ- ized. June 11, he issued a second proclama- tion, dividing the Territory into three Judicial Districts. The County of St. Croix, which was one of the discarded counties of Wisconsin, and embraced the present county of Ramsey, was made the First District. The Second was composed of the county of La Pointe (another of the Wisconsin counties) and the region north and west of the Mississippi river, and north of the Minnesota, and on a line running due west from the headwaters of the Minne- sota to the Missouri. The country west of the Mississippi and south of the Minnesota formed the Third District. The Chief Justice was as- signed to the First, Meeker to the Second and Cooper to the Third, and courts were ordered held in each district as follows: At Stillwater, in the First District, on the second Monday; at the Falls of St. Anthony on the third Mon day, and at Mendota on the fourth Monday in August. A census was taken of the inhabitants of the Territory in pursuance of the requirements of the organic act, with the following result : I give here the details of the census, as it is in- teresting to know what inhabited places there were in the Territory at this time, as well as the number of inhabitants. Total in Names of Places. habitants. Stillwater 609 Lake St. Croix 211 Marine Mills 173 St. Paul 840 Little Canada and St. Anthony 571 Crow Wing and Long Prairie 350 ( )sakis Rapids 133 Falls of St. Croix 16 Snake River 82 La Pointe County 22 Crow Wing 174 Big Stone Lake and Lac qui Parle 68 Little Rock 35 Prairieville 22 Oak Grove 23 Black Dog Village 18 Crow Wing, East Side 70 Mendota 122 Red Wing Village 33 Wabasha and Root River 114 Fort Snelling 38 Soldiers, women and children in Forts. . . 317 Pembina .' 637 .Missouri River 85 Total 4,764 On the 7th of July the Governor issued a proclamation dividing the Territory into seven council districts, and ordering an election for a delegate to Congress, nine councillors and eighteen representatives to constitute the first Territorial Legislature, to be held on the 1st of August. At this electioD Henry II. Sibley was again chosen delegate to Congress. HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 29 COURTS. The courts were held in pursuance of the Governors' proclamation, the first one conven- ing at Stillwater. But before I relate what there occurred I will mention an attempt that was made by Judge Irwin, one of the Terri- torial Judges of Wisconsin, to hold a term in St. Croix county, in 1842. Joseph R, Brown, of whom I shall speak hereafter, as one of the brightest of Minnesota's early settlers, came to Fort Snelling as a fifer boy in the regiment that founded and built the fort in 1819, was discharged from the army about 182(i, and had become clerk of the courts in St. Croix county. He had procured the Legislature of Wisconsin to order a court in his county for some reason only known to himself, and in 1842 Judge Ir- win came up to hold it. He arrived at Fort Snelling and found himself in a country which indicated that disputes were more frequently settled with tomahawks than by the principles of the common law. The officers of the fort could give him no information, but in his wan- derings he found Mr. Norman W. Kittson, who had a trading house near the Falls of Minne- haha. Kittson knew Clerk Brown, who was then living on the St. Croix, near where Still- water now stands, and furnishing the Judge a horse, directed him how to find his clerk. After a ride of more than twenty miles Brown \v;is discovered, but no preparations had been made for a court. The Judge took the first boat down the river a disgusted and angry man. After the lapse of five years from this futile attempt the first court actually held within the bounds of Minnesota was presided over by Judge Dunn, then Chief Justice of the Terri- tory of Wisconsin. The court convened at Still- water in June, 1847, and is remembered not only as the first court ever held in Minnesota, but on account of the trial of an Indian chief named ''Wind," who was indicted for murder. Samuel J. Crawford, of Mineral roint, was ap- pointed prosecuting attorney for the term, and Ben C. Eastman, of Plattville, defended the prisoner. "Wind" was acquitted. This was the first jury trial in Minnesota. It should be stated that Henry H. Sibley was in fact the first judicial officer who ever exercised the functions of a court in Minne- sota. While living at St. Peters (Mendota) he was commissioned a justice of the peace in 18.35 or 1836 by Governor Chambers, of Iowa, with a jurisdiction extending from twenty miles south of Prairie du Chien to the British boundary on the north, to the White river on the west and the Mississippi on the east. His prisoners could only be committed to Prairie du Chien. Boundary lines were very dimly de- fined in those days, and minor magistrates were in no danger of being overruled by supe- rior courts, and tradition asserts that the writs of Sibley's court often extended far over into Wisconsin and other jurisdictions. One case is recalled which will serve as an illustration. A man named I'halen was charged with having murdered a sergeant in the United States Ar- my in Wisconsin. He was arrested under a warrant from Justice Sibley's Iowa court, ex- amined and committed to Prairie du Chien, and no questions asked. Lake Phalen, from which the City of St. Paul derives part of its water supply, is named after this prisoner. Whatever jurisdictional irregularities Justice Sibley may have indulged in it is safe to say that no injus- tice ever resulted from any decision of his. The first courthouse that was erected within the present limits of Minnesota was at Still- water, in the year 1847. A private subscription was taken up and f 1,200 was contributed. This sum was supplemented by a sufficient amount to complete the structure from the treasury of St. Croix county. It was perched on the top of one of the high bluffs in that town, and much private and judicial blasphemy has been expended by exhausted litigants and judges in climbing to its lofty pinnacle. I held a term in it ten years after its completion. This courthouse fell within the First Judi- cial District of the Territory of Minnesota un- der the division made by Governor Ramsey, and the first court under his proclamation was held within its walls, beginning the second Monday of August, 1849. It was presided over by Chief Justice Goodrich, assisted by Judge Cooper, the term lasting one week. There were thirty-five cases on the calendar. The 3° HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. grand jury returned thirty indictments, one for assault with intent to maim, one for per- jury, four for selling liquor to the Indians and four for keeping gambling houses. Only one of these indictments was tried at this term, and the accused, Mr. William D. Phillips, be- ing a prominent member of the bar, and there being a good deal of fun in it, I will give a brief history of the trial and the defendant. Mr. Phillips was a native of Maryland and came to St. Paul in 1848. He was the first dis- trict attorney of the county of Kamsey. He became quite prominent as a lawyer and poli- tician,' and tradition has handed down many interesting anecdotes concerning him. The in- dictment charged him with assault with intent to maim. In an altercation with a man he had drawn a pistol on him, and his defense was that the pistol was not loaded. The witness for the prosecution swore that it was, and added that he could see the load. The prisoner, as I he law then was, was not allowed to testify in his own behalf. He was convicted and fined $25. He was very indignant at the result, and explained the assertion of the witness, that he could see the load, in this way: He said he had been electioneering for Mr. Henry M. Rice, and from the uncertainty of getting his meals in such an unsettled country he carried crack- ers and cheese in the same pocket with his pis- tol, a crumb of which had gotten into the muz- zle, and the fellow was so scared when he. looked at the pistol that he thought it was loaded to the muzzle. Another anecdote which is related of him shows that he fully understood the funda- mental principle which underlies success in the practice of law — that of always charging for services performed. Mr. Henry M. Rice had presented him with a lot in St. Paul, upon which to build an office, and when he presented his next bill to Mr. Rice there was in it a charge of four dollars for drawing the deed. The Territorial courts, as originally consti- tuted, being composed of only three judges, the trial terms were held by single judges, and the Supreme Court by all three sitting in bank where they would review each other's decisions on appeal. When the State was admitted into the Union the judiciary was made to consist of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices, who con- stituted the Supreme Court, with a jurisdiction exclusively appellate and a District Judge for each district. As the State has grown in pop- ulation and business the Supreme Court judges have been increased to five and the judicial dis- tricts to eighteen in number, two of which, the Second and the Fourth, have six judges each; the Eleventh three; the First and Seventh two each, and the remainder one each. The practice adopted by the Territorial Leg- islature was generally similar to that of the New York code, with such differences as were necessary to conform it to a very new country. From a residence in the Territory and State of forty-six years, nearly all of which has been spent either in practice at the bar or as a judge on the bench, I take pride in saying that the judiciary of Minnesota, in all its branches, both Territorial and State, has, during its fifty years of existence, equaled in ability, learning and integrity that of any State in the West, which is well attested by the seventy-one well filled volumes of its reported decisions. Nearly all of the old lawyers of Minnesota were admitted to practice at the first term held at Stillwater, among whom were Morton S. Wilkinson. Henry L. Moss, Edmund Rice, Lo- renzo A. Babcock, Alexander Wilkin, Bushrod W. Lott and many others. Of the whole list Mr. Moss is the sole survivor. FIRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. The first Legislature convened at St. Paul Saint Paul and established a bank in 1853. They were brothers-in-law, having married sis- ters. They did a private banking business un- der the name of Borup & (takes, which adapted itself to the needs of the community, including real estate, and almost any other kind of ven- ture that offered. The house of Borup & (takes was the first banking establishment in Minne- sota, and weathered all the financial storms that swept over the Territory in its early his- tory. They were followed by Truman M. Smith, hut he went down in the panic of 1857- 58. Then came Bid well's Exchange Bank, fol- lowed by C. H. Parker and A. Vance Brown. Mackubin & Edgerton opened a hank in 1854, which was the ancestor of the present Second National Bank, and always legitimate. I think Erastus S. Edgerton may justly be said to have been the most successful banker of all that were early engaged in the business. An enu- meration of the banks and bankers which suc- ceeded each other in these early times would be more appropriate in a narrative of the local- ities where they operated than in a general history of the State. It is sufficient to say that nearly if not all of them succumbed to the financial disasters in 1857-58, and there was no banking worthy of the name until the pas- sage of the banking law of July 20, 1858. But this act was a mere makeshift to meet a finan- cial emergency, and it was not based upon sound financial principles. It allowed the or- ganization of hanks and the issue of circulating bank notes upon securities that were capable of being fraudulently over-valued by misrepre- sentation, and, as a matter of course, advan- tage was taken of the laxity of the provisions of the law, and securities which had no intrin- sic value in tact, were made available as the foundation of bank issues, with the inevitable result of disaster. Another method of furnishing the commu- nity with a circulating medium was resorted lo by a law of July 2:'., 1858. The State Aud- itor was authorized to issue his warrant for any indebtedness which the State owed to any person in small sums, and the warrants were made lo resemble bank notes, and bore twelve per cent interest. The credit of the State was not sufficiently well established in I lie public confidence lo make these warrants, which were known as "State scrip," worth much over six- ty-five or seventy cents on the dollar. They were taken by the money-changers at that val- uation, and when the State made its first loan of $250,000 they were all redeemed in g.dd at par, wiih interest at twelve per cent. In this uncertain way the financial interests of the Territory were cared for until the break- ing out of the Civil War and the establishment of the National and State systems, which still exist. Another evidence of the growth of the Stale may be found in the fact that at the present time the State has within its limits banks in good standing as follows: Slate banks, one hundred and seventy-two in number, with a paid in capital stock of $6,73(i,80(t, and sixty- seven National banks with a capital stock paid in of |11,220,0()0. This statement does not in- clude either the surplus or the undivided prof- its of these banks, nor the capital employed by private banking concerns which do not fall under the supervision of the State, which lat- ter item can safely 1 stimated at #2,000,000. THE FUR TRADE. The first legitimate business of the Territory was the fur trade and the carrying business resulting therefrom. Prioi to the year 1842 the Northwestern Fur Company occupied the territory which is now Minnesota. In 1S42 it sold out to, and was merged into, the American Fur Company, which was owned by I'. Choteau & Company. This company had trading stations ai Prairie du Chien and Mendota, Henry II. Sibley being their chief factor at the latter. The goods imported into the Red river settlements and the furs exported therefrom all came and went through the difficult and circuitous route by way of Hudson bay. This route was only navigable for about two months in the year on account of the ice. The catch of furs and buf- 38 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. fain robes in thai region was practically mo- nopolized by the Hudson Bay Company. The American Fur Company soon became well es- tablished in the Northwest. In 1844 this com- pany sent Mr. Norman \V. Kittson from the "Mendota outfit" to establish a trading post at Pembina, just south of the British possessions, with the design of diverting some of the fur trade of that region in the direction of the nav- igable waters of the Mississippi. The com- pany, through Mr. Kittson, invested some $2,000 in furs at Pembina and had them trans- ported to Mendota in six Pembina carts, which returned loaded with merchandise of the char- acter needed by I lie people of that distant re- gion. This venture was the beginning of the fur trade with the Red River country, but did not prove a financial success. It entailed a loss of about fGOO, and similar results attended the next two years' operations, but the trade in- creased, notwithstanding the desperate efforts of the Hudson Pay Company to obstruct it. This company had enjoyed a monopoly of the trade without any outside interference for so long that it looked upon this new enterprise as a direct attack on its vested rights. But Mr. Kittson had faith in being able in the near future to work up a paying trade, and he per- severed. By the year 1850 the business had so far increased as to involve a consumption of goods to the extent of $10,000, with a return of furs to the amount of $15,000. Five years later the goods sent to Pembina amounted in value to $24,000 and the return of furs to $40,000. In 1851 the firm of Forbes & Kittson was or- ganized and also the "St. Paul outfit," to carry on the supply business. When St. Paul became of some importance, in 1849, the ter- minus and supply depot was removed to that point, and the trade rapidly increased in mag- nitude, making St. Paul one of the largest fur markets in America, second only to St. Louis. The trade of the latter city consisted mostly of buffalo robes, which was always regarded as a distinct branch of the business in contrast with that of fine furs. In the early days the Indians and a few professional trappers were about all who caught fur animals, but as the country became more settled the squatters added to their incomes by such trapping as their envi- ronment afforded. This increased the market at St. Paul by the addition of all Minnesota, which then included both of the Dakotas and Northern Wisconsin. The extent and value of this trade can bet- ter be understood by a statement of the in- crease of the number id' carts engaged in it be- tween 1S44 and 1858. In the first year men- tioned six carts performed all the required service, and in 1858 six hundred carts came from Pembina to St. Paul. After the year 1858 the number of carts engaged in the traffic fell off, as a steamer had been put in operation on the Red river. This reduced the land transpor- tation to 216 miles, which had formerly been lis miles — J. C. & H. C. Burbank having estab- lished a line of freight trains connecting with the steamer. In 1867, when the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad reached St. Cloud, the cara- vans of carts ceased their annual visits t;> St. Paul. St. Cloud then became the terminus of the traffic until the increase of freight lines and the completion of the Northern Pacific Railroad to the Red river drove these most primitive of all transportation vehicles out of business. Another cause of the decrease in the fur trade was the imposition of a duty of t wenty the per cent on all dressed skins, which included buffalo robes, and from that time on robes that formerly came to St. Paul from the British possessions were diverted to Montreal. The extent and value of this trade to Minne- sota, which was then in its infancy, can easily be judged by a brief statement of its growth. in 1S44 il amounted to $1,400 and in 1863 to $250,000. All the money paid out for these furs, and large sums besides, would be ex- pended in St. Paul for merchandise in the shape of groceries liquors, dry goods, blankets, household utensils, guns and ammunition, and in fact every article demanded by the needs of a primitive people. Even threshers and mow- ers were included, which were taken apart and loaded on the return carts. This trade was the pioneer of the great commercial activity which now prevails. 1 caniioi permit this opportunity to pass without describing the Bed river cart, and the HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 39 picturesque people who used it, as their like will never be seen again. The inhabitants of the Pembina country were principally Chip- pewa half-breeds, with an occasional white man — prominently Joseph Rolette, of whom I shall hereafter speak, as the man who vetoed the capital removal bill, by running away with it iu 1857. Their principal business was hunt- ing (he buffalo in connection with small farm- ing, and defending themselves against the in- vasions of their hereditary enemies, the Sioux. They were a bold, free race, skilled in the arts of war, fine horsemen and good fighters. The Red river cart was a home invention. It was made entirely of wood and rawhide. It moved upon two wheels, of about a diameter of five feet six inches, with shafts for one ani- mal, horse or ox, generally the latter. The wheels were without tires, and their tread about three and a half or four inches wide. They would carry a load of six to eight hun- dred pounds, which would be protected by can- vas covers. They were especially adapted to the condition of the country, which was largely interspersed with swamps and sloughs, which were impassable for any other character of ve- hicle. Their lightness, the width of the sur- face presented by the wheel and the careful steps of the educated animal which drew them, enabled them to go where anything else would Hounder. The trail which they left upon the prairie was deeply cut, and remained for many years after they were abandoned. When a brigade of them was ready to leave Pembina for St. Paul it would be manned by one driver for four carts, the train being arranged in single file with each animal tied to the cart before it, so that one driver could attend to that number of carts. Their speed was about fifteen miles a day, which made the trip last about a month. When night overtook them they formed a circular corral with their carts, the shafts pointing in- ward, with the camp in the center, which made a strong fort in case of attack. The animals were allowed to graze on the outside, but were carefully watched to prevent a stampede. When they reached St. Paul they went into camp near some lake, and were a great source of interest to all the new comers. During their stay the town would be thronged with the men, who were dressed in varicolored costumes, al- ways including the sasli of Pembina, a beaut i ful girdle, giving them a most picturesque ap- pearance. The only truthful representation of these curious people that has been preserved is found in two full length portraits of Joe Rollette, one in the gallery of the Minnesota Historical Society and the other on the walls of the Minnesota Club in St. Paul, both of which are the gifts of a very dear friend of the original. During the progress of this peculiar traffic many people not connected with the estab- lished fur companies engaged in the Indian trade, prominently the firm of Culver & Far- rington, Louis Roberts and Nathan Myrick. I remember that Mr. John Farrington, of the above named firm, made an improvement in the construction of the Red river cart, by putting an iron box in the hub of the wheel, which prevented the loud squeaking noise they for- merly made, and so facilitated their movements that they carried a thousand pounds as easily as they had before carried eight hundred. The early fur trade in the Northwest, car- ried on by canoes and these rails, was very appropriately called by one of our first his- torians of Minnesota "The heroic age of Amer- ican commerce." PEMMIt'AX. One of the principal sources of subsistence of these frontier people in their long journeys through uninhabited regions was pemmican. This food was especially adapted to extreme northern countries, where, in the winter, it was sometimes impossible to make fires to cook with, and the means of transportation was by dog-trains, as it was equally good for man and beast. It was invented among the Hudson Bay people many years ago, and undoubtedly from necessity. It was made in this way: The meat of the buffalo, without the fat, was thor- oughly boiled and then picked into shreds or very small pieces. A sack was made of buffalo 40 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. skin, with the hair on the outside, which would hold about ninety pounds of meat. A hole was then dug iu the ground of sufficient size to hold the sack. Ii was filled with the meat thus pre- pared, which was packed and pounded until it was as hard as it could be made. A kettle of boiling hot buffalo fat, in a fluid state, was then pound into it, until it was thoroughly permeated, every interstice from center to cir- cumference being filled, until it became a solid mass, perfectly impervious to the air, and as well preserved against decomposition as if it had been enclosed in an hermetically sealed glass jar. This made a most nutritious pre- paration of animal food, all ready for use by both man and dog. An ana lysis of this com- pound proved it to possess more nutriment to the pound weight than any other substance ever manufactured, and with a winter camp appetite it was a very palatable dish. Its great superiority over any other kind of food was the fact that it required no preparation and its portability. • TRANSPORTATION AND EXPRESS. With the increase of trade and business nat- urally came the need of greater transportation facilities, and the men to furnish I hem were not wanting. John C. Burbank, of St. Paul, may be said to have been the pioneer in that line, although several minor lines of stages and ventures in (he livery business preceded his efforts. The firms of Willoughby & Powers, Allen & Chase, M. < >. Walker & Company (of Chicago) and others were early engaged in this work. In 1854 the Northwestern Express Com- pany was organized by Burbank & Whitney, and in 1856 Captain Russell Blakeley suc- ceeded Mr. Whitney, and the express business became well established in Minnesota. In 1858-59 Mr. Burbank got the mail contract down the river, and established an express line from St. Paul to Galena, in connection with the American Express Company, whose lines extended to Galena as its western terminus. Steamboats were used in summer and stages in winter. In the fall of 1859 the Minnesota Stage Company was formed, by a consolida- tion of the Burbank interests with those of Allen & Chase, and the line extended up the Mississippi to Saint Anthony and Crow Wiiij;-. Other lines and interests were purchased and united, and in the spring of 1800 Col. John L. Merriam became a member of the firm, and for more than seven years Messrs. Burbank. Blakeley & Merriam constituted the firm and carried on the express and stage business in Minnesota. The business increased rapidly, and in 1865 this firm worked over seven hun- dred horses and employed two hundred men. During this staging period the railroads from the East centered in Chicago, and grad- ually reached the Mississippi river from that point ; first at Rock Island, next at Dunleith, opposite Dubuque, then at Prairie du Cliien. next at Prairie La Crosse, each advance carry- ing them nearer Minnesota. The Prairie du Cliien extension was carried across the river at McGregor in Iowa, and thence up through Iowa and Southern Minnesota to Minneapolis and Saint Paul. In 1872 the Saint Paul and Chicago railroad was finished from St. Paul down the west bank of the Mississippi to Wi- nona, and was purchased by the Milwaukee and St. Paul Company, and by that company was, in 1873, extended still further down the river to La Crescent, opposite LaCrosse, which completed the connection with the east era trains. This road was popularly known as the "River road." Various other railroads were soon completed, covering the needs of the set- tled pari of the State, and the principal stage lines either withdrew to the westward or gave up their business. The growth in the carrying line has since been immense throughout the State, and may be judged when I say that there are now five strong daily lines to Chicago: The Burling- ton, the Omaha, the Milwaukee, the Wiscon- sin Central and the Chicago-Great Western, ami three transcontinental lines departing daily for the Pacific coast, the Northern Pa- cific, the Cieat Northern and the Sault Ste. Marie, connecting with the Canadian Pacific. Besides these prominent trains there are innu- merable lesser ones connecting with nearly every part of the State. More passenger trains HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 41 arrive at, and depart from the St. Paul Union Depot than at any other point in the State. They aggregate one hundred and four in and the same number out every day. Many — per- haps the most — of these trains also go to Min- neapolis. The freight trains passing these points are, of course, less regular in their move- ments than the scheduled passenger trains, but their number is great and their cargoes of incalculable value. LUMBER. A large portion of Minnesota is covered with exceptionally fine timber. The northern sec- tion, traversed by the Mississippi and its nu- merous branches, the St. Croix, the St. Louis and other streams, was covered with a growth of white and Norway pine of great value, and a large area of its central western portion with hard timber. At a very early day in the history of our State these forests attracted the atten- tion of lumbermen from different parts of the country, principally from Maine, who erected sawmills at the Falls of St. Anthony, Si ill- water and other points, and began the cutting of logs to supply them. Nearly all the streams were navigable for logs, or were easily made so, and thus one of the great industries of the State had its beginning. Quite an amount of lumber was manufactured at Minneapolis in the fifties, but no official record of the amounts was kept until 1870. An estimate of the standing pine in the State was made by the United States government for the census of 1880, which was designed to include all the standing pine on the streams leading into the .Mississippi, the Rainy Lake river, the St. Croix and the head of Lake Superior; in fact, the whole State. The estimate was 10,000,000,000 feet. When this estimate was made it was ac- cepted by the best informed lumbermen as ap- proximately correct. The mills at Minneapolis and above, in the St. Croix valley, and in what was called the Duluth district, were cutting about 500,000,000 feet a year. It was expected Ilia I there would be a gradual increase in the consumption of lumber made by Minnesota mills, and it was therefore estimated that in about fifteen years all the white pine in the State would be cut into lumber and sold, but such has not proved to be the case, although the production has rapidly increased, as was expected. But this difference between the es- timate and the result is not of much conse- quence, as there is nothing more unreliable than an estimate of standing timber, and es- pecially is such the case when covering a large area of country. Since 1880 the production of lumber in the State has increased from year to year, until it is at the present time fully 1,629,- 110,000 feet of pine logs every year. The cut made by the Minneapolis mills alone in 1898 was 469,701,000 feet, with a corresponding amount of laths and shingles. But this pace cannot lie kept up much longer, and apprehen- sions of the entire destruction of the forests of the State are becoming quite prevalent among the people. These fears have resulted in the organization of associations for the promotion of scientific forestry and the establishment of large forest reserves near the headwaters of our streams, which are to serve also the pur- pose of national parks. In assigning a cause for I he lowering of our streams, and the dry- ing up of many of our lakes, in a former part of this work, I attribute it to the plowing up of their valleys and watersheds, and not to the destruction of the forests, because I do not think that the latter reason has sufficiently progressed to produce the result, although it is well known that the destruction of growing limber about the headwaters of streams oper- ates disastrously upon the volume of their wa- ters and the regularity of its How. Minnesota is the best watered State in the Union, and every precaution should be taken to maintain this advantage. From the extent of the in- terest displayed in the direction of forest re- serves, and their scientific administration, we have every reason to hope for speedy and final success. The State and Interstate Parks al- ready established will be noticed hereafter. RELIGION. The growth of the religious element of a new country is always one of its interesting fea- 42 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. tures, and I will endeavor to give a short account of the progress made in this line in Minnesota from the mission period, which was directed more particularly to the Christianizing of the Indians. I will begin with the first structure ever erected in the State designed for religious purposes. It was a very small beginning for the prodigious results that have followed it. I speak of the little log "Chapel of Saint Paul," built by the Reverend Lucian Galtier, in October, 1841, in what is now the city of Saint Paul. Father Galtier was a French priest of the Church of Rome. He was sent by the eccle- siastic authorities of Dubuque to the Upper Mississippi country, and arrived at Fort Snell- ing in April, 1840, and settled at St. Peters (now Mendota), where he soon tired of inaction, and sought a larger field among the settlers who had found homes further down the river, in the neighborhood of the present St. Paul. He decided that he could facilitate his labors by erecting a church at some point accessible to his parishioners. Here he found Joseph Rondo, Edward Phelan, Vetal Guerin, Pierre Bottineau, the Gervais brothers, and a few others. The settlers encouraged the idea of building a church, and a question of much im- portance arose as to where it should be placed. I will let the good father tell his own story as to the selection of a site. In an account of this matter, which he prepared for Bishop Grace in 1864, he says: "Three different points were offered, one called La Pointe Basse, or Point La Claire (now Pig's Eye), but I objected because that lo- cality was the very extreme end of the new settlement, and, in high water, was exposed to inundation. The idea of building a church which might at any day be swept down the river to St. Louis did not please me. Two miles and a half further up on his elevated claim (now the southern point of Dayton's Bluff) Mr. Charles Mouseau offered me an acre of his ground, but the place did not suit my purpose. I was truly looking ahead, thinking of the fu- ture as well as the present. Steamboats could not stop there; the bank was too steep, the place on the summit of the hill too restricted, and communication difficult with the other parts of the settlement up and down the river. "After mature reflection I resolved to put up the church at the nearest possible point to the cave (meaning the celebrated Carver's rave un- der Dayton's bluff), because it would be more convenient for me to cross the river there when (•(lining from St. Peters, and because it would be also the nearest point to the head of navi- gation outside of the reservation line. Mr. B. Gervais and Mr. Vetal Guerin, two good, quiet fanners, had the only spot which appeared likely to answer, the purpose. They consented jointly to give me the ground necessary for a church site, a garden and a small graveyard. I accepted the extreme eastern part of Mr. VetaFs claim and the extreme west of Mr. Gervais'. Accordingly, in the month of Octo- ber, 1841, logs were prepared and a church erected, so poor that it well reminded one of the stable of Bethlehem. It was destined, how ever, to be the nucleus of a great city. On the first day of November, in the same year, I blessed the new basilica and dedicated it to St. Paul, the apostle of nations. I expressed a wish at the same time that the settlement would be known by the same name, and my de- sire was obtained. I had, previously to this time, fixed my residence at St. Peters, and as the name of Paul is generally connected with that of Peter, and the gentiles being well rep- resented at the new place in the persons of In- dians, I called it St. Paul. The name, 'Saint Paul,' applied to a town or city seemed appro- priate. The monosyllable is short, sounds well, and is understood by all denominations of Christians. When Mr. Vetal was married I published the bans as those of a resident of St. Paul. A Mr. Jackson put up a store, and a grocery was opened at the foot of Gervais' claim. This soon brought steamboats to land there. Thenceforth the place was known as 'Saint Paul Landing,' and later on as Saint Paul." The chapel was a small log structure, one story high, one door, aud no windows in front, with two windows on each side and one in the rear end. It had on the front gable end a large wooden cross, which projected above the peak of the roof some six or eight feet. It oc- cupied a conspicuous position on the top of the high bluff overlooking the Mississippi, some six or eight hundred feet below the point where the Wabasha street bridge now spans the river, I think between Minnesota and Cedar streets. The region thus named was formerly known by the appellation of "Pig's Eye." The State HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 43 owes Father Galtier a debt of gratitude for having changed it, as it seems impossible that the capital city could ever have attained its present majestic proportions, numerous and cultivated population, and many other advan- tages and attractions under the handicap of such a name. In the first New Year's address ever printed in Minnesota, on January 1, 1850, supposed to be by Editor Goodhue, the following lines ap- peared: "Pig's Eye, converted thou shalt be, like Saul: Arise, and be, henceforth, SAINT PAUL." Father Galtier died February 21, 1SGG. The Chapel of Saint Paul, after having been the first to greet all newcomers by way of the Mississippi for fifteen years, was taken down in 1856. The next representative of the Catholic Church to come to Minnesota was the Rever- end Augnstin Ravoux, who arrived in the fall of 1811. He went up the St. Peter's river to Traverse des Sioux, where he commenced the study of the Sioux language. Soon after he went to Little Rock, on the Saint Peter's, and thence to Lac qui Parle. After the removal of Father Galtier to Keokuk, in Iowa, he had under his charge Mendota, St. Paul, Lake Pepin and St. Croix until the second day of July, 1851, when the Right Reverend Bishop Cretin came to St. Paul and assumed charge of church matters in Minnesota. Father Ra- voux is still living in Saint Paul, at the ad- \ anced age of eighty-four years. His venerable and priestly form may often be seen upon the streets, in excellent health. At the time of the coining of Father Galtier the country on the east side of the Mississippi in what is now Minnesota was under the direct jurisdiction of the Bishop of Milwaukee, and the part lying west of the river was in the dio- cese of Dubuque. The growth of the church kept up with the rapid settlement of the country. In August, L859, the Rt. Rev. Thomas L. Grace succeeded Bishop Cretin as Bishop of Saint Paul, and was himself succeeded by the Rt. Rev. John Ire- land, in July, 1881. So important had Minne- sota become to the Catholic Church in America that in May of 1888 the See of St. Paul was raised to metropolitan dignity and Archbishop Ireland was made its first Archbishop, which high office he now holds. I will not attempt even a short biography of Archbishop Ireland, as a somewhat extended sketch appears elsewhere iii this volume. His fame is world-wide; he is a churchman, states- man, diplomat, orator, citizen and patriot, in each of which capacities he excels. He has carried the fame of Miunesota to all parts of the world where the church is known, and has demonstrated to the Pope in Rome, to the Cath- olics in France, and to the Protestants in Amer- ica that there can be perfect consistency and harmony between Catholicism and Republican government. A history of Minnesota without a fitting tribute to Archbishop John Ireland would be incomplete indeed. The representatives of the Protestant faith have not been behind their Catholic brethren in providing religious facilities for their adher- ent s. They followed immigration closely, and sometimes accompanied it. Scarcely would an aggregation of people congregate at any one point in sufficient numbers to gain the name of a village, or a settlement, before a minister would be called and a church erected. The church went hand in hand with the school- house, and in many instances one building answered for both purposes. There came Luth- erans from Germany and Scandinavia, Episco- palians, Methodists, Presbyterians, Congrega- tionalists, Calvinists, Universalists, Unitarians and every sect into which Protestantism is di- vided from New England and other eastern States. They all found room and encourage- ment, and dwelt in harmony. I can safely say that few western States have been peopled by such law abiding, industrious, moral and reli- gious inhabitants as were the first settlers of Minnesota. There was nothing to attract the ruffianly element, no gold, silver, or other mines; the chief industry being peaceful agri- culture. So free from all disturbing or dan- gerous elements did we consider our Territory that I have on several occasions taken a wagon loaded with specie amounting to nearly one hundred thousand dollars from Saint Paul to 44 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. the Indian agencies at the Redwood and Yel- low Medicine rivers, a distance of two hundred miles, through a very sparsely settled country, without any guard, except myself and driver, with possibly an Indian picked up on the road, when I was entitled to a squad of dragoons for the asking. In the early days the Episcopal Church in Minnesota was within the diocese of Wiscon- sin, and its functions administered by the ven- erable Bishop Kemper, who occasionally made us a visit, but in 185!) the church had expanded to such an extent that the State was organized into a separate diocese, and the Rev. Henry B. Whipple, then rector of a church in Chicago, was elected Bishop of Minnesota, and still re- tains that high office. Bishop Whipple, by his energy, learning, goodness and universal pop- ularity, has built up his church in this State to a standard surpassed by none in the respect in which it is held and the influence for good which it exerts. The official duties of the Bish- op have been so enlarged by the growth of his church as to necessitate the appointment of a Bishop coadjutor to assist him in their per- formance; which latter office is filled by the Rev. Mahlon N. Gilbert, who is especially well qualified for the position. It would be impossible, in a brief history like this, to go very deeply or particularly into the growth of the religious element of the State. A general presentation of the subject in two grand divisions, Catholic and Protestant, is enough. Suffice it to say that every sect and subdivision of the latter has its representative in the State, with the one exception of Mormon- ism, if that can be classified as a Protestant church. There are enough of them to recall the answer of the French traveler in America, when asked of his opinion of the Americans. He said: "They are a most remarkable people; they have invented three hundred religions and only one sauce." No matter how their creeds may be criticised their joint efforts, Catholic and Protestant, have filled the State with reli- gious, charitable, benevolent and educational institutions to an extent rarely witnessed out of it, so that if a Minnesotan goes wrong he can blame no one but himself. RAILROADS. In the year 1857, on the third of March, the Congress of the United States made an exten- sive grant of lands to the Territory to aid in the construction of railroads. It consisted of every alternate section of land designated by odd numbers for six sections in width on each side of the roads specified, and their branches. The grant mapped out a complete system of roads for the Territory, and provided that the land granted for each road should be applied exclusively to such road and no other purpose whatever. The lines designated in the grant- ing act were as follows: From Stillwater, by the way of St. Paul and Si. Anthony, to a point between the foot of Big SI one lake and the mouth of the Sioux Wood river, with a branch, via St. Cloud and Crow Wing, to the navigable waters of the Red River of the North, at such point as the Legislature of the Territory may determine. From Saint Paul and from Saint Anthony via Minneapolis to a convenient point of junc- tion west of the Mississippi to the southern boundary of the Territory in the direction of the mouth of the Big Sioux river, with a branch via Faribault to the north line of the State of Iowa, west of range sixteen. From Winona via St. Peter to a point on the Big Sioux river south of the Forty-fifth parallel of North Latitude. Also from La Crescent via Target Lake, up the valley of the Root river, to a point east of range seventeen. The Territory or future State was author- ized to sell one hundred and twenty sections of this land whenever twenty continuous miles of any of the roads or branches was completed; the land so sold to be contiguous to the com- pleted road. The right of way or roadbed of any of the subsidized roads was also granted through any of the government lands. The roads were all to be completed within ten years, and if any of them were not finished by that time the lands applicable to the unfinished portions were to revert to the government. The lands granted by this act amounted to about 1.500,01)0 acres. An act was subsequently HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 45 passed on March second, 1865, increasing the grant to ten sections to the mile. Various other grants were made at different times, but they do not bear upon the subject I am about to present. This grant came at a time of great financial depression, and when the Territory was about to change its dependent condition for that of a sovereign State in the Union. It was greeted as a means of relief that might lift the Terri- tory out of its financial troubles, and insure its immediate prosperity. The people did not take into consideration the fact that the lands embraced in the grant, although as good as any in the world, were remote from the habitation of man, lying in a country absolutely bankrupt, and possessed no present value whatever. Nor did they consider that the whole country was laboring under such financial depression that all public enterprises were paralyzed, but such was, unfortunately, the monetary and business condition. February 23, 1857, an act had passed the Congress of the United States authorizing the people of Minnesota to form a Constitution preparatory to becoming a State in- the Union. Gen. Willis A. Gorman, who was then Gov- ernor of the Territory, called a special session of the Legislature to take into consideration measures to carry out the land grant and en- abling acts. The extra session convened on April 27. In the meantime Governor Gor- man's term of office had expired, and Samuel Medary, of Ohio, had been appointed as his successor, and had assumed the duties of his office. He opened the extra session with an ap- propriate message. The extra session ad- journed on the 23rd of May, and in accordance with the provisions of the enabling' act of Con- gress an election was held on the first Monday in June for delegates to a Constitutional Con- vention, which was to assemble at the capitol on the second Monday in July. The ('(institu- tional Convention is an event in the history of Minnesota sufficiently important and unique to entitle it to special treatment, which will be given hereafter. An act was passed at the extra session May 19, 1857, by which the grant of lands made to the Territory was formally accepted "upon the terms, conditions and restrictions" contained in the granting act. On the 22nd of May, at the extra session, an act was passed to execute the trust created by the Land Grant Act, by which a number of railroad companies were incorporated to con- struct roads on the lines indicated by the act of Congress, and to aid in the building of these roads, and the lands applicable to each was granted to it. The companies were to receive title to the lands as the construction pro- gressed, as provided in the granting act. They also had conferred upon them powers to issue bonds in the discretion of the directors, and to mortgage their roads and franchises to secure them. These railroad companies were organized upon the hope that the aid extended to them by the grants of land would enable them to raise money sufficient to build their roads. They had nothing of their own, and no security but the roads and lands upon which to nego- tiate loans. The times, and the novel idea of building railroads in unpeopled countries were all against them, and, of course, nothing could be done. The Constitutional Convention met and framed an instrument for the fundamental law of the new State which was very conservative, and, among other things, contained the follow- ing clause, which was enacted in Section Five of Article Nine: "For the purpose of defray- ing extraordinary expenses the State may con- tract debts, but such debts shall never, in the aggregate, exceed two hundred and fifty thou- sand dollars.'' And another clause found in Section Ten, which is as follows: "The credit of the State shall never be given or loaned in aid of any individual, association or corpora- tion." It was the intention of the framers of the Constitution to prevent the Legislature from ever using the credit or funds of the State in aid of any private enterprise, and these pro- visions effectually accomplished that end. The people were deeply disappointed when they became convinced that the roads could not be built with the aid that Congress had ex- 4 6 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. tended, and as this work was also looked upon as the only hope of financial relief the ease be- came a desperate one, which could only he rem- edied by the most extreme measures. The pro- moters of the railroads soon discovered one, in an amendment of the section of theConstitution which prohibited the credit of the State being given or loaned to anyone, and at the first ses- sion of the first Legislature, which convened on December third, 1857, an act was passed proposing such amendment to be submitted to the people for ratification. The importance of this amendment and its effect and conse- quences upon the future of the State demands that I give it nearly in full. It changed section ten as it was originally passed, and made it read as follows: "SECTION 10. The credit of the State shall never be given or loaned in aid of any indi- vidual, association or corporation, except that for the purpose of expediting the construction of the lines of railroads, in aid of which the Congress of the United States has granted lands to the Territory of Minnesota, the Gov- ernor shall cause to lie issued and delivered to each of the companies in which said grants are vested by the Legislative Assembly of Minne- sota the special bonds of the State, bearing an interest of seven per cent per annum, pay- able semi-annually in the city of New York as a loan of public credit, to an amount not exceeding twelve hundred and fifty thousand dollars, or an aggregate amount to all of said companies not exceeding five millions of dol- lars, in manner following, to-wit." The amendment then prescribed that when- ever ten miles of railroad was graded so as to be ready for the superstructure it should re- ceive |100,000 of the bonds, and when fen miles should be completed, with thecals running, the company so completing should receive another $100,000 of the bonds, until each company had received its quota. The bonds were to be de- nominated "State Railroad Bonds," for the payment of which the faith and credit of the State was to be pledged. The railroad com- panies were to pay the principal and interest of the bonds, and to secure such payment they were to pledge the net profits of their respect- ive roads, and to convey to the State the first two hundred and forty sections of land they leech id; and to deliver to the State treasurer an amount of their first mortgage bonds equal to the amount of bonds received by them from the State, and mortgage to the State their roads and franchises. This was all the security the companies could give, hut the underlying difficulty was, that it had no value whatever. There were no roads, no net, or other profits. The lands had no value whatever except such as lay in the future, which was dependent on the construction of the roads and the settle- ment of the country. The bonds of the com- panies, of course, possessed only such value as the property they represented, which was noth- ing, and the mortgages were of the same char- acter. The whole scheme was based upon hopes, to which the slightest application of sober reasoning would have pronounced im- possible of fulfillment. But the country was hungry and willing to seize upon anything that offered a semblance or shadow of relief. The proposed amendment was to be sub mitted to the people for adoption or rejection at an election to be held April 15, 1S58. In or- der to fully comprehend the condition of the public mind, it should be known that the Con- stitution, with all the safeguards that I have mentioned, had only been in force since Octo- ber 13th, 1857, a period of about six months. and had been carried by a vote of 30,055 for, to 571 against its adoption. The campaign preceding the election was a very active one. The railroad people flooded the State with speakers, documents, pictures, glee clubs singing songs of the delights of "Rid- ing on the rail," and every conceivable artifice was resorted to to carry the amendment. It was carried by a vote of 25, 02:: in favor of its passage to 0.7.'!:! against. To give an idea of the intense feeling thai was exhibited in this election it is only neces- sary to state that at the city of Winona there were 1,102 votes cast in favor of the amend- ment and only one vote against it. This nega- tive vote, to his eternal honor be it said, was cast by Thomas Wilson, afterwards Chief Jus- tice of the State, and now a resident of St. Paul. HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 47 In the execution of the requirements of the iimendment the railroad companies claimed that they could issue first mortgage bonds on their properties to an indefinite amount and exchange them with the State for its bonds, bond for bond, but the Governor, who was Hon. Henry H. Sibley, construed the amendment to mean that the first mortgage bonds of the com- panies which the State was to receive must be an exclusive first lien on the lands and fran- chises of the company. He therefore declined to issue the bonds of the State unless his views were adopted. The Minnesota and Pacific Railroad company, one of the land grant cor- porations, applied to the Supreme Court of the State for a writ of mandamus to compel the Governor to issue the bonds. The case was heard and two members of the court, holding the views of the applicants, the w 7 rit was is- sued. I was a member of the court at that time, but entertaining opposite views from the majority, I filed a dissenting opinion. Any one sufficiently interested in the question can find the case reported in Volume Two, of the Minnesota Reports, at page thirteen. This decision was only to be advisory, as the courts have no power to coerce the Executive. The railroad companies entered into con- tracts for grading their roads, and a sufficient amount of grading was done to entitle them to about $2,300,000 of the bonds, which were is- sued accordingly, and went into the hands of the contractors to pay for the work done. It, however, soon became apparent that no com- pleted railroad would ever result from this scheme, even if the whole five million of bonds were issued. What should have been known before was made clear when any of these Stale bonds were put on the market. The credit of the State was worthless, and the bonds were valueless. The people became as anxious to shake off the incubus of debt they had imposed upon their infant State as they had been to rush into it. Governor Sibley, in his message delivered to the second Legislature in December, 1S59, said, in speaking of this issue of bonds: "I regret to be obliged to state that the measure has proved a failure, and has by no means accom- plished what was hoped for it, either in provid- ing means for the issue of a safe currency or of aiding the companies in the completion of tlic roads." At the election held on November 6, 18G0, the Constitution was again amended, by ex- punging from it the amendment of 1858, au- thorizing the issue of the State Railroad Bonds and prohibiting any further issue of them. An amendment was also made to Section II. of Article IX. of the Constitution, at the same time, by providing that no law levying a tax, or making any other provisions for the pay- ment of interest or principal of the bonds al- ready issued, should take effect or be in force until it had been submitted to the people and adopted by a majority of the electors. It was very proper to prohibit the issuance of any more of the bonds, but the provision requiring a vote of the people before those already out could be paid was practically repu- diation, and the State labored under that dam- aging stigma for over twenty years. Attempts were made to obtain the sanction of the people for the payment of these bonds, but they were defeated, until it became unpleasant to admit that one was a resident of Minnesota. When- ever the name of Minnesota was heard on the floor of Congress as an applicant for favors, or even for justice, it was met by the charge of repudiation. This was an era in our history very much to be regretted, but the State grew steadily in material wealth. On March 2, 1881, the Legislature passed an act the general purpose of which was to adjust, with the consent of the holders, the outstanding bonds, at the rate of fifty cents on the dollar, and contained the curious provision that the Supreme Court should decide whether it must first be submitted to the people in order to be valid or not, and if the Supreme Court should not so decide, then an equal number of the Judges of the District Court should act. The Supreme Court Judges declined to act, and the Governor called upon the District Court Judges to assume the duty. Before any action was taken by the latter the Attorney General applied to the Supreme Court for a writ of pro- hibition to prevent them from taking any ac- 4 8 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. tion. The case was most elaborately discussed, and the opinion of the Supreme Court was de- livered by Chief Justice Gilullan, which is most exhaustive and convincing. The Court holds that the ad of 1881 is void by conferring upon the judiciary legislative power, and that the amendment to the Constitution providing that no bonds should be paid unless the law authorizing such payment was first submitted to and adopted by the people was void, as be- ing repugnant to the clause in the Constitution of the United States that no State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts. With these impediments to a just settlement of this question removed, the State was at lib- erty to make such arrangements with its bond creditors as was satisfactory. John S. Pills- bury was Governor of the State at that time. He was a man of superior intelligence and un- bending integrity, and had always been in fa- vor of paying the bonds and removing the stain from the honor of the State; finding his hands free, it did not take him long to arrange the whole matter satisfactorily, and to the ap- proval of all the parties interested. The debt was paid by the issue of new bonds at the rate of fifty per cent of the principal and interest of the outstanding ones, and the surrender of the latter. This adjustment ended a transac- tion that was conceived and executed in folly, and was only prevented from eventuating in crime by the persistent efforts of our most hon- orable and thoughtful citizens throughout the State. The transaction has often been called by those who advocated repudiation, "An old Territorial fraud," but there was nothing in it but a bad bargain, made under the extraordi- nary pressure of financial difficulties. THE FIRST RAILROAD ACTUALLY BUILT. To the State was restored all the lands and franchises of the various companies by means of foreclosure, and on March 8,18(il,was passed an act to facilitate the construction of the Min- nesota and Pacific railroad, by which act the old railroad was rehabilitated, and required to construct and put in operation its road from St. Paul to St. Anthony on or before the first day of January, 1802. The company was re- quired to deposit with the Governor $10,000 as an earnest of good faith. Work was soon com- menced, and the first ten miles constructed as required. This was the first railroad ever built and operated in Minnesota. The first locomo tive engine was brought up the river on a barge and landed at the St. Paul end of the track in the latter part of October, 1861. This pioneer locomotive was called the "William Crooks" after a distinguished civil engineer of that name, who was very active and instru- mental in the building of the road. The first ten miles of road cost more energy and brain work than all the rest of the vast system that has succeeded it. It was the initial step in what is now known as the Great Northern Railway, a road that spans the continent from St. Paul to the Pacific, and reflects upon its enterprising builders all the credit due to the pioneer. It was not long before the Northern Pacific Railroad company was incorporated by act of Congress, passed on July 2, 18G4. This road was to extend from the head of Lake Superior to Puget sound on a line north of the forty- fifth degree of North Latitude, with a branch via the valley of the Columbia river to Port- land, Oregon. The company had a grant of twenty alternate sections in the States through which it passed. It was commenced shortly after iis incorporation, but met with financial disaster, and was sold under foreclosure of a mortgage, and underwent many trials and trib- ulations, until it was finally completed Sep tember 8, 1883, and has been in successful operation ever since. As the Northern Pacific has its eastern terminus and general offices in St. Paul, it is essentially a Minnesota road. The same may be said of the Great Northern, although both are transcontinental roads. From the small beginning of railroad con- struction in 1802 has grown thirty-seven dis- tinct railroad corporations, operating in the State of Minnesota six thousand and sixty-two and sixty-nine one-hundredths miles of main tracks, according to the official reports of 1898, HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 49 with quite a substantial addition in course of construction. These various lines cover and render accessible nearly every city, town and village in the State. The method of taxation adopted by the State of railroad property is a very wise and just one. It imposes a tax of three per cent upon the gross earnings of the roads, which, in 1890, yielded the comfortable sum of $1,037,194.40, the gross earnings of all amounting to |36,- 918,741.71. This plan of taxation gives the State a direct interest in the prosperity of the roads, as its taxes are increased when business is good, and the roads are relieved from op- pressive taxation in time of business depres- sion. The grading which was done, and for which the bonds of the State were issued, was, as a general thing, utilized in the final construction of the roads. THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE. In 1842 the country north of Iowa and west of the Mississippi as far north as the Little Rapids, on the Minnesota river, was occupied by the M'-de-wa-kon-ton and Wak-pe-ku-ta bands of Sioux. The Wak-pe-ku-ta band was at war with the Sacs and Foxes, and was un- der the leadership of two principal chiefs named Wam-di-sapa, the Black Eagle, and Ta- sa-gi. Wam-di-sapa and his band were a law- less, predatory set, whose depredations pro- longed the war with the Sacs and Foxes, and finally separated him and his band from the Wak-pe-ku-tas. They moved west towards the Missouri and occupied the valley of the Ver- million river, and so thorough was the separa- tion that the band was not regarded as part of the Wak-pe-ku-ta when the latter, together with the M'-de-wa-kon-tons made their treaty with the government at Mendota in 1851. By 1857 all that remained of Wan-di-sapa's straggling band was about ten or fifteen lodges under the chieftainship of Ink-pa-du-ta, or "Scarlet Point," or "Red End." They had planted near Spirit Lake, which lies partly in Dickinson county, Iowa, and partly in Jackson county, Minnesota, prior to 1857, and ranged the country from there to the Missouri, and were considered a bad lot of vagabonds. Between 1855 and 1857 a small settlement had sprung up about forty miles south of Spir- it Lake, on the In-yan-yan-ke or Rock river. In the spring of 185C Hon. William Free- born, of Red Wing (after whom the county of Freeborn, in this Slate, is called), had pro- jected a settlement at Spirit Lake which, by the next spring, contained six or seven houses, with as many families. About the same time another settlement was started some ten or fifteen miles north of Spirit Lake, on the headwaters of the Des Moines, and a town laid out which was called Spring- field. In the spring of 1857 there were two stores and several families at this place. These settlements were on the extreme fron- tier and very much isolated. There was noth- ing to the west of them until you reached the Rocky mountains, and the nearest settlements on the north and northeast were on the Minne- sota and Watonwan rivers, while to the south lay the small settlement on the Rock river, about forty miles distant. All these settle- ments, although on ceded lands, were actually in the heart of the Indian country, and abso- lutely unprotected and defenseless. In 1857 I was United States Indian agent for the Sioux of the Mississippi, but had lived on the frontier long enough before to have ac- quired a general knowledge of Ink-pa-du-ta's reputation and his whereabouts. I was sta- tioned on the Redwood and Yellow Medicine rivers, near where they empty into the Minne- sota, and about eighty miles from Spirit Lake. Early in March, 1857, Ink-pa-du-ta's band were hunting in the neighborhood of the set- tlement on the Rock river, and one of them was bitten by a dog belonging to a white man. The Indian killed the dog. The owner of the dog assaulted the Indian and beat him severely. The white men then went in a body to the camp of the Indians and disarmed them. The arms were either returned to them or they obtained others, I have never ascertained which. They were probably given back to them on condition that they should leave, as they at once came 50 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. north to Spirit Lake, where they must have arrived about the Gth or 7th of March. They proceeded at once to massacre the set- tlers, and killed all the men they found there, together with some women, and carried into captivity four women, three of whom were married and one single. Their names were Mrs. Noble, Mrs. Marble, Mrs. Thatcher and Miss < Jardner. They came north to the Spring- field settlement, where they killed all the peo- ple they found. The total number killed at both places was forty-two. I was the first person to receive notice of this affair. On the 9th of March a Mr. Morris Markham, who had been absent from the Spirit Lake settlement for some time, returned, and found all the people dead or missing. Seeing signs of Indians, he took it for granted that they had perpetrated the outrage. He at once went to Springfield and reported what he had seen. Some of the people fled, but others re- mained and lost their lives in consequence. It lias always been my opinion that, being in the habit of trading with these Indians occasion- ally, they did not believe they stood in any dan- ger; and what is equally probable, they may not have believed the report. Every one who has lived in an Indian country knows how fre- quently startling rumors are in circulation, and how often they prove unfounded. The people of Springfield sent the news to me by two young men, who came on foot through the deep snow. The story was corrob- orated in a way that convinced me that it was true. They arrived on the 18th of March, com- pletely worn out and snow-blind. I at once made a requisition on Colonel Alexander, com- manding at Fort Ridgely, for troops. There wire at the fort five or six companies of the Tenth United States Infantry, and the Colonel promptly ordered Capt. Barnard E. Bee, of Company A, to proceed with his company to the scene of the trouble. The country between the fort and Spirit Lake was uninhabited, and the distance from eighty to one hundred miles. I furnished two experienced guides from among my Sioux half-breeds. They took a pony and a light traineau, put on their snow- shoes, and were ready to go anywhere. Not so with the soldiers, how r ever. They were equipped in about the same manner as they would have been in campaigning in Florida, their only transportation being heavy wheeled army wagons, drawn by six mules. It soon be- came apparent that the outfit could not move straight to the objective point, and it became necessary to follow a trail down the Minnesota In Mankato and up the Watonwan in the di- rection of the lake, which was reached after one of the most arduous marches ever made by troops, on which for many miles the sol- diers had to march ahead of the mules to break a road for them. The Indians, as we expected, were gone. A short pursuit was made, but the guides pronounced the campfires of the Indians several days old, and it was abandoned. The dead were buried, and after a short stay the soldiers returned to the fort. When this affair became known throughout the Territory it caused great consternation and apprehension, most of the settlers supposing it was the work of the Sioux nation. Many of the most exposed abandoned their homes tem- porarily. Their fears, however, were allayed by an explanation which I published in the newspapers. I at once began to devise plans for the rescue of the white women. I knew that any hostile demonstration would result in their murder. While thinking the matter out an event oc- curred that opened the way to a solution. A party of my Indians had been hunting on the Big Simix river, and having learned that Ink- pa du-ta was encamped at Lake Chan-pta-ya- tan-ka, and that he had some white women prisoners, two young brothers visited the camp and succeeded in purchasing Mrs. Marble, and brought her into the Yellow Medicine Agency and delivered her to the missionaries, who turned her over to me. I received her on the 21st of March, and learned that two of the oth- er captives were still alive. Of course, my first object was to rescue the survivors, and to en- courage the Indians to make the attempt I paid the brothers who had brought in Mrs. Marble five hundred dollars each. I could raise only five hundred dollars at the agency, and to make up the deficiency I resorted to a meth- HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 51 od, then novel, but which has since become quite general. I issued a bond, which, al- though done without authority, met with a better fate than many that have followed it — it was paid at maturity. As it was the first bond ever issued in what is now Minnesota, the two Dakotas, Montana, and, I may add, the whole Northwest, it may lie interesting to give it in full: "I, Stephen R. Riggs, missionary among the Sioux Indians, and I, Charles E. Flan- drau. United States Indian Agent for the Sioux, being satisfied that Mak-piya-ka-ho-ton and Si-ha-ho-ta, two Sioux Indians, have per- formed a valuable service to the Territory of Minnesota and humanity by rescuing from cap- tivity Mrs. Margaret Ann Marble, and deliver- ing her to the Sioux Agent, and being further satisfied that the rescue of the two remaining white women who are now in captivity among Ink-pa-du-ta's band of Indians depends very much on the liberality shown towards the said Indians who have rescued Mrs. Marble, and having full confidence in the humanity and lib- erality of the Territory of Minnesota, through its government and citizens, have this day paid to said two above named Indians the sum of five hundred dollars in money, and do hereby pledge to said two Indians that the further sum of five hundred dollars will be paid to them by the Territory of Minnesota, or its cit- izens, within three months from the date hereof. "Dated May 22, 1857. at Pa-ju-ta-zi-zi, M. T. "Stephen R. Riggs, "Missionary, A. B. C. F. M. "Chas.' E. Flandrau, "U. S. Indian Agent for Sioux." I immediately called for volunteers to res- cue the remaining two women, and soon had my choice. I selected Paul Ma-za-ku-ta-ma-ni, the president of the Hazelwood Republic, An- pe-tu-tok-cha, or John Otherday, and Che-tan- ma-za, or the Iron Hawk. I gave them a large outfit of horses, wagons, calicos, trinkets of all kinds, and a general assortment of things that tempt the savage. They started on the 23rd of May from the Yellow Medicine agency on their important and dangerous mission. I did not expect them to return before the middle of June, and immediately commenced prepara- tions to punish the marauders. I went to the foil, and, together with Colonel Alexander, we laid a plan to attack Ink-pa-du-ta's camp with l lie entire garrison and utterly annihilate them, which we would undoubtedly have ac- complished had not an unexpected event frus- trated our plans. Of course, we could not move on the Indians until my expedition had returned with the captives, as that would have been certain death to them. And just about the time we were anxiously expecting them a couple of steamboats arrived at the fort with peremptory orders for the whole garrison to embark for Utah to join Gen. Albert Sydnej Johnston's expedition against the Mormons, and that was the last I saw of the Tenth for ten years. My expedition found that Mrs. Thatcher and Mrs. Noble had been killed, but succeeded in bringing in Jliss Gardner, who was forwarded to me at St. Paul, and by me formally delivered to Governor Medary June 23, 1857. She was afterwards married, and is now a widow, Mrs. Abbie Gardner Sharpe, and resides in the house from which she was abducted by the sav- ages forty-two years ago. I paid the Indians who rescued her four hundred dollars each for their services. The Territory made an appro- priation on the 15th of May, 1857, of |10,000 to rescue the captives, but as there were no telegraphs or other speedy means of communi- cation the work was all done before the news of the appropriation reached the border. My outlay, however, was all refunded from this appropriation. I afterwards succeeded, with a squad of soldiers and citizens, in killing one of Ink-pa-du-ta's sons, who had taken an active part in the massacre, and that ended the first serious Indian trouble that Minnesota was af- flicted with. • CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. By the end of the year 185G the Territory of Minnesota had attained such growth and wealth that the question of becoming a State within the Union began to attract attention. It was urged by the government at Washington that we were amply capable of taking care of ourselves, and sufficiently wealthy to pay our HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. expenses, and statehood was pressed upon us from that quarter. There was another potent influence at work at home. We had several prominent gentlemen who were convinced thai their services were needed in the Senate of the United States, and that their presence there would strengthen and adorn that body, and as no positive opposition was developed the Congress of the United States, on the 26th of February, 1857, passed an act authorizing the Territory to form a State government. It prescribed the same boundaries for the State that we now have, although there had been a large number of people who had advocated an east and west division of the Territory, on a line a little north of the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude. It provided for a conven- tion to frame the Constitution of the new State, winch was to be composed of two dele- gates for each member of the Territorial Leg- islature, to be elected in the representative districts on the first Monday in June, 1857. The convention was to be held at the capital of the Territory on the second Monday of July fol- lowing. It submitted to the Convention five propositions to be answered, which, if ac- cepted, were to become obligatory on the United States and the State of Minnesota. They were in substance as follows: First — Whether sections sixteen and thirty- six in each township should be granted to the Slate for the use of schools. Second — Whether seventy two sections of land should be set aside for the use and sup- port of a State university. Third — Whether ten sections should be granted to the State in aid of public buildings. Fourth — Whether all salt springs in the Slate, not exceeding twelve, witli six sections of land to each, should be granted to the State. Fifth — Whether five per centum of the net proceeds of the sales of all the public lands lying within the State which should be sold after its admission should lie paid to the State for the purpose of roads and internal improve- ments. All the five propositions, if accepted, were to be on the condition, to be expressed in the Con- stitution or an irrevocable ordinance, that the State should never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil within the State by the United States, or with any regulations Con- gress should make for securing title to said lands in bona fide purchasers thereof, and that no tax should be imposed on lands belonging to the United States, and that non-resident proprietors should never be taxed higher than residents. These propositions were all accepted, rati- fied and confirmed by Section III. of Article II. of the Constitution. The election for delegates took place as pro- vided for, and on the day set for the conven tion to meet nearly all of them had assembled at the capital. Great anxiety was manifested by both the Democrats and the Republicans to capture the organization of the convention. Neither party had a majority of all the mem- bers present, but there were a number of con- tested seats on both sides, of which both con- testant and contestee were present, and these duplicates being counted, were sufficient to give each party an apparent majority. It was obvious that a determined fight for the organ- ization was imminent. The convention was to meet in the House of Representatives, and to gain an advantage the Republicans took pos- session of the hall the night before the opening- day, so as to be the first on hand in the morn- ing. The Democrats, on learning of this move, held a caucus to decide upon a plan of action. Precedents and authorities were looked up, and two fundamental points decided upon. It was discovered that the Secretary of the Ter- ritory was the proper party to call the con- vention to order, and as Mr. Charles L. Chase was the Secretary, and also a Democratic dele- gate, he was chosen to make the call. It was further found that when no hour was desig- nated for the meeting of a parliamentary body that noon of the day appointed was the time. I'.eiiig armed with these points, the Democrats decided to wait until noon and then march into the hall in a body with Delegate Chase at their head, and as soon as he reached the chair he was to spring into it and call the conven- tion to order. General Gorman was immediate- ly to move an adjournment until the next day at twelve o'clock M., which motion was to be HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 53 put by the chair, the Democrats feeling sure that the Republicans, being taken by surprise, would rote no, while the Democrats would all vote aye, and thus commit more than a major- ity of the whole to the organization under Mr. Chase On reaching the chair Mr. Chase im- mediately sprang into it and called the con- vention to order. General Gorman moved the adjournment, which was put by the chair. All the Democrats loudly voted in the affirmative and the Republicans in the negative. The mo- tion was declared carried, and the Democrats solemnly marched out of the hall. The above is the Democratic version of the event. The Republicans, however, claim that •John W. North reached the chair first and called the convention to order, and that as the Republicans had a majority of the members present, the organization made under his call was the only regular one. Nothing can be de- termined as to which is the true story from the records kept of the two bodies, because they are each made up to show strict regular- ity, and as it is utterly immaterial in any sub- stantial point of view I will not venture any opinion, although I was one of the actors in the drama, or farce, as the reader may see fit to regard it. The Republicans remained in the hall and formed a Constitution to suit themselves, sit- ting until August 29, just forty-seven days. The Democrats, on the next day after their ad- journment, at twelve o'clock M., went in a body to the door of the House of Representatives, where they were met by Secretary and Dele- gate Chase, who said to them: "Gentlemen, the hall to which the delegates adjourned yes terday is now occupied by a meeting of citizens of the Territory, who refuse to give possession to the Constitutional Convention." General Gorman then said: "I move the con- vention adjourn to the council chamber." The motion was carried, and the delegates accord- ingly repaired to the council chamber in the west wing of the capitol, where Mr. Chase called the convention to order. Each branch of the convention elected its officers. The Re- publicans chose St. A. D. Balcombe for their president and the Democrats selected Hon. Henry H. Sibley. Doth bodies worked dili- gently on a Constitution, and each succeeded in making one so much like the other that, after sober reflection, it was decided thai I lie State could be admitted under either, and if both were sent to Congress that body would reject them for irregularity. So, towards the end of the long session a compromise was ar- rived at by the formation of a joint committee from each convention, who were to evolve a Constitution out of the two for submission to the people; the result of which, after many sessions and some fisticuffs, was the instrument under which the Stale was finally admitted. A very curious complication resulted from two provisions in the Constitution. In seel ion five of the schedule it was provided that "All Territorial officers, civil and military, now holding their offices under the authority of the United States or of the Territory of Minnesota, shall continue to hold and exercise their re- spective offices until they shall be superseded by the authority of the State," and section six provided that "The first session of the Legisla- ture of the State of Minnesota shall commence on the first Wednesday of December next, etc" These provisions were made under the sup- position that the Slate would be admitted as soon as the Constitution would be laid before Congress, which it was presumed would be long before the date fixed for the holding of the first Stale Legislature, but such did not turn out to be the case. The election was held as provided for on the 13th day of October, 1857, for the adoption or rejection of the Con- stitution, and for the election of all the Stale officers, members of Congress and of the Legis- lature. The Constitution was adopted by a vote of 36,240 for and TOO against, and the whole Democratic State ticket was also chosen. And to be sure not to lose full representation in Congress, three members of the House of Representatives were also chosen, who were all Democrats. The Constitution was duly presented to Con- gress, and admission for the State demanded. Much to the disappointment of our people, all kinds and characters of objections were raised to our admission; one of which I remember 54 1IISTOKY OF MINNESOTA. was, thai as the term of office of the State Sen- ators was fixed at two years, and as there was nothing said about the term of the members of the House, they wen- elected for life, and consequently the government created was not Republican. Alexander Stevens, of Georgia, seriously combatted this position in a learned constitutional argument, in which he proved that a Slate had absolute control of the sub- ject, and could fix the term of all its officers for life if it so preferred, and that Congress had no right to interfere. Many other equally frivolous points were made against our admis- sion, which were debated until the 11th day of .May, 1858, when the Federal doors were opened and Minnesota became a State. The ad admitting the State cut down the Congres- sional representation to two. The three gen- tlemen who had been elected to these positions were compelled to determine who would re- main and who should surrender. History has not recorded how the decision was made, whether by cutting cards, tossing a coin, or in some other way, but the result was that George L. Becker was counted out and W. W. Phelps and James M. Cavanaugh took the prizes. It was always thought at home that the long delay in our admission was not from any dis- inclination to let us in, but because the House was quite evenly divided politically between the Democrats and the Republicans, and there being a contested seat from Ohio, between Mr. Valandingham and Mr. Lew Campbell, it was feared by the Republicans that if Minnesota came in with three Democratic members it might turn the scale in favor of Valanding- ham. This delay created a very perplexing condi- tion of things. The State Legislature elected under the Constitution met on the first Wednesday of December before the Constitu- tion was recognized by Congress, and while the Territorial government was in full force. It passed a book full of laws, all of which were State laws approved by a Territorial Governor. Perhaps in some countries it would have been difficult to harmonize such irregularities, but our courts were quite up to the emergency and straightened them all out the Hist time the question was raised, and the laws so passed have served their purpose up to the present time. The first Governor of the State was Henry H. Sibley, a Democrat. He served his term of two years, and the State has never elected a Democrat to that office since, unless the choice of Honorable John bind in 1898 may be so classified. ATTEMPT TO REMOVE THE CAPITAL. At the eighth session of the Legislative As- sembly of the Territory, which convened on January 7, 1857, a bill was introduced, the purpose of which was the removal of the seat of government from Saint Paul to Saint Peter, a small village which had recently come into existence on the Minnesota river about one hundred miles above its mouth. There could be no reason for such action except interested speculation, as the capitol was already built in Saint Paul, and it was much more accessible and in every way more convenient than it would be at St. Peter, but the movement had sufficient personal and political force behind ii to insure its success, and an act was passed making such removal. But it was destined to meet with unexpected obstacles before it be- came a law. When it passed the House it was sent to the council, where it only received one majority, eight voting for and seven against it. It was on the 27th of February sent to the enrolling committee for final enrollment. It happened that Councillor Joseph Rolette, from Pembina, was chairman of this committee, and a great friend of Saint Paul. Mr. Rolette de- cided he would veto the bill in a way not known tn parliamentary law, so he put it in his pocket and disappeared. On the 28th, not being in his seat, and the bill being missing, a councillor offered a resolution that a copy of it be obtained from Mr. Wales, the second in order on the committee. A call of the council was then ordered, and Mr, Rolette not beinj> in his seat, the serjeant-at-arms was sent out to bring him in, but not being able to find him, he so reported. A motion was then made to HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 55 dispense with the call, but by the rules it re- quired a two-third vote of fifteen members, and in the absence of Mr. Rolette only fourteen were present. It takes as many to make two- thirds of fourteen as it does (o make two-thirds of fifteen, and the bill had only nine friends. During the pendency of a call no business could be transacted, and a serious dilemma confronted the capital removers, but nothing daunted, Mr. l.alcombe made a long argument to prove that nine was two-thirds of fourteen. Mr. Brisbin, who was president of the council and a graduate of Yale, pronounced the mo- tion lost, saying to the mover, who was also a graduate of Yale: "Mr. Balcombe, we never figured that way at Yale." This situation pro- duced a deadlock and no business could be transacted. The session terminated on the fifth day of March by its own limitation. The sergeant-at arms made daily reports concern- ing the whereabouts of the absentee, some- times locating him on a dog-train, rapidly mov- ing towards Pembina, sometimes giving a rumor of his assassination, but never produc- ing him. Matters remained in this condition until the end of the term, and the bill was lost. It was disclosed afterwards that Rolette had carefully deposited the bill in the vault of Tru- man M. Smith's bank and had passed the time in the upper story of the Fuller House, where his friends made him very comfortable. Some ineffectual efforts have been made since to remove the capital to Minneapolis and else- where, but the treaty, made by the pioneers in 1849, locating it at St. Paul, is still in force. CENSUS. One of the provisions of the enabling act was, that in the event of the Constitutional Convention deciding in favor of the immediate admission of the proposed State into the Union, a census should be taken with a view of ascertaining the number of representatives in Congress to which the State would be en- titled. This was accordingly done in Septem- ber, 1857, and the population was found to be 130,037. GRASSHOPPERS. The first visitation of grasshoppers came in 1857, and did considerable damage to the crops in Stearns and other counties. Relief was asked from St. Paul for the suffering poor, and notwithstanding the people of the capital city were in the depths of poverty, from the finan- cial panic produced by over-speculation, they responded liberally. The grasshoppers of this year did not deposit their eggs, but disap- peared after eating up everything that came within their reach. The State was not troubled with them again until the year 1873, when they came in large flights and settled down in the western part of the State. They did much dam- age to I lie crops and deposited their eggs in thi soil, where they hatched out in the spring and greatly increased their number. They made sad havoc with the crops of 1874 and occupied a larger part of the State than in the previous year. They again deposited their eggs and ap- peared in the spring of 1S75 in increased num- bers. This was continued in 187G, when the situation became so alarming that Governor John S. Pillsbury issued a proclamation ad- dressed to the States and Territories which had suffered most from the insects, to meet him by delegates at Omaha to concert measures fin- united protection. A convention was held and Governor Pillsbury was made its president. The subject was thoroughly discussed and a memorial to Congress was prepared and adopted, asking for scientific investigation of the subject and a suggestion of preventative measures. Many appeals for relief came from the af- flicted regions and much aid was extended. Governor Pillsbury was a big-hearted, sympa- thetic man, and fearing the sufferers might not be well cared for he traveled among them per- sonally, incognito, and dispensed large sums from his private funds. In 1877 the Governor, in his message to the Legislature, treated the subject exhaustively, and appropriations were made to relieve the settlers in the devastated regions. In the early spring of 1877 the religious bodies and people of the State asked the Governor to issue a 56 1IISTOKY OF MINNESOTA. proclamation appointing a day of fasting and prayer, asking Divine protection, and exhort- ing the people to greater humility and a new consecration in the service of a merciful Father. The Governor, being of Puritan origin, and a faithful believer of Divine agen- cies in this world's affairs, issued an eloquent appeal to the people to observe a day named as one of fasting and prayer for deliverance from i he grasshoppers. The suggestion was quite generally acted upon, but the proclamation naturally excited much criticism and some ridi- cule. However, curious at it may seem, the grasshoppers, even before the day appointed for prayer arrived, began to disappear.and in a short time not one remained to show they had ever been iii the State. They left in a body; no one seemed to know exactly when they went, and no one knew anything about where they went, as they were never heard of again on any part of the Continent. The only news we ever had from them came from ships crossing tin- Atlantic westward bound, which reported hav- ing passed through large areas of floating in- sects. They must have met a western gale when well up in the air and have been blown out into the sea and destroyed. The people of Min- nesota did not expend much time or trouble to find out what had become of them. The crop of 1S77 was abundant, and particu- larly so in the region which had been most seriously blighted by the pests. Before the final proclamation of Governor Pillsbury every source of ingenuity had been exhausted in devising plans for the destruction of the grasshoppers. Ditches were dug around the fields of grain and ropes drawn over the grain to drive the hoppers into them, with the purpose of covering them with earth. Instru- ments called "hopperdozers" were invented, which had receptacles filled with hot tar, and were driven over the ground to catch them as Hies are caught with tanglefoot paper, and many millions of them were destroyed in this way. but it was abiut as effectual as fighting a Northwestern blizzard with a lady's fan, and they were all abandoned as useless and power- less lo cope with the scourge. Nothing proved effectual but the Governor's proclamation, and all the old settlers called it "Pillsbury's Best," which was the name of the celebrated brand of flour made at the Governor's mills. Frofessor N. II. Winchell, the State . To gain an idea of the extent of the country covered by them up to 1S77 draw a line on a State map from the Bed River of the North about six miles north of Moorhead in Clay county, in a southeasterly direction through Becker, Wadena, Todd and Morrison counties, crossing the Mississippi river near the northern line of Benton county, continuing down the east side of the Missis- sippi through Benton. Sherburne and Anoka counties, there re-crossing the Mississippi and proceeding south on the west side of the river to the south line of the State in Mower county. All the country lying south and west of this line was for several years devastated by the grasshoppers to the extent that no crops could be raised. It became for a time a question whether the people or the insects would con- quer the State. MILITIA. During the Territorial times there were a few volunteer militia companies in St. Paul, con- spicuously the Pioneer Guard, an infantry com- pany, which, from its excellent organization and discipline, became a source of supply of officers when regiments were being raised for the Civil War. To have been a member of that company was worth at least a captain's com- mission in the volunteer army, and many offi- cers of much higher rank were chosen from its members. There was also a company of cavalry at St. Paul, commanded by Capt. -lames Starkey, called the "St. Paul Light Cavalry." Also the "Shields Guards," commanded by Capt. John O'Gorman. There may have been others, but I do not remember them. The services of the Pioneer Guards and the cavalry company were called into requisition on two occasions, once HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 57 in 1857 and again in 1859. During the summer of 1857 the settlers near Cambridge and Sun- rise complained that the Chippewas were very troublesome. Governor Medary ordered Cap- tain Starkey to take part of his company and arrest the Indians who were committing depredations, and send the remainder of them to their reservation. The Captain took twenty men, and on August 24, 1857, started for the .scene of the trouble. On the 28th he overtook some six or seven Indians, and in their attempt to escape a collision occurred, in which a young man, a member of Starkey's company, named Frank Donnelly, was instantly killed. The troops succeeded in killing one of the Indians, wounding another and capturing four more, when they returned to St. Paul, bringing with them the dead, wounded and prisoners. The dead were buried, the wounded healed and the prisoners discharged by Judge Nelson on a writ of habeas corpus. The general sentiment of the community was that the expedition was unnecessary and should never have been made. This affair was facetiously called the "Corn-stalk War." THE WRIGHT COUNTY WAR. In the fall of 1858 a man named Wallace was killed in Wright county. Oscar F. Jackson was tried for the murder in the spring of 1859 and acquitted by a jury. Public sentiment was against him and he was warned to leave I lie county. He did not heed the admonition and on April 25 a mob assembled and hung Jackson to the gable end of Wallace's cabin. Governor Sibley offered a reward for the con- viction of any of the lynchers. Shortly after- wards, one Emery Moore was arrested as being implicated in the affair. He was taken to Wright county for trial and at once rescued by a mob. The Governor sent three companies of the militia to Monticello to arrest the offend- ers and preserve order, the Pioneer Guards being among them. This force, aided by a few special officers of the law. arrested eleven of the lynchers and rescuers and turned them over to the civil authorities, and on the 11th of August, 1859, having completed their mission, returned to St. Paul. As there was no war or bloodshed of any kind connected with this ex- pedition it was called the "Wright County War." Governor Sibley, having somewhat of a mili- tary tendency, appointed as his adjutant gen- eral Alexander C. Jones, who was a graduate of the Virginia Military Academy and captain of the Pioneer Guards. Under this administra- tion a very complete militia bill was passed on the 12th day of August, 1858. Minnesota from that time on had a very efficient militia system, until the establishment of the National Guard, which made some changes in its general char- acter, supposed to be for the better. THE CIVIL WAR. Nothing of any special importance occurred during the years 1859 and 1860 in Minnesota. The State continued to grow in population and wealth at an extraordinary pace, but in a quiet and unobtrusive way. The politics of the Na- tion had been for some time much disturbed between the North and the South on the ques- tion of slavery, and threats of secession from the Union made by the slave-holding States. The election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presi- dency of the United States in 1800 precipitated the impending revolution, and on the 14th of April, 1861, Fort Sumter, in the har- bor of Charleston, South Carolina, was fired upon by the revolutionists, which meant war between the two sections of the country. I will only relate such events in connection with the Civil War which followed as are espe- cially connected with Minnesota. When the news of the firing upon Fort Sum ter reached Washington, Alexander Ramsey, then Governor of Minnesota, was in that city. He immediately called on the President of the United States and tendered the services of the people of Minnesota in defense of the Republic, thus giving to the State the enviable position of being the first to come to the front. The offer of a regiment was accepted, and the Gov- 5« HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. ernor sent a dispatch to Lieutenant Governor Ignatius Donnelly, who, on the 16th of April, issued a proclamation giving notice that volun- teers would be received at St. Paul for one regi- ment of infantry composed of ten companies, each of sixty-four privates, one captain, two lieutenants, four sergeants, four corporals and one bugler, and that the volunteer companies already organized, upon complying with these requirements as to the numbers and officers, would be entitled to be first received. Immediately following this announcement, which, of course, meant war, great enthusiasm was manifested all over the State. Public meetings were held in all the cities; almost every man capable of doing soldier duty wanted to go, and those who were unable, for any reason, to go in person subscribed funds for the support of the families of those who volunteered. The only difficulty the authori- ties met with was an excess of men over those needed. There were a good many Southerners residing in the State, who were naturally con- trolled in their sentiments by their geograph- ical affinities, but they behaved very well and caused no trouble. They either entered the service of the South or held their peace. I can recall but one instance of a Northern man who had breathed the free air of Minnesota going over to the South, and the atrocity of his case was aggravated by the fact that he was an offi- cer in the United States army. I speak of Major Pemberton, who, at the breaking out of the war, was stationed at Fort Ridgely in this State, in command of a battery of artillery. He was ordered to Washington to aid in the de- fense of the capital, but before reaching his destination resigned his commission and ten- dered his sword to the enemy. I think he was a citizen of Pennsylvania. It was he who sur- rendered Vicksburg to the United States army, July 4, 1863. The first company raised under the call of the State was made up of young men of St. Paul and commanded by William H. Acker, who had been Adjutant General of the State. He was wounded at the first battle of Bull Run and killed at the battle of Shiloh, as captain of a company of the Sixteenth Regular Infantry. Other companies quickly followed in tendering their services. On the last Monday in April a camp for the first regiment was opened at Fort Snelling, and ( 'apt. Anderson D. Nelson of the United States army mustered the regiment into the service. On the 27th of April John B. Sanborn, then Ad- jutant General of the State, in behalf of the Governor, issued the following order: "The Commander-in-chief expresses his gratification at the prompt response to the call of the Presi- dent of the United States upon the militia of Minnesota, and his regret that under the pres- ent requisition for only ten companies it is not possible to accept the services of all the com- panies offered." The order then enumerates the ten com- panies which have been accepted, and instructs them to report at Fort Snelling, and recom- mends that the companies not accepted main- tain their organization and perfect their drill, and that patriotic citizens throughout the State continue to enroll themselves and- be ready for any emergency. The Governor, on May ?>, sent a telegram to the President, offering a second regiment. The magnitude of the rebellion becoming rapidly manifest at Washington, the Secretary of War, Mr. Cameron, on the 7th of May, sent the following telegram to Governor Ramsey: "It is decidedly preferable that all the regi- ments from your State, not already actually sent forward, should be mustered into the serv- ice for three years, or during the war. If any persons belonging to the regiments already mustered for three months, but not yet actually sent forward, should be unwilling to serve for three years, or during the war, could not their places be filled by others willing to serve?" A great deal of correspondence passed be- tween Lieutenant Governor Donnelly at St. Paul and Governor Ramsey at Washington over the matter, which resulted in the First Minnesota Regiment being mustered into the service of the United States for three years, or during the war, on the 11th day of May, 1861. Willis A. Gorman, second Governor of the Territory, was appointed colonel of the First. The Colonel was a veteran of the Mex HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 59 ican War. The regiment when first mustered in was without uniform, except that some of the companies had red shirts and some blue, but there was no regularity whatever. This was of small consequence, as the material of the regiment was probably the best ever col- lected into one body. It included companies of lumbermen, accustomed to camp life and enured to hardships; men of splendid physique, experts with the axe; men who could make a road through a forest or swamp, build a bridge over a stream, run a steamboat, repair a railroad or perform any of the duties that are thrust upon an army on the march and in the field. There are no men in the world so well equipped naturally and without special preparation for the life of a soldier, as the American of the West. He is perfectly famil- iar with the use of firearms. From his varied experience he possesses more than an average intelligence. His courage goes without say- ing, and, to sum him up, he is the most all- around handy man on earth. < >n May 25th the ladies of Saint Paul pre- sented the regiment with a handsome set of silk colors. The presentation was made at the State Capitol by Mrs. Ramsey, the wife of the Governor. The speech was made on behalf of the ladies by Captain Stansbuiy. of Hie United States Army, and responded to by Colonel Gor- man in a manner fitting the occasion. On the 21st of June the regiment, having been ordered to Washington, embarked on the steamers "Northern Belle" and "War Eagle" at Fort Snelling for their journey. Before leav- ing the Fort the chaplain, Rev. Edward D. Neill, delivered a most impressive address, con- cluding as follows: "Soldiers: If you would be obedient to God you must honor him who has been ordained to lead you forth. Your colonel's will must be your will. If. like the Roman centurion, he says 'Go,' you must go. If he says 'Come,' come you must. God grant you all the Hebrew's en- during faith, and you will be sure to have the Hebrew's valor. Now with the Hebrew's bene- diction, I close. The Lord bless you and keep you. The Lord make his face shine upon you and be gracious to you. The Lord lift up his countenance upon you and give you peace. Amen." The peace the good chaplain asked the Lord to give to the regiment was that peace which Hows from duty well performed, and a con- science free from self-censure. Judging from the excellent record made by that regiment, it enjoyed this kind of peace to the fullest extent, but it had as little of the other kind of peace as any regiment in the service. The regiment reached Washington early in duly and went into camp near Alexandria in Virginia. It took part in the first battle of the war, at Bull Run, and from there to the end of the war was engaged in many battles, always with credit to itself and honor to its State. It was conspicuously brave and useful at the great conflict at Gettysburg, and the service it there performed made its fame world-wide. In what I say of the First Regiment, I must not be understood to lessen the fame of the other ten regiments and other organizations that Minne- sota sent to the war, all of which, with the ex- ception of the Third, made for themselves rec- ords of gallantry and soldierly conduct, which Minnesota will ever hold in the highest esteem. But the First, probably because it was the first, and certainly because of its superb career, will always be the pet and especial pride of the State. The misfortunes of the Third Regiment will be spoken of separately. The first conception of the rebellion by the authorities in Washington was that it could be suppressed in a short time; but they had left out of the estimate the fact that they had to dial with Americans, who can always be counted on for a stubborn fight when they de- cide to have one. And as the magnitude of the war impressed itself upon the government, con- tinuous calls for troops were made, to all of which Minnesota responded promptly, until she had in the field the following military organiza- tions: Eleven full regiments of infantry. The first and second companies of sharp- shooters. 6o HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. One regiment of mounted rangers, recruited for the Indian War. The Second Regiment of cavalry. Hatcke's Independent Battalion of Cavalry for Indian War. Brackett's Battalion of cavalry. One regiment of heavy artillery. The First, Second and Third Batteries of Light Artillery. There were embraced in these twenty-one military organizations 22,070 officers and men who were withdrawn from the forces of civil industry and remained away for several years. Yet, notwithstanding Ibis abnormal drain on the industrial resources of so young a State, to which must be added the exhaustive effects of the Indian War, which broke out within her borders in 1862, and lasted several years, Min- nesota continued to grow in population and wealth throughout it all, and came out of these war afflictions strengthened and invigorated. THE THIRD REGIMENT. Recruiting for the Third Regiment com- menced earlj' in the fall of 1861, and was com- pleted by the 15th of November, on which day it consisted of nine hundred and one men all told, including officers. On the 17th of Novem- ber, 1861, it embarked at Fort Snelling for its destination in the South, on the steamboats Northern Belle, City Belle and Frank Steele. It landed at St. Raul and marched through the city, exciting the admiration of the people, it being an unusually fine aggregation of men. It embarked on the same day and departed for the South, carrying with it the good wishes and hopes of every citizen of the State. It was then commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Smith, and afterwards by Col. Henry C. Lester, who was promoted to its command from a captaincy in the First, and joined his regiment at Shep- ardsville. Colonel Lester was a man of pre- possessing appearance, handsome, well-in- formed, modest and attractive. He soon brought his regiment up to a high standard of drill and discipline, and especially devoted himself to its appearance for cleanliness and deportment, so that his regiment became re- markable in these particulars. By the 12th of July the Third became brigaded with the Ninth Michigan, the Eighth and Twenty-third Ken- tucky, forming the Twenty-third Brigade under Col. W. W. Duffield of the Ninth Michigan, and was stationed at Murfreesboro in Tennessee. For two months Colonel Duffield had been ab- sent, and the brigade and other forces at Mur- freesboro had been commanded by Colonel Les- ter. A day or two before the 13th Colonel Duf- field had returned and resumed command of the brigade, and Lester was again in direct command of his regiment. In describing the situation at Murfreesboro on the 13th of July, 1861, Gen. C. C. Andrews, the author of the History of the Third Regiment, in the State War Book, at page 152, says: "The force of enlisted men fit for duty at Murfreesboro was fully one thousand. Forest reported that the whole number of enlisted men captured, taken to McMinnville and pa- roled, was between 1,100 and 1,200. Our forces, however, were separated. There were five com- panies, two hundred and fifty strong, of the Ninth Michigan in camp three-fourths of a mile east of the town, on the Liberty turnpike (another company of the Ninth Michigan, forty- two strong, occupied the Court House as a pro- vost guard); near the camp of the Ninth Michi- gan were eighty men of the Seventh Pennsyl- vania < !avalry under Major Seibert. also eighty- one men of the Fourth Kentucky Cavalry under Captain Chilson. More than a mile dis- tant, on the other side of the town, on undu- lating rocky and shaded ground near Stone river, were nine companies of the Third Minne- sota, live hundred strong. Near it also, two sections — four guns — of Hewitt's Kentucky Field Artillery with sixty-four men for duty. Forty-five men of Company C, Third Regiment, under Lieutenant Grumiuons, had gone the afternoon of July 12th as the guard on a sup plv train to Shelbvville, and had not returned on' the 13th." Murfreesboro was on the Nashville & Chat- tanooga railroad. It was a well-built town around a square, in the center of which was the couri house. There were in the t >\\n valuable military stores. July 13, at daybreak, news arrived at Mur HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. 61 freesboro that the Rebel general, Forest, was about to make an attack on the place, which news was verified by General Forest capturing the picket guard and dashing into the town soon after the news arrived, with a mounted force of 1,500 men. A part of this force charged upon the camp of the Seventh Pennsylvania, then re-formed and charged upon the Nintb Michigan infantry, which made a gallant de- fense and repulsed the enemy's repeated charges, suffering a loss of eleven killed and eighty-nine wounded. The enemy suffered considerable loss, including a colonel killed, up to about noon, when the Ninth Michigan sur- rendered. General Crittenden was captured in his quarters about eight o'clock. Almost simul- taneous with the first attack, a part of Forest's force moved toward the Third Minnesota, which had sprung up at the first sound of the firing, formed into line, Colonel Lester in com- mand, and with two guns of Hewitt's Battery on each flank, marched in the direction of Mur- freesboro. It had not gone more than an eighth of a mile when about three hundred of the enemy appeared, approaching on a gallop. They were moving in some disorder, and ap- peared to fall back when the Third Regiment came in sight. The latter was at once brought forward into line and the guns of Hewitt's Bat- tery opened fire. The enemy retired out of sight, and the Third advanced to a command- ing position in the edge of some timber. A continuous fire was kept up by the guns of Hewitt's Battery, with considerable effect upon the enemy. Up to this time the only ground of discontent that had ever existed in this regi- ment was that it had never had an opportunity to fight. Probably no regiment was ever more eager to fight in battle than this one. Yet while it was there in line of battle from day- light until about noon, impatiently waiting for the approach of the enemy, or what was better, to be led against him, he was assailing an in- ferior force of our troops and destroying valu- able commissary and quartermaster's stores in town, which our troops were, of course, in honor bound to protect. The regiment was kept standing or lying motionless hour after hour, even while plainly seeing the smoke ris- ing from the burning depot of the United States supplies. While this was going on Colonel Lester sat upon his horse and different officers went to him and entreated him to march the regiment into town. The only re- sponse he gave was, "We will see." The enemy made several ineffectual attempts to charge the line held by the Third, but were driven off with loss, which only increased the ardor of the men to get at them. The enemy attacked the camp of the Third, which was guarded by only a few convalescents, teamsters and cooks, and met with a stubborn resistance, but finally succeeded in taking it and burning the tents and property of the officers, after which they hastily abandoned it. The firing at the camp was distinctly heard by the Third Regiment, and Captain Hoyt of Company B asked permis- sion to take his company to protect the camp, but was refused. While the regiment was in this waiting position, having at least five hun- dred effective men, plenty of ammunition, and burning with anxiety to get at the enemy, a white flag appeared over the crest of a hill, which proved to be a request for Colonel Lester to go into Murfreesboro for a consultation with Colonel Duffield. General Forest carefully dis- played his men along the path by which Col- onel Lester was to go in a manner so as to im- press the Colonel with the idea that he had a much larger force than really existed, and in his demand for surrender he stated that if not acceded to the whole command would be put to the sword, as he could not control his men. This was an old trick of Forest's, which he played successfully on other occasions. From what is known, he had not over one thousand men with which he could have engaged the Third that day. When Colonel Lester returned to his regi- ment his mind was fully made up to surrender; a consultation was held with the officers of the regiment, and a vote taken on the question, which resulted in a majority being in favor of fighting and against surrender, but the matter was re-opened and re-argued by the Colonel, and after some of the officers who opposed sur- render had left the council and gone to their companies, another vote was taken, which re- 62 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. suited in favor of the surrender. The officers who, on this final vote, were against surrender were Lieutenant Colonel Griggs and Captains Andrews and Hoyt. Those who voted in favor of surrender were Captains Webster, Gurnee, Preston, Clay and Mills of the Third Regiment, and Captain Hewitt of the Kentucky Battery. On December 1, an order was made dismiss- ing from the service the five captains of the Third who voted to surrender the regiment, which order was subsequently revoked as to Captain Webster. The conduct of Colonel Lester on this occa- sion has been accounted for on various theories. Before this he had been immensely popular with his regiment and also at home in Minne- sota, and his prospects were most brilliant. It is hard to believe that he was actuated by cow- ardice, and harder to conceive him guilty of disloyalty to his country. An explanation of his actions which obtained circulation in Min- nesota was that he had fallen in love with a Rebel woman, who exercised such influence and control over him, as to completely hypno- tize his will. I have always been a convert to that theory, knowing the man as well as I did, and have settled the question as the French would, by saying "Cherchez la femme." General Buell characterized the surrender in general orders as one of the most disgraceful examples in the history of wars. What a magnificent opportunity was pre- sented to some officer of that regiment to im- mortalize himself by shooting the Colonel through the head while he was ignominiously dallying with the question of surrender, and calling upon the men to follow him against the enemy. There can be very little doubt that such a movement would have resulted in vic- tory, as the men were in splendid condition physically, thoroughly well armed and dying to wipe out the disgrace their Colonel had in- flicted upon them. Of course, the man who should inaugurate such a movement must win, or die in the attempt, but in America death with honor is infinitely preferable to life with a suspicion of cowardice, as all who partici- pated in this surrender were well aware. The officers were all held as prisoners of war and the men paroled on condition of not fight- ing against the Confederacy during the contin- uance of the war. The Indian War of 1862 broke out in Minnesota very shortly after the surrender, and the men of the Third were brought to the State for service against the Indians. They participated in the campaign of 1862 and following expeditions. For a full and detailed account of the surrender of the Third consult the history of that regiment in the vol- ume issued by the Stale, railed "Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars." It would please the historian to omit this subject entirely did truth permit; but he finds ample solace in the fact that this is the only blot to be found in the long record of brilliant and glorious deeds that compose the military history of Minnesota. A general summary will show that Minne- sota did her whole duty in the Civil War, and that her extreme youth was in no way a draw- back to her performance. She furnished to the war in all her military organizations a grand total of 22,970 men. Of this number, six hun- dred and seven were killed in battle and 1,G47 died of disease, making a contribution of 2,254 lives to the cause of the Union, on the part of Minnesota. Our State was honored by the promotion fi'om her various organizations of the following general officers: C. P. Adams, Brevet Brigadier General. C. C. Andrews, Brigadier and Brevet Major General. John T. Averill, Brevet Brigadier General. James H. Baker, Brevet Brigadier General. Theodore E. Barret, Brevet Brigadier Gen- eral. Judson W. Bishop, Brevet Brigadier Gen- eral. William Colville, Brevet Brigadier General. Napoleon J. T. Dana, Brevet Brigadier Gen- eral. Alonzo J. Edgerton, Brevet Brigadier Gen- eral. Willis A. Gorman, Brevet Brigadier General. Lucius F. Hubbard. Brevet Brigadier Gen- eral. Samuel P. Jennison, Brigadier General. William Le Due, Brigadier General. William R. Marshall, Brigadier General. HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 63 Robert B. McLaren, Brigadier General. Stephen Miller, Brigadier General. John B. Sanborn, Brigadier and Brevet Major General. Henry H. Sibley, Brigadier and Brevet Major General. Minor T. Thomas, Brevet Brigadier General. John E. Tourtellotte, Brevet Brigadier Gen- eral. Horatio P. Van Cleve, Brevet Brigadier Gen- eral. George N. Morgan, Brevet Brigadier Gen- eral. THE INDIAN WAR OF 1862 AND FOL- LOWING YEARS. In 1S62 there were in the State of Minnesota four principal bands of Sioux Indians. The Me-de-wa-kon-toiis, and Wak-pa-koo-tas, and the Si-si-tons and Wak-pay-tons. The first two bands were known as the Lower Sioux and the last two as the Upper Sioux. These designa- tions arose from the fact that in the sale of their lands to the United Slates by the treaties of 1851, the lands of the Lower Sioux were sit- uated in the southern part of the State, and those of the upper bands in the northern part, and when a reservation was set apart for their future occupation on the upper waters of the Minnesota river they were similarly located 1 hereon. Their reservation consisted of a strip of land ten miles wide on each side of the Min- nesota river, beginning at a point a few miles below Fort Ridgely and extending to the head- waters of the river. The reservation of the lower bands extended up to the Yellow Medi- cine river; that of the upper bands included all above the last named river. An agent was ap- pointed to administer the affairs of these In- dians, whose agencies were established at Red- wood for the lower, and at Yellow Medicine for the upper bands. At these agencies the annui- ties were regularly paid to the Indians, and so continued from the making of the treaties to the year 1802. These bands were wild, very little progress having been made in their civili- zation, the very nature of the situation pre- venting very much advance in that line. The whole country to the north and west of their reservation was an open, wild region, extend- ing to the Rocky mountains, inhabited only by the buffalo, which animals ranged in vast herds from British Columbia to Texas. The buffalo was the chief subsistence of the Indians, who naturally frequented their ranges, and only came to the agencies when expecting their pay- ments. When they did come, and the money and goods were not ready for them, which was frequently the case, they suffered great incon- venience and were forced to incur debt with the white traders for their subsistence, all of which tended to create bad feelings between them and the whites. The Indian saw that he had yielded a splendid domain to the whites, and that they were rapidly occupying it. They could not help seeing that the whites were pushing them gradually — I may say rapidly— out of their ancestral possessions and towards the West, which know ledge naturally created a hostile feeling towards the whites. The Sioux were a brave people, and the young fight- ing men were always making comparisons be- tween themselves and the whites, and banter- ing each other as to whether they were or were not afraid of them. I made a study of these people for several years, having had them in charge as their agent, and I think understood their feelings and standing towards the whites as well as any one. Much has been said and written about the immediate cause of the out- break of 18G2, but I do not believe that any- thing can be assigned out of the general course of events that will account for the trouble. De- lay, as usual, had occurred in the arrival of the money for the payment which was due in July, 1862. The war was in full force with the South, and the Indians saw that Minnesota was send- ing thousands of men out of the State to fight the battles of the Union. Major Thomas Gal- luaith was their agent in the summer of 1862, and being desirous of contributing to the vol- unteer forces of the government he raised a company of half-breeds on the reservation and started with them for Fort Snelling, the gen- eral rendezvous, to have them mustered into service. It was very natural that the Indians who were seeking trouble should look upon this movement as a sign of weakness on the part of 64 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. the government, and reason that if the United Slates could not conquer its enemy without their assistance it must be in serious difficul- ties. Various things of similar character con- tributed to create a feeling among the Indians that it was a good time to recover their coun- try, redress all their grievances and reestab- lish themselves as buds of the land. They had ambitious leaders; Little Crow was the princi- pal instigator of war on the whites. He was a man of greater parts than any Indian in the tribe. I had used him on many trying occa- sions as the captain of my body-guard, and my ambassador to negotiate with other tribes, and always found him equal to any emergency, but on this occasion his ambition ran away with his judgment and led him to fatal results. With all these influences at work, it took but a spark to fire the magazine, and that spark was struck on the 17th day of August, 1862. A small party of Indians were at Acton, on August 17, and got into a petty controversy with a settler about some eggs, which created a difference of opinion among them as to what they should do, some advocating one course and some another. The controversy led to one Indian saying that the other was afraid of the white man. to resent which, and to prove his bravery, he killed the settler, and the whole family was massacred. When these Indians reached the agency and related their bloody work, those who wanted trouble seized upon the opportunity and insisted that the only way • ml of the difficulty was to kill all the whites, and on the morning of the IStli of August the bloody work began. It is proper to say here that some of the In- dians who were connected with the mission- aries, conspicuously An-pay-tu-tok a-cha, or John Otherday, and Paul Ma-za-ku-ta-ma-ni, the president of the Hazelwood Republic, of which I have spoken, having learned of the intention of the Indians, informed the mission- aries on the night of the 17th, who, to the num- ber of about sixty, fled eastward to Hutchin- son, in McLeod county, and escaped. The next morning, being the 1 si h of August, the Indians commenced the massacre of the whites, and made clean work of all at the agencies. They then separated into small squads of from five to ten and spread over the country to the south, easl and southeast, attacking the settlers in detail at their homes and continued this work during all of the 18th and part of the 19th of August until they had murdered in cold blood quite one thousand people — men, women and children. The way the work was conducted was as follows: The party of Indians would call at the house of a settler and the Indians being well known, this would cause no alarm. They would await a good opportunity and shoot the man of the family, then butcher the women and children, and, after carrying off everything that they thought valuable to them, they would burn the house, proceed to the next homestead and repeat the performance. Occasionally some one would escape and spread the news of the massacre to the neigh- bors, and all who could would flee to some place of refuge. The news of the outbreak reached Fort Ridgely, which was situated about thirteen miles down the Minnesota river from the agencies, about eight o'clock on the morning of the 18th, by means of the arrival of a team from the lower agency, bringing a badly wo'unded man, but no details could be obtained. The fort was in command of Capt. John F. Marsh of Company R, Fifth Minnesota Volun- teer Infantry. He had eighty-five men in his company, from which he selected forty-five, leaving the balance, under Lieut. T. F. Gere, to defend the fort. This little squad under command of Captain Marsh, with a full supply of ammunition, pro- visions, blankets, etc., accompanied by a six-mule team, left the fort at nine A. M. on the 18th of August for the lower Sioux agency, which was on the west side of the .Minnesota river, the fort being on the east, which necessitated the crossing of the river by a ferry near the agency. On the march up, the command passed nine or ten dead bodies, all bearing evidence of having been murdered by the Indians, one of which was Dr. Humphrey, surgeon at the agency. On reaching the vicin- ity of the ferry, no Indians were in sight, ex cept one on the opposite side of the river, who HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 65 tried to induce them to cross over. A dense chaparral bordered the river on the agency side, and tall grass covered the bottom on the side where the troops were. Suspicion of the presence of Indians was aroused by the dis- turbed condition of the water of the river, which was muddy and contained floating grass. Then a group of ponies was seen. At this point, and without any notice whatever, In- dians in great numbers sprang up on all sides of the troops and opened upon them a deadly fire. About half of the men were killed instantly. Finding them- selves surrounded, it became with the sur- vivors a question of sauve qui peut. Several desperate hand-to-hand encounters occurred with varying results, when the remnant of the command made a point down the river about two miles from the ferry, Captain Marsh being of the number. Here they attempted to cross, but the Captain was drowned in the effort and only from thirteen to fifteen of the command reached the fort alive. Among those killed was Peter Quinn, the United States interpreter, an Irishman who had been in the Indian Territory for many years. He had married into the Chip- pewa tribe. He was a man much esteemed by the army and all old settlers. Much criticism has been indulged in as to whether Captain Marsh, when he became con- vinced of the general outbreak, should not have retreated to the fort. Of course, forty-five men could do nothing against five or six hun- dred warriors, who were known to be at or about the agency. The Duke of Wellington, when asked as to what was the best test of a general, said, "To know when to retreat, and to dare to do it." Captain Marsh cannot be justly judged by any such criterion. He was not an experienced general. He was a young, brave and enthusiastic soldier. He knew little of In- dians. The country knows that he thought he was doing his duty in advancing. I am confi- dent, whether this judgment is intelligent or not, posterity will hold in warmer esteem the memory of Captain Marsh and his gallant little band than if he had adopted the more prudent course of retracing his steps. General George Custer was led into an ambush of almost the exact character, which was prepared for him by many of the same Indians who attacked Marsh, and he lost five companies of the Sev- enth United States Cavalry, one of the best fighting regiments in the service, not a man escaping. Immediately previous to the outbreak Lieut. Timothy J. Sheehan, of Company C, Fifth Minnesota, had been sent with about fifty men of his company to the Yellow Medicine agency on account of some disorder prevailing among the Indians, but having performed his duty, he had been ordered to Fort Ripley, and had, on the 17th, left Fort Ridgely, and on the 18th had reached a point near Glencoe, distant from Fort Ridgely about forty miles. As soon as Captain Marsh became aware of the outbreak he sent the following dispatch to Lieutenant Sheehan, which reached him on the evening of the 18th: "Lieutenant Sheehan: "It is absolutely necessary that you should return with your command immediately to this post. The Indians are raising hell at the low- er agency. Return as soon as possible." Lieutenant Sheehan was then a young Irish- man, of about twenty-nve years of age, with immense physical vigor and corresponding en- thusiasm. He immediately broke camp and returned to the fort, arriving there on the 19th of August, having made a forced march of forty-two miles in nine and one-half hours. He did not arrive a moment too soon. Being the ranking officer after the death of Captain Marsh, he took command of the post. The gar- rison then consisted of the remnant of Marsh's Company B, 51 men; Sheehan's Company C, 50 men; Renville Rangers, 50 men. This company was the one raised by Major Gal- braith, the Sioux agent at the agencies, and was composed principally of half-breeds. It was commanded by Capt. James Gorman. On reaching St. refer, on its way down to Fort Snelling to be mustered into the service of the L'liited States, it learned of the outbreak, and at once returned to Ridgely, having appro- priated the arms of a militia company at St. Peter. There was also at Ridgely Sergeant Jones of the regular artillery, who had been 66 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. left there in charge of the military stores. He was quite an expert gunner, and there were several field-pieces at the fort. Besides this garrison a large number of people from the sui rounding country had sought safety at the fort, and there was also a party of gentlemen who had brought up the annuity money to pay the Indians, who, learning of the troubles, had stopped with the money, amounting to some |70,000 in specie. I will here leave the fort for the present, and turn to other points that be- came prominent in the approaching war. On the night of the ISth of August, the day of the outbreak, the news reached St. Peter, and as I have before stated, induced the Ren- ville Rangers to retrace their steps. Great ex- citement prevailed, as no one could tell at what moment the Indians might dash into the town ami massacre the inhabitants. The people at New Ulm, which was situated about sixteen miles below Fort Ridgely, on the Minnesota river, dispatched a courier to St. Peter as soon as they became aware of the trouble. He arrived at four o'clock A. M. ou I he 19th, and came immediately to my house, which was about one mile below the town, and informed me that the Indians were killing peo- ple all over the country. Having lived among the Indians for several years, and at one time had charge of them as their agent, I thor- oughly understood the danger of the situation, and knowing, that whether the story was true or false, the frontier was no place at such a time for women and children, I told him to wake up the people at St. Peter, and that I would be there quickly. I immediately placed my family in a wagon and told them to flee down the river, and taking all the guns, pow- der and lead I could find in my house, I arrived at St. Peter about six A. M. The men of the town were soon assembled at the court house, and in a very short time a company was formed of one hundred and sixteen men, of which I was chosen as captain, ^Villiam B. Dodd as first and Wolf H. Meyer as second lieutenant. Before noon two men, Henry A. Swift, after- wards Governor of the State, and William C. Hayden, were dispatched to the front in a buggy to scout and locate the enemy if he was near, and about noon sixteen mounted men under L. M. Boardman, sheriff of the county, were stalled on a similar errand. Both these squads kept moving until they reached New Ulm, at about five P. M. Great activity was displayed in equipping the main body of the company for service. All (ho guns of the place were seized and put into the hands of the men. There not being any large game in this part of the country, rifles were scarce, but shot-guns were abundant. All the blacksmith shops and gun-shops were set at work molding bullets, and we soon had a gun in every man's hand, and he was supplied with a powder horn or a whiskey flask full of powder, a box of caps and a pocketful of bul- lets. We impressed all the wagons we needed for transportation and all the blankets and provisions that were necessary for subsistence and comfort. While these preparations wen going on a large squad from Le Sueur, ten miles further down the river, under the com- mand of Captain Tousley, sheriff of Le Sueur county, joined us. Early in the day a squad from Swan Lake, under an old settler named Samuel Coffin, had gone to New Ulm to see what was the matter. Our advance guard reached New Ulm just in time to participate in its defense against an attack of about one hundred Indians who had been murdering the settlers on the west side ol the river, between the town and Fort Ridge- ly. The inhabitants of New Ulm were almost exclusively German, there being only a few English speaking citizens among them, and they were not familiar with the character of the Indians, but the instinct of self-preserva- tion had impelled them to fortify the town with barricades to keep the enemy out. The town was built in the usual way of western towns, the principal settlement being along the main street, and the largest and best houses occupying a space of about three blocks. Some of these houses were of brick and stone, so with a strong barricade around them the town was quite defensible. Several of the peo- ple were killed in this first attack, but the In- dians, knowing of the coming reinforcements, withdrew, after firing five or six buildings. HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 67 The main body of my company, together with the squad from Le Sueur, reached the ferry about two miles below the settled part of New Ulm, about eight P. M., having made thirty-two miles in seven hours, in a drenching rainstorm. The blazing houses in the distance gave a very threatening aspect to the situa- tion, but we crossed the ferry successfully, and made the town without accident. The next day we were reinforced by a full company from Mankato under Capt. William Bier- bauer. Several companies were formed from the citizens of the town. A full company from South Bend arrived on the 20th or 21st, and various other squads, greater or less in num- bers, came in during the week, before Saturday the 23rd, swelling our forces to about three hundred men, but nearly all very poorly armed. We improved the barricades and sent out daily scouting parties, who succeeded in bringing in many people who were in hiding, in swamps, and who would have undoubtedly been lost without this succor. It soon became apparent that to maintain any discipline or order in the town some one man must be placed in com- mand of the entire force. The officers of the various companies assembled to choose a com- mander in chief, and the selection fell to me. A provost guard was at once established, order inaugurated, and we awaited events. I have been thus particular in my descrip- tion of the movements at this point, because ii gives an idea of the defenseless condition in which the outbreak found the people of the country, and also because it shows the intense energy with which the settlers met the emer- gency, at its very inception, from which I will deduce the conclusion at the proper time that this prompt initial action saved the State from a calamity the magnitude of which is unre- corded in the history of Indian wars. Having described the defensive condition of Fort Ridgely and New Ulm, the two extreme frontier posts, the former being on the Indian Reservation and the latter only a few miles southeast of it, I will take up the subject at the capital of the State. The news reached Governor Ramsey at Saint Paul on the 19th of August, the second day of the outbreak. He at once hastened to Mendota, at the mouth of the Minnesota river, and requested ex-Gov- ernor Sibley to accept the command of such forces as could be put in the field to check the advance of and punish the Indians. Governor Sibley had a large experience with the Sioux, perhaps more (linn any man in the Slate, hav- ing traded and lived with them since 1834, and besides that, was a distinguished citizen of the State, having been its first Governor. He ac- cepted the position with the rank of colonel in the State Militia. The Sixth regiment was being recruited at Fort Snelling for the Civil War, and on the 20th of August Colonel Sibley started up the Valley of the Minnesota willi four companies of that regiment, and arrived at St. Peter on Friday, the 22nd. Capt. A. O. Nelson of the regular army had been appointed colonel of the Sixth, and 'William Crooks had been appointed lieutenant colonel of the Sev- enth. Colonel Crooks conveyed the orders of the Governor to Colonel Nelson, overtaking him at Bloomington ferry. On receipt of his orders, finding he was to report to Colonel Sib- ley, he made the point of military etiquette, that an officer of the regular army could not re- port to an officer of militia of the same rank, and turning over his command to Colonel Crooks, he returned to St. Paul and handed in his resignation. It was accepted, and Colonel Crooks was appointed colonel of the Sixth. Not knowing much about military etiquette, I will not venture an opinion on the action of Colonel Nelson in this instance, but it always seemed to me that in the face of the enemy, and especially considering the high standing of Colonel Sibley, and the intimate friendship that exisled between the two men, it would have been better to have waived this point and unitedly fought the enemy, settling all such matters afterwards. On Sunday, the 24th, Colonel Sibley's force at St. Peter was augmented by the arrival of about two hundred mounted men under the command of William J. Cullen, formerly super- intendent of Indian Affairs, called the Cullen Guard. On the same day six more companies of the Sixth arrived, making up the full regi- ment, and also about one hundred more 68 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. mounted men, and several squads of volunteer militia. The mounted men were placed under the command of Col. Samuel McPhail. By these acquisitions Colonel Sibley's command numbered about 1.400 men. Although the nu- merical strength was considerable, the com- mand was practically useless. The ammuni- tion did not fit the guns of the Sixth Regi- ment, and had to be all made over. The horses of the mounted men, and the men themselves, were inexperienced, undisciplined, and practi- cally unarmed. It was the best the country afforded, but probably about as poorly equipped an army as ever entered the field, to face what I regard as the best warriors to be found on the North American continent; but fortunately the officers and men were all that could be desired. The leaders of this army were the best of men, and being seconded by intelligent and enthusiastic subordinates, they soon overcame their physical difficulties, but they knew nothing of the strength, position or previous movements of the enemy, no news having reached them from either Fort Ridgely or New Ulm. Any mistake made by this force resulting in defeat would have been fatal. No such mistake was made. Having now shown the principal forces in the field, we will turn to the movements of the enemy. The Indians felt that it would be necessary to carry Fort Ridgely and New Ulm before they extended their depredations further down the Valley of the Minnesota, and concentrated their forces for an attack on the fort. Ridgely was in no sense a fort. It was simply a collection of buildings, principally frame structures, facing in towards the parade ground. On one side was a long stone barrack and a stone commis- sary building, which was the only defensible part of it. • THE ATTACK ON FORT RIDGELY. On the 20th of August, at about three P. M., an attack was made upon the fort by a large body of Indians. The first intimation the gar- rison had of the assault was a volley poured through one of (he openings between the build- ings. Considerable confusion ensued, but or- der was soon restored. Sergeant Jones attempted to use his cannon, but, to his utter dismay, lie found them disabled. This was the work of some of the half-breeds belonging to the Renville Rangers, who had deserted to the enemy. They had been spiked by ramming old rags into them. The Sergeant soon rectified this difficulty, and brought his pieces into ac- tion. The attack lasted three hours, when it rcased, with a loss to the garrison of three killed and eight wounded. On Thursday, the 21st, two further attacks were made on the fort, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, but with a reduced force, less earnestness, and little damage. On Friday, the 22nd, the savages seemed deter- mined to carry the fort. About eight hundred or more, under the leadership of Little Crow, came down from the agency, and concentrating themselves in the ravines which lay on several sides of the fort, they made a feint by sending about twenty warriors on the prairie for the purpose of drawing out the garrison from the fort and cutting them off. Such a movement, if successful, would have been fatal to the de- fenders, but fortunately there were men among I hem of much experience in Indian warfare who saw through the scheme and prevented the success of the maneuver. Then followed a shower of bullets on the fort from all direc- tions. The attack was continued for nearly five hours. It was bitterly fought, and coura- geously and intelligently resisted. Sergeant Jones and other artillerists handled the guns with effective skill, exploding shells in the out- lying buildings and burning them over the heads of the Indians, while the enemy endeav- ored to burn the wooden buildings composing the fort by shooting fire arrows on their roofs. ( )ne of the most exposed and dangerous duties to be performed was covering the wooden roofs with earth to prevent fire. One white man was killed and seven wounded in this engagement. Lieutenant Sheehan, who commanded the post through all these trying occurrences; Lieuten- ant Gorman of the Renville Rangers; Lieu- tenant Whipple and Sergeants Jones and McGrew all did their duty in a manner becom- ing veterans, and the men seconded their ef- HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 69 forts handsomely. The Indians, after this effort, being convinced that they could not take the fort, and anticipating the coming of rein forcements, withdrew, and concentrating all their available forces, descended upon New (Jim the next morning, August 23d, for a final struggle. In the official history of this battle, written for the State, I placed the force of the Indians as four hundred and fifty, but I have since learned from reliable sources that it was as above stated. BATTLE OF NEW ULM. We left New Ulm after the arrival of the various companies which I have named, on the twenty-first of August, strengthening its bar- ricades and awaiting events. I had placed a good glass on the top of one of the brick build ings within the barricades for the purpose of observation, and always kept a sentinel there to report any movement he should discover in any direction throughout the surrounding country. We had heard distinctly the cannon- ading at the fort for the past two days, but knew nothing of the result of the fight at that point. I was perfectly familiar, as were many of my command, with the country between New Ulm and the fort, on both sides of the river, knowing the house of every settler on the roads. Saturday, the 23d of August, opened bright and beautiful, and early in the morning we saw column after column of smoke rise in the direc- tion of the fort, each column being nearer than the last. We knew to a certainty that the Indians were approaching in force, burning every building and grain or hay stack as they passed. The settlers had either all been killed or had taken refuge at the fort or New Ulm, so we had no anxiety about them. About 9:30 A. M. the enemy appeared in great force on both sides of the river. Those on the east side, when they reached the neighborhood of the ferry, burned some stacks as a signal of their arrival, which was responded to by a similar fire in the edge of the timber about two miles and a half from the town on the west side. Between this timber and the (own was a beau- tiful open prairie with considerable descent towards the town. Immediately on seeing the smoke from the ferry the enemy advanced rapidly, some six hundred strong, many mounted and the rest on foot. I had deter mined In meet them on the open prairie, and had formed my men by companies in a long line of battle, with intervals between them, on the first level plateau on the west side of the town, thus covering its whole west front. There were not over twenty or thirty rifles in the whole command, and a man with a shotgun, knowing his antagonist carries a rifle, has very little confidence in his fighting ability. l>own came the Indians in the bright sunlight, galloping, running, yelling and gesticulating in the most fiendish manner. If we had had good rifles they never would have go1 near enough to do much harm, but as it was, we could not check them before their Are began to tell on our line. They deployed to the right and left until they covered our entire front, and then charged. My men, appreciating the inferiority of their armament, after seeing several of their com- rades fall, and having fired a few ineffectual volleys, fell back on the town, passing some buildings without taking possession of them. This mistake was instantly taken advantage of by the Indians, who at once occupied them; but they did not follow us into the town proper, no doubt thinking our retreat was a feint to draw them among the buildings and thus gain an advantage. I think if they had boldly charged into the town and set it on tire they would have won the tight; but instead they surrounded it on all sides, the main body taking possession of the lower end of the main street below the barricades, from which direc- tion a strong wind was blowing towards the (inter of the town. From this point they be- gan firing the houses on both sides of the street. We soon rallied the men, and kept the enemy well in the outskirts of the town, and the fighting became general on all sides. Just about this time my first lieutenant, William B. Dodd, galloped down the main street, and as he passed a cross street the Indians put three or four bullets through him. He died during 7o HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. the afternoon, after having been removed sev- eral times from house to house as the enemy crowded in upon us. On the second plateau there was an old Don (juixote windmill, with an immense tower and sail-arms about seventy-five feet long, which occupied a commanding position, and had been taken possession of by a company of about thirty men, who called themselves the Le Sueur Tigers, most of whom had rifles. They barricaded themselves with sacks of flour and wheat, loopholed the building and kept the sav- ages at a respectful distance from the west side of the town. A rifle ball will bury itself in a sack of flour or wheat, but will not pene- trate it. During the battle the men dug out several of them, and brought them to me be- cause they were the regulation Minie bullet, and there had been rumors that the Confeder- ates from Missouri had stirred up the revolt and supplied the Indians with guns and am- munition. I confess I was astonished when I saw the bullets, as I knew the Indians had no such arms, but 1 soon decided that they were using against us the guns and ammunition they had taken from the dead soldiers of Cap- tain Marsh's company. I do not believe the Confederates had any hand in the revolt of these Indians. We held several other outposts, being brick buildings outside the barricades, which we loopholed and found very effective in holding the Indians aloof. The battle raged generally all around the town, every man doing his best in his own way. It was a very interesting fight on account of the stake we were contending for. We had in the place about twelve or fif- teen hundred women and children, the lives of all of whom and of ourselves depeuded upon victory perching on our banners, for in a fight like this no quarter is ever asked or given. The desperation with which the conflict was con- ducted can be judged from the fact that I lost sixty men in the first hour and a half, ten killed and fifty wounded, out of less than two hundred and fifty, as my force had been de- pleted by the number of about seventy-five by Lieutenant Huey taking that number to guard the approach to the ferry. Crossing to the other side of the river he was cut off and forced to retreat toward St. Peter. It was simply a mistake of judgment to put the river between himself and the main force, but in his retreat he met Capt. E. St. Julien Cox with reinforcements for New Ulm, joined them and returned the next day. He was a brave and willing officer. The company I mentioned as having arrived from South Bend, having heard that the Winnebagoes had joined in the out- break, left us before the final attack on Satur- day, the 23d of August, claiming that then- presence at home was necessary to protect their families, and on the morning of the 23d, when the enemy was in sight, a wagon load of others left us and went down the river. I doubt if we could have mustered over two hundred guns at any time during the fight. The enemy, seeing his advantage in firing the buildings in the lower part of the main street, and thus gradually nearing our barri- cades with the intention of burning us out, kept up his work as continuously as he could with the interruptions we made for him by occasionally driving him out, but his approach was (instant, and about two o'clock a roaring conflagration was raging on both sides of the street, and the prospect looked discouraging. At this juncture, Asa White, an old frontiers- man, connected with the Winnebagoes, whom I had known for a long time, and whose judg- ment and experience I appreciated and valued, came to me and said: "Judge, if this goes on, the Indians will bag us in about two hours." I said: "It looks that way; what remedy have you to suggest?" His answer was, "We must make for the cottonwood timber." Two miles and a half lay between us and the timber re- ferred to. which, of course, rendered his sug- gestion utterly impracticable with two thou- sand non-combatants to move, and I said: "White, they would slaughter us like sheep should we undertake such a movement ; our si longest hold is in this town, and if you will get together fifty volunteers I will drive the Indians out of the lower town and the greatest danger will be passed." He saw at once the propriety of my proposition and in a short time we had a squad ready, and sallied out, cheering HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 7> and yelling in a manner that would have done credit to the wildest < Jomanches. We knew the Indians were congregated in force down the street and expected to find them in a sunken road about three blocks from where we started, but they bad worked their way up much nearer to us and were in a deep swale about a block and a half from our barricades. There was a large number of them, estimated at about sev- enty-fire to one hundred, some on ponies and some on foot. When the conformation of the ground disclosed their whereabouts we were within one hundred feet of them. They opened a rapid fire on us, which we returned, while keeping up our rushing advance. When we were within fifty feet of them they turned and tied down the street. We followed (hem for at least half a mile, firing as well as we could. This took us beyond the burning houses, and finding a large collection of saw logs I called a halt and we took cover among them, lying flat on the ground. The Indians stopped when we ceased to advance, took cover behind anything that afforded protection, and kept up an inces- sant fire upon us whenever a head or hand showed itself above the logs. We held them, however, in this position, and prevented their return toward the town by way of the street. I at once sent a party back with instructions to burn every building, fence, stack or other ob- ject that would afford cover between us and the barricades. This order was strictly carried out, and by six or seven o'clock there was not a structure standing outside of the barricades in that part of the town. We then abandoned our saw logs and returned to the town, and the day was won. the Indians not daring to charge us overan open country. I lost four men lulled in this exploit, one of whom was especially to be regretted. I speak of Newell Houghton. In ordinary warfare all men stand for the same value as a general thing, but in an Indian fight a man of cool head, an exceptionally fine shot, and armed with a reliable rifle, is a loss doubly to be regretted. Houghton was famous as being the best shot and deer hunter in all the Northwest, and had with him his choice rifle. He had built a small steamboat with the pro- ceeds of his gun and we all held him in high respect as a fine type of frontiersman. We had hardly got back to the town before a man brought me a rifle which he had found on the ground near a clump of brush, and handing it to me said, "Some Indian lost a good gun in I hat run." II happened that White was with me and saw the gun. He recognized it in an instant, and said, "Newell Houghton is dead; he never let that gun out of his hands while he could hold it." We looked where the gun was picked up and found Houghton dead in the brush. He had been scalped by some Indian who had seen him fall and had sneaked back for that purpose. That night we dug a system of rifle pi Is all along the barricades on the outside, and manned them with three or four men each; bul the firing was desultory through the night and nothing much was accomplished on either side. The next morning, Sunday, opened bright and beautiful, but scarcely an Indian was to be seen. They had given up the contest and were rapidly retreating northward up the river. We got an occasional shot at one, but without effect except to hasten the retreat. And so ended the second and decisive battle of New Ulm. In this fight between ourselves and the en emy we burned one hundred and ninety build- ings, many of them substantial and valuable structures. The whites lost some fourteen killed and fifty or sixty wounded. The loss of the enemy is uncertain, but after the tight we found ten dead Indians in burned houses and in chaparral, where they escaped the notice of their friends. As to their wounded we knew nothing, but judging from the length and char- acter of the engagement and the number of I heir dead found, their casualties must have equaled, if not exceeded, ours. About noon of Sunday, the 24th, Capt. E. St. Julien Cox arrived with a company from St. Peter, which had been sent by Colonel Sibley to reinforce us. Lieutenant Huey, who had been cut off at the ferry on the previous day, accompanied him with a portion of his com- mand. They were welcome visitors. There were in the town at the time of the at- tack on the twentv third, as near as can be /- IIISTOKY OF MINNESOTA. learned, from 1,200 to 1,500 non-combatants, consisting of women and children, refugees and unarmed citizens, all of whose lives de- pended upon our success. It is dink-nit to con ceivo a much more exciting stake to play for, and the men seemed fully to appreciate it and made no mistakes. On the 25th we found that provisions and ammunition were becoming scarce, and pesti- lence being feared from stench and exposure, we decided to evacuate the town and try to reach Mankato. This destination was chosen to avoid the Minnesota river, the crossing of which we deemed impracticable. The only obstacle between us and Mankato was the Big Cottonwood river, which was fordable. We made up a train of one hundred and fifty-three wagons, which had largely composed our bar- ricades, loaded them with women and children, and about eighty wounded men, and started. A more heartrending procession was never wit- nessed in America. Here was the population of one of the most flourishing towns in the State abandoning their homes and property, starting on a journey of thirty odd miles through a hostile country, with a possibility of being massacred on the way, and no hope or prospect but the hospitality of strangers and ultimate beggary. The disposition of the guard was confided to Captain Cox. The march was successful, mi Indians being encountered. We reached Crisp's farm, which was about half way between New 1'lni and Mankato, about evening. I pushed the main column on, fear- ing danger from various sources, but camped at this point with about one hundred and fifty men, intending to return to New rim. or hold this point as a defensive measure for the ex- posed settlements further down the river. On the morning of the 20th we broke camp, and I endeavored to make the command return to New Ulm or remain where they were; my ob- ject, of course, being to keep an armed force between the enemy and the settlements. The men had not heard a word from their families for more than a week, and declined to return or remain. I did not blame them. They had demonstrated their willingness to tight when necessary, but held the protection of their fami- lies as paramount to mere military possibili- ties. I would not do justice to history did I not record that when I called for volunteers to re- turn Captain Cox and his whole squad stepped to the front ready to go where I commanded. Although I had not then heard of Capt.Marsh's disaster, I declined to allow so small a com- mand as that of Captain Cox to attempt the re- occupation of New Ulm. My staff stood by me in this effort, and a gentleman from Le Sueur county, Mr. Freeman Talbott, made an impres sive speech to the men to induce them to re- turn. The train arrived safely at Mankato on the 25111, and the balance of the command on the following day; whence the men generally sought their homes. I immediately, on arriving al Mankato. went to St. Peter to inform Colonel Sibley of the condition of things in the Indian country. I found him, in the night of August 26th, in camp about six miles out of St. Peter, and put him in possession of everything that had happened to the westward. His mounted men arrived at Fort Ridgely on the 27th of August, and were the first relief that reached that fort after its long siege. Sibley reached the fort on the 28th of August. Intrenchments were thrown up about the fort, cannon properly placed and a strong guard maintained. All but ninety men of the Cullen Guard, under Captain Anderson, returned home as soon as they found the fort was safe. The garrison was soon increased by the arrival of forty-seven men under Captain Sterritt, and on the 1st of September Lieut. Col. William Marshall of the Seventh Regi- ment arrived with a portion of his command. This force could not make a forward movement on account of a lack of ammunition and provis- ions, which were long delayed. BATTLE OF BIRCH COTJLIE. On the :'>lst of August a detail of Captain Grant's company of infantry, seventy men of tlie Cullen Guard under Captain Anderson, and siime citizens and other soldiers, in all about one hundred and fifty men, under com- mand of Maj. Joseph R. Brown, with seventeen HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 73 teams and teamsters, were sent from Fort Ridgely to the lower agency to feel the enemy, bury the dead and perform any other service that might arise. They went as far as Little Crow's village, but not finding any signs of Indians they returned, and on the 1st of Sep- tember they reached Birch Coulie and en- camped at the head of it. Birch Coulie is a ravine extending from the upper plateau to the river bottom, nearly opposite the ferry where Captain Marsh's company was ambushed. The Indians, after their defeat at Fort Ridgely and New Ulm, had concentrated at the Yellow Medicine river, and decided to make one more desperate effort to carry their point of driving the whites out of the country. Their plan of operation was to come down the Minne- sota Valley in force, stealthily, passing Sib- ley's command at Ridgely, and attacking St. Peter and Mankato simultaneously. They con- gregated all their forces for this attempt and started down the river, \Yhen they reached the foot of Birch Coulie they saw the last of Major Brown's command going up the Coulie. They decided to wait and see where they en- camped and attack them early in the morning. The whites went to the upper end of the Coulie and camped on the open prairie about two hun- dred and fifty feet from the brush in the Coulie. On the other side of their camp there was a roll in i lie prairie about four or five feet.high, which they probably did not notice. This gave the enemy cover on both sides of the camp, which they did not fail to see and take advantage of. The moment daylight came sufficiently to dis- close the camp the Indians opened fire from both sides. The whites had ninety horses hitched to a picket rope and their wagons formed in a circular corral, with their camp in the center. The Indians soon killed all the horses but one, and the men used their car- casses as breastworks from which to fight be- hind. The battle raged from the morning of September 2, to September 3, when they were relieved by Colonel Sibley's whole command and the Indians fled to the west. Maj. Joseph R. Brown was one of the most experienced Indian men in the country and would never have made the mistake of locating his camp in a place that gave the enemy such an advantage. He did not arrive until the camp was selected and should have removed it at once. I have always supposed that he was lulled into a sense of security by not having seen any signs of Indians in his march; but the result proved that when in a hostile Indian country no one is ever justified in omitting any precautions. The firing at Birch Coulie was heard at Fort Ridgely, and a relief was sent under Colonel McPhail, which was checked by the Indians a few miles before it reached its destination. The Colonel sent a courier to the tint for reinforcements, and it fell to Lieuten- ant Sheehan to carry the message. With his usual energy he succeeded in getting through, his horse dying under him on his arrival. Col- onel Sibley at once started with his whole com- mand, and when he reached the battle ground the Indians left the field. This was one of the most disastrous battles of the war. Twenty-three were killed outright, or mortally wounded, and forty-five severely wounded, while many others received slight in- juries. The tents were, by the shower of bul- lets, made to resemble lace work, so completely were they perforated. One hundred and four bullet holes were counted in one tent. Besides the continual shower of bullets that was kept up by the Iudians, the men suffered terribly from thirst, as it was impossible to get water into the camp. This fight forms a very import- ant feature in the Indian war, as, notwithstand- ing its horrors, it probably prevented awful massacres at St. Peter and Mankato, the for- mer being absolutely defenseless and the latter only protected by a small squad of about eighty men, which formed my headquarters guard at South Bend, about four miles distant. OCCURRENCES IN MEEKER COUNTY AND VICINITY. While these events were passing, other por- tions of the State were being prepared for de fense. In the region of Forest City in Meeker county, and also at Hutchinson and Glencoe, the excitement was intense. Capt. George C. 74 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. Wliitcomb obtained in St. Paul seventy-five stand of arms and some ammunition. He left a part of the arms at Hutchinson, and with the rest armed a company at Forest City of fifty- three men, twenty-five of whom were mounted. Capt. Richard Strout of Company B, Ninth Regiment, was ordered to Forest City, and went there with his company. Col. John H. Stevens of Glencoe was commander of the State militia for the counties of McLeod, Carver, Sibley and Renville. As soon as he learned of the out- break he erected a very substantial fortifica- tion of saw-logs at Glencoe, and that place was not disturbed by the savages. A company of volunteers was formed at Glencoe under Capt. A. H. Rouse. Company F of the Ninth Regi- ment, under Lieut. O. P. Stearns, and Company H of the same regiment (Capt. W. R. Baxter i. also an independent company from Excelsior, and the Goodhue County Rangers (Capt. David L. Davis), all did duty at and about Glencoe during the continuance of the trouble. Cap- tains Whitcomb and Strout, with their com- panies, made extensive reconnoissances into the surrounding counties, rescuing many refugees, and having several brisk and sharp encounters with the Indians, in which they lost several killed and wounded. The presence of these troops in this region of country, and their active operations, prevented its depopulation and saved the towns and much valuable prop- erty from destruction. PROTECTION OF THE SOUTHERN FRON- TIER. On the 29th of August I received a commis- sion from the Governor of the State instruct- ing and directing me to take command of the Blue Earth country, extending from New 7 Ulm to the north line of Iowa, embracing the then western and southwestern frontier of the State. My powers were general, to raise troops, commission officers, subsist upon the country, and generally to do what in my judg- ment was best for the protection el' this fron- tier. Under these powers I located my head- quarters at South Bend, being the extreme southern point of the Minnesota river, thirty miles below New Ulm, four from Mankato and about fifty from the Iowa line. Here I main- tained a guard of about eighty men. We threw up some small intrenchments, but noth- ing worthy of mention. Enough citizens of New I'lm had returned home to form two com- panies at that point; Company E of the Ninth Regiment, under Capt. Jerome E. Dane, was stationed at Crisp's farm, about half way between New Ulm and South Bend; Col. John R. Jones of Chatfield collected about three hun- dred men, and reported to me at Garden City. They were organized into companies under Captains N. P. Colburn and Post, and many of them stationed at Garden City, where they erected a serviceable fort of saw-logs. Others of this command were stationed at points along the Blue Earth river. Capt. Cornelius F. Buck of Winona raised a company of fifty-three men, all mounted, and started west. They reached Winnebago City, in the county of Faribault, on the 7th of September, where they reported to me, and were stationed at Chain lakes, about twenty miles west of Winnebago City; twenty of this company were afterwards sent to Madelia. A stockade was erected by this company at Martin lake. In the latter part of August Capt. A. J. Edgerton, of Company B, Tenth Regiment, arrived at South Bend, and having made his report, was stationed at I lie Winnebago agency, to keep watch on those Indians and cover Mankato from that direc- tion. About the same time Company F of the Eighth Regiment, under Capt. L. Aldrich, reported and was stationed at New Ulm. E. St. Julien Cox, who had previously reinforced me at New Ulm, was commissioned a captain and put in command of a force which was sta- tioned at Madelia, in Watowan county, where I hey erected quite an artistic fortification of logs, with bastions. While there an attack was made upon some citizens who had ventured beyond the safe limits, and several whites were killed. It will be seen by the above statement that almost immediately after the evacuation of New Ulm, on the 25th of August, the most ex HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 75 posed part of the southern frontier was occu- pied by quite a strong force. I did not expect that any serious incursions would be made along this line, but the state of alarm and panic that prevailed among the people ren- dered it necessary to establish this cordon of military posts to prevent an exodus of the in- habitants. No one who has not gone through the ordeal of an Indian insurrection can form any idea of the terrible apprehension that takes possession of a defenseless aud non-com- batant population under such circumstances. There is an element of mystery and uncertainty about the magnitude and movements of tins enemy, and a certainty of his brutality, that inspires mortal terror. The first notice of his approach is the crack of his rifle, and no one with experience in such struggles ever blames the timidity of citizens in exposed positions when assailed by these savages. I think, all things being considered, the people generally behaved very well. If a map of the State is consulted, taking New Ulm as the most north- ern point on the Minnesota river, it will be seen that the line of my posts covered the fron- tier from that point down the river to South Bend, and up the Blue Earth southerly, to Win- nebago City, and thence to the Iowa line. These stations were about sixteen miles apart, with two advanced posts at Madelia and Chain lakes, to the westward. A system of couriers was established, starting from each end of the cordon every morning with dispatches from tlie commanding officer to headquarters, who stopped at every station for an endorsement of what was going on, so I knew every day what had happened a I every point on my line. By this means the frontier population was pacified, and no general exodus took place. In September Major General Pope was or- dered to Minnesota to conduct the Indian war. He made liis headquarters at St. Paul, and by his high rank took command of all operations, though not exerting any visible influence on them, the fact being that all imminent danger had been overcome by the State and its citi- zens before his arrival. In the latter part of September the citizen troops under my com- mand were anxious to return to their homes, and on presentation of the situation to General Pope, lie ordered into the State a new regiment just mustered into the service in Washington — the Twenty-fifth Wisconsin — commanded by Col. M. Montgomery, who was ordered to re- lieve me. lie appeared at South Bend on the lsi of October, and alter having fully informed liiin of what had transpired and given him my views as to the future, I tinned my command over to hi in in the following order: I give it, as it succinctly presents the situation of affairs at the time. "Headquarters Indian Expedition, Southern Frontier. South Bend, October 5, 1862. To the Soldiers and Citizens who have been, and are now. engaged in the defense of the Southern Frontier: On the eighteenth day of August last your frontier was invaded by the Indians. You promptly rallied for its defense. You checked the advance of the enemy and defeated him in two severe battles at New Ulm. You have held a line of frontier posts extending over a distance of one hundred miles. You have erected six substantial fortifications and other defensive works of less magnitude. You have dispersed marauding bands of savages that have hung upon your lines. You have been uniformly brave, vigilant and obedient to orders. By your efforts the war has been confined to the border; without them, it would have penetrated into the heart of the State. Major General Pope has assumed command of the Northwest, and will control future op- erations. He promises a vigorous prosecution of the war. Five companies of the Twenty- fifth Wisconsin Regiment and five hundred cavalry from Iowa are ordered into the region now held by you, and will supply the places of those whose terms of enlistment shortly ex- pire. The department of the southern frontier, which I have had the honor to command, will, from the date of this order, be under the com- mand of Colonel M. Montgomery of the Twen- ty-fifth Wisconsin, whom I take pleasure in introducing to the troops and citizens of that department, as a soldier and a man to whom they may confide their interests and the safety of their country, with every assurance that they will be protected and defended. Pressing public duties of a civil nature de- mand my absence temporarily from the border. The intimate and agreeable relations we have sustained toward each other, our union in dan- 7 6 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. ger and adventure, cause me regret in leaving you, but will hasten my return. Charles E. Flandrau, Colonel Commanding, Southern Frontier." This practically terminated my connection with the Mar. All matters yet to be related took place in other parts of the State, under the command of Colonel Sibley and others. COLONEL SIBLEY MOVES UPON THE ENEMY. We left Colonel Sibley on the 4th of Sep- tember at Fort Ridgely, having just relieved the unfortunate command of Maj. Joseph R. Brown, after the fight at Birch Coulie. Know- ing that the Indians had in their possession many white captives, and having their rescue alive uppermost in his mind, the Colonel left on the battlefield at Birch Coulie the following communication attached to a stake driven in the ground, feeling assured that it would fall into the hands of Little Crow, the leader of the Indians: "If Little Crow has any proposition to make, let him send a half-breed to me, and he shall be protected in and out of camp. H. H. Sibley, Colonel Commanding, Military Expedition." The note was found and answered by Little Crow in a manner rather irrelevant to the sub- ject most desired by Colonel Sibley. It was dated at Yellow Medicine, September 7, and delivered by two half-breeds. Colonel Sibley returned the following an- swer by the bearers: "Little Crow, you have murdered many of our people without any sufficient cause. Re- turn me the prisoners under a flag of truce and I will talk with you like a man." No response was received to this letter until September 12, when Little Crow sent an- other, saying that he had one hundred and fifty-five prisoners, not including those held by the Sissetons and Wakpaytons, who were at Lac qui Parle, and were coming down. He also gave assurances that the prisoners were faring well. Colonel Sibley, on the 12th of September, sent a reply by Little Crow's mes- sengers, saying that no peace could be made without a surrender of the prisoners, but not promising peace on any terms, and charging the commission of nine murders since the re- ceipt of Little Crow's last letter. The same messenger that brought this letter from Little Crow also delivered quite a long one from Wabasha \v and Taopee, two lower chiefs who claimed to be friendly, and desired a meeting with Colonel Sibley, suggesting two places where it could be held. The Colonel replied that he would march in three days, and was powerful enough to crush all the Indians; that they might approach his column in open day with a flag of truce, and place themselves un- der his protection. On the receipt of this note a large council was held, at which nearly all the annuity Indians were present. Several speeches were made by the Upper and Lower Sioux, some in favor of continuance of the war, and "dying in the last ditch," and some in favor of surrendering the prisoners. I quote from a speech made by Paul Ma-za-ku-ta-ma-ni, who will be remembered as one of the Indians who volunteered to rescue the white captives from Ink-pa -du-ta's band in 1857, and who was al- ways true to the whites. He said among other things: "In fighting the whites you are fighting the thunder and lightning. You say you can make a treaty with the British government. That is not possible. Have you not yet come to your senses? They are also white men, and neigh- bors and friends to the soldiers. They are ruled by a petticoat, and she has the tender heart of a squaw. What will she do for the men who have committed the murders you have?" This correspondence was kept up for several days, quite a number of letters coming from the Indians to Colonel Sibley, but with no sat isfactory results. On the 18th of September Colonel Sibley determined to move upon the enemy, and on that day camp was broken at the fort, a boat constructed and a crossing of the Minnesota river effected near the fort to prevent the possibility of an ambuscade. Col- HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 77 ouel Sibley's force consisted of the Sixth Regi- ment, under Colonel Crooks; about three hundred men of the Third, under Major Welch; several companies of the Seventh under Col. William R. Marshall; a small number of mounted men under Colonel McPhail, and a battery under the command of Capt. Mark Hendricks. The expedition moved up the river without encountering any opposition until the morning of the 23d of September. Indians had been in sight during all the march, carefully watching the movements of the troops, and several messages of defiance were found at- tached to fences and houses. THE BATTLE OF WOOD LAKE. On the evening of the 22nd the expedition camped at Lone Tree lake, about two miles from the Yellow Medicine river, and about three miles east from Wood lake. Early next morning several foraging teams belonging to the Third Regiment were fired upon. They returned the fire and retreated toward the camp. At this juncture the Third Regiment, without orders, sallied out, crossed a deep ra- vine and soon engaged the enemy. They were ordered back by the commander and had not reached camp before Indians appeared on all sides in great numbers, many of them in the ravine between the Third Regiment and the camp. Thus began the battle of Wood lake. Captain Hendricks opened with his cannon and the howitzer under the direct command of Colonel Sibley, and poured in shot and shell. It has since been learned that Little Crow had appointed ten of his best men to kill Colonel Sibley at all hazards, and that the shells di- rected by the Colonel's own hand fell into this special squad and dispersed them. Captain Hendricks pushed his cannon to the head of the ravine and raked it with great eifect, and Colonel Marshall, with three companies of the Seventh, and Captain Grant's company of the Sixth, charged down the ravine on a double quick and routed the Indians. About eight hundred of the command were engaged in the conflict, and met about an equal number of Indians. Our loss was four killed and between forty and fifty wounded. Major Welch of the Third was shot in the leg, but not fatally. The Third and the Renville Rangers, under Capt. James Gorman, bore the brunt of the fight, which lasted about an hour and a half, and sustained the most of the losses. Colonel Sib- ley, in his official report of the encounter, gives great credit to his staff and all of his com- mand. An-pay-tu-tok-a-cha, or John Otherday, was with the whites, and took a conspicuous part in the fray. Thus ended the battle of Wood lake. It was an important factor in the war, as it was about the first time the Indians engaged large forces of well organized troops in the open country, and their utter discomfiture put them on the run. It will be noticed that I have not in any of my narratives of battles used the stereotyped expression: "Our losses were so many, but the losses of the enemy were much greater; however, as they always carry off their dead and wounded, it is impossible to give exact figures." The reason I have not made use of this common expression is, be- cause I don't believe it. The philosophy of Indian warfare is, to kill your enemy and not get killed yourself, and they can take cover more skilfully than any other people. In all our Iudiau wars from the Atlantic westward, with regulars or militia, I believe it would not be an exaggeration to say that the whites have lost ten to one of the Indians in killed and wounded. But the battle of Wood lake was quite an open fight, and so rapidly conducted and concluded that we have a very accurate account of the loss of the enemy. He had no time or opportunity to withdraw his dead. Fif- teen dead were found upon the field, and one wounded prisoner was taken. No doubt many others were wounded who were able to escape. After this fight Colonel Sibley retired to the vicinity of an Indian camp located nearly op- posite the mouth of the Chippewa river, where it empties into the Minnesota, and there en- camped. This point was afterwards called "Camp Release," from the fact that the white prisoners held by the enemy were here deliv- ered to Colonel Sibley's command. We will 78 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. leave Colonel Sibley and his troops at Camp Release and narrate the important events that occurred on the Red River of the North, at and about Fort Abercrombie. FORT ABERCROMBIE. The United States government, about the year 1858, erected a military post on the west side of the Red River of the North at a place then known as Graham's Point, between what are now known as the cities of Breckenridge and Fargo. Like most of the frontier posts of that day, it was not constructed with reference to defense, but more as a depot for troops and military stores. It was then in the midst of the Indian country, and is now in Richland county, North Dakota. The troops that had garrisoned the fort had been sent South to aid in suppressing the Southern Rebellion, and their places had been supplied by one company of the Fifth Regiment of Minnesota Volun- teers, which was commanded by Capt. John Van der Horck. There was a place down the river, and north of the fort about fifty miles, called Georgetown, at which there were some settlers, and a depot of stores for the company engaged in the navigation of the river. At the commencement of the outbreak Captain Van der Horck had detached about one-half of his company and sent them to Georgetown to pro- tect the interests centered at that point. About the 20th of August news reached Abercrombie from the Yellow Medicine agency that trouble was expected from the Indians. An expedition was on the way to Red lake to make a treaty with the Chippewa Indians, which consisted of the government commis- sioners and party, accompanied by a train of thirty loaded wagons and a herd of two hun- dred cattle. On the 23d of August news reached Fort Abercrombie that a large body of Indians were on the way to capture this party. A courier was at once dispatched to the train, and it immediately sought refuge in the fort. Runners were also sent to all the set- tlements in the vicinity, and the warning spread of the approaching danger. Happily, nearly all of the surrounding people reached the fort before the arrival of the enemy. The detachment stationed at Georgetown was also called in. A mail coach that left the fort on the 22nd fell into the hands of the Indians, who killed the driver and destroyed the mail. The garrison had been strengthened by about fifty men capable of duty from the refu- gees, but they were unarmed. Captain Van der Horck strengthened his post by all means in his power, and endeavored to obtain rein- forcements. Captain Freeman, with about sixty men, started from St. Cloud on the Mis- sissippi to relieve the garrison at Abercrombie, but on reaching Sauk Center the situation ap- peared so alarming that it was deemed impru- dent to proceed with so small a force, and no addition could be made to it at Sauk Center. Attempts were made to reinforce the fort from other points. Two companies were sent from Fort Snelling, and got as far as Sauk Center, but the force was even then deemed inadequate to proceed to Abercrombie. Part of the Third Regiment was also dispatched from Snelling to its relief on September 6. Another expe- dition, consisting of companies under com- mand of Captains George Atkinson and Rollo Banks, with a small squad of about sixty men of the Third Regiment under command of Ser- geant Dearborn, together with a field-piece under Lieut. Robert -T. McHenry, was formed, and placed under the command of Capt. Emil A. Burger. This command started on Septem- ber 10, and, after a long and arduous march, reached the fort on the 23d of September, find- ing the wearied and anxious garrison still in possession. Captain Burger had been l'ein- forced at Wyman's station, on the Alexandria road, on the 19th of September by the com- panies under Captains Freeman and Barrett, who had united their men on the 14th, and started for the fort. The relief force amounted to quite four hundred men by the time it reached its destination. While this long delayed force was on its way the little garrison at the fort had its hands full to maintain its position. On the 30th of Au- gust a large body of Indians made a bold raid on the post and succeeded in stampeding anil HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 79 running off nearly two hundred head of cattle and one hundred head of horses and mules, which were grazing on the prairie. Some fifty of the cattle afterwards escaped and were restored to the post by a scouting party. This band of marauders did not, however, attack the fort. No one who has not experienced it can appreciate the mortification of seeing an enemy despoil you of your property when you are powerless to resist. An attack was made on the fort on the 3d of September, and some stacks burned and a few horses captured. Sev- eral men were killed on both sides, and Cap- tain Van der Horck was wounded in the right arm from an accidental shot from one of his own men. On September 6th a second attack was made by a large force of Indians, which lasted nearly all day, in which we lost two men and had several wounded. No further attack was made until the 26th of September, when Captain Freeman's company was fired on while watering their horses in the river. These In- dians were routed and pursued by Captain Freeman's company and a squad of the Third Regiment men with a howitzer. Their camp was captured, which contained quite an amount of plunder. A light skirmish took place on the 29th of September, in which the enemy was routed, and this affair ended the siege of Fort Abercrombie. CAMP RELEASE. Colonel Sibley's command made Camp Re- lease on the 26th of September. This camp was in the near vicinity of a large Indian camp of about one hundred and fifty lodges. These In- dians were composed of Upper and Lower Sioux, and had generally been engaged in all the massacres that had taken place since the outbreak. They had with them some two hun- dred and fifty prisoners, composed of women and children, whites and half-breeds. Only one white man was found in the camp — George Spencer — who had been desperately wounded at the lower agency, and saved from death by an Indian friend of his. The desire of the troops to attack and pun- ish these savages was intense, but Colonel Sibley kept steadily in mind that the rescue of the prisoners was his first duty, and he well knew that any demonstration of violence would immediately result in the destruction of the captives. He therefore wisely overruled all hostile inclinations. The result was a gen- eral surrender of the whole camp, together with all the prisoners. As soon as the safety of the captives was assured inquiry was insti- tuted as to the participation of these Indians in the massacres and outrages which had been so recently perpetrated. Many cases were soon developed of particular Indians who had been guilty of the grossest atrocities, and the com- mander decided to form a military tribunal to try the offenders. TRIAL OF THE INDIANS. The State has reason to congratulate itself on tw r o things in this connection. First, that it had so wise and just a man as Colonel Sibley to select this important tribunal, and, second, that he had at his command such admirable material from which to make his selection. It must be remembered that this court entered upon its duties with the lives of hundreds of men at its absolute disposal. Whether they were Indians or any other kind of people, the fact must not be overlooked that they were human beings, and the responsibility of the tribunal was correspondingly great. Colonel Sibley, at this date, sent me a dispatch, declar- ing his intention in the matter of the result of the trials. It is as follows: "Camp Release, nine miles below Lac Qui Parle, Sept. 25, 1862. Colonel: (After speaking of a variety of matters concerning the disposition of troops who were in my command, the battle of Wood lake — which he characterized as 'A smart con- flict we had with the Indians' — the rescue of the prisoners and other matters, he adds): N. B. I am encamped near a camp of one hundred and fifty lodges of friendly Indians and half-breeds, but have had to purge it of suspected characters. I have apprehended sixteen supposed to have been connected with the late outrages, and have appointed a mili- 8o HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. tary commission of five officers to try them. If found guilty they will be forthwith executed, although it will perhaps be a stretch of my au- thority. If so, necessity must be my justifica- tion. Yours, H. H. Sibley." On the 2Sth of September an order was is- sued convening this court martial. It was composed of William Crooks, colonel of the Sixth Regiment, president; William R. Marshall, lieutenant colonel of the Sev- enth Regiment; Captains Grant and Baily of the Sixth, and Lieutenant Olin of the Third. Others were subsequently added as necessity required. All these men were of mature years, prominent in their social and general standing as citizens, and as well equipped as any persons could be to engage in such work. What I regard as the most im- portant feature in the composition of this most extraordinary court is the fact that the Hon. Isaac V. D. Heard, an experienced lawyer of St. Paul, who had been for many years the prosecuting attorney of Ramsey county, and who was thoroughly versed in criminal law, was on the staff of Colonel Sibley, and was by him appointed recorder of the court. Mr. Heard, in the performance of his duty, was above prejudice or passion, and could treat a case of this nature as if it was a mere misde- meanor. Lieutenant Olin was Judge Advocate of the court, but as the trials progressed the evidence was all put in and the records kept by Mr. Heard. Some changes were made in the personnel of the court from time to time, as the officers were needed else- where, but none of the changes lessened the dignity or character of the tribunal. I make these comments because the trials took place at a period of intense excitement, and persons unacquainted with the facts may be led to believe that the court was "organized to convict," and was unfair in its decisions. The court sat some time at Camp Release, then at the lower agency and Mankato, where it investigated the question whether the Win- nebagoes had participated in the outbreak, but none of that tribe were implicated, which proves that the court acted judicially, and not upon unreliable evidence, as the country was full of rumors and charges that the Winneba- goes were implicated. The court terminated its sittings at Fort Snelling, after a series of sessions lasting from September 30 to No- vember 5, 1862, during which four hundred and twenty-five prisoners were arraigned and i lied. Of these three hundred and twenty-one were found guilty of the offenses charged, of whom three.hundred and three were sentenced to death and the rest to various terms of im- prisonment according to the nature of their crimes. The condemned prisoners were re- moved to Mankato, where they were confined in a large guard house constructed of logs for the purpose, and were guarded by a strong force of soldiers. On the way down, as the party having charge of the prisoners passed through New Ulm, they found the inhabitants disinterring the dead, who had been hastily buried in the streets where they fell during the fights at that place. The sight of the Indians so enraged the people that a general attack was made on the wagons in which they were ehained together. The attacking force was principally composed of women, armed with clubs, stones, knives, hot water and similar weapons. Of course, the guard could not shoot or bayonet a woman, and they got the prison- ers through the town with the loss of one killed and many battered and bruised. While this court-martial was in session the news of its proceedings reached the eastern cities, and a great outcry was raised that Min- nesota was contemplating a dreadful massacre of Indians. Many influential bodies of well- intentioned but ill informed people beseeched President Lincoln to put a stop to the proposed executions. The President sent for the records of the trials, and turned them over to his legal and military advisers to decide which w 7 ere the more flagrant cases. On the 6th of December, 1862, the President made the following order: "Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C, December 6, 1862. Brigadier General Henry H. Sibley, St. Paul, Minnesota: Ordered, that of the Indians and half-breeds sentenced to be hanged by the Military Com- HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 8 1 mission, composed of Colonel Crooks, Lieuten- ant Colonel Marshall, Captain Grant, Captain Bailey and Lieutenant Olin, and lately sitting in Minnesota, you cause to be executed on Fri- day, the 19th day of December, instant, the following named, to-wit: (Here follows the names of thirty-nine In- dians and their numbers on the record of con- viction.) The other condemned prisoners you will hold subject to further orders, faking care that they neither escape nor are subjected to any unlawful violence. Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States." Colonel Sibley had been appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln a Brigadier General on the 29th of September, 1802, on account of his success at the battle of Wood Lake, the announcement of his promotion being in a telegram, as fol- lows: "Washington, D. C, Sept. 29, 1862. Major General Pope, St. Paul, Minnesota: Colonel Henry H. Sibley is made a Brigadier General for his judicious fight at Yellow Medi- cine. He should be kept in command of that column and every possible assistance sent to him. H. W. Halleck, General in Chief." His commission as brigadier general was not issued until March 20, 1804, but, of course, this telegram amounted to an appointment to the position, and if accepted, as it was, made him subject to the orders of the President; so not- withstanding his dispatch to me stating that the Indians, if convicted, would be forthwith executed, he could not very well carry out such an extreme duty without first submitting it to the Federal authorities, of which he had be- come a part. My view of the question has always been that when the court-martial was organized Colonel Sibley had no idea that more than twenty or twenty-five of the Indians would be convicted, which is partly inferable from his dispatch to me, in which he said he had "ap- prehended sixteen supposed to have been con- nected with the late outrages." But when the matter assumed the proportions it did, and he found on his hands some three hundred men to kill, he was glad to shift the responsibility to higher authority. Any humane man would have been of the same mind. I have my own views also of the reasons of the general gov- ernment in eliminating from the list of the con- demned all but thirty-nine. It was not because these thirty-nine were more guilty than the rest, hut because we were engaged in a great < 'ivil War, and the eyes of the world were upon us. Had these three hundred men been exe- cuted, the charge would have undoubtedly been made by the South that the North was murdering prisoners of war, and the authori- ties at Washington, knowing full well that the other nations were not capable of making the proper discrimination, and perhaps not anx- ious to do so if they were, deemed it safer not to incur the odium which might follow from such an accusation. EXECUTION OF THE THIRTY-EIGHT CONDEMNED INDIANS. The result of the matter was that the order of the President was obeyed, and on the 20th of December, 1802, thirty-eight of the con- demned Indians were executed by hanging at Mankato, one having been pardoned by the President. Contemporaneous 'history, or rather general public knowledge of what actually oc- curred, says that the pardoned Indian was hanged and one of the others liberated by mis- take. As an historian, I do not assert this to be true, but as a citizen, thoroughly well in- formed of current events at the time of this execution, I believe it to be a fact. The hang- ing of the thirty-eight was done on one gallows, constructed in a square form capable of sus- taining ten men on each side. They were placed upon a platform facing inwards, and dropped all at once by the cutting of a rope. The execution was successful in all its details, and reflects credit on the ingenuity and engi- neering skill of Captain Burt of Stillwater, who was intrusted with the construction of the deadly machine. The rest of the condemned Indians were, after some time, taken down to Davenport, in Iowa, and held in confinement HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. until the excitemenl had generally subsided, when they were sent wesi of the .Missouri and set free. An Indian never forgets what he re- gards as an injury, and never forgives an en- emy. It is my opinion that all the troubles that have taken place since the liberation of these Indians, with the tribes inhabiting the western plains and mountains up to a recent date, have grown out of the evil counsels of these savages. The only proper course to have pursued with them, when it was decided not to hang them, was to have exiled them to some remote post — say the Dry Tortugas — where communication with their people would bare been impossible, set them to work on fortifica- tions or other public works, and allowed them to pass out by life limitation. The execution of these Indians practically terminated the campaign for the year 1862, no other event worthy of detailed record having occurred; but the Indian war was far from being over, as it was deemed prudent to keep within the State a sufficient force of troops to successfully resist all further al tacks and to inaugurate an aggressive campaign in the com- ing year. The whole of I he Sixth, Seventh and Tenth Regiments, the Mounted Rangers, some artillery organizations, scouts and other troops were wintered in the State at various points along the more exposed frontier; in 1863 a formidable expedition under command of Gen- eral Sibley was sent from Minnesota to crush the enemy, which was to be aided and co-op- erated with by another expedition under Gen. Alfred Sully, of equal proportions, which was to start from Sioux City, on the Missouri. After the attack at Birch Coulie and its relief, Little Crow, with a large part of his followers, branched off and went to the vicinity of Acton, and there attacked the command under Capt. Richard Strout, where a severe battle was fought, in which several of Captain Strout's men were killed. On the 3d of July, 1863, Crow ventured down to the neighborhood of Hutchinson with his young son, probably to get something which he had hidden, or to steal horses, and while he was picking berries a farmer named Lamson, who was in search of his cows, saw him and shot him dead. His scalp now decorates the walls of the Minnesota Historical Society. THE CAMPAIGN OP 1863. The remnant of Little Crow's followers were supposed to be rendezvoused at Devil's lake, in Dakota Territory, and reinforced by a large- body of the Upper Sioux. An expedition against them was devised by General Tope, to be commanded by General Sibley. It was to assemble at a point near the mouth of the Redwood river, some twenty-five miles above Fort Ridgely. On the 7th of June, 1S63, Gen- eral Sibley arrived at the point of departure, which was named Camp Tope in honor of the commanding general. The force composing the expedition was as follows: One company of Pioneers under Captain Chase; ten compa- nies of the Sixth Regiment, under Colonel Crooks; eight companies of the Tenth Regi- ment, under Colonel Baker; nine companies of the Seventh, under Lieutenant Colonel Mar- shall; eight pieces of artillery, under Captain Jones; nine companies of Minnesota Mounted Rangers, under Colonel McPhail; seventy-five Indian scouts under Major Brown, George Mc- Leod and Major Dooley; in all three thousand and fifty-two infantry, eight hundred cavalry and one hundred and forty-eight artillerymen. The command, from the nature of the country it had to traverse, was compelled to depend upon its own supply train, which was com posed of two hundred and twenty-five six-mule wagons. The staff was complete, consisting of Adjutant General Olin, Brigade Commissary Forbes, Assistant Commissary and Ordnance Officer Atchinson, Commissary Clerk Spencer. Quartermaster Corning, Assistant Quarter- master Kimball, Aides-de-camp, Lieutenants Pope, Beaver, Hawthorne and A. St. Clair Plandrau, Chaplain Rev. S. R. Riggs. The column moved from Camp Pope on June Kith, 1S63. The weather was intensely hot, and the country over which the army had to march was wild and uninhabited. At first the Indians retreated in the direction of the Brit- ish line, but it was discovered that their course HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 83 had t»een changed to the direction of the Mis- souri river. They had probably heard that General Sully had been delayed by low water and hoped to be able to cross to the west bank of that stream before his arrival to inter- cept them, with the future hope that they would, no doubt, be reinforced by the Sioux inhabiting the country west of the Missouri. On the 4th of July the expedition reached the Big Bend of the Cheyenne river. On the 17th of July Colonel Sibley received reliable infor- mation that the main body of the Indians was moving toward the Missouri, which was on the 20th of July confirmed by a visit at Camp Atchison of about three hundred Chippewa half-breeds, led by a Catholic priest named Father Andre. On becoming satisfied that the best fruits of the march could be attained by bending towards the Missouri, the General de- cided to relieve his command of as much im- pedimenta as was consistent with comfort and safety, and thus increase the rapidity of its movements. He therefore established a per- manent post at Camp Atchison, about fifty miles southeasterly from Devil's lake, where he left all the sick and disabled men and a large portion of his ponderous train, with a sufficient guard to defend them if attacked. He then immediately started for the Missouri with one thousand four hundred and thirty-six infantry, five hundred and twenty cavalry, one hundred pioneers and artillery and twenty-five days' rations. On the 22nd he crossed the James river, forty-eight miles west of Camp Atchison, and on the 24th reached the vicinity of Big Mound, beyond the second ridge of the Missouri coteau. Here the scouts reported large bodies of Indians with Red Plume and Standing Buffalo among them. BATTLE OF BIG MOUND. The General, expecting an attack on the 24th, corralled his train and threw up some earthworks to enable a smaller force to defend it. The Indians soon appeared. Dr. Weiser, surgeon of the First Rangers, supposing he saw some old friends among them, approached too close and was instantly killed. Lieutenant Freeman, who had wandered some distance from the camp, was also killed. The battle opened at three P. M., in the midst of a terrific thunderstorm, and after some sharp fighting the Indians, numbering about fifteen hundred, fled in the direction of their camp, and were closely pursued. A general panic ensued, the Indian camp was abandoned, and the whole throng, men, women and children, fled before the advancing forces. Numerous charges were made upon them, amidst the roaring of the thunder and the flashing of the lightning. One private was killed by lightning, and Colonel McPhail's saber was knocked out of his grasp by the same force. The Indians are reported to have lost in this fight eighty killed and wounded. They also lost nearly all their camp equipment. They were pursued about fifteen miles, and had it not been for a mistake in the delivery of an order by Lieutenant Beaver, they would un- doubtedly have been overtaken and destroyed. The order was to bivouac where night caught the pursuing troops, but was misunderstood to return. This unfortunate error gave the In- dians two days' start, and they put a wide gap between themselves ami the troops. The Bat- tle of Big Mound, as this engagement was called, was a decided victory and counted heav- ily in the scale of advantage, as it put the sav- ages on the run and disabled them from prose- cut inii' further hostilities. BATTLE OF DEAD BUFFALO LAKE. On the 2Cth the command again moved in the direction of the fleeing Indians. Their abandoned camp was passed on that day early in Hie morning. About noon large bodies of the enemy were discovered and a brisk fight en- sued. Attacks and counter attacks were made, and a determined fight kept up until about three P. M., when a bold dash was made by the Indians to stampede the animals which were herded on the banks of a lake; but the attempt was promptly met and defeated. The Indians, foiled at all points and having lost heavily in 4 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. killed and wounded, retired from the field. At nighl earthworks were thrown up to prevent a surprise, but none was attempted, and this ended the battle of Dead Buffalo lake. The General was now convinced that the In- dians were going toward the Missouri with the intention of putting the river between them and his command, and, expecting General Sully's force to be there to intercept them, he determined to push them on as rapidly as pos- sible, inflicting all the damage he could in their flight. The campaign was well conceived, and had Sully arrived in time the result would un- doubtedly have been the complete destruction or capture of the Indians. But low water de- layed Sully to such an extent that he failed to arrive in time, and the enemy succeeded in crossing the river before General Sibley could overtake them. BATTLE OF STONY LAKE. On the 28th of July Indians were again seen in large numbers. They endeavored to encircle the troops. They certainly presented a force of two thousand fighting men, and must have been reinforced by friends from the west side of the Missouri. They were undoubtedly fight- ing to keep the soldiers back until their fami- lies could cross the river. The troops were well handled. A tremendous effort was made to break our lines, but the enemy was repulsed at all points. The artillery was effective and the Indians finally fled in a panic and rout towai'ds the Missouri. They were hotly pur- sued, and on the 29th the troops crossed Apple creek, a small stream a few miles from the present site of Bismarck, the capital of North Dakota, and, pushing on, struck the Missouri at a point about four miles above Burnt Boat island. The Indians had succeeded in crossing the river with their families, but in a very de- moralized condition as to supplies and camp equipage. They were plainly visible on the blufl's on the opposite side. It was here that Lieutenant Beaver lost his life while carrying an order. He missed the trail and was am- bushed and killed. He was a young English- man who had volunteered to accompany the expedition, and whom General Sibley had placed upon his staff as an aide. Large quantities of wagons and other ma- terial abandoned by the Indians in their haste to cross the river were destroyed. The bodies of Lieutenant Beaver and a private of the Sixth Regiment, who was killed in the same way, were recovered and buried. It was clear that the Indians, on learning of the magnitude of the expedition, never contemplated over- coming it in battle, and made their movements with reference to delaying its progress, while they pushed their women and children toward and across the river, knowing there was no resting place for them on this side. They suc- ceeded admirably, but their success was solely at 1 1 ibuted to the failure of General Sully to ar- rive in time. General Sibley's part of the cam- paign was carried out to the letter and every man in it, from the commander to the private, is entitled to the highest praise. On August 1, the command broke camp for home. As was learned afterwards, General Sully was then distant down the river one hun- dred and sixty miles. His delay was no fault of his, as it was occasioned by insurmountable obstacles. The march home was a weary, but uneventful one. The campaign of 1863 may be summed up as follows: The troops marched nearly 1,200 miles. They fought three well- contested battles. They drove from eight to ten thousand Indians out of the State and across the Missouri river. They lost only seven killed and three wounded, and inflicted upon the enemy so severe a loss that he never again returned to his old haunts. For his meri- torious services General Sibley was appointed a Major General by brevet on November 20, 1865, which appointment was duly confirmed by the Senate, and he was commissioned on April 7, 1866. In July, 1863, a regiment of cavalry was authorized by the Secretary of War to be raised by Maj. E. A. C. Hatch for duty on the Northern frontier. Several companies were re- cruited and marched to Pembina on the ex- treme northern border, where they performed HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. 85 valuable services and suffered incredible hard- ships. The regiment was called Hatch's Bat- talion. CAMPAIGN OF 1864. The government very wisely decided net to allow the Indian question to rest upon the re- sults of the campaign of 1S63, which left the Indians in possession of the country west of the Missouri, rightly supposing that they might construe their escape from General Sibley the previous year into a victory. II therefore sent mit another expedition in ls<>4 to pursue and attack them beyond the Missouri. The plan and outfit were very similar to that of isi»:;. General Sully was again to proceed up the Mis souri with a large command ami meet a force sent out from Minnesota, which forces, when combined, were to march westward and find and punish the savages if possible. The expe- dition, as a whole, was under the command of General Sully. It consisted of two brigades, the first composed of Iowa and Kansas infan- try and cavalry, and Brackett's Battalion, to the number of several thousand, which was to start from Sioux City and proceed up the Mis souri in steamboats. The Second embraced the Eighth Regiment of Minnesota Volunteer Infantry under Colonel Thomas, mounted on ponies, the Second Minnesota Cavalry under Colonel MacLaren, the Third Minnesota Bat- tery under Captain Jones. The Second Bri- gade was commanded by Colonel Thomas. This brigade left Port Snelling on June 1, and marched westward. General Sibley and staff accompanied it as far as Fort Ridgely. On the 9th of June it passed Wood lake, the scene of the fight in 18(12. About this point it overtook a large train of emigrants on their way to Idaho, who had with them Kill wagon loads of supplies. This train was escorted to the Mis souri river safely. The march was wearisome in the extreme with intensely hot weather and very bad water, and was only enlivened by the appearance occasionally of a herd of buffalo, a band of antelope or a straggling elk. The movements of the command were carefully watched by Hying bands of Indians during iis whole march. On July 1st, the .Missouri was reached at a point where now stands Fort Rice. General Sully and the First Brigade had ar- rived there the day before. The crossing was made by the boats that brought up the First Brigade. The column was immediately di- rected toward Cannon Ball river, where 1,800 lodges of Indians were reported to be camped. The Indians fled before (lie approaching troops. <>ii the last of July the Heart river was reached, where a camp was formed, and the tents and teams left behind. Thus relieved, the command pressed forward for an Indian camp eighty miles northward. On the 2nd of August the Indians were found in large numbers on the Big Knife river in the Bad Lands. These were Unca-Papa Sioux, who had murdered a party of miners from Idaho the year before and had given aid and comfort to the Minnesota refugee Indians. They were attacked and a Aery spirited engagement ensued, in which the enemy was badly beaten and suffered severe losses. The place where this battle was fought was called Ta-ka-ho-ku-tay, or the bluff where the man shot the deer. On the next day, August 3, the command moved west through the Bad Lands, and just as it emerged from this terribly ragged coun- try it was sharply attacked by a large body of Indians. The fight lasted through two days and nights, when the enemy retired in haste. They were very roughly handled in this en- gagement. General Sully then crossed to the west side of the Yellowstone river, where the weary sol- diers found two steamboats awaiting them with ample supplies. In crossing this rapid river the command lost three men and about twenty horses. From this point they came home by the way of Forts Union, Berthold and Stevenson, reaching Fort Rice on the 9th of September. On this trip General Sully located Forts Rice. Stevenson and Berthold. On reaching Fort Rice, considerable anxiety was felt for Colonel Fisk, who, with a squad of fifty troops, had left the fort as an escort for a train of Idaho immigrants, and had been at- 86 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. tacked one hundred and eighty miles west of the fort and had been compelled to intrench. He had sent for reinforcements and General Sully sent him three hundred men, who extri- cated him from his perilous position. The Minnesota Brigade returned by way of Fort Wadsworth, where they arrived on Sep tember 27. Here Major Hose, with six com panies of the Second Cavalry, was left to gar- rison the post, the balance of the command icaching Fort Snelling on the 12th of October. In June. 1865, another expedition left Minne- sota for the West under Colonel Callahan of Wisconsin, which went as far as Devil's lake. The first, second and fourth sections of the Third Minnesota Battery accompanied it, and again in 1866 an expedition started from Fort Abercrombie which included the first section of the Third Battery, under Lieutenant Whip- ple. As no important results followed from these two latter expeditions I only mention them as being parts of the Indian War. The number of Indians engaged in this war, together with their superior fighting qualities, their armament, and the country occupied by them, gives it rank among the most important of the Indian Wars fought since the first settle- ment of the country on the Atlantic Coast. But when viewed in the light of the number of set- tlers massacred, the amount of property de- stroyed and the horrible atrocities committed by the savages, it far surpasses them all. I have dwelt upon this war to such an extent because I regard it as the most' important event in the history of our State, and desire to perpetuate the facts more especially connected with the gallant resistance offered by the set- tlers in its inception. Not an instance of timid- ity is recorded. The inhabitants engaged in the peaceful pursuits of agriculture, utterly unpre- pared for war, sprang to the front on the first indication of danger, and checked the advance of the savage enemy in his initial efforts. The importance of battles should never be meas- ured by the number engaged, or the lists of killed and wounded, but by the consequences of their results. 1 think the repulse of the In- dians at Fort Ridgely and New Clin saved the State of Minnesota from a disaster, the magni- tude of which cannot he estimated. Their ad- vance was checked at the very frontier and they were compelled to retreat, thus affording t inie and opportunity for the whites to organi/.e for systematic action. Had they not met this early check, it is more than probable that the Chippewas on the upper Mississippi and the Winnebagoes in the lower Minnesota valley would have joined them, and the war have been carried into the heart of the State. In- stances of a similar character have occurred in our early wars which illustrate my position. The Battle of Oriscany, which was fought in the Revolutionary War in the valley of the Mohawk, between Rome and Utica, was not more of an encounter than Ridgely or New [Tim, yet it has been characterized as one of the decisive battles of the world because it pre- vented a junction of the British forces under St. Ledger in the west and Burgoyne in the east and made American independence pos- sible. The State of New York recognized tic value of Oriscany just one hundred years after the battle was fought by the erection of a monument to commemorate it. The State of Minnesota has done better by erecting impos- ing monuments on both the battlefields of Ridgely and New Ulm, the inscriptions on which give a succinct history of the respective events. The State also presented each of the defend- ers of Fort Ridgely with a handsome bronze medal, especially struck for the purpose, the presentation of which took place at the time of the dedication of the monument, on the 20th day of August, 1890. The medal has a picture of the fort on its obverse side, surrounded by the words, "De- fender of Fort Ridgely. August IS 27, 1802." Just over the flagstaff, in a scroll, is the legend in Sioux. "Ti-yo-pa-na-ta-ka-pi," which means, "It shut the door against us," referring to the battle having obstructed the further advance of the Indians. This was said by one of the In- dians in the attacking party in giving his view of the effect of the repulse, and adopted by the committee having charge of the preparation of the medal, as being appropriate and true. On the reverse side are the words, "Presented HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 87 by the State of Minnesota to ," encircled by a wreath of moccasin flowers, which is the flower of the State. The State has also placed monuments at Birch Coulie, Camp Release and Acton. I re- gret to be compelled to say that a majority of the committee having charge of the building of the Birch Coulie monument so far failed in the performance of their duties as to the location of the monument and formulating its inscrip- tions that the Legislature felt compelled to pass an act to correct their errors. The correc- tion has not yet been made, but in the cause of true history it is to be hoped that it will be in the near future. The State also erected a handsome monument in the cemetery of Fort Ridgely to Captain Marsh and the twenty-three men of his company that were killed at the ferry near the Lower Sioux agency on August 18, 1862, and by special act passed long after, at the request of old settlers, added the name of refer Quinn, the interpreter who was killed at the same time and place. The State also built a monument in the same cemetery in re- membrance of the wife of Dr. Muller, the post surgeon at Ridgely during the siege, on ac- count of the valuable services rendered by her in nursing' the wounded soldiers. able to enter extensively into the catalogue of its productions beyond the needs of domestic use. A LONG PERIOD OF PEACE AND PROS- PERITY. After the stirring events of the Civil and In- dian Wars, Minnesota resumed its peaceful ways and continued to grow and prosper for a long series of years, excepting the period from 1873 to 1876, when it was afflicted with the plague of grasshoppers. Possessed of the many advantages that nature has bestowed upon it, there was nothing else for it to do. The State, as far as it was then developed, was exclusively agricultural, and wheat was its staple production, although almost every char- acter of grain and vegetable can be produced in exceptional abundance. Potatoes of the first quality were among its earliest exports, but that crop is not sufficiently valuable or port- INTRODUCTION OF THE NEW PROCESS OF MILLING WHEAT. The wheat raised in Minnesota was and al- ways has been of the spring variety, and up to about the year 1S74 was regarded in the mar- kets of the world as an inferior article of grain when compared with the winter wheat of States further south; and the flour made from it was also looked upon as of much less value than its competitor made from winter wheat. The State labored under this disability in real- izing upon its chief product for many years, both in the wheat and the flour made from it. .Many mills were erected at the Falls of St. Anthony with a very great output of flour, which, with the lumber manufactured at that point, composed the chief exports of the State. The process of grinding wheal was the old style, of an upper and nether millstone, which left the flour of darker color, less nutritious and less desirable than that from the winter wheat made in the same way. About the year 1871 it was discovered that a new process of manufacturing flour was in operation on the Danube and at Budapesth. Mr. George H. Christian, a partner of Gen. C. C. Washburn, in the milling business at Minneapolis, studied the invention, which consisted of crushing the wheat by means t' Minnesota. of Botany of Minnesota. of .Meteorology of Minnesota. of Northwestern Geography and of American History. of Oriental History. of European History. of Genealogy and Heraldry. of Ethnology and Anthropology. It has corresponding members all over the world and official connections with nearly nil the historical and learned societies of Europe and America, with which it interchanges publi- cations. It has a membership of 142 life and 87 annual members. It may receive donations from any source. Its property, real and personal, is exempt from taxation of any kind. It has accumu- lated a splendid library of about sixty-three thousand volumes of all kinds of historical, genealogical, scientific and general knowledge, all of which are open and free to the public It also has a gallery of pictures of historical scenes in Minnesota, and portraits of men and women who have been prominent in, or who have contributed to the history or growth of Hie State, together with an extensive museum of Indian and other curiosities having some relation to Minnesota. One of its most valu- able attractions is a newspaper department in which are complete files of all newspapers which have been and are published in the State, except a very few unimportant ones. The number of our State papers, daily, weekly and monthly, received at the beginning of the year 1890 was 421. These papers are all bound in substantial volumes for preservation for the use of future generations. On September 1, 1899, the society had on the shelves of its tire- proof vault 4,250 of these volumes. Its rooms are in the capitol at St. Paul, and are entirely inadequate for its accommodation, but ample space has been allowed it in the new capitol now in the course of construction. STATE INSTITUTIONS MISCELLANEOUS IN THEIR CHARACTER. Besides the general State boards and asso- ciations having special reference to the leading products of (lie Slate, and those of a reforma- tory and educational character, there are many others, regulating business of various kinds among the inhabitants, all of which are im- portant in their special spheres, but to name them is all I can say about them in my limited space. Their number and the subjects which they regulate shows the care with which the Slate watches ever the welfare of its citizens. I present the following catalogue of the State departments: The Insurance Commission. The Public Examiner. The Dairy Food Commission. The Bureau of Labor. HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 97 The Board of Railroad and Warehouse Com- missioners. The Board of Game and Fish Commission- ers. The State Law Library. The State Department of Oil Inspection. The State Horticultural Society. The State Forestry Association. The Minnesota Dairyman's Association. The State Butter and Cheese Maker's Asso- ciation. The State Farmer's Institutes. The Red River Valley Drainage Commission. The State Drainage Commission. The Commission of Statistics. The State Board of Health and Vital Statis- tics. The State Board of Medical Examiners. The State Board of Pharmacy. The State Board of Dental Examiners. The State Board of Examiners in Law. The Bureau of Public Printing. The Minnesota Society for the Prevention of Cruelty. The Geological and Natural History Survey. The State Board of Equalization. Surveyors of Logs and Lumber. The Board of Pardons. The State Board of Arbitration and Concil- iation. The State Board of Investment. The State Board of Examiners of Barbers. The State Board of Examiners of Practical Plumbing. The Horseshoers Board of Examiners. The Inspection of Steam Boilers. It is difficult to conceive of any other subject over which the State could assume jurisdiction, and the great number which are embraced al- ready within its supervision, would lead one who is not in touch with our State administra- tion to believe that State paternalism dom- inated the business industries of the people; but nothing is further from the truth, and no State in the Union is freer from governmental interference in the ordinary channels of in- dustry than Minnesota. STATE FINANCES. ways been in excellent condition. When the receipts of an individual or a State exceed ex- penditures the situation is both satisfactory and safe. At the last report up to July 31, 1S9S, the receipts of the State from all sources were $5,429,240.32, and the expenditures were $5,208,942.05, leaving a balance on the right side of the ledger of $220,29S.27. To the re- ceipts must be added the balance in the treas- ury at the beginning of the year, of $2,054,- 314.26, which left in the treasury on July 31, 1898, the large sum of $2,184,612.53. The original indebtedness arising from the adjustment of the State railroad bonds was $1,659,000.00; other bonds, $300,000.00. This indebtedness has been reduced by payments to the sum of $1,475,647.22, on July 31, 1898, the date of the last report. If this debt had ma- tured, it could at once be paid by the funds on hand, leaving the State entirely free from all indebtedness. The taxable property of the State by last as- sessment in 1897, including real and personal property, was $570,598,813. Since the settlement of the debt created by the old railroad bonds that I have heretofore mentioned, the finances of the State have al- THE MONETARY AND BUSINESS FLURRY OF 1873 AND PANIC OF 1893. It has been customary in the United States to expect a disturbance in monetary and busi- ness affairs about once in every twenty years, and the expectation has not been disappointed since the panic of 18.">7. I have described the effect of the panic of 1857 on the Territory and State of Minnesota and the difficulties of re- cuperating from the shock. The next similar event was not due until 1877, but there is al- ways some special disaster to precipitate such occurrences. In 1S57 it was the failure of the Ohio Life and Trust Company, and in 1S73 it was the failure of Jay Cooke & Company, of Philadelphia. This house had been very prom- inent in placing the bonds of the Northern Pa- cific Railroad company, and in the construc- tion of the road, and was relied upon by many classes of people to invest their money for them, and when their failure was announced its effect in the East was disastrous, but here 9 8 niSTORY OF MINNESOTA. in Minnesota it only affected us in a secondary or indirect way, in stopping railroad building and creating general alarm in business circles. We had been diligently at work for sixteen years endeavoring to recuperate from the dis- aster of 1857 and had, to a great extent, suc- ceeded. Real estate had partially revived, but had not reached the boom feature, and the Slate was on a sound financial basis. Fortu- nately we bad not recovered sufficiently to be- come investors in railroad securities to any great extent, and land speculation bad not reached its usual twenty years mark. We had, also, on hand a local affliction in the presence of grasshoppers, so that, although it disturbed business generally, it did not succeed in pro- ducing bankruptcy, and we soon shook it off. This periodical financial disturbance has been attributed to various causes. From the regular- ity of its appearance, it must be the result of some impelling force of a generally similar character. My opinion is that the period of twenty years being the average time of man's business life, the actors of the second period have not the benefit of the experience gained by those of the previous one, and they repeat the same errors that produced the former disasters; but be that as it may, when the period extending from 1873 to 1893 had passed the same result had occurred, and with quite as much force as any of its predecessors. Land speculation had reached the point of absolute insanity. Every- body thought he could become rich if he only bought. Values already ridiculously expanded continued to increase with every sale. Anyone who had money enough to pay down a small amount as earnest, and intelligence enough to sign a note and mortgage for the balance of the purchase price, became purchasers to the limit of their credit. When a party whose credit was questioned needed an endorser, he found many requiring the same assistance who were ready to swap endorsements with him. Everyone became deeply in debt. The country was Hooded with paper, which was secured on the impossibility of values continuing. The banks became loaded with alleged securities and when the bubble was strained to the bursting point and some one of supposed finan- cial soundness was compelled to succumb to the pressure, the veil was lifted which opened the eyes of the community and produced a rush for safety, which induced and was necessarily followed by a general collapse. In 1S88 and issn banks suspended, money disappeared, and in 1893, in the expressive language of the West, everybody who was in debt, and all stockhold- ers and depositors in defunct banks "wenl broke." Had the cities of St. Paul and Minne- apolis been captured byan enemyand a ransom of ten million dollars been demanded for each, paid and carried away, the consequences upon business would not have been worse. It was much the same in all the large cities of the State, as land speculation was more active there than in the rural districts, and no mat- ter what may happen some value always re- mains to farm lands, while under such a col- lapse as that of 1893 the greater part of city property becomes utterly valueless for the present, and much of it forever. There was, however, a great difference be- tween the consequences of 189.". and the pre- vious disasters of 1857 and 1873. Although the disturbance was great, we were better pre- pared to meet it. Population had increased immensely. The area of civilization and pro- duction had kept pace with immigration. Manufactures of many kinds had been intro- duced, and although we w r ere seriously wounded, our hopes of recovery had solid grounds to rest upon and we were not dis- mayed. The only remedy in such cases — indus- try and economy — were applied, through ne- cessity if not from choice, and recovery has been slowly progressing up to the present time —1899 — when we may be classed as convales- cent. Will, this experience serve to prevent a re- currence of the follies of the past? Most as- suredly not. Those who have reaped wisdom will have surrendered the speculative arena to others before the financial cycle rolls around, and history will repeat itself, notwithstanding the State never had a better future outlook than at present. It does not follow that the panic due about 1913 will be caused by over- speculation in real estate. It is more likely HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 99 to be produced by the excessive and fraudulent capitalization of all sorts of corporations called trusts, which will, of course, succumb to the first serious blow. With the exception of the events I have nar- rated, including the financial troubles of 1ST:', and 1893, nothing of special importance to the State has happened, except a few occurrences of minor moment. MINOR HAPPENINGS. September 5, 1878, President Haves made a short visit to the Stale, and delivered an ad- dress at the State agricultural fair. On the 7th of September, 1S70, an organized gang of bandits which had been terrorizing the State of Missouri and surrounding States witli impunity, entered this State and attacked a bank in the town of Northfield, in Rice county, with the intent of looting it. The cashier, Mr. Haywood, resisted, and they shot him dead. The people of the town hearing of the raid, turned out and opened fire on the robbers, who fled, with the loss of one killed. In their flight they killed a Swede before they got out of the town. The people of the counties through which their flight led them turned out, and before any of them passed the border of the State two more of them were killed and three captured. Two escaped. The captured were three brothers named Younger, and those who escaped were supposed to be the notorious James brothers of Missouri. The three Young- er brothers pleaded guilty to a charge of mur- der, and, on account of a peculiarity in the law that only allowed the death sentence t<> be im- posed by a jury, they were all sentenced to imprisonment for life; one of them has since died, and the other two remain in prison. The manner in which this raid was handled by our citizens was of immense value to the State, as it proved a warning to all such des- peradoes that Minnesota was a bad field for their operations, and we have had no more trouble from that class of offenders. In 1877 the Constitution was amended by providing for biennial instead of annual ses- sions of the Legislature. On May 2. 1878, a very singular and disas- trous event took place at Minneapolis. Three large flouring mills were blown up by a dust explosion and eighteen men killed. It was in- explicable for a time, but it was afterwards discovered that such explosions had occurred before, and prompt measures were taken Id prevent a repetition of the trouble. On the 15th of November, 1880, a portion of the large insane asylum at St. Peter was destroyed by fire, and eighteen of the inmates were burned and others died of injuries re- ceived. The pecuniary loss amounted to $150,- 000. On March 1, 1881. the old capitol burned while the Legislature was in session. That body moved their sittings to the St. Paul Mar- ket House, which had just been finished, where they remained until the present capitol build- ing was erected upon the site of the one destroyed. On the 25th of January, 1884, the State prison at Stillwater was partially burned. September 14, 1886, St. ('loud and Sauk Rap- ids were struck by a cyclone. Scores of build- ings were destroyed and about seventy of the inhabitants killed. In the year 1889 the Australian system of voting at elections was introduced in cities of ten thousand inhabitants and over, and in 1892 the system was made general throughout the State. On the 7th of April, 1893, the Legislature passed an act for the building of a new State capitol in the city of St. Paul, and appointed commissioners to carry out the object. They selected an eligible and conspicuous site be- tween University avenue, Cedar and Wabasha streets, near the head of Wabasha. They adopted for the materials which were to enter into it, granite for the lower and Georgia white marble for the upper stories. The whole cost was not to exceed $2,000,000. The corner stone of the building was laid July 27, 1898, with appropriate and very imposing ceremo- nies in the presence of an immense throng of citizens from all parts of the State. Senator Left. IOO HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. Davis delivered the oration and ex-Governor Alexander Ramsey laid the corner si one. The building has reached the third story, and will be a very beautiful and serviceable structure. On September 1, 1894, there was a mosi \ tensive and disastrous tire in Pine county. Four hundred square miles of territory were burned over by the forest fire; the towns of Hinckley and Sandstone were totally de stroyed, and four hundred people burned. The money loss was estimated at $1,000,000. This disaster was exactly what was needed lo awaken the people of the State to the necessity of providing means for the prevention of forest and prairie tires, and the preservation of our forests. Shortly after the Hinckley lire a State convention was held at the Commercial Club in St. Paul, to devise legislation to accom- plish this desirable end. which resulted in the passage of an act at the session of the Legisla- ture in 1895 entitled, "An act for the preserva- tion of forests of this State, and for the pre- vention and suppression of finest and prairie fires." Under this act the State Auditor was made the Forest Commissioner of the Stair, with authority to appoint a Chief Fire War- den. The supervisors of towns, mayors of cities and presidents of village councils were made fire wardens of their respective local jurisdic- tions, and the machinery for the prevention of fires was put in motion that is of immense value to the State. The Forest Commissioner appointed Gen. C. C. Andrews Chief Fire War- den, one of the best equipped men in the State for the position, and no serious trouble 1ms since occurred in the way of fires. On the 9th of February, 1887, the Minnesota Historical Society passed a resolution declar- ing that the pretenses made by <'a]ii. Willard Glazier, to having been the discoverer of the source of the Mississippi river, were false, and very little has been heard from him since. On the 10th of October, 1887, President Cleveland visited the State and made a short stay. This enumeration of passing events looks a little like a catalogue of disasters (except the building of the new capitol and the visit of Presidents Haves and Cleveland), but it must be remembered that Minnesota is such an empire in itself that such happenings scarcely pro- duce a ripple on the surface of its steady and continuous progress. It is because these events can he particularized and described that they assume proportions beyond their real impor- tance; but when compared with the colossal advances made by the State during the period covering them, they dwindle into mere points of educational experience, to be guarded against in the future. While the many bless ings showered upon the State, consisting of the health and wealth imparting sunshine, the refreshing and fructifying rains and dews of heaven, which, like the smiles of providence, and the life-sustaining air that surrounds us, are too intangible and indefinable for more I ha ii thankful recognition: our tribulations were really blessings in disguise. The bold invasion of the robbers proved our courage; the storms and fires proved our generosity to the distressed, and taught us lessons in the wisdom of prevention. Minnesota has as much to be thankful for and as little to regret as any State in the West, and our troubles only prove that we have a very robust vitality, difficult to permanently impair. THE WAR WITH SPAIN. For many years there has been a growing sentiment in the United States that Spain was governing Cuba and her other West Indian colonies in an oppressive and unjust manner, and the desire to interfere in behalf of the Cuban people received a good deal of encour- agement, and its unrestrained expression suc- ceeded in creating very strained relations be- tween Spain and the United States. II is a well known fact that the Spanish people from the north line of Mexico to Cape Horn, as well as the inhabitants of the Spanish Islands, hale the Americans most heartily. Why, I do nol know, except that our social, governmental and religious habits, customs and beliefs are radically different from their own — but that such is the case no one doubts who knows these people. In 1897 some effort at conciliation HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. IOI was made, and Spain sent one of her warships to New York on a friendly visit, but she did not stay long, and got away as soon as she decently could. The United Stales sent the battleship Maine to Havana on the same friendly mission, where she was officially con- veyed to her anchorage. She had been there but a short time when she was blown up, on February 15, 1898, and two hundred and sixty American seamen murdered. There was an official investigation to determine the cause of the explosion, but it found no solution of the disaster. Various theories were advanced of internal spontaneous explosion, but no one was misled. The general sentiment of Amer- icans was, that the Spanish in Cuba deliber- ately exploded a submarine torpedo under her to accomplish the result that followed. Pre- vious to this cowardly act there was much difference of opinion among the people of all sections of the country as to the propriety of declaring war against Spain, but public senti- ment was at once unified in favor of war on the announcement of this outrage. On the 25th of April, 1898, Congress passed an act declar- ing that war against Spain had existed since the 21st of the same mouth. A requisition wis made on Minnesota for its quota of troops im- mediately after war was declared, and late in the afternoon of the 28th of April the Governor issued an order to the Adjutant General to assemble the State troops at St. Paul. The Adjutant General, on the 29th, issued the fol- lowing order by telegraph to the different com- mands: "The First, Second and Third regiments of infantry are hereby ordered to report at St. Paul on Friday morning, April 29, L898, not later than eleven o'clock, witli one day's cooked rations in their haversacks." The order was promptly obeyed and all the field staff and company officers, with their coin mands, reported before the time appointed, and on the afternoon of that day went into camp at the State fair grounds, which was named Camp Ramsey. Such promptness on the part of the State militia was remarkable, luil it will be seen that they had been prepared for the order of the Adjutant General before its final issue, who had anticipated the dec- laration of war. On April 18th he had issued the following order: ••Thi' commanding office companies, and artillery b the National Guard, will steps to recruit their comm dred men each. All recru mum peace footing el' sev< carried upon the muster ro cruits, to be discharged in are not needed for field ser rs of the infantry atteries, composing immediately take ands up to one hun- ts above the maxi- Tity-six men will be 11 as provisional re- case their services vice." On the 25th of April the Adjutant General issued the following order: "In obedience to orders this day received from the Honorable Secretary of War, calling upon the State of Minnesota for three regi- ments of infantry as volunteers of the United States to serve two years or less, and as the three National Guard regiments have signified their desire of entering the service of the United States as volunteers, the First, Second and Third regiments of infantry of the Na- tional Guard of the State of Minnesota will im- mediately make preparations to report to these headquarters upon receipt of telegraphic or- ders which will be issued later." This commendable action on the part of our military authorities resulted in the Minnesota troops being the first to be mustered into the service of the United States in the war with Spain, thus repeating the proud distinction gained by the State in ISlil. when Minnesota was the first Stale to oiler troops for the de- fense of the Union in the Civil War. It is a curious, as well as interesting coincidence, th it the First Minnesota regiment for the Civil War was mustered in on April 29, 1861, and the first three regimen Is for the Spanish War were mobilized al St. Paul on April 29, 189S. The mustering in of the three regiments was completed on the 8th of May. 1S9S, and they were designated as the Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Regiments of Infantry, Minne- sota Volunteers. This classification was made because the State had furnished eleven full regiments of infantry for (he Civil War, and it was decided to number them consecutively. t02 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. The Twelfth and Fourteenth left Camp Ram sey on the 16th of May for Camp George H. Thomas, in Georgia, and the Thirteenth de- parted for San Francisco on I In- same day. The Thirteenth was afterwards ordered to Manila. The others did not leave the country and were subsequently mustered out. The Thirteenth did gallant service in the Philippines in many battles, and has just been mustered out in San Francisco, and on October 12, 1899, returned to our Stale. A warm welcome was given them in Minnesota, where they will always be regarded with the same pride and affection formerly bestowed upon the old First, of patriotic memory. President McKinley and several of his cabi- net arrived in St. Paul at the same time of the arrival of the Thirteenth, and assisted in wel- coming them to their homes. There was a second call foe troops, under which the Fifteenth Regiment was mustered in. but was not called upon for active duty of any kind. It is to be hoped that the war may be ended without the need of more Volun- teers from Minnesota, bill should another call lie made on our people, no doubt can be enter- tained of their prompt response. Having given I he part taken in the war againsi Spain and the Philippines by Minnesota, ils further pros ecution against the latter becomes purely a Federal mailer, unless we shall be called into it in the future. When Spain sued for peace, soon after the destruction of her second Heel off Santiago de Cuba, a commission to negotiate a treaty of peace with her was appointed by the Presi- dent, and Minnesota was honored by the selec- lioii of its Senior Senator, Hon. Cushman K. Davis, chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, as one of ils members. The commission consisted of William R. Day, Sec- retary of State of the United States; Cushman K. Davis, of Minnesota: William P. Five, of Maine; George Gray, of Delaware, and White- law Reid, of New York. Tt met at Paris and concluded its labors the 101 h day of December, 1898, when Iho treaty was signed by the com- missioners of both contracting parties. II is hardly necessary to add thai the influence ex- erted on the result by the distinguished and learned representative from Minnesota was conl rolling. THE INDIAN BATTLE OF LEECH LAKE. Early in October, 1898, there was an Indian battle fought at Leech Lake, in this State, the magnitude of the result of which gives it a place in the history of Minnesota, although it was strictly a matter of United States cogni- zance and jurisdiction. In Cass county is lo- cated a Chippewa Indian reservation, and, like all other Indian reservations, there are within ils liniils turbulent people, both white and red. There is a large island out in Leech lake called Pear island, which is inhabited by the Indians. On October 1, 1807, one Indian shot another on this island. A prominent member of the tribe, named Pug-on-a-ke-shig, was present and witnessed the shooting. An indictment was found in the United States District Court against the Indian who did the shooting, but before any trial could be had the matter was sell led among the Indians in their own way, and they thought that was the last of it. A subpoena was issued for Pug-on-a-ke-shig, and a deputy marshal served it. He disregarded I he subpoena. An attachment was then issued lo arrest him and bring him into court, and a deputy United States marshal tried to serve it. lie was resisted by the Indian and his friends fin three different occasions, and once when the Indian was arrested he was rescued from the custody of the marshal. Warrants were I hen issued for the arrest of twenty-one of the rescuers. This was in the latter part of Au- gust, 1808. Troops were asked for to aid the marshal in making his arrests, and a lieuten- ant and twenty men were sent from Fori Snel ling for that purpose. This was simply a repetition of the many mistakes made by the military authorities in such matters. If troops were necessary for any purpose, twenty men were simply useless, and worse than none, and when the time came for I he application of mili- tary force would, of course, have been annihi- lated. The United States marshal with a squad HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. 10 3 of deputies accompanied the hoops. It soon became apparent that there would be trouble before the Indians could be brought to terms, and General Bacon, the officer in command of the Department of Dakota, with headquarters at St. Paul, ordered Major Wilkinson, of Com- pany E,of the Third Regiment of United Stales Infantry, stationed at Fort Snelling, with his company of eighty men, to the scene of the trouble. General Bacon accompanied these troops as far as Walker, on the west bank of Leech lake, more in the capacity of an observer of events and to gain proper knowledge of the situation than as part of I lie forces. On the 5th of October, 189S, the whole force left Walk- er in boats for a place on the east bank of the lalcc, called Sugar Point, where there was a clearing of several acres, and a log house oc- cupied by Pug-on-a-ke-shig. They were accom- panied by R. T. O'Connor, the United States marshal of Minnesota, and several of his depu- ties, among whom was Col. Timothy J. Shee- han, who knew the Indians who were subject to arrest. This officer was the same man who, as Lieutenant Sheehan, had so successfully commanded the forces at Fort Ridgely during the Indian War of 18G2, since when he had fought his way through the Civil War with distinction. When the command landed, only a few squaws and Indians were visible. The deputy marshals landed and, with the inter prefers, went at once to the house, and while there discovered an Indian whom Colonel Sheehan recognized as one for whom a warrant was out, and immediately attempted to aires! and handcuff him. The Indian resisted vigor- ously, and it was only with the aid of three or four soldiers that they succeeded in arresting him. He was put on board of the boat. The whole force then skirmished through the tim- ber in search of Indians, but found none, and about noon returned to the clearing and were ordered to stack arms preparatory to getting dinner. They had scouted the surrounding country and had seen no Indians or signs of Indians, and did not believe there were any in the vicinity; when in fact the Indians had care- fully watched their every movement, and were dose to their trail, waiting for the most advan- tageous moment to strike. It was (he same tactics which the Indians have so often adopted with much success in their warfare with (lie whites. While stacking arms a new recruit allowed his gun to fall to the ground, and it was discharged accidentally. The Indians, who were silently awaiting their opportunity, supposing it was the signal of attack, opened tire on the troops, and a vicious battle began. The soldiers seized their arms and returned the fire as best they could, directing it at the points whence came the shots from the invisible en- emy concealed in the dense thicket. The bat- tle raged for several hours. General Bacon, with a gun in his hands, was everywhere, en couraging the men. Major Wilkinson, as cool as if lie had been in a drawing room, cheered his men on, but was thrice wounded, the last hit proving fatal. Colonel Sheehan instinct- ively entered the fight, and took charge of the right wing of the line, charging the enemy with a few followers and keeping up a rapid fire. The Colonel was hit three times, two bullets passing through his clothes, grazing the skin, without serious injury, and one cutting a pain- ful, hut not dangerous wound across his stom- ach. The result of the fight was six killed and nine wounded on the part of the troops. One of the- Indian police was also killed and seven citizens wounded, some seriously. No estimate has ever been satisfactorily obtained of the loss of the enemy. The most reliable account of the number of his forces engaged is, from nineteen to thirty, and if I should venture an estimate of his losses, based upon my expe- rience of his ability to select a vantage ground, and take care of himself, I would put it at practically nothing. The killed and wounded were brought to Port Snelling, the killed buried with military honors and the wounded properly cared for. This event adds one more to the long list of fatal errors committed by our military forces in dealing with the Indians of the Northwest. They should never be attacked without a force sufficient to demonstrate I he superiority of the whites in all cases and under all circumstances. Many a valuable life has been thus unneces sarily lost. u>4 niSTOKY OF MINNESOTA. Major Wilkinson, who lost his life in this encounter, was a man who had earned an en- viable record in the army, and was much be- loved by his many friends and acquaintances in Minnesota. The principal Indian engaged in this fight lias been called in every newspaper and other report of it "Bug-a-ma-ge-shig," but I have suc- ceeded in obtaining his real name from tin- highest authority. The name — Pug-on-a-ke- shig — is the Chippewa for Hole-in-the-day. Shortly after the return of the troops to Fort Snelling the settlers about Cass and Leech lakes became uneasy, and deluged the Governor with telegrams for protection. The National Guard or State Troops had nearly all been mustered into the United States service for duty in the war with Spain, but the Four- teenth Regiment was in St. Faul awaiting mus- ter out, and the Governor telegraphed to the War Department at Washington to send enough of them to the front to quiet the fears of the settlers. This was declined, and the Governor at once ordered out two batteries of artillery, all the State troops that were avail- able, and sent them to the scene of the troubles, and then sent his celebrated telegram to the War Department, which may be called the Minnesota Declaration of Independence. It ran as follows: "October S, 1898. 11. 0. Corbin, Adjutant General, Washington, D. C. Xo one claims that reinforcements are needed at Walker. I have not been asked for assistance from that quarter. Although I do not think General Bacon has won the victory he claims, other people do not say so. (Sic.) The Indians claim to have won, and that is my opinion. The people all along the Fosston branch of railroad are very much alarmed and asking for protection, which I have asked of the War Department. The soldiers are here and ready and willing to go. but as you have revoked your order of yesterday, you can do what you like with your soldiers. The State of Minnesota will try to get along without any assistance from the War Department in the future. I». M. ('lough, Governor." Rumor says that the telegram which was forwarded is very much modified from that originally dictated by the Governor. The United States Government concluded to withdraw its refusal and send troops to the front, and several companies of the Fourteenth were dispatched to the line of the Fosston Branch railroad and distributed along the line of that road. In the meantime the Commissioner of Indian Affairs had arrived at Walker, and was nego- tiating with the Indians, and when it became known that matters were arranged to the satis- faction of the government and the Indians, and no outbreak was expected, the soldiers were all withdrawn, and the incident, so far as military operations were concerned, was closed. There were some surrenders of the Indians to the officers of the court, but nothing further of eon- sequence occurred. POPULATION. One of the most interesting features of a new country is the character and the nativity of its population. The old frontiersman who has watched the growth of new States, and fully comprehended the effect produced upon their civilization and character, by the nativity of their immigrants, is the only person compe- tent to judge of the influences exerted in this line. It is a well known fact that the immigra- tion from Europe into America is generally governed by climatic influences. These people usually follow the line of latitude to which they have been accustomed. The Norseman from Russia, Sweden. Germany and Norway comes to the extreme Northwestern States, while the emigrant from southern Europe seeks the more southern latitudes. Of course, these are very general comments, and only re- late to immigration in its usual directions, as the people from all parts of Europe are found in all parts of America. It is generally be- lieved that the immigrants from Northern Eu- rope are more desirable than those from fur- ther south, and a presentation of the status of our population in point of nativity will afford HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. I05 a basis from which to judge of their general attributes for good or bad. There is no nation on earth that has not sent us some representa- tive. The following table, while it will prove that we have a most heterogeneous, polyglot population, will also prove that we possess vast powers of assimilation, as we are about as harmonious a people as ran be found in all (lie Union. Our Governor is a Swede, one of our United States Senators is a Norwegian, and our other State officers are pretty gener- ally distributed among the various nationali- ties. Of course, in the minor political subdi- visions, such as counties, cities and towns, the office holding is generally governed by the same considerations. I give the various countries from which our population is drawn, with the numbers from each country, and the number of native born and foreign born, which, aggregated, consti- tute our entire population. These figures are taken from the State census of 1895: England 12,041 Scotland 5,344 Germany 133,768 Denmark 16,143 Norwav 107,310 Canada 40,231 Poland 8,464 Iceland 454 Ireland 26,106 Wales 1,246 France 1,402 Sweden n0.",4 Russia 6.286 Eohomia 10,327 Finland 7,652 All other countries 11,205 Total native born 1.057,084 Total foreign born 517,535 Total population 1,674,619 The total native born of our population is very largely composed of the descendants of foreign immigrants. These figures afford a large field for thought and future considera- tion when immigration problems are under legislative investigation. The census from which these figures are tak- en being five years old, I think it is safe to add a sufficient number of increase to bring our population up to two millions. The census of 1000 will demonstrate whether or not my esti- mate is correct. THE STATE FLAG. Up to the year 1803 the State of Minnesota had no distinctive State flag. On April 4, 1803, an act was passed by the Legislature entitled, "An act providing for the adoption of a State flag." This act appointed, by name, a com- mission of six ladies to adopt a design for a State flag. Section two of the act provided that the design adopted should embody, as near as may be, the following facts: "There shall be a white ground with reverse side of blue. The center of the white ground shall be occupied by a design substantially em- bodying the form of the seal employed as the State seal of Minnesota at the time of its ad- mission into the Union. * * * * The said de- sign of the State seal shall be surrounded by appropriate representations of the moccasin flower indigenous to Minnesota, surrounding said central design, and appropriately ar- ranged on the said white ground shall be nine teen stars, emblematic of the fact that Minne- sota was the nineteenth State to be admitted into the Union, after its formation by the thir- teen original States. There shall also appear at the bottom of the flag in the white ground, so as to be plainly visible, the word Minne- sota." The commission prepared a very beautiful design for the flag, following closely the in- structions given by the Legislature, which was adopted, and is now the authorized flag of the State. The flag-staff is surmounted by a golden gopher, in harmony with the popular name given to our State. May it ever represent the principles of lib erty and justice, and never be lowered to an enemy. The original flag, artistically embroidered in silk, can be seen at the office of the Governor at the State Capitol. io6 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. TIIE OFFICIAL FLOWER OF THE STATE, AND THE METHOD OF ITS SELECTION. On the 20th of April, 1891, the Legislature of the State passed an act entitled "An act to provide for the collection, arrangement and display of the products of the State of Minne- sota at the World's Columbian Exposition of one Thousand Eight Hundred and Ninety- three, and to make an appropriation therefor." This act created a commission of six citizens of the State, to be appointed by the Governor, and called "The Board of World's Fair Man- agers of Minnesota." The women of the State determined that (here should be an opportunity for them to par- ticipate in the exposition on the part of Minne- sota, and a convention of delegates from each county of the State was called and held at the People's church, in St. Paul, on February 14. 1892. This convention elected one woman del egate and one alternate from each of the seven Congressional districts of the State. There were also two national lady managers from Minnesota, nominated by the two national rep- resentatives from Minnesota and appointed by the President of the United States, who were added to the seven delegates so chosen, and the whole was called "The Woman's Auxiliary to the State Commission." The women so chosen took charge of all the matters properly pertaining to the Women's Department of the Exposition. At one of the meetings of the ladies, held in St. Paul, the question of the selection of an official flower for the Slate was presented, and the sent intent generally prevailed that it should at once he decided by the assemblage; but Mrs. L. P. Hunt, the delegate from Man kato, in the Second Congressional District, wisely suggested that the selection should lie made by all the ladies of the State, and that they should be given an opportunity to vole upon the proposition. This suggestion was ap- proved, and the following plan was adopted: Mrs. Hunt was authorized to appoint a com- mittee, of which she was to be chairman, to select a list of flowers to be voted on. Accord- ingly, she appointed a sub-committee who were to consult the State Botanist, Mr. Conway MacMillan, who was to name a number of Min- nesota flowers, from which the ladies were to choose. He presented the following: Lady Slipper (Moccasin Flower, Cypripe- dium Spectabile.) Silky Aster. Indian Pink. Cone Flower (Brown-eyed Susan). Wild Rose. The plan was to send out printed tickets to all the women's organizations in the State with these names on them to be voted upon. This was done, with the result that the moccasin flower received an overwhelming majority, and has ever since been accepted as the official flower of the State. That the contest was a very spirited one can be judged from the fact that Mrs. Hunt sent out in her district at least ten thousand tickets with indications of her choice of the moccasin flower. She also main tained lengthy newspaper controversies with parties in Manitoba, who claimed the prior right of that province to the moccasin flower; all of whom she vanquished. The choice was a very wise and appropriate one. The flower itself is very beautiful, and peculiarly adapted to the purposes of artistic decoration. It has already been utilized in three instances of an official character with success and approval. The Minnesota State Building at the Columbian Exposition was beautifully decorated with it. It is prominent- ly incorporated into the State flag, and adorns I he medal conferred by the State upon the de- fenders of Foil Ridgely. The botanical name of the flower is Cypripe- dium, taken from Creek words, meaning I he shoe of Venus. It is popularly called lady's slipper, moccasin flower and Indian shoe. About twenty-five species of cypripedium are known belonging to the north temperate zone, and reaching south into Mexico and northern India. Six species occur in the Northern United Stales and Canada, east of the Rocky mountains, all of these being found in Minnesota, and about a dozen species occur on this continent. They are perennial herbs HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 107 with irregular flowers, which grow singly or in small clusters, the colors of some of which are strikingly beautiful. The species adopted by the women of the State of Minnesota is the Oypripedium Spectabile, or the showy lady slipper. The ladies naturally desired that their choice should be ratified by the State Legisla- ture, and one of their number prepared a report of their doings in a petition to that body ask- ing its approval. Whoever drew the petition named the flower chosen by the ladies as "Oy- pripedium Calceolous," a species which does nut grow in Minnesota, but is purely of Euro- pean production. The petition was presented to the Senate on the 4th of February, 1803. The journal of the Senate shows the following record, which is found on page 167: "Mr. Dean asked the unanimous consent to present a petition from the Women's Auxiliary to the World's Fair relative to the adoption of a State flower and emblem, which was read. Mr. Dean offered the following concurrent resolution, and moved its adoption: Be it resolved by the Senate, the House of Representatives concurring, that the wild lady slipper or moccasin flower, Oypripedium Oal- ceolons, be. and the same is hereby designated and adopted as the State flower or emblem of the State of Minnesota, which was adopted." In the Legislative Manual of 1803 appears on page 60fi the following: "The State Flower. On April 4. 1893 (should be February), a peti- tion from the Women's Auxiliary to the World's Fair was presented to the Senate rela- tive to the adoption of a State flower. By resolution of the Senate, concurred in by the House (?), the Wild Lady Slipper or Moccasin Flower (Oypripedium) was designated as the State flower or floral emblem of the State of Minnesota." The word "Calceolous" means a little shoe or slipper, but, as I said before, the species so designated in botany is not indigenous to Min- nesota, and is purely a foreigner. As we have in the course of our growth assimilated so many foreigners successfully we will have no (rouble in swallowing this small shoe, espe- cially as the House did not concur in its reso- lution, and while the mistake will in no way militate against the progress or prosperity of Minnesota, it should be a warning to all com- mittees and Western Legislators to go slow when dealing with the dead languages. We now have the whole body of cypriped- iums to choose from, and may reject the calceolous. If the House of Representatives ever con- curred in the Senate resolution it left no trace of its action, either in its journal or published laws, that I have been able to find. Among the many valuable achievements of I lie Women's Auxiliary one deserves special mention. Mrs. H. F. Brown, one of the dele- gates at large, suggested a statue for the Woman's Building, to be the production of Minnesota's artistic conception and execution. The architect of the State Building had disal- lowed this feature, and there was no public fund to meet the expense, which would be con- siderable. The ladies, however, decided to procure the statue, and rely on private sub- scription to defray the cost. Mrs. L. P. Hunt thought that sufficient funds might be raised from the school children of the State, through a penny subscription. Enough was raised to secure a plaster cast of great beanty, repre- senting Hiawatha carrying Minnehaha across a stream in his arms, illustrating the lines in Longfellow's poem: "Over wide and rushing rivers In his arms he bore the maiden." This statue adorned the porch of the Minne- sota Building during the fair. It was designed and made by a very talented young Norwegian sculptor then residing in Minneapolis — the late Jakob Fjelde. It is proposed to cast the statue in bronze and place it in Minnehaha Park, Minneapolis, at some future day. ORIGIN OF THE NAME, GOPHER STATE. Most of the States in the Union have a pe- culiar name. New York is called the Empire State, Pennsylvania the Keystone State, etc. io8 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. As you come west 1 1 1 < ■> seem to have taken the names of animals. Michigan is called the Wol- verine Slate, Wisconsin the Badger State, and it is not at all singular that Minnesota should have been christened the Gopher State. These names never originate by any recognized au- thority. They arise from some event that sug- gests them, or from some important utterance that makes an impression on the public mind. In the very early days of the Territory, say as early as 1854 or L855, the question was dis cussed among the settlers as to what name should be adopted by Minnesota, and for a time it was called by some the Beaver Stave. That name seemed to have the greatest num- ber of advocates, but it was always met with the objection that the beaver, although quite numerous in some of our streams, was not suf- ficiently so to entitle him to characterize the Territory by giving it his name. While this debate was in progress the advocates of the beaver spoke of the Territory as the beaver Territory, but it never reached a point of uni- versal adoption. It was well known that the gopher abounded, and his name was introduced as a competitor with the beaver; but being a i-alher insignificant animal and his nature be- ing destructive, and in no way useful, hi' was objected to by many, as loo useless and undig- nified to become an emblem of the coming great State — for we all had. at that early day, full confidence that Minnesota was destined to be a great and prominent State. Nothing was ever settled on this subject until after the year 1857. As I have before stated, in that year an attempt was made to amend the Consti- tution by allowing the Stale to issue bonds iti the sum of $5,000,000 loaid in the construction of the railroad which the United Stales had subsidized with land grants, and the campaign which involved this amendment was most bit terly fought. The opponents of the measure published a cartoon to bring the subject into ridicule, which was very generally circulated throughout the State, but failed to check the enthusiasm in favor of the proposition. This cartoon represented ten men in a line with heads bowed down with the weight of a bag of gold hung about their necks marked "$10.- (100." They were Supposed to represent the members of the Legislature who had been bribed to pass the act, and were called "pri- mary directors." On their backs was a rail road track, upon which was a train of cars drawn by nine gophers, the three gophers in I he lead proclaiming, ''We have no cash, but will give you our drafts." Attached to the real- of the train was a wheelbarrow with a barrel on ii marked "gin," followed by t he devil in great glee, with his thumb at his nose. In the train were the advocates of the lull, flying a flag bearing these words: "Gopher train; excursion train; members of extra session of Legislature free. We develop the resources of the country," and over this was a smaller flag with the words. "The $5,000,000 Loan Bill." In another part of the picture is a rostrum, from which a gopher is addressing the people with the legend, "I am right; Gorman is wrong." In the right hand corner of the car- toon is a round ball with a gopher in it. com ing rapidly down, with the legend, "A Hall come from Winona." This was a pun on the name of Mr. St. A. D. Balcombe from Winona. who was a strong advocate of the measure. And under the whole group was a dark pit, with the words, "A mine of corruption." The bill was passed and the State was sad- dled with a debt of $5,000,000, under which it staggered for over twenty years, and we never even go1 a gopher train out of it. This cartoon, coming just at the time when the name of the State was under consideration, fastened upon it the nickname of "Gopher," which it has ever since retained. The name is not at all inappropriate, as the animal litis always abounded in the State. In a work on the mammals of .Minnesota, by C. L. Herrick, 1892, he n'ives the scientific name of our most common species of gopher, "Spermophilus Tridecemlineatus," or thirteen striped gopher, and says: "The species ranges from the Sas- kalchawan to Texas, and from Ohio to Utah. Minnesota is the peculiar home id' the typical form, and thus deserves the name of the Gopher State." Although the name originated in ridicule and contempt, it has not in any way handi- IIISTOKY OF MINNESOTA. 109 capped the Commonwealth, partly because very few people know its origin, but for the greater reason that it would take much more than a name to check its predestined progress. STATE PARKS. Itasca State Park. In a previous part of this work, under the head of "Lumber," I have referred to the fact that a great National park and forest reserve is in contemplation by the United States at the headwaters of the Mississippi, and also made reference to the Slab' park already established at that point. I will now relate whai lias been done by the State in this regard. In 1875 an official survey of the land in and about Lake Itasca was made by the Surveyor General of the United States for Minnesota which brought these lands under the operation of the United States laws, and part of them were entered. A portion of them went to the Northern Pa- cific railroad company under it s land grant. The swamp and school lands went to the Stale. and much to private individuals under the various methods of making title to government lands. On the 20th of April, 1891, the Legislature passed an act entitled "An act to establish and create a public park, to be known and des- ignated as the Itasca State Park, and author- izing the condemnation of lands for park purposes." This act set apart for park pur- poses 19,702 acres of land, and dedicates them to the perpetual use of the people. It places the same under the care and supervision of the State Auditor, as land commissioner. It pro- hibits the destruction of trees, or hunting with- in its limits. It provides for a commission to obtain title to such of the lands as belong to private individuals, either by purchase or con- demnation. On the 3d of August, 1892, the United States granted to the State all the unappropriated lands within the limits of the park upon this condition: "Provided the land hereby granted shall re- vert to the United States, together with all the improvements thereon, if at any time it shall cease to be exclusively used for a public State park, or if the State shall not pass a law or laws to protect the timber thereon." • The State, at the session of the Legislature in 1S93, accepted the grant, but as yet has made no provision for the extinguishment of the title of private "owners, of which there arc 8,823 acres. This divided ownership of the lands within the limits of the park endangers the whole region by lumbering operations, and consequent forest fires after the timber is cut. Fires are not to be feared in natural forests until they are cut over. The acquisition of title to all these lands by the State should not be delayed any longer than is necessary to per- fect it, no matter at what cost. The State has already erected a house on the bank of Itasca lake, and has a resident commissioner in charge of the park. The effect of the law prohibiting hunting in the park has already greatly increased the numbers of animals and fowls that find in it a safe refuge. The extent of the park is seven miles long by five miles wide, and is covered with a dense forest of pine, oak, maple, basswood, aspen, balsam fir, cedar and spruce, which is nearly in a state of nature. It is much to be hoped that in the near future this park will be en- larged to many times its present size by addi- tional grants. Interstate Park: The Dalles of the St. Croix. One of the most, if not the most, beautiful and picturesque points in the Northwest is the Dalles of the St. Croix river. Here the State has acquired the title to about one hundred and fifty acres of land on the Minnesota side of the river, and dedicated it for park pur- poses. This was done under the authority of Chapter 109 of the Laws of 1895. The point on the Minnesota side is called Taylor's Falls, and on the Wisconsin side St. Croix Falls. Be- tween these two towns the St. Croix river rushes rapidly, forming a cataract of great beauty. The bluffs are precipitate and rocky, I K) HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. forming a narrow gorge through which the river plunges. The name of the river is French — "Sainte Croix," meaning the holy cross — and the name of this particular point, the "Dalles," was given on account of the curious formation of the rocky banks, which assume wonderful shapes. One, looking down stream, presents a perfect likeness of a man, and is called "The Old Man of the Dalles." Another curious rock formation is called the "Devil's Chair." There are many others equally interesting. It is gen- erally supposed that the word "Dalles" has the same meaning of the English word "Dell" or "Dale," signifying a narrow secluded vale or valley, but such is not the case as applied to this peculiar locality. The word "Dalles" is French, and means a slab, a flag or a flag- stone, and is appropriate to the peculiar char- acter of the general rock formation of the river banks at this point and vicinity. The State of Minnesota lias already done a good deal of work towards making it attract- ive, and it has become quite a resort for pleas ure seekers in the summer time. Wisconsin has acquired title to a larger tract on the east side of the river than is embraced in I lie Minnesota park on the west side, but as yet has not done much in the way of improve- ment. The two tracts are united by a graceful bridge which spans the river between them. The Minnesota park is under the charge of a Stale custodian, who cares for and protects it from despoilment. POLITICS. In writing the history of a State, no matter how short or limited such history may be, its politics seem to be an essential element of presentation, and on this assumption alone 1 will say a very few words concerning that sub ject. I do not believe that the question of which political party has been dominant in the State has exerted any considerable influ- ence on its material prosperity. The great First Cause of its creation was so generous in his award of substantial blessings that it placed the State beyond the ability of man, or his politics, to seriously injure or impede its advance towards material success in any of the channels that promote greatness — soil, cli- mate, minerals, facilities for commerce and transportation, consisting of great rivers, lakes and harbors; all these combine to defy the destructive tendencies so often exerted by the ignorance and passions of man. It has resisted every folly of its people, and they have been ma n \ ; every onslaught of its savage inhabi- tants — and they have been more formidable than those experienced by any other State — and even the cataclysms with which it has oc- casionally been visited arising from natural causes. The fact is, Minnesota is so rock- rooted in all the elements of material great- ness that it must advance, regardless of all known obstructions. When the Territory was organized, in 1840, Gen. Zachary Taylor, a Whig, was the Presi- dent of the United States, and he appointed Alexander Ramsey, also a Whig, as Governor, to set its political machinery in motion. He re- mained in office until the National administra- tion changed in 1853. and Franklin Pierce, a Democrat, was chosen President. lie appointed lii'ii. Willis A. Gorman, a Democrat, as Gov- ernor, to succeed Governor Ramsey. On the till of March, 1857, .lames Buchanan, a Democrat, succeeded Presidenl Pierce, and appointed Samuel Medarv, a Democrat, as Gov- ernor of Minnesota. He held this position until I lie Slate was admitted into the Union, in May, L858, when Henry H. Sibley, a Democrat, was elected Governor for the term of two years, anil served it out. < >n the admission of the State into the Union, two Democratic United States Senators were elected, Henry M. Rice and Gen. James Shields. General Shields served from May 12, 1858, to March 3, 1859, and Mr. Rice from May 12, 1858, to March 3, 1863, he having drawn the long term. The State also elected three members of the United Stales House of Rep resentatives all Democrats, James M. Cava- naugh, W. W. Phelps and George L. Becker; but it was determined thai we were only en- titled to two, and Mr. Phelps and Mr. Cava naugh were admitted to seats. With this Stale and Federal representation we entered upon HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. IT I our political career. At the nexl election for Governor, in the fall of IS")!). Alexander Rani sey, Republican, was chosen, and there lias never been a Governor of the State of any but Republican polities since, until John Lind was elected in the fall of 1898. Mr. Lind was chosen as a Democrat with the aid of other political organizations, which united with the Democracy. Mr. Lind now tills the office of Governor. It will be seen that for thirty-nine years the State was wholly in the hands of the Republicans. During the interval be- tween the administration of Governor Sibley and Governor Lind the State had twelve Gov- ernors, all Republican. In its Federal representation, however, the Democrats have fared a trifle better. The growth of population has increased our mem- bership in the Federal House of Representa- tives to seven, and occasionally a Democrat, or member of some other party, has succeeded in breaking into Congress. From the First District W. H. Harris, Dem- ocrat, was elected in 1890. From the Third District Eugene M. Wilson, Democrat, was elected in 1868; Henry Poeler, Democrat, in 1878; Johu L. .McDonald, Demo crat, in 1886, and 0. M. Hall, Democrat, in 18110, and again in 1892. From the Fourth District Edmund Rice, Democrat, was elected in 1886, and James N. Castle, Dei -rat, in 1890. From the Sixth District M. R. Baldwin, Dem- ocrat, was elected in 1892. From the Fifth District Kit lie Halverson, Alliance, was elected in 1890. In the Seventh District Haldoe E. Boen, People's Party, was elected in 1892. Since Henry M. Rice and James Shields, all the United States Senators have been Repub- lican, as follows: Morton S. Wilkinson, Al- exander Ramsey, Daniel S. Norton, William Windom, O. 1'. Stearns, S. J. R. McMillin, A. J. Edgerton, D. M. Sabin, <'. K. Davis, W. D. Washburn, and Knute Nelson. Some of these have served two terms, and some very short terms to fill vacancies. Of course, the State had its complement of other officers, but as their duties are more of a clerical and business character than political, it is unnecessary to particularize them. It is a subjeel of congratulation to all citi- zens of Minnesota that out of all the Stale officers that have come and gone in the forty years of its life there has been hut one im- peachment, which was of a State treasurer, Mr. William Seeger, who was elected in 1871. Although he was convicted, I have always be- lieved, and do now, that he was personally innocent, and suffered for the sins of others. The State of Minnesota has always, since the adjustment of ils old Railroad Bond Debt. held a conservative position in the Union— financially, socially, patriotically and commer- cially. Its credit is the best, its prospects the brightest, and it makes very little difference which political party dominates its future, so long as it is free from the taint of anarchy and is guided by the principles of honor and jus- tice. The only thing to be feared is, that some political party may gain control of the govern ment of the Nation and either degrade its cur- rency, involve it in disastrous complications and wars with other nations, or commit some similar folly which may reflectively or sec- ondarily act injuriously on Minnesota as a member of the National family of Stales. Otherwise Minnesota can defy the vagaries of politics and politicians. She has very little to fear from this remote apprehension, because the American people, as they ever have been. will no doubt continue to be, on second thought, true to the teachings and traditions of the founders of the Republic. Minnesota, for so young a State, has been quite liberally remembered in the way of diplo- matic appointments. Gen. C. C. Andrews rep resented the United States as Minister to Swe den and Norway; Hon. Samuel R. Thayer and Hon. Stanford Newell at The Hague, the latter of whom now tills the position. Mr. Newell was also a member of the World's Peace Com- mission recently held at The Hague. Lewis Baker represented the United States as Min- ister to Nicaragua, Costa Rica and San Sal vador. The State has also been honored by the ap- pointment of the following named gentlemen from among its citizens as Consuls General to various countries: I 12 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. Gen. 0. 0. Andrews to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Hon. Hans Mattson to Calcutta, India; Dr. J. A. Leonard to Calcutta, and also to Shang- hai, China; Hon. John Goodenow to Shang- hai, China. We have had a full complement of consuls to all parts of the world, the particulars of which are unnecessary in this connection. The State has also had three cabinet officers. On December 10th, 1879, Alexander Ramsey was appointed Secretary of War by President Hayes, and again, on December 20, 1S80, he was made Secretary of the Navy; the latter office he held only about ten days, until it was filled by a permanent appointee. William Windom was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Garfield, and again to the same position by President Har- rison. He died in office. Gen. William G. Le Due was appointed Commissioner of Agriculture by President Hayes, which was a quasi cabinet position, and was afterwards made a full and regular one. The General was afterwards made a mem- ber of the National Agricultural Society of France, of which Washington, Jefferson and Marshall were members. Senator Cushman K. Davis, who was chair- man of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, was appointed by President Me- Kinley one of the commissioners on the part of the United States to negotiate the treaty of peace with Spain after the recent Spanish war. Gov. William R. Merriam was appointed by President McKinley as Director of the Census of 1900, and is now busily engaged in the per- formance of the arduous duties of that office. They are not diplomatic, but exceedingly im- portant. President Cleveland appointed John W. Riddle as Secretary of Legation to the embassy at Constantinople, where he has remained to the present time. subjects treated of, but also in the manner of such treatment. Details have usually been avoided, and comprehensive generalities in- dulged in. Those who read it may find many things wanting, and in order that they may have an opportunity to supply my deficiencies w ithout too much research and labor, I have prepared a list of all the works which have ever been written on Minnesota, or any partic ular subject pertaining thereto, and append them hereto for convenience of reference. Am and all of them can be found in the library of the Minnesota Historical Society in the State Capitol. So much of what I have said consists of per- sonal experiences, and observations, that it more resembles a narrative than a history, but I think I can safely vouch for the accuracy and truthfulness of all I have thus related. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Necessity has compelled me, in the prepara- tion of this history, to be brief, not only in the BOOKS WHICH HAVE BEEN PUB LISHED RELATING TO MINNESOTA. The following will be found in "COLLEC- TIONS OF THE MINNESOTA HISTORICA L SOCIETY, Volume I, St. Paul, 1872": The French Voyageurs to Minnesota During the Seventeenth Century, by Rev. E. 1). Neill. Description of Minnesota (1850), by Hon. Hen ry H. Sibley. Our Field of Historical Research, by Hon. Al- exander Ramsey. Early Courts of Minnesota, by Hon. Aaron Goodrich. Early Schools of Minnesota, by D. A. J. Baker. Religious Movements in Minnesota, by Rev. C. Hobart. The Dakota Language, by Rev. S. R. Riggs. History and Physical Geography of Minne- sota, by H. R. Schoolcraft. Letters of Mesnard, by Rev. E. D. Neill. The Saint Louis River, by T. M. Fullerton. HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 113 Ancient Mounds and Memorials, by Messrs. Pond, Aiton and Riggs. Schoolcraft's Exploring Tour of 1832, by Rev. \Y. T. Boutwell. Battle of Lake Pokegama, by Rev. E. D. Neill. Memoir of Jean Nicollet, by Hon. Henry H. Sibley. Sketch of Joseph Renville, by Rev. E. D. Neill. Department of Hudson's Bay, by Rev. G. A. Belcourt. Obituary of James M. Goodhue, by Rev. E. D. Neill. Dakota Land and Dakota Life, by Rev. K. D. Neill. Who Were the First Men? by Rev. T. S. Wil- liamson. Louis Hennepin the Franciscan, and DuLuth the Explorer. LeSueur, the Explorer of the Minnesota River. D'Iberville, An Abstract of His Memorial. The Fox and Ojibway War. Captain Jonathan Carver and his Explorations. Pike's Explorations in Minnesota. Who Discovered Itasca Lake? by William Mor- rison. Early Days at Fort Snelling. Punning the Gauntlet, by William I. Snelling. Reminiscences, Historical and Personal. Volume II. Voyage in a Six Oared Skiff to the Falls of St. Anthony in 1817, by Maj. Stephen H. Long. Early French Forts and Footprints of the Val- ley of the Upper Mississippi, by Rev. E. D. Neill. Occurrences In and Around Fort Snelling from 1819 to 1840, by Rev. E. D. Neill. Religion of the Dakotas (Chapter VI. of James W. Lynd's Manuscripts). Mineral Regions of Lake Superior, from Their First Discovery in 18G5, by Hon. Henry M. Rice. Constantine Beltrami, by Alfred J. Hill. Historical Notes on the IT. S. Land Office, by Hon. Henry M. Rice. The Geography of Perrot, so far as it relates to Minnesota, by Alfred J. Hill. Dakota Superstitions, by Rev. Gideon II. Pond. The Carver Centenary; an account of the cele- bration, May 1, 18G7, of the one hundredth anniversary of the council and treaty of Capt. Jonathan Carver with the Nadowes- sioux, at Carver's cave, in St. Paul, with an address by the Rev. John Mattocks. Relation of M. Penticant, translated by Alfred J. Hill, with an introductory note by the Rev. E. D. Neill. Bibliography of Minnesota, by J. Fletcher Wil- liams. A Reminiscence of Fort Snelling, by Mrs. Char lotte O. Van Cleve. Narrative of Paul Ma-za-koo-to-ma-ne. Trans lated by Rev. S. R. Riggs. Memoir of Ex-Governor Henry A. Swift, by J. Fletcher Williams. Sketch of John Otherday, by Hon. Henry H. Sibley. A Coincidence, by Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve. Memoir of Hon. James W. Lynd, by Rev. S. R. Riggs. The Dakota Mission, by Rev. S. R. Riggs. Indian Warfare in Minnesota, by Rev. S. W. Pond. Colonel Leavenworth's Expedition to Establish Fort Snelling in 1819, by Maj. Thomas For- syth. Memoir of Jean Baptiste Faribault, by Gen. II. H. Sibley. Memoir of Capt. Martin Scott, by J. Fletcher Williams. Xa peh-shnee-doo-ta, a Dakota Christian, by Rev. T. S. Williamson. H4 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. Memoir of Hercules L. Dousinan, by Gen. Hen ry H. Sibley. Memoir of Joseph R. Brown, by J. P. Williams, E. S. Goodrich and J. A. Wheelock. .Memoir of Hon. Cyrus Aldrich, by J. Fletcher Williams. Memoir of Rev. Lucian Galtier, by Archbishop John Ireland. Memoir of Hon. David Olmsted, by J. Fletcher Williams. Reminiscences of the Early Days of Minnesota, by Hon. H. H. Sibley. The Sioux or Dakotas of the Missouri River, by Rev. T. S. Williamson. .Memoir of Rev. S. Y. McMasters, by Earle S. Goodrich. Tributes to the Memory of Rev. John Mattocks, by J. Fletcher Williams, non. Henry II. Sibley, John B. Sanborn and Archbishop Ireland. Memoir of Ex-Governor Willis A. Gorman. Compiled from Press Notices and Eulogy by Hon. C. K. Davis. Lake Superior, Historical and Descriptive, by Hon. James H. Baker. Memorial Notices of Rev. Gideon H. Pond, by Rev. S. R. Riggs, Hon. H. H. Sibley ami Rev. T. S. Williamson. In .Memory of Rev. Thomas S. Williamson, by Rev. S. R. Riggs and A. W. Williamson. The Ink-pa-du-ta Massacre of 1857, by Hon. Charles E. Flandrau. Volume IV. History of the City of St. Paul and County of Ramsey, Minnesota, by J. Fletcher Wil- liams, containing a very full sketch of the first sell lenient and early days of St. Paul, in 1838, 1839 and 1840, ami of the Territory from 1849 to 185S; lists of the early set- tlers and claim owners; amusing events of pioneer days; biographical sketches of over two hundred prominent men of early times; three sled portraits ami forty-seven wood eiiis (portraits and views); lists of Federal, county and city officers since 1849. Volume Y. History ot the Ojibway Nation, by William VV. Warren (deceased); a valuable work, con taining the legends and traditions of Hie Ojibways, their origin, history, costumes, religion, daily life and habits, ideas, biogra- phies of leading chieftains and orators, viv- id descriptions of battles, etc. The work was carefully ediled by Rev. Edward D. Neill, who added an appendix of 116 pages, giving an account of the ojibways from official and other records. It also contains a por- trait of Warren, a memoir of. him by -I. Fletcher Williams, and a copious index. Volume VI. The Sources of the Mississippi; Their Discov- ery, Real and Pretended, by Hon. James H. Baker. The Hennepin Bi-Centenary; celebration by the .Minnesota Historical Society of the 200th anniversary of the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony in 1080, by Louis Hen nepin. Early Days at Red River Settlement and Fort Snelling. reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams. Protestant Missions in the Northwest, by Rev. Stephen R. Riggs. with a memoir of the author, by J. Fletcher Williams. Autobiography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro, Indian agent at Fort Snelling, 1820 to 1840. Memoir of Gen. Henry Hastings Sibley, by J. Fletcher Williams. Mounds in Dakota. Minnesota and Wisconsin, by Alfred J. Hill. Columbian Address, delivered by Hon. H. \Y. Childs, before the Minnesota Historical So- ciety; October 21, 1892. Reminiscences of Fort Snelling. by Col. John I -diss. niSTORY OF MINNESOTA. IO Sioux Outbreak of LS(»-J; Mrs. J. E. DeCamp's narrative of her captivity. A Sioux Story of tin- War; Chief Big Eagle's Story of the Sioux Outbreak of L862. Incidents of the Threatened Outbreak of Hole- in t he-day and Other Ojibways at the Time of (lie Sioux Massacre in 1862, by George W. Sweet. Dakota Scalp Dances, by Rev. T. S. William son. Earliest Schools in Minnesota Valley, by Rev. T. S. Williamson. Traditions of Sioux Indians, by Maj. William II. Forbes. Death of a Remarkable .Man — Gabriel Fran- chore — by Hon. Benjamin I'. Avery. First Set I lenient on the Red River of the North in 1812, and the Condition in 1847, by Mrs. Elizabeth T. Ayres. Frederick Ayer, teacher and missionary to the Ojibway Indians, 1829 to 1850. Captivity Among the Sioux, Story of Nancy McClure. Captivity Among the Sioux, Story of Mary Sclrwandt. Autobiography and Reminiscences of Philan- der Prescott. Recollections of James M. Goodhue, by Col. John H. Stevens. History of the Ink-pa-du-ta Massacre, by Abbie Gardner Sharp. Volume VII. The Mississippi River and Its Source; a nar- rative and critical history of the river and its headwaters, accompanied by the results of detailed hydrographic and topographic surveys; illustrated with many maps, por traits and views of the scenery; by Hon. J. V. Brower, commissioner of the Itasca State Park, representing also the State His torical Society. With an appendix: How the Mississippi River and the Lake of the Woods Became Instrumental in the Estab lishment of the Northwestern Boundary of the United States, by Alfred J. Hill. Volume VIII. The International Boundary Between Lake Su- perior and the Lake of the Woods, by Ulys- ses Sherman Grant. The Settlement and Development of the Red River Valley, by Warren Upham. The Discovery and Development of the Iron Ores of Minnesota, by N. H. Winehell, Stale Geologist. The Origin and Growth of the Minnesota His torical Society, by the President, Hon. Al exander Ramsey. Opening of the Red River of the North to Coin merce and Civilization, with plates, by Capt. Russell Blakeley. Last Days of Wisconsin Territory, and Early Days of Minnesota Territory, by Hon. Hen ry L. Moss. Lawyers and Courts of .Minnesota Prior to and During Its Territorial Period, by Judge Charles E. Flandrau. Homes and Habitations of the Minnesota His- torical Society, by Charles E. Mayo. The Historical Value of Newspapers, by J. P.. Chaney. The United States Government Publications, by D. L. Kingsbury. The First Organized Government of Dakota, by Gov. Samuel J. Albright, with a preface by Judge Charles E. Flandrau. How Minnesota Became a State, by Professor Thomas F. Moran. Minnesota's Northern Boundary, by Alexander N. Winehell. The Question of the Sources of the Mississippi River, by Prof. E. Lavasseur. (Translated by William P. < Hough.) The Source of the Mississippi, by Prof. N. II. Winehell. no TT I STORY OF MINNESOTA. Prehistoric Man at the Headwaters of the Mississippi River (with plates), and an ad- dendum relating to the early visits of Mr. •Iiilius Chambers and the Rev. J. A. Gjl- lillan to Itasca Lake, by Hon. .J. V. Brower. History of Minnesota, by Rev. Edward D. Neill. First edition, 185S. (Has gone through four editions.) Concise History of the State of Minnesota, by Rev. Edward D. Neill. 1S87. Minnesota in the Civil and Indian Wars, 1861, 1805, prepared under the supervision of a committee appointed by the Legislature, 1S90-1893, in two volumes. History of the Sioux War and Massacres of 1862-1863, by Isaac V. D. Heard, 1865. A History of the Great Massacre by the Sioux Indians in Minnesota, by Charles S. Bryanl and Abel B. Murch, 1872. Minnesota Historical Society Collections, in eight volumes, 1850 to 1S98, containing many of the above named works and papers. History of St. Paul, Minnesota, by Gen. Chris- topher C. Andrews, 1890. History of the City of Minneapolis, by Isaac Atwater, in two volumes. Pen Pictures of St. Paul, Minnesota, and Bio- graphical Sketches of Old Settlers, by T. M. Newson. Fifty Years in the Northwest, by W. H. 0. Folsoni, 188S. The United States Biographical Dictionary and Portrait Gallery of Eminent and Self- Made Men, Minnesota volume by Jeremiah Clemens, assisted by J. Fletcher Williams, 1879. Progressive Men of Minnesota, biographical sketches and portraits, together with an historical and descriptive sketch of the State, by Marion 1). Shutter and J. S. Mr- Lain, 1897. I.iographical History of the Northwest, by Alonzo Phelps, 1890. A History of th<- Republican Party, to which is added a political history of Minnesota from a Republican point of view, and bio- graphical sketches of leading Minnesota Republicans, by Eugene V. Smalley. There are also many quarto histories of coun ties in Minnesota, and of larger districts of the State, mostly published during the years 1880 to is'.io. including twenty coun- ties, namely, Dakota. Dodge, Faribault. Fillmore, Freeborn. Goodhue. Hennepin. Houston, Mcl.eod. Meeker. Olmsted. Pope, Ramsey, Rice, Steele. Stevens, Wabasha. Waseca, Washington and Winona, and five districts, namely, the St. Croix Valley, the Upper Mississippi Valley, the Minnesota Valley, the Red River Valley and Park Re gion and Southern Minnesota. Winona and lis Environs, by L. II. Bunnell, 1897, with maps and portraits. I Among the earliest publications are: Minnesota and Its Resources, by J. Wesley 1 loud, 1853. Minnesota Year Books, 1851, 1852, 1853, by William G. Le Due. Floral Home, or First Years of Minnesota. 1857, by Harriet E. Bishop. Narratives and Reports of Travels and Ex- plorations, by Hennepin. Carver, Long and Keating. Beltrami, Featherstonhaugh, Schoolcraft, Nicollet, Owen. Oliphant, An- drews. Seymour and others. For Geographic and Geologic descriptions of Minnesota the reports of the geological and natural history survey are the most com plete sources of information, by Professor N. H. Winchell. State Geologist, assisted by Warren Upham, Ulysses Sherman Grant, and others. The annual reports comprise twenty three volumes, 1872 to 1894, with another to be published. Several other vol- umes have been issued as bulletins of the survey on iron, mining, birds, mammals, and fishes. HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 117 Four thousand two hundred and fifty bound volumes of Minnesota newspapers, embrac- ing complete files of nearly all the news- papers ever published in Minnesota frora first to last. One thousand seven hundred and two 1 lis and about fifteen hundred pamphlets relat- ing in some way 1<> Minnesota history. All these books can be found in the library of the Minnesota Historical Society, which is always open to the public, free. Much historical and other information is con- tained in the messages of the Governors and reports of the various State officers, and especially in the Legislative .Manuals prepared for the use of the members of the Legislature by the Secretary of State, un der Chapter 122 of the General Laws of 1893, and former laws. These Manuals, and especially thai of. 1899, are replete with valuable statistics concerning the Stale, its history and resources. Illustrated Bistory of Minnesota, by T. II. Kirk, M. L., 1887. Ancestry, Life and Times of Henry Hastings Sibley, by Nathaniel West, D. D., 1889. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. JOHN S. PILLSBURY. Into the warp and woof of John Sargent Pillsbury's character arc woven the integrity, courage, thrift and persistence of the best New England Puritan ancestry, whose residence in America covered a period of more than two and one-half centuries. Joshua Pillsbury, the English emigrant, settled in Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1640, and received a grant of land at that place, a portion of which still re- mains in the possession of his descendants. One of these descendants, Micajah Pillsbury, the grandfather of the subject of this biog- raphy, settled in Sutton, New Hampshire, in L790, where on the 19th day of July, 1S28, John Sargent Pillsbury was born. His father was a manufacturer, successful in business and for many years prominent in his neighborhood and the political affairs of the State, esteemed for the probity of his private life and the con- scientious performance of public duty. His mother was Susan Wadleigh, ;i descendant of Robert Wadleigh, of Exeter, New Hampshire, who was a member of the Provincial Legisla- ture, and whose son, Capt. Thomas Wadleigh, held a commission in the Continental army. His mother's mother was a daughter of Eben- ezer Kezar, one of the capable and honorable early settlers of Sutton. One naturally expects a buy sprung from such ancestry, and inherit- ing the admirable traits inherent in it, to make the best possible use of his opportunities. And that is what John S. Pillsbury has done. In youth he enjoyed only the limited educational advantages of his native town, performing meanwhile his full share of manual labor. At an early age he entered the office of a local newspaper for the purpose of learning the printer's trade, but at the age of sixteen had the wisdom to abandon it as unsuited to his inclination and talent for mercantile pursuits — the larger held of trade and commerce. For six years thereafter he was employed as clerk in a general store at Warner, New Hampshire, and for the two years next following he was in ] partnership with Walter Harriman, a mer- chant of the same town, who subsequently served as Governor of his State. Half a cen- tury ago it was necessary for a boy to serve an apprenticeship for several years, even to become proficient as clerk in a country store. The discipline was more severe and the re- quirements more exacting than now, when a young man imagines himself transformed into a safe and successful merchant by an ex- perience of half a year as clerk. The greater thoroughness in the training and the severer discipline incident to employment in the last generation, were potent factors in the develop- ment of the qualities of mind, trend of thought and methods of business, characteristic of the men who have achieved the largest successes in the present generation. They contributed to that splendid equipment of character and habit which enabled John S. Pillsbury to be- come one of the foremost citizens of the Northwest, and one of the grandest Governors of a State that has developed many great men. After conducting mercantile business at Con- cord for two years on his own account, hi' became convinced of the larger and better 119 120 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. opportunities for growth in the West, and deliberately formed the purpose of prospecting to find a desirable and promising location. He never drifted, and never formed plans hastily. His judgment, after careful investigation and reflection, determined liis action. So that, starting out from his New England home in 1853 for a tour of observation in the West, he did not decide upon a new residence until June, 1855, when lie visited the young State of .Minnesota. The Falls of St. Anthony influenced his decision. He foresaw in the power they afforded the possibilities of a great city on the adjacent, banks of the Mississippi. He settled in the town of St. Anthony, which was later to become merged and lost in the greater city of Minneapolis. He liked the spirit and energy of the West, and possessed the capacity to become a leader in the progress and enter- prise and development of a new commonwealth on the frontier. Associating himself with his brother-in-law, Woodbury Fisk. and George A. Cross, in a partnership for carrying on trade in hardware, the Arm continued business through the dark period of financial depression and panic in L857, until the store and stock were completely destroyed by tire, about the time that hundreds of other firms in the East and the West were forced to close their doors through failure to meet liabilities. Four things were left to Mr. Pillsbury, unscathed by the fire — debts, courage, integrity and persist ence. He settled the debts of the firm with his individual notes, assumed all liabilities, satis- fied all creditors, and resumed business which he continued for eighteen years with marked success, and then disposed of it in order to devote himself entirely to the manufacture of Hour. He had already interested himself in establishing the milling industry at Minneap- olis in connection with his nephew, Charles A. Pillsbury, and his brother, John A. Pillsbury, conducting the business under the firm name of C. A. Pillsbury & Co. Another nephew, Fred G, was subsequently admitted to the firm. The magnitude of this milling business has grown to enormous proportions. The prod- uct of the marvelous mills has reached all the civilized countries of the globe, and contrib- uted to the fame of the millers throughout the world. Fostered with sedulous care, and managed with remarkable sagacity, the profits of the business naturally enriched the men who founded the industry, and have kept it going for more than a quarter of a century. The Pillsbury Mills have been maintained on their own merit and operated independently. \\ hen a movement was started in 1899 to com bine all the milling interests of the Northwest in one enormous trust, strong enough to tix prices and control the production, Governor Pillsbury said "No" with emphasis, and stead- f i i si ly refused, either to consider any proposit ion or to countenance the proposed combination. He stands opposed to trusts, whose evi- dent object is to increase the prices of prod ucts, and thus place on consumers additional burdens. He believes in competition and the rewards of individual effort and excellence. Only a man of broad and flexible mind is aide to devote his energies and directing force to several kinds of business at the same time, successfully. Governor Pillsbury is able to do this in a very marked degree. In addition to milling, he has carried on lumbering on a large scale, and been a liberal purchaser of real es- tate. He has been identified with the construe tion of railroads, and for many years has held a place in the directory of several important railroad companies. He has also for a long time served on the board of directors of some of the most prosperous banks of Minneapolis; is a director of the Stockyards Company and of the Washburn Mills Company. While pri- marily a business man and occupied with the management of large industries and transpor- tation companies and commercial or financial institutions, he has on various occasions ac- ceded to the wishes of his fellow citizens to serve the public in political office. Never a candidate in the sense of actively seeking office, he has always acknowledged the obliga- tions of citizenship and never shirked any duty or responsibility to the municipality or the commonwealth imposed by his conscious ness of such obligation. He served as member of the city council ten years, and from 180:? to 1N7<>. with a single brief interval, he was a BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 121 Senator in the State Legislature. About the same time lie was appointed one of the Re- gents of the State University, whose financial condition had for some years been deplorable. The public lands granted by Congress in L851 for the establishment of a university, had been mortgaged and bonded for a loan of forty thousand dollars, to be expended in the con- struction of the main college building; and as soon as this building was completed, it was encumbered by a mortgage of fifteen thousand dollars. This was in 1857, the year of the disastrous panic. The trustees were unable to meet the demands of creditors clamoring for their dues, and at length despaired of being- able to extricate the university from its finan- cial embarrassments. There was a general opin- ion that the lands would have to be sold to pay the debts, and the maintenance of a higher institution of learning by the State abandoned. This course was recommended bv Governor Ramsey in his message to the Legislature in 1862. Meanwhile, Mr. Pillsbury, a sincere ad- vocate of broader and more thorough educa- tion than he had been able to procure in youth, and which the university alone can furnish, studied the situation earnestly with a view to evolving some measure of relief. He was then a private citizen, but the following year afford- ed him the opportunity for effective work. What he did is thus told graphically by a for- mer biographer: "In 1863 Mr. Pillsbury was appointed one of the Regents of the university, and commenced specially to investigate tin- details of the institution, the situation and amount of its debts, and the location and char- acteristics of the land which had been granted it; and, in short, he looked into every detail as thoroughly as a man would do with his own business affairs. In 18(!?> he was also elected a member of the State Senate, when he at once proposed a plan to the Legislature, whereby the whole affairs of the university were placed in the hands of a new board of regents. This board was composed of Hon. John Nichols of St. Paul, Hon. O. G. Merriam of St. Anthony and John S. Pillsbury. He found a strong friend and ally in the person of Hon. John M. Berry, then a lawyer of Faribault, but afterwards, and for many years, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of Minnesota. Mr. Berry en- tered enthusiastically into Mr. Pillsbury's plan for the restoration of the university; in- deed, drew up and introduced the measure which resulted in the new board of regents. This act became a law March 4, 18C4, and is found in chapter XVIII. of the General Laws of Minnesota for that year. We refer to it thus definitely, as it is a memorable act in the history of the university, and many of its pro- visions are well worthy of the attention ami consideration of those who may hereafter wish to study the history of that institution. The act placed all the affairs of the university 'in their discretion to compromise, settle and pay any and all claims and demands of whatsoever nature, against the University of Minnesota, or the regents thereof.' Some of the claims had been due for many years, and were in dis- pute as to their items; many were held by parties outside the State, and in order to ad- just them. Mr. Pillsbury was compelled to visit various parts of the country. Finally, after a great deal of effort, he succeeded in fully discharging all the outstanding bonds, liens and claims of every kind, to the entire satisfaction of those holding the claims, as well as the friends of the university. This he did without compensation to himself, and there was saved to the university upwards of thirty thousand acres of the land grant which Congress had made, and the present site of the university of twenty-five acres, with the cam- pus and buildings, which are to-day valued at fully half a million dollars. Mr. rillsbury's efforts did not abate one whit after the finan- cial affairs of the institution were thus settled. From 1863 until 1870 he was a member of the State Senate, excepting one and a half terms, and during this entire period he made the affairs of the university and its management his constant study. Governor Pillsbury has well earned the name of 'Father of the Uni- versity,' given him by the grateful students of that institution, and he has crowned his long- years of service as regent, with a gift of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars made in 1889." President Northrop, in his baccalaureate ad- dress June 2, of that year, referred to Governor Pillsbury and his noble gift in the following- terms: "The name of George Peabody, whose monu- ment may be seen in Harvard and Yale, and 122 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. men who have within the last few years done great service to humanity by unprecedented gifts, especially Otis, Hand and Slater, all of Connecticut, will readily occur to you; and I am sure thai as I speak all of you are thinking of the recent noble j^ift to tliis university by our friend and neighbor, Governor Pillsbury. It is not the flrsl time that he has shown his generous interest in this institution; indeed, it is owing to him that the university exists at all, for, by unwearied efforts of his, the univer- sity was secured from hopeless debt even be- fore it was organized for work. During all the years in which that aide scholar, Dr. Folwell, the flrsl president of the university, was laying its foundations and wisely planning its educa- tional work, Governor Pillsbury was the sa- gacious counsellor, the earnest friend, the faithful regent, watching over the financial interests of the institution with ceaseless vigi- lance, ever ready to sacrifice his time, his busi- ness and his ease to its welfare. By his kind- ness and charity in his daily life, by his public spirit, his wise services to theState in both leg- islative and executive positions, his free-hand- ed benevolence to the suffering people of the Slate in a time of great trial, and his firm and determined stand for the honor of the State in a time of great public temptation, he deserves to be remembered with gratitude by the people of this State to the remotest gen- eration. Hut for no one of his many noble deeds will he be longer remembered than for this, his munificent -iff of $150,000 to the State and the university at a time when the financial con- dition of the State made it impossible for the Legislature, however well disposed, to granl the money which it needed to carry forward its enlarging work. He has shown himself wise in making this gift while he lived, and might justly hope to witness in the increased prosperity, the fruits of his own benevolence. He has shown himself wise in estimating money at its just value — not for what it is, but for what it can do — not as something to be held and loved and gloated over, or to be ex pended in personal aggrandizement and lux- ury, but as something which can work might- ily for humanity; which can re-enforce even the educational power of a sovereign State; which can enrich human minds, and can thus lift up into the true greatness of a noble citi- zenship the sons and daughters of the whole Northwest." The acumen and foresight of John S. Tills bury, as exhibited in all commercial and indus- trial enterprises with which he hail connec- tion, marked him as a man who could be trusted with the larger affairs of the public; his application to acquire a complete under- standing of the financial entanglements in which the State University was involved, and his unselfish devotion to the work of relieving it, gave him a peculiar hold upon intelligent popular favor. In 1ST"), therefore, lie was nom- inated with perfect unanimity by the Repub lican convention, and elected Governor of the Stale. Endowed by nature with keen percep- tion, and educated liberally by contact with men of affairs in that great school of prac- tical business, his knowledge of men was al- most unerring, and his judgment as to their capabilities and weaknesses was to a degree infallible. This superior executive ability, so essential to a judicious exercise of the appoint- ing power, supported by his own personal in- tegrity and deep sense of official honor and responsibility, enabled him to give to the peo- ple of the State a pure and wholesome admin- istration. His mental grasp, breadth of view. trained sagacity, honest purpose and equable temperament qualified him to administer the government and execute the laws wisely. He was very early confronted with novel condi- tions, which demanded instant attention and relief. The ravages of the grasshoppers had laid waste large agricultural sections and left the farmers destitute. The Governor, incog- nito, made a tour of the devastated portions of the State in order to ascertain the extent of ruin, and thus qualify himself to provide and recommend adequate measures of relief. He found much destitution and suffering — some of the settlers without sufficient food; others without clothing — at the opening of winter. They were independent, self-supporting citi- zens, who would ordinarily scorn the offer of assistance; but the distress of their families was too great for pride to refuse the proffered aid of their more fortunate fellow citizens. The Governor's sympathies were deeply touched, and he generously relieved by his private purse many of the cases of immediate want, discovered while he was passing unknown among the distressed people. He also made BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. I2 3 public appeal for relief to the prosperous peo- ple of the State, and volunteered to superin- tend the distribution of all donations of food, clothing, fuel and money. When the Legisla- ture assembled, he recommended an appropri- ation from the treasury sufficient to relieve the want, and urged immediate action. His rec- ommendation received favorable action. He was also called upon to deal with another raid during the first term, when the gang of free- booters from Missouri, known as the Younger Brothers, entered the State to prosecute their trade of robbery and murder, and the State prison rolls attest the complete success of the prompt measures instituted by him for the capture of the outlaws. Governor Pillsbury was re-elected in 1877, and again in 187!), serving three consecutive terms, a distinction accorded to no other man in the history of the State. During his second term Governor Pills- bury was instrumental in effecting the settle- ment of a contention between the settlers on railroad lands granted to the State by the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad company and the Western Railroad company as successor of the grantee, and his thorough knowledge of the history of the transaction, supported by his sense of justice, his inflexible will and his per- sistence iii the accomplishment of a purpose, saved their homes to three hundred settlers, and established himself immovably in the af- fections and confidence of the people. The crowning glory of Governor Pillsbury's admin- istration was the preservation of the honor and the restoration of the credit of the State by effecting a complete settlement of its debts and the payment of its bonds, which had been repudiated. The story of the issue of these bonds is told in the historical article elsewhere printed in this volume. The people had voted in 1857, by a majority of five to one, to create a debt of five million dollars, evidenced by bonds, to aid in the construction of railroads. Contracts were executed, by which certain companies agreed to build lines of road and accept the bonds in payment. Considerable grading was done on different lines, but no road was ever built. The Legislature of 18G1 repudiated the bonds. Subsequently the con- tracting companies failed and defaulted, and the Slate foreclosed on their property and gave it to new companies undertaking to com- plete the work. The bonds had been duly au- thorized and regularly issued. They had been purchased in good faith by innocent investors, and Governor Pillsbury insisted the State should keep faith with its creditors. He adverted to the subject in messages to the Legislature, and urged the importance of a settlement. A proposition to set aside for the payment of the bonds five hundred thousand acres of land granted to the Territory by Congress for pur- poses of internal improvement was submitted to the people in 1878 and rejected by a vote of two to one. These discouraging conditions only served to increase the energy and make unalterable the determination of Governor Pillsbury to save the State from dishonor. To a company of prominent gentlemen who called on him after the result of the popular vote be- came known, he said : "My children were bom in Minnesota, my home is here; but I want to say now, that no matter what interests I have to attract me here, whether financial or sen- timental, I will not live in a repudiating State. I will never give up this fight so long as there is a shadow of a hope. I will stump for it and vote for it and fight for it. The bonds shall be paid." His personal efforts equaled his otti cial solicitude for the welfare of the State and his earnest endeavor was directed to securing a settlement. The question as to the validity of the bonds was submitted to the Supreme Court and they were adjudged valid. The Governor called an extra session of the Legis- lature and secured the passage of an act au- thorizing a new loan evidenced by bonds bear- ing five per cent interest. By consultation with the principal creditor, he was able to effect the acceptance of a four and a half per cent bond to replace the old ones, thus saving 1400,000 in interest. The Governor invested a million dollars of the State's school fund in the bonds. Some opposition to the issuing of these bonds was developed and injunction proceed- ings were threatened. To avoid delay, Gover- nor Pillsbury carried the bonds to his home, signed them at night, and delivered them be- I2 4 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. fore the opposition took form in the filing of a complaint. The credit of the State was at once restored by the action of its honest Gov- ernor, and since thai time no State has enjoyed higher credit than Minnesota. Actuated by tender memories of his childhood home and grateful appreciation of his ancestors, Gover- nor Pillsbury erected a beautiful Memorial Hall at Sutton, New Hampshire, which was dedicated July 13, 1892, to the public uses for which it was designed — an assembly hall, a library and a meeting place for the selectmen of the town. The Governor's speech on that occasion was characteristic of the man. abounding in noble sentiment and practical in statistics portraying the marvelous growth of the country during the brief span of one hu- man life. The address was not only broad and generous in conception, but faultless in dic- tion and rhetoric. He referred with emotion to the fathers and mothers as follows: "What hardy men and women were the pioneers and early settlers of this town of Sut- ton. Let us not in these modern days, with all our conveniences and new methods, forget the rugged character and rigor and thrift and vir- tue and intrepidity of our ancestors who en- dured all the hardships of fifty and one hun- dred years ago, and who by their sacrifices and discipline and character which they have en- tailed upon their descendants, made it possible for us to enjoy what we have to-day. Let us of to-day not boast of what we have done. Out of the loins of the New England fathers and mothers of past generations came the sources of the wealth and strength of to-day. No- where in history can be found a more rugged set of men than our New England fathers; and among the women of the world, where can there be found the equal of the New England mothers who have passed away? Would that I had the power of speech to give proper credit to those noble mothers of early days. Trace back the history of the men who have been famous in the world, and in the majority of cases you will find that the source of their best qualities was very largely in the mother. And for noble motherhood you will nowhere find surpassed those New England mothers of a generation or more ago, who reared up with their own hands those large families of sons and daughters which were once the glory of New England. As the mother of Garfield, at the inauguration of her son as President, was the first to receive recognition as the bearer and mother of her son, and had a mother's de- light in his success, so may these New Eng- land towns, which have spared their sons and daughters for a season, claim the successes of these sons and daughters as their own.'' Governor Pillsbury is the only living mem- ber of the original firm that entered into the milling business in Minneapolis, and he has had the supervision of the business since the death of Charles A. Pillsbury, in August, 1S!)0. His familiarity with larger commercial affairs; his habit of application and his varied experi- ence in solving great problems in both private and official life, make his discharge of the du- ties easy. He is careful, methodical, earnest, thoughtful, never apparently in a hurry, and never behind with his work or his engage- ments. He is an officer of the First Congrega tional Church of Minneapolis and a liberal con- tributor to its support. November 3, 185C, he was married at Warner, New Hampshire, to Miss Mahala Fisk, a most estimable woman, whose affectionate sympathy and judicious ad- vice have always been helpful. John Sargent Pillsbury has the genius of common sense. He is under such perfect self-control and possesses the faculty of concentrating his mental forces to such a degree that all the powers of his mind are subservient to his will for the ac- complishment of a fixed purpose or the com- pletion of an assumed undertaking. His habits have been so simple and his life so well or- dered that the weight of more than seventy years rests lightly on him. His form is erect, his movement easy; his manner affable and his social intercourse marked by courtesy and cordiality. The force of his strong character is rendered lovable by a natural refinement and kindliness in social intercourse. He listens to a complaint or a suggestion with equal for- bearance, but never expresses his opinion with undue haste. In emergencies he decides in- stantly and acts promptly, with all the energy of a man accustomed to weigh his actions and measure his capabilities. He is natural and un- affected as a child, and free from any austerity of manner. He is neither effusive nor reserved. 7 Cc^^f ^ _./ //_ / , , >. ' RTOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. i- 7 5 but simply natural and approachable. He is an earnest man, generous in his sympathies and just in his judgments. He cherishes that large- ness and liberality in religious belief which leaves every man free to formulate his own creed and finds its best expression in an up- right life, busy with good deeds and pervaded by a spirit to help the worthy who are in need. Whatever else may be engraved in his epitaph. the historic facts which made his administra- tion as Governor famous, should be expressed: "He saved the University to the State and saved the Stab' from dishonor." MRS. MAHALA FISK PILLSBURY. In choosing this subject as a representative woman of Minnesota, a tribute is paid to the womanhood of that State which can be fully appreciated only by those whom good fortune has led within the social circle of Mrs. Pills- bury, or, at least, within that larger circle of beneficent intluence which perpetually ra- diates from her personality. Yet Minnesota cannot claim her as a native daughter. She draws her heredity from a double line of New England's early settlers. The place of her birth was Springfield, New Hampshire, the date May 7, 1832. Her parents were Captain John and Sarah (Goodhue) Fisk, prominent citizens of the Granite State, who for many years resided in the town of Warner. Here they reared a large family, Mahala Fisk hav- ing three brothers — Woodbury, John and Jo- seph, and three sisters — Elizabeth, Sarah and .Mary. The American Fisks were descended — through William Fiske, the founder of tin- family in this country, who, in 1G37, settled in Wenham, Massachusetts — from an aristocrat- ic line of Englishmen with estates in Suffolk county, which line is traceable back to Simon Fisk, lord of a manor in the reign of Henry VI. Rut it is with a different type of nobility that this sketch will concern itself — a nobility not of titles and privileges, but of character and deeds; a nobility the insignia of which is not blazoned upon the breast, but graven deep within it. Mrs. Pillsbury is a true cosmopol itan; and although she may owe something of her dignity and poise to the inherent conscious- ness of high and honorable lineage, she is delightfully free from the spirit of exclusive ness and hauteur of manner which too fre quently accompany such a consciousness. Her childhood and youth were passed in the parental home, in Warner, a home dominated by the most healthful influences, religious and moral; nor was the intellectual side of her training neglected. She was privileged to at- tend both the Ilopkinton Academy and the Sanbornton Seminary, and she completed her studies at the age of nineteen. During the three years prior to her graduation, however, her time was divided between the acquiring and imparting of knowledge. Teaching was her chosen profession, and she followed it, at intervals, in the public schools of Keene and other towns of her State, up to the time of her marriage. On November 3, 1856, she was united to John S. Pillsbury, of Sutton, New Hampshire, and soon the youthful couple had bade farewell to their friends and were jour neying westward to found a home in Minneso- ta, which was then a Territory and little better than a wilderness. It was a bridal tour plenti- fully marked by events and diversions — events which were dire contingencies, and diversions which were imminent dangers. It took cour- age to leave such a home as had sheltered the girlhood of Mahala Fisk and face the rigors and perils of frontier life; but in courage, at least, and in that love which casts out fear, both these young wayfarers were richly capi- talized. Their destination was St. Anthony (now a part of Minneapolis), and here they began their Western life on an humble scale. The history of their first few years is one of hard work, misfortune and sacrifice; — the ex- perience common to settlers upon virgin soil. Nature has but one method of initiating those who are bold enough to venture into her rugged campus, lie one never so proudly born or daintily nurtured, his metal must be proven by the same ruthless hazing. Yet in homes like that of the Pillsburys, although meager in appointment as many another, hardship and 126 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. privation were illumined by ideals, and the humdrum of toil relieved by the graces of cul- ture. In 1857, when Mr. Pillsbury's store was destroyed by tire, their vicissitudes culmi- nated in an almost total loss of their worldly possessions. Soon, however, the tide of pros- perity turned their way, and continued to flow with ever-increasing fullness. They erected a substantial house at the corner. of Fifth street and Tenth avenue south, which was for twenty years the family home. In 1878 this was re- placed by their present elegant residence, which occupies the same site as the old home- stead. During the Civil War. while her patriotic husband gave to the State his val- uable assistance in the task of raising troops, Mrs. I'illsbury was equally active in the organ izing of a society and the collecting of funds for the aid of the soldiers and relief of poverty in their families. Thus the sick were cared for, and substantial comforts added to many a destitute home. Following close upon the outbreak of the Rebellion came the horrors of an Indian massacre, in which hundreds of the Minnesota settlers were math' victims of sav- age slaughter. Mrs. I'illsbury, in the midst of treachery and death, stood steadfast as the granite of her native State, calmly preparing for a possible emergency by practicing the arts of defense and acquiring skill in the use of the rifle. Minnesota was but passing through the same throes which she knew as history of her own New Hampshire, and she was sus- tained in this fearful ordeal by traditions of the heroism of earlier pioneer women. More- over, she was strong with the strength of deep-founded religious faith. Mahala Fisk was a worthy representative of a fervently religious race, her English progenitors being among those persecuted during the struggle of the Reformation because of their adherence to Protestant principles. Throughout her resi- dence in Minnesota Mrs. I'illsbury has been closely identified with its religious life, which first took organic form in a little Congrega- tional church erected near the site of the Pills bury home, her diverse gifts finding expression in a diversity of work. Her natural talent for music, both vocal and instrumental, which had been cultivated during her seminary days at Sanbornton, were here devoted to the church. She was promptly appointed, and has ever since continued, a member of the music com- mittee, and for many years her sweet voice swelled the harmony of the choir. The genial womanliness of her character ever created an atmosphere of home about her, and this influ- ence has been a potent one in the church, en- listing in its activities many a new-comer and many a. frivolous or timid youth. In further- ing its social interests she has been a leading spirit and an indefatigable worker, lightening the pastor's burdens inestimably, though main- taining always a self-effacing modesty. In the Sunday-school her labors have been constant and her enthusiasm unwearying, and the young men and women who have gone forth to their life battles fortified by her wise and loving counsel have long ceased to be numbered. And, corresponding to her work as assistant and instructor in the church, has been her even more consecrated work as helpmeet and mother in the home. Governor and Mrs. I'illsbury were blessed with four chil- dren. Addie Eva was born October 4, 1860. She was married October 8, 1884, to Charles M. "Webster — now a prominent business man at (heat Falls, Montana — and died April 2, 1885. Her native modesty and quiet, gentle character made her beloved by all. The second daughter, Susan M., born June 1':!, 1863, grew to a beautiful womanhood, be- coming a general favorite through the sweet ness and sincerity of her character. She was married to Fred It. Snyder, a successful lawyer of Minneapolis, on September :.'.".. 1885, and died September :!, 1891, leaving an only child. John I'illsbury Snyder. Sarah Belle, born June 30, 1866, graduated from the University of Minnesota in 1888, and is now the wife of Edward C. Gale, of Minneapolis, a lawyer of high professional standing and literary cul- ture. Alfred Fisk, the only son, born October I'll, 1869, graduated at the University of Minne- sota, and now holds a prominent position in the I'illsbury -Washburn Flour Mills Company. His modest ways, native shrewdness and wise tact in dealing with business men has caused him IUOGKAPTTY OF MINNESOTA I2'j to be selected to handle delicate and important business missions abroad, with results which promise much for his business future. On May 15, 1899, he was married to Eleanor Louise, a daughter of the late Chief Justice Wallbridge A. Field of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. In 1880 Mrs. Pillsbury united her own efforts with those of oth- er philanthropic women for the establish- ment of a home for destitute children and aged women. This enterprise was car ried into effect on a very small scale at first, with a few street waifs as beneficiaries; but soon the volume of applications which came pouring in showed the extent of the need which the institution was designed to till. Then quickly followed, in November, 1881, the or- ganizing of a society of ladies, of which Mrs. Pillsbury was made president, the raising of funds and the purchasing of the fine old home- stead and grounds of Judge Atwater, situated on the banks of the Mississippi. Commodious as were these quarters, however, they were soon found inadequate to the increasing de- mands upon them, and were eventually sold, and new buildings erected in Minneapolis at an expense of $40,000. Mrs. Pillsbury is still president of the institution, which is known as the Home tor Children and Aged Women. In all her good works she has always re- ceived the warm sympathy and support of her husband. Christmas of the year 1899 was made memorable in the history of the Home for Children and Aged Women by an endowment of $100,00(1 presented by her husband in her honor. This fund, the only endowment of the institution, is a permanent one, the income from which is to be used in the current ex- penses of the institution. It is designated the "Mahala Fisk Pillsbury Fund." Other in- stitutions in which our subject has been actively interested are: The Washburn Home, of which she is a trustee; the North- western Hospital for Women, and the Wom- an's Exchange. It would be vain to attempt enumerating the miscellaneous charities dis- persed by the hand of Mrs. Pillsbury. Pros- perity, in smiling upon her, smiles also upon the poor within the range of her helpfulness. such poor selected always with conscientious discrimination. Nor does she regard them merely as objects for her sympathy and aid, but as men and women entitled to her respect- ful regard. She recognizes and reverences true manhood and womanhood, whether it shines from the luxurious setting of wealth or is hidden in the obscurity of poverty. For bombastic display she has no kind regard; bu1 she knows what others see so beautifully illus- trated in herself — that one may possess wealth, position and power and yet be modest and sincere. Unregenerate wealth she deems alike pitiable with unregenerate poverty, and even a more baffling problem to him who would reduce the world chaos to something like order and harmony. During her husband's tenure of the gubernatorial chair Mrs. Pillsbury filled with credit her honored position by his side. Nor did she feel herself removed by fortune from the people among whom she had toiled, but rather drawn nearer to them through her sense of added responsibility. It was during Governor Pillsbury's first term of office that large tracts of the State were laid waste by the grasshopper scourge, plunging the settlers into absolute want; and while her husband \isited in person the devastated districts, to assure himself of the extent of the suffering and need for succor, Mrs. Pillsbury was em- ployed in the organizing of a bureau of relief, with her own house as headquarters. So se- rious and widespread was this affliction, how- ever, that she soon found it necessary to rent a storehouse in which to collect and distribute supplies; and throughout that long, cold win- ter, she and her little band of assistants toiled, often far into the night, selecting and dispatch- ing articles in response to the many and varied appeals of the sufferers. As first lady of the State, Mrs. Pillsbury's versatile gifts were given full scope; but anyone who has looked upon her staunch and noble face knows that this woman was never made by outward cir- cumstances; that in whatever walk of life her lot might have been cast she would always have been a leader, an organizer and a liar monizer. She is one of those rare souls, too widely scattered to touch hands, yet linked by 128 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. unity of faith and purpose, who form, as it were: "The rainbow to the storms of life; The evening beam that smiles the clouds away, And tints to-morrow with prophetic ray." ALEXANDER RAMSEY. The last of the loyal "War Governors" of the Union and the first to answer Lincoln's call for volunteers, the Hon. Alexander Ramsey of Minnesota, was born near Harrisburg, Dan phin county, Pennsylvania, September 8, 181. r >. He is descended from two old Pennsylvania families. His paternal grandfather, for whom he was christened, was born in the eastern part of the then province, in the first part of the Eighteenth Century, and his mother, Eliza- beth Kelker, was descended from an early Ger- man settler on the Schuylkill. The Ramseys of Pennsylvania were of good Scotch ancestry, and their blending with the sober and sturdy Pennsylvania Germans produced men re- nowned for brawn and brain, with not a dwarf, dastard or dullard among them. All of this clan were brave, industrious and thrifty peo- ple, well-to-do and long-to-live, and there is no better type of the family than the old War Governor. He was reared by an uncle, and in his young manhood worked at carpentering, clerked in a store and in a public office, took a partial collegiate course, and at twenty-two be- gan the study of law. In 1S:J!) he was admitted to the bar and entered into the practice at Har- risburg. He would have made a great lawyer had he continued steadily in the profession, but he had a natural taste for politics, was an ardent Whig, and the exciting and enthusi- astic presidential campaign of 1840 took him from the bar to the hustings, and he made many notable speeches and helped carry Penn- sylvania for Harrison and Tyler. As a sort of recognition of his services, he was made the secretary of the Stale Electoral College, in November, and the following January was elected chief clerk of the Legislature. In 1842. when he was but twenty-seven years of age, he was (he Whig nominee for Congress in a newly formed district, and received a majority of the votes; but it was decided that the district had been illegally formed and the election was void. The next year he was again nominated for the Twenty-eighth Congress, for the district com- posed of the remainder of the counties of Dau- phin, Lebanon and Schuylkill, and was elected. He was re-elected in 1844, and declined a third nomination in 1846. In 1848 he was chairman of the Whig State committee, and under his management of the presidential campaign, Pennsylvania went for Taylor and Fillmore. In March, 1849, soon after coming into the Chief Magistracy, President Taylor appointed his now well-known Pennsylvania partisan. Governor of the then newly organized Minne- sota Territory. Two months later he arrived in St. Paul, the seat of government, then a frontier village, and entered upon his duties. He was accompanied by his beautiful and ac- complished wife — who had been Anna Earl Jenks, daughter of Hon. Michael H. Jenks, her husband's colleague in Congress — and their ar- rival was an event long and pleasantly to be remembered. The young Governor had a great deal of work to do in Minnesota, much of it unpleasant and all of it hard. The Territory was full of office-seekers, place-hunters and speculators, all of them with schemes, and many of them with ''jobs. - ' He had to set the governmental machinery in motion and keep it running smoothly, and solely for the general welfare. He was ex officio commissioner of Indian affairs for Minnesota, and there were forty thousand Sioux and Chippewas in the territory, owning big provinces of land, and blanketed and barbaric. He read his first mes- sage in the dining room of a hotel to a Legisla- ture composed of twenty-seven members, and it was a paper full of good sense and of hopes and of fair prophecies that he lived to see re- alized. His administration as Territorial Gov ernor was most successful. He governed the Territory much as a Pennsylvania Dutchman runs a faim, working hard, keeping everything and everybody in order, and providing for the BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. [29 future. In 1851 he made a treaty with the Sioux aud bought from them 40,000,000 acres of fine, fertile land, which was soon open to settlement. He was fair, but firm, in his deal ing with white men and red. He summarily repressed the unscrupulous palefaces, and when the old Sioux chief, Red Iron, became turbulent and insubordinate, he "broke" him from his chieftainship, put shackles upon him and threw him into the lockup, though a thou- sand scowling warriors were standing by. In 1853, when the Democrats came into power, under President Pierce, Governor Ramsey was succeeded by Gen. W. A. Gorman, and became a private citizen of St. Paul. In 1855 he was elected mayor of the young city. In is." 7. when Minnesota was about to become a sov- ereign State, he was the Republican candidate for Governor against the late Gen. Henry II. Sibley, Democrat. Between Ramsey and Sib ley, the two most prominent characters in the early history of the Northwest, there was al- ways implacable political enmity, but devoted personal friendship. By a close vote, Sibley was declared elected Minnesota's first Gover- nor. But two years later, in 1859, Ramsey was elected, and with him Ignatius Donnelly, as Lieutenant Governor. When Sumter was tired upon. Governor Ramsey chanced to be in Washington. That day he waited on President Lincoln and offered him a thou- sand Minnesotans for the war, and when the formal call came he answered it in person: "Our quota is ready. Mr. Presi- dent." In 1801, Minnesota, young, poor, and very sorely troubled, sent five good regi- ments to the field. The next year she sent five more, almost stripping herself of her bravest and best. In August, 1862, with nearly all of the fighting force of the State in the South, the great Sioux rebellion broke out, and within a week nearly 800 people of the State had been put to the tomahawk and scalping knife and millions of property destroyed. Governor Ram sey did not flinch or fail. He put General Sib- ley at the head of such a force as could be or- ganized and sent him against the savages. strengthening and supporting him with all his power, and in forty days the rebellion had been subdued, hundreds of captives restored, and the Indians driven from the State, never to return. Ramsey was a splendid War Gov- ernor. He kept up Minnesota's quota, and established and maintained its reputation; he visited the soldiers in their camps, in Virginia and Mississippi, and cared for them as a father for his boys; he punished the Indian murder ers of his people, and then protected his fron- tiers from savage raids and from a repetition of anything like the scenes of August, L862, and all the while he was controlling the State successfully and advancing its development and civilization. In January, 1863, Governor Ramsey was elected I'nited States Senator from Minnesota, and at the close of his term was re-elected for six years more. During his twelve years of service he was prominent in the deliberations of the Senate, as chair- man of the Committee on Territories, on Postofflces and Post Roads, etc. The sub- ject of postal reform occupied much of his attention. It was the "Ramsey Bill" which first corrected the franking abuse. His visit to and labors in Europe in ISO!) were influen- tial in bringing about cheap international post age. The improvement of the Mississippi and its navigable tributaries, the aiding of the Northern Pacific railroad, legislation in behalf of the then Territories of Dakota and Montana, the encouragement of trade with Manitoba, and all other measures for the benefit of the Northwest were subjects of his particular care and effort. No member of either house hail better personal standing. His broad views, his good judgment and sagacity, his hearty frankness and geniality toward his associates gave him great popularity and influence. Sen- ator Ramsey's congressional career closed in March, 1875, and he rested from official life till December, 1870, when President Hayes ten- dered him tlie portfolio of Secretary of War. He accepted, and at once entered on his duties and gave faithful and conspicuous service un- til March, L881, when the Garfield administra- tion began. A year later, in March, 1882, there was enacted the "Edmunds Law," which vir- tually extinguished polygamy in Utah — the remaining "twin relic of barbarism" — and 130 PdOOHAPTIY OF MINNESOTA. created ;i commission of live officials to exe- cute its provisions. Senator Ramsey was appointed a member of the Board of Commis- sioners and elected its chairman. In 1800 he resigned and retired permanently to private life. Governor Ramsey has since passed his life in his comfortable home in St. Paul, in the quiet and hearty enjoyment of domestic com- fort, the delight of books, of the society of old and valued friends, and the company of and association with his fellow citizens. Since 1S84 he has been a widower, and he has but one child, a daughter, now Mrs. Marion Ful- ness, who presides over his household. He is past eighty-four years of age, but "wears his manhood hale and green" and is splendidly preserved. He is seen on the streets every day in any sort of weather. He has always taken care of his health, and probably was never sick a whole day in all of his busy and eventful life. "That which should accompany old age. as honor, love, obedience, troops of friends," he has in plenitude. For some time he has been president of the Minnesota Historical Society and regularly attends its meetings, and is a leading spirit in the Old Settlers' Association. He is a member of the Loyal Legion and other organizations, and probably he attends as many banquets, receptions, and public meet- ings as any other of his fellow citizens. His services are in demand on every occasion where speeches are to be made, and his voice is seemingly as strong, deep and eloquent as when it rang upon the hustings of Pennsyl- vania sixty years ago or resounded through the halls of the Senate in 1864. He takes life easily and spends it sensibly, and "so should a good man end his days." DANIEL R. NOYES. This family of Noyes may be traced back genealogically from America to England, from England to Normandy, certain representatives of the early stock having crossed from France with William the Conqueror, and by royal allotment become landed proprietors in Corn- wall. Thence the family appeared in America in the person of Rev. James Noyes. a Non-con- formist of distinction who, in 1835, sought the freedom of the new world, locating at New bury, Massachusetts. This early settler was the father of Rev. James Noyes of Stonington, Connecticut, who gained permanent honor as one of the founders of Yale College. ( to the mother's side, likewise, Mr. Noyes can count a line of ancestors prominent in the church and as educators. Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D., president of Williams College, was his great uncle, and the tradition in the family is that his great grandmother was descended from John Rogers, the Smithtield clergyman who suffered martyrdom at the stake for his reli- gious convictions. Daniel Rogers Noyes is the eldest son of Daniel R. and Phoebe (Griffin) Noyes, and was born in the town of Lyme, Connecticut, on the 10th of November, 1836. He was reared amid refining and strengthening home influences, enjoying, also, the advantages of the best New England schools. At the age of eighteen he went to New York and engaged in business, continuing there until the breaking out of the Civil War. He then entered his country's service as a vol- unteer, not. as it proved, for a lengthy term. His health became undermined, and after his return from the war he traveled extensively, his journeyings, which covered a period of sev- eral years, including visits to points of special interest both in America and abroad. Upon the completion of this health-seeking tour, he resumed business as a partner in the banking- house of Gilman, Son & Company, New York City. Mr. Noyes' residence in St. Paul dates from 1808, and his thirty odd years in this community show a record of unceasing activity and achievement. During the first year he founded the wholesale drug house of Noyes, Tett & Company, now the leading drug house of the Northwest, operating under the style of Noyes Brothers & Cutler, with Daniel R. Noyes as senior partner. The business of this house has become extended, not only into surround ing States, but to those bordering the Pacific, while it is known in both Europe and Asia through its exportatious of certain classes of ^ *y BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 131 supplies to those countries. Mr. Noyes has also important manufacturing interests in St. Paul, and lias been officially identified with many of the city's enterprises. To him, together with others, the St. Paul Business and Jobbers' Unions owe their existence. While always re- fusing political place and preferment, Air. Noyes has served as president of the Jobbers' Union; also as president of the Chamber of Commerce. With the St. Paul Trust Company he is now associated as vice-president, and he is a member of the board of directors of the Merchants' National Bank. It is to Mr. Xoyes that St. Paul is indebted for her Relief ' Society, and as its treasurer he has wisely administered its finances from its organization. He has been a zealous worker in the Young Men's Christian Association, having formerly officiated as pres- ident of that body, and chairman of its State work as well. He is a member of the board of trustees of Carlton College. Largely owing to his influence and effort the city came to pos- sess its Government building, its Market Hall and Como Park. The Ice Palace and Winter Carnival, too, originating as propositions of .Mi'. Noyes, have been, as it were, reduced to cold facts. Nor are his activities merely local. He is a member of the Century Club of New- York City — as well as of the home clubs, The Minnesota and Town and Country clubs — also of the National Social Science Association; and he was formerly president of the National Wholesale Druggists' Association, and a direc- tor for many years of the New York Equitable Life Assurance Society. In legislative affairs, both of the State and Nation, Mr. Noyes has been prominent and influential, particularly in such as concerned bankruptcy, tariff, revenue and transportation. He was among the ear- nest advocates of our present equitable nation- al law regulating bankruptcy; the repeal of I he earlier Stamp Tax was effected through a. movement of which he was the mainspring, and he has labored faithfully for the establish- ment of some measure of government control of our railroads. He is gratefully accredited by Minnesota as the author of some of her sal utary laws for the prevention of cruelty, and has been for twentv-five years continuously president of the State society organized in this cause. Mr. Noyes is a ready speaker and forcible writer — bright in repartee, yet earnest in purpose. The domestic side of Air. Noyes' life has been equally successful. On December J. lsfiii, he was married to Miss Helen Oilman, daughter of Winthrop Sargent Gilman, Esq.. of New York City. Of their five living children the three daughters are: Mrs. (Prof.) William Adams Brown, id' New York; Mrs. Saltus, of Paris, and Miss Noyes; their two sons: Win throp S. G. Noyes, of St. Paul, and D. Ray- mond Noyes. now attending the St. Paul's school at Concord, New Hampshire. The fine Noyes residence is situated on Summit avenue, overlooking the Mississippi; and as its owner is seen at home, hospitable, hale and hearty, he seems as one whom all misfortune has passed by. Yet, free as is this sketch from any tinge of sadness, we know there are hours when each life is brooded over by dark wings. Mr. Noyes has known years of illness and nec- essary retirement from active effort. These years were spent in study and travel and were not lost. In lives like that of Mr. Noyes often the glad consciousness of having done well lies side by side with the saddening thought of partial accomplishment and much still to do. Put this is a grief that has no sting and leaves no poison in the heart. JOHN IRELAND. No history of the Northwest is complete, no picture of Minnesota is adequate, that fails to show the heroic figure of the Most Reverend John Ireland, Archbishop of St. Paul, clearly in the foreground. He has for half a century lived in the Territory and State, and has grown with its growth. He was born in Ireland, Septem- ber 11, 1838, son of Richard Ireland, a contrac- tor and builder, an honest man. a useful citizen. At the age id' eleven years he emi- grated with his parents and other members of the family to the United States, stopping some time in Burlington, Vermont, and Chicago, Ill- inois. In 1852 the family settled in St. Paul for a permanent residence. Here his father died in 1887 and his mother in 1895, and here 13- PIOOPAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. is slill the borne of the son who has attained greal distinction as a citizen and a prelate. In L853 young Ireland went to France to prose- cute his classical and theological studies as a preparation for the ministry in the Catholic Church. This work of scholastic preparation occupied eight full years — lour of which were spent at Meximieux in the department of Ain. and four at Hyeres, in the department of Var. Upon the completion of his theological course he returned home, and was ordained a priest at St. Paul, December 21, 1861, by Bishop Grace. Me was young, vigorous, thoroughly American, and intensely patriotic. It was therefore most natural and praiseworthy that he should offer his services to the Government at the time of its greatest peril, and consecrate his holy calling anew, by ministering to the comfort of the volunteer soldiers and bringing to them in extremity the consolations of reli- gion. In June. 1862, he received a commission as chaplain of the Fifth Regiment, Minnesota Volunteers, and joined the regiment in camp at Corinth. Mississippi. He was courage and devotion in the army, braving every danger, performing every duty, adapting his ministry to the wants of his comrades and fulfilling the high demands of patriotism in the march and the siege and the battle. He was with his regiment in the bloody battle of Corinth and in all subsequent engagements, until seven' and long-continued illness rendered further service impossible. Having tendered his resig- nation in April, lst;:;. he returned home and was assigned to the pastorate of the Cathedral parish, St. Paul, where he labored for several years. In recognition of his marked abilities and conspicuous services he was, in 1ST."), ap- pointed Titular Bishop of Moronea and Apos- tolic Vicar of Nebraska by the Sovereign Pontiff, but on the request of Bishop Grace this appointment was withdrawn and that of the Coadjutor of the See of St. Paul substi tuted. His consecration to the latter office i..ok place December 21. 1875. So it will be seen he was ordained a priest in December and consecrated to the solemn duties of the higher office in the same month, just fourteen years from the dav of his ordination. In the limited space available for the biography of one man in a single volume containing so many, it is impossible to sketch adequately a life so full, so varied in its work and so conspicuous in achievement as that of Archbishop Ireland. The merest outline and the briefest mention of the most important events must suffice; but these are sufficient to suggest the character and measure of the man. One of the grandesl and most far-reaching in its results among the acts of his early ministry was the institution of the Catholic Total Abstinence Society in Minnesota, which was organized in 1869. He stood for total abstinence from intoxicating liquors as the best protection of the home and the safeguard of manhood. From the small enrolment in that first organization Hi" mem bership of the society has increased to many thousands in the State, and its blessings will extend to many generations in the ages to come. Another beneficent act of inestimable value was his purchase of thousands of acres id' the cheap and fertile lands of Minnesota, whose settlement he effected, by serving prac- tically as emigrant agent. His scheme of colonization served to establish many settlers and to add millions to the productive capital and labor of the State. His life has been full of useful work for the improvement and eleva- tion of mankind; for the promotion of popular education and the establishment of Christian- ity in the land. In the fore rank of ecclesiastics, he has at all times lent his influence, by the inspiration of his oratory, the clear, crisp, con- vincing argument of his pen. and the influence of his personal example, supported all progres- sive movements in the local community, the State and the Nation. To the assembled teach ers of the common schools he saiil in a public address: "Palsied be the arm that is raised against free popular education." In another address before the Loyal Legion, referring to the alleged "race problem," he said: "There is no race problem. Justice knows no color line." Concerning the great railroad strike of 1894, he said in an interview: "I dislike to speak of the Chicago strike. because in doing so I shall blame labor, where BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 133 as because of my deep sympathy with it, I should wish to have none but words of praise for it. Yet, in a momentous social crisis such as l he one through which we are passing, it is a duty to speak loud and to make the avowal of the truths and principles which will save society and uphold justice, and I am glad of the opportunity which a representative of the press affords ine. The fatal mistake which has been made in connection with this strike is thai property has been destroyed, the liberty of citizens interfered with, human lives endan- gered, social order menaced, the institutions and freedom of the country put in most serious jeopardy. The moment such things happen, all possible questions as to the rights and grievances of labor must be dropped out of sight, and all efforts of law-abiding citizens and of public officials made to serve in main- taining public order and guarding at all cost the public weal. Labor must learn that how- ever sacred its rights be, there is something above them and absolutely supreme — social order and the laws of public justice. There is no civil crime as hideous and as pregnant of evil results as resistance to law and the constitutional authority of the country. This resistance is revolution; it begets chaos; it is anarchy; it disrupts the whole social fabric which insures the safety of the poor as well as of the rich, to the employe as well as to the employer. There can lie no hesitation to bring in the repressive powers of society when property is menaced. Only savages, or men who for the time being are turned into sav- ages, will burn or destroy property, whether it be the factory of the rich man or the poor man's cottage, a railroad car or a national building. .More criminal and more inexcusable yet. is the aci of murdering human beings, or of endangering their lives. Labor, too, niusl learn the lesson that the liberty of the citizens is to be respected. One man has the right to cease from work, but he has no light to drive another man from work. He who respects not the liberty of others shows himself unworthy of his own liberty and incapable of citizenship in a free country. Never can riots and mob rule and lawless depredations be tolerated. The country that permits them signs its death warrant." When the l.exow committee entered upon the investigation which exposed tin' corrupt meth- ods of Tammany Hall, and the infamous prac- tices of its police force, he supported the reform party with all the force of his elo- quence. And so at all times and in all places he stands for whatever is just and honorable in government, whatever is pure, elevating and progressive in social or community life, what- ever is honest, sincere, upright, generous, no- ble and of good report in the individual. Archbishop Ireland is what Governor Roose- velt would call a "strenuous man." His whole life is devoted to lifting up and improving thi condition, the character and the spirit of the larger community life, whether his energies are employed in the church, through the clergy or in the secular world. The scope of his genius is evidenced by the wonderful variety of its operations. To-day he delivers an ad- dress in behalf of higher education and takes the initial step to found a university; to-mor- row he addresses a public meeting called to promote a railroad, and lends his influence to the active, earnest support of a public move nteiit whose importance is unquestioned; be- tween days he is found in charitable work, relieving the wants of the humble poor. Yes terday he was called to Rome to confer with His Holiness the Pope; returning, he was in- vited to Washington to confer with the Presi- dent on affairs of State. His platform lectures cover a great variety of subjects. Everywhere, at all times, he is busy, speaking, teaching, winking — always for some useful and worthy end, and without neglecting ecclesiastic duties. On the occasion of Chicago's great interna- tional carnival, in October. 1899, the Arch- bishop, as a banquet guest of the Marquette club, responded to a toast. "The American Republic.'" Brief extracts from this will suf- fice to illustrate the trend of his thought and t he quality of his oratory: "Material prosperity belongs to us as to no other people. The Author of Nature made the Western Continent so opulent that under any form of government the people of America should prosper. But not only did no barrier to our prosperity arise from a Republican form of government; but this form, T am sure, has contributed much to it, by the impetus it a H'ords to individualism and personal initia- tive, by the sense of dignity and the conse- quent ambition il creates in every human soul, by the equal recognition of law given to aspira- tions and efforts from whatever social stratum '34 l'.IOOKAI'HY OF .MINNESOTA. they spring. It matters little to me what the difficulties arc that arc said to confront us; be they political, social or industrial — I have no fear. I trust the great good sense of the people; I trust the power of American publii opinion; I trust the freedom of the Republic, which allows healthful discussion; I trust American justice and American respect for human rights, born of American democracy. to solve iii due time every problem and remove every peril. With time for reflection, the peo- ple will proclaim the reign of justice and of charity. I fear only the effects of momentary passion and the rashness it occasions. Hence the motto of Americans should be patience and prudence, and meanwhile energetic and unsel- fish work for country and for humanity, for righteousness and for God. * * * * The American Republic! She lives and liberty lives with her. The flag of the American Republic means liberty. Wherever it goes, liberty goes wit h it. With anxious eye and throbbing heart we watch to-day the journeying of the Haj; of America toward distant isles; we pray for its safety and its honor; we proclaim that in Asia as in America it means liberty and all the blessings thai go with liberty. Some say — it means in Asia the repression of liberty. God forbid! It means in Asia the institution of civil order, so that America, to whom the fates of war have brought the unsought duty of maintaining order in those isles, may see and know who are the people of the Philippines; who there have the righl to speak for the peo- ple, what the people desire and for what the people are fitted. Civil order restored — and it must be restored — the flag of America may be trusted to be for the Philippines the harbinger and the guardian of the liberty and the rights of the people. The American Republic! She will live, and with her liberty will live." In profound scholarship, in (he variety and accuracy of historical information, in famil- iarity with church polity, he is the equal of lite most learned prelate in the land, in the practical knowledge of affairs, in the intimacy of social intercourse with statesmen, in the confidential relations with the administration of the National Government, he is foremost amongst them all. lie is first a man, broad, strong, independent; intensely American in his love and pride of nationality; cosmopolitan in familiar intercourse and knowledge of men; catholic in spirit, in sympathy, in methods of work to accomplish reforms. He accepts truth in any guise, wherever found; he comprehends its universal aspect. He believes Christianity is progressive; that it adapts itself to condi- tions, to social position, to every phase of life and tn ethical, economic and political prob- lems. His active interest in affairs attests his belief that a prelate is not absolved from the duties of citizenship; but rather impelled by a high sense of duty to employ his activities and his influence in support of public policies which he believes to be right and expedient. His tolerance in matters of religion is ex- pressed in the Constitution of the United States — liberty in form of worship and impar- tial protection to worshipers — and therefore believes that for America the separation of Church and State is wise. Instead of the im- plication of hostility in such separation he finds abundant evidences of accord, reciprocal esteem and mutual helpfulness. Archbishop Ireland has remarkable power for doing things, and one of the sources of that power is found in his discriminating judgment in the selection of instrumentalities, his tact in choosing the right man for a particular position or work. This is a manifestation of the highest exec- utive ability. His capacity is multiplied by his method of working through others, wisely chosen. His love of the human race is so per- vasive as to exclude race prejudice and inspire a consciousness that working for humanity is the highest form of serving God. His stal- wart and symmetrical physical proportions suggest great strength and endurance, and at the same time generous impulses and large sympathies. He encourages the aspirations of the ambitious and supports the efforts of the I r and the weak to improve their condition. A worthy companion of the great and power ful, he is equally the friend of the humble who need assistance, characteristic independence of thoughl and boldness of expression, not in consistent with a high regard for the canons and dignitaries of the church, enlarges the sphere of his influence. Active performance of civic duties, public spirited promotion of secular enterprises, earnest advocacy of social tfo. ^XCo-^d^yU t^i I'.KXiKAl'IIV OF MINNESOTA. 135 reforms and a higher, purer individual life, and the advisory relationship with rulers, add to his dignity and eminent usefulness. WILLIAM 1>. WASHBURN. It is the privilege of few citizens of any com- monwealth to exercise as wide an influence upon its affairs, and to touch its life at so many points, as has William Drew Washburn in his more than forty years' residence in Minnesota. Coming here as a pioneer, before Statehood had been attained, he lias been a part of the wonderful development of four decades — has seen the State change from a mere scattered group of frontier settlements to a well peopled community holding a leading position in agri- culture, manufactures and commerce, and the village in which he made his home, in 1857, become the chief city of the State. Through this period of evolution Mr. Washburn lias been a forceful influence in most of those lines of endeavor which have made the State and city so conspicuously successful. He was early identified with the improvement of the water power which became the nucleus of the man- ufacturing greatness of Minneapolis, and no one was more influential in fostering and pro- moting the manufactures of the new Stale both by wise encouragement and by example. Later lie became interested, also, in other lines of business, and took a most prominent part. through railroad construction, in opening the lines of commerce. During his long business career he has had a pari in the financial ami investment interests of the city and State, and in the later manufacturing enterprises. Organ- ized public work has found in him a leader and supporter at all times. Mr. Washburn's activ- ity in the promotion of public interests had much to do with his political successes, and in political life he lias been peculiarly fortu- nate in supplementing his other labors by giving In the Northwest some of its most im- portant public works. In the course of his public career Mr. Washburn has been a factor in local. State and National politics — affecting Minnesota life from every possible political standpoint. And while the State has felt his influence in all these diverse directions, his own city has been aware of his presence as a constant force in more social questions; in such matters as public and private charities, education, the church, the improvement of the city, the maintenance of lofty standards in those things which make for the higher life of the community. In democratic America, where ancestry counts for lint little as a factor in success, there is still a just cause for worthy pride in descent from those who made Amer- ican conditions possible, or in family relation with men who have been conspicuous in the service of the Nation. As a descendant of old Pilgrim stock, and as one of a group of broth- ers who constituted perhaps the most distin- guished family contemporaneously in public life in I he United States. Mr. Washburn might be pardoned for a large degree of family pride. The first Washburns in America were John Washburn, secretary of the council of Ely mouth, and his son John, who came to this country with him. The latter married Eliza- beth Mitchell, the daughter of Experience Mitchell and Jane Cook, and granddaughter of Francis Cook, who came over in the Mayflower in 1620. The family had originally lived, prob- ably for many generations, in the village of Evesham, not far from Stratford on Avon, in one of the most beautiful parts of England. Israel Washburn, born in list, was directly descended from these Puritan ancestors. His father served in Hie Revolution, as did the father of his wife. Martha Benjamin, whom he married in 1812. Mrs. Washburn's father was Lieut. Samuel Benjamin, a patriot of whose valor and persistence in his country's cause it need only lie said that he participated in the Battle of Lexington and fought through the whole war to Yorktown, where he was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. Few of the soldiers who fought for American inde- pendence saw, as did Lieutenant Benjamin, the first and lasl battles of the great struggle. Israel and Martha Washburn made their home on a farm in Livermore, .Maine, and it was here thai their large family was reared. To the parents' influence, to the stern training of 136 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. farm life in the Maine "hark woods," to the inheritance of patriotism and love of achieve- ment, and to their own steadfast endeavor, is due in very large measure the wonderful suc- cess of the group of boys born in this Maine farm home. There was little of material ad- vantage to be found surrounding these hoys during their early life. The father was no more successful than the average New Eng- land farmer, 1ml he was an alert, intelligent man, a reader, a man of hard common sense and with the largest ambit inns to give to his sons every opportunity for success. Of the mother it is said that she "was a practical housekeeper, industrious, frugal, sagacious, stimulating to the children's consciences, sin- cerely religious withal, and hence gave those under her precious charge an unalterable bent towards pure and lofty ends." It was in such a home that eleven children were born, of whom the seven sons have achieved worthy prominence in public life. In his "Triumphant Democracy" Andrew Carnegie says of this group of men: "Their career is typically American. The Washburns are a family indeed, seven sons, and all of them men of mark.' Several of them have distinguished themselves so greatly as to become a part of their country's history. The family record includes a Secretary of State, two Governors, four Members of Congress, a major general in the army and another second in command in the navy. Two served as For- eign Ministers, two as State Legislators, and one as Surveyor General. As all these services were performed during the Civil War, there were Washburns in nearly every department of State, laboring cam]) and council for the Republic, at the sacrifice of great personal interests." As the youngest child in the family. William D. Washburn had, in addition to the influence of his parents, the stimulation of the example of his brothers who were already entering pub- lic life while he was a school boy. Israel Washburn. Jr., was elected to Congress in 1850, when William, who was born in 1831, was but nineteen years of age. The young men had already become prominent in Maine State politics, and Israel, after serving four terms in Congress, was elected War Governor of his native State. Elihu B. Washburn served as Congressman from Illinois from 185:! to I860, when he was appointed Secretary of State by President Grant. During the Franco-Prussian war h<' was Minister Plenipotentiary to France. Cadwallader C. Washburn was in Congress both before and after the war. was a general in the Union army, and in 1871 was elected Governor of Wisconsin. Charles A. Washburn was minister to Paraguay; Samuel I!. Washburn was a distinguished officer in the navy. Beyond what has been said of his early influences there was little that was distinctive about the boyhood of Mr. Washburn. It was the common experience of the son of a New- England farmer — the district school in the winter and farm work in the summer. As he grew old enough to take a heavier part in the farming, the school months of the year became fewer. Short terms at a village "high school" and neighboring academies supplemented the district school experiences, and finally at Farinington Academy he was able to prepare for college. In the year 1850, when he was nineteen, he entered Bowdoin College — that honored alma mater of such men as Haw thorne, Longfellow, William 1'. Fessemlen. President Franklin Pierce, Chief Justice Ful- ler, Senator John P. Hale. General O. O. How ard and Thomas B. Reed — and graduated four years later with the bachelor's degree, after completing a full classical course. The suc- ceeding three years were devoted to the study of law in the office of his brother, Israel Wash burn. Jr.. and with Judge John A. Peters, now and for many years past Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Maine. During this period he spent part of his time in Washington per- forming the duties of a clerk in the House of Representatives, where he obtained his first acquaintance with the affairs of Congress and with the public men of that time. Two id' Mr. Washburn's brothers had already made their home in the West, and upon completing his law studies he determined to follow their ex- ample. It was not difficult to decide upon a location. I iverinore had already sent men to the Falls of St. Anthony, and his brothers. BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 137 Elilm and Cadwallader, had acquired interests there iiiid elsewhere in Minnesota. 11 seemed a place with ;i greater future than any other western sett lenient. The young man believed thai he saw in it a held worthy of his energies; but it is hardly probable that his highest flights of fancy pictured the Minneapolis of today as a possibility during his own life- time. On May 1, 1857, Mr. Washburn reached Minneapolis and shortly after opened a law office. The contrast between the town in which he settled and the city of today is striking. The population was then perhaps 12.000 as com- pared with over 200,000 in 1899; there were about two hundred buildings of all kinds in the village, and few of them were worth more than $1,000. There were no railroads, and the great manufacturing industries of the present time were represented by one or two small mills. Into this scattered collection of frame buildings there was pouring, however, a stream of immigrants, and speculation and building were keeping the people busy. There seemed every prospect of coming prosperity. But that stability necessary for security during finan- cial difficulties had not been attained, and the same summer saw such reverses as to make the outlook very dismal. Mr. Washburn ar- rived just in time to experience, with the town of his choice, all the troubles of the panic of 1857. There was little law business to be hail, and soon after his arrival he became the seen tary and agent of the Minneapolis Mill Com- pany — the corporation controlling the west side power at the Falls of St. Anthony. This was a most fortunate appointment for Minne- apolis as well as Mr. Washburn. It brought into immediate exercise in behalf of the vil- lage those extraordinary executive faculties which have ever since been so continuously devoted to the interests of the city. To Mr. Washburn it gave the opportunity for famil- iarizing himself with the possibilities of manu- facturing at the falls, which was the basis of his future success. Later generations in Minne- apolis are entirely unfamiliar with the extent of the debt of the city to Mr. Washburn, in- curred during these early days. With thai characteristic energy and determination which has since become so well known to the people of the city, he commenced the improvement of the power controlled by his company. During 1857 the original dam on the west side was built — this in the midst of great financial em- barrassments. It was a tremendous struggle, a great load to be laid on the shoulders of a man then but twenty-six years of age. But dam and raceway were finally completed. The young agent shrewdly guessed, however, that his battle was only half won. On the east side of tlie river there was a better power with more eligible mill sites; but the policy of its managers discouraged new enterprises. Mr. Washburn decided that the west side works must have mills, and he at once adopted a lib- eral policy and leased mill powers, now com- manding a yearly rental of $1,500, as low as $133 per annum, to persons who would estab- lish mills. The plan worked admirably. Everyone knows now how the Hour mills gath- ered about the west side raceway until there was built up the greatest group in the whole world. Until the industries at the falls were put upon a firm foundation, Mr. Washburn re- mained the agent of the company, and he has always maintained a large interest in it. He has never been out of touch with the manufac- turing interests of the State since that first summer's work at the Falls of St. Anthony. Receiving, in 1861, the appointment of Sur- veyor General at the hands of President Lin- coln, it became necessary for Mr. Washburn to remove to St. Paul for a time. It was while in this office that his friends acquired the habit of prefixing the title "General" to his name; a custom so well established that it has con- tinued through all the various offices which he has held. While Surveyor General, Mr. Washburn became familiar with the timber re- sources of the State, and, purchasing consid- erable tracts, afterwards engaged extensively in the lumber business. He formed the firm of W. I>. Washburn & Co., built a saw mill at the falls, and later one at Anoka, and until 1889 carried on a very large lumber business. In 1ST:! he entered (lour milling, and speedily be- came an important factor in the production of that Minneapolis staple. His interests in flour 138 P.IOOPAPHY OF MINNESOTA. manufacturing were through the original firm of \V. ]). Washburn .V: Co. and Washburn, Crosby & Co. The firm of W. D. Washburn & Co. subsequently, in lsst, was merged in the Washburn Mill Company, and in 1889 the flour milling division of this business was consoli- dated with the Pillsbury interests in the Pills- bury- Washburn Flour .Mills Company, forming the largest flour milling corporation in i li<- world. At (his time there were large acces- sions of English capital, bu1 Mr. Washburn re- tained — as he does a1 lliis time — a large inter- est, and has been cunt inuously one of the hoard of American directors of the properties. The Minneapolis Mill Company was also consoli- dated with the new corporation which after wards completed the work of harnessing the power of St. Anthony Falls by the construc- tion of a new dam and power house a short distance below the main falls. This rapid sketching of what would seem a life work for any man, gives, however, hut one side of the business activities of Mr. Washburn — his inter- est in developing the two leading industries of Minnesota. It has been said id' one of tin- greatest of Englishmen that while many men "think in parishes" and a few "think in na- tions," he "thinks in continents." Applying this thought to business it might be said that while many men think in single lines of trade, a few think in the broad lines of general man- ufacturing or jobbing, while only a very lim- ited number think through the whole question of producing, distributing, financing and trans- porting. To the latter class Mr. Washburn be- longs, lie has, from time to time, and very much of the time, had considerable interest in the financial institutions of Minneapolis, in wholesale trade, in real-estate. Bui aside from his influence in the development of manufac- turing his most conspicuous undertakings, and those in which the public has been most inter- ested, have been the ureal railroad projects which he has successfully consummated. The early railroad system of the State had devel- oped along such lines thai Mr. Washburn, with other Minneapolis business men. felt the n 1 of a railroad running towards the south, which would afford transportation direct to Minne- apolis, anil which should be controlled in the interests of Minneapolis. The result was the Minneapolis & St. Louis railroad carried through, during the seventies, very largely by the efforts of .Mi-. Washburn, who was its presi dent for some time. The end desired having been accomplished, he retired from the man- agement, and early in the eighties commenced to agitate the subject of a line direct to tide- water and completely independent of the domination of Chicago interests. The project was a startling one — fascinating by its very audacity; to build five hundred miles through an unsettled wilderness to a connection with a foreign railroad — to do this to free the city from the detrimental effects of combinations in the interests of competitors! To be finan- cially successful the projected railroad must depend largely upon its through business, and that (dass of business must be mostly export flour and wheat — and Minneapolis flour ex- porting had then but partially developed. Put there was a Washburn behind the plan — and it went through. The road was built in five years — the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie. And, since, it has been extended west- ward through Minnesota and North Dakota to another connection with the Canadian Pacific, thus giving Minneapolis another transconti- nental line. Mr. Washburn was president of I he "Soo" line during its construction and until his election to the Senate, lie still retains large interests and has been continuously a director. In fact, the Soo line without Mr. Washburn would he, to use the familiar simile, like the play id' Hamlet with Hamlet left out. After a dozen years of the enjoyment of the benefits derived from the Soo ( 'anadian con- in (lion Willi thi' East, the people of Minnesola have come, perhaps, to accept it unthinkingly and without remembering the tremendous dif- ficulties which ils construction involved, or the splendid energy and ability with which ils child' promoter carried out the project. Gen- eral Washburn's commercial activities con liinie. his penchant for pioneering finding abundant scope jusl now in the development of a I rail of some 115,000 acres of land in North Dakota through which he is building a rail- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 1 3'J road. Those qualities in Mr. Washburn which hare made him a successful railroad builder, a great manufacturer and a shrewd developer of new country have contributed in large meas- ure to his success in political life. The ability to "think in continents'' marks the successful man in public life as certainly as it does the winner in business. A broad conception of the commercial needs of the Northwest and a well developed creative faculty, together with those qualities of mind and manner which aid in controlling and winning men, made Mr. Wash- burn unusually successful in his public service to the State and Nation. He was first called to hold office in 1858, when he was elected to the Minnesota Legisla- ture, then a newcomer in the State and but twenty-seven years of age. Three years later he received from President Lincoln the appoint- ment of Surveyor General of Minnesota. In 18G6 he was chosen to the school board of Minneapolis, and assisted in the early devel- opment of the school system so prized by the people of the city. The year 1871 found him again in the State Legislature, using his rap idly growing influence in the support of legis- lation looking to State supervision and control of railroads. By this time it was conceded that he was to take a foremost position in Minnesota politics, and in 1873 his friends nearly secured his nomination for Governor of the State. After the decisive vote in the con- vention it was claimed by Mr. Washburn's friends that two ballots had not been counted. These would have changed the result, but Mr. Washburn refused to contest the nomination. In 1878 he commenced six years of continuous service in Congress, terminating only when he declined renomination for the fourth term on account of his intention to concentrate his at- tention upon the Soo railroad project, which he had just then commenced. The completion of the Soo line in 1888 made it possible for him to withdraw from executive management of the enterprise and become a candidate for the United States Senate, to which office he was chosen in the following year. Again, in 1895, he was a candidate, but was not elected. Trusting in the very positive assurances of even those who afterwards opposed him, thai there would be no opposition to his candidacy, he had confidently expected re-election, and frankly admitted his great disappointment. He would, under no circumstances, have reap- peared as a candidate had he known of the opposition which was to develop. In this as in all cases where he has not been "on top" in a political struggle, Mr. Washburn quietly ac- cepted the situation ; he has never been a "sore head" or posed as a disgruntled politician. When Mr. Washburn went into Congress in 1878 he was equipped for service as no other Northwestern representative had ever been. To a wide acquaintance with public men and a familiarity with methods and usages at Wash- ington, he added a thorough knowledge of the country which he was to represent — not only a political knowledge, but also a comprehen- sive view of its commercial needs. As has been said, he had been largely instrumental in developing the two great manufacturing indus tries of the State, and, with twenty years of study, was familiar, in the minutest details, with their requirements in the way of trans- portation, development of power and supply of raw materials. It had been his pleasure as well as a necessity of his business to study ag- ricultural conditions. He saw the interdepend- ence of all the interests of the Northwest, and grasped the great principles which have since been generally recognized as underlying the permanent prosperity of Minnesota and the neighboring States. In Congress he set about working out the fulfillment of ideas which had been gradually taking form, and the accom- plishments of the twenty years since he en- tered that body have been prolific in the fruit of the score of years of earlier experience and study. As far back as 1860 Mr. Washburn had conceived the plan of impounding the flood waters of the upper Mississippi river in great reservoirs near the headwaters. It was an adaptation of the plan in use on the Merrimac river in New England. But it was far more comprehensive in form and had four purposes in view, where the New England scheme had but one. Mr. Washburn had observed the de- structive work of the floods in the Mississippi 140 MIOGKAIMIY OF MINNESOTA. and the contrast afforded by the periods of extreme low water, when navigation was se- riously impeded. To mitigate the floods and at the same time save the surplus of water for use in seasons of drouth was the central thought. Iiut all the results were not fur the benefit of navigation and the protection (if farmers along the river banks. There was a large traffic in logs on the river. The naviga- tion of the Mississippi by the common saw-log was quite as important as that of the steamer. To save the logs from being swept away by floods or "hung up" on sand bars in low water was an important part of the impounding scheme. Again, the water of the Mississippi was used for power at Minneapolis and other points. In flood times vast quantities of water went to waste; in low water seasons the vol- ume was not sufficient for the needs of the mills. An equalization of the flow was thus of the greatest importance to navigation, the farmers, the loggers, and the manufacturers. Having the project in mind as one sure to be realized some day, Mr. Washburn, in 18(39, purchased of the Government the forty acres at Pokegama Falls, on the upper Mississippi river, which his judgment told him would be required for the key of the system. When the project was finally approved and entered upon, Mr. Washburn conveyed this land to the Gov- ernment without charge. It was ten years after his conception of the plan that Mr. Wash- burn commenced his campaign in Congress. Like all projects calling for large appropria- tions, it required persistent endeavor; but finally he had the satisfaction of seeing the system of dams and reservoirs completed — a system which has been of untold benefit to the interests above mentioned. Early in his Con- gressional career he also commenced to give careful attention to the needs of navigation upon the Mississippi from the standpoint of direct improvements of the channel, and se- cured many appropriations for the work on the upper river. He laid the foundations for the appropriations for the locks and dams imme- diately below Minneapolis, which, when com pleted, will give Minneapolis direct navigation to the gulf and all the great tributaries of the Mississippi. But there were still broader ques- tions under consideration. Mr. Washburn had a keen appreciation of the relations of the Great Lakes to the commercial development of the Northwest. He saw distinctly that this greal water route to and from the seaboard was the key to the commercial problem of his State. Cheap transportation would make pos- sible such a development (if farming and manu- facturing as had never been conceived of. To secure the cheapest transportation, however, there must be free and unobstructed channels through the lake system of such depth that vessels of modern build might pass without de- tention. And so, as a member of the commit- tee of commerce, Mr. Washburn secured the first appropriation for the improvement of the Hay Lake channel in the Sault Ste. Marie river — the beginning of the great ''twenty-foot" project which has since made possible the navigation of the lakes by a fleet of vessels carrying a commerce unequaled on any water- way in the world. While these great projects received much of Mr. Washburn's thought while in the House, he was by no means un- mindful of the special needs of his district; his success in looking after its interests being amply testified to by the frequent renomina- tions which came to him. Among the most important items of his special work for Min- neapolis was the bill for a public building, which he successfully promoted early in the eighties. These material matters, important and engrossing as they were, did not interfere with Mr. Washburn's participation in all na- tional questions which came before Congress during his terms of office. He had always been a student of public affairs. Though a life-long and consistent Republican, he has a vein of independence in his make-up which has been perhaps developed through a settled habit of looking at things in their broader aspects rather than from the point of view of the poli- tician who sees only the immediate political effects. This habit of thought has brought him from time to time into apparent variance with his party; but it has usually been ac- knowledged, afterwards, thai he was right. Perhaps the best example of this political BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 141 characteristic of Mr. Washburn was his oppo- sition to the so-called "force bill" while in the Senate. It will be remembered that the Lodge bill received the support of the Republican Senators — excepting about half a dozen "Sil- ver Republicans," who had formed a combina- tion with the Democrats — and that Mr. Wash- burn was the only Senator on that side of the house who opposed the measure. Believing that it was wrong in principle, and that it would not accomplish what it aimed to do, he voted against it — and received unstinted criti- cism from the party press for his independence of thought and action. The years which have passed since this episode have served to show that Mr. Washburn was right. There are prob- ably few men in the Republican party to-day who would favor such a measure as that pro- posed by Senator Lodge. Mr. Washburn does not pretend to flowery oratorical powers; he relies upon plain and earnest statements and sound logic and reasoning. And in presenting a question in this way he is very successful. And so, while not among the Congressmen whose voices are heard on every topic, he has been heard with the greatest respect when he has spoken on the floor of the House or Senate Chamber. During his Senatorial term he made two very elaborate speeches, which would have given him a very wide reputation had he never taken any other part in Congressional debates. One of these efforts was in support of the anti-option bill, the championship of which measure made Senator Washburn for a time the most conspicuous figure in the Senate. Believing profoundly in the principle that the buying and selling of that which did not exist was contrary to the laws of economics, and in practice injurious to business and morals, while it worked enormous detriment to the agricultural interests of the country, Mr. Washburn threw himself into the fight for the measure with a whole-souled energy which could have but one result. For four months the bill was the unfinished business in the Senate. It was a battle royal with enormous monied in- terests to contend with; but the victory was finally won. Senator Washburn's principal speech in support of this bill attracted wide attention in this country and abroad. The bill was throttled in the House and Mr. Washburn believes there has been a loss of hundreds of millions to the country, for which the leaders of the House, who prevented the votes, are responsible. By far the most elaborate and carefully prepared speech which Mr. Wash burn delivered while in the Senate was that upon the revenue bill of 1894, when he argued against the repeal of the reciprocity provisions secured by Mr. Blaine in 1890. This speech— on "reciprocity and new markets"— was one of the most comprehensive discussions of the reciprocity principle, the development of the commerce of the United States during its two years of trial, and the future possibilities of the system, which was ever made in Congress. While bringing statistics to show the trade relations with all American nations, Mr. Wash- burn gave special attention to Cuba, showing the wonderful increase in trade with that island under the reciprocal treaty with Spain. It was, of course, a foregone conclusion that the Democratic Congress would repeal the reciprocity agreements, but Mr. Washburn's speech revealed in all its baldness the certain result of such action— results which followed speedily and surely. Prolonged absence at times from his home city have not prevented Mr. Washburn and his family from filling a large place in the social life of Minneapolis. As soon as he had established himself in his new home Mr. Washburn returned to Maine, where, April 19, 1859, he was married to Miss Lizzie Muzzy, daughter of the Hon. Franklin Muzzy, a Bangor manufacturer and a man prominent in the political life of the State. A modest home was established in Minneapolis, and here their children, four sons and two daughters, passed their early childhood. Realizing that increas- ing fortune brought with it increased obliga- tion, Mr. Washburn some years ago purchased a beautiful tract of land and erected a mansion surrounded by most attractive grounds. This home, which was named "Fair Oaks," has be- come not only a center of social attraction, but an object of pride in a city where beauty of surroundings and the refinements of life are most highly appreciated. October 24, 1859, a 142 Ilinc.RAPHY <>F MINNESOTA. meeting was held in the village of Minneapolis for the purpose of organizing a Universalis! Church. On this occasion Mr. Washburn oc- cupied the chair, and his connection with the Church of the Redeemer dates from that meet- ing. It was at first a struggling society; it is now one of the leading churches of the denom- ination in the country. In its early vicissi- tudes and its later prosperity it has continu- ally had reason to remember Mr. Washburn's constant generosity, for in his church connec- tion, as in all other matters, he has been lib- eral in his contributions where there has been evidence of need and worthy object to be ac- complished. Of Mr. Washburn's religious be- liefs there could be no better testimony than this, from one in a position to know whereof he speaks : "Mr. Washburn is modest and sparing in his religious professions, but deep-rooted in his religious convictions. His father and mother were earnest Dniversalists, and he inherited their faith. To this he has been as loyal as to the other parental examples. His creed is pretty well summed up in the words. 'Father- hood of God and Brotherhood of Man." The broad spirit he shows elsewhere blossoms in his thoughts on spiritual matters. His daily prayer must be, in substance, that all men may one day be good, pure republicans of this world and saints in the next. Freedom for all and Heaven for all are his mottoes.'' The same excellent authority describes his friend in these words: "In personal appearance Mr. Washburn may be considered a very elegant gentleman. Neat and fashionable in his attire, symmetrical in form, inclining to slimness, erect, of more than medium height, clear-cut features, and bright, earnest eyes, graceful in movement, correct in speech, he impresses one even at first as a per son who has had always the best surroundings. He is dignified in manner, and is not indiffer- ent to style in whatever pertains to him. If on any occasion he shows abruptness of language and is slightly overbearing, difficult to be ap- proached, by strangers especially, it is owing generally and chiefly to the thorns of business he feels at the moment pricking him or to want of time to be himself. Hurry sometimes trips politeness." The latter part of this estimate seems at present inaccurate, however true it may have been when written — at a time when Mr. Wash Iniin was carrying vast loads of care both com mercial and political. It may be thai the prog- ress of years has softened a manner which still retains, however, all its characteristic dignity. Mr. Washburn has traveled much. It is almost a necessity to a man of his temperament to see what is going on in the world outside the lim- its of his home city or State. He has from time to time visited every part of the United States, .Mexico, Cuba and Canada. Six times he has visited Europe, on one of these pilgrimages ex- tending his journeyings to Egypt and the Nile, and on another seeing Norway and Sweden — the "Land of the Midnight Sun" — and Russia. Three years ago he spent six months in China, Japan and other oriental countries, and would have completed the "round the world" tour had it not been for the prevalence of the plague in India. In travel Mr. Washburn finds that continued education and those broadening influences which every intelligent man wel- comes throughout his life. lie has also found such rest from the cares of a life of much more than ordinary activity and responsibility that he is, at the age of sixty-eight, still in his prime, and bears himself with the air of a man much his junior. He is to-day, as he has al- ways been, a growing man. His interest in public affairs is unabated, and the attention which is paid to his views was very recently evidenced, when an interview, in which he de- nounced the trust evil, was quoted and com- mented upon from one end of the English speaking world to the other. GREENLEAF CLARK. Judge Greenleaf Clark was born in Plais- tow, Rockingham county. New Hampshire. August '2-'., 1 *:!.-. He is from Puritan stock, and is the son of Nathaniel it he seventh of that name in a direct line) and Betsy (P.rickett) Clark. The first Nathaniel was an Englishman by birth, who settled probably in Ipswich, Mas- sachusetts, some time during the first half of S*-1/LjZa^iJjL' <*lf- -'^fer^La^y^ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 143 the Seventeenth Century, and was married on November 23, 1663, at Newbury, in the same Slate, where he then resided, to Elizabeth Somerby, granddaughter, on the mother's side, of Edmund Greenleaf, who was of Huguenot origin, and came to Newbury in 1635. The pa- ternal grandfather of Judge Clark enlisted, on March 14, 1781, at the age of sixteen, in the war of the Revolution. He was wounded dur- ing his service, which was continuous from the date of his enlistment to the end of the war. The subject of this sketch attended the public school of his native town, and was afterwards fitted for college at Atkinson Academy, in New Hampshire. He matriculated at Dartmouth College in 1851, and received the degree of A. B. from that institution in June, 1855. Imme- diately afterwards he began reading law in the office of Hatch & Webster, at Portsmouth. New Hampshire, and after a short period of study there, entered the Harvard Law School, from which he obtained the degree of LL. B. in 1857. During the same year he was admit ted at Boston to the Suffolk bar. In the fall of 1858 he came to St. Paul, Minnesota, where he has since resided, and engaged as a clerk in the law office of Michael E. Ames. After a brief term of service in that capacity he en- tered into partnership with Mr. Ames and ex-Judge Moses Sherburne, under the style of Ames, Sherburne & Clark. The firm was dis- solved in 1800, and Mr. Clark became associ- ated with Samuel R. Bond — now a lawyer of Washington, D. C. — forming the firm of Bond & Clark. This connection also was severed in 1862, when Mr. Bond left the State. Mr. Clark then conducted an individual practice until 1865, when he entered a new partnership, this time with the eminent Horace R. Bigelow. The business of the firm of Bigelow & Clark de- veloped to a great magnitude, and in the year 1870 Charles E. Flandrau, then an ex-Judge of the Supreme Court, became a member of it. the firm being Bigelow, Flandrau & Clark. This firm continued in business until the year 1881, when it was dissolved upon the appointment of Mr. Clark as an Associate Justice of the Su- preme Court of Minnesota. He served about a year in that capacity, during which time there was argued at great length, and decided, the important case involving the constitutionality of the legislative enactments for the adjust meat of the Minnesota Slate Railroad bonds. Upon leaving the bench, Judge Clark resumed the practice of the law, and in 1885 became as sociated in business with the late Homer C. El ler and dared How (now of How & Taylor), un- der the firm name of Clark, Eller & I lew. which firm was dissolved January 1. lsss, by the per- manent retirement of Judge Clark from the practice of his profession. The firms of Bige- low & Clark, and Bigelow, Flandrau & Clark. although engaged in general practice, were largely concerned in corporation business. They acted as the general counsel for the St. Paul and Pacific, and the First division of the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad companies (one of the land grant systems of the State), up to the time of their re-organization — consequent upon the foreclosure of the mortgages thereon — into the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Mani- toba Railway Company (now the Great North- ern i, in 1880. They also acted as the attorneys of the Minnesota Central Railway Company, extending from St. Paul and Minneapolis through Minnesota and Iowa to Prairie du < 'hien, Wisconsin, which had a land grant from Congress, and of the St. Paul and Chicago Railway Company, extending from St. Paul to I.a Crosse, Wisconsin, which had a swamp land grant from the State, and for the Southern Minnesota Railroad Company, extending from La Crescent to the western boundary of the State, also a Congressional land grant com- pany; all three of which afterwards became parts of the Milwaukee and St. Paul railway system, of which organization, afterwards the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Company, they were also attorneys. These services embraced the periods of the construe lion of these lines in Minnesota, the acquisition of their right of way and terminal grounds and facilities by condemnation and otherwise, as well as the foreclosure of the St. Paul and Pa- cific Railroad Companies, and the Southern Minnesota Railway Company, and their subsequent reorganization. They involved the conduct and defence of a large number of law- 1 44 I'.IOUKAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. suits, both in the State and Federal Courts, in- volving, among other questions, the chartered rights, powers, immunities and duties of these companies, and in the case of the first division of the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company, its legal corporate existence, as well as their rights to lands under these land grants, and the adjustment of conflicting grants with other companies. After Judge Clark's retirement from the bench he returned to general practice, and became at once engaged in the service of railroad corporations, though not the general counsel of any of them. He, and the firm of which he was the head, served, in special suits and other matters, the St. Paul and Sioux City Railroad Company, the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad Company, the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway Company, and the Great Northern Railway Company. His ser- vices were largely engaged in matters con- nected with the organization and construction of extensions and proprietary lines and prop- erties, the preparation of trust deeds and securities connected with the financing of the various companies, the preparation of leases and trackage, traffic and other contracts con- nected with their operation and their relation to other companies, and to the purchase and consolidation of other properties. In 1870 Judge Clark was appointed a regent of the University of Minnesota, which office he has continued to hold by repeated appointments, from that date to the present time. While Judge Clark's period of service on the bench was very brief, a number of his opinions deliv- ered during that time have become leading eases and landmarks in the law. It was a source of profound regret to all his friends, as well as a great loss to the State that he felt compelled, by reason of the impairment of his health by his long and arduous labors in his profession, to retire from the active practice of the law when he was still in the prime of life and capable of doing his very best work. A leading member of the Minnesota Bar says: "Judge Clark was one of the leaders of the bar; no man at the bar of the Northwest ex- celled him in soundness of judgment, in power of analysis, in grasp of mind or clearness of statement. His forte was not erudition or technical learning; he was not what is known as a case lawyer. He had that rare legal in- stinct, or perception, which detects the turn ing point or pivotal question, discarding imma- terial and collateral inquiries. This is a mark of the highest order of legal intellect, and only tlie experienced lawyer or judge knows how rare it is. His grasp and power of mind and patient industry brought him almost-with- out exception to correct conclusions. Few lawyers ever felt the responsibility of their client's troubles more seriously than Judge Clark. This forced him to undergo an amount of labor which was unusual. He was incapable of disposing of questions lightly or easily. It was an essential part of his habit of mind to treat everything seriously and thor- oughly. He was incapable of quitting a sub- ject without digging to the bottom of it. His important railway contracts and mortgages were models, and owe their value to his having scanned and weighed their every word, as well as to his having understood thoroughly every subject with which his contract dealt. The writer of this can testify from personal knowledge that while he may have known lawyers who knew more cases or who had more showy accomplishments, he never knew one whose judgment was sounder or who was more apt to be right on a legal question, par- ticularly on a fundamental or great question. But without detracting from his other emi- nent talents, his highest qualification to be called a great lawyer was probably his perfect honesty and love of justice. He was both in- tellectually and morally honest, which at once enabled him to discern what was just, and led him to do it. As law is founded on moral jus tice, no man can be a great lawyer without these qualities. Judge Clark possesses them to the highest degree." HENRY T. WELLES. Among those who were the real founders of the city of Minneapolis, and who helped to lay the foundations of the present greatness of the Commonwealth of Minnesota, a well-known pioneer, business man and philanthropist of the city and State, was Henry Titus Welles. This distinguished citizen came to Minnesota in 1853, and after a career of usefulness and prominence extending over a period of forty- ^^w BIOGL'Al'IIY OF MINNESOTA.. M5 five years, died in the city which he had done so much to create, March 4, 1898. Henry T. Welles was born at Glastonbury, Connecticut, April 3, 1821. His father was Jonathan Welles and the maiden name of his mother was Jeru- sha Welles, his parents being cousins in the second degree. He came of a very old New England family. He was a direct descendant of Thomas Welles, the founder of the family in America, who came from England in 1G3G, and was subsequently Governor of the Colony of Connecticut. Gideon Welles, President Lin- coln's Secretary of the Navy, was also a de- scendant of Thomas Welles. The English branch of the family was established when some of its members came in from Prance with William the Conqueror, the name at first being written De Welles. The paternal grandfather of Henry T.Welles married Catherine, a grand- daughter of Gurdon Saltonsta.ll, who was Gov- ernor of Connecticut from 1707 to 1724, dying in office. Jonathan Welles was an industrious and thrifty Connecticut farmer, and his son Henry T. was reared to young manhood on his father's farm, which had been in the posses sion of the family for four generations. He was brought up to hard work, economy, and to deal uprightly and honorably with all men. As a boy he was unusually bright and apt, fond of study and reading, and quick to learn. He soon passed the course of the common country school, and when but twelve years old entered an academy, and began preparatory studies in algebra, natural philosophy and Latin. One of his preceptors was Elihu Bur- ritt, the celebrated astronomer and linguist, known to fame as "the learned blacksmith." His education was completed at Trinity Col- lege, Hartford, Connecticut, from which insti- tution — then called Washington College — he was graduated in 1843. Among his classmates were Thomas S. Preston, subsequently Vicar- General of the Catholic Arch-Diocese of New York; William B. Curtis, who became Chief Justice of the New York Superior Court, and Henry A. Sanford, at one time United States Minister to Belgium. His scholastic attain ments were very superior. He was especially proficient in the classics, and read Latin and Greek almost as fluently as his mother lan- guage, and he had a profound knowledge of mathematics and the other sciences. For a time after his graduation he taught the higher branches of learning in a select school, lb read law and was enrolled among the attor- neys of Hartford county. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature. Soon after his Leg- islative experience his health became impaired and he was advised to seek a change of climate. He decided on a trip to the Northwest, and after a long journey, arrived at St. Paul, June 12, 1853. The next day he went up to St. Anthony Falls. He at once decided upon a permanent location at "the Falls'' in the then young Territory, with its clear skies, beautiful scenes and magnificent possibilities. In his reminiscences of the incident, he subsequently wrote : "I had reached my destination. I was more than satisfied. When I looked down from .Meeker Hill on the various landscape of river, cataract, prairie and grove, and the mills, stores, and dwellings now embraced in the city of Minneapolis, I felt a homelike pleasure that has continued unabated to this day. The loss of my native home was compensated. I became a fixture in another. It was the fittest place in all the earth for me — as if I had been miraculously taken up into the clouds and borne westward, and by the guiding hand of Providence dropped down upon it." 1 It is rare that a man of scholastic tastes and accomplishments decides upon an active busi- ness career, involving hard and persistent labor and endeavor, and the many exactions incident to such a life. Most men of the kind choose a career of more refinement, and enter one of the so-called professions, becoming col- lege professors, lawyers, doctors or the like. But Henry T. Welles was active and enter- prising by nature, and inured to practical work from boyhood. He was a man of versatile abilities, could adapt himself to surroundings, and could do almost anything. Within a few- days after his arrival at St. Anthony he had formed a partnership with Franklin Steele, who then lived at Fort Snelling, in the conduct of his saw-mills at the Falls and in the lumber r 4 6 Blor.KABIlY OF MINNESOTA. business generally, and was hard at work. Franklin Steele and Henry T. Welles were both good judges of men. They "took to" each other on sight. Their estimates were correct, and their partnership was profitable and suc- cessful from the start. Within the present limits the career of Henry T. Welles in Minnesota can only be imperfectly sketched. At once upon his arrival here, he became a leader among his fellow citizens. In 1855 he was elected mayor of St. Anthony. In 1856 he crossed the river and located in what was then called Minneapolis, and in 1858, .as president of the town council, was the first head of the municipal govern- ment. The same year he was president of the school board. He and Mr. Steele, as proprie- tors of the Minneapolis Bridge Company, in 1855, built the first bridge that spanned the Mississippi river. The bridges lower down the river, between Iowa and Illinois, were built afterwards. He was naturally an engineer, and superintended in fact nearly all of the many works of construction in which he was interested. Soon after he entered into part- nership with Mr. Steele in the saw-milling business, the water in the channel of the river became so low that the mill-power wheels would not turn. Everybody was in despair, for the prosperity of the place depended upon the continuous operation of the saw-mills. Mr. Welles, with his Yankee tact, readily conceived a remedy for the bad state of things. Constructing some frames called "horses," he set them in the channel, floated and fastened slabs against them, and thus made a "horse and slab"' dam, which narrowed the channel, increased the volume of water, and the wheels went merrily around. He always had an expedient for every emergency. His investments in Minne- apolis lots and blocks, and other real estate in Minneapolis, were always judiciously made and proved highly profitable. He early be- came interested in railroad building in Minne- sota, and he was present at the session of Con- gress in 185G-7 for some weeks, earnestly urging governmenl aid for projected roads in the Territory. At one time he owned a great part of the town of Breckenridge, but he gave nearly all of his interests away — one hundred acres to the town for a park and fair grounds, one hundred and sixty acres to the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota, lots to the Catholic and Protestant churches, a block for the court house, etc. In 1855 he became one of the pro- prietors of St. ('loud, and did his share in founding that city. His acquirements of material interests were large, but his ben- efactions in aid of churches, schools, mu- nicipalities and his fellow men generally, amounted to a large fortune. His gifts to the Faribault institutions alone amounted to $70,000. In Minneapolis he and Mr. Steele gave to St. Mark's church the site of the pres- ent Kasota building; to the First Baptist church, virtually the site of the Lumber Ex- change; to the Second Baptist a large lot on Hennepin avenue, etc. To the Episcopal and Catholic churches Mr. Welles alone gave $20,- 000 in cash, besides making liberal donations at different times to other churches, hospitals, educational institutions and worthy charities. If he received fully, he gave freely. He never neglected his full duty as a citizen and a man. In all public enterprises for the good of his city, his county and his State, he was among the foremost. It was his efforts which induced the people of Minneapolis to vote aid to pre- vent the falls from falling to ruin, and mainly through his individual efforts the large "apron," which protects them, was construct- ed. It is said that he always voted at elections — and voted as lie pleased. He was not a poli- tician as the term is commonly construed, but he always had his opinions on matters of public policy, and did not hesitate to express them. In 1S63 he was the Democratic candi- date for Governor of Minnesota, but was de- feated by Cen. Stephen Miller. This was during the War of the Rebellion, when — whether just- ly so or not — the Democratic party was in public disfavor, and he knew there was no possible chance of his election when he accept- ed the nomination. He was, however, a War Democrat, earnestly in favor of subduing the Rebellion at all hazards, and no impeachment was ever made of his loyalty and patriotism. BIOGRArnY OF MINNESOTA 147 He only doubted, at the time, the wisdom of certain policies of the Republican party. Ee was a friend — but not a foolish friend — of the colored people, and in Connecticut he had taughf a school where negro children were ad- mitted to full privileges with the whites. He was wholly unbiased and unprejudiced in all his views, so that in politics he was practically independent; in religion tolerant and liberal; in all tilings charitable. Until the very last months of his life he was a very busy man. He assisted in organizing the North- western National Bank and was for many years its president. He was one of the organizers of the Farmers & Mechanics Savings Bank, and was for a long time promi- nent in its affairs. His other interests were large and important, and while he gave them his individual attention and managed them well, he became, in the public estimation, most prominently identified with the financial inter- ests of the Northwest, and more widely known as a financier. This ripe scholar, this public citizen, this man of affairs, was a sincere and humble Christian and a devout religionist, be- lieving and trusting in Almighty Cod and serv- ing Him. He had given the subject of religion much study and thought from early life, and his convictions were as deep as his investiga- tions had been thorough. He was a communi- cant of the Episcopal Church, but tolerant ami well disposed towards all other Christian de- nominations. A few days before he left Con necticut for the Northwest, on May 3rd, 1853, Mi'. Welles married Jerusha Lord, a daughter of Joseph Lord, of Glastonbury. To their union were born six children. Mr. Welles died at Minneapolis, March 4, 1898, at the ripe age of nearly seventy seven years. It was alnnist in the nature of a divine dis- pensation that he was permitted to die in the splendid city, where lie had been so long and so actively employed, which he had done so much to create and build up, so that the city itself is practically his besi monument, and where there were so many of his fellow men who knew him best and loved him most. And though he had more than reached the allotted span of life to the good man, it was felt that his death was untimely and amounted to a public misfortune. "So should a man end his days." ■ WILLIAM MITCHELL. Hon. William Mitchell, the distinguished jurist who has for many years been one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Minnesota, was born in the town of Stamford, County of Wel- land, Providence of Ontario, Canada, Novem- ber 1.9, 1832. His parents, John Mitchell ami Mary Henderson, were natives of Scotland. His early education was received in private schools. and he was prepared for college at a private academy in his native county. In 1848 he came to the United States, and the same year, at the age of sixteen, he entered Jefferson College, Canonsberg, Pennsylvania, and graduated from that institution in the class of 1853. Af- ter his graduation he was for two years a teacher in an academy at Morgantown, Vir- ginia (now West Virginia). He then engaged in the study of law in the office of Hon. Edgar M. Wilson of Morgantown, and was admitted to the bar in that place in March, 1807. In April, 1867, a month after his admission, he came to Minnesota and located at Winona. in the practice of his chosen profession. He was in constant and prominent practice until ls74. In the meantime he served in the second State Legislature, in the session of 1859-60, and was subsequently, for one term, county attor- ney of Winona county. In the fall of 187-"> he was elected -fudge of the District Court of the Third Judicial District for a term of seven years, and went on the bench in January, 1874. He was reelected in the fall of 1880, and was in service until March, 1881, when he was appointed by Gov- ernor Pillsbliry one of the judges of the State Supreme Court. He was regularly elected 1o that position in the fall of 1881, and by sue cessive re-elections he has served continuously up to the present time. His term will expire in January, 1900, when he will leave the position which he has so long and so eminently rilled. Upon the eve of his retirement it is but justice and truth to say that Judge Mitchell has 1 4§ I'.IOGKAI'IIY OF MINNESOTA. served in his high judicial position with the greatest acceptability. His profound and ex- haustive knowledge of the law, his clour intel- ligence, and his broad spirit of fairness have combined to give him a most exalted reputa- tion. His opinions have come to be regarded as weighty and standard authorities, and they have a wide range over the entire field of juris prudence. Some of his decisions have been against the interests of the political party with which he is connected, but in such instances were as promptly and fully rendered as if they related lo matters of an altogether different character. He has attained to such distinction among the lawyers and courts of the North- west, that there lias long been a desire for his advancement and further preferment. He lias done a great deal of hard and exacting work, but is splendidly preserved, mentally and phys- ically, and is capable of many more years of active and valuable service in his profession. Originally a Republican, Judge Mitchell has been an Independent Democrat since 1807, but lias always been elected to office by a non-par- tisan vote, and sometimes by a universal suf- frage. A distinguished lawyer of St. Paul, who was for many years on the Supreme Bench of the Slate says: "I may here state that Judge Mitchell never made any effort in his own behalf when he was a candidate for judge, hold- ing that it was unbecoming in a judge to do so, and (he nominations and elections, there- lore, came to him because of the estimation in which the people held him as a man and as a jurist. As a man, I do not exaggerate when I say that no one in our State has been held in greater esteem as a man of purity and high character. In point of ability, I think then' has never been on the bench of our State his superior as a judge." From an editorial in the "Pioneer Press" (Republican), November 2, L89S, we quote the following: "Judge Mitchell was the one man on the Su- preme Bench that could least be spared. He was put there originally by appointment of Governor Pillsbury seventeen years ago, both because of the high reputation he had gained as a District Judge, and also because lie was a Democrat, it being the strong desire of Gover- nor Pillsbury to satisfy the prevailing public sentiment in favor of a non-partisan judiciary. Appointed originally by a Republican Governor, lie has been three limes nominated by the concurrent action of the state conventions of both parties and elected by the unanimous vote of the electors of all parties. And this not only because he has represented the principle of non-partisanship in the judi- ciary, but because of his exceptionally high standing and reputation as a judge; because he united the intellectual and moral qualities — the ability, learning and acuteness of a great jurist with I he purity and unbending integrity of an honest man — which constitute the ideal judge. 'Without disparagement to oilier judges on the bench, it is safe to say thai, in the general opinion of the bar. there is none of .lodge Mitchell's associates on the bench, and none who have been nominated on either ticket, who could not be far better spared than he. * * * » And Judge Mitchell's repu- tation as a judge extends far beyond the boun- daries of his own State. No better proof could be afforded of the high estimation in which he is held as a jurist by lawyers throughout the country, or of the great respect entertained for his judicial opinions, than is afforded by the following letter received by a leading law- yer of Minneapolis soon after the failure of the Republican State convention to nominate him, from Professor Thayer, of the Harvard Law School: 'Cambridge, Mass.. Sept. 2, 1898.— My Dear Sir: I am astonished to hear that there is doubt of the re-election of Judge Mitchell to your Supreme Court. I wish the people of Minnesota knew the estimate that is put upon him in other parts of the country, and there could be no doubt about it then. I never saw him and have no personal ac- quaintance with him. I know him only as a judge whose opinions, like those of all the judges in the country, reach me through the excellent law reports published in your State. In the course of my work at the Harvard Law School I have long had to search carefully through these reports for cases relating to my special subjects. In that way I have long rec- ognized .lodge Mitchell as one of the best judges in this country, and have come to know also the opinion held of him by lawyers com- petent to pass an opinion on such a question. There is no occasion for making an exception of the Supreme Court of the United Stales. On no court in I he country to-day is there a judge who would not find his peer in Judge A, M*£v^$ic BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 1 40 Mitchell. * * * * Pray do not allow your State to lose the services of such a man. To keep him on the bench is a service not merely to Minnesota, but to the whole country and to the law. Your State it is that is on trial now before the country. The question is: Can Minnesota appreciate such a man? Is it worthy to have him? I am not going to believe that a State which can command the services of one of the few judges in the country that stand out among their fellows as pre-eminent, that give- it distinction, will refuse to accept those serv- ices. You lawyers of Minnesota must not let party politics work any such result. Surely the bar can prevent it if they will. Always truly yours J. B. Thayer.'" Judge Mitchell has been twice married. His first marriage was to Mrs. E. Jane Smith, of Morgantown, Virginia, in September, 1857. She died in September, 1867, leaving three daugh- ters, who subsequently became Mrs. J. K. Ew- ing, Mrs. Henry L. Staples, and Mrs. Frank A. Hancock. His second marriage was in July, 1*72. to Mrs. Francis M. Smith, of Chicago. She died in March, 1801, leaving a son, Mr. William De Witt Mitchell, who graduated from the Law School of the Minnesota State University in the class of 1896, and is now en- gaged in the practice of his profession in St. Paul. JOHN M. SHAW The harmonious life of the late Judge John Melville Shaw, of Minneapolis, here sketched in outline, long identified with tlie progressive development of Minnesota, and deeply lamented when cut off, was nurtured in a rural nest hidden away among the hills of Maine. Though born and reared in a retired nook, this son of the Pine-Tree Stale possessed by birthright all those sturdy and true forces tit character which qualify a man to grasp and grapple with the complex problems of metro- politan life. His remote ancestry was Scotch English on the father's side. English on the mother's; while nearer, we find the energies representative of both sides twining- in numer- ous strands among the virile liber of which New England was built up. From the paternal slock, early colonists to America added their quota to the vitality of Massachusetts Bay; the grandfather of Judge Shaw was an ardent patriot of the Revolution, who, as a boy ser- geant, fought at Bunker Hill. Disabled for hind service by a wound in the foot, he became a privateer, continuing as such until independ- ence was declared. Judge Shaw's mother was the daughter of Benjamin French, a distin- guished physician of Maine, and counted among her earlier ancestors a Pilgrim Father. Thomas French, and an English rector, Rev. Joseph Hull, a graduate of Oxford, who, in 1621, relinquished his parish in Devon to join the young settlement in Massachusetts. From each of these settlers sprang families of re- pute, in the annals of which we find record of successful jurists, including Hon. Daniel French of New Hampshire and Hon. Henry French of Boston, grandfather and father, re- spectively, of the noted sculptor, Daniel Ches- ter French. George Shaw, the youthful patriot above mentioned, located in the town of Ex- eter, Maine, near which his numerous sons and daughters also settled, most of them upon farms. One of the sons, however, the name- sake of his father, eschewing the agricultural life, found commercial prosperity in the city of Mexico, while John, the eighth child, be- came the leading merchant of his little home village, which honored him by adopting the name of "Shaw's Corner.'' This merchant came in time to be the father of a goodly fam- ily. Of the three sons, the eldest died in child hood. The youngest is Maj. George K. Shaw. who has won distinction in the Northwest as a journalist. He is a veteran of the Civil War and father of Captain Melville J. Shaw of the T. S. Marine Corps, who was brevetted in rec- ognition of his courageous service at Guanta namo. It is with the second of these sons. John Melville Shaw, that we are now chieflj concerned. He was horn December IS, 18:',:!, and passed childhood and early youth in his rural home. He attended both the public school and the private high school of the vil- lage, and was for a few terms a student at East Corinth Academy. He was now prepared [So BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. for college, but his ambitions in this direction were not to In- realized. Financial reverses had conic, and the family decided to seek bet- ter fortune in the West. They set out on their journey, intending to proceed directly to St. Anthony's Falls; but the lateness of the season and consequent close of navigation checked their progress at Galena, Illinois, where they were obliged to spend the winter. Both John Melville and his father found opportunities to teach during the cold weather, and in April the father pushed on up the river. He took up lands in the vicinity of St. Paul and Wi- nona, sending his sons to hold the former claim, while himself retaining the latter. But his sudden death a few months later resulted in the abandoning of the lands and loss of the money invested in them, with the exception of a farming tract at Cottage Grove. John Melville, though bul nineteen years of age. now found himself the head of the family, with little capital save his personal abilities. His cherished hope for a liberal education must be finally renounced, but despair could find no vulnerable point in his armor of youth ful courage. Continuing to live at Galena, in the household for which he fell responsible, he toiled for five years as bookkeeper and shipping clerk for a wholesale grocery concern, in reality working as two men. for the salary of one. And there was still a third man in him— intellectual, eager, aspiring, who often in the watches of the night might have been found poring over classics, both literary and legal. Though denied the fulfillment of his collegiate dream, he determined to master the legal profession, and so thorough was his soli- tary work to this end that it took bul one year of study in a law office to enable him to pass I he examination of the Supreme Court of Illi- nois and gain admittance to the bar. For two years he practiced at Galena; he then went to l'lalleville, Wisconsin, and entered into a partnership with John G. Scott. The business outlook in l'latteville seemed promising, but the Civil War was on, and both partners felt the call of their country. Together they raised Company F, of the Twenty tilth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and on September 1, 1862, with -Mr. Scott as captain and Mr. Shaw as second lieutenant, Company F, with the rest of the regiment, marched for the front. First serving in the Minnesota Indian campaign, the regiment was then sent to Vicksburg to rein- force General Grant. Subsequently it was changed to the trans -Mississippi department and to that of the Tennessee. For upwards of a year Lieutenant Shaw served as judge-advo- cate of the general court-martial at Columbus, Kentucky, having also officiated as first assist ant quartermaster. Afterwards, upon the death of Captain Scott, he succeeded to the vacant post, and with his company partici- pated in the Atlanta campaign, and the im- mortal march through Georgia. Being again. in the spring of 1865, detailed as judgeadvo cate, and acting provost marshal of the First Division, he served in both capacities until the end of the war. As an officer Captain Shaw won the respect alike of those he led in battle and his superiors in rank; as a soldier-corn rade he endeared himself to all. His military experiences having undermined his health. upon return from the war, he sought its restoration in the invigorating atmosphere of Minnesota, and in February. 1866, located as an attorney at Minneapolis. His practice came slowly but surely, drawn by the unfailing mag- netism of superior ability and faithful applica- tion to duty, and in 1868 he entered into a partnership with Hon. Franklin Beebe. In 1S7."> Judge Beebe withdrew from the firm, and Albert Levi and Willard R. Cray entered it. Judge Best subsequently becoming a member. Other changes occurred later on, and at the time of the senior partner's death the firm was operating as Shaw. Cray, Lancaster & Parker. In July. 1881, Mr. Shaw was ottered a position on the Supreme Bench, he having been for sev- eral years recognized as the head of the Hen- nepin county bar; but for various impersonal reasons he decided to decline this honor SO fondly cherished in the profession. In the fol- lowing year, however, his health showing signs of giving wax under the stress of work, he was persuaded by his friends to till a position va- cated al that tii n the District Bench of the county; and at the following general elec- IMOCRAI'IIY OF MINNESOTA. 151 tioii he was unanimously chosen for the full six-years' term. But ho found this office less to his taste than independent practice, and in 1883, his health having' become much im- proved, he resumed and pursued during his remaining years his favorite line of work. Apart from his judgeship, the only public office he ever held was that of city attorney for a single term during (he early days in Minne- apolis, lie was eminently qualified to compete for laurels in public life with I he brightest and the best; but although brave, self-respecting and aggressive for the right, he was still a modest and retiring man. He was a staunch Republican, and felt a lively interest in all that a Heeled the public weal, but never posed as a politician or sought public preferment. His life interest was centered in his work, which he loved for its own sake — for the sake of justice. He was essentially and scrupu- lously just. The humblest of his petitioners was as secure of an equitable adjustment of his cause as was his most influential client ; and the same conscientious thoroughness and accuracy characterized his preparation for minor cases as for the many weighty ones through which he became renowned. Justice he would have done, even though it entailed his own pecuniary detriment. Yet he pros- pered. Clients Hocked to him, confided in him, accepted his advice as gospel. During the last twenty years of his life there were few civil causes of prime importance tried in the State in which he did not figure prominently. Nor was his practice confined to his own State. He was frequently associated with distin- guished lawyers in New York and other dis- tant cities in litigations of magnitude. So logical, terse and exact was his written work that portions of it have been incorporated into •court decisions; and the value of his services in the profession is attested in no less than fifty volumes of Minnesota State Reports, as also in various other legal publications. A.S he was a lover of justice, so he was a hater of all devices to defeat the ends of justice, and, before the bar, his tongue could lie most scathing in their denunciation. His was an orator's tongue, but in the social circle its trenchant edge was softened to a tone of genial humor which made him the most entertaining and companionable of men. From his pen, likewise fluent and forceful, the press gleaned many a valuable article on current topics. In the meetings of the G. A. R. and Loyal Legion, of which Judge Shaw was a member, he was always a conspicuous personality, the most faithful affection existing between him and his old army comrades. Side by side with this loyalty in his breast was the more remote loy- alty and patriotism handed down by his Revo- lutionary grandsire. and a keen interest in reformatory movements inherited from his father, a man always abreast of the times. In September, 1864, during a furlough from mili- tary service. Mr. Shaw was united in marriage to Miss Ellen A. Eliot, a schoolmate of his boy- hood, and a distant relative on the French side. Mrs. Shaw and the three children of the marriage are living. The two daughters are Mrs. Cavour S. Langdon and Miss Rertha Shaw; the son, John Eliot Shaw, has grad- uated at Yale, and is now a law student in his father's former office and at the State Univer- sity. Judge Shaw was a loyal son and brother, a most devoted husband and father. His home was one in which reigned harmony and happi- ness. The same noble unselfishness which kept his purse open to public charity extended to the domestic and social circles. With all his simple virtues he had an aesthetic side. He reveled in the refined luxuries of culture, mu- sic, art, poetry. He possessed a choice library, literary as well as legal, and spent many bliss- ful hours of retirement among his books. He was one of those rare characters "whose hearts have a look southwards, and are open fo the whole noon of nature; whose weaknesses are lovely as (heir strengths, like the white, nebu- lous matter between stars, which, if not light, at least is likes! light ; men whom we build our love round like an arch of triumph, as they pass us on their way to glory and to immor- tality." Judge Shaw was stricken with heart failure and died December 6, 1S!>7, with his mind still full of hopeful plans for future ac- tivity. Removed from the midst of bereaved friends, yet not lost to the world ; for the influ- 152 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. ence of so gracious a life, exerted for three- score years, must continue, potentially, deep- ening and widening ad infinitum. GEORGE A. PILLSBURY. The name of Pillsbury has become so promi- nent and so honored throughout this country and is so well known abroad that a brief men- tion of the ancestry of the Pillsbury family may be interesting. The family history has been traced back to William Pills- bury (sometimes spelled Pillsberry and some- times Pillsborough), who was born in the county of Essex, in England, in 1615. William Pillsbury came to Dorchester, in the colony of Massachusetts bay, in 16-40, where he married Dorothy Crosby. In 1651 he settled on a farm in Newbury, Massachu- setts, now a part of Newburyport, and this farm property lias remained in the possession of the Pillsbury family from L651 to the pres- ent time. The eoat of arms of the Pillsbury family in England, whence came the family, bore the inscription, "Labor Omnia Yincit," a motto which is suggestive of the industry and diligence which has always characterized all the branches of the Pillsbury family in this country. William Pillsbury died at Newbury June 10, 1686, leaving ten children, seven sons and three daughters. Moses Pillsbury, second son of William and Dorothy Crosby Pillsbury, was bom in Dorchester, Massachusetts, and in 1668 married Mrs. Susanna Whipple of New bury. To them were born six children. Caleb, second son of .Moses and Susanna, was born in Newbury in L681, and married Sarah Morss in 1703. Caleb, son of Caleb and Sarah Morss Pillsbury. was born in Newbury January 26, 1717: he married Sarah Kimball of Amesbury, Massachusetts, July, 1742, and to them were born seven children. Caleb Pillsbury. Jr.. was for several years, and at the time of his death, a member of the .Massachusetts General Court. Micajah, fourth son of Caleb, Jr., and Sarah Kimball, was born in Amesbury, Massachu setts. May 22, L761, and in 17S1 married Sarah Sargent, of Amesbury, and to them were born eight children, four sons and four daughters. Micajah Pillsbury and family moved from Amesbury. Massachusetts, to Sutton, New Hampshire, in February, 1705, where he re- mained until his death in 1802, occupying various offices of town trust. His wife survived him several years. Stephen, the oldest son, was a Baptist clergyman; the other brothers. including John, the father of George Alfred Pillsbury, were all magistrates of the town of Sutton, New Hampshire. John Pills- bury, the father of George A., was born in 1789. He was prominent in the town affairs of Sutton, being a selectman for several years, and representing the town in the State Legislature. He was also a captain in the State militia, in those days when a military commission had a significance. On the 2d of April, 1811, he married Susan Wadleigh, a daughter of Benjamin Wadleigh, a settler in Sutton in 1771. Benjamin Wadleigh was a descendant of Robert Wadleigh of Exeter, New Hampshire, a member of the Provincial Legislature of Massachusetts. On the mater- nal side the ancestry was good. The maternal grandmother was the daughter of Ebenezer Kezar, who, it is related, concealed the girl whom he afterwards married under a pile of boards, at the time Mrs. Duston was captured by the Indians in 1607. He was identified with the early history of Sutton in many ways. To John and Susan Wadleigh Pillsbury were born five children, to-wit: Simon Wadleigh Pills- bury, born June 22, 1812; George Alfred. Au- gust 20, 1816; Dolly Wadleigh. September 6, 1818; John Sargent, July 20, 1S27, and Benja- min Franklin. March 20, 1831. All the chil- dren received the common school education of those days; but Simon W., whose natural fondness for study distinguished him as a young man, gave his attention to special branches of study, particularly mathematics, in which he became known as one of. if not the best, in the State. He delivered the first lec- ture in Sutton on the subject of temperance; but too much study wore down his health, and he died in 1836, cutting short a promising future. Of the other brothers, John Sargent is too well known to need mention, as he is the BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 153 distinguished ex-Governor J. S. Pillsbury of Minnesota. The remaining brother, Benjamin F. Pillsbury, remained in Sutton until 1878, where he filled many places of trust, being elected selectman, town treasurer and a mem- ber of the Legislature for a series of years. In 1878 Benjamin F. Pillsbury removed to Gran- ite Falls, Minnesota, where he was engaged in an extensive lumber, farming and elevator business until his death, in October, 1890. George A. Pillsbury, who was born at Sut- ton, New Hampshire, August -!», 1810, received only the meager common school education of seventy five years ago, when the children were taught "to read, write and cipher." Of a very quick and active temperament, he, in early life, formed a determined purpose to enter business for himself. At the age of eighteen he became a clerk to a Boston merchant. After a year's experience there he returned to Sutton and entered into the manufacture of stoves anil sheet iron ware, in company with a cousin, John C. Pillsbury. lie continued in this busi- ness until February. 1840, when he went to Warner, New Hampshire, into the store of John H. Pearson, where he remained until the following July, when lie purchased the busi- ness on his own account and continued in it for some eight years. In the spring of IMS he entered a wholesale dry goods house in Boston, and in 1S40 again returned to War ner and engaged in busiuess there until tin- spring of 1851, when he sold out his interest and went out of the mercantile business en tirely. During his residence in Warner he was postmaster from 1844 to 1S4'.I; was select- man in 1847 and 1849; town treasurer in 1849. and a Representative to the State Legislature in 1850 and 1851. He was also selected as chairman of the committee appointed to build the Merrimack county jail in Concord in 1851 and 1852, and had the general superintendence of the construction of the work, which was most faithfully done. In November, 1851, Mr. Pillsbury was appointed purchasing agenl and adjuster of the Concord railroad, and com- menced his duties the following December, having in the meantime moved his family tit Concord. For nearly twenty-four years lie oc- cupied this position, and discharged its duties with rare business ability, showing wise judg- ment in all his purchases, which amounted to millions of dollars, and settling more cases of claims against the corporation for alleged in- juries to persons and property than all the other officers of the road. He had great quick- ness of perception and promptness in action, two wonderful business qualities, which, when rightly used, always bring success. Mr. Pills- bury was prominent in the councils of the Dem- ocratic party until the War of the Rebellion, when he was an ardent supporter of Lincoln for President. From that time on lie was a strong Republican. During the twenty- seven years' residence of Mr. Pillsbury in Concord he acquired a position of great prominence and distinction in the State of New Hampshire. He became one of the men of the State to whom were confided matters of weight and importance. In busi- ness, education, morality and religion his coun- sels were eagerly sought. When the high school at Concord and other school buildings throughout the city were projected and erected Mr. Pillsbury, on account of his well recog nized business prudence, common sense, judg- ment and integrity, was pushed to the front to superintend their construction. He was also interested in the erection of several of the handsomest business blocks upon the principal streets of the city; and several fine resideuces in the city were built by him. In the year 1804 Mr. Pillsbury. with others, established the First National Bank of Concord. From the tirst he was one of the directors, and in 1800 became its president, which position he held until his departure from the State. He was also more instrumental than any other person in organizing the National Savings Bank of Concord in 1807. Of tins bank he was the first president, and held the position until 1X74, when he resigned. During Mr. Pillsbury's man- agement of the First National Bank it became, in proportion to its capital stock, the strongest bank in the State. Up to December, 1873, when the treasurer was discovered to be a de- faulter to a large amount, the savings bank was one of the most successful in the State; t54 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. but this defalcation, with the general crash in business, required its closing up. Its total de- posits up to the time mentioned exceeded $3,000,000. The bank finally paid its depos- itors nearly dollar for dollar and interest, not- withstanding the large defalcation by its treas- urer. During the years 1S71 and 1872 Mr. Pillsbury was again elected a member of the Legislature of New Hampshire, and was a member of some of the most important Legisla- tive committees. For several years he was a member of the city council of Concord, and in 1870 was elected mayor of the city, to which position he was re-elected upon the expiration of his first term of office. On May 9, 1811, Mr. Pillsbury was married to Margaret S. t'arleton. To them were born three children, a daughter, who died in infancy, and two sons, Charles A. Pillsbury. "the flour king." who died Septem- ber 17, 189!), and Fred C. Pillsbury. a most promising young man, whose sudden death from diphtheria on May 15, 1892, was so deeply lamented. In 1869 Charles A. Pillsbury came to this city and shortly after engaged in the milling business. In 1870 his younger brother, Fred C. Pillsbury, also located in Minneapolis. During all of these years Coventor Pillsbury had been a prominent citizen of the State. The fact that George A. Pillsbury's sons were en- gaged in successful business here and that his brother, John S. Pillsbury. resided here, and the further fact that he had large business interests here, were inducements which led him to consider giving up his home in Concord and removing to Minneapolis. When it became known to the citizens of Concord that he was contemplating a removal to Minneapolis every effort was made to retain him in Concord. The struggle which went on in Mr. Pillsbury's mind was intense. The ties which bound him to Concord were many, lint finally his regard for his suns and brother determined the ques- tion, and in 1878 he made the removal. Prob- ably nd person ever left the city of Concord who received so many expressions of regret as did Mr. Pillsbury. Complimentary resolutions were unanimously passed by both branches of the city government and by the First National Panic Resolutions passed by the First Baptist church and society were ordered to be entered upon the records of each organization. The Webster Club, composed of fifty prominent business men of Concord, passed a series of resolutions expressive of regret for his de- parture from the State. A similar testimonial was presented to Mr. Pillsbury which bore the signatures of more than three hundred of the leading professional and business men of the city, among whom were all the ex-mayors liv- ing, all the clergymen, all the members of both branches of the city government, all the bank presidents and officers, twenty-six law- yers, twenty physicians, and nearly all of the business men of the city. On the evening of their departure from Concord, Mr. and Mrs. Pillsbury were given a public reception and were presented with an elegant bronze statue. Upon coming to Minneapolis Mr. Pillsbury at once entered actively into the milling business I in which he had been long interested) in the firm of C. A. Pillsbury & Co. His superior business ability was at once recognized on all sides, and the same prominence which he held in Concord was accorded him in Minneapolis. In a short time he became identified in many public and private matters in the city. The cit- izens at once saw his fitness for public position, and shortly after his arrival in Minneapolis he was made a member of the board of educa- tion. On April ::, 188::, he was elected an alderman from the Fifth ward, and shortly after made president of the city council, lb' was also a member of the board of park com missioners and of the waterworks board. These positions he held until April, 1884, when he was elected mayor of the city. These elections of Mr. Pillsbury were not of his own forward- ing, but he was in both instances chosen by the people because of his recognized fitness, and he accepted the positions from a sense of pub- lic duty. The services which Mr. Pillsbury rendered as mayor will ever give him distinc- tion. At that time Minneapolis was thickly studded with saloons. Not only were saloons numerous throughout the settled parts of the cily. but they abounded in the suburbs, at Mill nehaha and around the numerous beautiful lakes which environ the city. Every road BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. IS: coming into the city had its two or three or more saloons to tempt the traveler and draw the sporting classes. The temperance people were aroused and the cry on the lips of all respectable people was: "What can be done!" Only two remedies were suggested, one was prohibition, the other high license. But pro- hibition could not be realized in Minneapolis any more than in any other city of any con- siderable size. Then it was that George A. Pillsbury conceived a method of dealing with the liquor question that had never been at- tempted before, and that was the famous "pa- trol limit system," — a method which had not before entered the heads of the various stu- dents of temperance reform. Mr. Pillsbury be- lieved in high license, but he did not think that sufficient in itself. In his first message to the city council he came out boldly in favor of an ordinance which should require not only a high license, but one which should exclude the selling of liquor everywhere in the city except on a few "down town" streets, where there was a constant and continuous police patrol. The practicability and common sense of the thing at once commended it to all think- ing people. Only the extreme prohibitionists and the extreme liquor men were opposed to it. Mr. Pillsbury pressed the issue with bold- ness and rare business sense. He urged (lie advantages that would come to the city and to property by making the residential and subur- ban parts of the city free from the evils and effects of saloons and liquor. He urged the ad- vantages that would come by confining the sale of liquor to a comparatively small area in the business part of the city where there was constant police surveillance. The so-called "patrol limit" ordinance was passed in re- sponse to his suggestion. There is not space in this sketch to go into detail as to the con troversy which the adoption of this new prin- ciple involved. It is sufficient to say that after bitter attacks from the extreme liquor men and the prohibitionists the method was sus tained both by public sentiment and the highest courts of the State, and what was orig- inally passed as a city ordinance was subse- quently ratified by the State Legislature and lias now become a part of the permanent char tec of Minneapolis, never again to be ques- tioned. Minneapolis has become famous among students of social science as being the first city to adopt this new and practical meth- od of dealing with the liquor question. Other cities have adopted it and the idea is fast be- coming popular. For several years Mr. Pills bury was president of the Board of Trade, president of the Free Dispensary, and presi- dent of the Minnesota Baptist State Associa- tion. At the time of his death and for several years prior thereto he was president of the Northwestern National Bank and one of the trustees of the Hennepin County Savings Bank. He also held positions in many private corporations and societies, and until within a few months prior to his death his mind and thoughts were occupied with many business cares. The last years of Mr. Pillsbury's life were passed in caring for his property and do- ing good works for others. He took special interest in the work of the Baptist Church (of which he was a life-long member) both at home and throughout the country, and responded to its calls both with his time and his money. Old age stole gently upon him and he passed away peaceably at his home July 17th, 1898. Although Mr. Pillsbury was a successful man, both in business and as a public official, he will be remembered perhaps most of all for his work in the line of benevolences. Early in life he adopted the principle that a man should do as much good as he could in this world, and in case he was fortunate enough to accumulate property that he should, as far as possible, act as his own administrator, a view which met the cordial support of his wife and his two sons. In an address at Concord in 1891, when he presented to the city in the name of his wife the magnificent Margaret Pillsbury hos- pital, to which we are about to refer, he used these words: "I have for many years been of the opinion that it was the duty of every one, as far as possible, to administer upon his own estate. We have had frequent examples where the ablest of lawyers have failed to draw a will that would be sustained by the courts. I have also noticed, during mv some- 15^ BIOUBAFHY OF MINNESOTA. what prolonged life, that property left to chil- dren has proved, I think, in a majority of cases, a curse father llian a blessing, especially where such children are possessed of strong bodies and a good education." Consequently we find a series of benevolent acts running through his career. In Concord he engaged actively in establishing the Centennial Home for the Aged, making large contributions thereto and serving as a trustee. He was also a generous giver to the New Hampshire Or- phans' Home at Franklin, and was a trustee from the time of its foundation until he left the State. The magnificent bell in the tower of the Board of Trade Building at Concord and the handsome organ in the First Baptist Church of Concord were gifts from him and his son, Charles A. Pillsbury. He also made [several large contributions towards building and endowing Colby Academy at New Lon don, New Hampshire. In 1886 Mr. Pillsbury was chairman of the committee of construction of the First Baptist church of .Minneapolis, and the large and handsome organ uow in that church was a gift from Mr. Pillsbury, his wife and their two sons, Charles A., and Fred C. Shortly after Mr. Pillsbury came to Minnesota he became interested in the academy at Owa- tonna, of which he was elected one of the trus- tees. This academy was established under Baptist auspices, by an act of the Territory of Minnesota, enacted in L856. Prior to the time when Mr. Pillsbury became interested in the institution it had not flourished to the degree that its friends had anticipated, although it had nevertheless done a good work. Mr. Pills- bury was always a firm believer in academies, "the poor man's college," as a means of edu- cation, and when he became interested in this institution and saw the held which it might occupy if properly managed and endowed, he determined to do what he could to put it on a satisfactory basis. To do this required not only new buildings, but also funds to endow and support it. Mr. Pillsbury at once applied to the affairs of this institution the same thought, attention and business judgment that he gave to his private affairs. As the needs of the institution impressed themselves upon him he determined to meet them. His lirsi large gifl to the institution was the erection of a ladies' hall, which was named "Pillsbury Hall." In 1SS!) Mr. Pillsbury erected for the instil ill ion I he new building, which com pares favorably with any academy building in the country. This building contains recitation rooms, library and reading-rooms, offices, chemical laboratory, gymnasium, bath-room. study-room, chapel and a spacious auditorium. Mr. Pillsbury also constructed a music hall, which is a gem of its sort. This building is a two-story brick structure, 80 by 40 feet. The design is very ornate and the building adds much lo l he campus. It contains a fire-proof library-room and has ample accommodations for the music department. In addition to this .Mr. Pillsbury erected a spacious brick drill hall, which has a clear floor 110 by 05 feet, and is admirably adapted to the purpose for which it is designed. In addition to the erection of the above buildings Mr. Pillsbury gave gener- ously to the institution, both of time and money. His giving was unostentatious, but outsiders who have some means of knowing es- timate that of money alone he gave in his life- time about $500,000 to the institution. In his will there was a further bequest to I he acad- emy of a quarter of a million dollars. His will also gave generous sums to various benevolent and charitable societies. Such acts as these sneak of the character of the man far better than any words we can add. In his many gifts lie went beyond the limits of ordinary benevo- lence and in his furtherance of great schemes for the support of religion and education and those things which make for the peace and well being of society he attained to the height of philanthropy. And it is no wonder that the friends of Owatonna Academy, in recogni- tion of his great services to the institution, a few years ago caused its name to be changed to Pillsbury Academy. In all of his prosperity .Mr. Pillsbury never forgot the home and friends of his youth, as do too many successful men. The towns of Sutton and Warner, in New Hampshire, where his early years were spent, and also the goodly city of Concord, where he passed the years of his maturer man- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. l D/ hood, were dear to him, and lie determined to show his regard for these places in sonic per- manent manner. In the town of Sutton, on the public ground and a short distance from the house in which he was horn, he erected, in 1890, a soldiers' monument in memory of the men of Sutton who served in the War of the Rebellion. This monument is constructed of granite and is surmounted with a granite statue, of heroic size, of a soldier at parade rest. The height, including the statue, is thirty-two feet. The bases, plinth and shaft arc handsomely carved with emblems, and a suitable inscription sets forth the purpose for which the monument was erected. The whole effect is very imposing. To the town of War- ner he presented the Pillsbury Free Library and filled the shelves thereof with books. This library is a very complete building of its kind, and is pointed to with pride and admiration by all wdio see it. The building is constructed of handsome pressed brick, with granite trim niings, is well lighted and ventilated, ami has all of the interior finishings and furnishings of the modern library building. In the suburbs of the city of Concord, on a pleasant site over- looking the beautiful valley of the Merrimac, and commanding an extensive view of hills and forest, stands a magnificent building of which any city might well be proud. This building is the Margaret Pillsbury General Hospital. A tablet at the entrance bears the inscription: "Erected by George Alfred Pills- bury in honor of his wife, Margaret Sprague Pillsbury, on the fiftieth anniversary of their marriage, 1891.'' This building is in ar- chitectural effect very imposing. It is one hundred and twenty-four feet long and seventy-five feet in width at the two ends, and is forty-five feet high, having two sto- ries and a basement, with slated roof and venti- lating cupola. The basement is of granite, and the walls of pressed brick with granite and terra cotta trimmings, and copper cornices. An examination of the interior shows it to be a modern and a model hospital, with all the arrangements and appliances that the most re- cent surgical and medical science could sug- gest. The cost of this building was not less than $fi0,000. No more graceful compliment could any husband ever pay to a faithful wife than the gift of a hospital for the sick and injured; nor could any more appropriate gift be given in honor of fifty years of happy mar- ried life than this. In bestowal of all these gifts to the public, as well as in the buildings at Owatonna, Mr. rillsbury not only furnished the means for the erection, but he personally superintended the making of the plans and the work of actual construction. JOHN LIND. To be elected Governor of the State of Minnesota at any time is not a small honor; to be the first man elected to the place in op- position to the Republican party organization is even a more signal victory; to be chosen above and beyond partisan lines by the dis- criminating judgment of his fellow-citizens, at a time when all the other nominees of the opposing party, save the gubernatorial, were elected by more or less handsome majorities, is a distinction such as has been accorded to few men in any State. It was under such cir- cumstances that John Lind was inaugurated Governor of Minnesota in January, 1899. Gov- ernor Lind was born at Kanna, Province of Smaland, Sweden, March 25, 1851. His par ents were Gustav and Catherine (Johnson) Lind. Gustav Lind, like his ancestors for sev- eral generations, was a farmer, and also filled local offices in the community where he lived, being deputy sheriff of the borough for several years. The family emigrated to America in 1807, when John was thirteen years of age, and settled in Goodhue county, Minnesota. Here young John, laboring to assist in the support of the family, lost his left hand by an accident which, perhaps, turned the current of his ca- reer, as now, illy fitted to compete with his fellows in the material world, he was urged to more assiduity in the pursuit of his studies. He spent as much of his time in school as pos- sible, and at sixteen he was granted a certifi- cate entitling him to teach in the public- schools. He taught one vear in Sibley county, 158 MIOORAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. but not being satisfied with the compensation in a new country at that time, he, in 1873, took up his residence in New Ulm, where he has since resided, respected and honored among men. By the dint of hard study, industry and strict economy, he was aide to attend the State University in 1875 and 1870, having in mind then the practice of the law. Utilizing all his opportunities for private study and privileged as he was to work in the office of a New Ulm practitioner, he was admitted to the bar im- mediately upon leaving the university, at the age of twenty-one. In 1877 he began the prac- tice of law and, taking an active interest in public life, was chosen superintendent of schools of Brown county. This position he held for two years, declining a re-nomination in order that he might devote himself entirely to the profession upon the adoption of which he had now fully determined, namely, the law. In 1881, under the administration of Garfield and Arthur, he was made receiver of the land office at Tracy. Lyon county, which position he held until the election of President Cleveland, still being able, however, to care for his pri- vate practice at New Ulm. The country was tilling up rapidly and the work of the courts incidentally increased. Mr. Lind's natural tal- ent and diligence made him a name more than local, and his prosecution of several suits, notably those against railroad companies, won him not a little renown. He was also active in the councils ef the Republican parly, and in 1880 he was nominated to represent the Second District in the Federal Congress. The Second District then comprised twenty counties — practically all of Southwestern Minnesota. That was a hard fought campaign, Dr. A. A. Ames of Minneapolis coming within a very small margin of defeating A. R. McGill for Governor, but Mr. Lind was elected by a splen- did plurality. Two years later he was re-nomi- nated and again elected, his adversary this time being Col. Morton S. Wilkinson, a veteran leader, who had been one of Minnesota's three representatives in the Federal House from 1869 to 1871, and United States Senator during the Avar. He took an active interest in the affairs of the Indians and secured the passage of a bill establishing seven Indian schools in various parts of the country, one of them being located at Pipestone, in this State. An- other sphere of work of local importance was the pushing of some old claims for the depre- dations of the Indians during the outbreak of L862. He secured the payment of many of these for the people of the Second District who had suffered during that uprising. One of the greatest economies which he secured to the people of the State, however, was the pas- sage of the bill for the reorganization of the Federal Courts of the District of Minnesota, which is commonly known to this day as the "bind Bill." Previous to its passage all ses- sions of the United States Courts in this Stall' had been held in St. Paul, entailing long sit- tings, delays in trials and long journeys, in- creasing the cost to litigants living remote from the Capital. Mr. Lind's bill provided for terms as now held at Minneapolis. Mankato, Winona and Fergus Falls, as well as an St. Paul. Mr. Lind was a strenuous fighter for the integrity and enforcement of the Inter- slate Commerce Act in its efforts to prevent discriminations in favor of persons or places. He had added to it amendments which made it possible for the commission to procure evi- dence more efficiently, and also made several battles in the courts to secure for the millers in the smaller centers of the Stale, rates more fair when compared with the millers of Minne- apolis, who had been granted certain special privileges. Mr. Lind was also instrumental in securing a great reform in railroad manage ment and equipment, which is saving human life and limb hourly. That is, the automatic coupler and power-brake bill, so-called, which was passed, and directed all railroads to pro- vide their cars with automatic couplers of uni- form type, and to have at least a certain num- ber of cars of each train equipped with air or other power brakes, so as to obviate the use of hand brakes, which were very dangerous in icy or sleety weather. This bill was opposed by a strong and insistent lobby, led by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, but after a hard contest the lobby was beaten and Mr. Lind's bill became a law. Another bill of com- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 159 menial value to the Northwest made Minne- apolis a port of entry. Mr. Lind was a con- ceded authority in the House on the subjects concerned with the public lauds — Congress- man Payson of Illinois being the only man on the floor considered his peer in this special branch of so much importance to the West. In the contest over the tariff Mr. Lind was a hard fighter, and showed his independence by declining to be bound by the declarations of the Republican caucus. He fought the tariff on lumber because, as he said, it commit led the Nation to the idiocy of destroying its own forests rather than those of other people. He fought for free sugar, for free materials for making binding twine, and for free twine. In 1890 Mr. Lind was elected a third time, defeat ing Gen. James H. Baker of Garden City. In 1892 he declined to become a candidate again, for personal reasons, and the present Congress- man, James T. McCleary, then Professor of Political Economy in the State Normal School at Mankato, was nominated and elected to suc- ceed Mr. Lind. The platform adopted at Man- kato accorded the retiring Congressman this compliment: "We recognize in Hon. John Lind, our present Member of Congress, an able and efficient representative, and trust that his voluntary retirement from the Held of active legislative duty will be only temporary." In 1893 Governor Nelson appointed Mr. Lind, who had returned to the practice of law at New rim, a regent of the University of Minne- sota. Mr. Lind was an early recruit to the financial policy espoused by Senator Teller and other Silver Republicans. In 1896 the Demo- cratic and People's party nominated him for Governor, and he made a splendid run, David B. Clough defeating him by only a small ma- jority of about three thousand votes. In the spring of ISO -, when President McKinley called for volunteers to defend the National honor and avenge the destruction of the Maine, John Lind, at the sacrifice of his law practice, tendered his services to Governor Clough in any capacity in which he might be available. Governor Clough, at the request of Colonel Bobleter. in command of the Twelfth Minne- sota, made Mr. Lind regimental quartermas- ter with the rank of first lieutenant. His record as quartermaster was attested by his popularity with the regiment, which had a chance at Chattanooga to compare with other standards the efficiency of Mr. Lind's arduous labors in keeping the men well equipped and provisioned. It was while the Twelfth Regi- ment was encamped at Camp Thomas, Chicka- mauga National Park, that the Democratic People's and Silver Republican parties, in State Convention, unanimously nominated Mr. Lind for Governor. It was his desire, after the defeat of 1896, not to again enter the field of politics, but so unanimous was the call, and so insistent were the friends who had supported him so warmly in previous campaigns, that Mr. Lind at last put aside his desire for political retirement and consented to make the race, subject to the necessary limitations of his mili- tary service. With the surrender of Santiago and the subsequent return of the Minnesota troops from the South, Mr. Lind was enabled to make two short series of speeches in a few of the cities and towns of the State. There has rarely been such a series of popular demon- strations of personal admiration and sympathy. These tours, brief as they were, were splendid auguries of the magnificent vote which the men of Minnesota gave him on election day. This is the public and political career, epito- mized, of the man who has fought his way. despite rebuffs and temporary reverses, to at- tain success at last and a full realization of the fact that "he cannot appreciate victory who has not suffered defeat." Governor Lind's energies have not been spent alone in politics and public affairs. He has had a lucrative practice at the bar, and has not sacrificed it in the public service. New Ulm is the center of a thriving farming community, prettily situated in the picturesque valley of the Minnesota, and is such a town as might well be selected for the home of a man of Governor Lind's character, earnest, faithful and unaffected. Governor Lind has been identified with some of the best institutions of New Ulm. He has served as director in the Brown County Bank, and was one of the committee of five New Ulm men who had charge of the construction of the Minne- i6o KIOOKAIMIY OF MINNESOTA. apolis, New I 1m & Southwestern railroad and other enterprises that have materially bene- fited his home town. Governor Lind was mar- ried, in 1ST!». to Miss Alice A. Shepard, the daughter of a then prominent citizen of Blue Earth county, since removed to California. He, Richard Shepard, was a soldier of the Onion army in the Civil War. His father also fought for the young Republic in the War of 1812, while his grandfather was a soldier in the Rev- olutionary War. To Governor ami Mis. Lind have been born three children, Norman, Jenm and Winfred. The tirst named is now a stu- dent at the State University, and with four generations of soldiers before him, might be looked for to enter a military career rather than that of politics, in which his father has attained his greatest fame. ANTHONY KELLY. Anthony Kelly, late merchant and represen- tative citizen of Minneapolis, was a native of Ireland, born at Swinford, County Mayo, Au- gust 25, 1832. His early boyhood was spent in his native island, but when he was fifteen years of age he came with his parents to Amer- ica, and settled near Montreal, Canada. Very early in life he manifested an ardent taste for a life of active usefulness. After acquiring a good common school education and the rudi- ments of a business training he, while still quite young, came to the United States and finally located at Macon, Georgia, where he opened a retail grocery store, which he con- ducted for several years. Having sold his store in Macon, Mr. Kelly came to Minnesota on a visit to his brothers, then living in Minneap- olis. Upon his arrival he was so thoroughly impressed with the location, the growing im- portance of the young town and the opportu- nities it offered for a business career that he soon decided to locate there permanently. He opened a retail grocery store, associated him- self in partnership with his brother, P. H. Kelly, and began the business career in Minne- apolis in which he became so prominent. The Kelly brothers were popular and successful from the first. They were energetic and used sound sense in the conduct of their business, and prospered constantly. In a comparatively brief time they had outgrown their original limited quarters, erected a more commodious building and had largely increased the scope and extent of their operations. In 1S(!3, P. H. Kelly withdrew from the firm and went to St. Paul. Mr. Anthony Kelly continued the busi- ness in Minneapolis on his own account for three years, when he formed a partnership with II. W. Wagner, the firm name becoming- Anthony Kelly & Company. It soon became the largest grocery house in the city. As time passed and business increased Mr. Kelly saw the necessity and importance of extending the character and field of his operations, and after opening up in the new building he abandoned the retail grocery business and engaged in the wholesale trade. Anthony Kelly was the pio- neer wholesale grocer of Minneapolis. The venture was so successful aud the business expanded so rapidly that in a comparatively short time the firm was compelled to find larger quarters, and it built and removed to the large brick and stone structure which was the site of its operations thereafter, and which was always recognized as one of the leading- business institutions of the city. The business of the firm of Anthony Kelly & Company developed into large proportions and gradually increased until it extended over all the vast territory paying business tribute to Minneap- olis. Mr. Kelly was always recognized as the leading and controlling spirit of the house, and it was his master hand which guided aud directed its work. So much for Anthony Kel- ly's career as a business man. Put during all of the long period referred to he contrived to find time in the midst of his engrossing busi- ness activities to take an active part in the local affairs of his city. Energetic, broad- minded, public-spirited, liberal in his views, and of a high order of intelligence, his aid was sought and his hand was in every movement to build up the interests and institutions of the city. There was never a fight for the wel- fare of the city of Minneapolis in which he did ^$fe^r BIOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA. if. i not engage — never a worthy enterprise which he did not promote. He was always earnestly ■ — lint unostentatiously, as becomes a right- minded man — interested in every philanthropic enterprise and prominently identified with every movement of the kind in the city. No other man ever gave more liberally of his time, energies and money to further worthy char- itable objects. Wherever and whenever hu- man suffering and misery could be ameliorated by anything he could do, he was ready with voice and hand and purse, and did what he could. He gave freely and liberally, but never purposely "to be seen of men," and very many of his benefactions and charities were never known to the world — and he did not wish that they should be. Anthony Kelly was not one to vaunt or parade himself. He disliked no- toriety, sought no cheap distinctions, and hated all insincerity, sham, and pretense. He never posed as a "reformer," although no other man in the city ever did more for real reforms and the improvement of society and humanity. People who knew him knew just where to find him, and that what he said he meant. He had hosts of admiring friends, es- pecially among the old settlers and his long- time associates, and there was many a deep and heartfelt pang of sorrow when, on that fine June morning in 1899, the message was flashed over the wires throughout the country — ''Anthony Kelly is dead." In business af- fairs generally Mr. Kelly had become very prominent — a factor in the development of 1 1 1 • • material interests of Minneapolis. At the time of his death he was vice-president of the Northwestern National Hank, and, up to the time of the reorganization of the Minneapolis General Electric Company, had been its presi- dent and directing mind. He was also a stock- holder in several other important business or- ganizations. He was a trustee of the Hill Sem- inary, and, for about seven years, was one of the directors and vice president of the board of managers of the State Institute for Defec- tives at Faribault. In politics he was a staunch Democrat, but never an office seeker or a po- litical office holder. He was a humble, but ear- nest and consistent believer in the Catholic faith, but tolerant and charitable toward all Christian religions. Mr. Kelly was the inti- mate friend and confidant, as well as the asso ciate, of the best men who have shaped the destinies of Minneapolis. He had rare social tastes and qualities, and his great fund of in- formation, the spice of his ready wit, his fluent and animated style of conversation, and his charming amiability, made him a most delight- ful entertainer and companion. In the sacred precincts of his home, however, he was at his best. Here his life was an ideal one. He loved his family with all the fervor of his affectionate nature, and with them he found his highest pleasures. He was a profound student and very fond of literary pursuits. He read and spoke German fluently, and had a good knowledge of French and Spanish, and had spoken these languages in their native countries. Fond of travel and investigation he gratified these tastes to a great extent. He was familiar with almost every part of the United States, had repeatedly visited the land of his birth and made several excursions through the continent of Europe. With the capacity to appreciate and remember what he saw, these investigations added to his great slock of valuable knowledge. Anthony Kelly died in his adopted city, which he had so much helped to build. May 31, 1899. His death created a feeling of sorrow genuine and wide- spread, lie was sixty-seven years of age, and in active and successful business life up to the time of his death, but somehow it seemed that his calling away was untimely. There seemed to be much more that he could do for his city, his State and his fellow men. The event was of public importance; the press, the pulpit, the business associations, etc., all expressed the general sorrow, and commented upon the char acter of the deceased in the warmest terms. Said the St. Paul Globe of July 7th: "Anthony Kelly was one of the finest types of American citizens, and one of the gentlest, and, in thought and deed, one of the most upright men that ever graced a Christian com- munity. He was indeed an ideal man. Re- ligious in the truest sense in which the spirit of God is made to descend into the hearts of 1 62 BIOORABnY OF MINNESOTA. iiu-ii through the influence of faith in the Christian teaching, he was at the same time a thoughtful, patriotic citizen, ever devoted to the welfare of city, State and Nation, and anxious in every way within liis reach to pro mote the happiness and temporal welfare of his fellow man. No man ever heard from the lips of An- thony Kelly an unkind or uncharitable ex- pression concerning another. His word was indeed his bond; and in small matters as well as in large, he was the very spirit of manliness and personal probity. That such a man should have it within him to secure a high measure of business success is proof that the highest commercial ability may be united with those qualities which pre- serve men in the faith and innocence and purity of their younger days." Ex-Governor John S. Pillsbury, who had long and intimately known Mr. Kelly, wrote: "I have known him as few men knew him. We began our struggle in Minneapolis about the same time. I can easily recall the vigor- ous, intelligent, ambitious, determined young man, of fifty years ago. There are none who have known him in a social way or in business, who can truthfully say that they ever saw him do an unmanly or dishonest act. He died, pre- sumably, a wealthy man, but what he got in the way of worldly goods, he got honestly. He was not pulling others down while he was building himself up. He was always a great respecter of honest toil; he had no patience with the idler or the drone. He believed God placed man here for a useful career. He was thoroughly honest and did not know how to act in anything but an honest manner. He grew to be a better man every day he lived, and you could see it as the years passed by. I always found him a high-toned gentleman, quiet and unostentatious, and it was a genuine pleasure to do business with him. Mr. Kelly was always a public spirited man; you could always depend upon him to do his part. When there were but few of us, we had to look after public matters, and we worked together through the troubles incident to pioneer days. Mr. Kelly was a positive man, and his yea was yea. his nay, nay. He was a man who expected people to do right by him, for he always did right by them, and he would not brook de- ception. He was not a visionary man; he always lived within his means. He was kind to the poor, being especially interested in the poor among the people of his own church." Mr. Kelly was married in Minneapolis April 20, 1863, to Annie Willey, widow of U. S. Willey, a prominent attorney of the city in early limes. .Mrs. Kelly was a daughter of Wm. < 'alder Haymond, a renowned lawyer of West Virginia, where she was born. Of the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Kelly, always one of rare felicity, were born two sons and four daughters. JOHN It. SANBORN. On the 2d of March, 1632, the good ship "William and Prances" sailed from England, and on the 3d of June following she landed in Boston. In her passenger list were three brothers, John, William and Stephen Sanborn, and their mother's father, Stephen Bachiller. These brothers were the progenitors of the great family of Sanborns, scattered through- out the United States. They were among the early colonists, coming to the new world less than twelve years after the landing of the "Mayflower," and settling in the town of Hampton, New Hampshire, which continued to be the undivided home of the family until the middle of the Eighteenth Century. Stephen Bachiller became one of the famous and powerful Puritan ministers, whose stern morality contributed much of value to the firmness and integrity of the New England character. At length, Reuben Sanborn — a descendant of William, of the original emi- grants — with his sons, Eliphalet and Reuben, removed to Epsom, New Hampshire, and ac- quired the Sanborn homestead, which has remained continuously in possession of the family for a hundred and fifty years. Gen. John Benjamin Sanborn, the principal sub- ject of this sketch, was born on this home- stead December 5, 1820, the son of Frederick Sanborn, a man of estimable qualities, and Lucy L. Sargent, a native of I'ittsfield, New Hampshire, whose strength of character and purity of life were adorned by exceptional personal charms and graces. His great-grand- father, Eliphalet Sanborn, served under Gen- eral Wolfe in the war against the French and ** 4 £16S/,,J, #24/ /&^/7/v t W^t, BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 163 Indians, and in the Continental army during the struggle for American independence. His maternal grandfather, Benjamin Sargent, also served in the Revolutionary war, first as a drummer boy, aud last as a soldier in the ranks of fighting men. Having in his veins the blood of patriots and heroes, mixed with that of Puritan ancestry, it is not surprising that the hoy born at Epsom seventy-three years ago, should develop into the strong man, the gal- lant soldier and the upright citizen, and achieve the eminence in military and civic life that General Sanborn has attained. His boyhood was passed on his fat tier's farm, at the kind of work and in the manner which contributed to the vigor of both body and mind. His common school education term- inated when he was sixteen years of age, and for the following six years lie devoted himself exclusively to carrying on the farm and the manufacture of lumber. At the age of twenty- two he suddenly changed his whole purpose in life and decided to obtain an education and qualify himself for the practice of the law. He at once fitted for college at the academies of Pembroke, New Hampshire, and Thetford, Vermont, and entered Dartmouth College in the autumn of 1851, where he remained during that term. On account of his mature years the leading members of the bar at Concord, New Hampshire, Hon. Franklin Pierce, Judge Asa Fowler and Hon. Ira Peverley, advised him to abandon his college course and devote him- self to the study of the law at once. This plan he pursued and was admitted to the bar of the Superior Court in Concord at the July Term, 1854, having studied continuously from 1851 in the office of Hon. Asa Fowler. At this time he was twenty-seven years old, and in the latter part of November following he left his native State, in company with Theodore French of Concord, New Hampshire, to estab- lish a new home in the more promising field of the Northwest. He settled in the City of SI. Paul, of which place he has remained a citizen continuously from that time to the present. and where he has constantly practiced his profession, except when engaged in the public service. In the ensuing fortv-five years Gen- eral Sanborn has become so identified with the great Northwest as to be a part of the very fibre of its growth, a contributor to its fame and a beneficiary of its boundless resources. During this period he has been a member of the following law firms, viz: Sanborn & French; Sanborn, French & Lund; Sanborn & Lund; Sanborn & King, at Washington, D. C; John B. & W. II. Sanborn, which firm in- cluded Edward P. Sanborn as a partner for a portion of its existence; and John B. & E. P. Sanborn, which firm still exists. The reputa- tion and strength of all these firms have been far above the average, and each and all have been successful ill a marked degree. From 1854 to 1861 a law business had been estab- lished which was equal in its extent, and in the profits derived therefrom, to any exist in»- in the State at that time, and when General Sanborn had terminated his public service in 1868, he again immediately engaged in the practice of the law in connection with the firms above mentioned with equal or greater success than had attended his efforts prior to the War of the Rebellion. In conformity to the custom of the new States of the Northwest, of making the young lawyers the law makers. Mr. Sanborn was elected a member of the Lower House of the Legislature in 1859, and of the State Senate in 1860. He was made Chairman of the Judiciary Committee of the House iii 1S59, and aided by his able commit- tee, succeeded iii practically reorganizing the whole State government during that session; school districts, towns, counties, were all re- organized upoD a more economical plan, which aided to bring credit and prosperity to the impoverished State, most of which laws, both in letter and spirit, still remain upon the Statute book. During this session he was voted for in the Republican caucus for candi- date for the United States Senate and lacked but a few votes of the nomination, which was equivalent to an election. At the very opening of the Rebellion he was appointed by Governor Ramsey to the laborious and responsible posi- tion, in time of war. of Adjutant General of the State of Minnesota and Acting Quarter- Master General, and in that capacity he or .64 BlncRAPIIY (»F MINNESOTA. ganized and equipped the first five regiments of volunteer infantry raised in the State. At the Hose of tliis service and of the year L861, moved no doubt by the martial spirit derived from his ancestors, lie entered the military service of the United States as colonel of the Fourth Regiment, .Minnesota Infantry Volun- teers, in which service he remained until the last day of June, 1866. During this term of military service he held the rank of colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Minnesota Infantry Volunteers, brigadier general of volunteers from August 4, lsi;::, brevet major general of volunteers from February. 1865. He com- manded a brigade in action at the battles of luka, Corinth, in the Yazoo Pass Expedition. Raymond, .Jackson, Champion Hills. Black River, and in the sieges of Corinth and Vicks- burg, and a division at Port Gibson and in the Assault on Vicksburg on the 22d of May, lsi;:',. In the Battle of luka, September 19, 1862, he commanded, under the immediate eye of Gen- eral Rosecrans, and held his position, although losing 588 men killed and wounded, in an hour and ten minutes, out of his command of a little more than 2200. He was commended in gen- eral orders by General Rosecrans for his conduct in this battle, and appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln, brigadier general of volunteers. The appointment was made while the Senate was in session, and was not reached by the Senate for its action before adjournment, and hence did not become operative, and during the Vicksburg Campaign he still commanded his brigade and division with the rank of colonel only. His reputation acquired at luka was fully sustained in all the subsequent bat- tles in which he commanded during the war. At Champion Hills he received and carried into effect orders from General Grant in per son at the very crisis of the battle, which turned seeming defeat into decided victory. He built a pontoon bridge of cotton bales over the Black river, by which the army marched from Champion Hills to Vicksburg. He reached, with the Seventh Division, the ditch of the outer works of the enemy in the assaull on Vicksburg on the 22d of .May. and as other commands failed to gel up to the works, took the responsibility of ordering his command back under cover from the enemy's fire instead of ordering them over the works, which course received the approval of General Grant and General McPheraon. After the surrender of Vicksburg he was again appointed brigadier general by President Lincoln, while the Sen ate was not in session, and he at once entered upon the duties of his new rank, and was ordered by General Grant to report, fur temporary duty only, to General Scofield, com manding the Department of the Missouri. He was now assigned to the command of a terri- torial district, including southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas. This command he retained until the Rebel Army surrender. This last promotion was made upon the special recommendation of General Grant, and when, in February. 1864, General Grant had been requested by General Halleck to designate the colonels that had been promoted to brigadier generals that he thought he must have con- tinued — as there were a greater number in the list than could be confirmed, with due regard to the public welfare — General Grant desig- nated fourteen, of whom General Sanborn was one. that should be confirmed. No one of the fourteen ever knew that General (Irani had written such a letter till it was printed in the Rebellion Records in recent years. In the autumn of 1864 General Sanborn conducted successfully, first a defensive and then an offensive campaign in Missouri, against the army of Gen. Sterling Price. He com manded all the cavalry in Hie army west id' the Mississippi river in the field — between eighl and ten thousand mounted nun — against more than double that number of Confederates under the command of eight general officers, several of whom were graduates of West Point, or had served in the Mexican War. The campaign was so conducted thai the Rebel Army was practically broken up, Generals Marmaduke and Cabell captured, with more than two thousand prisoners, eight pieces of artillery and a large amount of supplies. After the surrender of the Rebel armies he was ordered to take the command of an ex- pedition to the southern plains to terminate BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 165 the disorders, and establish peace with the Comanche, Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Apache, and Kiowa Indians. This was speedily accom- plished and a treaty of peace concluded with all those tribes in October of that year. Thereupon he was sent to the Indian Territory to adjust the relations between the Five Civil- ized Tribes and their former slaves. This service was successfully accomplished during the winter of 1865-6, and thereupon he was mustered out of the military service in June. 1866. After this he was appointed, in ls<>7, by the President, one of the commissioners to treat with the hostile bands of Sioux Indians, with General Sully, General Buford, Mr. Beauvais, Judge Kinney, and Colonel Parker. This commission was followed by another created by an act of Congress, in which Gen- eral Sanborn was named as one of the commissioners in the act. The commission was composed of Generals Sherman, Harney, and Terry, Senator John B. Henderson, the commissioner of Indian Affairs, Taylor, and Samuel F. Tappan. This commission revised and changed the whole system of dealing with the Indians, and to a greater extent than ever before applied the bounty of the government to the feeding, clothing and education of the Indians and qualifying them to live the life of civilized people. General Sanborn has re ceived honors at the hands of his fellow- citizens, and been elected to the Minnesota Legislature for eight years since leaving the United States service, lie was a member at the session when the second State Capitol was provided for, also when the new Capitol was provided for and the State Railroad bonds paid. He has been elected for two years com mander of the Loyal Legion of Minnesota, and was honored with the election of first com- mander of the (i. A. R. of this State. His prominence in business, in letters and social life is evidenced by his presidency of the St. Paul Chamber of Commerce for a number of years, vice presidency of the National German Bank, a trusteeship of the State Historical Society, and connection with several literary and social clubs. General Sanborn is a gen- tleman of means and culture, with a pleasant home and troops of steadfast friends. He was married in March, 1857, to Miss Catharine Hall, of Newton, New Jersey, who died in 1860. In November, 1865, he married Miss Anna Nixon, of Bridgeton, New Jersey — a sister to Hon. John T. Nixon, U. S. District Judge for that State— who died June, 1878. April 15, 1880, he was married to Miss Rachel Rice, daughter of Hon. Edmund Rice, of St. Paul, who is the mother of his four children: Lucy Sargent, John Benjamin, Rachel Rice, and Frederick. RICHARD CHUTE. Richard Chute, deceased, a pioneer and one of the most active and prominent of the early business men of Minneapolis, was born at Cin- cinnati, September 23, 1820. His father was Rev. James Chute, a descendant of Alexander < !hute, who lived in Taunton, England, as early as 1268. The family is of Norman origin, and in England would claim rank with those who came in with William the Conqueror. Mem- bers of the family emigrated to America in Colonial times, and were prominent figures in the early history of New England. Rev. James Chute was a native of Byfield, Massa- chusetts; was educated to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church; taught a private school in < /incinnati, removed to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards, in 18.31, to Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he died when Richard was fifteen years of age. His mother, .Martha Hewes, was de- scended from Capt. Roger Clapp, who in 1664 commanded the "Castle," now Fort Indepen- dence. Boston Harbor. She died in Fort Wayne when Richard was about thirteen years of age. Richard was the oldest of a family of five children. All of his early education was re- ceived from his parents. At the age of twelve he entered the store of S. & II. Hanna & Co.. and was employed by various firms until 1841, when he engaged as clerk with W. G. & (!. \V. Ewing, who were large buyers of furs and skins, dealing with various Indian tribes. In the conduct of this business he was sent bv his 1 66 liKlliHAI'HY OF .MINNESOTA. employers, in 1844, to establish and build a post at Good Road's village, eight miles above Fort Snelling, on the Minnesota river. At that time he visited the Falls of St. Anthony — Uien almost in a state of nature — and was so im- pressed with the natural advantages of the location that, standing on the bank, he took off his hat and exclaimed: "Here is the site of a mighty city." The next year lie became a partner with the Ewings under the linn name of Ewing, Chute & Company, and a few years later became interested in the fur busi- ness with P. Choteau, Jr., & Company. Though a trailer with the Indians, he took a deep inter- esi in their welfare and civilization, and aided them in several negotiations with the govern- ment. He was present at Agency City, Iowa, in ISC', a I the making of the treaty with the Sacs and Foxes tribe; and in 1S40 was pres- ent, at Washington, with the Winnebagoes when they sold the "Neutral Ground," in Iowa; and in 1851 at Traverse des Sioux and Men- dola. when the Sioux concluded the treaties which opened Minnesota to settlement. In 1851 .Mr. Chute took an active part in the pro- curing of legislation that resulted in the government making treaties by which, in 1855, the Ottawas and Chippewas of Michigan ex- changed their tribal lands west of the Missis- sippi for lands in severalty in Michigan, dissolving their tribal relations and becoming citizens of that State. The service was not official, but altogether voluntary and personal, and prompted solely by his interest in the welfare of the Indians. Mr. Chute married .Miss Mary Eliza Young, at Fort Wayne. In- diana. February 28, 1850. She was born at Dayton, Ohio, and the only daughter of Rev. •lames and Olive (Hubbard) Young, both natives of New York. In 1S.~>4 Mr. Chute settled permanently in SI. Anthony, and engaged in the real estate business. At that time the land mi the east side of the Mississippi river ai the Falls of St. An- thony, controlling the water power, was the property of Franklin Steele, of Fort Snelling. and other gentlemen. Mr. Chute, in connection with Mr. John S. Prince, of St. Paul, purchased of .Mr. Steele a one eighth interest in the prop erty. In 1856 the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company was incorporated, and the property vested in it, and Mr. Chute became the agent of the company and manager of the property, continuing in that capacity until 1868, when he became president of the com- pany, and continued as such until the sale of the property, in 1880, to -las. .1. Hill, of St. Paul, and others. Mr. Chute's brother. Dr. S. H. Chute, succeeded him as agent and man- ager, in 1868, when he became the president of the company. These twenty-five years were years of activity, of liberal expendi ture, with hope long deferred, but finally crowned with the success which Mr. Chute's prophetic eye had foreseen, and his unflagging perseverance and tenacity of purpose had conspired to produce. The property became the center of an active com- munity, and the nucleus and heart of a great city. Mr. Chute was the presiding genius and engaged actively in whatever seemed of promise to benefit the community and build it up, mil only in material prosperity, but in religious and social life, in education, and in attractiveness and beauty as a place of resi- dence. In the summer of 1856, with others, he expended a large amount of money which had been raised by the people, in clearing the channel of the Mississippi above Fort Snelling. ti> enable steamboats to navigate the river to Minneapolis. In November, 1856, he was re- quested by Henry M. Rice, I hen Territorial delegate to Congress, to go to Washington and aid in securing the passage of a railroad land grant bill, and after a long legislative contest, on the last day of the session, the bill was passed, which resulted in the building of 1,400 miles of railroad in the State of .Minnesota. .Mr. ('little was made a charter director in sev- eral of the railroad companies, and spent much time in promoting them, especially the present Cleat Northern system, lie also united with other enterprising citizens in organizing a Union Board of Trade, in which he was for many years a director and its first presi- dent. In this service he introduced the system of boulevarding I he streets, and the system of numbering streets and houses, by which «w & L* — ■, C-, * f(/^sf Washburn is easily the most eminent, in the beneficence and duration of public service, and the progressive develop- ment and judicious conservation of material resources. Cadwallader ("olden Washburn was the fourth in a family of sgveh brothers, born at Livermore, .Maine, and the aggregate official public service of five of these brothers covers a period of eighty-five years. One be- came a major general in the Union army, two foreign ministers, two Governors, and four members of Congress. The eldest, Israel, rep- resented his district in the Slate of Maine for ten years in Congress, served his State as Governor one term, and filled the office of col- lector of the port at Portland for twelve years; the fourth, Charles A., served for seven years as minister to Paraguay under an appointment by President Lincoln; the third. Elihu I?., rep- resented an Illinois district in Congress for twenty years, was the first Secretary of State in Grant's cabinet, and served by appointment of Grant eight years as minister to France; the youngest brother and the only one living, represented the Minneapolis district in Con- gress several times, and served one term in the United States Senate. Both of the grand- fathers, Israel Washburn and Samuel Benja- min, were soldiers of the Revolution. C. < '. Washburn, with whose deeds this sketch is concerned, was born April 22, ISIS. His boy- hood was passed at work on his father's farm, helping in his father's general store and at- tending the district school, in which he qualified himself for teaching by the time he had reached the age of seventeen. From that time until his majority was attained, he was employed as teacher at Wicasset, not far from his home. The habit of industry was sup- ported by the habit of frugality, so that he was able to save a pari of the small salary earned by a common school teacher sixty years ago; and this little accumulation comprised his entire financial capital when lie started west to make his fortune, on arriving at the age of twenty-one. lie first located at Daven- port, Iowa, where he taught a private school for three months, and then for a year was employed by the commission in making a geo- logical survey of the State. Having formed the resolution to study law, he entered the law office of Joseph R. Wells, in Rock Island, Illi nois, under whose instruction the text books were studied. Incidentally he accepted the office of surveyor of Rock Island county, the income of which assisted in paying his ex- penses while prosecuting his studies. When qualified for practice he was admitted to the bar and located at Mineral Point, Wisconsin. Soon afterwards he formed a partnership with Cyrus Woodman, representing the New Eng- land Land Company, with abundant capital, and the firm of Washburn & Woodman opened up and conducted a lucrative business, which combined dealing in real estate, entering gov- ernment lands, examining and perfecting titles, and locating Mexican war land warrants. The law and real estate business were very profitable, and Mr. Washburn invested his accumulations of capital wisely in timber lands, which became the foundation of a colossal fortune. In 1871 he erected at La Crosse mammoth saw-mills, with superb modern equipment, and engaged in the manu- facture of lumber on a scale theretofore unequalled even in Wisconsin. Mr. Wash- burn's capacity and fitness for political affairs were recognized early, and in 1854 he was elected to represent his district in Congress, and discharged the duty with such accepta- bility as to be re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, serving in the 34th, 35th ami 36tb Congresses. After dropping out during the war for service in the Union army, lie was elected to the 40th and 41st Congresses. It is a singular coincidence that among the col- leagues of C. C. Washburn in Congress before the war were two of his elder brothers — Israel, who represented the Penobscot District of Maine, and Elihu, who represented the Galena District of Illinois. In October, 1861, he raised the Second Regiment of Wisconsin Cavalry, with which he went to the froni as the colonel commanding. Within a year his distinguished military service was rewarded with a major general's commission. He con tinned in the field until the surrender of the principal Confederate armies signalized the BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 169 early termination of the war, and resigned to devote Ins undivided energies to his vast com- mercial interests, soon to be augmented by large industrial and manufacturing enterprises in lumbering camps, in rafts and in saw-mills. His fellow-citizens manifested their partiality by keeping him in the public service with comparatively short intermissions. Re-elected to Congress in 1866, and again in 1868, he was advanced to the Governorship of Wisconsin at the close of his fifth Congressional term by an election in 1871. His executive ability qualified him in an eminent degree for the administrative and executive duties of Gov- ernor, while his substantial integrity and conscientious regard for the obligations of a public trust assured the purity of his adminis- tration. Governor Washburn had the breadth of grasp, the clearness of perception, the calm foresight and the strenuous application which crowned his large undertakings with abundant success. He was a leader in establishing and developing the flour milling industry at Minne- apolis, and among the first to introduce the Hungarian system known as the roller process of manufacturing flour, since adopted by all the best mills throughout the country. The Washburn Mills, destroyed by tire in 1878, were rebuilt with a capacity and completeness unknown before in the history of the world. Mr. Washburn's name is inseparably asso- ciated with the fame of Minneapolis, because largely through his instrumentality it enjoys distinction as the greatest flour-producing center of the world. He was a good man, eminently practical and useful; hospitable to fresh thoughts and new ideas. He was generous, tolerant, charitable, public-spirited. He gave the Washburn observatory to the University at Madison, and the Free Public Library to La Crosse. As a memorial to his mother, he left in his will $375,000 for the erection and endowment of the Washburn Orphan's Home in Minneapolis. In recogni- tion of modesty and virtue he donated to the Catholic Sisters, for educational uses, his beautiful home at Edgewood, near Madison. His beneficence was conceived in a catholicity of spirit, and directed by intelligent sympathy and wise foresight, so as to conserve and dis- tribute its blessings in the years and centuries to follow. GEORGE B. YOUNG. The life of Judge George Brooks Young may be considered as divided into two distinct and nearly equal parts, the latter half belonging to Minnesota, the former half to the East — to Boston. It is not necessary to seek for him a noble extraction in foreign lands. Few of our countrymen can claim a lineage at once more pure and more typically American. His parents were both descended from early set- tlers in the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies, and represented families of conse- quence in the annals of New England. His father, the late Rev. Alexander Young, of Boston, was for twenty-eight years the pastor of the New South Unitarian church of that city, and his paternal grandfather, also Alex- ander Young, was senior member of the firm of Young & Minns, which for many years pub- lished the New England Palladium, a promi- nent organ of the Federal party. His mother was Caroline James, daughter of Eleazar James, Esq., one of the leading lawyers of Worcester county, Massachusetts, who resided at Barre, but whose native place was the picturesque old town of Cohasset. George Brooks Young was born at Boston July 25, 1S40. He attended the common and Latin schools of the city, proceeding, in 1856, from the latter to Harvard College, where he graduated at the end of a four years' course. In the fall of 1860 he entered the office of Hon. Henry A. Scudder, under whose direction he lead law for about a year. 1861 found him back at Harvard, in the Law School, from which institution he graduated two years later. In 1S6J he went to New York City, and was for several months engaged in post-graduate study in the office of William Curtis Noyes, and in December of that year he was admitted to the bar. He next held, for a time, the posi- tion of managing clerk for David Dudley Field, after which he pursued an independent prac- 170 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. tice during the remainder of his residence in the East. Mr. Young was thirty when, in April of 1870, he came in search of a new home in the Northwest. Locating at Minneapolis, lie gained admission to the bar of the Slate, anil during the thirty years of his citizenship in Minnesota he has been a most earnest and efficient member of the profession. In April. 1574, Mr. Young was appointed Associate Jus- tice of the State Supreme Court to till a vacancy which occurred through the resigna- tion of Chief Justice Ripley and Hie consequent promotion of Associate Justice McMillan to the higher post. In the ensuing November election, however, Hon. F. R. E. Cornell was made Associate Justice, so that Judge Young's tenure of the office ceased at the beginning of 1575. In the following May. he left Minne- apolis and established himself, both as resident and legal practitioner, in St. Paul, which city has since been his home and the scene of his professional labors. I'pon locating here, he associated himself with Stanford Newel, under the style of Young & Newel. Subsequently this partnership was dissolved, and the firm of Young & Lightner formed, which is com- posed of three members, viz: George B. Young, William II. Lightner and Edward Blake Young, and has had a long and prosperous career. From his first coming to St. Paul, in 1875, until the spring of 1892, Mr. Young was reporter of the Supreme Court, and twenty-seven volumes of the State reports, i. e., volumes 21 to 47 inclusive, were compiled by him. For a number of years Judge Young has been engaged as a lecturer on the Conflict of Laws in the Law School of the State Univer sity. A few months after coming to Minne- sota, in 1870, Mr. Young returned to Boston, and, on September 28th, was married, at Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, to Miss Ellen Fellows, only daughter of the late Daniel Fellows. Esq., of Edgartown, and a descendant of Governor Thomas Mayhew, who, in Kill, became, not only Governor, but patentee and proprietor, as well, of the beau- tiful islands of Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and the Elizabeth Isles. Mr. and Mis. Young have no children. THOMAS WILSON. Hon. Thomas Wilson, formerly of Winona. Minnesota, now of St. Paul, was born in County Tyrone, Ireland, May It!, 1S27. He was the son of Daniel and Fanny (Cuddy) Wilson, who removed to the United States in 1839, and settled on a farm in Venango county, Pennsyl- vania. Here Thomas spent his time until he was twenty, alternately working on the farm and attending the common schools of the neighborhood. He then entered Alleghany College, Pennsylvania, from which institution he graduated in 1852. Immediately afterwards he took up the study of law with Hon. John W. Howe, of Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he was admitted to the bar in February, 1855. Two months later he removed to the Territory of Minnesota, where he opened an office for the practice of his profession, at Winona. He was a member of the convention that framed the Constitution in accordance with which Minnesota was, in 1858, admitted to the Union. In the fall of 1857 he was elected Judge of the District Court of the Third Judicial Dis- trict, which office he held for six years. One year before his term as District Judge expired, he was appointed, by Governor Miller, Asso- ciate Justice of the Supreme Court of the State; and the subsequent autumn — 1864 — he was elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The latter office he held for four and one half years, when he resigned, on July 11, 1869, to resume the active practice of the law. He was a member of the House of Representa- tives of the State in 1880-1, and of the State Senate in 1883-5. In 1881 he was nominated by acclamation as the Democratic candidate for the United Stales Senate. He was unanimous ly nominated for Congress in 1884, but for business reasons declined the nomination. He was again unanimously nominated in 1886, and though there was a majority of over five thousand against his (Democratic) party, in die district, he was elected by over 2, Slid ma- jority. He was nominated for reelection in the fall of isss. when Mr. Cleveland was a candidate for the second term, but was de- feated by the Republican candidate, the Hon. Truz^. RIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 171 Mark H. Dunnell, by a majority of 1,800— the Republican majority in the district then being between five and six thousand. In 1890 Judge Wilson was nominated by the Democratic party for GoTernor of Minnesota. The returns showed a plurality of 2,267 votes in favor of Hon. William R. Merriam, the Republican candidate — the normal Republican majority in the State being about 10,000. In the autumn of 1802, Judge Wilson was appointed general counsel for the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway Company, a position In- still occupies. A distinguished member of the Supreme Bench says of Judge Wilson: "For more than forty years he has been a prominent citizen and attorney of Minnesota, and during the greater part of that time he has stood in the foremost rank of the legal profes- sion of the State. The clientage which he has commanded has been unsurpassed, perhaps un- equaled, both in importance and extent; and this statement is in no sense derogatory to the achievements of his brother attorneys." On December 26th, 18(10, at Winona, Judge Wilson was united in marriage to Miss Louise Bennett, a native of Rome, New York, daugh- ter of Allanson Bennett, Esq., a prominent lawyer of that city. Five children were born of this marriage, four of whom died in infancy. One daughter, Louise, grew to womanhood, and was married September 7, 1887, to Lloyd W. Bowers, one of the ablest young lawyers of Chicago. He was appointed general counsel of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway upon the death of Hon. William C. Gowdy, in 180::. JAMES SHOEMAKER. James Shoemaker was born in Northampton county — now Monroe county — Pennsylvania. June 0, lN2."k He was the son of Jacob and Hannah (Trach) Shoemaker, both parents being natives of Pennsylvania, and of German ancestry. His father, Jacob Shoemaker, was an influential citizen, well known in the State of Pennsylvania. He conducted a large farm and two flouring mills, one in Monroe county, New York, and the other in Flatbrookville, New Jersey. He was treasurer of the county in which he lived for many years, and was a prom inent man in public affairs. His forefathers were residents of Pennsylvania before the days of the Revolution, and some of them were sol diers in the war for independence. The subject of this sketch was one of a family of seven sons and four daughters. He received his early education in the common country schools, liv- ing and working on his father's farm and in the flouring mill until he was twenty-one years of age, when he went to Easton, Pennsylvania, and found employment as clerk in a general store, where he remained four years. He was then connected with a foundry business and the manufacture of stoves, for about one year, after which, with a partner, he started a drv- 'A Is store in Easton, Pennsylvania, and re- mained in that business up to 1856. In 1857 he came to Minnesota and landed in Mankato on the 9th of May. In 1858 he was appointed on the board of county commissioners. In 1859, he opened an auction and commission store, which he conducted for only one year. He then sold out his business and went to the Rocky mountains at the time of the Pikes Peak gold excitement, where he spent the summer in prospecting and mining — but he did not find a fortune. He returned in the fall to Mankato and was elected a member of the city board of education. He was the first president of the board of trustees of the Glenwood Ceme- tery Association, and has been one of the board of directors ever since. He was one of the original members of the board of trade, or- ganized in 1869, and has been president of the board for the last three years, and also a mem- ber of the board of public works. He is president of the "Old Settler's Territorial Historical Association," which society was organized by him. Mr. Shoemaker served as city assessor for sixteen years — was appointed in 1S78, and retired in 1894. In 1884-5, he served as manager of the Mankato Exhibit at the New Orleans Cotton Exposition. Mr. Shoemaker published a directory of the City of Mankato in 1878, and a directory of the city and county in 1881 and also in 1888. At the time of the Indian outbreak, in 1862, Mr. Shoe- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. maker was appointed commissary sergeant in ('apt. William Bierbauer's company from .Man kato, and participated in the New Ulm fight, under Col. Charles E. Flandrau, where his horse was killed from under him during the engagement. After the evacuation of New rim. on the 25th of August, the citizens were brought to Mankato, and a hospital was estab- lished. On its reorganization, August 31, 1862, Mr. Shoemaker was elected second lieutenant of a company of thirty days' volunteers under State authority, and was for a time stationed at South Bend. He was with a part of the company that was detailed, under Captain I !ox, to build Fort Cox, acting as quartermaster, and remained there until they were relieved by a company of United States soldiers. Lieutenant Shoemaker was present with his company, on the 26th of December, lsr.2, when thirty-eight of the condemned Indians were hung on one gallows, which was erected on the present site of the C. & N. W. freight depot in Mankato. In politics Mr. Shoemaker has been a Democrat, but has never sought public office, though he has served for several years as county coroner, first by appointment and afterwards by election. For over forty years Mr. Shoemaker has been conspicuous in every public undertaking, laboring unselfishly for the purpose of promoting the welfare of his town and fellow-citizens. Scarcely an enter- prise in the history of Mankato but owes some- thing of its success to his earnest, unselfish labor. He is a man of sterling integrity, con- scientious and kind hearted to a fault. Though not gifted with too much of this world's goods — and such men seldom are — no one in mis- fortune appeals to him in vain. James Shoe- maker's name is unsullied, his integrity unquestioned, and no man can point to a mean or unbecoming action in his long and eventful career. Mankato may have had men who ac- complished greater things for her prosperity, but none who worked more sincerely, con- scientiously and unselfishly than James SI maker. He was married May 30, 1867, to Frances V. King, daughter of John A. King, a native of New York. Their only child and son, Charles J. Shoemaker, died in Duluth, Minne- sota, December 1G, 181)0, of typhoid fever, at the age of twenty-two years. He was a gradu- ate of the University Law School at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and studied law witli Mr. J. I.. Washburn, in Mankato, and after his graduation, in 1890, commenced the practice of his profession as a partner with Mr. Wash- burn in Duluth. He was a young man of superior ability and great promise of future success and usefulness, loved and respected by all who knew him. WALTER H. SANBORN. Hon. Walter Henry Sanborn, LL. I)., Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the Eighth Judicial Circuit and ex-officio Judge of the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for that circuit, was born on Sanborn's Hill, in Epsom, New Hampshire, October 19, 1845. The ancestral farm on which he was born has been occupied as a homestead by his lineal ancestors since 1752, and is now owned by Judge Sanborn and his uncle. Gen. John B. Sanborn, of St. Paul. It comprises three hun- dred acres of land, and upon it stand two huge houses, one of which, the Sanborn homestead (which has been the summer residence of Judge Sanborn for many years), is more than a century old and stands upon the Hill, so that Mount Washington is visible from its veranda. •Indue Sanborn is the eldest sou of Hon. Henry F. Sanborn, of Epsom, New Hampshire, and Eunice Davis, of Princeton. Massachusetts, who were married in 184."!. He is a son of the American Revolution. His direct lineal an- cestor on the father's side, Eliphalet Sanborn, served as a soldier for the Colonies in the Revolution, and died from the effect of injuries he received in that service. He was elected and re-elected town clerk of Epsom in the memorable years 177:*., 1775, 177y his tire- less energy and tact. Reared in the East, he was conversant with its advanced institutions and methods, and he had many friends there whose moral supporl and financial influence he could count upon in his Western enterprises. He was strong in his own might, with the strength of individual will, energy and pur- pose, and he was doubly strong in the co-oper- ation of such forces as -lay Cooke & Co., Dodge & Co. and .7. S. Morgan & Co.. of Wall street. Although bound by many ties and associations to the East, from the day when he became a resident in the Northwest he threw himself into its interests with all the enthusiasm of the most devoted citizenship. And while he acquired a handsome competency for himself, he contributed vastly towards the enrichment of his community, lie laid out the London addition to the city of Duluth, which is now ;i beautiful suburban section; he aided the growth of the city by attracting to it good citizens from all directions; he was instru- mental in bringing about the tide of immi- gration which set towards it during the years 1869 to 1ST:', inclusive; he encouraged the erec- tion of fine buildings, and progressive enter- prise generally, often to the extent of contrib- uting from his individual capital. Mr. Sargent was manned in the year 1836 to Mary Perin. Of the ten children born to them all but two are deceased. Those living are; William < '.. whose biography, also, is included in this col- lection and .Mrs. F. W. Paine, now living in Duluth. In tin' home mansion built by Mr. Sargenl in Duluth he resided for three years, and after his death, which occurred in 1875, until 1897 it continued to b 'cupied by his family. A quarter of a century has passed since the decease of George B. Sargent, but he still lives in many a monument to his pro- gressive labor, and in the grateful memory of his contemporaries. As merely suggestive of his earnest endeavor towards the upbuilding of the Northwest, and his wonderful foresight in comprehending and appreciating its vast resources more than forty years ago, we give below an extract from a lecture delivered b\ him before the Chamber of Commerce at Tie niont Temple, Boston, February 24, 1858; "Seated at the mouth of the St. Louis river, at the southwestern extremity of Lake Supe- rior we are as near the tide waters of the Atlantic, within tive-and-twenty miles, as we are at Chicago; and we are some four hundred miles nearer to St. Paul and the immense conn try commanded by that city of marvelous in- crease. From this point of lake navigation oil this continent we have a navigable highwav, by the Sault Ste. Marie, the Welland canal and the St. Lawrence, that brings our men of trade into direct communication with the greal marts of Europe. Westward through Minne sota, Dakota and Washington Territory must stretch, ultimately, an important branch of the Northern Pacific railroad that will bring the riches of the East to this depot for inter- change and transhipment. At this very spot, at the mouth of the St. Louis, Europe and Asia will meet and shake hands in the genial months of summer, while they may continue to meet in winter at Panama. At this point must cen- ter the trade of twenty American Stales ye1 unborn, and the British trade of the Bed river settlements and of Hudson's bay. The unde- veloped wealth of this lake region offers re- ward beyond calculation to those who have the energy and enterprise to secure it. Two hun- dred years ago it was known to the French ■b'suils and the Indians that the shores of the 'Great Lake' abounded in copper; but it was as late as 1844 that the discoveries were made which have since demonstrated the existence there of the most extensive and productive copper mines in the world, with solid masses of pure copper in view of more than a hundred tons' weight each. It is the opinion of the official explorer of the Government that the iron region of Lake Superior will prove ulti- mately of equal value with the copper regions; and the details of their reports demonstrate that the ores are here developed on a scale of magnitude, and in a state of purity, almost unprecedented. To descend to smaller but not unimportant interests: The fisheries are ex haustless, and would of themselves provide remunerative occupation for thousands. When the lumbering business is fully developed it will employ large numbers — and miners, lum- bermen and fishermen will call for fanners. The iron to build the railroads of northern i So UK »< MiA I'll V OF MINNESOTA. Wisconsin and Minnesota must be shipped from England and landed at Chicago and Su- perior, or, what is more reasonable and prob- able, it must be dug out of the mines of Lake Superior, and at some point near its south- western extremity be manufactured into rails to be delivered and laid down as the roads are extended westward and southward. And as they are extended the farms will be developed, and the immense wheat-fields of northern Iowa and .Minnesota will, ere long, be taxed to their utmost capacity to supply the local demand for their productions, required by the diversified industrial interests that are to be presently d( veloped. and are now developing, in the al- most uninhabited and unexplored regions, of which we know so little, except that they abound in uncounted wealth. As vet we have made bur a few surface scratches on a small section of the mineral region, from which there were shipped in the year 1S5C not less than ;!,<><>(> tons of copper, valued at two millions of dollars. As to climate, no portion of the United Slates surpasses the southern shores of Lake Superior in healthfulness during the summer months. The winter weather is un- doubtedly severe; but we have the experience of the oldest settlers that it is a dry cold that acts like electricity on the human body — 'ex- hilarates the blood, and gives just such a zest to physical enjoyment, to the appetite and to the muscle," as suits the Anglo-Saxon race. It is sometimes said that the important commer- cial point to which I have alluded is subject to two or three drawbacks, which must prevent its realizing the sanguine expectations of its settlers. The severity of its climate, the want of a fertile back country, the dangerous navi- gation of Lake Superior and the want of good harbors, are objections most frequently urged against the future greatness of a city at the southwestern extremity of Lake Superior. 1 might give some weight to these considerations if I did not know that they had all been raised in regard to Chicago, and disposed of by its wonderful history." DANIEL W. LAWLER. Daniel William Lawler was born at Prairie dii Chien, Wisconsin, March 28, 1859. His fam- ily is one of the oldest and most prominent in the Northwest. His father, the late (Sen. John Lawler, was for years a leading citizen of southern Wisconsin. He was one of the pro- jectors of the enterprise to build one of the first bridges across the Mississippi, and was a well known public character, a man of honor, distinction and usefulness, and the son is worthy of the sire. Mr. Lawler was carefully trained to be of use in the world. His early education was received in private schools and completed at Georgetown College. 1). C., from which justly celebrated institution he grad- uated '"with honors,'" receiving the degree of M. A. He then pursued a thorough course of study in the Vale College Law School, was graduated therefrom, and at its hands has re- ceived the degrees of LL. B. and M. L. He came to St. Paul in 1SS4 and began the prac- tice of his chosen profession. From the first he was successful, and soon attained to promi- nence and distinction. In 1886 he was ap- pointed 1". S. District Attorney, and held the position two years, resigning in 1888. In March, 1801, he was elected by the common council of St. Paul corporation attorney, and served one term of two years. Meanwhile he had been active in politics as a Democrat, had rendered many services to his party, and had become very popular in its councils. In 1892 his party honored him by nominating him as its candidate for Governor. He accepted and made a most brilliant canvass, his eloquent addresses at various points in the State estab- lishing his reputation as a public speaker sec- ond to none in the Northwest. With the over- whelming odds against him, he did not expect an (lection, and when he received several thousand more votes than did his ticket as i whole, he was entirely satisfied. It was during his canvass of the State this year that he coined tlie expression now so common in po- litical parlance: "I am no man's man and wear no man's collar." In 1896 he was chosen I he member of the National Democratic Com mittee from Minnesota, but by reason of his opposition to Mr. Bryan and the Chicago plat- form refused to qualify for the position. In 1S9.'! he became chief counsel of the legal de- partment of the Chicago Great Western Kail way. which position he still holds. Though he is no longer a politician in active service, Mr. Lawler has not lost his interest in political BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 1S1 matters, and especially in political campaigns. In the Presidential campaign of 1896 he was opposed to the platform of the Democrats made at Chicago, and was what was termed a "gold Democrat," taking a somewhat active part in behalf of the Palmer and Buckuer tick- et. Of .Mr. Lawler's forensic abilities, one of his associates at the bar, a political opponent, but a personal friend, says: "Daniel W. Lawler is one of the most pol- ished and best equipped orators in the ^Yest. As a political speaker lie has no peer in his party in the State. If any man could persuade me to be a Democrat, I think he could. As an advocate before a jury he has few equals. He is always earnest — and eloquence is but ear- nestness given expression — so that he is always eloquent, whether addressing a jury of twelve men on the subject of a common lawsuit or a vast concourse upon the leading public ques- tions of the day. Personally he is universally popular wherever known. 1 remember thai when he was a candidate for Governor he ran very largely ahead of his ticket here in St. Paul, where he was best known." In 1886 Mr. Lawler married Miss Elizabeth O'Leary, daughter of the late Hon. John J. O'Leary, a prominent citizen and business man of St. Paul. To them have been born three children, two of whom, named, respectively, Samuel Fahnestock and Margaret Elizabeth Lawler, are living. A son. named John Daniel Lawler, died in infancy. CLINTON MORRISON. Clinton Morrison, one of the leading busi- ness men and bankers of Minneapolis, was born at Livermore, Maine, January 21, 1842. He is the iddest son of Dorilus Morrison, one of th.e early settlers of Minnesota, and the first mayor of Minneapolis. The father's biography appears in another part of tins book. Though a native of New England, Clinton Morrison's training and residence from youth have been in Minneapolis, he having accompanied his parents when they removed hither in IS.").". lie attended the public schools of Minneapolis and received his business training as assistant to his father, with whom he was always closelj associated in his extensive commercial opera tions. In 1863, with his brother, George 11. Morrison, he engaged in merchandising in a general store in Minneapolis, principally for the outfitting of lumbermen. He naturally followed his father's line of investments, which were in pine lands, mills and lumber, and soon drifted into lumbering. The Morrison Broth- ers operated a water-power saw mill at the Falls of St. Anthony, opened a lumber yard, and carried on a large lumber business until the death of George II., which occurred Jan nary I'!). 1882. After tin- death of his brother. Clinton Morrison gave his attention more ex- clusively to assisting his father, who had be- come extensively engaged in business con- nected with the Northern Pacific Railway, and in the Minneapolis Harvester Works. The lat- ter business was especially entrusted to Clinton Morrison, who was vice president of the corpo- ration, and who gave it (lose and constant attention and brought il to a condition of great prosperity. They manufactured mowers, har- vesters and binders, and when the twine binder was perfected by Mr. Appleby — who was in the employ of the Minneapolis Com pany — it was adopted for general use, and the new invention proved a great success. Mr. Morrison has been for many years a trustee of the Farmers & Mechanics' Savings Bank of Minneapolis. In 1886 he was made its presi- dent, and has continued in that position to the present time. This bank has become the larj; est one of its kind, not only in Minneapolis', but in the entile Northwest, and its phenom- enal growth and success are the best evidence of the ability of its acting head and manager. The building erected and occupied by this in- stitution on South Fourth street is perhaps the finest and most perfectly equipped count- ing-house in the State, and its deposits have reached the enormous sum of f7,000,000. One of the leading attorneys of Minneapolis who has known Mr. Morrison intimately for many years says of him : "Clinton Morrison is a man of quick percep tions and has a wonderful grasp of business affairs. His plans are all carefully matured in I 82 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. advance, and when he is ready to execute them there is no hesitation or delay. He is a very positive man and lias a wonderful grasp of details. His mind operates quickly, and lie does not care for lengthy explanations of any business proposition. Mr. Morrison is very charitable, lint his giving is always iu a quiet and unostentatious way." One of the leading bankers of Minneapolis says of Mr. Morrison: "As a financier of the highest order Mr. Clin- ton Morrison stands pre-eminent. Very few men of this country have made so few mis- takes, and a long life of undeviating success attests tins fact. Mr. Morrison's insight into a business proposition is phenomenal, and a few hours' cogitation brings him to a correct conclusion, where ether men of equal expe- rience require days to arrive at a decision. Mr. Morrison has been either vice president or president of the Fanners & Mechanics' Sav- ings Bank for twenty-five years, and his able guidance and counsel have been largely instru- mental in making this what it is — the largest moneyed institution in the Northwest." Mr. Morrison was married in February, 1873, to Miss Julia Washburn, daughter of Nehe- miah Washburn, then a resident of Minneap- olis, but a native of Boston, Massachusetts. Mrs. Morrison died October 11, 1883, leaving a daughter, Ethel, and a son, Angus Washburn Morrison. Mr. Morrison is a Republican in politics without personal ambition for political honors or responsibilities. He is a strong sup- porter of the Universalist Church, as his father was before him. He is a prominent member, and vice president of the Minneapolis Club. THOMAS LOWRY. Thomas Lowry. of Minneapolis, was born on a farm in Logan county, Illinois, February '21, L843. His father. Samuel R. Lowry, a native of Londonderry, Ireland, emigrated to America when a young man and located in Pennsyl- vania. Here he married Miss Rachael Bullock, a native of Harrisburg, who died in early womanhood. The lather, by his energy and industry, acquired a fair competence, and, in Is.! 4, removed to the West, traveling from Pittsburg to Springfield, Illinois, on horse- back. A man of commanding presence, great dignity of character, courtly manners, and act- ive in business affairs, he soon became promi- nent in his section of the Slate, and was one of Abraham Lincoln's early friends and clients. Mr. Lowry has in his possession, and prizes highly, personal letters written to his father by Mr. Lincoln, when he was a plain, country lawyer, unknown to fame. In 1849 Samuel R. Lowry removed to Schuyler county, Illinois, where he at once took front rank among the leading men of that part of the State. It was in this new home that the boy Thomas began his lessons in life, and, like all boys of his time, was put to work on his father's farm in the summer, attending the village school dur- ing the winter months; and. fortunately, his educational facilities were exceedingly good for that time. In 1863 he entered Lombard University at Galesburg, Illinois, but owing to ill health was forced to leave that institution before graduating. After leaving college he entered the law office of John 0. Bagby, at Rushville, Illinois, with whom he studied until May, 18U7, when he was admitted to practice in all the courts of Illinois. Thus equipped with a good education and a profession, young Lowry turned his face to the new Northwest to lit gin for himself the battle of life. While seeking a location, in the spring of lstiT, he came to Minneapolis, and was so favorably im- pressed with the thriving village that he at once determined to settle there. lie at once began (he practice of law, and continued his professional career successfully until about 1SS4, when the large personal interests he had secured in various important enterprises, per- taining to the growth and development of both the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, forced him to abandon his chosen profession. Sue cessful as Mr. Lowry had been in the (practice of law, he had no sooner accepted the respon- sibilities of these new interests than he at once developed that wonderful talent in the admin istration of business affairs which has since contributed ill a most remarkable degree to the marvelous growth and prosperity of the BTOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 183 "Twin Cities" of the Northwest. Most conspic- uous among the many important interests with which Mr. Lowry lias been identified, and has largely controlled, are the street railway sys- tems of the cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis. Taking control of the street railways of these cities iu their early infancy, when the one was but barely self-supporting and the other in helpless bankruptcy. Mr. Lowry lias carried them forward until the short tramway lines, operated by "one-horse" power, of a few years ago have grown into the most extensive and thoroughly equipped electric street car system to be found in the world. In addition to his street car interests Mr. Lowry has been prom- inently identified with the railway enterprises of the Northwest, contributing largely to the construction of the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railway, of which he is now the president. With many of the local enter- prises of the city in which be lives Mr. Lowry has been prominently connected, and its gen- eral business growth and its commercial and manufacturing interests have been greatly pro- moted by his public spirited influence and helping hand. A prominent journalist, statesman and au- thor who has known Mr. Lowry intimately for many years says of him: "Something more than stereotyped phrases are needed to describe the altogether excep- tional characteristics of Mr. Lowry. The fact is, he is sui generis — a remarkable man in many ways. Among the thousands of his ac- quaintances all over the country there are none who do not regard him as a prodigy of endurance as well as of pluck and persever- ance. Tt is a general remark that the strain which lie has often undergone with seeming case would kill most men. Yet to all outward appearance he remains unvexed and unwear- ied. Let the skies be cloudy or bright, it is all the same. The anxieties of business do not rol> him for a moment of that smile and hearty handshake with which he greets all. Capital is not sentimental, but Mr. Lowry has succeeded in enlisting it more than once through the friendship entertained for him by hard headed business men whose admiration conquered their prejudices and made him suc- cessful where most others would have failed. And the pleasant thing about it is that these impulses of friendship proved financial wis- dom, for investments thus made were never misplaced. Mr. Lowry has an aptitude for story-telling to illustrate a point scarcely inferior to that of Abraham Lincoln, and many is the victory he has won at the bar, before legislative com- mittees, and with boards of aldermen by the happy application of a story which clinched an argument better than an hour of eloquent oratory. Mr. Lowry's capacity for work is wonderful. One would naturally look for scores of clerks, messengers and agents about his office and ex- iled to encounter delay in securing an au- dience; Imt instead of this a couple of quiet, capable men, as unassuming as himself, are found in the outer rooms, and it is very rarely that a caller is kept waiting beyond a few minutes. Yet ask for a document relating to business in which you are concerned, and which yon may think he, as well as you has well-nigh forgotten, and in almost less time than it takes to write it the paper is forth- coming, and the facts are recalled by him with a particularity that astonishes you. If asked to name the most popular man in his home city, there would be one voice in se- lecting Mr. Lowry. And this popularity extends far beyond business circles or personal acquaintances. Thousands who have never met him are familiar with his jokes, his gener- osity, his benevolence, and take pride in his name and success. If he had turned his attention to politics he could have commanded almost any position in the gift of the people. He is abundantly equipped for public service, for his head is a store-house of facts, and few men are better posted on the political events of the last thirty years. While familiar with humble life and the hard digs of fortune, his home is one of elegance, where hospitality is dispensed with a lavish hand, and where the refinement and culture displayed has often astonished the cosmopolite wlio looked only for rude prodigality in the homes of Western millionaires. Charles Lamb used to say that the most en- joyable thing in life was to do good by stealth and be found out by accident. If this is true. Mr. Lowry has been exceedingly fortunate, for many of his benefactions have found him out in spite of his efforts at concealment. But hundreds of his kind acts are known as yet only to the recipients, and will never come to light except through accident or the betrayal of grateful hearts. I have sometimes regarded Mr. Lowrv as 1 84 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. one of the strongest links between labor and capital to be found in the West, if not in the whole country. No person of all the thousands in his employ could meet him and not feel thai he intended to be fair 'between man and man.' There is such a positive absence of assump- tion, such a plain, straightforward way of put- ting things, such an evidence in all his man- agement of keeping the 'live and let live' motto to the front, that few could withstand and none could doubt his sincerity. With probably as large an acquaintance all over the land as any man in the United States, Mr. Lowry has more friends and fewer enemies than any one it has ever been my fortune to meet." Mr. Lowry has always been a Republican, but was never a candidate for any office. In 1870 he was married to Beatrice M., daugh- ter of Dr. C. G. Goodrich of Minneapolis. To them have been born two daughters and one son, Mary, the wife of H. P. Robinson of "The Railway Age," Chicago; Nellie, wife of Percy Hageman of Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Horace Lowry, a student at the State Uni- versity. HORACE R, BIGELOW. Horace Ransom Bigelow was born in Water- vliet, Albany county, New York. March 13, 1820, and died in St. Paul, Minnesota. Novem ber 14, 1804. He was the son of Erastus and Statira Ransom Bigelow, who came from Con- necticut and settled in Troy, New York, when Horace was an infant; a few years later they removed to Oneida county, where the son re- ceived his literary education, mainly at the public schools of Sangerfield and the gymna- sium at Utica, in that county. His grandfather, Otis Bigelow, was a patriot soldier in the Rev- olutionary War, and a member of the agricul- tural class. His father, Erastus Bigelow, was also a farmer, and Horace, during his youth and early manhood, aided his father in the farm work during the summer months, at- tended school, and later taught school during the winter season. After reaching his twenty first year he decided to follow a professional career, and with this object in view he com- menced the study of law. He read with Charles A. Mann and with John H. Edmonds of Utica, and was admitted to the bar in that city in 1847. He then opened an office, together with Edward S. Brayton, for the practice of his pro- fession in Utica, and from the first they were successful. Mr. Bigelow was for a time clerk of the Recorder's Court and other courts in Oneida county. In the autumn of 185:! he de- cided to seek a new location, and in company with Charles E. Flandrau, came to Minnesota. They landed at St. Paul, November 2, of that year, and immediately launched the firm of Bigelow & Flandrau, attorneys at law. St. Paul was at that time a village of about 2,500 inhabitants, and the opportunities for law practice were quite limited, and he found it necessary to look for other employment. The first winter he taught in the public schools of the town, and afterwards acted as agent for the sale of "Benton's Thirty Years in the United States Senate." Judge Flandrau went to St. Peter after a few months and resided there until his election to the first Supreme Court bench of the State, in 1858. Mr. Bigelow resumed the practice of the law in St. Paul in partnership with the late John B. Brisbin, under the firm name of Brisbin & Bigelow, which firm continued for several years, and had a large general practice. After its disso- lution he was for a time associated with Oliver Dalrymple as Bigelow & Dalrymple, whose business was largely confined to the prosecu tion, before the Department at Washington, of Indian claims, growing out of the Sioux massacre of 18(52. In 1805 he formed a part- nership with Greenleaf Clark, under the firm name of Bigelow & Clark. The business of this firm increased rapidly, and in 1870 Judge Flandrau returned to St. Paul, and the firm of Bigelow, Flandrau & Clark was formed, which continued in business till 1881, when Mr. Clark was appointed to the Supreme Bench. Upon the retirement of Mr. Clark, George C. Squires was admitted to the firm, the firm name being Bigelow, Flandrau & Squires, which partner- ship continued until 1887, when Mr. Bigelow retired from the active practice of the law. Mr. Bigelow was known as an able and skill- The Onlury PubUShvig & Cnymvmj Co Chdcapor /> BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 185 fu! lawyer. He gave the closest attention to his profession, and rose step by step until he had but few peers, and no superiors, as an attorney in the State of Minnesota. He had an intuitive grasp of legal questions, and con- ducted a general practice, embracing all the branches of the profession, save criminal law. Although a clever and forcible reasoner and an easy speaker, he had no taste for advocacy of cases before a jury, always preferring the presentation of the legal aspect of a litigation to a court. Before the courts of last resort his practice was very extensive and successful, never failing to engage the attention and com- mand the respect of those courts to a remark- able degree. For twenty-seven years he gave his individual attention very largely to rail- road and corporation law, during which period he was the leading counsel of some of the most influential corporations in the Northwest. No man stood higher in the legal profession of Minnesota than Horace R. Bigelow, and the bar attested their appreciation by electing him president of the Bar Association during his more active career. He was entrusted with the most important litigation which came be- fore the courts while in active practice, and the clearness with which he grasped abstruse legal questions, and the vast fund of information acquired by his studious life, made him a most formidable competitor at the bar. Loved and respected by all who knew him. he lived a pure and honorable life, an example for generations to come. Politically Mr. Bigelow was an old line Whig, joining the Republican party when it was first established. He was never active in politics and never sought office, though he was candidate for Chief Justice of the State in 1857, the nomination coming to him unsought. He was defeated by Judge Emmet. Mr. Bige- low was married in June, 1862, to Cornelia SluiTill, of New Hartford, Oneida county. New York. They were the parents of five children, three sons and two daughters. The third son, George, died in early youth. The first son, Lewis, is now a resident of New York. employed on the local staff of the New York Journal. Horace, the second son, is an able lawyer, in the practice of his profession in St. Paul, and now county attorney of Ramsey county. The daughters are Alice (Mrs. Ethan Allen of New York City), and Cornelia, the youngest, now living with her mother in St. Paul. THOMAS SIMPSON. Hon. Thomas Simpson, a prominent member of the bar of Winona, Minnesota, was born in the north of England, May .SI, 1836, the son of Anthony and Elizabeth (Bonson) Simpson. He is descended from Scotch ancestry, though his father and father's father were both born on English soil. His maternal grandfather, Robert Bonson, was a doctor by profession; bin both grandfathers were interested in min- ing, Nathan Simpson in the mother country, while Robert Bonson, who visited America in 1825 and remained here for several years, did some pioneering in our mining industry, found- ing the first lead furnace at Galena, Illinois, and also the first at Dubuque, Iowa. Anthony Simpson — son of Nathan — as a young man superintended an English lead mine in Swale- dale, Yorkshire. About 1837, and while the subject of this sketch was an infant, he brought his family to America and settled in Dubuque, Iowa. There he became engaged in the mining and smelting business, at the same time con- ducting the farm upon which he lived, and where he died in 1866, his wife surviving him until 1871. While in England, Anthony and Elizabeth Simpson had been members of the Wesleyan church. In America they identified themselves with the Methodist Episcopal church, in the official activities of which An- thony long tool; a leading part. He was much respected as an upright and responsible citi- zen, and was early drawn into prominence in secular as well as religious affairs. His son Thomas, to whose life and achievements this sketch will now confine itself, was one of ten children, six of whom are still living. Thomas grew u]> in Dubuque, attending school and assisting, as his age and strength permitted, in flu- farm work and the mining and smelting. BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. His public school education was but a founda- tion for the diversified practical knowledge later acquired by his studious mind. He in dulged an early bent for both civil engineering and legal study, and in the former look a course of training from the Rev, E. S. Nonas, a clergyman of distinction, who had at a former period been State Surveyor of Maine. Mis studies were completed in 185:!, and in the following year, Mr. Norris having received from the United States Surveyor General at Dubuque the contract for running the guide meridians and standard parallels — the basal lines for government survey of Minnesota Territory — he engaged young Simpson to ac- company him as one of his corps of assistants. Soon discovering that his ex-pupil, though but seventeen, was competent to take charge of the work, he turned it over to our subject, who carried it on to its completion in 1855. This work is on record in the office of the United States Surveyor General at St. Paul. In this connection it may be stated that in December, 1899, Mr. Simpson read before the Minnesota Historical Society, at St. Paul, a paper pre- pared by him on "The History of the Early Government Land Survey in Minnesota West of I lie Mississippi River." The reading was listened to with intense interest, and the paper, which was recognized as a most valu- able contribution of data to the early history of the State, will be published by the His torical Society. Shortly alter completing his surveying task, in 1855, Mr. Simpson was commissioned by the government to go to Green Bay, Wisconsin, to determine the boun- daries of the Menominee Indian reservation. with a view to protecting the Red Men in their timber and lumber rights. Since the beginning of 1856 Mr. Simpson has been a resident of Winona. For the first few years after locating here he was engaged in real estate and loan operations; but his previously acquired knowl- edge of law had not been forgotten, nor his legal ambition abandoned. In 1858 he was admitted to the bar of Minnesota, and has since been in active and successful practice. During this time he has been a member in two law partnerships; the first with Judge Aimer Lewis, which was dissolved in 18(14, and the second with George 1'. Wilson, who was subsequently elected Attorney General of the State. Mr. Simpson's political tenets are Re- publican, and he has been made the incumbent of various public offices. Shortly after coming of age he was elected justice of the peace in the city of Winona. After his two-years' term of service, he was made secretary of the con- solidated school districts of the city. He has served three terms as alderman, and was the first presiden! of I he city board of education. In L864 he was appointed on the Normal School Board of Minnesota, and retained his membership for twenty years, serving during a large portion of that period as president of the board. In 1866 he was elected to the State Senate, and his record as a member of the General Assembly is an honorable one. Throughout his mature life he has been a com- municant of the Methodist Episcopal church. Hi' was superintendent of the Sunday school of the Central Methodist church of Winona from 1856 to L892, and has rendered a variety of important official services to the church. Mr. Simpson was married October 30, I860, to Isabella Margaret Ilolstein, a Pennsylvania lady. Three sons were the fruit of their union — George T., .lames K. and Earl. Mrs. Simp- son died December 21, 1888. The development of Mr. Simpson's career has been intimately associated with that of his city and his State. When he settled in Minnesota its population was sparse, probably less than six thousand, and, taking at once the attitude of a wide- awake citizen, with the good of his community at heart, he came rapidly into touch with varied phases of its industry and progress. He has been prominent in promoting the manu- facturing interests of Winona; was among the organizers of the Second National Bank, and for many years served as ils president; con- tributed strongly to the forces which estab lished the Winona & Western Railroad, and is now secretary and general counsel for the company. He has controlled extensive landed interests in the State, and is counted among the substantial and leading men of southern .Minnesota. Gv^t. c^y^gu^j BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 187 CHARLES E. FLANDRAU. Among the ablest jurists and foremost citi- zens of St. Paul is Charles Eugene Flandrau, a resident of the Territory and State of Minne- sota for nearly half a century. He was born in the city of New York, July 15, 1828. The name suggests his French origin, and, indeed, the nativity of his paternal ancestors was France. They were Huguenots, conscientious in their religious convictions, and tenacious as John Calvin in their adherence to the faith. They emigrated from La Rochelle, in France, and settled in Westchester county, New York, where they founded the town of New Rochelle. His father, Thomas H. Flandrau, was born in this town, but removed early to the city of Utica, where he entered the profession of law. He subsequently removed to New York City, and for some time was associated in partner- ship with that able lawyer, eminent scholar, conspicuous politician and adventurer, Aarou Burr. His mother was Elizabeth Macomb, the half-sister of Gen. Alexander Macomb, who was commander-in-chief of the army of the United States from 1828 to 1841. In early boyhood Charles E. Flandrau attended school at Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, and while so occupied, at the age of thirteen, sought to enter the U. S. Navy as midshipman. Failing, on account of youth, served only to stimulate his desire and fix his determination to become a sailor. Accordingly he shipped as a common seaman on the United States rev- enue cutter "Forward," where he served a year, and then shipped for another year in the "Van Buren." The realities encountered in actual service on board a government ship were not such as had been foreshadowed in his youthful dreams of a sea-faring life, and a few voyages on different merchant vessels satiated his longing for naval distinction. With cheerful content he returned to his books at Georgetown, but only for a brief period. He was restless, as well as ambitious, and wanted to make his energy productive at once. The delay incident to preparation at school was irksome, and to his youthful mind the compensation was doubtful in comparison with the immediate earning capacity of his muscle. Moved by this utilitarian idea, he returned to New York, and followed the trade of sawing mahogany veneers for a period of three years. By this time young Flandrau had arrived at the age which qualified him to exercise dis cretion wisely. His mind reverted to his father and his father's profession. On reflec- tion, he became convinced that the law alone was adapted to his taste, and in that he must succeed. With a firm and steadfast resolution he entered his father's office in the town of Whitesboro, New York, whither the family had removed, and began the study of text- books as a man who has tried experiments and is conscious of doing the right thing. He studied earnestly and laboriously under the direction and instruction of a teacher inter- ested in his proficiency and permanent success, rather than his ability to answer questions selected for an examination. A conscientious father charged with the duty of instructing his son in the law, is actuated to a degree both by family pride and professional honor. He cannot afford to send out an indifferent, half- baked lawyer to prey upon the public, dis- parage his own family name, and discredit the profession in which his own standing is good. So he naturally fixes a higher standard of proficiency for his son as a student, than would be fixed for students in whom he had no other than a passing interest, young men permitted to have a desk in his office, and to use his books as a sort of accommodation. Charles E. Flandrau, therefore, applied him- self strenuously to study for several years before admission to the bar, and when author- ized by that formality to practice in the courts of New York, formed a partnership with his father. This was terminated in two years, because of his determination to anticipate the advice of Horace Greeley by going West. The fame of the new Northwest had reached the East, and the Territory of Minnesota was already attracting for settlement within its borders some of the brightest minds and most enterprising men of New England and New York. In November, 1853, Charles E. Flan- drau and Horace R. Bigelow settled in St. 1 88 F.TOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. Paul, and formed a partnership for the prac- tice of law. There was not much business for a lawyer at the time; the town was small and the settlers not inclined to be litigious. Advice was cheap, and a young man in the profession was obliged either to have what horsemen call staying qualities, or capacity for other kinds of work, in order to live. Mr. Flandrau was fortunately favored with both, and, be- sides, had a desire to obtain by personal observation a knowledge of the resources of the territory in which he had established his home. He traveled extensively, and at length settled in the village of Traverse des Sioux, in the beautiful valley of the Minnesota river. On the frontier, in an agricultural communily, there is one class of inhabitants. They are all "settlers," as different from the mixed and changing population of a mining community where speculation rules, as the sturdy Missis- sippi is different from the restless, rushing mountain brook. They fraternize and help one another. The lawyer is the leader, de- pended upon to direct affairs and to hold the offices. Mr. Flandrau became identified with the community quickly and thoroughly. He was chosen a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1857, under which the State Government was organized, and had previous- ly been a member of the Territorial Council. Politically he was a Democrat, and in favor with two administrations at Washington be- fore the war. President Pierce appointed him Indian agent for the Sioux nation in 1856, and the following year President Buchanan ap- pointed him Associate Justice of the Supreme < !ourt for the Territory. In the former position he rendered valuable service in punishing the Sioux Indians implicated in the massacres at Spirit Lake and Springfield, and in rescuing and returning safely to their homes the women captives taken at the time of the mas- sacres. The latter position was the stepping stone to that of Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, to which he was elected as a Democratic candidate. As a member of the first Supreme Court, his labor was arduous and exacting, in arranging the details for the organization of the judiciary and formulating a system of practice in the courts, and con- struing the statutes framed under the Constitution. For this work Judge Flandrau was peculiarly qualified by service in the Con- stitutional Convention. He had participated in the discussions and understood thoroughly the intent of that body in framing and adopting each article of the instrument. His interpre- tation of the Constitution was practically authoritative, and his construction of the laws enacted to carry its provisions into effect was accepted; his judgment as to the conformity of the statutes to the fundamental law was tin- judgment of an expert. The judicial opinions written by him are expressed in clear, terse and vigorous language. They are free alike from ambiguity and pedantry, and so plain and simple as to be readily comprehended by a layman. They are found in the first nine volumes of the Minnesota Reports. Judge Flandrau resigned the office of Justice of the Supreme Court in 1804, and removed to Carson City, Nevada, where he resumed practice as a member of the bar. He moved thence to St. Louis, Missouri, where he formed a partnership with Col. R. H. Musser, of that city, but the experiment was so unsatisfactory that the partnership was terminated, and he returned to Minnesota before sufficient time had elapsed to gain a residence in St. Louis. Locating first at Minneapolis, he became associated in partnership with Judge Isaac Atwater, and soon afterwards was elected city attorney, and later was chosen president of its first board of trade. At length, in 1870, he resumed his residence in St. Paul, after an interval of more than six years, and settled dowm with serene contentment to the practice of the law, first as a member of the firm of Pigelow, Flandrau & Clark, and after that as senior member of Flandrau, Squires & Cutcheon, and now alone. An incident, related of the outbreak of the Sioux Indians in ISlii', illustrates at once Judge Flandrau's courage, intrepidity and promptness to act in emergency at a time of manifest public peril. While at his home in Traverse des Sioux on the morning of the 18th of August, 1862, he received information that the terrible tribe of Sioux was on the warpath. BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 189 murdering settlers who could not escape. Without other authority than tin* instinct of self-preservation and the impulse to save his neighbors from massacre by the savages, he proceeded to assemble, arm and equip a com- pany of volunteers. Before noou of the same day he was ou the march to New Ulm, in command of a company of one hundred and fifteen men. On arriving at the exposed and threatened town, he was chosen commander- in-chief of all the volunteer forces assembled, and his brilliant, successful defense of New Ulm, in a desperately contested battle lasting forty hours, forms a thrilling chapter in the history of Minnesota. He was a hero and a patriot, loved, praised and revered by the helpless settlers he had rescued from death at the hands of the most cruel and blood-thirsty foes. The incident is without precedent, in the fact that the principal actor was instantly transformed, by his own volition, from a calm, conservative jurist, to a military leader and executive officer. His movement was so prompt and effective that he was requested by the Governor of the State to remain for some time in command of the volunteers, and was empowered to enroll additional troops for the defence and protection of the southern hoi-der of (lie State. Judge Flandrau has been frequently honored with nominations by his party, which were accepted with loyal sub- mission to the party's will, when there was no hope of election because of the overwhelm- in" Republican majority. Once he was nomin- ated for Governor; another time for Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and acted as chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee. While a Democrat of the Jeffer sonian school, he places fidelity to principle above fealty to party, and refuses to follow after strange gods at the behest of a packed convention ruled by a spirit of fanaticism. In the campaign of 1890 he declined to support the platform and presidential ticket of the Chicago convention. Entering the canvass as president of the Sound Money Club of Saint Paul with enthusiasm, he labored earnestly on the stump for the defeat of his party, and no speeches more able and effective were de- livered that year in Minnesota than those which he made. His speeches were the more entertaining because of his familiar acquaint- ance with the people of every locality and his accurate knowledge of local history. He had a story for every place, by which he won the sympathy of his auditors, and was then able to hold their attention while he proceeded to indoctrinate them. His memory and his faculty for appropriate anecdotes are marvel ous. Recalling incidents at will and associat- ing them accurately with places, tend to invest his political oratory with a peculiar charm, and lend an additional element of power to his advocacy. As a lawyer he is strong in the preparation of cases, clear and convincing in argument. Judge Flandrau's personal popu- larity, springing naturally from his human sympathy, his kindness of heart and genial manner, is evidenced by his wide acquaintance throughout the State, and the voluntary ex- pressions of citizens who have known him most intimately. Always busy, he is never too busy to welcome a friend. He never wastes time by working without a definite purpose. Promptness with him is a principle. What he engages to do is done without delay. He is a clear thinker and a ready writer. Whatever he writes is first carefully considered and then tersely expressed. His facts are verified at any cost of time or trouble, and hence their statement in the form of history is valuable. History is not written or read for the amuse- ment of a passing hour, but for information land instruction. Its value depends upon its accuracy, which is by no means inconsistent with elegant style and rhetorical embellish- ment. Judge Flandrau has traveled much, having visited nearly all the countries of the world. He is strong in his profession, strong in his convictions and regard for principle, strong in the affectionate esteem of his fellow- citizens. He has a large library in his home, and reads the best books. His culture is broad and varied. He was married August 10, 1S59, l«i Miss Isabella R. Dinsmore, of Kentucky, who died June 30, 1867, leaving two daugh- ters, one of whom subsequently married Tilden R. Selmes and the other F. W. M. Cutcheon. 190 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. February 28, 1871, he was married to Mrs. Rebecca B. Riddle, daughter of Judge William P.. McClure, of Pittsburg, an eminent jurist, whose memory is honored throughout the Slate of Pennsylvania. Two sous born of ihis marriage are Charles M. Flandrau, and Will- iam Blair McC. Flandrau. ISAAC ATWATER. Judge Isaac Atwater was born at Homer, Cortland county, New York, May 3, 1818. His father was Ezra Atwater, a farmer, a native of Connecticut, of English extraction, whose ancestors settled in New Haven about the year 174S. His mother was Esther Learn- ing, also a native of Connecticut, of English descent. Isaac received his early education in the common schools, and later prepared for college at Cazenovia Seminary and in Homer Academy. He entered Yale College in 1S40. It was by his own exertions that he secured his education, as he never had a dollar except what he earned himself by teaching school during the time he was preparing for college, his father not being able to assist him. After his graduation from Yale, in 1844, he went to Macon. Georgia, and taught a preparatory school, earning money to meet his expenses. After one year he returned to New Haven and entered the Yale Law School, where he re- mained eighteen months. He was admitted to the bar of New York City in 1847, and com- menced the practice of his profession there the following year. His success was from the first very flattering, but on account of ill- health his physieian advised him to seek a change of climate. He was married in 184!) to Miss Permelia A. Sanborn, daughter of John Sanborn, a business man of Geddes, New York. In 1850, he came with his wife to Minne- sota and settled in St. Anthony Falls, and for one year was associated in the practice of law with John W. North. In 1851 he opened an office by himself, having meanwhile taken the position as editor of the St. Anthony Ex- press, which he continued to edit for several years, giving it what time was necessary, but not to interfere with his legal practice. In 1851 he was appointed by the Territorial Leg islature one of the regents of the University, and was secretary of the board until he was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court for the new Stale, in 1857, when he resigned from the board of regents, lie was elected county attorney for Hennepin county in 1853, and was appointed by the Governor reporter of the decisions of the Territorial Supreme Court, lie served on the Supreme Bench six years, and, in 1864, resigned on account of the meager compensation. He then went to Carson City, Nevada, and opened a law office in connection with Judge Charles E. Flandrau, who had also resigned from the Supreme Bench of Minnesota about the same time. He located in Carson City in the spring of 1804, and remained there until the fall of 1S00. when he returned to Minneapolis and resumed the practice of law in partnership with .Judge Flandrau. This partnership was dissolved in 1871, after which he continued in practice by himself, and in connection with others at various times, up to 1880, since which he has devoted his time to his private business and real estate interests. . lodge Atwater has always taken an active and prominent part in all local public affairs. He has served his city as alderman, and was a member and presi- dent of the Hoard of Trade for several years; was also a trustee of the Seabury Seminary at Faribault, and was for many years a mem- ber of the school board and president of the board of education. When Judge Atwater first settled in St. Anthony, he bought a block of land for |800, entirely on credit. He paid for this in two years from his legal business. The first winter after his arrival, there was much excitement about settling on the west side of the river, in what was then the Fort Snelling reservation. In December, 1850, John H. Stevens and Franklin Steele urged him to go over and take up a claim. ( >n one stormy December day he staked out a claim of about one hundred and sixty acres, which included the land on which the West Hotel now stands. The next spring and summer he put up a shanty and spent about flOO in improving the The- Century Puilisfiinf & Cnyiminy CO chicaner ~y*~K^ <, ^yfc^-ciAjJ^Z BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. iyi claim. In 1852, he sold this claim, and bought another of one hundred and sixty acres below where the court house now stands; this he held and preempted as soon as the land was in market. Here lie laid out Atwater's Addi- tion to the city of Minneapolis, most of which has since been sold in city lots. lie purchased other property, and was one of the largest real estate owners in the city, and he still holds large interests and property in lots and build ings. While attending to his profession and other business affairs, he has found much time to devote to literary pursuits. He has been a frequent contributor to the secular press, to the standard magazines of the country, and in 1802 edited "The History of Minneapolis," a valuable contribution to local history. He has ever occupied a distinguished position among his professional brethren, and his native abil- ity and scholarly attainments have commanded a prominent place in the community where he has lived so many years. Although he has passed his four-score years, his mind is still clear and vigorous, and he lias, mi doubt, many years of usefulness before him. Mrs. Atwater is still living in the enjoyment of good physical and mental health. They are the parents of four children, only one of whom, a son, is now living — John B. Atwater — who is one of the most prominent and successful lawyers of Minneapolis. Mr. Atwater is an active mem- ber of the Gethseinane Episcopal church. He lias been a prudent contributor to all worthy charities, distributing his means judiciously. He has been a Mason since 1851, being the first apprentice initiated in Cataract Lodge, No. 2, of St. Anthony. The above facts con- cerning the life of Judge Atwater are prin- cipally obtained from his old associate on the bench and partner, Judge Flandrau, and the only regret his biographer has, is, that space limits a full narration of the excellent qualities and valuable services of the Judge during his long career. EDWARD SAWYER. The subject of this sketch was born July 11, 1830, at Dover, Stratford county, New Hampshire. He is the son of Thomas E. anil Elizabeth (Watson) Sawyer, both of English descent and natives of the Granite State. His father was a lineal descendant, through eleven generations of Quaker stuck, of William Saw yer, who, with two brothers — Edward and Thomas — came to this country from England about 1636, and who located at Salem, Massa- chusetts, in 1640, removing later to Newbury, in the same State. Thomas E. Sawyer was prominent as a member of the bar and in politics, having for a number of terms repre- sented the city of Dover in the New Hamp- shire Legislature, and having once been nominated as Whig candidate for the office of Governor of the State. He was the father of seven children, of whom Edward, our sub- ject, was the fourth. Edward Sawyer attended the common and high schools of Dover, and soon after completing his education entered upon the active business career, the events of which this sketch will now record. His work has lain largely in the field of financial business, and he has filled many responsible and honorable posts. His initial position was that of cashier of the Farmers and Mechanics Hank, of Rochester, New Hampshire, which he held for two years, beginning with May, 1858. In June of that year he secured, also, the office of assistant clerk in the House of Representatives of the State Legislature. In 1S(>(> lie was advanced from assistant clerk to clerk, and served for another two years in the higher capacity. In February, 1802, he became cashier of the Merrimack County Bank, at Con- cord, New Hampshire, and continued as such for three years. He then, in February, 1805, removed to Dubuque, Iowa, to fill the position of cashier of the Northwestern Packet Com pany. In October of the following year this concern became consolidated with the North- western T r nion Packet Company — Davidson's line — and this occasioned Mr. Sawyer's re- moval to St. Paul, Minnesota, which city has since been his home. In 1868 he severed his connection with the Consolidated Packet Com- pany, and was for the next two years asso- ciated as cashier with the banking house of W. F. Davidson & Co. For a brief period, in 1871, \t)2 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. he served as cashier to the late Jared Benson, collector of internal revenue for the St. Paul District. Afterwards, by appointment, he be- came secretary of the land department. St. Paul & Sioux City Railway Company. In this position he remained until August, 1878, when he received the appointment from the United States Circuit Court as receiver in the case of Northern Pacific Railway Company vs. St. Paul & Pacific Railway Company, a large area of land being involved in litigation. In this capacity he served until 1894, when the suit was finally adjusted. In the meantime— 1879 — Mr. Sawyer had been elected secretary and treasurer of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Mani- toba Railway Company; and ten years later, upon the organization of the Great Northern Railway, he was elected treasurer and assist- ant secretary of that company, which is his present dual office. Mr. Sawyer has held many positions of trust, and it is a fact indicative of his character that each change he has made has been a voluntary one, made for advance- ment or other wise reasons, and that in each post relinquished he has left regretful friends. The following cordial words are quoted from an old-time acquaintance of Mr. Sawyer, who is one of the leading citizens of St. Paul: "I have known Mr. Sawyer ever since he came to Minnesota. He is an exceptional man in many ways. In all the positions he has held, he has' proved to be wonderfully com- petent, and has shown unusual fidelity. He is a genial and kind-hearted man, and all who know him speak well of him. He is a great reader of good works, and possesses a fine library. His every idea is well considered, and his conclusions just and correct. He is in every sense an honorable and trustworthy man." On November 29, 1859, at Rochester, New Hampshire, Mr. Sawyer was united in mar- riage to Miss Frances Putnam Kelly. Mrs. Sawyer is a lady of superior intellect and attainments, which, by the delicate health of their possessor, have been to a great extent excluded from the social realm they would so fittingly adorn. In spite of her sufferings and privations, however, she has preserved a rare sweetness of temper, and has attached to her a large circle of sympathetic and admiring friends. Three daughters were born to .Mr. and Mrs. Sawyer — Ruth Edna, Fannie Ela. and Elizabeth — of whom the two former were deceased in infancy. Elizabeth grew to womanhood and married the late Edward Pea ice. of Providence, Rhode Island. CHARLES M. START. The present Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Minnesota. Charles Monroe Start, is a native of Vermont, born at Bakersfield, Franklin county, October 4, 1839, but has passed more than half of his life — or more than thirty six years — in Minnesota. He is a son of Simpson G. and Mary S. (Barnes) Start, and comes of old New England stock. His parents were both of English descent, his re- mote paternal ancestors emigrating from the south of England to America in 1G52. His father was a sturdy Green Mountain farmer, and the Judge's early life was spent on the paternal homestead. When he had come to young manhood he passed the summer seasons at work on the farm and the winter in teach- ing school, to obtain the means for a better education. For a time he attended the academy at Barre, Vermont. After leaving the academy, he studied law in the office and under the instruction of Judge William C. Wilson, at Bakersfield, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. He was engaged in the practice of his profession when the War of the Rebellion came. In July, 1802, he enlisted in the Union army as a member of Company I, Tenth Vermont Infantry. He was commissioned first lieutenant of his company August 11, but on Decem- ber 1, following, he resigned on a surgeon's certificate of disability. In October, 1863, Judge Start located at Rochester, Minnesota, where he engaged in the practice of his pro- fession, and where he has since permanently resided. His established character as one learned in the law may be best understood by his official record. He was county attorney of Olmsted county for eight years. In 1879 he ^^Pl^>, Jc. c h^U^O ' BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. t93 was elected Attorney General of the State, and served from January 1, 1880, until March 12, 1881, when he resigned to accept an appoint- ment to the office of Judge of the Third Judicial District of the State. To this position he was elected without opposition for three successive terms, and was still in service, when, in 1894, he was nominated on the Re- publican ticket and elected Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He took his seat January 5, 1895, and his term expires in 1901. He has, therefore, been connected with the judicial system of the State as a public official for nearly thirty years, and until he has reached the highest rank obtainable in that branch of our State government. It is a matter of truth and notoriety, moreover, that his distinctions have come to him without any effort on his part to obtain them. A distinguished jurist, who has long known Chief Justice Start, says of him: "The people of the Third Judicial District, over whose courts he presided so long, enter- tained so high an admiration for his character as a man, and for his ability as a jurist, that he could doubtless have retained his position as District Judge as long as he desired. When he came to St. Paul to assume his duties as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, his high reputation as a man and a jurist had long preceded him; and while this may be neither the time nor place to speak at length of his services in his present position, it is sufficient to say that he lias in all respects fulfilled the expectation of the people and the bar through- out the state. Judge Start possesses in a pre- eminent degree, the essential characteristics of every great lawyer or judge — both moral and mental honesty, which enables a man both to discover what is just and to do it. Possessed of a strong love of justice, he scorns everything that savors of fraud or unfairness in dealings between man and man. These qualities, con- nected with his clear and bright intellect, could not fail to render him a good judge." Judge Start was married August 10, 1805, to Clara A. Wilson, of his native village of Bakersfield, Vermont, daughter of his early preceptor, William C. Wilson. Judge and Mrs. Start have one child, a daughter, named Clara L. The Judge is an attendant of the Congre- gational church. FREDERICK WEYERHAEUSER. Among the prominent lumbermen of the United States there is probably none more widely known than Frederick Weyerhaeuser, of St. Paul, Minnesota. As the senior member of the firm of Weyerhaeuser & Denkmanu, of Rock Island, Illinois, he was well known throughout the West, prior to his election, in 1872, as the president of the Mississippi River Logging Company and its associate corpora- tion, the Beef Slough .Manufacturing. Booming, Log Driving and Transportation Company. These companies practically consolidated the timber land and logging interests of all the largest saw-mills of the Mississippi valley be- low Lake Pepin, and handled and controlled almost the entire log output of the Chippewa river. They furnished an ideal field for the exercise of his untiring energy, his keen busi- ness insight, his quick grasp of every important factor in submitted propositions, his instant recognition of profitable opportunities, his un- erring judgment and his dispatch of business through a marvelous executive ability. The companies referred to in their various ramifica- tions and offshoots, and the numerous allied undertakings, either in corporate capacity or as individual ventures of their members, have all proceeded under the immediate direction of Mr. Weyerhaeuser, and have for the most part originated with him. This fact may pos- sibly account for the habit into which the daily press has fallen, of attributing every important movement in lumber circles to a "Weyerhaeuser syndicate." Though, of course, frequently incorrect in this, the fact indicates, as well as can be done, the position occupied by Mr. Weyerhaeuser in the lumber world. The timber holdings of the various interests of which Mr. Weyerhaeuser is the recognize d controlling spirit probably exceed rather than fall short of 15,000,000,000 feet— a quantity which approximates fully one half of the re- maining res ources of the white pine forests of the Northwest. In addition to his tim- ber lands, logging and lower Mississippi interests, he is actively interested in eigh- teen extensive manufacturing concerns, among 194 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. which may be mentioned the Chippewa Lumber and Boom Company, Chippewa Falls: the Shell Lake Lumber Company, Shell Lake, Wisconsin; the Pine Tree Lumber Company, Little Falls; and Northern Lumber Company, Cloquet, Minnesota, and also large interests at Pock Island. Recently, in re- ferring to the basis of his success, Mr. Weyer- haeuser stated that he attributed it to the fact that lie had "always thought more of his credii I han of his clothes." This stales the I ruth partially. Unquestionably habits of industry and frugality at the outset, and the constant maintenance of an unsullied credit must un derlie all permanent success in legitimate commercial enterprises, but for the attainment of phenomenal success there must be fortuitous circumstances and suitable opportunity, cou- pled with the ability to foresee the largest possibilites. and the ambition, energy, courage and determination which are essential to their realization. All of these elements find abun- dant illustration in Mr. Weyerhaeuser' s career. One feature of his operations which should be mentioned, is the fact that his associates have always mutually and fully shared with him in the results attained. His efforts have always been for the success of the common undertakings, and all the parties in interest have had a just proportion of the outcome realized. Mr. Weyerhaeuser is in every way a typical business man, unpretentious, active, easily approached, of few words, and quick to decide every question that may arise. He has ,i store of ready wit and a happy faculty of illustration, or in adapting some trite maxim or story to the question at issue. Of Mr. Weyerhaeuser in his private and home life it is a pleasure to speak. His business career has not been more marked by uprightness, integrity and honor than has his private char- acter by honesty, sincerity and the character- istics of the most worthy manhood. And his home has been such as of right belongs to such a man. With an utter absence of ostentation, it has ever been in the center of the highest leiineinent and of the most generous hospital- ity. -Mrs. Weyerhaeuser, as the devoted wife and mother, has been no less successful in the management of the household than lias been her worthy husband in the commercial world. Their family consists of four sons and three daughters, who have each received a lib- eral education and are most worthy representa- tives of this model American borne. The sons have each assumed positions of responsibility in lumber organizations, and their marked ability effectually disproves the popular notion which limits rich men's sons to mediocrity and destines them to indifferent success. Chrono- logically. Mr. Weyeihaeuser's career may be set out as follows: He was born in Nieder- saulheim. near Mainz, in southern Germany. November 21, 1834; received a common school education until he was thirteen years of age; worked on his father's farm until lie was seventeen; emigrated to America and landed in New York July 1, 1852; settled in North East, Erie county, Pennsylvania, and came west in 1856. He commenced the lumber and grain business in Coal Valley, Pock Island county. Illinois, and, in 1800, he and Mr. F. C. A. Denkmann bought what was known as th" Pock Island Saw-Mill, aud organized the part- nership, which has ever since been known as Weyerhaeuser & Denkmann. In the latter part of the sixties they bought what was then, and is still, known as the Upper Mill, in Pock Island, and in the seventies they consolidated that mill with that of Mr. J. S. Keator, and organized the Pock Island Lumber & Manu- facturing Company. Shortly afterwards they bought out the interest of Mr. Keator, and have since continued the operations of said company. Mr. Weyerhaeuser was married to Miss Elizabeth P.ladel, October 11, 1857. In April, 1891, he became a resident of St. Paul, where he and his family now reside. SAMUEL H. CHUTE. Dr. Chute was born at Columbus, Ohio, De- cember C, 1830. His father was Rev. James Chute, and bis ancestry is sketched elsewhere in the biography of his brother, the late Rich- aril Chute, the eminent citizen whose career was so prominently identified with the early history of Minnesota aud the Northwest. The BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 195 Doctor received his scholastic education in the common schools of Indiana and at Wa- bash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana. After leaving college he, for four years, engaged in the study of medicine under the tutelage of Dr. C. E. Sturgis, a noted physician and surgeon of Fort Wayne, and as a student in the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati. From the lat- ter institution he was graduated in February, 1852. In March following his graduation Dr. Chute set out on an overland trip 1 for the distant Territory of Oregon. After a long and toilsome journey of over 2,000 miles, occupying seven months and fraught with hardships, in- teresting incidents and adventures, he arrived at the then little village of Portland. Later lie went on horseback from Portland to Yreka, in northern California, where he was engaged in the practice of his profession and in mining operations for about four years. He then de- termined to leave the Pacific Coast for "t In- states, " and after a long sea voyage over the Pacific and Atlantic, crossing the Isthmus of Panama en route, arrived at New York City. Making a short stay in New England, he returned to Fort Wayne, Indiana, in March, 1857, after an absence of five years. Dr. Chute has been a resident of Minnesota since the spring of 1857. He landed at St. Paul from the firs! steamboat of the season on May 1 of that year. (In the same day he came to what was then called "the Falls" of St. Anthony, and two months later purchased of John W. North — the founder of the town of Northtield, etc.,— for the consideration of f 10,000. the tract of land known in the records as "Block 17 of the town of St. Anthony Falls." On this tract, in a frame dwelling house which is still stand- ing, he look up his abode, and this was his home residence for more than thirty years. Upon his location at St. Anthony Falls mow a part of Minneapolis) he abandoned the active practice of his profession and engaged in the real estate business, and with this pursuit, after more than forty-two years' residence in Minneapolis, he is still prominently identified. Subsequent to his location at St. Anthony, he became so intimately associated in business affairs with his brother, Richard, that in 1865 the copartnership of Chute Brothers was formed, and into the business of this firm t In- most of the individual interests of the two brothers were merged. With the early history, and especially with the growth and develop- ment, of Minneapolis, from an insignificant frontier village to a city of metropolitan pro- portions. Dr. Chute has always been intimately and inHueiitially connected and identified. A leading feature of Dr. Chute's identification with the material interests of Minneapolis has been his connection with the development and utilization of the water power of St. Anthony Falls — the greatest factor in the city's up- building and greatness. When, in 1850, the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company was or- ganized, his brother, Richard Chute, who had secured the company's charter, became its agent, and continued in this position until LS68. In that year Dr. Chute, by virtue of a power of attorney, became the agent in place of his brother, and so acted up to 1880, when the property was sold to .1. J. Hill and others, although he continued to serve under the new owners for a year thereafter. At one time tin Chute Brothers owned the entire stock of the water power company, and the Doctor was a director in the company for some time before lie became its agent. When the greatest and most valuable improvements were made in the falls, Dr. Chute was supervisor of the work of construction and had general charge of the work; the engineer was .1. T. Stevens. He had charge of all the improvements until the Gen oral Government took charge of the work, with Colonel Farquhar as superintendent. While the work of repairing the great ''apron'' in aid of the preservation of tin- falls was in progress the Doctor, as executive officer of the board of construction, was in charge, with Mr. J. T. Stevens as engineer. During the long and active career of his brother, Richard, the Doc- tor had entire charge of the details of the busi- ness of the firm of Chute Brothers. They erected several blocks of business houses, con- spicuously some of the most substantial strut- tures of the kind on the St. Anthony or east side of the river; they graded streets; 1 1 1 1 ■ \ planted thousands of shade trees, and made 196 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. large expenditures in establishing other public improvements of utility and adornment. The firm is now styled Chute Unit hers Company, and is still regarded as one of the most impor- tant business institutions of the city. Its members are Samuel II. Chute, president; Wil- liam Y. Chute la son of Richard), vice-presi- dent; James T. Chute (a brother), secretary and treasurer. Dr. Chute has in time past been prominently connected with the official affairs of his adopted city. As long ago as 1858 he was supervisor of the poor, serving without pay. He served several terms as a member of the board of aldermen, and for some time was city treasurer. He was the author of a reform that was of great and substantial benefit, and which saved the county of Hennepin large sums of money, for it was by his personal ef- forts and influence that the county commis- sioners were induced to purchase the county poor farm and erect thereon a poor house for the support and care of the poor and indigent. He was also one of the founders of the city's public school system. For a long time he was president of the board of education, and he has always taken an active interest in school matters. In politics he has always been loyal to the principles of the Republican party, al- though in early manhood he was a Democrat. He is known as a high-minded, honorable gen- tleman, a public spirited citizen, always a leader in public affairs, a willing and liberal contributor to every enterprise for the public good, and no other man stands higher in gen- eral esteem in the great city, which he has helped so much to build. Dr. Chute was mar- ried May 5, 1858, to Miss Helen E. A. Day. He has a family of three daughters and two sons: Mary, Agnes, I Jessie, Louis 1'. and Fred B. — both the sons are in the practice of law in Minneapolis. CYRUS NORTHROP. Measured by the results of his labor — the growth of the university and the elevation of its educational standard — Cyrus Northrop, LL. D., president of the University of Minne- sota, is one of the foremost educators of Amer- ica and one of the most influential citizens of the Northwest. Mr. Northrop is a native of Connecticut, the sou of Cyrus Northrop, a farmer of that State, and Polly B. Fancher, a native of New York. He was born at Ridge- field, September 30, 1834, on the farm. His education was carefully supervised from child- hood, and as thorough in its preparation for the larger duties and more responsible posi tions in life as the best institutions of New England could make it. He first attended the primary common school, and at the age of eleven he was placed in an academy at Ridge- field, under the tuition of H. S. Banks and Rev. Chauncey Wilcox, both of whom were gradu- ates of Yale. After an attendance of six years in this school, which is remembered with a de- gree of sentiment, because it was held in tin house in which "Peter Parley" was born, he finished in one year his preparatory work in the famous Williston Seminary at East Hamp- ton, Massachusetts, and in the fall of lSr>2, at the age of eighteen, entered Yale. His habit of study was so fixed as to render it easy for him to master the classical curriculum. As evidence of thoroughness it may be stated that he was graduated third in a class of one hun- dred and eight members. His relish for col- lege life was keen, and his talent sufficiently versatile to appropriate all that it offers for culture and social entertainment, in addition to the regular courses of study. He had mem- bership in four Creek fraternities, and in the rather exclusive "Skull and Rones." Re was also first president of the "Brothers of Unity." a literary society of high repute and wide pop- ularity. Before his graduation, in 1N.">7. Mr. Northrop had definitely formed the purpose of entering the legal profession, and in pursuance of that purpose he entered the Law School of Yale the same year and remained two years to complete the regular course of study, mean- while discharging the duties of tutor of Greek and Latin in a private school, and preparing two classes for the literary course of the uni- versity. On leaving the law school lie con tinned his preparation for practice in the law office of tin' Hon. Charles Ives of New Haven. It was on the eve of that memorable political contest between the forces of libertv and slav- P.IOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. t q; cry, to be followed immediately by the more desperate military struggle to determine which of the two policies should have permanent ascendancy in the government. Lincoln had said, in 1858, with the prevision of a prophet. that the time would come when the territory of the United States must be either all slave or all free, and however disguised by specious platform declarations, there was a deep con- sciousness in the people. North and South, that the sentiment phrased by Lincoln was in some vital sense under Providence, the issue in- volved in his election to the Presidency. Mo- mentous consequences hinged on the issue. The tension was inordinate. Capable, edu- cated young men felt the stress and were impelled to declare themselves. Mr. Northrop participated in the campaign with his con science, his ability and his energy, for liberty and the individual union of all the States. Law studies were abandoned and future pros pects put aside for the graver questions of public concern. The consideration of National politics was recognized as the paramount duty of the individual, and active prominence in the work of the campaign naturally identified Mr. Northrop with State affairs for the time being. He was first appointed assistant clerk of the Connecticut House of Representatives, and the next year made clerk, and the year after clerk of the Senate. While this political service was foreign to his original purpose, it was compensatory in affording the opportunity to become familiar with practical politics and form an acquaintance with men prominent in affairs. And so it was not surprising that he gave up his law office in 1862 — opened at Nor walk for practice the previous year — and en- gaged for one year as editor of the New Haven Daily Palladium, the leading and most influ- ential Republican newspaper of the State. The labor of this position was arduous, but at the same time it was great in the measure of influ- ence, the clear and forcible discussion of the grave and original questions of public policy raised by the exigencies of the Civil War. What was at first intended to be only a tem- porary interruption of his course of life pre- viously determined upon, served at last to change its current, broaden its sweep and mul- tiply its beneficent influences. In 1863 he was called to the chair of rhetoric and English literature in Yale, which he filled with marked ability and distinction for a period of twenty- one years. The place came to him without his seeking, and as a result of his superior quali- fications, known to the president and trustees of the university. In 1884 he received a unan- imous call to the presidency of the University of Minnesota, without having in any sense been an applicant for the place, and indeed, without any knowledge of the consideration of his name. Previous to that time he made a single trip to the Northwest, and that was with his family, for pleasure, in 1881. President North rop was admirably qualified for his new responsibilities by broad and thorough schol- arship, by knowledge of the principles of the law, by familiar acquaintance with great men. by active participation in political affairs for twenty-five years, by sympathy with the ambi- tions and aspirations of the young, by com- plete practical understanding of the system, the aim and method of university education, and by a high order of executive ability. Added to all these qualifications are the qual- ities of mind and heart which attract individ- uals and masses to him. His greeting is cordial, his manner frank, his intercourse dig nified and sincere. He is gifted with the rare and gracious assemblage of faculties by which the lovable man is enabled to acquire and hold the affection and confidence of students and others with whom intimate relations are main- tained. The growth of the University of Min- nesota and its high standing among the great universities of the country attest the posses siiin by its president of the highest capability for the position. When he was installed the total enrollment of students was less than three hundred; in 1898 it was twenty-eight hundred and ninety. The number of college buildings has been increased twenty fold, and the number of departments is adequate to the complete functions of a first-class university. fie has a well balanced mind and a well ordered life, lie is progressive always. A member of the faculty of another univer- iqS BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. sity says: "He is ;i man of great tact, of warm-hearted disposition, sterling common sense and transparent integrity." Many de- mands arc made upon his time for lectures and public addresses, and his custom is, whenever practicable, to comply with these demands. His oratory extends the fame of the university. In 1886 the degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Yale. Dr. Northrop is an orator com- bining the grace and exactitude desirable on the college rostrum, the polish and amplitude essential to the lecture platform, the logic, humor and force required on the hustings, the versatility and adaptation which flx his reputa- tion as the most popular after-dinner speaker of the entire Northwest. In Connecticut he was once a candidate for Congress, and for eight years, under Presidents Grant and Hayes, he was collector of the port of New Haven. Now, instead of the expenditure of personal energy in partisan discussions on the stump, his political influence is more widely and effectively exerted through the many thou- sands of young men who come under his in- struction. Dr. Northrop is a Congregationalist and has been very prominent in the affairs of that denomination. In 188!) he was moderator of the National Council held that year in Wor- cester, Massachusetts. He was also a delegate to the International Congregational Council held in London, England, in the summer of 1891, and lie was one of the two vice-presidents appointed from America. He was married. September 30, 1862, to Miss Anna Elizabeth Warren, daughter of Joseph Warren of Stam- ford, Connecticut. Their eldest daughter, Min- nie, died at the age of ten years and six months; their son, Cyrus, Jr., is a graduate of I be University of Minnesota; their daughter. Elizabeth, entered the University, but on ac- count of ill health did not graduate. CHARLES E. VANDERBURGH. The late Judge Charles Edwin Vanderburgh, of Minneapolis, was born in Saratoga county, New York, December 2, 1820. He was ex- tracted from thrifty Holland-Dutch stock, and his father was a tiller of the soil. His child hood was passed on the home farm, where, through rural activities, he developed a robust- ness of physique befitting as a foundation to that mental vigor which has made the name of Vanderburgh one of the most distinguished in the history of Minnesota. Beginning his education in the neighboring country schools, he took a preparatory course at Homer Acad emy, New York, and in 184!) was ready for college. Having decided upon Yale for his alma mater, he entered that institution, grad- uating in the class of 1852 with a full share of the honors. During the next three years he was engaged as principal of the academy at Oxford, New York. Along with his pedagogic duties, however, he found time to pursue a course of law-reading under the direction of the famous attorney, Henry R. Mygatt. In 1855 he was admitted to the bar, and soon after- wards set out for the West, little knowing what successes he was to achieve, yet, perhaps, vaguely anticipating them through the subtle sense of power which great abilities give, even to tlie most modest. Tile winter of 1855-6 he spent in Chicago, proceeding in the following April to Minneapolis. Soon after his arrival there he entered into a legal partnership with E. R. E. Cornell, who was subsequently Justice of the Supreme Court. Within three years the excellencies of his character and his work had so enlisted the general confidence and esteem that, although not yet turned thirty, he was elected Judge of the Fourth Judicial District. This was in 1859, at the first election after Minnesota had been admitted to the Union, and young Vanderburgh was the first resident of Minneapolis upon whom this compliment was conferred. The district over which lie was to have jurisdiction at that time comprised fifteen counties, and extended north to the British possessions, lie received three re- elections to this post, in 1866, 187:5 and 1880, respectively, and was for eighteen years the only judge sitting at Minneapolis. In 1876, however, A. II. Young was appointed Asso- ciate Justice. In 1S81 Judge Vanderburgh resigned his position as a district functionary, being at that time elected to the Supreme &&& 2> La_cXa^\^ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. !<)■) Judgeship. This lie retained until 1S!)4, being re-elected in 1887. In the election of 1892 he was renominated l>y the Republicans, but the Populists united with the Democrats to swell that memorable Cleveland wave, and Vander- burgh was defeated, Ruck and Canty being the winning candidates. But Judge Vanderburgh had already been upon the bench, District and Supreme, for over thirty-five years, and had made a record not easy to rival. When he en tered the judicial field the youthful State had as yet no settled code of jurisprudence, and upon Judge Vanderburgh there necessarily devolved the responsibility of helping to estab- lish precedents for such a code by broad origi- nal research and action. So able and con- scientious was he in this independent work, however, that it is said not one of the thou- sands of causes which were brought before him for adjudication was decided other than to the perfect satisfaction, not only of the winning snitor, but of the unsuccessful party as well. But it was in the determining of fine points in equity that his discriminating and adjusting faculties reached their highest play; and it was through the superiority of his work in this class of cases that he gained his broadest rep- utation. Atwater's History of Minneapolis, which contains a sketch of the Judge, makes the following confident assertion: ''Judge Van- derburgh was the greatest administrator of equity jurisprudence the State ever saw." Judge Vanderburgh was twice married, fir^t, in 1857, to Miss Julia Mygatt, daughter of Wil- liam Mygatt, a wealthy, retired resident of Oxford, New York, and second cousin of Henry K. Mygatt, under whom, as a youth, our sub- ject had read law. This wife died in 1863, leaving two children, a boy and a girl, and ten years later the Judge was united in marriage to Miss Anna Culbert, of Broadalbin, Fulton county, New York. The only child of this latter union, Isabella, died in 189?.. Mrs. Van derburgh is still living, and resides in Minne- apolis. Of the two children of the former marriage, the daughter was early deceased. The son. William H., resides in Minneapolis. On March 3, 1898, Judge Vanderburgh passed out of this life, leaving behind him a record of integrity and professional achievement which wiin for aim exceptional honor while living, and which his contemporaries in Minnesota hold up as a worthy and brilliant example to the rising generation. MARTIN B. KOON. Judge Martin B. Koon, of Minneapolis, sen- ior member of the well-known law firm of Koon, Whelan & Bennett, was born January 22, 1841, at Altay, Schuyler county, New York. His ancestry on his father's side is, Scotch, and on his mother's side Connecticut Yankee. His father, Alanson Koon, was a farmer in moderate circumstances, in Schuyler county. New York, a man of sterling Christian char- acter. His mother's maiden name was Marilla Wells, and Mr. Koon is wont to speak of her in terms of deep affection and the most profound reverence for her memory. She was a woman of strong character, and deeply impressed herself upon her children. The most valuable legacy which his parents bequeathed to him was habits of industry, indomitable persever- ance, never-failing energy, and a mind natur- ally active and studious. While he was yet a lad his father removed with his family to Hillsdale county, Michigan, where Martin grew T up on a farm. He recalls that the first money he ever earned was by riding a horse for a neighbor while plowing corn. Mr. Koon attended the winter schools, as most farmer boys did in those days, and worked on the farm in summer. He pursued his studies, how- ever, with such diligence that, at the age of seventeen, he was prepared to enter Hillsdale College. During his college course he supple- mented his limited resources by teaching school several terms, but kept up his studies and completed his course in 1863. He had, how- ever, labored so hard as a student as to se- riously impair his health, and in 1864, a change of climate becoming necessary, he made a trip to California by way of the Isthmus. The change was beneficial, and after remaining two years in California, engaged in teaching, he returned to Michigan to take up the studj 200 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. of law in the office of his brother, Ezra L. Koon. In 1867 he was admitted to the bar in Hillsdale, Michigan, and soon afterwards en- tered into partnership with his brother, under the firm name of E. L. & M. B. Koon, which association continued until 1878. While he did not go actively into politics, he was elected to the office of prosecuting attorney on the Republican ticket in Hillsdale county, in 1870 to 1874. In ls7:'« he spent four months in travel in Europe. In the meantime he had be- come convinced that Hillsdale did not offer a sufficient field for the exercise of his talent, and, in 1878, he removed to Minneapolis. His career since he came to this city is briefly but ably summarized as follows, by one who is in a position to know Judge Koon, as a lawyer and as a man, as well as any one living: "Beginning practice in Minneapolis. Judge Koon almost immediately ascended to the front rank of his profession, and soon came to be recognized as one of the few leaders at the bar of Minneapolis, and of the State. In 1883 a vacancy occurred on the District Bench, and at the unanimous solicitation of the Hennepin county bar he was appointed to fill this vacan- cy. At the election following he was chosen without opposition for the term of seven years. When later he decided to retire from the bench his resignation was regarded as a great misfor- tune by the entire profession and the whole community. During his occupancy of that pi>- sition he decided some of the most important cases ever tried in his Judicial District, and his decisions, when appealed, were almost in- variably affirmed. Possessed of fine legal attainments, with a remarkable ability to de- cide quickly, and an unusually keen sense of the dividing line between right and wrong, between justice and injustice, he combined all the elements requisite for an able and upright judge." On retiring from the bench. Judge Koon re- sumed the practice of law, and is now the senior member of the firm of Koon. Whelan iS. Bennett, which enjoys one of the most desir- able and lucrative practices in Minneapolis. Judge Koon is a member of the Minneapolis club, the Commercial Club, the Chamber of Commerce, and a trustee of the Church of the Redeemer. He was married in November, 1873, to Josephine Vandermark of Phelps, New York. To them have been born two daughters, Katheriue Estelle and Marilla Louise. CHARLES A. PILLSBURY. The Pillsbury family has borne high honors both in the civil and military history of New England for nearly three centuries, and tin larger number of its members have discharged Hie inconspicuous duties of private life in a manner alike meritorious and unobtrusive. Some of them have achieved eminence in com- mercial pursuits, and some in politics and statesmanship in the boundless empire of the Northwest. The family was transplanted in America by Joshua Pillsbury, who emigrated from England and settled in Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1690. He was there the beneficiary of a land grant, the title of a por- tion of which has never been alienated, but passed by descent to his children and their descendants down to the present time. One branch of the family settled early in New Hampshire, and from this branch Charles Alfred Pillsbury descended. He was born at Warner, New Hampshire, October .'?, 1842, the son of George A. Pillsbury and Margaret S. Carleton. His maternal ancestors were also Puritans of the staunchest character. His education was begun in the public schools of his native town, continued in the New London Academy, where he was prepared for college at the age of sixteen, and completed in Dart- mouth, from which he was graduated in 1862 at the age of twenty. The term "completed" as applied to education is misleading, since it means only the acquirements obtained in the schools. The completion of a course in college is in reality only the preparation for that larger practical school of life which a man enters after securing his diploma. And this was eminently so with Charles A. Pillsbury. Having that strong moral fibre which is the resultant of pure breeding and correct train- ing for generations in the best New England families of Puritanic lineage, and equipped with the best learning of the schools; guided BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 201 by a financial and commercial instinct strong enough to dominate his whole life, he began as a merchant's clerk at Montreal. For six rears he remained in Canada at merchandis- ing, and then saw afar oh" the opportunities awaiting the ambitious and sagacious in the northwestern portion of the United Stales. Mr. Pillsbury came to Minneapolis, and his location in the young city really marked the •opening of his business career. He saw the enormous waste of power in the waters of the Mississippi rushing over the Falls of St. Anthony, and looked out upon the vast wheat fields in proximity. The utilization of this power in the manufacture of flour was the problem in which he became early and deeply interested. The only available means at hand was a mill of small capacity and a reputation for bad flour, which the millers were disposed to charge to the inferior quality of the wheat. He purchased, on time, a third interest in this mill, agreeing to pay therefor the sum of flfl.OOO. This afforded opportunity for the ex- ercise of genius and public spirit, and the ultimate gratification of an ambition to be something more than a plodder. Mr. Pillsbury was unwilling lo condemn the wheat with wholesale condemnation, until he should first avail himself of the inventor's genius by the introduction of the best machinery and ap- pliances for the "rinding of the wheat, the separation of the different parts of the grain, which he deemed essential to the production of pure flour. His efforts were so successful that the first year demonstrated the wisdom of his expenditure of ten thousand dollars for the firm in improving the mill's equipment. He was among the first to adopt the steel rollers as a substitute for the buhrs compris- ing the "upper and nether millstone" of sacred history; but lon^ before this substitu- tion, Pillsbury's flour had gained a wide repu- tation. He found out by actual demonstration, what he had at first suspected, that the mills and the millers were responsible for the failure to manufacture first-class flour from spring- wheat. From the beginning, ex-Governor Pillsbury was a member of the firm, and, in 1872, George A. Pillsbury, father of Charles. was admitted to the partnership, and subse- quently Fred C. Pillsbury was added to the firm, which conducted business in the name of Charles A. Pillsbury & Co., until all of the large mills at Minneapolis were bought by an English syndicate, and consolidated in the name of the Pillsbury- Washburn Flour Mills Company. Limited, of London. The Pillsbury family retained a considerable part of the stock, and Mr. Charles A. Pillsbury continued to manage the business of the combined prop- erties with great success until his death, September 17, 1899. As early as 1882, Mr. Pillsbury. for his firm, adopted the policy of sharing profits with his employes, and at the end of eight years he said in a published in- terview, "We have divided profits during five years out of the eight." Continuing the inter- view, he said: "I was first led to adopt the system of profit-sharing from a desire to enter into some plan which would more equitably divide the profits between capital and labor. Of course the continual agitation of the labor question called my attention to the subject; Imii there was no disaffection among my own employes, so far as I was aware. On the con- trary, our relations with our employes were and always have been so harmonious that there has never been any intimation of a strike. As to the details of a profit-sharing scheme, I was not influenced by what others had done, and at thai time knew absolutely nothing of the experience of others or the results of any kindred experiments." After a trial of many years, Mr. Pillsbury became convinced that the system of profit-sharing in a business which depends largely upon the carefulness and skill of employes, is profitable to the com- pany. It actually enhances the earning capac- iiv of the men employed by increasing their interest in the production due to a conscious- ness of proprietorship. It tends to promote good feeling between capital and labor, and fosters unity of purpose to make the output as large as possible for the mutual advantage of all concerned. His view of the value of labor differed from the popular idea that the rate of wages should be regulated solely by the law of supply and demand. He would 202 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. consider the question in its equitable aspect and pay whatever is right — what the laborer is worth — rather than take advantage of his aecessities when (he supply is great and the competition severe. There is a plain distinction between cooperation and profit-sharing. In a business or industry employing large capital and subjected to keen competition, executive ability of very high order is required, and while co-operation is impracticable, the system of profit-sharing may be introduced with ad- vantage to the capital as well as the labor employed. Mr. Pillsbury, always a man of public spirit and devoted to duty as a citizen and a man, never sought political office, but uniformly discouraged all efforts to bring him before the public as a candidate. When urged to accept a nomination for Congressman, he declared he would not accept the office as a gift. Although pre-eminently qualified by his practical views, the result of successful ex- perience in business and manufacturing, he said to intimate friends who urged his accept- ance of the honor: "I would rather be a first- class miller than a second-rate Congressman." He gave liberally to worthy organized chari- ties, and assisted the individual cases of poverty that came under his observation with a generous hand. Perhaps the crowning glory of his useful life was the disinterested service in behalf of the sufferers from the disastrous forest fires of September, 1S94, in which four hundred square miles of territory were swept by the flames, and more than four hundred persons lost their lives, and more than three thousand lost their homes. As chairman of the commission of five noble men appointed by the Governor to provide ways and means for the relief of those who had suffered, Mr. Pillsbury set about the work, actuated by characteristic philanthropy and qualified by commanding executive ability. His probity was a guarantee that every dollar contributed for relief would be honestly accounted for; his practical experience and sound judgment as- sured the wise and judicious expenditure of every dollar placed in the hands of the com- mission. He regarded the duty as a sacred trust, and devoted his time and energy for six months to carrying out the plans of the commission. A comfortable house was built for each family whose home had been de- stroyed, or the equivalent thereof was paid in cash. Every lot on which a new home was built was first made free and clear of mort- gage. If the home had been destroyed on a mortgaged farm, the commission obtained from the mortgagee a release of two acres on which to build the new home, so that it might. not be taken for the debt. In this manner the relief was not only made immediately helpful, but the beneficence was permanent. All the relief was rendered, not as charity, but as a means of enabling the victims of a misfortune, for which they were in no wise responsible, to help themselves. Rev. William Wilkinson, of Minneapolis, who had charge of the first relief party sent out after the Are, says: ''The service of Mr. Pillsbury on that commission cannot be overstated. The cause was worthy, and grandly did he measure up to all the require- ments." Mr. Pillsbury was an attendant upon the services of Plymouth Congregational church, of Minneapolis, and long a member of its board of trustees. He was married Sep- tember V2, 1866, to Mary A. Stinsou, of Goffstown, New Hampshire, daughter of ("apt. Charles Stinson. Two sons, Charles Stinson and John Sargent Pillsbury, Jr., are the fruit of that marriage. They are twins, fine, sturdy, young men. students in the University of Minnesota at the time of their father's death. DANIEL BUCK. Judge Daniel Buck, late of the Supreme Court of Minnesota, was born at Boonville, New York, September 8, 1829, the second of a family of six children, whose parents were Jonathan and Roxana (Wheelock) Buck. On the paternal side he is a descendant of Isaac Buck, who, with his wife, Frances Marsh, and others refused to take the "oath of conform ity" to the Established church, was forcibly transported from England to Boston in the ship "Amelia." in October, 1635. Isaac Buck- settled at Scituate. Massachusetts, and is thus Th& Qtnlujy Putlisniiiy &£nyiwmj Co ChUMpv BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 203 described in the history of the town: "He was a very useful man, often engaged in public business, and was the clerk of the town for many years. He was a lieutenant in King Philip's War, and repulsed the Indians with great loss from Scituate, in March, 1676. He died in 1695." Isaac Buck's eldest son, Thomas — the Judge's great-grandfather — lived in Bridge water, Massachusetts, prior to 1712. His son, Daniel — for whom the Judge was named — was a soldier in the War of the Revo- lution, enlisting twice, first in 1778 or 17711, at the age of sixteen or seventeen, in Captain Bonney's Company of Colonel Portei*'s Regi- ment; and again in 1780 in Captain Smith's Company of Colonel Richard's Regiment of Massachusetts State troops. He settled at Boonville, New York, in about 1800, and died in 1843. His son, Jonathan Buck, the father of Judge Buck, was born at Boonville, in De- cember, 1804, and died May 2, 1883. He was a prosperous farmer, and spent all his life on the farm where he was born. His wife, the mother of Judge Buck, Roxana Wheelock (born at Claremont, New Hampshire, in 1799, died November 3, 1842), was of Quaker ancestry. She was a sister of Col. Charles Wheelock, who during the War of the Rebellion was colonel of the 97th New York Volunteers, and was brevetted a brigadier general. Judge Buck was reared to manhood on his father's farm. He was educated in the common schools, and at Rome and Lowville Academies, New York. After leaving school he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and engaged in the practice of his profession with uniform success from the first. In the spring of 1857, he came to Minnesota, arriving in the then Territory, May 15. He pre-empted a homestead near Madelia, in Watonwan county, but the same year located in Blue Earth, which has ever since been his home county. The circum- stances personal to himself on his location on the frontier were fortuitous. He was twenty- seven years of age, a thoroughly equipped lawyer, of fine mental attainments, of splendid physical proportions, and of striking and a I tractive presence — qualities especially admired by the people of a new country. At once he became popular and prominent. The following year he was elected to the Legislature, but certain circumstances prevented the assem- bling of that body in that year and he did not serve. In 1859, when he had been but two years in Minnesota, he was the Democratic candidate for Secretary of State on a ticket headed by Gen. George L. Becker for Governor, but the Republicans won. Upon first coming to Blue Earth county, he opened a law office at South Bend, then a flourishing and promis- ing village at the southern angle of the great bend of the Minnesota river, four miles west of Mankato. In 1SG5 he removed to Mankato, where he has since resided. Judge Buck has been the man pre-eminent whom the people of Mankato and Blue Earth county have ever delighted to honor. They have placed him iu public positions frequently, and he has always been their faithful servant. Yet he has never been an office seeker or a place hunter, and his preferments have always come to him un- sought. In 1805 he was elected to the Legis- lature, and in the session of 18G6, while a member of the House of Representatives, he secured the enactment of the law locating the State Normal School at Mankato. He had the principal charge of the construction of the buildings of this school, of which he is con- sidered virtually the founder. For five years he was a member of the State Normal School Board, and was prominent in the location of and the selection of sites for the schools at Winona and St. Cloud, as well as at Mankato. He was for four years county attorney of Blue Earth county. In 1878 he was elected to the State Senate for the full term of four years. He was the author of that most beneficent measure, the insolvent law enacted by the Legislature of 1881, and while a State Senator was a member of the court of impeachment on the trial of Judge E. St. Julien Cox. He has always been a substantial friend of and closely identified with the moral and material interests of the city of Mankato, where he has made his hospitable and pleasant home. He was city attorney for several years, and for five years was a member of the city school board. He was the first president of the Man- 204 I HOOKA PHY OF MINNESOTA. kato National Bank, and lias been vice-presi- dent and a director of the Citizen's National Bank. For many years he was a member and the secretary of the Blue Earth County Agri- cultural Society, and he has been the owner of some of the best farms in the Slate. As a lawyer he has been prominent and distin- guished. Early in his professional career in Minnesota, he was associate counsel for the State in the great legal controversy over the "Five Million Loan Bill," and since has been counsel in a large number of prominent and celebrated cases. His legal business has always been large, its success most marked, and its results practical and profitable. His thorough and profound knowledge of the law, his dignified and high-toned conduct as a practitioner, and his abilities as an advocate and "trial lawyer" have won for him the sin- cerest confidence and admiration of his brethren of the legal profession, while his personal worth has given him the esteem of the general public. No other man is closer to the people of Minnesota or more securely placed in their affections, than the man whom many of them call "Honest Old Dan Buck." Judge Buck has always been a member of the Democratic party, a firm believer in its prin- ciples as enunciated and established by Jefferson, and maintained by a long list of succeeding American statesmen. He is of the old school of Democratic tenets, of the "Old Guard" in their defence, and believes that, though often violated and their usefulness stifled, they can never perish so long as the Constitution and the Republic shall endure. Principles which are elementary and funda- mental can never pass away. As stated, in 1859 he was his party's candidate for Secretary of State; in 1888 he was its candidate for Lieutenant Governor, but on each occasion was defeated with his ticket. He was a dele- gate to the National Democratic Convention at St. Louis, in 1870, which nominated Tilden and Hendricks. In 1892 he was nomi- nated by the Democratic and Peoples' par- ties for Judge of the Supreme Court, and was elected by a large majority. His official term was to commence in January, 1894, and to expire in January, 1900; but in October, 189:5, he was appointed a member of the court to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resigna- tion of Judge D. A. Dickinson. He served on the Supreme Bench from October, 189:5, until November, 1899, when he resigned. During his long official career in the service of the people and the State. Judge Buck has never accepted or used a pass on any railroad or transportation line, of his career on the bench, a prominent attorney well and truth- fully says: "No man of greater purity of character, none of more integrity, none of a higher sense and love of justice, none with a more solemn reali- zation of the equality of all men before the law, ever sat upon the bench of our Supreme Court. If it be the end of all law and all courts to decree justice, Judge Buck discharges his duties with the attributes of a great jurist. If justice be done it matters little by what display of erudition it is accomplished. Judge Buck's greatest worth to the people was his ability to do 'equal and exact justice to all men' and to go straight to the point." Judge Buck is not a member of any religious denomination, and does not air his pretensions to morality or do his good works "to be seen of men." His sympathies are — more than with any other religious doctrine — largely with the principles of those simple, honest folk, the Quakers, of which sect his good mother was a member. He was married at Elgin, Illinois, ( >ctober 25, 1858, to Miss Lovisa A. Wood. Of this union were born three children, viz: Charles Delos Buck, born February 24, 1S04, and died, while a student in the Slate Univer- sity, at Colton, California, November 27, 1882; Alfred A. Buck, born April 10, 1872; and Laura M. Ruck, born June 15, 1874, and now Mrs. W. L. Abbott, of St. Paul. Mrs. Buck died December 30, 1899. ROYAL D. CONE. The late Royal Day Cone, the memory of whom is still fresh in the hearts of many citi- zens of Winona, Minnesota, was born Novem- ber 8, 1821, in the village of New Berlin, AL^cLt • BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 205 Chenango county, New York. His parents were Benjamin and Elizabeth (Root) Cone, he being their second son. They belonged to a fanning community, and the subject of this memoir grew up amid rural scenes, helping with the tilling of the soil between the terms of the district school, at which he acquired his early education. While still under age, he accepted a clerical position in one of the stores of New Berlin. After gaining some business experience and a little capital in this subordinate capacity, he determined to venture in an independent enterprise, and, going to Rochester, New York, he engaged in a mer- cantile business, which he continued to conduct in that city until 1855. In the year just men- tioned he came west and located in Winona, which was the city of his home for the re- mainder of his life — a period of forty-three years. Soon after becoming a resident of Winona he established himself in the hardware business, on the same site later occupied by the corporation, founded by him — the R. I). Cone Company. Winona was scarcely more than a straggling pioneer settlement at the time Mr. Cone took his place among her citi- zens, and he was prominently associated with her evolution from that early crudity to the developed and thriving status she presents to- day. Mr. Cone was a man of strictest integrity of principle, which was applied even to the minute details of business; and while lie took care to do justice to every man with whom he had dealings, Justice prospered his own interests. His business grew steadily until it reached, in the natural course of events, the dignity of a corporate institution, with Mr. Cone as president. The R, D. Cone Company, which was still flourishing when its chief be- came deceased, was for many years one of the leading wholesale firms of the State. During the period of his citizenship in Winona, Mr. < 1 one served in high municipal offices, and was identified with many and varied lesser public functions; and this in spite of the fact that he was of a nature which shrank at all times from publicity, which shows how strongly his abilities and virtues were appreciated in his community. In the early days of his residence in the city, he was persuaded to become a member of the board of school directors, and, as alderman from the Second ward, he served in the city council. In 18CG he was elected mayor of the city of Winona, and upon the expiration of his first term was re-elected for a second, his administration during both terms being markedly efficient and satisfactory. He early joined the Old Settlers' Association of Winona County, and was one of the most active members of that organization. He played a very energetic and effective part in furthering the organization of the Winona & Western Railway, and was made a director of the company. He was, also, at the time of his death, one of the directors of the First National Bank, and of the Winona Wagon Company. Mr. Cone was married in the year 1849, in his native town of New Berlin, New York, to Miss Ruena Merchant. Four children were born to them, namely: Ida E., Etta M., Frank R. and Hattie R, The first-named— the late Mrs. W. J. Landon — was the only one of the four to survive him. Mr. and Mrs. Cone were members and regular attendants of the Central Metho- dist Episcopal church of Winona, of which Mr. Cone served as treasurer for nearly a quarter of a century. And apart from the duties of this office, his interest and influence in the general activities of the church were very constant, and his contributions to its financial resources bountiful. Mr. Cone was for twenty-eight years a widower, the death of his wife having occurred on February 8, 1870. During the last few years of his life his health was in a delicate state, and this, together with his advancing age, compelled him gradually to loosen his hold upon the business and social affairs with which he had for so long kept closely in touch. Early in the spring of 1898 he became an inmate of the Sanitorium at Hudson, Wisconsin, in which he had formerly spent some time as a patient. A few weeks later he was attacked by an acute malady, and died at the Sanitorium on the 29th of April, at the age of seventy-six years. Mr. Cone was a man of a deeply religions tempera- ment, and although he was never one to 206 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. obtrude his views upon others, his convictions were firmly rooted, and the spirit of true Christianity made beautiful his character and the deeds and influence emanating from it. To his modesty and single-heartedness, absolute rectitude in all the relations of life seemed no more than the normal state, and nothing for which he deserved especial credit; but it was deemed otherwise by the many friends he had attached to him in Winona, through southern Minnesota, and at Hudson, Wisconsin, by whom his loss is still deplored. HENRY A. YOUNG. In every city, and particularly in our younger cities of the West, there is a corps of progressive workers, undefined in number, relied upon by the community, whether con- sciously or unconsciously, to keep the munici- pal wheels, not merely running smoothly, but running continuously on the desired upward grade; and just such a citizen of such an upward-moving municipality is Henry A. Young, of Lake City, Minnesota. Henry Albert Young is a native of Germany, born at Gailsbach, Wiirtemberg, December 9, 1845. He is a son of Frederick and Regina (Kiibler) Young, who were farmer folk of Wiirtemberg, in moderate circumstances. His father was also a baker by trade; but, although carrying on two distinct lines of business, he found time, and possessed the ability, to participate in the public affairs of his community, and at one time served as Burgermeister of the vil- lage of Gailsbach. Henry A. Young, of this biography, came to the United States in 1S03, being then a youth of eighteen years. He made his way to Minnesota, stopping at the town of Read's Landing, where he found em- ployment in Bullard's Hotel. A brother of our subject — the late C. F. Young — was at that time conducting a general store at Read's Landing, and upon leaving his position in the hotel, Henry A. engaged to assist this brother in his business. In 18G5 C. F. transferred the entire management of his store to his young brother and removed to Lake City; and in the following spring Henry A. closed out the business at Read's Landing and joined him at Lake City, where the two brothers for many years operated another store in the same line of trade. In 1889, in consequence of the death of C. F. Young, the younger brother acquired a (nut rolling interest in the business, which has since been conducted under the style of H. A. Young & Co. But the management of this business is with Mr. Young but one of many interests. Upon the organization, in 1898, of the Citizen's Bank, he became presi- dent of that institution, and he had previously been for some years a director of the Lake City Bank. In politics he is a loyal and inter- ested member of the Republican party. Inning taken a prominent part in several of its county conventions; and he has held high official positions. But Mr. Young is not an office seeker, and his purpose in accepting preferment, made evident by his whole conduct, has been the service of his city and not the gratification of selfish aims — a political instance sufficiently rare to be worthy of note. Mr. Young served as mayor of Lake City in 1892, with re-election in the following year, and he has also officiated as city treasurer for a term of four years. His public and enterprising spirit has found prac- tical expression in many material benefits to the city, as, for instance, the establishment of its waterworks, in 1893, which was largely due to his efforts. The electric lights and public highway improvements were also, as projects, powerfully promoted by his foresight and personal activity. During the years of Mr. Young's active citizenship. Lake City has en- joyed a period of unusual development, and it is easy for reflective members of the com- munity to trace a connection between the two facts. On February 9, 1872, Mr. Young was married to Anna L. Schauble, of St. Paul. They have two sons: Henry . O'Brien. While pursuing his studies he served as clerk of the Municipal Court of St. Paul, and after holding this posi- tion for five years, he resigned, owing In ill- health, and took a six-months' trip to Europe. <>n his return from Europe he was appointed secretary to Gov. John S. Pillsbury, and ren- dered important service in connection with the settlement of the repudiated Minnesota railroad bonds. A complete history of this memorable struggle against repudiation, led by Governor Pillsbury, is given by Judge Flan drau in another part of this book. His position as private secretary to Governor Pillsbury was not merely a clerical one, as Mr. Carleton had the entire confidence of the Governor, who was largely dependent upon him for assistance all through that memorable fight, to maintain the credit and honor of the State. For several years he was the Minnesota correspondent of the Chicago Inter Ocean and the New York Times. In 1882 he removed to Minneapolis and formed a law partnership with Judge Henry G. Hicks and Capt. Judson N. Cross. This firm still exists, the only change being the addition of Norton M. Cross, the son of Captain Cross. From 1883 to 1887, during Captain Cross' three terms as city attorney, Mr. Carleton was assistant city attorney of Minneapolis. These were formative days in the history of the city, and witnessed the in- auguration of important litigation in the development of Minneapolis. Mr. Carleton had practically the entire management of the numerous suits in the city courts (many of them being appealed to the Supreme Court of the State), which were brought to maintain the supremacy of the "patrol limits" ordinance. The principal was a new and a startling one to the lawyers, and for years, Mr. Carleton 208 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. was confronted by the 1 » -st legal talent in the city, in fruitless onsets against its armor, until the principal had become a permanent one in Minneapolis. Mr. Carleton and the Arm with which he is connected lias a large and varied practice in real estate law, probate law and financial adjustments, in which he has had much experience. There is ample testimony to his ability in this direction, and the confidence reposed in him, by his frequent appointment as administrator of large estates, executor of wills, and as trustee of funds for individuals and institutions. In the drawing of wills he is considered an expert. In politics, Mr. Carle- ton is a Republican, although not an active participator in party affairs, preferring to devote his leisure time to scientific research and literary pursuits. Mr. Carleton is a Mason, a member and one of the trustees of the Park Avenue Congregational church, and is one of the directors of the Home Mission Society. In 1881 he was married to Ellen Jones, the only daughter of the late Judge Edwin S. Jones, of Minneapolis. They have had six children, Edwin Jones, Henry Guy, George Pillsbury, Charles Pillsbury, who died in in- fancy; Frank H., Jr., and Fred Pillsbury. Mr. < Jarleton is a lover of nature, a great cultivator of flowers, an enthusiastic fly-fisher, and much given to the pursuit of this fascinating sport in the celebrated fishing grounds that abound in the picturesque regions of northern Minne- sota. DANIEL BASSETT. The name of Bassett is w T ell known to Minne- apolis, partly through the public activities of the subject of this sketch, even more, perhaps, through those of his brother Joel. The native place of these brothers is Wolfborough, New Eampshire, a quiet town on the shore of the beautiful Lake Winnipiseogee, with its tradi- tion of an island for each day of the year. They were issued from Quaker stock, their genealogy being traceable back to the French Euguenots, and were reared in accordance with the strict yet wholesome precepts of the Friends. Their father, also named Daniel, owned a farm in Wolfborough, and here his family of four sons and two daughters grew up. Eventually, however, father and children, with a single exception, had all come to make their home in Minnesota, where the senior Bassett died in 1861. Daniel Bassett junior was born in the year 1819, and to the age of thirty-six continued a citizen of New Hamp- shire. His mature years in his native State were devoted, not to farming, but largely to financial business in the village of Wolf- borough. In 1855 he came to Minneapolis, where his brother Joel had then been located for four years. For a short time the two brothers followed together the lumber indus- try. When this was abandoned, Daniel, who had acquired some means previous to coming West and still retained an influential connec- tion with a Wolfborough bank, employed such capital as he had, in real estate investments and loans. But his abilities and integrity of character soon made a demand for his service in public functions. In 185S, when the town- ship government" was organized, he was elected to the board of supervisors, together with D. II. Richardson, Isaac I. Lewis and Edward Murphy, and R. P. Russell as chairman. To this position Mr. Bassett was repeatedly re- elected. For three years of the Civil War, he served, by appointment of General Hancock, as purveyor for the Second army corps, during two years of which time, the General and his staff remained with Mr. Bassett's men. Upon his return from the war, Mr. Bassett was ap- pointed postmaster of Minneapolis, but he soon resigned because of his disapproval of certain schemes of the Johnson administration. In politics he has always been a Republican, and he has been several times elected to the Leg- islature of Minnesota. He served on the Public Land committee in the House of Rep- resentatives of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Legislatures. Mr. Bassett was among the first nibers of (he pari; commission of Minne apolis, organized in 1883, and was for several years retained in this position, his colleagues on the board being Governor Pillsbury. George A. Pillsbury, W. S. King, C. M. Loring and RTOTYPE, I BIEHSTf ■ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. ■ Dorilus Morrison. He received appointments to various committees, including those on finance and improvements, and repeatedly served on committees specially chosen to soled new sites for park development. Into all this work he entered with earnest zeal, giving freely of his time and energies; and in the care and expenditure of public funds was most conscientious and wise. Mr. Bassetl is a man of plain and frugal speech, but under the stimulus of strong conviction is capable even of eloquence, as he once proved in an address opposing a project for making a park of Nicollet island. On the occasion of the Indian outbreak and massacre near Fort Ridgely, a hundred citizens, Mr. Bassett one of them, volunteered succor to the imperiled fort. Joining General Sibley, at St. Peter, they marched forty miles in the night, some- times stepping over dead bodies, but reached the fort in time to rescue three hundred men, women and children, who would soon have become the victims of savage slaughter. Re- appointment of Governor Fillsbury, Mr. Bas- sett served for many years as a member of the State board of equalization of taxes, and while his work has been excellent in all the offices he has held, it was particularly credit- able in this one, and he was continued in it until he requested the Governor to cease re- appointing him. Trior to 1880 Mr. Bassett was for some time vice-president of the Merchants' National Bank of Minneapolis. He has also, in past years, done duty on the executive com- mittee of the Minneapolis Trust Company. Before coming West Mr. Bassett was married to Eliza Jane Canney, whose brother, Joseph H. Canney, thus became twice the brother-in- law of Mr. Bassett, having previously married his sister. The two children of Mr. and Mrs. Bassett, both daughters, were bom in New Hampshire and educated in Minneapolis. One of them married F. B. Hill of Chicago; the other is Mrs. Tyson Mowry, now of Minne- apolis, who formerly lived in Texas, where her husband was engaged in business. Mr. Bas- sett has retired from the active affairs of life, and lives quietly in his substantial residence on Hennepin avenue; but through his circle of devoted friends he keeps well in touch with the life of the city, for the advancement of which he has faithfully and effectively labored. ■WILLIAM WINDOM. "This Nation has been served from genera- tion to generation by many great and good men, and in our assurance of the permanence of our institutions and our public prosperity it will be so served from generation to genera tion in the future. Among them all, William Windom will always be a marked and admir- able figure, and few will be more secure, in the ever-changing minds of men and in ever- changing times, from detraction or neglect." —Hon. William M. Evarts. "The Nation will fondly cherish the recollec- tion of his triumphant career and his distin- guished services, but the heritage of his fame belongs especially to Minnesota. This was the State of his adoption, and upon this State, in a peculiar sense, did he shed the luster of his great achievement. He became a citizen of Minnesota in his early and unknown manhood. By its people was he sent to the National Con- gress for ten successive years; by its Legisla- ture was he twice honored with a place in the National Senate; as the representative of this State he held a most important position in the councils of two administrations, and as an adopted and honored sou of Minnesota, his love and loyalty were warm and constant and true." —Hon'. J. W. Tawney. To the State Mr. Windom was indebted tor unusual opportunities of usefulness. The State owes him much for the conspicuous and masterly use of those opportunities. William Windom was born in Belmont county, Ohio, on "the tenth day of the nfth month," lsi'7. He was the second and youngest child of Hezekiah and Mercy Windom. His ancestors were sturdy English Quakers, who came to America about two hundred years ago and settled in Virginia and Pennsylvania. During the minority of his parents, his paternal and maternal grandfathers, George Windom and Nathan Spencer, removed to Ohio and wire among the pioneer farmers of Belmont county. The home of Hezekiah and Mercy Windom was a humble one, but it was a home of purity and peace. The mother always wore the Quaker 2IO BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. garb, and the children as well as the parents used the Quaker forms of speech. After he was grown to manhood, and as long as his parents lived, Mr. Windom when visiting them, or in writing to them, naturally and easily resumed the "thee" and "thou" of his child- hood. In 1837 the family removed to Knox county in the same State. This was thence- forth the family home. Here, amid the limitations, the hard work, and the wholesome economies of pioneer farm life in the Buckeye State, William Windom spent the remainder of his boyhood and laid the foundations of his subsequent character and career. In that early day Knox county was far removed from the great markets, and although products of the farm abounded, lack of any adequate means of transportation kept the price of farm prod- acts so low that little money came to till the family purse. But the poverty of Hezekiah Windom was ''the poverty of the frontier, which is indeed no poverty; it is but the be- ginning of wealth." The lad's early educa- tional advantages were only such as the country schools of that day afforded, and the eager reading of such books as w r ere to be found in the small libraries of the neighbor- hood. Probably a lawyer had never been seen among the peaceable Quakers of Knox county; but in books, young Windom had met some fascinating representatives of the legal pro- fession, and while still a mere lad, had settled in his own mind the question of a career. He would be a lawyer. To Hezekiah and Mercy Windom this was an alarming declaration. Their religion had taught them to regard the profession of law with peculiar disfavor, and hoping to save their son from so worldly and iniquitous a calling, they resolved that he should learn and follow "a good honest trade." But the lad's instincts and ambitions were stronger than parental purposes, and the re- sult was an academic course at Martinsburg. Ohio, followed by a thorough course in law in the office of Judge K. C. Hurd of Mount Ver- non. In 1850, at the age of twenty-three, Mr. Windom was admitted to the bar at Mount Vernon, and at once entered upon the practice of his profession. As may be supposed, this result was not accomplished without great effort and self-denial. That Mr. Windom's parents finally acquiesced in their son's deci- sion is evidenced by the fact that his father mortgaged his farm to raise a sum of money to assist him while pursuing his studies. This, however, was in the form of a loan, and was promptly repaid after he had entered upon the practice of law. While in the academy, Mr. Windom sometimes taught a country school three months in the winter, keeping abreast of his own' class meanwhile, by devot- ing all his evenings to study. His summer vacations were spent at home on the farm, where he recruited his health and assisted his father in the work of the harvest field. Also for a time, while studying law in Mount Ver- non, he served several hours each day as assistant to the postmaster of the town. Though never boastful of his success in strug- gling with adverse circumstances, Mr. Windom regarded this part of his career with no sense of shame, but rather with a just and manly pride. After two years' practice in Mount Vernon, Mr. Windom was elected prosecuting attorney for the county by a majority of 300, which meant a change of 1,300 votes, a strik- ing presage thus early in life of the remarkable personal popularity that was always thence- forward to attend him. In 1855 the new Northwest was attracting the enterprising spirits of the Eastern and Central States. Mr. Windom felt a desire to identify himself with the stirring life of the great region then just opening to settlement beyond the upper Missis- sippi, in whose future he saw possibilities which subsequently were more than realized. Closing his office in Mount Vernon, and bidding adieu to old friends, he came to Minnesota, then a Territory embracing thrice its present area, and, after a survey of the field, settled in the practice of law at Winona. Here he maintained a legal residence until the time of his death. Mr. Windom was married on the 20th of August, 1850, to Ellen Towne, third daughter of the Rev. R. C. Hatch. The union thus formed was one of unbroken happiness. Destiny had evidently marked Mr. Windom for a life of public service. In the autumn of BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 21 I 1858, at the age of thirty-one, he was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth Congress, and was successively re-elected to serve in the Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, a period of ten years, terminating in 1869. In that year he was ap- pointed to the United States Senate to fill the unexpired term of Hon. I). S. Norton, deceased. In 1871 he was elected to the United States Senate by the Legislature of Minnesota for the usual six years' term, and was re-elected in 1877. In the National Republican Con vent ion of 1880, Mr. Windom's name was presented and during twenty-eight ballots was adhered to by the delegates from Minnesota, as then- candidate for the Presidency. In March, 1881. he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury in the Cabinet of President Garfield. Retiring from the Treasury upon the death of the President and the accession of Mr. Arthur in the autumn of 1881, Mr. Windom was again re-elected to the United States Senate and served out tlie term expiring March :'>. 1883, making an aggregate of twelve years in that body. In January, 1883, Mr. Windom's name was again presented to the Legislature, but to the surprise of the country, his re-election was defeated. The limitation and character of this sketch do not permit a discussion of the causes which led to this defeat. It is enough to say that they were not in derogation of the honorable record he had made in his long and faithful public service, and that Mr. Windom suffered no loss of prestige in his party on this account, as was fully shown by subsequent events. A happy result of this release from exacting duties was an ideal year of foreign travel with his family. This was almost the first respite from work in Mr. Windom's hitherto busy life. After his return from Europe, he devoted himself to his private busi- ness, which heretofore had claimed too little of his attention. From this he was called by President Harrison to serve again as Secretary of tlie Treasury, the duties of which position he reassumed March 4, 1889. Entering the House of Representatives in the ardor of his youth, and when the rising tide of anti-slavery reform was reaching its culmination, Mr. Windom threw himself with enthusiasm into the conflict of ideas which was soon to result in a widespread conflict of arms. Two years later, and at the beginning of his second term in Congress, the war for the Union opened. and from that time until its victorious close, Mr. Windom, though among the youngest of the men then in the arena of National politics. helped to render the war period memorable in civic, as it was in martial affairs. Dur- ing his long service in the Senate, Mr. Windom was actively identified with many leading measures of legislation. From lsTti until he resigned his seat to take the portfolio of the Treasury, in 1881, he occupied the arduous and responsible post of chairman of the Committee on Appropriations, a position that, amid the legislative complications then existing, involved herculean labors, all of which were patiently and successfully per- formed. When he re-entered the Senate after the death of President Garfield, he became chairman of the Committee on Foreign Rela- tions. Shortly after 1870 began the agitation in respect to inland transportation. So wide spread, especially among farmers, was the demand for improved facilities for reaching the markets of the world, that Congress was constrained to consider the problem in all its bearings. The Senate appointed a special com- mittee on transportation routes to the sea hoard, of which Mr. Windom was made chairman. After very diligent study of the subject, during which, accompanied by several members of the committee, he visited the chief commercial centers of the Union, .Mr. Windom wrote in 1874 a report of the committee's in- vestigations and conclusions, which was pub lished in two volumes by order of Congress. This report was a pioneer publication in the field which it covered, and has proved Id he an invaluable magazine of carefully digested fads, and just deductions, which have con tributed not a little to shape the legislation of Congress and various State legislatures affect- ing the carrying trade of the country. In the United States Senate, twelve years after the report in question was laid before Congress and the country, Mr. Hoar, of Massachusetts. 212 I'KMJKAIMIV OF MINNESOTA. in debating ;i resolution proyiding for a con- tinuance of similar investigations, said: "I think Senators who have attended to the subject will agree generally that the most val- uable Stale paper of modern times by this country is the report made by the late Senator and Secretary of the Treasury, Mr. Windom, from the committee on transportation routes to the seaboard on the general question of the relation of the railroads to the commerce of the country, and the means of controlling the railroads in the interests of commerce. That most instructive, valuable and profound report brings the subject down to the year 187.'?." — Congressional Record, March 18, 1885. One of the direct results of this investigation and report was the deepening of the mouth of the Mississippi river, a work of incomparable importance to the South and West. When Mr. Windom took up this work, the relation be- tween land and water routes was wholly misunderstood, and the ueed of the latter gen- erally denied. His labors transformed the opinion of that small class which studies these questions, and gradually leavened public opin- ion, lie gathered facts and laid down principles, which have profoundly affected the construction of public works and legislation on continental traffic, and thus accomplished a most beneficent work in reforming and de- veloping the interior commerce of the country. Tt is interesting to trace the connection be- tween Mr. Windom's zeal in this undertaking and the lessons learned in boyhood on his father's farm, where such commodities as milk, cream, eggs and potatoes, were freely given away, because, owing to the distance from market, they possessed no commercial value. Mr. Windom brought to every task his full i nergy, and all the knowledge it was possible to obtain. Whatever problem presented itself, he grappled with it earnestly, and was not con tent until he hail mastered il. Thus he wrung success from situations which to many another would have yielded only failure. "In his brief term of service under President Garfield, Mi'. Windom accomplished one of the most valu- able and brilliant achievements in our financial history, by his conversion of the public debt at tin' unprecedented rate of interest of three and a half per cent." The situation which confronted Mr. Windom when he took the port- folio of the Treasury, in March, 1881, is thus explained by Gen. A. It. Nettleton: "The Congress which adjourned March 3, 1881, had failed to provide for the great volume of maturing bonds, which consisted of $196,378,600 six per cents and $439,811,250 five per cents, a total of $636,189,850, redeemable on or before July 1. 1881. For three several reasons it was very important that the failure of ('ongress to make provision for this great volume of maturing bonds should not result in their remaining outstanding at the old rate of interest: First, it would have been a cum- brous, difficult, and expensive task to continue paying interest on scores of millions of coupon bonds from which all coupons had been re- moved. Second, it would have been a distinct and serious injury to the public credit, if the Government had permitted more than six hundred millions of dollars of its debt to pass the maturity date without protection, and then continue to draw rates of interest which had by that time become exorbitant for a nation in the known financial condition of the United States. Third, the actual money loss involved in continuing to pay five and six per cent per annum on such an amount of debt, as com pared with the three and a half per cent per annum at which Secretary Windom believed it should be floated, would be at the rate of more than eleven million dollars per annum. With this threefold stimulus, the Secretary devoted himself to the task of devising some method which, without involving a violation of law. should virtually take the place of that legisla- tion which Congress had failed to enact. After careful study of the situation, he matured and put in execution a plan whereby the bulk of the maturing bonds were continued at the pleasure of the government to bear interest at the rate of three and a half per cent per an- num, and the residue redeemed at maturity." For this achievement in governmental finance there was no precedent, and the announce- ment of the Secretary's purpose was met with almost universal incredulity. The total cost of the process of thus converting government loans aggregating more than $600,000,000 bearing five and six per cent interest, into a uniform three and a half per cent loan running at the pleasure of the government, was less than $2,000, and no money whatever was taken BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 213 even temporarily from the channels of business in America or Europe. The general estimate placed upon the accomplishment of this under- taking, after it had become history, was all that Mr. Windom's most ardent admirer could desire. "Quietly and successfully the change was made. There was no flourish of trumpets, but no finer achievement is recorded in the history of American financiering." — Hon. Thomas P. P.ayard. The press of the country was absolutely without stint in its praise. The New York Tribune summed up by saying, "This operation will rank as the greatest and most creditable financial triumph in history." Thus was Mr. Windom's reputation as a financier enhanced at home and established abroad. His ability to administer the Treasury Department wisely with reference to the needs of a great commercial Nation having been tested to the utmost, his selection by President Harrison to again become the head of that most important department, was wel- comed by the business community as a guar- anty that the interests of the Nation would be wisely and courageously guarded. That it was not disappointed in this expectation is shown by his timely, sagacious and courageous use of the treasury resources during the clos- ing months of 1800. "The Secretary's grasp of the situation seemed perfect, and his prompt, decisive, though conservative mens ures, in the face of impending paralysis of all business and every industry, restored public confidence and averted National, if not inter- national disaster." The official duties of the Secretary, always very exacting, were greatly augmented during the winter of 1890-1891, when questions of momentous importance en- grossed the public mind and the attention of Congress was largely devoted to a discussion and formulation of financial measures. "Put so loyal to duty was he. that, regardless of known peril to life, he worked on, meanwhile refusing most flattering and tempting offers to return to private life and business." The necessity for husbanding his strength, generally forbade his attendance upon public entertainments. When, however, he received an invitation from the Board of Trade and Transportation of New York to attend their annual banquet, making its convenience secondary to his, and cour- teously allowing him to name the date, he at once accepted, naming January 29. In reply to some expressions of solicitude lest this additional tax upon his time and strength might prove too exhausting, Mr. Windom said that the occasion would place him among friends with whom in former years he had labored in a common cause, and furnish an opportunity which he was unwilling to forego to urge measures which he considered to be of great importance to the country. Thus it will lie seen that in responding to this call. Mr. Windom accepted, not simply an invitation to a banquet, but a summons to the discharge of a duty as distinctly patriotic as any ever laid upon a public-spirited citizen of the Republic. The world knows the sequel! He fell at the post of duty as truly as does a- soldier on the field of battle. The scene was a brilliant one. Art and wealth had combined to make the surroundings beautiful. The assembly con- sisted of representative men from all parts of the country and leading business men of New York, and the interest of all was whetted by anticipations of the evening. After an hour of social intercourse, the banquet was served, and then the toastmaster of the evening — Judge Arnoux — introduced as "chiefest among this brilliant galaxy of guests, the Hon. Secre- tary of the Treasury." Mr. Windom had chosen for his subject "Our Country's Pros perity Dependent Upon Its Instruments of Commerce." Of the address itself little need he said. So competent a judge as Senator Hoar, of Massachusetts — after alluding to Mr. Windom's report on transcontinental transportation, which he characterized as "one of the very foremosf of our stale papers," said: "If it were desired to preserve for future use and study the best specimens of the political discussion of our day, this report — and the powerful speecb Mr. Windom made just before his death — would have no superiors and few- equals for that purpose." Mr. Windom spoke forty three minutes and closed amid bewilder in«' applause. He rose and courteously bowed his acknowledgments — and then, in a moment 214 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. of time and while the applause was still ring- ing in his cars, without a struggle or conscious ness of failing strength or any pain of parting from those he held most dear, "he passed beyond earth's vexed problems, into the peace and joy of immortality." The sorrow that was everywhere manifest so soon as the story of the Secretary's death became known, and the universally favorable comment upon the char- acter and career of Mr. Windom by the people and the press of the whole country, without regard to political preferences, serves forcibly to illustrate the fact that there was in his life and work, that which was above and beyond the zone of partisan interests, and which commanded the esteem and admiration of the wisest and best of his countrymen of every party name. To all who knew Mr. Windom familiarly, or who had come within the atmos- phere of his rare personality, any estimate of his character and career would seem purposely deficient which should omit reference to his strongly religious nature. In early manhood he publicly professed his faith in Christ, and throughout a lifetime of strenuous activity and conflict, covering a period of political agitation and tempest scarcely equaled in the history of men, he not only "bore the white flower of a blameless life," but maintained that inward spiritual calm which conies alone to him whose soul is anchored in an intelligent Christian faith. His pure and reverent life, in the midst of masculine activities and political struggle, is an object-lesson to the young which cannot be too widely studied, lie always dared to do the thing he saw to be right; he always be- lieved that in the end the right thing would secure the indorsement of the country that he loved. With a sweetness of spirit which never wearied, there was allied in him a quiet firm- ness which none could misunderstand, and which revealed the rounded strength of a great character. Singularly devoted to his friends and ever thoughtful of their interests, he nei- ther wasted his time nor embittered his genial nature by resentful thoughts of his enemies. Mr. Windom is survived by his wife and three children — one son. William Douglas, and two daughters, Ellen Hatch and Florence Bronson — the former being the wife of Bentley Wirt Warren of I'.oston. The felicities of do- mestic life were his in an unusual degree. All who came within the sphere of his influence felt the charm of his personality, but nowhere did the combined sweetness and strength of .Mr. Windom's nature make itself felt as in his own home. No shadow ever fell across its threshold, until that fatal night when its light was so suddenly extinguished. LUCIUS F. HUBBARD. Gen. Lucius Frederick Hubbard, of Bed Wing, Minnesota, represents two prominent Eastern families — the Hubbards of New Eng- land and Van Valkenbergs of New York, ne is of English and Dutch extraction, his earliest American ancestors on the paternal side hav- ing been George and Mary (Bishop) Hubbard, who came over from England in the Seven- teenth Century, while his remote maternal an- cestors — the Van Valkenbergs and Van Cotts of Holland — joined a colony in the valley of the Hudson in the days of its early history and have ever since been one of the foremost fami- lies of that locality. Lucius F. Hubbard is the eldest son of Charles F. and Margaret (Van Valkenberg) Hubbard, and was bora in Troy, New York, January 26, 1830. His father hav- ing died when he was but three years of age, he was placed under the care of a relative at Chester, Vermont, where his childhood was passed, and in whose schools he obtained an elementary education. At the age of twelve years he was sent to the academy at Gran- ville, New York, where he took a three years' course of instruction. At fifteen hi' returned to Vermont and became an apprentice in th" tinner's trade at Poultney. His apprenticeship was completed in 1854, at Salem, New York, to which place he had removed in is.")::. At eighteen he went to Chicago, where for three years he was employed at his trade, then, in the summer of 1857, he came to Red Wing, Minnesota, where lie has since made his home. II<- had not looked upon his education as com- pleted when he left the academy at Granville; The fcntu/y PuMtshay &Diym\'iiu/ Co C/iLcaytr the pub- lic debt, while the trust funds were increased by nearly three millions. Many important measures were carried into effect at Governor Hubbard's recommendation, among which were the following: The establishment of the State Board of Charities and Corrections; the Slate Public School at Owatonna; State in- spection of dairy products, and the present sanitary organization for protecting public health; the creation of the exist inn railway aud warehouse commission; the present sys- tem of grain inspection; the organization of a State National Guard; the change from an- nual to biennial elections. Governor Hubbard has also served on numerous weighty State commissions. In 18G6 he was a member of the commission appointed by the Governor to ascertain the status of I lie Slate railroad bonds and the terms on which they would be surren- dered by holders; in 1S74. a member of the commission appointed by the Legislature to investigate the accounts of State auditor and treasurer; in 1879, on the commission, simi- larly appointed, for (lie arbitration of differ- ences between Hie State and State prison contractors, and in 1889, on that appointed to compile ami publish a history of the military organizations of Minnesota in the Civil and Indian wars of 1861-65. In the Spanish-Amer- ican war Governor Hubbard received I lie appointment of brigadier general. United States Volunteers, anil served in command of the Third Division. Seventh Army Corps. Goa ernor Hubbard is a member of several mil itary and social organizations, as follows: Acker Tost. (I. A. R., of St Paul, Tom manderv of ihe Loyal Legion, Minnesota Society of Sons of the American Rev- olution, Society of the Army of the Ten- nessee, Society of Foreign Wars, Society of American Wars, and Bed Wing Comman- dery of Royal Arch Masons. Governor Huh bard is a man of family, having, in May. 1868, been united in marriage, at lied Wing, to .Mis; Amelia Thomas, daughter of Charles Thomas and a lineal descendant of Sir John Moore. Governor and .Mrs. Hubbard are the parents of two sons — Charles P. and Lucius Y. — and a daughter — Julia M. Many are Ihe testi- monials to the courage and high moral worth of Governor Hubbard which might be quoted from army comrades and official and business associates to swell the volume of this sketch, were not those traits of his character already sufficiently obvious in the simple record of his deeds. His has been a life of varied expe- rience; a life full of activity and marked by many triumphs and some defeats, through all of which he lias borne himself with modest dienitv and an integrity without blemish. CHRISTOPHER C. ANDREWS. Gen. Christopher ( '. Andrews, soldier and publicist, was born at the Upper Village of Hillsborough, New Hampshire, October '11, 1829. His ancestors were among the early set- tlers of Massachusetts. His paternal great- grandfather, Ammi Andrews, was a lieutenant in the American army in the battle of Bunker Hill. His maternal grandfather, Elijah Beard, was a member of the New Hampshire Legisla- ture al the time of his death. Gen. Andrews' parents were Luther and Xabby (Beard) An- drews, lie was the youngest of four children and was reared to the age of fourteen on his father's thirty-acre fat m. In May, 1843, he went lo Boston and worked in his brother's provision store, receiving eight dollars a month and his hoard, for his services. He was present al the dedication of the Bunker Hill monu- ment, in -111111', 1843, when Daniel Webster de- livered one of his famous oral ions, and in (he Presidential campaign of 1st I he listened to ^^ BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 21 7 i lie address of John Quincy Adams before the Clay Club in Boston. After attending two terms at the Francestown (New Hampshire) Academy in 1844 he returned to work in the same store in Boston, and after another term at the Prancestown Academy in the fall of 1846 he, the following winter, taught one term of a district school for eleven dollars a month and board. He was admitted to the Massa chusetts bar in 1850 and began practice at Newton, Lower Falls. He was elected and served on the superintending school commit- tee of Newton. In is."):; he opened an office in Boston. The great orators of that period, Web- ster, Choate, Everett, Phillips, Sumner, he often heard in and out of Faneuil Hall. In June, 1854, he went to the then Territory of Kansas, which became the scene of great excitement and turbulence over the question of slavery. He wrote letters to the Boston Post and other Eastern papers commending the resources of Kansas which were widely copied. Although he had been opposed to the Kansas-Nebraska act, yet it having become a law, he upheld its execution under the express provision that the introduction or exclusion of slavery was for the bona-fi.de citizens of the Territory to del ermine. In July following his arrival, in a public speech at Salt Creek, near Fort Leavenworth, he declared his preference that Kansas should become a free State. In this speech Mr. Andrews said: "I have always been an outspoken upholder of the compro- mises of the Constitution; but I am not a Northern man with Southern principles. I am opposed to the extension of slavery and shall vote to make Kansas a free State." Lieut. R. O Drum (afterwards Adjutant General of the Army), who was present, said to him after his speech: "You have to-day done the best thing you ever did." His was the first Free State speech ever made in Kansas. ( rovernor Reeder tendered him the position of private secretary, which he declined, and in November he went to Washington, intending to stay only during the short session of Congress; but a severe illness of typhoid fever, contracted in Kansas, reduced his finances and changed his plans. After he got up from his sickness, through the influence of President Pierce, his former towns man, he was appointed to a $1,400 clerkship in the Third Auditor's office and transferred to the office of Solicitor of the Treasury to suc- ceed Mr. Hamer of Ohio, who resigned volun- tarily. He entered upon his duties March, 1855, and served till May, 1857, when he voluntarily resigned and settled at St. Cloud, Minnesota, in the practice of law. In 1850 he was elected as a Democrat to the State Senate for a term of two years. In 1SG0 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Douglas Democratic ticket, and held about thirty joint discussions in various parts of the Slate with Mr. Stephen Miller, afterwards Gov- ernor. In the spring of 1861, at a war meeting at St. Cloud, he made an address and inscribed his name as a volunteer. He was nominated by a "Union" convention for Lieutenant Gov- ernor, but the ticket was soon withdrawn and the Union party was absorbed by the Repub- lican. For a time he edited the "Minnesota Union," which heartily supported Lincoln's administration in the prosecution of the war. General Andrews will always, perhaps, be most prominently known for his military rec- ord during the War of the Rebellion. There is not space here for this record in full, nor even for a proper epitome. His six months' residence at Fort Leavenworth gave him many ideas of military discipline; and the better to tit himself for the military service he spent a week at Fort Ripley, Minnesota, in the spring of 1861, practicing the manual of arms and witnessing drills under Capt. N. H. Davis of the regular army. He was mustered as a pri- vate October 11, 1801, in Company I, Third Regiment Minnesota Infantry, which he helped to recruit; appointed captain of the same com pany the following November; promoted to lieutenant colonel of the Third Regiment in December, 1862; colonel in August, 1863; brig- adier general January 4. 1804; also commis sioned, by President Lincoln, major general by brevet March 9, 1865. He was with his regi- ment in nearly all of its movements and oper- ations while he was connected with it, and the records of the War Department show that dur ing the whole term of his service, except while 2l8 EIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. lie was a prisoner of war, he was not off duty on any account more than ten days in all. At Murfreesboro, Tennessee, July 13, 1862, he very earnestly opposed the surrender of llie Third Minnesota to the Confederate General, Forrest. The next three months he spent in tlie Confederate prison at Madison. Georgia; was paroled at Libby prison, Richmond; and exchanged in November. On the reorganiza- tion of his regiment, in December, 1862, he was appointed its lieutenant colonel. While with the regimenl before Vicksburg he was made colonel. In August and September, isii::, he commanded the regiment on General Steele's campaign in Arkansas which resulted in the capture of Little Rock; and was appointed by General Steele commander of the post of Little Rock, and served till the latter part of April. He received a vote of thanks from the Arkan- sas Free Slate Constitutional Convention. On the 1st of April, 1864, before his commission as brigadier had reached him. he commanded the Union force of about L'Oil men, mostly of the Third Minnesota, in an action against 600 Confederates under Gen. 1>. McRea, near Au- gusta, Arkansas, which engagement is known as the battle of Fitzhugh's Woods. His com- mand was well nigh surrounded by the enemy, but was well handled, behaved superbly and fought its way through. The result of the action was determined by a charge led 1>\ Colonel Andrews. The Confederates were forced to retire, and their loss was three times as greal as that of the Union force. In this engagement Colonel Andrews had his horse killed under him. A few weeks later he led another expedition into the country about Au- gusta and captured several prisoners. lie served seventeen months in Arkansas. After receiving his commission as brigadier he started with a column for Camden. May lil, 1.864, assigned to the command of the Second Brigade, Second Division, Seventh Army Corps, with headquarters at Little Rock. A month later he succeeded to the command of the division. He was in command of the post and district at Devall's Bluff— General Steele's base of supplies — from July until in January, 1865, during which lime his troops made many successful scouts; also defeated (ien. doe Shel- by in the battle of the Prairies. January :'., 1865, al Morganzia, Louisiana, he took command of nine regiments undergoing reorganization. In March following he assumed command of the Second Division of the Thirteenth Army Corps, which he commanded in the Mobile campaign. His division of over 5,000 veterans of the Western Siaies. on April 9th, partici- pated in the assault on Fort Blakeley, near Mobile, storming the enemy's works, capturing 1,400 prisoners, twelve pieces of artillery, etc.. and losing thirty killed and 20(1 wounded, lie was in command at Selma, Alabama, from April 27 to .May 12, and of the district of Mobile from the latter date until July 4, when he was sent to Texas. The policy, whether wise or not, Inning been adopted of assigning to dis trict commands in the South only officers of the regular army, he was,Augus1 14, following, relieved from duty as commander of the mili- tary district of Houston, Texas, by Major Gen- eral Mower, and a few days later, under a gen- eral, order of the War Department, proceeded lo his home at St. Cloud. He was mustered out of the service, to take effect January 15, 1866. Although not an original Abolitionist, General Andrews was never a pro slavery man. When the War of the Rebellion came he was in favor of the abolition of slavery and favored every measure of the administration of Presi- dent Lincoln toward that end. In a speech at Lil tie Rock in November. 1863, he said he was heartily glad to see slavery expiring, add in;;: "II must and will go under." He advo- cated enlisting the negroes as soldiers, al- though many oilier Union officers were op- posed to this feature of the administration's war policy. As a War Democrat he voted for Lincoln in 1864. On account of the position taken by the Democratic party on re-construc- tion and its treatment of the freedmen after i he war he supported the Republican policy and advocated negro suffrage as a means of protection to the freedmen. lie opposed the in- flation of the currency and upheld the National credit in speeches in successive campaigns. In 1868 he was a delegate to the Republican Na lional Convention al Chicago, when Grant and A BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 219 Colfax were nominated. Later in the same year he received the regular Republican nomi- nal ion for Congress in his district. Hon. Ignatius Donnelly — classified in Horace Gree- ley's Tribune Almanac as the "irregular" Re- publican candidate — was in the field, and, the vote being divided, Hon. Eugene M. ^Vilson of .Minneapolis, the Democratic candidate, was elected. As the representative of the regular organization and of proper methods in politics, General Andrews should have received the full support of his party. However, although the campaign was short, he received 8,598 votes and a majority of the Republican votes in sev- enteen out of twenty four Republican counties in the district. In May, 18(59, he was appointed, by President Grant, Minister to Copenhagen; but in July was transferred to Stockholm, where he served eight years and a half. Re- turning to Minnesota, he took up his residence in St. Paul, May, 1878. As the official repre- sentative of our country at the court of Sweden and Norway, his service was most valuable. On the part of the United States he concluded a treaty for the reduction of postage between the countries, and his numerous and elaborate reports on a variety of important subjects are yet consulted and regarded as authorities. His reports on the production of iron, on edu- cation, forestry, agriculture, finance, labor and wages, civil service, etc., were published by the Department of State. General Andrews has been a writer for the public press since early manhood. For several years he made the re- sources of Minnesota known to the Eastern public as correspondent of the Boston Post and of the New York Evening Tost. In 1880 he engaged in journalism as principal owner and editor of the St. Paul Dispatch. He pre- sided over that paper for one year and during this time Garfield was elected President, the sett lenient of the Minnesota Railroad bonds question was effected, and the St. Paul high school was built. All of these he strongly ad- vocated. He sacrificed $10,000 in his newspa- per venture, but gave the Dispatch a reputation fully equal to that amount. In 1882 General Andrews was appointed, by President Arthur, Consul General for the United States at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and served until in 1885, when he was recalled by President Cleveland. In 1895, under the Forest Preservation Act, lie was appointed Chief Fire Warden of Minne- sota, which office lie still holds. In 1899 he was made Secretary of the Minnesota State Forestry Board, in which position he serves without salary. He was influential in the es- tablishment anil location of the State Soldiers' Home. General Andrews has done a great deal of valuable literary work. Among other notable contributions of his to American literature, it may be stated that he was the author of the article on Cuba in the Atlantic Monthly for July, 1879; of the volume entitled: "Brazil; Its Condition and Prospects" (D. Apx»leton & Co., 1889); of a pamphlel entitled: "Adminis- trative Reform" (two editions, in 1877-88); of Minnesota and Dakota, Digest of Opinions of Attorneys General, Treatise on the Revenue Laws, Campaign of .Mobile, etc., of a series of papers on agriculture in Minnesota, published in the St. Paul Pioneer Press in 1894; of a special report on wheat culture in the North- west, published in 1882 by the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, etc. He was the projector and editor of the invaluable military records, the two volumes entitled: "Minne- sota in the Civil and Indian "Wars." His four annual reports as Chief Fire Warden, which treat mainly of Minnesota's forestry interests. have been favorably received. He is an earnest Republican in full accord with the declared principles of his parly. Hi' favors the gold standard, and his influence has always been exerted for sound money. General Andrews was married, December, 1868, to Miss Mary Frances Baxter, of Central City, Colorado (de- ceased 1893). In all his twelve years of official service abroad, this most estimable lady was his companion and helpmate. His daughter resides with him in St. Paul. FRANK H. PEAVEY. Among the names which stand most sig- nificantly for the industrial and social prog- ress, not only of the State which enrolls them 220 BIOGRAPHY (»F MINNESOTA. as citizens, but of the whole great Northwest, is that of Frank Hutchison Peavey. He is a native of Maine, born in the city of Eastport, on the 18th of January, 1850. His paternal grandfather was Gen. Charles Peavey (a na- tive of New Hampshire), who was prominent in the military a Hairs of the State of Maine and one of the leading merchants and lumber manufacturers of the State, located at Fast port, lie was highly esteemed for his ability and force of character. During the war of 1812, Eastport was captured by the British forces, and General Peavey removed his family to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where some of his children were born. Albert D. Peavey, the father of Frank H., was born am! reared in Eastport, Maine, and when arriving at the age of maturity, became associated with his father in the very prominent mercan- tile and lumber firm of Peavey & Son. Ib- died in 1859, when our subject was but nine years of age, leaving also a widow and two younger children. The maiden name of Mrs. Peavey, the mother of Frank H., was Mary Drew, a daughter of Daniel Drew, a success ful merchant of Eastport and a man of vigor- ous mind and body. Mrs. Peavey is still living, in the beautiful home built for her by her devoted son, at Sioux City, Iowa, where she is highly esteemed for her bright mind, force of character and many womanly graces. The five or six years following his father's death were uneventful ones to Frank H. He attended the common schools of Eastport, studied well and played heartily, being blessed with excellent health and spirits. Nothing in the external circumstances of his life distin- guished him essentially from the boys with whom he mingled or pointed to a remarkable career for him; but there was an internal cir- cumstance of inherited ambition and persever- ance, working like leaven in the uniformed character. His father's death had curtailed the opportunities which would otherwise have been open to him in his native city, at the same time creating in him an early sense of responsibility as the male head of the family, and the expanding energy within him yearned for the roomy region of the West. In April, tsd.'i, at the age of fifteen, he set out for the Eldorado of his dreams, arriving in due time in Chicago, where he soon secured employ- ment as messenger boy in the Traders National Bank. He subsequently obtained the position of bookkeeper in the Northwestern National Bank, which he retained until compelled by illness to return to his native city for recupera- tion. Within a year he decided upon a move which later events proved to have been a most wise and fortunate one. Returning to Chicago he secured a position as head book- keeper in the large general store of II. D. Booge & Company, at Sioux City, Iowa; and before attaining his majority he became a partner in the agricultural implement house of Booge, Smith & Peavey. which was suc- ceeded by the firm of Evans & Peavey, and in due time developed into the wholesale hardware house of Peavey Brothers. To their implement business Evans & Peavey added the buying of grain, and erected a small eleva- tor at Sioux City. Shortly afterwards Mr. Peavey bought out his partner's interest, and through negotiations with prominent millers of Minneapolis, obtained authority to act as agent for the purchase of wheat. Thus was formed the nucleus from which, by a process of gradual yet rapid expansion, his business has developed to its present colossal propor- tions. The modest little elevator at Sioux City became the progenitor of numerous and more imposing ones, which mark the course of the Northwestern Railway system through Northern Iowa, Southern Minnesota and South Dakota; the largest, at Duluth, holding 5,000,- (MMI bushels, and the combined capacity of all being 35,000,000 bushels. The extension of the business in time necessitated the removal of his headquarters to Minneapolis, which was effecled in 1884. During the fifteen years since he established his offices in that city the business of F. II. Peavey & Company has made strides commensurate with the proportions of the giant it had already become, until now it undoubtedly leads all concerns of its kind in the world. In contemplating such phenomenal development of an industry under the guidance of an individual, one is struck with amaze- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 221 ment that any man can do so much; and, in- deed, no man can, except as he co-operates with evolutionary forces. The underlying secrel of the vasi successes of the world's industrial leaders is that deep-seeing and far-seeing faculty by which they discern the progressive (rend and play into Nature's bands. Having thus watched and studied his business through- out ils growth, Mr. Peavey knows it familiarly in all ils ramifications, and is able to keep his affairs well in hand without giving up his whole time to them. He has a multitude of interests, not a few of which are of a philan- thropic character. The Samaritan Hospital at Sioux City — an institution well worthy of its name — owes its freedom from debt and in- creased usefulness to his bounty and influence. Educational matters lie always near his heart. and he has been for several years a member of the Board of Education of Minneapolis. He loves his adoptive city, having imbibed to the full the contagion of pride and enthusiasm which characterizes her citizens, and he is a zealous and powerful promoter of her public enterprises. And beyond his city and his State, his interest is extended and his influence felt, even to the furthest limits of the North- west. While residing in Sioux City, Mr. Peavey organized and served as president of the Security National Bank, which is now the leading national bank of that city. He is one of the directors of the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Railway, as also of the Minne- apolis & St. Louis line. Two classes of people who find in Mr. Peavey a faithful champion are the poor and the young. He is a man of broad charities — not the less so because he follows the more rational modern method of helping people to help themselves. He is the author of an unique scheme for stimulating the newsboys of Minneapolis to economy, b\ inducing them to deposit regularly a portion of their slender earnings in the bank, with an arrangement for having the sum doubled from his own account every three months. This plan has started many a boy. who without such a stimulus might have developed habits of indolence or extravagance, on the road to a successful business career; for to the im- pressionable mind of a boy, quite as much as to his seniors, the possession of property gives a sense of dignity and responsible citizenship. So great is the concern which Mr. Peavey has manifested for the waif population of Minne- apolis, that it has sometimes been called his hobby. Apart from his acts of more direct benevolence, Mr. Peavey is in himself a con- stant incentive to thrift and prudence, setting a wholesome example of industry and ab- stinence from risky speculation. To the army of men in his employ he pays good salaries, justly and beneficently requiring in return a full equivalent of good service. Loyal as is Mr. Peavey to Minneapolis, and the whole region over which his commercial interests extend, he still cherishes a deep tenderness for his native New England. As his Western interests and affections center in Minneapolis, so his Eastern ones center in the city of his birth; and East- port, Maine, is indebted to him for its public library, he having several years ago donated funds for its erection. It is called the "Albert Peavey Memorial Building," in honor of his father, and is at once a rich public boon and a splendid filial monument. As he is a lover of nature, so Mr. Peavey is a lover of art — nature's reflection — in which he is a connois- seur; and he has a large private collection of choice and rare pieces — an ideal retreat from the prose of business life. A description of Mr. Peavey's person would coincide with his character — broad, massive, vital, of an easy and agreeable magnetic presence. He looks, as he is, well able to bear his full share of the world's burdens; but he shrinks from notoriety with positive aversion, and but reluctantly consents to this portraiture in recognition of the urgent modern demand for such an introduction to the men who stand back of our progressive institutions. One of the leading bankers of Chicago, who has known Mr. Peavey intimately during the greater part of his business career, says of him: "He is a man of remarkable executive abil- ity, especially along the lines of organization, lie has a peculiar faculty for selecting brighi and able men for the component parts of this 222 BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. great organization. Those who catch the in- spiration and 'pull with him' are sure of their reward. But there is no place for drones in the Peavey hive. During his entire business career, Mr. Peavey lias made it a point to be prompt, even punctilious, in meeting every financial obligation. .More than this — he has many times assisted those in financial straits in times of business depression, by paying his obligations before they became due; he, by his business sagacity and thrift, having the ready money to do so. As a result of his busi- ness 'methods. Mr. Peavey has established his reputation with bankers, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, as a man of the highest commercial honor." In 1872 Mr. Peavey was married to Miss Mary D. Wright, eldest daughter of Hon. George G. Wright, one of the most prominent residents of Des Moines. Iowa. Judge Wright has been a member, both of the State Legis- lature and the United States Senate; was for fifteen years on the Supreme Court Pench, and for a number of years Chief Justice; founded the State University Law School, and is one of the founders of the Republican party in Iowa. Mr. Peavey is the devoted father of three children: Lucia Louisa — Mrs. Frank T. Heffelfinger since October, 1895; Mary Drew, wife of Frederick P.. Wells since September, 1898, and George Wright Peavey. The sons and sons-in-law are all members of the firm of F. H. Peavey & Company, and they vie with each other in loyalty to the firm and respect for the founder. Two little represen- tatives of a new generation, Frank Peavey and Totten Heffelfinger. have come to add their sanction to their grandsire's gray hairs and a generous contribution to the joy of his do- mestic hearth. • OLIVER DALRYMPLE. Mr. Dalrymple was born in Warren county, Pennsylvania, in 1830. His father was (dark Dalrymple, a native of Amherst, Massachu- setts, and a descendant of the old and dis- tinguished Dalrymples of Scotland. For two hundred years the name of this family was illustrious in the annals of Croat Britain, where its members bore the proudest titles. tilled the highest civil and military positions, and were eminent as authors, jurists and statesmen. The maiden name of his mother was Elizabeth Shoff. born at Troy. New York, and she was of the well-known Dutch stock that settled the Hudson and Mohawk valleys. His grandfathers on both sides fought in the Revolutionary War, and other members of his family served in the War of 1812. His educa- tion was completed at Alleghany College, Pennsylvania, and at Yale, supplemented by a course in the Yale Law School. For a time he was principal of the Warren Academy, at Warren, Pennsylvania, where he was admitted to the bar in 1855. It was in 1855 — now forty- live years ago — when Mr. Dalrymple crossed the Mississippi river to cast his lot with the pioneers of the Great West in their work of the settlement and development of a vast country, the greater portion of which then seemed almost as virgin as the earth when the Creator had made it. Then a few steamboats, chiefly from Southern waters, lined the levee at Si. Louis and made a primary commercial center for the West. Railroad men of heroic mould were struggling to connect Chicago, .Milwaukee, and the Croat Lakes with the Mississippi river — building at the rate of t weiity miles a year. Eastern Iowa and South- ern Wisconsin had a few scattered settlements. The government had recently negotiated the purchase of Minnesota from the Indians. The map of civilization practically gave out at the Palls of St. Anthony. Where now are North and South Dakota and the States farther to the westward was a veritable "terra incog- nita," with the Indian, the fur trader, and the bison in undisputed possession. To-day. how- changed! Forty-five years of history have been recorded. The sturdy pioneer had done his work. Magnificent achievements have come from his industry, prowess, and enter- prise. Eight great States, being in area nearly one-fourth of our Republic, have been peopled, opened up to husbandry, checkered with rail- roads, crowned with growing cities, endowed with institutions of learning, the ordinances of religion, and all that pertains to the great- est advancement of an intelligent, free, and «. BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. prosperous people. Iu April, 1856, after mak- ing a tour of the Northwesl and traveling through several States, Mr. Dalrymple settled in Minnesota and opened a law, land, and loan office, and for several years carried on exten- sive operations in these branches at Chattield, Faribault, and St. Peter, where United Slates land offices were then located. January 1, I860, he removed to St. Paul, where he took up his permanent residence and entered upon the practice of law. Shortly thereafter he formed a law partnership with the late Horace R. Bigelow, and soon became known as a success- ful lawyer. In 1862 occurred the massacre of nearly 1,000 settlers and the destruction of vast values of property, by the Sioux Indians in Minnesota. Mr. Dalrymple enlisted in the cause of the survivors of the massacre, who had suffered loss of property, and demanded that the general government should in- demnify the loss from the annuity funds held in trust for the hostile Indians under former treaties. Aided by others, he finally succeeded in obtaining a grant of more than $1,000,000 for the surviving settlers — many of them widows and orphans, made so by the massacre — whose property had been destroyed. .Mr. Dalrynrple's tastes and inclinations led him to rural life and agricultural pursuits. In 1866 he withdrew from the practice of law and for the past thirty-five years he lias been en- gaged in farming. His field of operations for the first ten years was in the peninsula be- tween the St. Croix and the Mississippi, in Washington county, Minnesota, about fifteen miles southeast of St. Paul. Here he had three large farms, which he named the Grant, the Sherman, and the Sheridan farms, in honor of the three great generals of the Civil War. And here he "cropped" 2,500 acres of grain, a feat which thirty-five years ago was regarded as well nigh impossible, for farm machinery was then quite imperfect and every bundle of wheat was bound by hand on the ground. Dur- ing the past twenty-five years he has operated extensively in the now far-famed valley of the Red River of the North. In the winter of 1875-6, when the country was in a primitive state, and before there was a railroad station or a dwelling house between Fargo and Bis march, he purchased — partly from the North- ern Pacific Railroad Company and partly from the government— 75,00(1 aires of the choicest and best located wheat lands in the Red river valley. Of part of these lauds he was sole owner, and in the remainder he had a half interest, with Gen. ('.. \V. Cass, of New York. president and director of the Northern Pacific; lion. B. P. Cheney, of Boston, and Grandin Bros., bankers, of Tidioute, Pennsylvania. The Bed river valley was originally regarded as practically worthless. Mr. Dalrymple was a farmer and believed in the valley. When he first visited the country, in the winter of 1.875-6, to invest in it, the railroad was built to Bismarck, but the cars did not run for want of business, lie "pumped" his way into the valley on a hand car. and cut and boxed sam- ples and specimens of the soil. On returning to St. Paul he exhibited these specimens to his family, remarking that the lands from which they had come were intrinsically worth $25 per acre to raise wheat on. regardless of the effect of the future settlement of the country. By using railroad stock at par and Indian scrip, these lands cost from forty cents to three dollars per acre. They are at present, as now improved, salable at an average price of $30 per acre, and have paid twelve per cent, on an average, during good and bad years, while in cultivation. Starting in 1876 Mr. Dalrymple broke up and put under plow 6,000 acres per annum each year for five years, con stituting a wheal farm of 30,000 acres, equipped with good farm buildings, teams, machinery, and elevators, of which he is three- quarters owner and general manager, making Mr. Dalrymple the largest wheat grower in the world. He was the originator and the pioneer in "bonanza," or wholesale farming, which has contributed so much to the settle- ment and development of the new Northwest, and given to its author more than a National notoriety and reputation. Mr. Dalrymple's famous farm is operated in divisions of 2,500 acres each. Over each division is a mounted foreman, with a superintendent over each six divisions. Mr. Dalrymple himself takes the 224 I'HM'KAI'IIY OF MINNESOTA. general management, and gives directions to the superintendents. Each division is equipped with iis own separate buildings, trains, and machinery, and is connected with the head- quarters by telephone, while the headquarters connects with the Western Union telegraph. The lands of the farm are so level and free from obstructions that in plowing, etc., four or six horse teams sometimes make as high as twelve miles in a single round. A bonanza farm of this size uses in its operation 150 seven-foot self-binding harvesters, 150 gang plows, TO eleven-foot gang drills and 1 li extra large steam thrashing outfits, with self-feeding and self-stacking attachments, straw being used in the engines for fuel. The farm owns all property used thereon, and also owns its own elevators and hoards and lodges its own laborers. From 500 to 600 men are employed, and about 000 horses. The farm raises its own horses. Its twelve steam thrashers each turn out from 2,000 to 2,500 bushels of wheat per day, and the farm ships daily, as thrashed, two trainloads of grain to Duluth, where a vessel is loaded every other day for Buffalo or New York. The accounts of this business are kept with the system of a bank, and the farm ing operations are carried on with the precision and discipline of a military organization. Trior to the building of railroads, Mr. Dalrym- ple, with another gentleman, built and ran a line of boats for" several years on the Bed River of the North between Fargo and Winni- peg, for the purpose of carrying out their wheat and opening the country to settlement. In 1871, Mr. Dalrymple married Mary E. Stew- ard, the daughter of Hon. John Steward, of Panama. New York. For many years Mrs. Dalrymple has been prominent in the benevo- lent and religious societies of St. Paul. Mr. and Mrs. Dalrymple have two sons, William and John, both graduates of the University of Minnesota. William is in the grain business at Duluth and Minneapolis, and also attends to his father's wheat and elevator business. John manages his father's estates in the Red river valley, and spends the winter in St. Paul. Mr. Dalrymple is an able and successful busi- ness man. He lives in St. Paul, where he has an elegant and comfortable home, and spends his summers upon his estates, which have been to him a source of enjoyment, owing to hi> quiet tastes and habits and his fondness for country life. He has never sought official posi- tion, hut has regarded the private station as the post of honor. Mr. Dalrymple takes some satisfaction in having for forty-five years been one of the pioneers of the West who have contributed to that development of the coun- try which has prepared it for its splendid present and its magnificent possibilities and growing future. DELOS A. MONFORT. The family of Monfort or de Monfort, as the name was originally spelled, originated in the Province of Brittany, France. Having adopted the Huguenot faith at the time of the Prot- estant Reformation, they were compelled to have France soon afterward and seek refuge from religious persecution, in Germany. Their property was confiscated and given to a younger branch of the family, who renouncing their faith, remained behind. The refugees, settling in the Province of Baden, near the lake of Constance, founded the town to which they gave their family name, and here Peter Monfort, a descendant of this family, was born in 1724. In 1750 he removed to the United States, and locating in the State of New* Jer- sey, became a member of the Assembly of that State, and also one of the original proprietors of a large tract of land near where the city of Trenton now stands. He was the father of four sons, Abram, Jacobus, John and Peter. Abram Monfort, the eldest son of Peter Mon- fort, was born in New Jersey in 1752, and re- moved to New York in 1780, settling near the present site of the city of Rochester, where his only son, also called Abram, was born, in 1783. This son afterward removed to Jeffer- son, New York, and later to the town of Pentield, New York. Jared Goodrich Monfort. the eldest son of Abram Monfort and Eleanor Goodrich Monfort, was born at Jefferson, New York, in 1810, and later removed to Hamden RIOGRARHY OF MINNESOTA. and then to Unadilla, New York, at which latter place he died in 1864. Delos Abram Monfort, the subject of this sketch, was born at Haraden, New York, April 6, 1835, and was the eldest son of Jared G. Monfort and Loretta Fuller Monfort, daughter of Nathan Fuller and Chloe Williams Fuller, and granddaughter of Nathan Fuller and Phoebe Harris Fuller, the former being a descendant of John Fuller, one of the earliest settlers of Attleboro, Massachusetts. While still quite young Delos A. Monfort removed with his parents to Unadilla, New York, where his father was for many years a leading merchant, and continued to reside up to the time of his death. Here he received his education, and then, as a youth, he went to Cooperstown, New York, where he entered the employ of Joshua A. Story, a prominent dry goods merchant of that place. In 1854, with another young man, he made quite an extensive trip through the Northwest, and was very much impressed with this portion of the country. In 1S57, largely through the influence of Judge R. R. Nelson, of this city, who had also been a resident of Cooperstown, he decided to settle in St. Raul. He arrived there in May, 1K57, on the old steamer "Menomonie," which was the first steamboat to arrive that year, the railroad from the East at that time running only as far as Freeport, Illinois, at which place lie took the stage for Galena, Illinois, and from thence came by steamer to St. Paul. On arriving here he entered the private bank- ing house of Mackubin & Edgerton as a teller, which bank was then situated in the old Winslow House at the Seven Corners. When this bank was merged into the Reople"s Stale Rank a few years later. Mr. Monfort became cashier, and when the bank was finally reor- ganized under the national banking system, in 1864; after the passage of the National Rank Act, and became the Second National Rank, he continued in the position of cashier under the new organization. A few years later he became vice-president of the bank, and on the death of the president, Mr. Erastus S. Edger- ton, in April, 1S93, he became president, which position he held up to the time of his death. For several years prior to the time of his decease he was the oldest banker in the Slate in point of years of service. In I860 Mr. Monfort married Miss Mary .1. Edger- ton, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Erastus Edgerton, of Franklin. New York, and sister of .Mr. Erastus S. Edgerton, one of the orig- inal organizers of the Second National Hank and its predecessors, the People's State Bank, and the private bank of Mackubin & Edger- ton, and also president of the Second National Rank, from its organization until his death. Although banking was his life work, Mr. Mon- fort was at one time or another engaged in several other lines of business, as side issues. Thus he was at various times during his busi- ness career actively interested in an insurance company, the grocery business, a foundry, and a silver mine in the Black Hills, North Dakota, but during the last fifteen years of his life he devoted himself exclusively to the manage- ment of the Second National Rank. However, his entire time and attention were by no means devoted to business, for his was a well rounded character. During his earlier years he was fond of athletics of various kinds. lie was always fond id' horseback riding, an exercise which he continued up to within two years of I he lime of his death. He was also very fond of fencing, and became very proficient in the use of both the foil and broad-sword. He had a great natural liking for military men ami things military. For a portion of the lime during the Civil War he was captain of a militia company, which organization was, however, never mustered into active service. For a long time he took a great interest in the orders of Free-masonry and Knights Templar, and was for many years Eminent Commander of Damascus Commandery of St. Raul, and was at one time Grand Commander nl the State of Minnesota, as well as a 32d degree Mason. He also took much pleasure in lini h the practice and competitive drills, as well as the memorable encampment of Damascus Commandery, at White Rear Lake, during the summer of 1879, while he was commander of that organization. It was, however, in his home, surrounded by his family, his friends and his 226 CJO<;i; Al'IIY OF MINNESOTA. books, thai lie ever found his truest and great- est pleasure. From his earliest youth be was a dose student of men, of affairs and of books. Reading and study was with liini a lifelong habit, and he spent much of his leisure time in this way. Mis reading was very extensive, ami covered almost every line of art. science and literature, and having a very retentive memory, his mind was a vast storehouse of information on almost every conceivable sub- ject. His library, which is one of the fines! private libraries in the Northwest, includes many old and rare 1 ks, as well as all the standard authors, and here is carefully pre- served every book that he ever possessed in his life. Although never a politician or candi- date for public office, he always took an active interest in public affairs, and ever stood strongly for truth and right. Thus he always served his country, his State and his city in a quiet, unostentatious and unselfish way. He was one of the early members of the St. Paul Chamber of Commerce, and sewed several times as treasurer of that organization. He was for one year president of the Minnesota Bankers' Association, vice-president of the Dual City Bankers' League, chairman of the executive committee, and afterwards president of the Town and Country Club, president of the Minnesota Board of World's Fair Commis- sioners for the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in IS!!:!, one of the charter members, and at the time of his death, a member of the board n Lake Albert Lea, three miles from (he village, he made a homestead, and for some years worked his claim. In 1860 he was elected clerk of the township of Albert Lea, was re-elected in 1861, and held the office until he resigned to enter the Union Army. On October 11, 1861, when Hie war of the Rebellion was fairly on, he left his home at Albert Lea and enlisted as a private in Company F, Fourth Minnesota Infantry Volunteers. lie was made a corporal, and soon became so proficient in the duties of a soldier and evidenced such tilness generally, that Gen. John B. Sanborn recommended him for a commission. February 15, 1862, at Fort Snelling, he was discharged from the Fourth Regiment, by order id' Major General Halleck, to accept promotion, and three days later, on February 18, was commissioned by Governor Ramsey, first lieutenant of Company ('. of the Fifth Regiment, Minnesota Volunteers, then being organized. His company was made up very largely of men from Freeborn county, and Lieiiienanl Sheehan recruited sixty-five men for the company among his neighbors and friends. After this his military experience was a very notable one throughout. Upon the organization of the Fifth Regiment, March 20, 1862, Company C — Lieutenant Sheehan's company — was ordered to Fori Ripley. Minne- sota. Lieutenant Sheehan's services in Minne- soia, in 1862, meritorious, conspicuous and valuable as they were to the Slate, are so fully set forth in the pages of other authentic his- tories thai l hey need noi here be described in detail, and only certain incidents connected therewith may be adverted to. On .June is, 1862, Lieutenant Sheehan was ordered, with fifty men of his company, to march overland from Fort Ripley to Fort Ridgely, a distance, by the route marched, of nearly two hundred miles. He arrived with his detachment on the 28th, and the next day was ordered with the portion of his company present and fifty men of Company B, under Lieut. Thomas P. Gere, to the Yellow .Medicine Indian agency, forty five miles distant up the Minnesota river, to report to Agent Galbraith, for the purpose of preserving order and protecting LTnited States property during the time of the annuity pay- ment, which was expected to take place in a few days. He was placed in command of the force, consisting of one hundred men, and took with him one cannon, a twelve-pound mountain howitzer. On (he 27th of July, while in service at Yellow Medicine, Lieutenant Sheehan, with fourteen of his soldiers, four cili/.ens, and an Indian guide named Wasu-ho-washte (or Good Voiced Hail) made an expedition from the agency to the Dakota line west of Lake Benton, after the bloody and merciless Ink pa-doo-ta, the leader of the Indians in the Spirit lake and Springfield massacres of 1857. The Lieutenant set out on the morning of July 28, before daylight, and for a week was en- gaged in an unsuccessful search for the wicked bui wily marauder, who. warned id' his danger, had lied swiftly and far into South Dakota. The troublous times at Yellow Medicine dur- ing the month of .Inly and first pari of August, 1862, are described in oilier volumes. It niusl suffice here to say thai the agency was almost constantly threatened by several thousand wild, turbulent, and hungry Indians, who were ready for any desperate undertaking because of the protracted and inexplicable delay of the annual payment. Nothing saved the agency, iis property and its while occupants, at this time, but I he presence and the brave and intelligent conducl of Lieutenant Sheehan RloGRAI'IIY (>F MINNESOTA. mid his soldiers, who now had two pieces of artillery, When, on August 4th, about eight hundred armed warriors came upon the agency, broke in the door of the government warehouse, and began plundering it of its stoics, there was do faltering in this gallant band. A mountain howitzer was promptly trained >m the broken doorway by Lieutenant Gere. The Indians at once fell away from the range of the cannon, and through the avenue thus formed Lieutenant Sheehan and Ser- geant Trescott, with sixteen men, marched straight to the warehouse and drove out every plundering Indian. Lieutenant Sheehan kept his men well in hand. If, under the greal provocation, a single musket had been fired, not a soldier would have lived to tell the story. A dreadful slaughter was further prevented by Lieutenant Sheehan's success in inducing Agenl Galbraith to give the Indians a moder- ate supply of provisions; and when the savages again became insolent and menacing, he put his men into position and his guns "in battery"' in front of the warehouse, and then the Indians withdrew. The impending storm of carnage and rapine had, however, only been checked for the time. But it was in the gal- lant defence of Fori Ridgely when and where Lieutenant Sheehan so greatly distinguished himself and rendered such invaluable service. On the evening of August 11'. 1862, the Lieu- tenant returned to Port Ridgely from Yellow Medicine with his command; all prosped of trouble with the Sioux Indians in that quarter had disappeared. On the 17th he was ordered in march with his detachment back to Fori Ripley, and he set out in the early morning of the next day — August IS. The Sioux had broken out at the Redwood agency and had commenced one of the most horrible massacres recorded in the pages of American history, indiscriminately murdering and scalping men. women and children, and burning and destroy- ing all property in the surrounding country. A i eleven o'clock in the forei n the news of the outbreak reached Captain Marsh at Fori Ridgely. and he al once determined to move to the scene of the trouble with 1he larger portion of his company. At the same time he dispatched a messenger. Corporal Mc- Lean, with the following order to Lieutenant Sheehan. who was then on his way to Fort Ripley: "Headquarters, Fort Ridgely, August IS, 1862. Lieutenant Sheehan: — It is absolutely necessary that you should return with your command immediately I i this I'ost. The Indians are raising hell at the Lower Agency. Return as soon as possible. JOHN S. MARSH, Captain Commanding I'ost." Corpora] McLean did not overtake Lieuten- ant Sheehan's detachment until evening, when it was in cam]) near Glencoe, forty-two miles from Fort Ridgely. The men had marched twenty-five miles that hot day and were going into bivouac for the night, but the lieutenant al once ordered them to "about face." and they obeyed cheerfully, and the return march was begun. Meantime Captain Marsh and twenty- three of the men had perished in the deadly In- dian ambuscade at the Redwood ferry. Fort Ridgely was being filled with citizen refugees — men, women and children — many of them wounded, anil all destitute and terror-stricken. The prairies, the roads, and the little farms were strewn with mangled bodies; murder and rapine were in the air; the glare of burning buildings illuminated the sky. The savages had beset the fort and the surrounding coun- try. The fort was merely a military post, a collection of buildings about a square, with not a stone in place as a fortification, not a spadeful of earth thrown up as a breastwork. As a garrison to defend the place, there were but twenty-nine men with muskets, under Lieutenant Gere, a young officer only nineteen years of age. Following is an extract from Lieiiicnaiil Gere's account of the situation at 1 his I hue: "The Indians, hilarious at the desolation I hey had wrought during the day, were at the agency, celebrating in mad orgies their suc- cesses, and neglected their opportunity to capture what proved to be the barrier to the devastation of the Minnesota valley. Tuesday morning dawned on mingled hope and appre heiision for the coining hours, and when sun BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 229 light shone upon the prairies, every quarter was closely scanned from the roof of the uighesl building through the powerful tele- scope fortunately at hand. At about nine o'clock Indians began congregating on the prairie some two miles wesl of the fort, mounted, on foot, and in wagons, where, in plain view of the fort, a council was held. Tins council was addressed by Little Crow and their movements for the day decided upon. While this was in progress, cheers of welcome announced the arrival at the fort of Lieutenant Sheehan with his fifty men of < iompany * !. The courier dispatched by Captain Marsh on the previous day had reached this command at evening, soon after it had gone into camp. forty-two miles from Fort Ridgely, between New Auburn and Glencoe. Promptly obeying the order for his return, Lieutenant Sheehan at once struck tents, and the command cum menced its forced march, covering during the night the entire distance traversed in the two preceding days, arriving the first to the rescue and meriting high praise. Lieutenant Sheehan now took command at Fort Ridgely." The Lieutenant and his men reached the fori in the nick of time, at ten minutes of nine A. M. on Tuesday morning, having marched forty-two miles in ten hours, and seventy miles in twenty-two hours. There is no parallel to this great endeavor in the official records of the War Department, and no account of its having been surpassed, is mentioned in history. Reaching the fort, he found the place thronged with weeping and sorrowful people; illy supplied with food, water and ammunition; without sufficient protection even against the Indians' bullets: with but few arms save those of the soldiers, and no prospect of reinforce- ment or relief of any sort. Bui when the Renville Rangers arrived, he had then one hundred and fifty brave and resolute men in his command, three good cannon, and a great interest at stake, and he determined to defend the post and its helpless occupants d> the last. He knew that Fort Ridgely was the gateway to the lower Minnesota valley, and that if it were forced by the savages, not only would there be one of the greatest and bloodiest butcheries in history, but the entire beautiful valley would be desolated with tire and gun and tomahawk. The Indians were present in vastly superior numbers, and were eager to attack him, confident of success. Of the de- fence of Fort Ridgely during its eight full days of siege and investment by a very largely superior force, history speaks; but of the re- sponsibilities upon the young commander, his trying experiences, his great exertions, there can be no adequate description. He was greatly aided and supported by his gallant and faithful subordinate, Lieut. T. P. Gere, and by every soldier, and also by the citizen defenders, whom he organized into a company, with Hon. It. H. Randall as their captain. The first formidable and concerted attack on the fort by Little Crow and his chief's, with about six hundred braves and warriors, on August 20th, began about two o'clock P. M., and did no1 cease until dark". It was met and repulsed at every quarter, for the commander was pre- pared for if. He had placed his artillery, had built breastworks, and distributed his men t 1 the best advantage, and the result was all that could be desired. Tn the desperate fight dur- ing the afternoon, the Indians were whipped and driven off. The heaviest and. most des- perate attack was made on Fort Ridgely on August 22. Little Crow, believing that if Fort Ridgely were taken his path to the Mississippi would be comparatively (dear, resolved to make one more desperate attempt at its cap- ture, his numbers Inning been largely aug- mented. The second and most furious attack was made at about one o'clock P. M. With demoniac yells the savages surrounded the fort and at once commenced a heavy musketry tire. The garrison returned the fire with equal vigor and with great effect on the yelling demons. Early in the fight, Little Crow with his warriors took possession of the government stables, the sutler's store and all outside buildings, and in order to dislodge the Indians from those buildings, Lieutenant Sheehan or- dered them set on lire. Then on came the painted, yelling warriors, tiling volley after volley, as they charged 011 the garrison. The heroic defenders opened an all-around fire from 1 !■!■ artillery and musketry, which paralyzed fhe Indians and drove them back'. Thus, after six hours of continuous blazing conflict, alter- 2 3° BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. nately lit up by the flames of burning build- ings and darkened by whirling clouds of smoke, terminated the second and last attack on Fort Ridgely. Four more days and nights of suspense ensued until, on the morning of the 27th of August, the fori was relieved by the advance of General Sibley's force. Be- fore the fight the following message was re ceived from Hen. c. E. Flandrau, commanding at New I'lni : "New Ulm, Augusl 20. Commander, Fori Ridgely: Send me 100 men and guns if possible. We are surrounded by Indians and fighting every hour. Twelve whites killed and many wounded. C. E. FLANDRAU, Commanding New Ulm." Flandrau's message was most discouraging, for it shewed the general situation at New Ulm and the surrounding country. But the young lieutenant rose to the occasion with the address of a veteran, although this was his maiden battle. lie assumed charge of every- thing, and directed the defence in every detail. On August 31, 1862, he was promoted to cap- tain of his company. lie continued in com- mand of Fort Ridgely until September IS, when he was ordered with his company to Fort Ripley. After the Sioux massacre in Novem- ber, Companies 1! and C were sent to the south to join the main portion of their regi- ment, from which they had been separated since its organization, and reached it near Oxford. Mississippi, December 12, 1862. ('at- tain Sheehan served at the head of his com- pany in the South during tin' war of the Rebellion from December, 1862, to September. 1865. He participated in several important campaigns, and was engaged in a number of battles and skirmishes, prominent among which were the siege id' and assault on Vicks- burg; the battle of Tupelo, Mississippi, where he was in command of the portions of the Fifth Minnesota and Eighth Wisconsin present, and other detachments, in all three hundred men; i he action at Abbeyville; i he long and arduous campaign through Arkansas and Missouri, known as the Price campaign; the battles alioui Nashville, notably that of December Hi, 1864, and the siege of Mobile in the spring of 1865. He was discharged from the service al Demopolis, Alabama. September 6, 1865. lb' was frequently mentioned in orders, and on many occasions distinguished himself. In the gallanl charge of General Hubbard's Brigade at Nashville, which swept away a part of Hood's strongest line. Captain Sheehan was among the foremost. His was the •■color cum pany" id' the regiment. Five color bearers weie shot down. Captain Sheehan seized the flag and charged with his company over the breastworks, commanding the Confederates to surrender to the flag. For his conduct on this occasion he was especially mentioned in the reports. September 1, 1865. Captain Sheehan was commissioned, by Governor Miller, lieu lenant colonel of his regiment. The line sub- stantial monument erected by the State in 1896 on the former site of Fort Ridgely, to commemorate its defence in lst>2, bears upon it a brief history of the memorable engage- ment and a life-size bronze medallion of Lieu tenant Sheehan. the commander, as he appeared at the time. The dedicatory inscrip- tion reads. "In memory of the fallen, in recognition of the living, and for the emulation of future generations," and altogether the monument is a most befitting and appropriate structure. After his return from the army to his old home at Albert Lea, Minnesota, Colonel Sheehan re-engaged in his former occupation, that of farming. In 1871 he was elected sheriff of Freeborn county, and at subsequent (dec- lions was reelected live times, holding the office in all, six terms, or twelve years. In that position he showed ureal activity, adroit- ness and expedition in arresting criminals of various kinds, and was a very popular county officer. February 25, 1885, Colonel Sheehan was appointed by President Arthur agenl for the Chippewa Indians of the White Earth agency of Minnesota. This office he held for more than four years, or until dune. 1889. His service was of great value and importance, and acceptable both to the governmenl and the Indians. He took a prominent part in making what was known as the Bishop Whip- ple treaty of 1886, and the Henry M. Rice BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. W treaty of 1889, with the Chippewas of Minne- sota. In May, 1890, he was appointed Deputy U. S. Marshal by Col. J. O. Donahower. He has held the position ever since, under all the changes of administration, including the present Republican incumbent, Hon. W. H. Grimshaw. Colonel Sheehan himself lias always been a Republican. He has made a most efficient and valuable officer, lias often been cut rusted with matters of large responsi- bility, and has always discharged liis entire duties with intelligence and satisfaction. While in service as deputy marshal under Marshal O'Connor, in October, 1898, Colonel Sheehan took a prominent and an active part in the incidents connected with the battle with the Chippewa Indians at Sugar Point, which is described elsewhere in this volume. His intimate acquaintance with the Leech Lake Indians — having for four years been their agent — and his thorough knowledge of Indian character generally, enabled him to be of greal service on this occasion. He was first sent up to Leech Lake to arrest the turbulent In- dians who had resisted and who were still defying the authorities and the law. He ac- companied the force under General Bacon and Marshal O'Connor that went from Walker to Sugar Point, and it was Colonel Sheehan in person who arrested the first of the lawless Bear Islanders for whom warrants had been issued. When the battle began he at once became a participant and fought as he did at Ridgely. During the fight he was wounded three times — in the right arm, in the hip, and severely across the abdomen — yet lie never left the field. The wounds he received at Sugar Point made seven given him in battle — two at Ridgely, two at Nashville and three at Sugar Point. In the opinion of the best informed, a piece of work performed by Colonel Sheehan in the battle of Sugar Point contributed very largely to saving the white forces from utter defeat, if not from annihilation. This was his charge with a platoon of soldiers and deputy marshals on the Indian left flank, which was being pushed around and threatened to en- velop General Bacon and his entire command. Mr. Will. II. Brill, of the St. Paul Pioneer Press, who has written and published the standard account of the Sugar Point affair, says: "Meanwhile Colonel Sheehan had taken charge of the fighting on the right of the flank, and he did wonders with the green men that composed his command. He also refused to take shelter, but kept on walking up and down the line, encouraging his men and imploring them to keep cool. After the first two or three volleys he ordered his men to charge the fence on the right, under cover of which the Indians were pouring in a cross fire. The charge was successful, and the Indians were driven off. In this charge twelve of his detachment of twenty men were killed and wounded." Colonel Sheehan's conduct in the Sugar Point fight was the theme of admiring com- ment from the public press of the State and the Nation, and he received numerous letters of congratulations from friends and asso- ciates. Ex-Governor McGill wrote him as fol- lows: "St. Paul, October 12, 1898. Dear Colonel Sheehan: I congratulate you on the gallant part you played in the recent battle at Leech Lake with the hostile Indians, and I am profoundly grateful that your life was spared. In your case the hero of '62 has become the hero of '98. It has been thirty-six years since your famous tussle with the red men at Fort Ridgely. The lapse of lime seems neither to cool your blood nor modify your courage. You are the same gallant officer you were when I first met you at St. Peter after the siege of Fort Ridgely. I did not meet you personally then, but saw yon. and have always since that time carried you in my mind and heart as one of Minnesota's most gallant soldiers and bravest men. Cod bless you. Colonel, for all you have done and endured. But don't do so any more. You have won the right to refrain from further Indian fighting. Let the younger men do the rest of it. We want you with u* as long as the rest of us live. Poor Major Wilkinson! How sincerely I mourn his death. It was simply the chance of war that his life was taken, while yours was spared. Again congratulating you on your courage and never failing grit, and again admonishing you to stop fighting, I am sincerely. Your friend, A. R. McGILL." 1T,2 P.IOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Colonel Sheehan was married in November, 1866, to Miss .Icnnic -Judge, who was also born in Ireland. They have three sons, now grown to manhood, and named, Jeremiah, George \Y.. and Edward Sheehan. Mrs. Sheehan is an accomplished and mosl estimable lady, and a worthy companion for her husband. She is prominent in church work and other beneficent movements, and a well-known member of the best social circles. The historian of Ihis volume, who has long and intimately known Colonel Sheehan, says: "All the world admires a hero. And when he has been lnave and imperiled himself in a right cause and the fruit of his courage is a substantial benefit to his fellow men. he is to be honored for all lime. With true courage came the other qualities and elements which constitute right manhood and make a man worthy of right distinction. As one who fills this measure — as one who has fought the bat ties of his State and his Country, and by his invincible courage and fidelity saved hundreds of valuable lives and a greal area of territory from destruction, and as one who. as a citizen, soldier, and public official has made an 1111 blemished record — Colonel Sheehan well merits his place among Minnesota's most hon- orable and distinguished men. And it is gratifying and good to say that, with the blessing of Providence, there arc many more years of distinction and usefulness before him. Well does Colonel Sheehan deserve the gold and bronze medals which adorn his breast." WILLIAM II. DUNWOODY. William Hood Dunwoody, who has long been identified with the Hour milling interests of Minneapolis, is a native of Pennsylvania, born in Chester county. March 11. 1841. His father was .lames Dunwoody. whose father, grand- father and great-grandfather lived in the same vicinity in Chester county, and were all en- gaged in agricultural pursuits. The family is of Scotch ancestry. Mr. Dunwoody's mother was Hannah Hood, the daughter of William Hood, of Delaware county, Pennsylvania, whose ancestors came to Ihis country when William Peiin founded the colony which took his name. Mr. Dunwoody's early life was passed upon the farm where he was born. After a period of schooling in Philadelphia, he. at i he age of eighteen, entered his uncle's store in Philadelphia, and commenced what proved to be the business of his lite. His uncle was a grain and flour merchant. After a few years Mr. Dunwoody commenced busi ness for himself as a senior member of the firm of Dunwoody & Robertson. After ten years of practical experience in the Philadel- phia flour markets, Mr. Dunwoody came to Minneapolis in 1869, and, for a time, repre- sented several eastern houses as Hour buyer. Milling at Minneapolis was then in a state of transition. It was the time when the old- fashioned mill stones were giving place to the modern steel rollers and the middlings purifier. Willi keen perception Mr. Dunwoody saw that a greal advance in the milling business was at hand, and in 1871 he embarked as a member of the firm of Tiffany. Dunwoody & Com pany. He was also a member of the firm of II. Harrow & Company, and the busi ness of both concerns was under his per- sonal management. Early in his career as a Minneapolis miller Mr. Dunwoody distinguished himself among his associates by devising and organizing the Minneapolis Millers' Association, which was for a long time a most important organization, its object being co-operation in the purchase of wheat through- oul the Northwest. It had an important part in the building up of the Minneapolis milling business. Its work was discontinued when the general establishment of elevators and the development of the Minneapolis wheat market made it no longer necessary for the millers to work in cooperation in buying their wheat. Another important work which Mr. Dun woody early attempted was that of arranging for the direct exportation of Hour. It had been the custom to sell through brokers and middle-men of the Atlantic seaports. In ls~7 Governor C. < '. Washburn conceived the idea of introducing spring wheat Hour in the markets of the United Kingdom by direct ship men! from the mills, and in this he was heartily seconded by Mr. Dunwoody. Winn other millers wore solicited to co-operate in % M^ Av£X>. I'.KHiKAI'HV OF MINNESOTA. 2 33 such a project, they promptly declined, offering as a reason that nothing could be accom- plished, and that the money so expended would be 'thrown away. Governor Washburn was not in the least discouraged by this posi- lion of his neighbors and very soon arranged with Mr. Dunwoody to make a trip to Europe in furtherance of the idea of building up a direct exporting business. In November, 1877, Mr. Dunwoody went to England, and, though he met with a most determined opposition, succeeded in arranging for the direct export of flour from Minneapolis, a custom which has since continued without interruption. Shortly after the great mill explosion of 1878, Gover- nor C. C. Washburn induced Mr. Dunwoody to join him in a milling partnership with the late John Crosby, and Charles J. Martin. The firm thus formed, Washburn, Crosby & Company, continued for many years, and was finally suc- ceeded by the Washburn-Crosby Company. Since Mr. Dunwoody's connection with the Washburn mills, in 1870. he lias been unin- terruptedly identified with the conduct of Ibis famous group of mills. It was natural that Mr. Dunwoody, as a prominent miller, should take a large interest in the management of elevators. He has invested largely in elevator properties, and was one of the organizers of the St. Anthony & Dakota Elevator Company, of which he is president; the St. Anthony Elevator Company, and the Duluth Elevator Company, being vice-president of these com- panies. In addition to these Mr. Dunwoody holds other important interests, and is con- nected with a number of the strongest financial institutions of Minneapolis. He is vice-presi- dent of the Northwestern National Dank, a director of the Minneapolis Trust Company, and vice-president of the Washburn-Crosby Company. Mr. Dunwoody is a man of large means, and has been actively identified with many enterprises calculated to benefit the whole Northwest, as well as the city in which he resides. Before coming to Minne- apolis, he married Miss Kate L. Patten, the daughter of John W. ratten, a prom- inent merchant of Philadelphia. Mr. Dun- woodv's refined tastes have been grati fled in late years by extensive travel. He has spent much time abroad, and delights, above all things, to escape from the cares of business into the open country with dog and gun. He is a model citizen, enterprising, methodical and painstaking in business; he is unassum- ing, genial and affable in private life, but of a retiring disposition. He has cultivated liter- ary and artistic taste, and enjoys refined social intercourse. LLEWELLYN CHRISTIAN. Mr. Christian, who has been long and prominently connected with the great mill- ing interests of Minneapolis and Minne- sota, was born in Wetumpka county. Ala- bama, June 10, 1841. He is a son of John Christian, a native of New York, and the maiden name of his mother was Susan Weeks. She was born in Wilmington, North Carolina. In his early childhood Mr. Chris- tian's parents removed from Alabama to Wil- mington, North Carolina, and in 1840 came to Geneva, Wisconsin, then practically on the northwestern frontier. In 1854 he was sent to Chicago, and was at school in that city for four years. He then went to New York City, and there remained for about fourteen years. Mr. Christian has been connected with Minne- sota milling interests since 1872. In that year he came to Minneapolis and became a member of the firm of Christian, Day & Company, which operated the Zenith mill. In 1874 he entered into partnership with his two brothers and C. C. Washburn, forming the firm of J. A. Christian & Company, proprietors of the Washburn mills. The company continued to operate these mills until the noted explosion of the Washburn "A" mill in 1S78. Subsequently he was connected with the Tettit mill as a member of the linn of Pettit, Christian & Company. In 1870, in company with his brothers and C. M. Hardenburgh, he built the Crown Holler Flouring Mills, and was con- nected with their operations until the mills were sold to the Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company in 1801. After the sale J 34 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. of his flouring mill interests in Minneap- olis, Mr. Christian and Mr. C. E. French bought a mill at Shake-pee, Minnesota, which they are still operating in connection with a grain commission business. No other man is better informed on the flouring mill industry and the grain interests of the North- west than .Mr. Christian, lb- is regarded as an authority on wheat and Hour production in the Northwest, lb- made two extensive tours of the Old World, mainly in search of informa- tion concerning modes, methods and improve- ments in milling, and has long been a student and investigator of the subject. As a citizen of Minneapolis, loyal to the interests of the city, he is prominent and influential. He is a member of St. Mark's Episcopal church, in which he has been a vestryman for several years. In 1874 he married Miss E. D. French, of his childhood home. Wilmington, North Carolina. They have no children living. .Mr. and Mrs. Christian have a tine residence at the corner of Fifth avenue and Eighth street, which is one of the most attractive places in the down-town district. They also have a beautiful summer home on the shore of Lake Minnetonka, and are well known and popular members of society. ROME G. BROWN. Rome G. Brown is a native of the Green Mountain State, and was born at Montpelier, June 15, 18fi2. His parents were Andrew Chandler and Lucia A. (Green) Brown. He was educated at Harvard University, gradua- ting from that institution in 1884. He after- wards entered the office of Hon. Benjamin F. Fifield, of Montpelier, and studied law with him for three years. The Supreme Court of Vermont then admitted him to I he bar as an "attorney and counsellor at law and solicitor in chancery." This was on the 24th of Octo- ber, 1887. Less than two months later, De- cember 7, 1887. he went west, locating in Minneapolis, which city has been his home ever since. He at once entered the law office of Benton & Roberts, composed of Reuben C. Benton and William P. Roberts, at that time a well known law firm of Minneapolis. Feb- ruary 9, 1888, he was admitted to practice in the courts of Minnesota. On the first of -Ian nary, 1890, he went into partnership with Messrs. Benton and Roberts, the name- of the firm becoming Benton, Roberts & Brown. The partnership continued for five years, the dissolution being occasioned by the death of Colonel Benton, January •">, 1895, since which time he has continued in practice alone. < >n the 27th of May, 1895, he was admitted to practice in the United States Supreme Court. Mr. Brown's practice has been general for the most part, although he has been attorney for many business interests and corporations, in- cluding the Great Northern Railway. He has been, and still is, extensively engaged in legal controversies involving questions of water powers and water rights in lakes and streams. He is the attorney of the two companies which control the entire water power of the Missis si|i]ii at Minneapolis, viz., the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company and the Minne- apolis Mill Company. He is also the legal representative of the Crookston Water Works Power and Light Company, the Grand Forks Gas and Electric Company, the Minneapolis Tribune, and other commercial and manufac- turing concerns. On the 25th of May, 1888, Mr. Brown was united in marriage at Marsh- field, Vermont, to Miss Mary Lee Hollister, daughter of Samuel D. and Flora (Coburn) Hollister. Mr. and Mrs. Brown have two chil- dren. Edwin Chandler, born July 8, 1891, and Dorothv. born July 19, 189(5. JAMES H BAKER. Gen. dames Ileaton Baker was born in Monroe. Butler county, ' Ohio, May ('.. 1829. lie is the son id' Rev. Henry and Hannah (Heaton) Baker. His father was a Methodist preacher and a physician; a gentleman of good literary attainments, who died at Memphis. Tennessee, in 1864, while serving as chaplain ot ;i regiment in the Civil War. His great grandfather, William Baker, served in the Th& antury Puttishitiy & Lynn imj Co Ctticaytx BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 235 Revolutionary War under Washington. On 1 lie maternal side, his great-grandfather, Da- vid Heaton, fought for American independ- ence in the battles of Germantown, Princeton, Trenton and others, and Ins grandfather, James Heaton, was a quartermaster, serving with General Harrison in the War of 1812-15. When James was about two years old (he fam- ily moved to Lebanon, in the adjoining county, where, in due time, he prepared for college, entering the Wesleyan University at Dela- ware, Ohio, in 1847. He graduated in 1852, receiving the Latin honors of his rlass for su- perior scholarship. He then engaged in teach- ing, and was for a short time at the head of a female seminary in Richmond, Indiana. In 1853 Mr. Laker purchased the Sciota Gazette at Chillicothe, one of the oldest newspapers in Ohio. On the organization of the Republican party, his paper became its champion, and his writings contributed materially to the growth of the infant party in southern Ohio. In ap- preciation of his services lie was nominated as the Republican candidate for Secretary of State, Hon. Salmon P. Chase heading the ticket; the two canvassed the State together, winning at the October election. At the expi- ration of his term of office, in 1S">7. Mr. Baker came to Minnesota and settled in Line Earth county, near Mankato. The following year he was the Republican candidate for Secretary of State for the State of Minnesota, and was elected. He was re-elected and was still serv- ing as Secretary of State when the Civil War broke out at the South. Feeling it was his duty to go into the military service, he re- signed, enlisted and received a colonel's com mission from Governor Ramsey. He took command of the Tenth Minnesota Infantry, and served under General Sibley in the campaign of 1862 and 1863, against the Sioux Indians. Colonel Baker was in command of the soldiers at the time of the execution of the thirty eight condemned Indians at Mankato, December 2<>, IstJL'. After the Indian troubles Colonel Laker was ordered to the South and reported at SI. Louis, Missouri, October 10, 1S(;:;. and was as- signed to that post by General Schofleld, but his command was soon enlarged to that of a district. He was subsequently appointed pro- vost marshal of the department of Mis souri by Secretary Stanton, and in that im- portant position lie served until the close of the war. For his fidelity in this important trust, which virtually made him military go\ ernor of Missouri, he was brevetted brigadier general of volunteers. Peace being restored, General Laker was mustered out of service, November 31, 1865, and was appointed register of the consolidated land offices at Boonville, Missouri, which office he resigned at the end of two years. He returned to his farm in Line Earth county, intending to enjoy the quiet of rural life. In 1S71 President Grant tendered him the office of commissioner of pensions, and he entered upon the duties of that impor- tant office June 1, of that year. Through his instrumentality the pension laws, formerly scattered through different volumes of the statutes, were compiled into one law and very much simplified. A tier serving four years with great credit to himself in the faithful and able discharge of his duties, and to the satis- faction of the department, he resigned. In 1875 General Grant tendered him the office of Surveyor General of the State of Minnesota, which office he accepted and served for four years, after which he retired to his farm in Line Earth county. While holding the office of Surveyor General and living at Mankato. General Laker wrote many letters for publica- tion, which attracted wide attention and con- tributed more largely than any other influence to bring into notice the north shore of Lake Superior. In 1881 General Baker was elected by the people of Minnesota as railway com- missioner, to succeed ex-Governor Marshall, and was subsequently re-elected to the same position. General Baker is an active member of the Minnesota Historical Society, and has contributed much valuable material to its archives. Among his mosl important works are the "History of Lake Superior" and the discov- ery of "The Sources of the Mississippi," an able and carefully prepared paper, published in 1SS7. He also wrote (lie "History of the Min- nesota Valley," an interesting and valuable contribution to the history of Minnesota, pub- 236 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Iished January 10, 1878". He was the first to bring to light, by a series of public letters, the great mineral resources of northeastern Minnesota, and was the author of several pa- pers on the International Line. As a member of the Loyal Legion, of which he was com- mander in 1898-9, he contributed many impor- tant papers to their annual publications. His essay on the "Military Career and Personal Character of Ulysses S. Grant" attracted much attention, and liis series of papers on the Character of Governor H. H. Sibley were in- teresting and valuable. Besides his published works, General Baker has prepared and de- livered many addresses. lie was sent by Gov- ernor Hubbard to New Orleans to deliver the address on "Minnesota Day" at the Interna- tional Exposition, March 21, 1885, which ad- dress was published in full in many of the leading papers. Another notable address was delivered by him at the annual reunion of the Old Settlers of LeSueur county. It is no more than the truth to state that General Baker lias been called upon to deliver a greater num- ber of memorial addresses and Fourth of July orations than any other man in the State of Minnesota. He has always been a liberal con- tributor to the newspaper and periodical press, treating on literary subjects, and is an elegant and vigorous writer. As a public speaker he is brilliant and forceful. In personal appear- ance General Baker is about six feet in height and symmetrical in proportion. He moves with a quick soldierly step, indicative of his character. Courteous in demeanor and affable in conversation, he gives close attention to the minutest detail when business is introduced. He is somewhat incisive in his speech and im- pulsive in action. His head is small and well- proportioned and is held firmly erect. His quick moving hazel eyes betoken energy, and his countenance, when animated, indicates great intelligence. In repose his face has a quiet, thoughtful, scholarly appearance. As a valued friend of freedom the name of General Baker must ever be honored among those who have deserved well of their country. General Baker was married September 25. 1S52, to Miss Rose L. Thurston, daughter of Reuben H. Thurston, then of Delaware, Ohio, and later of Mankato. She died in Washing- ton. March 20. 1873, leaving two children — Dr. Arthur H. Baker, who died September, 1 s! > 7 . at the age of forty-four years, while occupying a position in the Treasury Department at Washington, D. ('.; and Harry E. Baker, now residing in Baker City, Oregon. December 23, 1879, General Baker married his present wife. Miss Zula Bartlett, of Mankato. daughter of George W. Bartlett of Paris. Illinois. She is a graduate of the Normal School and was for- merly a teacher in the public schools of Man- kato. Her great-great-grandfather was one of Hie signers of the Declaration of Independence — his name being the second on that document. They have one son, James Henry Baker, a stu dent in the Normal School at Mankato. WILLIAM BIERBAFER. Capt. William Bierbauer was born in Ein- selthum, Bavaria, February 26, 1826, and died in Mankato, Minnesota, November 30, 1893. He was educated in the common schools of his native country and served three years in the Bavarian army. He then became involved in the German Revolution of 1S4S, with which Carl Schurz, General Siegel and other eminent German patriots were identified. After the failure of that enterprise he was forced to leave his native country and came to America by the way of Switzerland and France, em- barking at Havre and landing in New York in is 111. He was by trade a cabinetmaker, and lie soon found employment in the furniture de- partment of the car shops in New York City. He afterwards joined his elder brother, who was in tin brewery business in Seneca Falls, and later in Utica, New York, where he re- mained until 1855, when he went to Milwau- kee, Wisconsin, and worked in Philip Best's Brewery. In 185(5 he came to Mankato and. in company with his brother Jacob, started a brewery, commencing on a small scale, and gradually increasing as the business war- ranted. In ISO:? Jacob Bierbauer with- drew from the firm and his brother con- 1 ¥- MUo^ ~Q. BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. '-37 tinued the business. In 1862 he changed his location 1 «» the present site and laid the foundation for the magnificent plant, now one of the best breweries in the State of Minnesota. In 1862, when the Sioux massacre occurred and the neighboring village of New Ulm was assailed, Mr. Bierbauer was among the first to volunteer his services. He had already gone to St. Paul to get his commission as captain, intending to raise a company to go South to take part in the Civil War then progressing. When the news came of the Indian outbreak, Captain Bierbauer returned to Mankato, im- mediately raised a company and proceeded to New Ulm, where he rendered valiant service through the week's seige and defense, under the command of Col. Charles E. Flandrau. Of the part Captain Bierbauer took in the battle of Now Ulm, his commander, Charles E. Flan- drau, says: "Captain Bierbauer and his gallant company were very prominent figures at the battle of New Ulm, which was fought August 23, 1862. The bravery of Captain Bierbauer was most conspicuous and produced the best results. During the critical period of the fight, when bullets were falling thick and fast from the Sioux rifles, I noticed one man, 'solitary and alone." and in advance of all others, loading and tiring at the Indians, and manfully maintain- ing his position. 'We advanced and ascertained that it was Captain Bierbauer of Mankato, and directing (lie attention of the men to this man- ifestation of bravery, they were rallied to as- sist in maintaining the position held by the Captain. I shall never forget the effect it pro- duced on these men, who had been on the run a moment before; when they recognized their captain in this exposed position, so coolly hold- ing his own, it was electrical. The Stale of Minnesota owes Captain Bierbauer a debt of gratitude, and will ever keep his memory green." After the battle of New Ulm, Captain Bier- bauer organized another company for frontier defense, rendering efficient service under Col- onel Flandrau in the Southern Minnesota De- partment. In his prime, Captain Bierbauer was a fine specimen of physical manhood. About six feet in height, he was well formed ami skilled in athletic sports peculiar to the Turner organization. He was a gentleman of excel- lent judgment, broad intelligence and with the highest sense of integrity and honor. He was generous to a fault, and his home was proverb- ial for its lavish hospitality. He was public spirited, and freely contributed from his means to every undertaking and enterprise for the public good. Honorable, conscientious and truthful, he enjoyed, to a great degree, the confidence and esteem of his fellows. In every element that combines to make a high-toned, courteous gentleman, and a model citizen, William Bierbauer was a man worthy of emu- lation. Mr. Bierbauer was married in 1858 to Louisa Dornberg, daughter of Dr. A. L. Dorn- berg of Mankato. They were the parents of seven children, six of whom are now living, viz.: Albert, Bruno, Rudolph, William, Addie and Ella, all residing in Mankato, excepting Bruno, who is practicing medicine in Brooklyn, New York. MICHAEL DORAN. Michael Doran, a prominent banker and broker of St. Paul, is a native of Ireland, born in the County Meath, November 1, 1827. At the age of twenty-three he emigrated to Amer- ica, locating in the State of New York for a vein-, and removing thence to Ohio. Here he engaged in agriculture for five years in the vicinity of Norwalk. He then made another move West, locating this time in Le Sueur county, Minnesota, and taking up a tract of Government land. He at once interested him- self in the affairs of the community with which he had cast his lot, and became popular with his fellow-townsmen. In the year 1861 he was honored with the office of county treasurer, and entered upon its duties in March of 1862. He was repeatedly re-elected, holding the office continuously for a period of eight years. lie then, in 1870, formed a partnership with Mr. George D. Snow, and entered the banking busi- ness under the name of Snow & Doran. This concern also operated a mill, grain elevators, etc. Mr. Snow did not long survive the initia- tion of this enterprise, and for a time the re- 2 3 8 P.TOURAPHY OF MINNESOTA. sponsibilities of the business were thrown on Mr. Doran alone. It was not long, however, before he associated himself with Mr. E. R. Smith, and the firm of Doran & Smith was con- tinued until March, 1891, when the partnership was dissolved by mutual consent, Mr. Smith continuing the business atLeSueur. During the time from 1877 to 1891 Mr. Doran bad finan- cial interests in St. Paul also. In 1877-7S In- invested some capital in a banking and broker- age business, owned at that time by Mr. Charles A. Morton, and the firm of Morton & Doran was formed. This concern continued for half a year, wben Mr. Doran purchased the entire business, took in Mr. Smith, his partner at Le Sueur, and established the firm of M. Do- ran & Company. In 1891 Mr. Smith gave place to James D., the son of Mr. Doran, who became junior member. Mr. Doran is well known and respected throughout the business ami politi- cal world of Minnesota. He held the office of State Senator for several years, having first been elected to it in 1871, and being re-elected several times. Always a Democrat and a strong partisan in polities, he invariably voted with his party on political questions, but in matters of general legislation he was uniform- ly on the side of economy and straightforward- ness, and his rigid integrity and honorable conduct won for him the respect of his asso- ciates. During the latter part of his political career he has been looked up to as an authority on matters of public moment, and was one of the leading spirits in the Senate, although be- longing to the party in the minority. Mr. Doran was a member of the National Convention at Chicago in 18 he went with his father to St. Louis, Missouri, where he attended school one term in Kemper Col- lege. His father, who was then in business in St. Louis, lost his life in April. 1838, leav- ing his family to provide for themselves. He was a passenger on the ill-fated steamboat "Moselle," which was blown up at Cincinnati. Ohio. George C. entered the store of Alonzo Child as a salesman, where he remained until 1845, when he went to Blooniington. Iowa mow Muscatine), and commenced business for himself in general merchandising and in a pork jiacking establishment. Later on he or- ganized the private bank of Green & Stone, and still later was connected with the Slate Hank of Iowa, with branches at Washington and at Muscatine. He built up an extensive business and accumulated, for those days, quite a large fortune. On account of the un- certain state of the country at the time of the beginning of the Rebellion, and the conse- quent unstable condition of financial affairs, Mr. Si one suspended his banking operations in 1861 and removed to Chicago. For some years thereafter he was located for different periods in Chicago, New York and Philadelphia, but was engaged in no regular business. He went to Duluth in 1869, where he located, and actively engaged in the building up of that city. He was connected with the pri- vate banking house of George B. Sargent, and afterwards was with the First National Bank of Duluth. When the failure of Jay Cook oc- curred, Duluth was for a time paralyzed and business was dead. Mr. Stone, with others, lost heavily, and his resources were soon exhausted, lie then engaged in investigating the iron deposits of .Minnesota, and made many valu- able discoveries. After several years he sue ceeded in interesting in the properties Char- lemagne Tower, a very wealthy capitalist of Philadelphia, who sent his son, Charlemagne Tower. Jr. (now United States ambassador at St. Petersburg, Russia), to Duluth in 1881. lie assisted Mr. Stone in the development and opening up of the iron industry of Northern Minnesota until 1887. They organized the Minnesota Iron Company, and built the Duluth & Iron Range Railway. In June. 1887, they sold out to the H. H. Porter Syndicate, and Mr. Tower's profits in this enterprise were over $3,000,000. Mr. Stone also cleared a handsome competency. Since then he has been engaged in no regular business, but has spent 'sZ^zy)A^^ his strong, eloquent and logical arguments. Since his ele- vation to the bench, his uniformly patient and courteous treatment of the bar and his careful and conscientious consideration and decision of all matters brought before him, have won the universal commendation of all who have come in contact with him." Judge Ensign has always been an active ami public spirited citizen of Duluth, and al times prominent in its public and official affairs. lie served on the school board for seven years, was for eight years a member of the city coun- cil, aud was mayor of the city for two terms. He has been twice married. His first wife — to whom he was married while serving as clerk of the courts in Ohio — was Miss Catherine A. Jones, a daughter of Col. Lynds •buns, and i niece of Hon. Joshua R. Giddings, the well known statesman and pioneer Abolitionist of the "Western Reserve" of Ohio. Of this mar- riage there were two daughters: Julia Maria and Mary, the latter now the wife of J. C. Hunter, Esq., of Duluth. As has been stated, his first wife died in 1868, and in December, 1872, lie married Miss Rose Watrous, of Bay City. Michigan. Of the latter marriage there is one daughter, Katherine W. Ensign. DANIEL G. CASH. As a member of the eld law firm of Ensign & • 'ash. and subsequently of its successor, En- sign, Cash & Williams, the subject of this sketch has long been a well-known citizen of Duluth, Minnesota. Daniel Gilbert Cash was bora at Cleveland, Ohio, February 11, 1st:;. His father was a native of Bradford county, Pennsylvania; the birthplace of his mother (nee Fanny Tooker) was Peru. Huron county, Ohio. They were married in 1840, and one child. Agnes F.j was born before Daniel. In 1S45 the father took up a preemption claim on the Ontonagon river, the largesl southern tribu- tary of Lake Superior. In addition to a log cabin— the characteristic dwelling of preemp- tion claims— he erected a spacious frame house, and in October, 1S47, set out from Cleveland to conduct his family to their new home." There being then no canal at the Sault Ste. Marie, their trip had to be made in two different boats. The voyage to the Sault was a comparatively comfortable one. and crossing the portage, they re-embarked in Lake Supe- rior without serious misgivings; but it was three long weeks before they entered the On- tonagon. Blinding snowstorms swirled around (he little steamer like a winding sheet, while she was mercilessly harassed by furious gales. The waves dashed over her decks until her cabin was flooded; and after most of her cargo had been consumed as fuel, the machinery and pumps gave out, the tires were drowned and all hope was abandoned. But the wreck finally floated behind an island near the north shore of the lake, where she lay for a week, during which time Daniel's father, who was skilled as a machinist, made such repairs that she was able to venture forth again. After further vicissitudes, and much difficulty and danger in making the harbor and landing, they suc- ceeded in reaching their destination. Although Daniel was then lint four years old, the events of those fearful three weeks were indelibly impressed upon his mind, and to this day he can relate his experience, even to pathetic or humorous details. He suffered severely from sea-sickness during the voyage, but, as if that distressing malady had belonged to the cat'' gory of children's diseases, the one attack seemed to insure him againsl if for the future. In his numerous voyages on the lakes and ocean since, he has found himself an excellent sailor. The new home of the Cash family was delightfully located on the bank of the river and not far from the lake, and within a few- years the lather had cleared and laid out a fine farm, while the mother had converted the acres immediately surrounding the house into an orchard and flower gardens, until the place had taken on the aspect of a beautiful south- ern homestead. In this fair spot, and living a free, out-of-door life, the boy grew like file products of the fertile soil around him, became 246 BIOGRAPHY <)F MINNESOTA. expert in swimming and other athletic sports, helped his mother with her garden and his father in the fields. Both he and his older sister obtained the rudiments of their educa- tion at home, with their parents for teachers. When Daniel was eight years old they were sent to Cleveland, where they attended school, living with relatives of their mother. After two years their parents came to Cleveland, re- mained for three years, then the family returned to Ontonagon, which by this time supported a school. For the next few years Daniel attended the home school, helping with the farm work in summer. At eighteen he entered the preparatory school at Ann Arbor, Michigan, witli a view to taking the literary course of the University. At the close of his term of preliminary work he returned home, for the summer vacation, as lie thought; but the Rebellion was on and. catching the spirit of the war. he enlisted, August 4, 1862, in a company which was being raised in Ontonagon county and which was assigned to the Twenty-seventh Michigan Volunteers. This regiment later consolidated with another at Ypsilanti. and on (•ctober 10, Mr. Cash received the commission of second lieutenant, Company A. In the fol- lowing April the regiment was ordered to the front and joined the Ninth Army Corps in Ken- tucky. In June they were ordered to Vicks- burg. When that point had capitulated they moved on to Jackson. Mississippi, then came back to Kentucky and. passing through the Cumberland gap. entered Tennessee. Here Lieutenant Cash participated in the siege of Knoxville and the campaign of east Tennessee, and. in the spring of 1864, joined the Army of the Potomac under the command of General Grant. Meantime he had been promoted to first lieutenant, then to adjutant; and on May ."i. 1864, he was advanced to the rank of cap- tain. In the following August Captain Cash was captured by the rebels and for six weeks confined in Libhy prison. He was then trans ferred to Salisbury, North Carolina. On Octo- ber III, while being taken from Salisbury to Danville, Virginia, he gained his freedom by breaking out of the car and jumping from the train. In company with a comrade, who had also escaped, he made for Mount Airy, Vir- ginia; but. although the two fugitives had disguised themselves by changing clothing with some negroes, they were recaptured and sent back as spies. Tin- next day, however, they managed to escape from the guard and succeeded in reaching a Union settlement. Here they slaid for a week, luxuriating in their sense of freedom and safety, then crossed the mountains to the Union lines at Gauly Bridge, Virginia. Captain Cash next went to Wash- ington, obtained leave of absence and, late in November, set out for home, where he had solemnly vowed to eat his Christmas dinner. He had a hard time getting there, for the boats had stopped for the winter, and from Green Bay, Wisconsin, he had to make the journey on a very primitive kind of mail conveyance, and through almost bottomless mud. But "fortune favors the brave." and he ate his Christmas dinner at home. Captain Cash returned to the army and was actively engaged in the opera lions which were consummated by the capture of Petersburg and the surrender of General Lee. On April 2, 1865, Captain Cash was made brevet major, and May 15, following, at- tained to the rank of major. He was mustered out and honorably discharged August 7. 1st;.",, and, together with comrades from Ontonagon, embarked for home on the steamship ".Me- teor." But new excitements and perils were in store for him, for while crossing Lake Huron a collision occurred between the "Meteor" and the steamer "Pewabic." the latter being scut- tled and sunk; and on the following day the "Meteor" herself took fire at the point of exit from the Sault Ste. Marie, and soon her charred bulk lay at the bottom of the canal basin. Fortunately the passengers escaped and the soldiers were reunited witli (heir waiting fami- lies. After a short home visit Major Cash en- tered the Law Department of the University of Michigan. After completing his course at Ann Arbor, he read law for two years in the office of Newberry & Pond, at Detroit. In 1868, when Hon. Henry P. Baldwin was for the first time elected Coventor of Michigan. Ma jor < 'ash was appointed as his private seen' ■ ■ BIOGUAIMIY OF MINNESOTA. 247 tary, but before the date for entering upon his duties had arrived, he was summoned to the death-bed of his father in New York, who had gone East on business. The' daughter also came and joined her brother there, and togeth- er they cared for their father until his death early in the new year. Meantime Major Cash had relinquished his secretaryship to the Gov- ernor, and in the spring of 1870 he located in Dulu Hi. (if whose bar he has now for thirty years been an active and honored member. For two years he served as city attorney, and for six years as county attorney. In 1874 he formed a partnership with J. D. Ensign, and in 1886 Ensign & Cash admitted a new member, John G. Williams, thus constituting the firm of En- sign, Cash & Williams, which was continued as Cash & Williams when Mr. Ensign became District Judge, in 1887. Besides his sister Agnes, now Mrs. Porter A. Hitchcock, of Fon- tiac, Michigan, Mr. Cash had another, younger. sister, and several brothers, as follows: Olive and John F., both of whom were deceased in childhood; Dr. William P. Cash, who died in California in 1890; James Cash, now of Du- Iuth, and Charles T. Cash, of Atlanta, Georgia. On October 1, 1872, Mr. Cash was married to Alice F>. Scott, daughter of Dr. John and Mar- garet Scott, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. A son, Scott Cash, born June 27, 1875, is their only child. HENRY M. BRADLEY. Henry Martin Bradley, for ten years past a cherished citizen of Duluth, Minnesota, was born May 7, 1824, at Lee, Berkshire county, Massachusetts. He represents a staunch old Puritan stock, resident in New England since 1637, in which year one William Bradley came from England and settled in New Haven, Con- necticut. Henry M. is the son of William (a lineal descendant of the original settler) and Lucy (Ball) Bradley, both of whom, like him- self, were natives of Lee, Massachusetts. They were married in 1810. and became the parents of nine children, of whom Henry M. was the fourth in order of birth. In 1835, when the subject of this review 7 was eleven years of age. the father removed with his family to Ohio, locating in Wellington, Lorain county. Here, as opportunity permitted, the boy continued the education which he had begun in the pub- lic schools of the old Bay State. When about sixteen, however, he was led by business am- bition to abandon his text books for more prac- tical training, and, going to Seville, in Medina county, Ohio, he became an apprentice in the (•aiding and cloth dressing trade. But he did not follow the trade as a permanent occupa- tion. Previous to 1855, in which year he lo- cated in Bay City, Michigan, he spent several years in the towns of Litchfield and Sparta, Ohio, being for a considerable portion of this time engaged in the manufacture of hardwood lumber, which business he conducted in a saw- mill of his own. In Bay City, where he con- tinued to reside for a period of thirty-five years, Mr. Bradley experienced many phases of business success and ill-fortune. During the first three years he was employed as manager of Frost & Bradley's mill, which establishment was later known as N. B. Bradley & Sons. In 1800 he bought the Catlin mill, in the operation of which prosperity attended him for more than ten years. But in the crisis of 1873, and the years of financial depression following, he suffered severe losses, and although his busi- ness had become extensive and apparently se- cure, he was compelled, in 1877, to succumb to the adverse forces. Tt would be hard to imag- ine, however, that his misfortune was due in any degree to negligence or bad management on his part, as he has repeatedly and in many capacities proven himself possessed of a high order of executive ability, and a perseverance which would overcome all ordinary obstacles. It is an ill wind, indeed, that blows nobody any good, and it occasionally happens that it blows the greatest good to the very ones we deem most hopelessly wrecked by its ravages. Moral forces and all the gentle virtues, so much more precious than gold, sometimes flourish most richly in the soil from whence material blessings have been rudely torn away. But this depends upon the nature of the soil. It is easy to bloom with the virtues of courage, energy and geniality in the fair sunshine of 248 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. prosperity. It is quite another thing to with- stand ungeared disaster's withering sirocco. Yet there are steadfast and trustful souls who rise serene above the desolation of financial ruin and, looking abroad with a new under standing of life's problems and meaning, and an added sense of brotherhood for their strug- gling fellownien, set cheerfully to work again, conteni to do the best they can and leave the rest with Providence. Such was the spirit in which Mr. Bradley met liis reverses. He w;is obliged to surrender his mill, but nothing could deprive him of the practical knowledge gained during his many years of business expe- rience. He first became a dealer in logs, and after a time engaged in the location of timber and mining lands in Minnesota. In the latter line his work was crowned with a gratifying degree of success. It was his good fortune to become part owner in fee of that hoard of wealth in the Vermillion range well known as the Chandler Iron Mine; and from his min- ing interests alone he has realized a comfort- able competence. Mr. Bradley was identified with the development of Bay City from the mere village he found it to the thriving mu- nicipality he left in 1890 to take up his residence in Duluth. He was the first street commissioner of the youthful town, and served for several years as chief of the fire depart- ment. As a prominent member of the board of education, of which he was for two terms president, he did important service to the pub- lic schools. He was then, as now, a devoted Methodist, and it was largely at his instiga- tion and through his efforts that the Madison Avenue M. E. Church Society was organized and its fine edifice erected. He was not only a liberal contributor to the funds necessary to the enterprise, but he personally superintended the construction, and continued a faithful pro- moter of the interests of the church, filling at me time or another every office except that of pastor, and rendering especially efficient and valued service as superintendent of the Sunday school. In politics Mr. Bradley has never taken an active part, although always 1 loyal Republican and one entertaining well defined opinions. On January 1. 1846, .Mr. Bradley was united in marriage to Mary Eliz- abeth Cook, a daughter of Alva Cook of Oil- ford, Medina county, Ohio. Eight children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Bradley, as follows: Alice A., Alva \\\, Elisha I... Charles II.. George M., Frank E., Edward L. and Addie May. Of these Elisha L., George M. and Frank E. are deceased. Of the five surviving all are married and have families, and all but one — Addie May, now .Mis. Carl Norpell, of Newark. Ohio — are residents of Duluth. The years of Mr. Bradley's residence in Duluth have been those years of advanced life, during which many men live in retirement from productive activities; but here, as in Bay City, he has entered with youthful zest into the general life, promoting, with both money and effort, numerous worthy enterprises. For a number of years he has been a member of the board of education; and as a trustee and class leader of the First Methodist church, he has been a faithful worker. He rendered efficient service as a member of the building committee which supervised the construction of its splendid edifice, which was completed in the year 1893; and he and two of his sons — Alva W. and Ed- ward L. — were among the largest contributors to the building fund. In the recent campaign for the payment of the indebtedness of $35^000 on the property, he led the movement, contrib- uting about one-third of the required amount. But happy as he is in the general service, his own home fireside is to Mr. Bradley a hallowed spot. Blest in his children and his numerous grandchildren, blest in the consciousness of having earned the right to be called "the poor man's friend and the young man's guide," and. above all. blest in a firm faith in the wisdom and beneficence of the Infinite Father, his de- clining years may rightfully be deemed the richest and best of his life. MARION DOUGLASS. Marion Douglass. Esq.. of Duluth. Minne- sota, is a native of the State of Maine, born in Dixfield on the 29th of September, 1853. William E. Douglass, the father of Marion, The Century Publishing i Engraving Co Chicago- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 249 who was born in the year 1810, was also a native of Dixfield, Maine, and was reared in the rural community of that town, be- coming in maturity one of its most influential and respected citizens. He is still living, at the advanced age of four score years. The Douglass family is of Scotch descent, being traceable to the nobility of Scotland. The maiden name of the mother of Marion Doug- lass was Mahala Tucker, she being of English extraction. Her death took place in Maine, on September 11, 1879. The subject of this re- view is one of a family of seven children, six (if whom are still living. He is. however, the only one who has tried his fortunes in the West. He was reared upon his father's farm in Dixfield and attended the neighboring dis- trict schools until prepared for more advanced study. He then took a preparatory course at the Academy of Wilton, Maine, and in 1872 entered Bates College, at Lewiston, Maine, lie was for four years a student in this institu- tion, graduating in the class of 187fi. Shortly after his graduation he took a trip to Europe, allured chiefly by foreign educational advan- tages. He went to Paris and spent a year in the International College of Languages. Fpon his return to this country, he accepted a posi- tion as instructor in the Normal School at Lee, Maine, where he taught for two years. Having decided to adopt the legal profession as his life work, he began reading law with Hutchin- son. Savage & Hale, attorneys of prominence in Lewiston. Maine. After about two years of study under this excellent tutorage. Mr. Doug- lass was admitted to practice at the Kennebec bar. This was in 1879, and during the same year he came West, making Minneapolis his objective point, where, in December, he opened an office for the practice of law. But his stay in Minneapolis was a short one, for. yielding to persuasion, he pushed further Wesl to make a tour of the Dakotas and select a location in that newer section. The point at length de- cided upon was a youthful settlement in Brown county. South Dakota, which, in 1881. arrived at the proportions and functions of a town, with the name of Columbia. Here Mi'. Doug lass took up his residence, though the first year or year and a half he spent largely in traveling in various plain regions of the West. During the four years of his residence in Columbia he built up a substantial law practice, and w T as made Probate Judge, being one of the first elected to this office in Brown county. He re- signed the office in a short time, as it interfered with his law practice. In September, lSSfi, he returned to Minnesota, locating permanently in Duluth, in which city he has since been continuously and successfully engaged in the practice of his chosen profession. In 1882, during his sojourn in South Dakota, Mr. Doug- lass returned to his native State of Maine, and on December 19 was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Brooks, a daughter of Richard Brooks, of noble English ancestry. Mr. Doug- lass is a Mason of the Thirty-second degree, being a member of the Duluth Commandery. In politics he affiliates with the Republican party, and manifests a lively interest in polit- ical matters. WALLACE B. DOUGLAS. Wallace Barton Douglas, Attorney-General of the State of Minnesota, was born in Leyden, Lewis county, New York, September 21, 1852. He is the son of Asahel M. and Alma E. (Mil- ler) Douglas. He traces his ancestry to Deacon William Douglas, who emigrated from Scot- land in 1640, and set! led in New England, and whose wife was Ann Mattel. From this union sprung the main branch of the Douglas family in America. The Hon. Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois was a conspicuous member of this fam- ily. The early life of Wallace B. was spent on his father's farm, where he attended the common schools and afterwards received a few months' instruction at the Cazenovia Seminary. When he was fifteen years of age his father removed to Momence, Illinois, and a few years later Wallace entered the University of Mich- igan, where he graduated from the Law De- partment in 1875. From 1875 until 1883 he practiced law in Chicago. In 1883, his health requiring a change of climate, he came to Min- nesota and settled in Moorhead, where he has since resided, and where he has become emi- 250 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. nent in the practice of his profession. A Re- publican in politics, he has always taken an active interest in the affairs of his party. For five years he served as city attorney of Moor- head; was county attorney of Clay county for six years, and is recognized as one of the ablest attorneys of northwestern Minnesota. In the fall of 1S!»4 he was elected to represent the Fiftieth Senatorial District in the Legis latnre of 1895, and was re-elected in 1896 in a strongly Populistic district. During the ses sion he gave efficient aid in securing the pas- sage of the Red river drainage appropriation, and had full charge of this measure after its constitutionality was attacked. He succeeded in convincing the Senate Judiciary Committee that this legislation was strictly Constitu- tional, and the law has since been upheld and respected. He was the author and promoter of the legislation changing the right of appeals from the decision of the Board of Railway and Warehouse Commission to the comity wherein the complainant reside. In 1898 he was elected Attorney-General of the State, which office he now holds. At the present time he is one of perhaps half a dozen men from various sections of the State who are acknowl- edged leaders of the younger and more pro- gressive element in the Republican party. As a political speaker he takes high rank, and during recent campaigns he lias been in con stant demand throughout the northern section of the State. He is a good debater and a hard fighter — one whose aid is courted and whose resistance is feared. A prominent business man of St. Paul, who has known Mr. Douglas intimately for many years, says of him: "Mr. Douglas is an enthusiastic student of all new opinions and decisions — especially in corporation and constitutional law — in which he aims to keep abreast of the times. When serving as prosecuting attorney for Clay conn ty lie made a remarkable record in the convic- tion of criminals indicted by the grand jury. During his term of six years there were ninety- two indictments and but six acquittals. Mr. Douglas is an enthusiastic sportsman and a remarkable shot. As an incident of his love of the forest and the stream, he has ever been an ardent game protector, and during the Legislatures of 1895 and 1SU7 he took a promi miit part in framing the existing game laws of Minnesota, several features of which are considered by some to be quite radical and se- vere, but which have been sustained by the -Supreme Court of Minnesota. He had a ver\ lucrative practice as an attorney, and it was a great financial sacrifice for him to abandon this for the office of Attorney-General. How- ever, when (lie matter of increasing the sala- ries in his department came before the Legislature, though he recommended that the compensation of his assistants be increased, he insisted upon his own salary remaining the same. His views on this question, which are so rare in modern politics as to be quite re- freshing, were as follows: He stated that he had accepted the nomination of his party for the position, with a full knowledge of the com- pensation fixed by law. and by so doing lie considered thai lie was under obligations to serve out his term without any increase in salary." In 18!)" he was the author of the good roads amendment to the Constitution of Minnesota. which was adopted in the general election of 1898. The feature with which he was most closely connected, in 1897, was a bill which failed. It had for its object the lessening of freight rates upon grain and coal. This was the attempt to provide a statutory rate in the nature of a distance tariff on these products. In a social way Mr. Douglas is very compan- ionable, unselfish and always loyal to his friends. He is an active member of the Ma- sonic Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias societies. Mr. Douglas was married May 19. 1881, to Ella M. Smith, daughter of Charles C. Smith, Ohannahon, Illinois. This union has been blest with two children. Harold 1!. and Leila L. MOSES E. CLAPP. A big brained, big-hearted man. of an ear nest nature, forcible in action and eloquent of speech, a man of enlarged views and libera! ideas, a frank and hearty Westerner with a Th& tentury • Pu&U5fMtej & Cnt/txtvmjj Co Chicapo" O^ £Lt r.TOGRArnv of Minnesota. 251 legion of admiring friends — is Moses E. Clapp, the well-known Minnesota lawyer, ex-Attorney General, and now a prominent attorney of St. Paul. "General" Clapp, as lie is commonly known, was horn at Delphi, Carroll county, Indiana, May 21, 1851. His father, Harvey S. Clapp came of a New England family. He settled in Indiana in 1849, hut passed the greater part of his life in Wisconsin, and died in that State in 1889. General Clapp's mother was .lane Van Dercook, a native of Ohio, but of New York parents and Knickerbocker an- cestry. He has been most distinguished in life as a lawyer. His legal studies were pur- sued in the University of Wisconsin, and he began the practice in 187:! at Hudson, Wiscon- sin. In 1882 he moved to Fergus Falls, Minne- sota, where he soon became prominent, not only in his profession, but as an advocate of the principles of the Republican party, and one of its leaders in northern Minnesota. In 1886 he was the Republican candidate for At- torney General, and took a very active part in the campaign. He was renominated and re- elected in 1888 and again in 1890, and was Attorney General of the State six years in all. Upon retiring from the Attorney General's office in 1893, he resumed the private practice of the law, talcing up his permanent residence in St. Paul, and forming with Newell H. Clapp and A. E. Macartney, the well-known legal firm of Clapp a- kotas, and has been more than ordinarily suc- cessful in winning victories. He is perhaps most effective as an advocate, although he is known to be thoroughly versed in all the fea- tures of American jurisprudence. His official opinions, while Attorney General, read like ju- dicial decisions, and have the same respect and practically the same authority among law- yers generally. Bui as an advocate, he is, so to speak, in his native element. No matter what may be the subject of his plea, he is never uninteresting or dull, is commonly forcible, and often finely eloquent. On the stump he is as effective as at the bar, and his services are demanded in campaigns oftener than they can be granted. He is personally very popular among his friends, and for some years his ad- mirers insisted on his becoming the Repub- lican candidate for Governor. At last, in 1890, he consented to stand for the nomination, as the leader of the opposition to the then ex- isting State administration. Certain combina- tions defeated him, but he did not "sulk in his lent," and again took the stump and canvassed the State in the interest of the ticket, with his usual loyalty, earnestness and good effect. General Clapp was married in 1874 to Miss Eattie Allen, of St. Croix county, Wisconsin, and there are three children living of their marriage, named Katherine, Harvey and Ella. ALVAREN ALLEN. Col. Alvaren Allen, of St. Paul, who was born September 25, 1822, at Morristown, St. Law- rence county. New York, was the eldest son of Aaron and Elizabeth Allen. The Allen family had its origin in the North of Ireland, whence John Allen, the father of Aaron, came to America and settled in Connecticut. He served as an officer in the Revolutionary War. Aaron Allen was born at Hartford. Connecticut, and was reared on a farm. He served in the War of 1812, and while in the service inarched from Sacketts Harbor, New York, to Detroit, Mich- igan. After the war he settled in St. Law- rence county. New York, and married Miss Elizabeth Gould, of Brownsville, Jefferson county, New York. Here he engaged in stock raising, took an interest in local affairs and served as captain of a company in New York Stati- Militia. In 1836 he removed with his family to Wisconsin, and took up a claim situated on the Rock river, twelve miles from Janesville, where he again engaged in raising slock. A short time after he was gored to death by a vicious bull, thus placing much of the responsibility of the management of the farm upon his son, Alvaren. The early life BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. of young Allen differed in no wise from that of other country boys of pioneer days in the West. School facilities were extremely lim- ited in those days, but such advantages as the country could afford were at the disposal of young Allen. He made the best of his oppor- tunities, attending the little log school at Ft. Atkinson, Wisconsin, during the winter and driving a team during the summer months. In 1843 he entered the first high school in the Territory, which was located at Beloit. After graduating from this school he was employed as teacher in the same institution, and later accepted a position in a large general store. Here he continued until 1847, when he went to Milwaukee and engaged as salesman for Shepherd, Bonnell & Williams, wholesale dry goods and groceries. At the expiration of six months he was promoted to the position of head salesman, which he held until 1851. Jan- uary 15, 1851, Mr. Allen was married to .Miss Louisa J. Soule, of Schenectady. New York, a young lady of French descent, who was left an orphan at two years of age. She was reared in the family of an uncle, Nicholas Ehle. In the spring of this same year Mr. Allen bought a team, and, with his wife, drove across the country to the Mississippi liver, having in view a threefold object: first, to visit the trade in the interest of Shepherd, Bonnell & Williams; second, in search of pleasure and recreation; and, third, to prospect for a location that would offer inducements to one of his ability and ambition. On reaching Dubuque, he found the steamboat "Excelsior" at the landing, crowded with people bound for the Territory of Minnesota. A quick counsel with his wife determined him to put the team on board and accompany the throng of emigrants and pros- pectors. They arrived at St. Paul on a Friday morning in the month of May, 1851. Here he was received by an old friend, Robert Canida, who was the proprietor of the weather-boarded log cabin known as the Central House. This building was later used as the first capitol of Minnesota. The following Sunday he, with his wife, drove to St. Anthony and halted on a hill overlooking the falls, where the State Universitv now stands. Mrs. Allen remarked that this was the most beautiful spot she had ever seen, and that it looked like home; to which Colonel Allen replied, "then we will call it home, as we have nothing special to lake us back to Wisconsin." After spending two days at St. Anthony his wife asked him if he could see any way to make a living, lie re- plied that he would make a venture in the livery business, as his team had been driven to St. Paul the preceding day, for which he received a five dollar gold piece, in payment for transportation, and again the second day bringing in ten dollars. Mr. Allen was quick to see the opportunity and immediately em- barked in the livery business. In 1S5:! he opened a stage line from St. Paul to Monti- cello and St. Cloud. Colonel Allen was the second mayor of St. Anthony, and resigned his office in the fall of 1S56, when he removed to St. Paul. There he purchased the stage line and mail route of Patterson, Benson & Ward, but later sold a half interest to C. L. Chase, Secretary of the Territory, for $21,00(1. In 1858 Mr. Chase sold his interest to Col. J. L. Merriam. In 1859, in conjunction with the Northwestern Express Company, they started the line from St. Paul to La Crosse, Wiscon- sin, and soon after consolidated their business with that of J. C. Burbank & Company, who owned and controlled all the Northwestern stage lines, the company being known as the Minnesota Stage Company. Colonel Allen fol- lowed the stage business uutil 1868, when he began railroading, and built forty miles of the S. M. R. R. He continued railroad building until 1S72. June 1, 1873, he purchased Col. John Shaw's interest and lease in the Mer- chants Hotel of St. Paul for $40,000, and in 1882 he bought the hotel from Colonel Potter for $275,000. He has made many improvements since until the present value of the property is not far from half a million dollars, lie has bought and sold a great deal of real estate in the "Twin Cities," and always with a profit to himself. Colonel Allen, though leaning to- wards the Democratic party, is very conserva- tive in politics. He believes in voting for the best man, regardless of party, and supported William McKinley for the Presidency in 1896. BTOGRArnY OF MINNESOTA. 253 He was instrumental in building the market house in St. Paul; was chairman of the finance committee, and gave six months of diligent and faithful service. He served the city as alderman for eight .years, and was presi- dent of the council for four years. While on a visit to St. Louis in 1S75, during the Carnival of the Veiled Prophet, lie conceived the idea of illuminating the city of St. Paul in like manner for the coming fall fair, and succeeded in making this a success. These illuminations and decorations have been continued from year to year ever since. He also figured very promi- nently in bringing the Ice Palace into exist- ence, which proved so attractive and profitable to the city. Colonel Allen is a Knight Tem- plar, and the only surviving member of Cata- ract Lodge No. 2, St. Anthony Falls, organized in 1851 or 1852. There were born to Mr. and Mrs. Allen two sons, George Hamilton and Ehler, both deceased. EDWARD C. MITCHELL. Rev. Edward Craig Mitchell, A. M., of St. Paul, was born in St. Louis, Missouri, July 21, 1836. lie was the second of three children, the sons of Edward Phillips Mitchell, of Salem, Ro- anoke county, Virginia, and Elizabeth Tyndale Mitchell, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. All four of Mr. Mitchell's grandparents were of En- glish descent. His father's family lived in Vir- ginia through six generations. His mother was descended from a brother of William Tyndale, the author of the first English translation of the New Testament, and who suffered martyr- dom for that work. John Tyndall. the scien- tist, belonged to 1 lie same family. In 1841 Edward P. Mitchell, the father of Edward C, removed with his family to Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania, where he was engaged in mercantile pursuits and was also president of the Com- monwealth Bank. His eldest son, James Tyn- dale Mitchell, of Philadelphia, is one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of Penn- sylvania, and was for many years editor of the American Law Register. Edward C. Mitchell was educated in Philadelphia, in the Central High School and the University of Pennsylvania. In 1859 lie was admitted to the liar of Philadelphia. In 18G1 Mr. Mitchell en- tered the ministry of Hie New Jerusalem (or Swedenborgiau) church, in Philadelphia. From 1860 to 1863 he preached in Philadelphia; from L863 to 1866, in Providence and Pawtucket, Rhode Island; from 1866 to 1809, in North Bridgewater (now Brocton), Massachusetts; from 1869 to 1872, in Detroit, Michigan. In April, 1872, Mr. Mitchell removed to Minneap- olis, Minnesota, and in 1876 he came to St. Paul, where he has since resided. From 1872 to 1880 he officiated in both cities, Minneapolis and St. Paul; but since 1880 he has served the St. Paul church only. His first preaching in St. Paul was in the lecture room of the Y. M. C. A., on Third street, near Minnesota street, from 1S72 to 1876, when the society purchased and refitted the old First Methodist church on Market street, between Fourth and Fifth streets. In 18S7 they built the new and picturesque church at the corner of Virginia and Selby avenues, on St. Anthony Hill. As a preacher, Mr. Mitchell's style is logical, rather than rhetorical. His aim is to help his hear- ers to open their minds to spiritual truths; his earnest effort being directed to unfolding the profounder meaning of the Scriptures, and to applying such meaning to the practical walk of daily life, in the belief that all religion relates to life, and that a religious life is in living from well-defined religious principles in every relation of practical daily life. It has been said of him that his discourses are clear and forcible — "written from the head and spoken from the heart"; but the strongest argument that he makes in favor of his religion is his own daily life. Of strong mental gifts and attributes, Mr. Mitchell is a very accomplished gentleman in all true essentials. He is a scholar, a thinker, a litterateur, a theologian. As an author, Mr. Mitchell, in addition to many sermons, lectures, etc., has published an octavo work on "The Parables of the New Testament, Spiritually Unfolded," being an interpretation of 1 lie symbolic meaning of the forty parables of the New Testament. Without the semblance of dilettanteism, he is refined and polished. 254 P.IOCRAPHY OF MINNESOTA, Personally be is universally esteemed, and no man in the city has stronger friends and ad- mirers. In 1865 Mr. Mitchell was married to Miss Lousia C. Fernald, of Portland, Maine, for whose health he moved to Minnesota; hut she did not long survive. In July, 1870. he was married to Miss Annie Iungerich, daughter of Louis C. Iungerich, Esq., of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a well-known merchant and hanker. Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell have one son, Walton, born December 26, 1877, now a med- ical student at the University of Minnesota. Resides his church work, Mr. Mitchell has al- ways been active in charitable and benevolent organizations. For many years he was in the board of managers, and in the executive com- mitter of the St. Paul Society for the Relief of the Poor; and for several years was one of the vice-presidents of the society and chair man of the executive committee. He was the originator of the Free Kindergartens of Si. Paul, and is still president of the society. He also organized the St. Paul Day Nursery or Creche, in which lie takes an active interest. He was for a number of years vice-president of the Humane Society for the prevention of cruelty to children and animals. Mr. Mitch- ell is a charter member of the "Sons of the American Revolution," and was the chaplain of the society until December, 1898. He is a member of the "Society of the Colonial Wars in the State of Minnesota," and was the chap- lain of the society for the year 1899. He is also a member of the "Society of American Wars"; a member of the "American Institute of Civics," and is president of the "St. Paul Academy of Science." THOMAS SHAW. Thomas Shaw, professor of animal hus- bandry in the University of Minnesota, was born of Scotch parentage, at Niagara-on-the- lake, Ontario, Canada. January 3, 1813. His parents were Robert and Margaret (Carnachan) Shaw, both natives of Parr Hill parish, ( 'olmo- nell, Scotland. His father came to Ontario in 1833, where he married, and raised a family of nine children, of whom Thomas was the fourth child and second son. He was reared on his father's farm, and educated in the com- mon schools. At the age of sixteen he com- menced teaching school, and with the money he obtained purchased a farm near Hamilton. Ontario, and spent twenty-five years in active farm work on his own account, and achieved distinction among the most successful farm- ers for the intelligent and profitable manage- ment of his farm. In 1882, with his brother, the late Dr. George M. Shaw, he established the 'Canadian Live Stock and Farm Journal," which he edited for seven years. He was fore- most in the farmers' institute work in Ontario, and in other efforts to promote the farmer's welfare. He was called to the chair of agri- culture in the College of Agriculture at Guelph, Ontario, in 1888. He wrote eight times, in competitive contests on agricultural sub- jects, six provincial and two international, open only to agricultural colleges, and was awarded eight first premiums. In 1893 he was offered and accepted the chair of animal hus- bandry at the University of Minnesota Experi- ment Station. Professor Shaw has long since become recognized as an expert authority on many phases of farm practice and agricultural science. He was the author, in 1892, of the book, "Weeds and Methods of Eradicating Them," also the article on sheep in Johnson's Encyclopaedia, 1893. "Forage Crops, other than Grasses," is the title of a new book by Professor Shaw, now in publication by the Orange Judd Publishing Company. Like all his works, it is practical, scientifically accu- rate, and very thorough. Professor's Shaw's latest work, "The Study of Rreeds," now in the hands of the same publishers, will doubt- less at once become the accepted authority on all the pedigreed breeds in America, of cattle, sheep and swine. These books are designed as text books for agricultural colleges in all parts of the United States and Canada, and also for popular use. The book on live stock he considers as the greatest work of his life, and in its preparation he has spent a large part of his time for twelve years. This work is entirely a new creation, there never having The Century Pitflishim) j; tnymviny Co Chicago- (?7Uc^t^7 ? been before an attempt made to systemize the study of biccds, to describe their characteris- tics, and the points by which they can be judged. Professor Shaw lias another work just ready for the press, entitled "Soiling Crops, and the Silo." designed to supply the need of systematic text-books for the use of colleges in that line. This book is intended to meet the needs of dairymen, and will be the first lext book that has ever been written on the subject. The first part of the book is devoted to crops to cut and feed green, more partic- ularly in the late summer, when grass is scarce; the latter part of the work treats of the history of the silo; crops suitable for the silo; building the silo; curing crops in the silo, and feeding the silage. Professor Shaw spent three winters in the farmers' institute work in Minnesota, in addition to lectures given at the school of agriculture, and has con- ducted a large amount of experimental work- in growing and fattening cattle, sheep and swine, and has prepared bulletins, which have been issued by the university from time to time, in regard to this work. The work which Professor Shaw considers of most importance, since he came to Minnesota, is the growing of pastures for sheep and cattle, other than grasses, making it possible to double or triple the ordinary capacity of a farm for the keep- ing of stock, and which can be embodied in the practice of ordinary farming, in a greater or less degree, in every State in the Union. In 1890 Professor Shaw, while in Canada, issued a bulletin on the rape-plant — a plant that was practically unknown in tin' United Slates at that time — and its uses and value were brought to the attention of the American peo- ple by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, in the publication, in 1892, of this bulletin, re-written by Professor Shaw. At the present time it is safe to say that 5,000,000 sheep in the United States are fattened on rape alone. At the present time Professor Shaw is paying special attention to the grow- ing of forage' plants in various parts of the United States, thorough experiments being conducted by private individuals under his di- rection, and from which source he is receiving much valuable information. Professor Shaw was married July 4, 1865, to Mary Janet Sidey, a native of Woodburn, Ontario. They have four children: Mary Isabella (Mrs. Dr. M. H. Reynolds of St. Anthony Park), Robert S. Shaw (Professor of Agriculture in the College at Bozeman, Montana), William T. Shaw (a grad- uate of the University of Minnesota), and Florence \Y., living at home. Professor Shaw is a Republican in politics, a member of the Presbyterian church, and an active worker in church and Sundav school. LAFAYETTE G. M. FLETCHER. 1 Lafayette G. M. Fletcher, of Mankato, was born in Stockholm, St. Lawrence county. New York, February 13, 1830. His parents were Adolphus and Sarah (Wellington) Fletcher. Loth his parents were of English descent through colonial families noted in the early history of New England. His father was a native of Walpole, New Hampshire, born in 17115, and served as a private soldier in the War of 1812. His grandfather, Luke Fletcher, served through the War of the Revolution, fought at Newton and, wintering at Valley Forge, was present at the surrender of York- town. The Fletcher family came from England in 1630 and settled in Lowell, Massa- chusetts. The subject of this biography spent his younger days on his father's farm, at- tended the common scl 1 and later the St. Lawrence Academy, at Potsdam, and the Ogdensburg Academy, and taught school win- ters from the age of nineteen to twenty four. His father died at the old homestead in 1851, and his mother in 1873. In May, 1854, young Fletcher started out to see the world, and to make a place for himself, intending to go to Council Bluffs, Iowa. He stopped at Dubuque, Iowa, for a few weeks, and while there met a party of government surveyors, and engaged to go with them. He was active, energetic, and quick to learn, and be soon picked up a fair understanding of the work. He was given charge of a party in townshiping and check- ing, a portion of the season of 1854. They *56 BIOORAPHY OF MINNESOTA. started the survey July 6, 1854, at the smith- cast corner of Blue Earth county and run west on the first standard parallel, reaching Mankato about August 15, of the same year. Mr. Fletcher was so much pleased with the country that he concluded to locate there per- manently, and he was the only one out of a party of forty men that remained. He imme- diately made a claim north of the present town site, where he built a homestead, and where he has resided for ever forty-five years. While the country was new he spent much of his time in locating new comers, surveying (hums and making out papers. He located the Maple River colony and surveyed the land; he also surveyed and laid out several additions to the city of .Mankato. He has been engaged in farming, grain storing, and in the real estate business, and has built some of the substan- tial business blocks of Mankato. He was one of the original incorporators of the Mankato Savings Bank, and has been its president since its organization, with Mr. J. C. Cotton cashier. He was also one of the directors of the Man kato Manufacturing Company, and has been interested in many other business institutions. He was one of the original five who organized the Republican Party in Mankato, in 185(5, and he is the only surviving member of that quin- tette. He has been a member of the school board nearly all the time since I860, and has served the people faithfully in that capacity. He helped to build the first school house in Mankato in the summer of 1855, and he taught the first school in the winter of 1855 and 1856, and also in the winter of 1857 and 1858. He was elected to the State Senate in 1883 and served for one term. In fact he has always been a prominent figure in the history of Man- kato. A prominent citizen who has known him intimately for many years says: "Mr. Fletcher has truly been the architect of his own fortune. The capital with which he started was an abiding ambition to suc- ceed, strong hands and a steadfast purpose; lii' was gifted with good practical ability, and schooled in industry and in the practice of rigid economy in the husbanding of his re- sources. Success attended his efforts, as a reward for well directed industry, and with it he secured the confidence and respect of his fellow citizens. Mr. Fletcher is a gentleman of coirect habits, positive convictions, and strong in friendships. He is a firm and unswerving friend of the cause of popular education, and from his earliest citizenship in Mankato, has earnestly and unselfishly labored to promote its success. For over forty years lie has been identified with the school interests of Man- kato. and while he has, in the positive declara- tion of his views, incurred opposition, the earnestness and unmistakable honesty of his purpose has commanded the confidence and support of his constituency, enabling him to wiidd a large influence in shaping and direct ing the policy of the public schools. He has always been on the side of good government, and for simplicity and econoniv in all public affairs." Mr. Fletcher was married in December, 1858, to Lucina B. Foot, who died September 17, 1870. He married his present wife, whose maiden name was Susie M. Dyer, May 15, 1872. His children are: George H. Fletcher — a prominent attorney of Minneapolis; Carrie D. — Mrs. C. J. Rockwood of Minneapolis; Emma A.— Mrs. W. YV. Davis, Jr., of Mankato; Lucine E. (deceased); Ella May — teaching in Minneapolis; Jennie D. — teaching in Man- kato; Nellie (deceased); Mildred, L. G. M., Jr., and Edith — living at home, in Mankato. MARTIN J. SEVERANCE. Hon. Martin J. Severance, a pioneer lawyer of the Territory of Minnesota, a gallant officer of the Union army during the war of the Rebellion, and for the past nineteen years the learned and just Judge of the District Court of the Sixth Judicial District of Minnesota, was born at Shelburn Falls, Franklin county, Massachusetts, on Christmas Eve, L826. He was a son of Asa and Calista (Boyden) Sever- ance, both of whom, like himself, were born in the old Bay State, and he is descended from very old New England stock. His first American ancestor on the paternal side came from England to the colony of Massachusetts in 1636. His great grandfather, Martin Sever- ance, served through the French and Indian Th&teiituryPuMisluitg &Eymviry Co Clucaya IWOGRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. 257 war — 1756 to 17(33 — and also through the war of the Revolution, receiving his discharge from the Patriot army of the war for indepen- dence at the advanced age of seventy-three years. He was with Colonel Rodgers' "Rangers" when they attacked and destroyed the town of St. Francis, on the St. Lawrence river, in Canada. Sunn after, lie was taken prisoner by the French and Indians, carried to Canada, held a captive for two years, and finally returned by way of France, England, and Quebec. His parents, Asa and Calista Severance, had a family of ten children, five sons and live daughters, all of whom lived to maturity, and seven of whom are yet living. One daughter died at the age of eighteen, and two sons were killed in battle during the war of the Rebellion, one at Fair Oaks, Virginia, in lstiL', and the other at Port Hudson, Louis- iana, in 1863. Another son was severely wounded at the capture of Arkansas Post, but recovered and is now living in the State of Michigan. The war record of the Severance family is particularly good and notable. Asa Severance was a thrifty farmer, and his son Martin passed his early life in the manner of many another farmer's boy — helping with the "chores" and farm work, and attending the common schools — until he was eighteen years of age. His education was completed in the Franklin Academy, at Shelburn Falls, and in the Williston Seminary — now Williston Col- lege — at East Hampton, Massachusetts; he was about six years at school in these insti- tutions. In 1849 he went to Chicopee, Massa- chusetts, and for two years was a law student in the office of Hon. John Wells, who subse- quently became a Judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, and died in office. His legal studies were completed with the law firm of Beach & Bond, of Springfield, Massachusetts, and, in 1854, he was admitted to the bar. For two years he was engaged in the practice of his profession at < 'hicopee, Massachusetts. In 1856 Mr. Severance came to Minnesota, arriv- ing at St. Paul May 21. Locating at Hender- son, Sibley county, then a little frontier town, he opened a law office and engaged in practice. He soon became prominent in the community and in public affairs. He was county attorney of Sibley county for two terms, and in L858 was elected to serve in the Legislature which was expected to meet in the following Janu- ary, but which, owing to certain legal and preventing obstacles, did not convene. In tsiii lie was again elected and served one term. August 14, 1862, during the great Southern Rebellion, he enlisted as a private in Company 1, Tenth Minnesota Infantry. Four days later came the great Sioux Indian outbreak. He was with his company when, as a part of the force under General Sibley, it went to the relief of Fort Ridgely and to the defense of the upper Minnesota valley. Later in the year he attended the extra session of the Legislature as a member, although he was still a private soldier. In November, 1863, he went South with his regiment, and for a time was sta- tioned at St. Louis. April 4, 1864, he was promoted to the captaincy of his company, and served with this rank until he was mustered out with his regiment, in August, 1865, after the close of the war. His company was a splendid organization, and although its mate- rial was somewhat remarkable, yet it was typical and representative of the frontier of Minnesota at the time. It was composed of white frontiersmen and mixed-blood Indians in about equal proportion. It made an excel lent record for hard and faithful service ami for good conduct generally. In May, 1864, Captain Severance went with his command to Columbus, Kentucky, and thence to Memphis, Tennessee. As a part of Gen. A. J. Smith's Sixteenth Army Corps, the regiment partici- pated in the battles about Tupelo, Mississippi, July 13-15, 1864. Later in the same year it was on the "Oxford raid" when the town of Oxford, Mississippi, was burned in retaliation for the destruction of the town of Chambers- burg, Pennsylvania, by the Confederates. In August it went to Devall's Bluff, Arkansas, and from this post in September it started on the long and toilsome expedition of Gen. A. • 1. Smith after the Confederate raiding force under General Price that had invaded Mis- souri. The Tenth Regiment marched on this expedition from Devall's Bluff, through Ar- 2 5 8 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. kansas and Missouri almost to the Kansas liiie, near Kansas City, or until the Confeder- ates had been overtaken by General l'leasan- ton's and General Curtis' cavalry commands and defeated at the Little Blue, the Big Blue and Westport, all near the western line of Missouri, in the neighborhood of Kansas City. Then, with the main part of Smith's Corps, it was sent to Tennessee, arriving at Nashville November 30. It took part in the battles ai Nashville, December 15 and 10, 1804, and on the latter day participated in the magnificent and victorious assault on General Hood's Confederate lines. After the victory it took pari in the pursuit of Hood's broken army to the Tennessee river, going into camp for a month at Eastport, Alabama. In the early spring of 1805 it was sent to the Gulf of Mexico and participated in the capture of .Mobile, April 0, 1805 — the last important bat- tle of the war. Captain Severance was mus- tered out with the regiment at Fort Snelling, August 19, 1805. During his entire term of long and active military service, Captain Sev- erance spent but twenty days in the hospital. He was slightly wounded at the battle of Nashville, but he has never applied for a pen- sion. After his discharge from the army, Captain Severance located at Le Sueur, Minne- sota, and resumed the practice of law. In 1870 he removed to Mankato and continued in his profession. He became very prominent as a lawyer, especially in the conduct of criminal cases, and attained to an eminent standing at the bar of his county, his district, and his State. For one year he was associated with O. O. Pitcher, Esq., in partnership, and subse- quently with Hon. I). A. Dickinson, who later became one of the Judges of the State Supreme Court. He removed to St. Paul in 1881, and for a short time engaged in law practice with W. I'. Warner, Esq., of that city. June 23, 1881, he was appointed by Governor Pillsbury, Judge of the Sixth Judicial Dis- trict. Afterwards he was elected to the position for three successive terms of six years each — his election being effected each time without opposition or the drawing of party lines. His service on the bench has been that of an able lawyer, an accomplished jurist, and an honest, kind-hearted man. Of his judicial career and his general character, one who writes with full knowledge of the subject, says: "Judge Severance is a man of wide learn- ing, without as well as within the law. He is a great student, and in ancient as well as modern history has few equals. As a judge his decisions have been almost universally up- held by the higher courts. Large hearted ami generous though he is, he never allows his personal feelings to interpose between the sterner demands of justice, and his long years of service on the bench have endeared him to members of the bar and citizens generally. His popularity is best told in the statement thai although a Democrat in politics, he pre- sided on the bench of the District Court, in a district overwhelmingly Republican, for eighteen years, and during that time he never had a competitor for the nomination or elec- tion. The Judge is a companionable gentle- man, honored by all who know him and loved by those who best know his great heartedness and warm impulses." It is well said that Judge Severance is "a man of wide learning" aside from his profound knowledge of the law. His mind is well stored with general information. He is of literary taste and inclination, and is a most clear and accomplished writer. Some of his literary efforts extant are models of composition in style, expression, and force. Asa speaker he is able, earnest, polished, often eloquent and always entertaining and effective. He is a Democrat in politics, commonly in sympathy with the declared principles of his party, and uniformly supporting its National and State tickets. In local elections, however, he in- variably selects his candidate on the basis of personal ability, integrity and fitness for the position, no matter to what party he belongs, and he maintains his independence and sus- tains his manhood under all circumstances. Judge Severance was married June 10, 1858, to Elizabeth P. Van Horn, a native of Chi co- pee, Massachusetts, and a daughter of Lester Van Horn, of old Knickerbocker ancestry. Mis. Severance is descended from David Van Horn, who was one of the seven "Vans" r irz^z ? < >, BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 259 among the first Dutch settlers of New York City, and who served on the first grand jury in "Manhattan,'' as the place was called in the good old days of Dutch dominion and con- trol in "New Amsterdam." The Judge and Mrs. Severance have been the parents of three children, viz.: Winthrop (!., who died in Man- kato at the age of 39; Frank Q., now residing in Nebraska, engaged in railroading, and Miss Nettie J. Severance, an accomplished young lady, who is proud of her membership in the Daughters of the Revolution, and who is at home with her parents in Mankato. HENRY M. RICHARDSON. Henry Macauly Richardson, of Rochester, Minnesota, was horn in Topshain, Orange county, Vermont, March 10, 1844. His parents, James and Lucinda (Orcutt) Richardson, were farming people, of Scotch-Irish extraction. Although they belonged to a rural community, they were among its more prominent members, and the father of our subject was known throughout the State as Major James Rich- ardson. Henry M. grew up in his native town, attending the common schools, then the high school, and. lastly, the Presbyterian Academy, at East Topsham. Before he had completed his course at the last-named institution, the Civil war broke out and lie enlisted, at the age of eighteen years, in the Fifteenth Ver- mont Regiment of volunteer infantry. The date of his enlistment was September 15, 1862, and he was mustered out and honorably dis- charged from service, with the rank of cor- poral, on August •'!. 1863. During the period of his service he took part in a good many skirmish engagements, and participated in the famous battle of Gettysburg. August 3, 1S63, he returned home from the war on account of the severe illness of his father, who died De- cember 15. 1863. Tt was then necessary for him to devote all his time to the man- agement of the farm and the affairs left by his father. In 1867 the home property was sold, and Mi-. Richardson set out for the West, his mother remaining behind. He located first in Missouri, and, after a brief sojourn iu that State, came to Minnesota and lived for a time at Elgin, then removed to Haverhill, where he purchased and settled upon a farm. The next year after he left the East, his mother, also, came West, joining him at Elgin, Minne- sota. Mr. Richardson resided upon his farm at Haverhill until the fall of 1881, when he was elected sheriff of Olmsted county, and removed to Rochester, the county seat, where he has ever since resided. The property at Haverhill, however, he retained and still owns. Under subsequent elections, Mr. Richardson served as sheriff for eleven years. Following this lengl liy term of official life was a short interval of com- mercial business in the grocei'3' line; then, in 1893, Mr. Richardson was elected to the State Legislature, and, beginning with 1894, he pre- sided for four years over the council of the city of Rochester. Mr. Richardson has been a staunch Republican throughout his mature life, and while he has never been conspicuous as a politician, or an office-seeker, he has stood ready to serve, and to serve faithfully, in such honorable offices as he might be called to till. Resides being a veteran of the Grand Army of the Republic, Mr. Richardson belongs to the various orders of Masons, the Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows and Workmen. On January 11. 1870, Mr. Richardson was married, at Janesville, Wisconsin, to Sarah J. McCrillis, of Salem, Massachusetts. Three children were born to them: Harold J., William Burdette, who are students in the Law Department of the University of .Minnesota, and Edith May, a student at Northwestern University, Evau- ston, Illinois. BENJAMIN D. WOODMANSEE. Benjamin DeWitt Woodmansee was born in Liberty township, Butler county, Ohio. February 9, 1840, the son of Lorenzo Dow and Mariah (Van Gorden) Woodmansee. The founder of the family in Butler county was Daniel Woodmansee, a native of New Jersey, whose father, James Woodmansee, was an officer of the Revolution, and whose mother 260 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. was a Worden, of the family from which Lieutenant Worden, of Monitor fame, is de- scended. Daniel Woodmansee, accompanied by his family and parents, came to Ohio in 1809, and purchased and settled upon a tract of land called Sugar Valley, in Liberty town ship, Butler county, where he passed the remainder of his life. His wife was Rachel (Cushman) Woodmansee, of Pennsylvania, a cousin of Charlotte Cushman, the great his- trionic genius. Daniel and Rachel Woodman- see were the parents of seven children, and became very prominent in the young commu- nity they had joined, being for years practically the supporters of its Methodist church, while Daniel figured actively in the official life of his township and county, and served for ten years in the State Senate and House of Rep- resentatives. A few years after coining to Ohio, he sent East for his brothers and sisters, who, with their families, joined him in Duller county. Benjamin Van Gorden, the maternal grandfather, came when a young man and set- tled at Princeton, in Butler county. The Van Gordens were a highly respected and influen- tial family, strictly Methodist in religion, and Benjamin Van Gorden was one of the leaders in the establishment, in 1835, of a Methodist Episcopal church at Princeton. The marriage of Mariah Van Gorden to Lorenzo Dow Woodmansee was celebrated in Butler county, in the year 1N27 or 1828. He was a native of Pennsylvania, born November HI. 1806, but early came to Ohio, and soon after his mar- riage settled upon a farm in Liberty township. I!. I). Woodmansee, our subject, was orphaned at the age of two years by the death of his mother, who left, also, four older children. Her death was caused by lockjaw, and the calamity was felt, not only by her immediate family, but by the whole community, its older members, after more than half a century, still remembering her with affection and praise. Her death occasioned many changes in the home. The children were dispersed among relatives, the little Benjamin, with one sister. being received into (he household of his grandparents, Van Gordon. About two years later his father took a second wife — a widow named Williamson, with three sons. Mr. Woodmansee's children were then recalled to their home, excepting Benjamin, who remained with his mother's parents. When he was twelve years old his grandfather died, and two years afterwards the house was consumed by tire; and in this disaster our subject dis- tinguished himself, saving by his presence of mind the life of his grandmother, whose bodily and mental strength had become enfeebled, and that of her aged nurse. Benjamin now toade his home with his father, who had mean- time become engaged in the training of tine horses, the famous pacer, Pocahontas, being among the early triumphs of his training art. About 1860, Lorenzo D. Woodmansee sold his farm and removed to Dayton, Ohio. Meantime his second wife had died, leaving four little (laughters — half sisters to Benjamin. In Day- ton the senior Woodmansee conducted another training farm until 1868, when he retired from active business, to spend the remainder of his life among his nine children, seven of whom were now married. In 1861, B. D. Woodman- see, together with an old friend, opened a photograph gallery at Toledo. Ohio. Mr. Wood- mansee having learned the business at Cin- cinnati during the previous year. At Toledo he was attacked by hemorrhages of the lungs, which later caused his decease. He gave up his business, returned to Dayton and. respond- ing to medical advice, came in February to Minnesota. For several months he was en- gaged at St. Anthony in making steroopticon views of Minnesota scenery. In the following September he went to Indianapolis, Indiana, and for nearly five years tilled a position there with Da vies & Merritt, photographers. Tn the spring of 1866 he was engaged to construct the Miami valley race course on the Cincinnati. Hamilton & Springdale turnpike, upon its completion he being made superintendent. In October, 1866, Mr. Woodmansee was married to Miss Halt ie Davis, at Hamilton. Ohio, which was also her birthplace. She was born October 14, 1843, and lived in that vicinity until her marriage. In October, 1867, Mr. Woodmansee removed with his wife's people to St. Paul. Minnesota, where his father-in-law, Mr. Aza- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 261 riah Davis, bough! what was then known as the Larpenteur farm. In 1870 Mr. Davis leased this farm to the St. Paul Driving Park Asso- ciation, which concern eventually purchased it. In 1881 it again changed hands, to Com- modore Kittson. Mr. Woodmansee, who had been manager for the Association, continued as superintendent of the Kittson establish- ment until 1880, when failing health necessi- tated a sojourn in California. To his disappointment, however, the Pacific climate disagreed with him and, returning shortly to Minnesota, he purchased a home at Anoka. In the fall of 1893 he sold this home and again went to California. Early in the spring he started to return, but tarried in Arkansas during the cool months. The climate of that State proved beneficial and, returning to Minnesota with improved health, he spent the summer at Northtield and Minneapolis. In the autumn of 1804, he went to Missouri and bought a large fruit farm in the Ozark region near Republic. For a year his health was ex- cellent, then gradually declined again; and reluctantly disposing of his beautiful home, he returned once more to Minneapolis, where the last summer of his life was passed. In the fall of 1800, still in quest of health, he set out for Phoenix, Arizona, by way of San Antonio, Texas; but he got no further than the latter city, where he suffered severely from his old enemy, hemorrhage. As soon as his physician pronounced it safe to travel, he started home- ward, stopping for a visit at Eureka Springs, Arkansas, where he arrived on January 4. But the attack at San Antonio had been the initiative of a fatal condition and, on the 9th of April, 1897, he passed away, at the age of fifty-seven years. His death was mourned by a host of friends, to whom his gentle, warm- hearted nature, as also his fair and open business methods, had endeared him. He is survived by Mrs. Woodmansee and one son. Algernon R., who was born at St. Paul, Octo- ber 12, 1867. Another son, Leon, born ten years later, died in infancy. Two brothers of Mr. Woodmansee are living: D. W. Wood- mansee, prominent for some years as traveling manager for Commodore Kittson, now located at San Diego, California, and A. J. Woodman- see, a resident of Chester, Ohio. Mrs. Wood- mansee is the only child of Azariah and Caroline (Mondy) Davis, also of Butler county, Ohio. In 1X<;7 Hie family removed to Minne- sota, locating at Anoka. Here .Mr. Davis died in 1894, his wife surviving him and being now in her eightieth year. In all the journeyings of Mr. Woodmansee, he was accompanied by his wife, who rejoiced with him in the tem- porary restoration of his health in their de- lightful Ozark retreat, and soothed the later painful months of his life by her constant ministrations. ROBERT W. AKIN. In recording tin 1 events of a life which is still several years on the hither side of its prime, the biographer necessarily finds himself lacking data for more than a brief sketch. Of most men under thirty, even of those whose completed lives will furnish substantial mate rial for lengthy memoirs, there is little suit- aide for record in a work of this kind. The subject of this sketch has, on the contrary, at the age of twenty-nine years, a sufficient his tory and business career to entitle him to inclusion among the prominent men of Minne- sota. Robert Wilson Akin was born in Pat- terson, Putnam county, New York, February 24. 1871. His father, the late T. W. Akin, was a prominent merchant of that place. The maiden name of his mother was Blauvelt, and on the paternal side he traces his ancestry hack to the nobility of England, and on the maternal side to the early Dutch settlement on the island of Manhattan. The death of his father occurred May 20. 1807. His mother, who survives, is still a resident of the Empire State. Robert W. was one of three children, of whom himself and a sister are living. His common school education, which he obtained in the public schools of his native town, was supplemented by an academic course in an institution at Saxton River, Vermont, from which he graduated in 1800. In the following September he came West, located at Cando. North Dakota, and accepted a position as 2f>2 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. bookkeeper in a banking house of that place. hi this position he remained about a year, gaining his initial experience in financial busi- ness, in which field of activity he was early to attain to high office. Following this lie purchased an interest in the Michigan City Hank, of Michigan City, North Dakota, and was appointed cashier. In 1896, owing to his father's ill health, he disposed of his interest in the bank and went East to settle up the home estate. This task accomplished, he re- turned to the West and settled at Anoka, Minnesota, where he has since made his home. He accepted the position of cashier of the State Bank of Anoka, which position he still holds. Since leaving North Dakota as a place of residence, he has kept in touch with its financial affairs, and is president of a thriving banking concern of the town of Harvey, in that State. In politics Mr. Akin is conserva- tive, bul by no means lacking in interest in whatever pertains to the welfare of his State or the Nation. He is a public-spirited man. and is especially ambitious and enthusiastic concerning the future of the city of Anoka. Since coming of age Mr. Akin has been a married man. having been united, December 29, 1892, at Concord. New Hampshire, to Miss Bertha E. Gilbert, daughter of the Rev. A. S. Gilbert, now of Boston, Massachusetts. Two children have been born of their marriage. Mr. and Mrs. Akin are regular attendants at the Baptist church of Anoka. The broad circle of friends which Mr. Akin has attached to him during the few years of his residence in Minne- sota points to a future of indefinitely increas- ing social influence. PETER 15. SMITH. This subject worthily represents an old Pennsylvania family of Smiths, of Scottish origin. His father, Peter J. Smith, was born in 1802, and in 1835 married Eve Pent/., who, like himself, was a native of Pennsylvania, she. however, being of (ierman descent. She was fifteen years the junior of her husband, and bore him the goodly family of seven sons and a daughter. They were farmer folk, their land lying near the town of Wellsville, in the county of York. In this rural home. Peter Bentz, who was their sixth child, was born on February 9, 1851, and here grew in stature and strength of limb while his character de- veloped habits of industry and studiousness. At the age of seventeen he began to teach in a neighboring school. How many young men, afterwards prominenl in business or profes- sional life, have entered their respective careers from across the platform of the coun- try school! — the explanation being, doubtless, that the most able and earnest youths of a (lis trict are naturally sought as its instructors. At the close of his first term he went to Nebraska, securing a position as teacher near Bellevue, in Sarpy county. Here he remained for two terms, then, in 1870, went to Huluth, Minnesota, and entered, at the age of nineteen, the broad field of industry in which he has since worked with ever increasing success. lie assisted in the construction of a grain elevator, the first to be built in this section of the country, and initiated the now flourishing grain industry, in Duluth, by himself shoveling its first carload of wheat into the new elevator, of which he became manager. C. B. New- comb, president of the elevator company, was at that time negotiating in wheat, with St. Paul as his headquarters; and after managing the Duluth elevator for three years, young Smith was summoned by Mr. Newcomb to assist him at St. Paul, and four years later — 1S7S — was admitted to the firm as junior partner. In the autumn of the following year, however, the business of this concern was dis- continued, and Mi'. Smith obtained a position in St. Paul in connection with the New York commission house of David Dows & Co., the well-known name of whose western manager was .1. Q. Adams. In 1880 he made another change, associating himself with Barnes & Magill. operating from Fargo. Dakota. This firm was incorporated in the following year under the style of Northern Pacific Elevator Company, and Mr. Smith was appointed superintendent, becoming also a stock-holder. In 1SSS he severed his connection with the Northern Pacific Company, and attained to his BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 263 present responsible position as general man- ager of the St. Anthony & Dakota Elevator Company. This colossal corporation owns one hundred and fifty-four elevators, operating along the line of the Great Northern Railway through the three States of Minnesota and the two Dakotas. Its place in the grain enterprise of the Northwest is an important one; indeed there are few that can compete with it in the extent and substantiality of its business. Its annual operations amount to from ten to thir- teen million bushels of grain, ninety per cent of its transactions being based upon actual purchase. Mr. Smith is a man of high repute among his associates; and as thrift and in- tegrity haye given him a clear title to the influential position he holds in the business world, so the corresponding virtues of cordial- ity and courtesy make him a welcome presence in social circles. He belongs to various clubs. the most notable of which are the Minneapolis, the Minikahda and the Minnetonka: and he is a Mason of the thirty-second degree in the Scottish bite, and of the Royal Arch degree, York bianch of Masons. In July, 1893, Mr. Smith was married to Mrs. Lillie D. Ailes, an Ohio lady; and together they preside over the hospitalities of their pleasant home on Six- teenth street, in Minneapolis, and participate in the activities of the Church of the Re- deemer, of which they are members. It will be rightly inferred from this sketch that its subject's path in life has not been a thorny one. Indeed, it has been singularly free from the vicissitudes which so many young men experience while seeking their place and forte in the world. Determining, while yet in his teens, upon a business that suited both his abilities and his tastes, Mr. Smith steadfastly followed along that line, which has led him. in the fullness of his prime, to his present commanding position. REUBEN S. GOODFELLOW. Reuben Simeon Goodfellow, a leading mer- chant of Minneapolis, was born in the village of Hyde, Lancashire. England, October 28, 1*10. His parents were Simeon Goodfellow, of Scotch ancestry, and his mother, Mary Cheethani-Goodfellow, of English parentage. Reuben was the third of six children, of whom four grew to maturity. The family emigrated to America, in 1841, when Reuben was an in- fant. They first settled in Philadelphia, but soon after removed to Troy, New York. His father was a mechanical engineer of an orig- inal and inventive turn of 7nind. He brought with him one of the first power looms used in this country, and was the patentee of several inventions, some of which were of considerable utility, but which brought to others more profit than to himself. The boy attended the common schools of Troy until he was nine years of age, when he was placed in a man- ufacturing business, where he remained for five years. At the age of fourteen he entered a general store in the suburbs of Troy, where lie received his first mercantile experience. From the country store he entered a dry goods house in Troy, where he remained for several years, passing through all grades of employ- ment. In 1850 he entered the dry goods house of (!. Y. S. Quackenbush, and there remained until 18(52. He then enlisted, as a private, in the One Hundred and Sixty-ninth Regiment, New York Volunteer Infantry, and went to the front. After his discharge and return to civil life lie took up his old employment in the dry goods store of Flagg & Company, at Troy, and continued with this firm for four years. He then engaged with Flagg & Frear, also in the dry goods line, where he remained four years, occupying the responsible position of buyer as well as salesman. He then became a member of the firm of W. C. Winnie & Com pany, in the retail dry goods trade, which part- nership continued until 1877, when he sold his interest to Mr. Winnie. Mr. Goodfellow then joined Mr. W. H. Eastman — who had been en- gaged in Hie wholesale dry goods business in New York — in a trip to the West, proposing, if a favorable location could be found, to en- gage in business together. Of the many places visited Mr. Goodfellow was most favorably impressed with Minneapolis, but they could find no vacant store in that city. They also considered St. Louis a good location, but ex- 264 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. perienced a like difficulty there. They made arrangements in both places to be informed by wire when a vacant store, in a favorable lo- cation, could be obtained. Though Mr. Good- fellow preferred to locate in Minneapolis, his associate favored St. Louis, so it was agreed to accept whichever location should first offer. One day in the early part of 1878 a telegram ■a as received at five o'clock P. M., announcing that a store could be had in Minneapolis. At six o'clock of the same evening Mr. Eastman was en route for that city. Early the following morning a similar message came from St. Louis. A lease was taken of a store at Nos. 243 and 245 Nicollet avenue, where the firm of Goodfellow & Eastman commenced in the dry goods business April 10, 1878. On the 1st of July, following, they made a contract for the building of the fine store now occupied by R. S. Goodfellow & Company, which was, at that time, by far the largest and most elegant store in the city, and none now excel it in con- venience. It was occupied on the 28th of Oc- tober, following. Mr. Eastman retired from the firm in February, 1885, and Mr. W. S. Hay. who had been the New York buyer for (he old firm, became associated with Mr. Goodfellow, under the present firm name of R. S. Goodfel- low & Company. Mr. Ray died February 11, 1893, and Mr. Goodfellow has since continued the business alone. He has always given his personal attention to the details of the busi- ness, and through industry and prudent man- agement has built up one of the largest and most influential commercial houses in Minne- apolis. With a natural adaptness for trade and strict integrity in all his dealings, he has been eminently successful as a business man. and commands the respect and confidence of the community where he resides. Mr. Good- fellow was married in July, 1866, d> Miss Sarah 0. Ives of Troy, New York. They were the parents of five children, of whom two only are now living: Mis. Marion C. Lewis of Minneapolis, and William E. Goodfellow, a practicing attorney in Minneapolis. Mrs. Good- fellow died in 1S74. Mr. Goodfellow married, his present wife, who was Miss Martha E. Aus- tin, at North Adams. Massachusetts, in 1S77. Their residence is at No. 1006 Sixth avenue, south, one of the attractive dwellings of a city of beautiful homes. Mr. Goodfellow is an active member of the Episcopal church. He is also a member of the Masonic order in chap ter and commandery. At the age of fifty-nine years he seems to possess the same power of application and the devotion to business which characterized his early life. He has pursued his business career long after a competency has been secured from an ambition to employ, for a useful purpose, the talents which a kind providence has endowed him with, rather than from love of accumulation. As an evidence of the estimation in which Mr. Goodfellow is held by his employes if may be stated that some of them have been with him continuously since, and even before he first commenced business in Minneapolis, and all speak of his kindness, reliability and close attention to business. In politics he is a pronounced Re- publican, but has never sought or accepted public office, having no ambition in that direc- tion. FRED O. PILLSBURY. The late Fred Carleton Pillsbury, of Minne- apolis, was born August 27, 1S.">2, and died May 15, 1802. The span of his life was but forty years, yet within that brief period he achieved such financial success and won such honor — that best of honor which is the loving esteem of one's own community — as seldom crown the gray hairs of three score and ten. He was the youngest of a group of four men whose combined achievements in Minnesota have made the name of Pillsbury one of the foremost of the Slate, and world renowned in connection with the products of their vast milling industry. The other three of Ih: 1 group are. ex-Governor John S. Pillsbury — uncle of Fred C. — George A. and Charles A. — his father and brother, respectively. The native place of E. < '. Pillsbury is Concord, New Hampshire, and it was here that he was educated. His brother Charles was a gradu- ate of Dartmouth College, but Fred was eager to engage in business, and soon after his w 6. I IUOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 26 = graduation from the high school of Concord, lie came to Minneapolis and entered the em- ploy of his uncle, John S. Pillsbury, who was then conducting a flourishing wholesale and retail trade in hardware. Fred was only eighteen, hut he was essentially of what may be called the business temperament — indus- trious, sensible, courteous, possessing the fine balance which is at once reposeful and alert; and these natural traits, developed and directed by his uncle, made him at an early age a thorough going business man. Tn 187fi he became a member of the firm of Charles A. Pillshurv & Company, the then largest milling concern in the world, and he had fourteen years' active experience in that concern. Upon the sale of the Pillshurv properties to an English syndicate, and the coincident es- tablishment of the Pillsbury-Washburn Flour Milling Company, Fred C, uniting with other business men of the city, organized the North- western Consolidated Milling Company, which promptly took its place as second only to the Pillsbury-Washburn Company. Mr. Pillsbury became a director and member of the manag- ing committee of the Northwestern corpora tion, and was actively engaged in the manage- ment of its business until cut off by death. Extensive and absorbing as were his personal business interests, Mr. Pillsbury found time to devote to many other enterprises, both pub- lic and private. Tie was a director of the First National Bank of Minneapolis, also a director of the Swedish-American Bank; and he was an influential member of the commit- tee which directed the building and furnishing of the beautiful Minneapolis Club House. His last day before being stricken down with the malady which ended his life was spent in the cluli house, in attending to the final details of fitting it for occupancy. Not only in his specialty of milling, but in general affairs. Mr. Pillsbury's judgment was much valued and sought. In agriculture he was broadly interested. He was for two years president of the State Agricultural Society, and con- tributed freely of his time and personal ac- tivity to the conducting of the State fair. He established a model farm at Wavzata, Minne- sota — one hundred and twenty acres border- ing on Lake Minnetonka — which he stocked with blooded horses and cattle. This farm was one of the finest in the Northwest, and the source of much justifiable pride and satis faction to its proprietor. Mr. Pillsbury was a Republican, but never aspired to political distinction. He felt a deep interest in the vital issues of the day, and was solicitous for pure government, working with enthu- siasm for the selection of good and able men — men like himself, had his modesty permitted him to recognize the fact. As a Mason, Mr. Pillsbury was prominent and advanced, being a member of the Scottish Rite and a Knight Templar. He entered with much enthusiasm into the activities of the order, and was among the first who became interested in the build- ing of the Masonic Temple. Mr. Pillsbury was married October 10, 1S70\ to Miss Alice Cook, daughter of Samuel Cook, of Quincy, Massachusetts. Six children were born to them, four of whom — Harriot, Carleton, Helen and Alice — are living. The elegant family residence, located on Tenth street, in Minne- apolis, was built, decorated and furnished under the personal supervision of Mr. Pills- bury. He was endowed with a fine artistic taste, and his home was made sumptuous with exquisite and costly works of art. He was a most devoted husband and father, and dearly loved his home, which, in all its ap- pointments, he made an expression of his personality. Mr. Pillsbury's death fell like a thunderbolt upon this prosperous and har- monious household; yet his family formed but tlic center of a vast circle of mourners, whose sorrow found expression in many a loving tribute. The Minneapolis Tribune, editorially, said in part: "Fred C. Pillsbury was a citizen by whom Minneapolis and Minnesota set great store. He was a representative modern business man of the best type, and the many interests with which he identified himself were great factors in the prosperity of this region. He was a liberal patron of art and letters, and a man of broad charity. The loss of this big-hearted. progressive business man will be deeply re- gretted in this communitv." 266 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. The late John Blanchard, of journalistic fame, said in the Minneapolis Times: "The death of Fred C. Pillsbury will be sin cerely mourned by thousands in this city. The youngest of the famous Pillsbury family, he was a familiar figure in the city. He was a man of marked individuality, and outside of business hours knew how to enjoy life. As a patron of out-door sports he was well known. Among those who knew him best, no man was more warmly esteemed or sincerely trusted. A great deal might be written of the untimeliness of his taking off. Indeed it is one of the first thoughts, when one contem- plates this demise, in the strength of middle age, of a man who had everything to live for, and who gave every promise of making a just and equitable use of the fortune Providence had showered upon him. His position in life was assured at an age when most men are struggling for a competency, but he lies dead at an age when most men just begin to feel their power. Surely such an apparent con tradiction of nature's laws must lead back to a deeper cause than the casuist sees. The Pillsbury family, whose career has been so conspicuous and so honorable in the annals of Minnesota, will have the deepest sympathy of the community in their great sorrow." And following are the simple, heart-felt words of ex-Governor Pillsbury, the uncle with whom our subject was for years inti- mately associated in business, and who knew him through and through: "Fred was a man of uncommon ability and judgment; one of the most strictly honest men that ever lived in this city. He never swerved from anything that he thought was right, and was perfectly reliable under any and all cir- cumstances. It was impossible to get him to do anything that was calculated to wrong another person. He was conscientious, kind and affectionate, thinking everything of his wife, children and friends. As a business man he w r as one of the most safe and reliable in the State. His mind was evenly balanced, and his sagacity was something wonderful. I con- sider that he was one of the finest specimens of young business men to be found anywhere. As a clerk he was popular, and made many friends; as a member of the milling linn hi' was a man who attended strictly to business, and was always considerate and popular. He treated everyone courteously, and made a world of friends and acquaintances. He was always averse to taking any public position, but he was competent enough to till any of them. His modesty showed out prominently at all times. I consider him an example for young men to pattern after in this respect. He was honorable to the letter. He always showed a great interest and taste for any- thing pertaining to air. and had made a tine collection of paintings. I believe that this city has lost one of her best citizens in his death." Mr. Pillsbury was not a church member, but he attended, with his family, the First Baptist church of Minneapolis. JOHN T. FANNING. John Thomas Fanning. C. E., of Minne- apolis, well known as a general civil engineer, and as especially prominent in hydraulic en- gineering, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, December 31, 1837. His parents were John H. and Elizabeth iPridde) Fanning, and he comes of an old and honorable New England ancestry. Among his remote paternal ances- tors was Edmund Gilbert Fanning, who, in 1652, emigrated from Ireland and settled at Groton, Connecticut, and became the first of the family in America. He is also descended from Lieut. Thomas Tracy, who came to America from England in 1636. Both Gilbert Fanning and Lieutenant Tracy, as the printed records attest, were of noble ancestry. His grandfather, Capt. John Fanning, was an assistant surgeon in the American army dur- ing the war of the Revolution. Mr. Fanning was educated in the schools of his native town, and al the outbreak of the war of the Rebel lion, had completed a course of study in architecture and civil engineering. He has a good military record. During the great Re- bellion he served in the Third Regiment of Connecticut Volunteers, during its full term, and after the war was a field officer in the Connecticut State .Militia, lie began his pro- fessional work in Norwich, in 1862, and was ailing city engineer for eight years, during which time he designed the public water sup- ply, the cemetery, and other improvements. The. C&fitwy Pidtistwuj &. Enyeawig Co Chicane /f^U**/ /&. &#a^*. BTOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 267 He also planned and supervised the construc- tion of many mills, public and private build- ings, bridges, etc., in eastern New England. In 1872 he removed to Manchester, New Hampshire, to supervise the construction of the public water supply, and while in that, city he designed the principal church, the opera house, and many business blocks and private residences. As a citizen of Manchester he was a member of the board of education and chairman of the high school committee. In time his reputation as a hydraulic engineer had extended, and, in 1881, he was employed by a select committee to report upon an addi- tional water supply for New York and Brook- lyn, and certain cities of the Hudson river valley. After investigation, he advised as the source of the contemplated supply, the upper Hudson, where that river emerges from the Adirondacks. He was retained by the Boston water board and by the Metropolitan water board of Massachusetts as an expert in their condemnation cases, and by the Chicago Drainage Commission, and by other cities and corporations as an expert witness in important legal cases. Mr. Fanning has been a citizen of Minneapolis since 1886. In 18S5 he re- ported on improvements of the water power of the Mississippi at that city, and in 1886 he was appointed chief engineer and agent of the St. Anthony Falls Water Power Company. Subsequently he was appointed consulting engineer of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Mani- toba, and its successor, the Great Northern Railway, and was made vice-president of the Minneapolis Union Railway. Becoming estab- lished in his profession at Minneapolis, Mr. Fanning has been actively employed from the first. His field of operations has been very extensive. Among the works directed from his office here have been improvements in various water powers and public water sup- plies; a comprehensive plan for the drainage of three thousand square miles of the famous "hard wheat" land in the valley of the Red River of the North, in Minnesota; the con struction of the great dam, public water sup- ply and electric light system of Austin, Texas; the large water powers on the Missouri river at Great Falls and near Helena, Mon- tana, and on the Spokane river, at Spokane, Washington. His large practical experience in, and his study and investigation of en- gineering science, have brought results im- portant to the world. He is the patentee of valuable improvements in slow-burning build- ing construction, in turbine water wheels, in pumping engines, and in steam boilers. He has written a number of papers and lectures on various engineering subjects, and has be- come distinguished as the author of "A Treatise on Hydraulic and Water Supply Engineering." This work is in general use as a text-book and reference manual by classes in engineering throughout the country, and, in 1899, had reached its fourteenth edition, and has long been held as a standard author- ity. He is a fellow of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, an ex-director of the American Society of Civil Engineers, and an ex-president of the Ameri- can Water Works Association. Mr. Fanning was married at Norwich, Connecticut, June 14, 1865, to Miss M. Louise Bensley, a daugh- ter of James and Maria Bensley. Mr. and Mrs. Fanning have three children, a son and two daughters. JOHN R. CAREY. One of the oldest and best-known Minne- sotians, and one of the earliest pioneer resi- dents of Duluth, is Hon. John R. Carey, now retired from the active duties of life, and at the age of three score and ten passing the afternoon of life in comfort and peace, with the perfect satisfaction that attends the con- sciousness of a career rightly lived, and of duties and obligations faithfully performed. He came to Superior in 1855, and to Duluth in 1857, and since the latter year has always been a resident of the Zenith City. Mr. Carey was born at Bangor, Maine, March .*?, 1830. Both his parents were natives of the province of New Brunswick, his father, John C. Carey, being of Scotch-Irish, and his mother, whose maiden name was Julia Terry, of English 268 P.IOGRAPIIY OF .MINNESOTA. descent. His father was a lumberman and merchant, and upon his death, in 1S44, his widow conducted the business for sonic four years. During this time her son John at- tended the Bangor public schools, and sub- sequently at tended and graduated from the high school at New Britain, Connecticut. In 1N.">:!, Mr. Carey, then a young man of twenty- three, formed one of a colony of eighty-five New Englanders that emigrated from the East to the then new Territory of Minnesota, in- tending to take up and settle upon tracts of government land, and engage in farming. The site of their settlement was intended to be on the Cannon river, near the present city of Faribault. They came by way of Chicago and Galena, and at the latter town took passage on the steamboat "Clarion" — which in after years was sunk in the Minnesota river — and soon arrived at their destination. But the wild condition of the country, and its. to them, uninviting character generally, had such a depressing and discouraging effect upon the colonists that two-thirds of them soon returned to New England They were disappointed in their expectations of secur- ing government lands for their farms, for speculators and "land sharks" had secured all available tracts in the region, and virtually monopolized that section of the Territory. Those of the colonists who remained, dis- persed themselves through the country. Some of them located in St. Paul. Others went to Stillwater, St. Anthony, St. Peter, and else- where. Mr. Carey became a clerk and finally foreman in Luke Marvin's wholesale and retail boot and shoe house, on East Third street, in St. Paul, where he was engaged for some time. M.i.x li\ L855, Mr. Carey left St. Paul for the head of Lake Superior. He located in the then promising village of Superior, and opened a store for the sale of a stock of boots and shoes which he had brought with him from Chicago. He made a squatter's claim on the unsurveyed land on the Minnesota side of the bay. between what is now Duluth and West Duluth. By virtue of his ownership of this claim he was considered a citizen of Minnesota, and at the October election, 1855 — which was the first election in St. Louis county — he was one of the nine Republicans who voted for Mr. William R. Marshall for delegate to Congress: the total number of votes cast in the county was one hundred and fourteen. Subsequently he abandoned his Minnesota claim — now worth millions of dollars — and continued to reside and do business in Superior. In 1857 — a year of greal business depression throughout the Northwest and the country generally — he was compelled to leave Superior, and thereupon located in what was then called Oneota, now a part of Duluth, and engaged in lumbering and farming. In 1859 he was elected Probate Judge of St. Louis county, and served by re- election four terms, or twelve years, leaving the office in 1871. Meantime, in 1869, he was elected clerk of the district court, which office did not conflict with his holding that of Probate Judge. He was clerk of the court for twelve years, or until 1882. when he re- signed to take the position of register of the United States land office at Duluth. to which he had been appointed by President Arthur. He held the office until after the advent of the Cleveland administration, in 1885. In 1 scu he was appointed Federal court commissioner by Judge ]{. K. Nelson, and this position he still holds. It may also be men- tioned that while he was clerk of the court he served one term as city justice of Duluth. His entire public and official service, extending over a period of forty years, constitutes a most enviable record. Mr. Carey has for a long time been prominently connected with polit- ical affairs. Upon reaching his majority he was a Free Soil Democrat. His first vote was cast for Franklin Pierce for President, in 1S.Y2. and his second for Thomas H. Seymour for Governor of Connecticut. He became a Re- publican upon the organization of the party. in 1854, and at the spring election in St. Paul that year, voted for Mr. William K. Marshall for mayor, against David Olmstead, Demo crat As stated, he was one of the pioneer Republicans of the Lake Superior district, and was one of the nine Republicans of St. Louis county who cast their ballots for General Marshall in 1855. In 1864, and again in 1865, BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 269 he was a Republican candidate for the Legis- lature, but his district was overwhelmingly Democratic at the time and he was defeated. He was always active in maintaining his party's interests, but since 1885 he has been, to use a common expression, practically "out of politics." He is of literary tastes and abili- ties, and interested in studies and investiga- tions of that character. He was one of the founders and a charter member of the Duluth Historical Association, and has contributed much valuable literature to its historical sec- tion. He is well known as the author of the "History of Duluth and Northwestern Minne- sota," a work showing large research and of much value as a standard authority on the region of which it treats. Mr. Carey was married in St. Paul in September, 1854, to .Miss Hannah E. Terry, a native of New York State, and who came to Minnesota before her husband. They have six children — Richard, Ida, John, Mary. William and Ellen — three of whom live in Duluth. ROGER S. MUNGER. Roger S. Munger, present Register of Deeds for St. Louis county, a territorial pioneer of Minnesota, and for years one of the leading business men of the city of Duluth, was born at North Madison, Connecticut, February 25, 1830. He is a son of Sherman and Lucretia (Benton) Munger, both natives of Connecticut, and of old New England families. His maternal ancestors were among the very first settlers of New Haven county, Connecticut. Mr. Munger's boyhood was passed in New Haven, to which city the family had removed. He was educated in the public schools and completed a course at the Hopkins Grammar School, preparatory to entering Yale College. At the age of twenty-one he engaged in busi- ness, and for six years had charge of a large music store in New Haven. At the end of this time he came West, spent one year in Iowa, and, in 1857, came to St. Paul, where he en- gaged in the music business with his brother, Russell C. Munger. The "Munger Brothers Orchestra" was a well-known musical or- ganization in the early days of St. Paul, com- prising R. S. Munger, R, C. Munger and William H. Munger. Roger S. was largely instrumental in securing the capital and or- ganizing the company that built the old Grand Opera House in St. Paul, on Wabasha, between Third and Fourth streets. In 18G9 Mr. Munger settled in Duluth and formed a partnership in the lumber business with Mr. R. A. Gray, which continued about six years. In 1872 the firm of Munger. Markell & ( Nunpan.y was organ- ized, consisting of Mr. Munger, Clinton Markell, Russell C. Munger and another brother, Gil- bert Munger, a distinguished American artist, who for several years has resided in Paris, France. The firm built the second elevator at the head of Lake Superior, known as Elevator No. 1, and which was burned in 1880. After a few years Russell C. and Gilbert Munger withdrew, and the firm has since been Munger & Markell. Mr. Munger has always been closely connected with the grain and elevator business of the city. Under the joint manage- ment of himself and Col. C. H. Graves, the elevators of the Lake Superior Elevator Com- pany, furnishing storage for 8,000,000 bushels of grain, have been constructed. In 1883 the firm of Munger & Markell built the Grand Opera House in Duluth. A favorite project of Mr. Munger's had long been the building in Duluth of a large flouring mill, and his hopes in that direction are now realized in the Duluth Imperial Mill. Through his exertions on June :'.(>. 1888. the Imperial Mill Company was or- ganized and capitalized for $1,000,000, with R. S. Munger, president; T. A. Olmstead, vice- president, and B. C. Church, secretary and manager. In September, 1881), the mill began grinding, with a daily capacity of six thousand barrels; soon after it was increased to eight thousand barrels, and is now the largest mill in the world. Mr. Munger is also president of the Duluth Iron & Steel Company, which was organized, in 1898, with a capital of $1,000,000, entirely through his efforts. Its property consists of forty acres at West Duluth, having a river frontage of one thou- i-o RIOORAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. sand feet on the St. Louis river. The product of these mills will be used in this immediate vicinity, but the country tributary to Duluth is so immense that after this furnace is run ning successfully, others will be constructed to supply the demand. Scarcely any large enterprise has in recent years been undertaken in Duluth in which Mr. Munger has not been financially interested, and to the success of which he has not materially contributed. A description of some of the services he has rendered to the material interests of his adopted city were given in an editorial article in the issue of the Duluth News-Tribune, of July 11, 1896, at the time of the organization of the Duluth Iron & Steel Company. After noting that the inception of that enterprise was "not the initial effort of that always opti- mistic and resourceful pioneer to promote the industrial interests of this city;' the article proceeds to say: "It is Mr. Munger and Clinton Markell who have proved that Duluth was destined to be the great primary wheat shipping market of the country. To them belong the credit of bringing here the great elevators that line both shores of the harbor. At that time there was little money for investment in Duluth or in the country. Mr. Munger went East, and by the indomitable presentation of a worthy cause, he raised the money for the building here of the first elevator system. The com- pany complete, and the warehouses ready for grain, he made a long campaign out in the West and actually started the first movement of grain to Duluth. Mr. Muuger's part in the birth of the flour-making industry is more generally appreciated, but the trials he ex- perienced and the difficulties he overcame will never be fully realized, even by a people grateful to him for his efforts. Mr. Munger was the laughing stock of Minneapolis when he began a campaign for the building of the first flour mill here. He finally succeeded in winning over Mr. B. C. Church, president of the Imperial Mill Company, and his friends, and the direct result of his efforts is to be seen in the present development in the Hour- making industry at the head of the lakes. To Mr. Munger and his associates — he, chief of all — is due the credit of interesting lumber men in the manufacture of lumber at West Duluth, and for the building of large saw- mills and the development in this city of one of the greatest lumber markets in the eounlry. In the acquisition of other great industrial institutions. Mi. Munger has been very promi- nent, and in fact, to his efforts, no less than to those of any other man, may be ascribed the building of \Yest Duluth and the development of the commerce of the Zenith City as a whole. No one but a man of nerve and courage would at this time launch this great projeel for the building of a wire nail mill in Duluth." In 1898, by an overwhelming majority of the votes cast, Mr. Munger was elected Reg- ister of Deeds, which office he now holds. Mr. Munger was married at Yasselboro, Maine, in 1858, to Miss Olive Cray. Of this marriage there are two daughters. Mrs. Munger died in 1894. Roger S. Munger has always as- sisted, with both his influence and his purse, any enterprise that would advance the pros perity of Duluth and the country tributary to the city. His record of thirty-one years as a resident of Duluth has caused his name to be known and respected throughout the Northwest, and he is admired for his enter- prise and ambition, and esteemed and hon- ored by all. Note — Among the many interesting relics of his mother's remote ancestors, now in the possession of Mr. Munger, is the will of Andrew Benton, "of the count ie of New Haven in the Colonic of Connecticut," which instrument is dated "!':! May 1696." Mrs. Munger was a direct descendant of the testa- tor. A copy of this document is here given, with the quaint and peculiar phraseology and orthography of the antique period when it was made: "Andrew Benton Will 23 May 1696 Andrew Benton of Guilford in the Countie of New Haven in the Colonic of Connecticut Being Sicke and Weake in body, but of sound mind and memory, Doe make this my last will and testament as foloweth. First. 1 bequeath my soul into the hands of Cod my loving Father in Jesus Christ my lord and Saviour and my body to be decently buried by my relations. As for the estate the lord hath given me, I give and bequeath as foloweth. < JftK (flp^^ BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 271 First. I give my loving wife Elizebeth Ben- ton and to in v daughter Elezebeth Benton all my personal] effects viz. my cattell, horses, my teame and tacling belonging thereto and all my household goods to be devided in equal! proportion betwixt them excepting my arms and anmnilion which I give to my sons viz. to James Benton the gun he hath, to John Benton that he hath to Jabez Benton the musket and sword to Andrew Benton the im- provement of my new dwelling house and barne and my home lot with all the lands ad- joining (hereto and halfe my medow land at a place called sawpit lot during her Natural life and After her death, I give all the houseti barne the home lot and all the land adjoining as above mentioned (and half my medow land at sawpit lot) to my youngest sons, viz. Jabez Benton and Andrew Benton to be devided to them in equal! proportion Also I give to my youngest sons Jabez and Andrew Benton all that, parcell of land that is laid out to me above the falls at the East River caled com monly Andrew Bentons farme to be devided in equall proportion between them and I give to my son James Benton beside what I have formerly given him the home lot that my son James hath built his house on with all the appurtenances theireto belonging and all my rights of land in the east creke quarter to- gether with a parsell of land laid out to me for third devision adjoining thereto. Also I give to my son James the halfe of my medow a place called saw pit lot to be to him his heirs and assignes forever. Also. I give to my sons John Benton all my rights of land in the east river quarter I give also to my son John Benton a parsell . of medow land in the east side of the east river all my light of medow theire between Joohn- sons and hubbards medow to be to him and his heirs and assigns forever, also I give to my four sons all my rights of land in the fourth devision land to be devided to them in equall proportions besides each ones particu- lar rights as the towne hath granted, also all my rights in Guilford yet unlaid out to them and their heairs and assigns forever. Also. I do hereby appoint my loving wife Elezibeth Benton and my son James Benton my executors and administrators to see that all my debts be paid out of my personal] es- tate and to see that this my last will and testament be discharged, and ettended. In witnes here unto all the premises within wiiten I do ratifie and continue in all the par- ticulars theire of by setting and seall there unto this twentie third of may (1696) rand halfe my medow at saw pit lot" enter lined before signeing and seaeling) Andrew Benton, (seal). Signed Sealed in the presense of William Johnson Joseph Seaward HAMILTON M. PEYTON. Mr. Hamilton M. Peyton, president of the American Exchange Bank, of Duluth, and well known in commercial circles over a great por- tion of the Northwest, was born at Geneva, New York, March 17, 1835. He was the youngest of six children of Rowzee Peyton, formerly a prominent planter of Virginia. His ancestors on both sides were of English descent, and there is no older or more promi- nent family in Old Virginia and the South than the Peytons. Mr. Peyton's primary edu- cation was obtained in a private school, and by a year's attendance at an academy at South Williamstown, Massachusetts. Subsequently he passed the freshman and sophomore classes in Hobart College, in his native town, and finally was graduated from Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, in the class of 1855. In the fall of the same year he came to Chi- cago, and for a short time was employed in a manufacturing establishment. Early in the spring of 1857 Mr. Peyton came to Minnesota. After a brief stay in Minneapolis he went to Hudson, Wisconsin, where he remained until the fall of 1S5S, when he engaged in banking and lumber manufacturing in Superior. In the summer of 1*74 he removed to Duluth, but continued the lumber manufacturing business at Superior. He has been a manufacturer of lumber for forty years, and is now head of the Arm of Peyton, Kimball & Barber, whose mills are at Superior, Wisconsin, and has other ex- tensive lumber interests in both Wisconsin and Minnesota. In 1880 he was one of the organizers of the American Exchange Bank at Duluth, and has been the president of that institution from the first, covering a period of practically twenty years. He has been twice married. There were no children of the first wife, who died in 18(i2. Subsequently he 272 BIOGRAPHY <>F MINNESOTA. nun ricd Martha Newton, of Superior, and of lliis marriage were born ten children, eighi of whom are now living. The family are com- municants of St. Paul's (Episcopal) church, of which Mr. Peyton lias been a member and served as a vestryman for many years. In politics Mr. Peyton is and always has been conservative and hardly partisan, lie has generally voted with the Democrats, but by reason of the financial policy adopted by thai party in recenl years, he has acted with the Republicans. One who is familial- with the character and career of .Mr. Peyton, says of him: ".Mr. Peyton is well and favorably known as a conscientious and upright citizen, possessing sound judgment, and has been a student of finance for many years. His capacity ami efficiency were shown all through the financial banking crisis that occurred a few years ago. In his manner of living he is plain and simple, void of ostentation. He has never courted public admiration or notoriety, yet withal, it has been a pleasure to bestow his charities where he thought they properly belonged. He has always been greatly interested in the growth and progression of his adopted city and State, and has done his share in giving encouragement to enterprises that contributed much to the benefit of the third largest city of the State." JOHN 1). BRADY, John Donald Brady, Surveyor General of Logs and Lumber, of Duluth, Minnesota, is of Canadian parentage. His father, Donald Brady, first took up his permanent residence in the United States in 1867, locating in LeSueur county, Minnesota. Here he was for a number id' years engaged in the business of farming. In IS!):: he settled in Duluth. where he at present resides. His son, John D., of whom this sketch is written, is a native of the State of Michigan, born at Port Huron, July :_'::. 1858. He attended the public schools of the locality in which his boyhood days were passed, acquiring a fair common school edu- cation. Ambitious to launch out for himself in life, he at an early age took his place in the busy ranks of the greal industrial army, and during his career has been engaged in various lines of business, gaining from each an increment of practical experience which helped to qualify him for the duties of his present responsible post. During fourteen of the earlier years he was occupied as traveling salesman, operating from the commercial cen- ters of Chicago, St. Paul, Cincinnati and other of our leading Western cities. In 1897 he was appointed to the position of railway mail clerk, his route lying between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Watertown, South Dakota. He located in Duluth in the year 1893, where he followed mercantile pursuits until his appointment by Gov. John Lind as Surveyor General of Loys and Lumber for the district of Duluth. the affairs of which office he is administering with unquestioned efficiency. On June -7, 1888, .Mr. Brady was married to Miss Katherine Con nelly, a daughter of Patrick Connelly, of Watertown, South Dakota. No children have resulted from their union. Mr. and Mrs. Brady are adherents to the doctrines of the Catholic church. In politics Mr. Brady has always been a loyal Democrat, keenly alive to the interests of his party, and as such is well known and appreciated, not only in Duluth, but at Minne- apolis and St. Paul, and, indeed, throughout the State. He is a man of a kindly and oblig- ing nature, and is blessed with the gratifying consciousness id' the fidelity of many warm persona] friends. LUTHER MENDENHALL. One of the best-known characters in North- western financial interests is Luther Menden- hall, now president of the Duluth City Railway Company, and late president of the First National Bank of Duluth. Coining to the city in ls<>s. when it had nothing of great ness but a promise, he has witnessed its won del ful development, and no man knows its history better or is better acquainted with Northwestern affairs and conditions. Mr. Mendenhall is descended from an old Quaker familv, and was born in Chester county, BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. '-73 Pennsylvania, August 7, 1836, the son of a farmer named Isaac Mendenhall (who died in 1881), and one of a family of five children. His early education was acquired in the com- mon schools and at an academy at Nbrristown, Pennsylvania. In 1857 he entered the Univer- sity of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, and after a I luce years' classical course, graduated from that institution in 1860. For a year thereafter he was a law student in the office of Hon. Wayne McVeagh, Attorney General, in 1881, under President Garfield. In 1801, the first year of the war of the Rebellion, he enlisted as a private soldier in Company A, First Regi- ment. Pennsylvania Reserves. On account of his peculiar fitness for the work, he was de- tailed on special service in the ordnance de- partment of the army, and was kepi in this service the greater part of his term, although he was with his regiment in the second battle of Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Antietam, Get- tysburg, and other important engagements. He was mustered out in 1864, and again began the study of law, this time in the office of another distinguished attorney, who became a cabinet official — Hon. Benjamin H. Brewster, of Philadelphia, who, under President Arthur, succeeded Wayne McVeagh — Mr. Menden- hall's first legal preceptor — as Attorney Gen- eral of the United Slates. In 1868 Mr. Mendenhall came to Duluth and engaged in the real estate business, which he has con- ducted and operated extensively until the present time. In 1882 he assisted in organiz- ing the Duluth National Bank, was elected its president, and held that position in the bank until its consolidation with the Union National and the Merchants' National and afterwards, in 1889, in the consolidation of the First National, of which institution he was chosen president the same year, officiat- ing until 1897. In 1892 he was elected presi- dent of the City Railway Company, which position he still holds. Mr. Mendenhall has never been an aspirant for public office, nor has he sought notoriety of any kind. In early days he was a village councilman of Duluth. and in 1891 became connected with the Park Commission of the city, and has ever since been president of the board. These are all the official positions lie has ever held. He seems well satisfied to be considered a good business man with an honorable record, a sol dier who rendered faithful service, a citizen loyal to his city, State and country, and a man of worth and integrity. HANSEN SMITH. The birthplace of Hansen Smith was in the Duchy of Schleswig, formerly Danish terri- tory, but now a province of the German Confederation. The date of his birth was De- cember 6, 1867. Early in the year 1870, his parents came with him to this country, and were for a term of years located in Manistee, Michigan. They then removed to California ■ iiid settled in thai State, Hansen, however, remaining in Michigan. His circumstances were such that he found it necessary to be- come self-supporting at the age of ten years, and his opportunities for obtaining an educa- tion were consequently limited to short win- ter terms of school. As he grew older he conceived a strong desire to better acquaint himself with America by means of travel, and this desire, together with a natural inclination for the sea faring life, led him, when about seventeen, to spend a season on the Great Lakes. The following winter he passed at Grand Rapids, his time there being profitably employed in taking a course of instruction at Swensberg's Business College of that city. In the spring he went East and shipped out of New York harbor on a sailing vessel bound for South America. Entering the Gulf, this ship put into port at Galveston, Texas, and young Smith left it at that point; but he soon after- ward embarked upon another vessel, and continued to follow the sea for the most of the time until he was twenty years of age. He left his last ship at San Francisco, and re- turned overland to Michigan. The business training he had obtained at Grand Rapids now came into practical use. He secured employ- ment in a general office capacity, and during the next four years was occupied in work of a -74 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. clerical nature. This experience in subor- dinate positions opened the way to responsible ones, and lie early attained to a secure footing in the business world. In the spring of 18!)2 he again yielded to his love of travel, making an extensive tour of the Puget Sound country. Upon the completion of this trip, he located in Duluth, where lie has since made his home. In 1895 Mr. Smith established the financial firm of H. E. Smith & Company, and as out- growths of the business of this firm, two bank ing houses were subsequently organized — The West Duluth Bank, in 1896, and tin- Mer- chants' Bank of Duluth, in February, lS'lS. Mr. Smith is president of both these institu- tions. The firm of H. E. Smith & Company has lately been succeeded by the Northern Secur- ity Company, of which Mr. Smith is president. It is extensively engaged in looking after the property and investments of its associates and of other concerns. Apart from the affairs of his own special establishments, Mr. Smith has weighty interests in many corporations and enterprises. He was formerly president of the Duluth Chamber of Commerce and the West Duluth Business Men's Association. He was a member of the Charter Commission of 1897; is also a member of the present commission, and is now serving his second term as a mem- ber of the board of Water and Light Commis- sioners. Mr. Smith is a member of the Kitchi Gamnii Club. In National politics he has always been Republican. On October 8, 1891, Mr. Smith was married to Miss Mary Cecilia Wilson, of a Vermont family. Four children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Smith — Hazel Marguerite, Mildred Etheleen, Ruth Winno- gene, and Inez Lucille. CHARLES H. GRAVES. A citizen of Duluth for well-nigh the past thirty years, and one who has taken a promi- nent part in the phenomenal development of the city — a brave soldier who served his coun- try for many years and attained distinction by his conduct on the battlefield — a man of eminent record in the public affairs of his adopted State — a hard working business man of large influence in the commercial affairs of tin' Northwest — and a gentleman in every sense — this is a brief characterization of Col. Charles Hinman Graves. He was bom at Springfield, Massachusetts, August 14, 1839. His father, Rev. H. A. Craves, was a noted Baptist minister, and at one period was the editor of a denominational journal of that religious persuasion, called the "Christian Watchman and Reflector," published at Bos- ton. The maiden name of his mother was .Mary Hinman, and she was a daughter of Scoville Hinman of New Haven, Connecticut. On both sides of his family he is descended from very old New England stock. His paternal ancestors, the Graves, came from England to America in 1645. and Royal Hin- man, from whom his mother descended, was an early Colonial Governor of Connecticut. Colonel Graves has a military record of which he ought to be very proud. In July, 1861, when the war of the Rebellion was fairly be- ginning, he enlisted as a private soldier in the Fortieth New York Volunteers. Subsequently and successively he became corporal, sergeant, second lieutenant, first lieutenant and captain in that regiment. Then he was made captain and assistant adjutant general, major and assistant adjutant general, lieutenant colonel and colonel in the volunteer service. Entering the regular army, he became in succession, first lieutenant, captain, brevet major, and lieutenant colonel, and by detail and assign- ment was inspector general of the department of Dakota. During the war of the Rebellion he participated in nearly all of the battles in which the army of the Potomac and the army of the James were engaged, and was also in two important engagements in the North Caro- lina campaign of 18G5. To particularize, he was in the battles of first Bull Run, Williams- burg, Fair Oaks, Malvern Hill, Fredericks- burg, Chancellorsville, Brandy Station, Mine Run, second Bull Run, Chantilly, Gettysburg. Deep Bottom. Petersburg, Fort Fisher and Wilmington, not enumerating a number of skirmishes. At Gettysburg he was severely wounded, and for gallantry in the assault on BIOGRAPHY ill' 1 MINNESOTA. -V5 Fort Fisher, North Carolina, he was promoted to the rank of major and assistant adjutant general. His service in the regular army was of honor and credit, as is shown by the record of his rapid promotions in the comparatively short period of Ins connection therewith. In 1870 Colonel Graves resigned his cpmmission in the army, and soon thereafter engaged in the real estate and insurance business in Duluth, which city lias since been his home. He wrote the tirst fire insurance policy ever drawn up in Duluth. Subsequently he became prominent in the development of the material interests of the city in many different ways. He was in the wholesale salt and lime trade, then engaged in the extensive operation of grain elevators, inaugurating the grain busi- ness of Duluth by large purchases and ship- ments in 1871. lie has been a director in the St. Paul & Duluth Railroad, an officer in the Duluth Iron Company i which company made the first pig iron ever cast in Minnesota), was the first subscriber to and a member of the first board of directors of St. Luke's Hospital. In 1893 he returned to his original business of real estate and insurance, and is now president of the Graves-Manley Insurance Agency. Colonel Graves has performed his full share of the public service. He was elected and served for two terms as mayor of Duluth. and made a first-class executive. In 1872 he was elected to the State Senate from a district which at the time comprised all of Northeast- ern Minnesota, and which was composed of nine counties, and was three hundred miles long by one hundred miles wide. He was prominent and influential in the passage of the law creating the first railroad commission, and led the movement which reformed the State Treasury management in 1876, and his services in the sessions of 1 S7M-74-7r>-7<> were conspicuous and valuable. In 1SSS lie was elected State Representative. Upon the or- ganization of the Legislature, in January, 1889, he was chosen Speaker of the House. He used the authority and influence of his posi- tion always for wise and wholesome legisla tion, ami kept the work and business of the House over which he presided always well in hand. His record as Speaker added largely to his general reputation as a publicist, and re- ceived the approval of all political parties and classes. He lias always been a Republican, and since he left the army has been somewhat active in politics and prominent in the coun- cils and affairs of his party. In 1888 he was a delegate-at-large from Minnesota to the National Republican Convention at Chicago, when Harrison was first nominated, and is nearly always a delegate in State and district conventions. Frequently, too, he has taken part as a representative of Duluth in commer- cial conventions, and in the movements for the establishment of deep water ways from Duluth to the sea coast — which have resulted in such incalculable benefit to the Northwest — he took an active part. He has also been prominent in certain civic organizations — is past com- mander of Willis A. Gorman post, G. A. R., of Duluth; past senior vice-commander of the .Minnesota connnandery of the Loyal Legion; is a member of the Army and Navy Club of Washington, D. «'.; of the Minnesota Club of St. Paul, and is ex-president of the Kitchi- Gammi (.'lull of Duluth. Colonel Graves was married in 1873 to Miss E. Grace Totten, a daughter of the distinguished and accom- plished soldier, the late .Major General J. G. Totten. formerly chief of engineers of the United States army. Thev have no children. EDWARD S. KEMPTON. Edward S. Kempton, of Duluth, treasurer of the Duluth, Mesaba & Northern Railway Company, was born at Willburton, England. November 27, 1848. He is, too, of English parentage and lineage, but an American bred, and of Northwestern training. He came to the United Stales when a mere lad. His early education was received in the public schools of Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and he began life without any of the advantages of wealth or position. Whatever of success he has attained in life has been achieved by his individual ex- ertions. His competency and efficiency were manifested very early in life, and he success- -/ 6 UlodKAI'llY OF MINNESOTA. fully conducted a large mercantile business in Illinois before he was twenty years of age. He entered the railway service, in lN74,as clerk and ticket accountant of the Milwaukee. Lake Shore & Western Railway. In 1877 he be- came clerk of freight accounts. From L884 to 1SSS he was traveling auditor, and from 1888 to September, 1893, was chief clerk of the auditor's office. He then left the Milwau- kee, Lake Shore & Western, and from Sep- tember, is 1 .):;, to .May, 1895, was chief clerk of i lie treasurer's office of the Duluth, Mesaba & Northern. In May. 1895, he was acting treasurer, and in February, 1896, was made treasurer. Ins present position. The gradual and successive promotions which Mr. Kemp- ton has received, evidence close and method- ical attention to the details of business. fidelity to duly, and a general efficiency in his profession. There is no royal road to prefer- ment in positions devoted to railway manage- ment. Competency and capability are the tests, and must be demonstrated before an executive officer is entrusted with any respon- sibility. In politics he is a Republican, and endorses President McKinley's administration. Mr. Kempton was married at Lombard, Illi- nois, June 14, 1868, to Miss Susan Mink, a daughter of Reuben Mink, a respectable Illi- nois farmer. Four children, all of whom are living, were born of this marriage. Mrs. KemptOn, an estimable and worthy lady, re- spected and beloved by every one, a fond wife and an affectionate mother, departed this life April 17, 1899. PATRICK II. KELLY. Patrick II. Kelly was born in the County of Mayo, Ireland. February 2. 1831. He re- ceived his early education in his native land, and when sixteen years of age came with his parents to America, locating first near Mon- treal, Canada, where they remained only four months. They then removed to the United Slates and settled in Plattsburg, New York. The family consisted of five children, all sons, of which Patrick was the third in older of birth. In 1857, Patrick and his younger brother, Anthony, came to the Northwest and finally settled in Minneapolis, where they en- gaged in the retail grocery business for sev- eral years. In 1863, Patrick came to St. Paul and formed a partnership with Mr. Beaupre, under the firm name of Beaupre & Kelly, in the wholesale grocery business. In 1874, Mr. Kelly purchased his partner's interest in the firm and became the sole owner. The busi- ness had grown to enormous proportions under Mr. Kelly's able and aggressive man agement. He then organized the new firm of I'. II. Kelly & Company, taking into partner- ship Messrs. A. Dufresne and .lames (). Gor- man, and later Mr. E. W. Johnson. In ls7. r > they erected the tine structure at the corner of Third and. Sibley streets, which, although destroyed by tire in 1880, was immediately rebuilt and has ever since been the home of the firm. In 1883, another change was made by the incorporation of the P. H. Kelly Mer- cantile Company, with Mr. Kelly as presi- dent. The next and last change was the formation of Foley Brothers & Kelly Mer- cantile Company, which was incorporated in December, 1896, with Timothy Foley as presi- dent, I'. II. Kelly vice-president and general manager, M. II. Foley secretary and treasurer. and John F. Kelly assistant general manager. The Messrs. Foley have not been personally active in the business, and Mr. P. II. Kelly remains, as he has been for thirty-six years, the active head of the establishment. In this work he is ably assisted by John F. Kelly, who has been with the house twenty-three years. Mr. Kelly has always been a Democrat in politics, but was not an active politician until 1SS4. when the Democratic convention met in Si. Paul. He was an ardent supporter of Mr. Cleveland for the Presidency, and was a mem- ber of the Democratic National Committee — Mi-. Doran being chairman of the State Com- mittee. After the election of Mr. Cleveland, the Democratic Slate Committee met and formally voted that all matters relating to patronage of the administration, for the State, should be left with these two men. Thai gave Mr. Kelly greai prominence throughout the /*,' £*>£&/ //fr* BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. '■77 State in tlic political affairs of the Democracy. He discharged his duties for the best interests of his party, and gave general satisfaction. In 1802 Mr. Kelly was elected to the House of Representatives of the State Legislature, and was reelected in 1N!I4. He was very active and largely instrumental in procuring the passage of the bill for locating the new State capitol in St. Paul. No other man was so much relied upon by the people, to see that the bill was put through, and this he ac- complished, lie also took an active part in securing the permanent location of the State Fair in St. Paul, in securing the ground from the county, and the appropriations from the State for the buildings. Mr. Kelly has always been prominently active in all affairs pertain- ing to the welfare of St. Paul, in securing appropriations and subscriptions to public enterprises, and also as a leader and organizer of political forces. His success as a business man has been achieved by his own exertions, solely as a result of his great intellectual abilities and his natural energy of character. He is public spirited, and in the conduct of his large business affairs he is eminently sagacious and prudent, and in the discharge of every obligation and duty he has ever been loyal and faithful. To him the eity of St. Paul and the Stale of Minnesota are largely in- debted for much faithful service, and he stands high in the confidence and good opinion of the citizens of St. Paul, and in the esteem of the public generally. Mr. Kelly is a man who has lived well and has enjoyed living. He has traveled extensively and made good use of his opportunities. He was at one time a director of the First National Bank of St. Paul. of the Chatham National Bank of New York, and of the Sf. Paul Trust Company, and he is at present a director in the St. Paul Title and Trust Company, lie was one of the or- ganizers of the Commercial Bank of Sf. Paul and was its vice-president. He was also a director of the Minnesota Iron Company. He is a member of the Catholic church. Mr. Kelly was married September 10. 1861, to Mary A. E. Morley, who died January 29, 1899. She was a daughter of Michael and Mary C. Morley, of Montreal, Canada. Her father still survives at the wonderful old age of 107 years. Mr. and Mrs. Kelly were the parents of six chil- dren — two sons and four daughters. Only the daughters are living: Mrs. E. W. Tingle, of Philadelphia; Mrs. .1. B. Meagher, of Mankato, Minnesota; Catherine and Esther, living at home. JEREMIAH C. DONAHOWER. Jeremiah Chester Donahower has been a Minnesotan since he was eighteen years of age, or for practically forty-five years. He has been well known as a business man, a soldier, a United States official, and he has contributed his full share to the early history of the State, and has, besides, sustained his character of good citizenship generally. He comes of good (dd Pennsylvania-German stock, and was born in the Keystone State, near Reading, Berks county, January 27, 1837. The Donahower faniil\ came from Germany and settled in Chester county, Pennsylvania, near "the Forge," in 1732. During the War of the Revo lution. and in the winter of 1777-78, the Cap tain's grandfather. John Donahower, and his great-grandfather, Jacob Donahower, fur- nished two four-horse teams lone of which John Donahower drove himself), which were engaged in hauling supplies to Washington's destitute army at Valley Forge. The father of our subject. Captain Jacob Donahower, served in the War of 1X12. and was subsequently a captain of a troop of cavalry in the Pennsyl- vania militia. His wife, the mother of our sub- ject, was Catherine Fritz, of Montgomery coun- ty. Pennsylvania, and she also belonged to a prominent Pennsylvania-German family. Cap- tain Donahower was educated in the public schools of Lebanon and Reading, Pennsyl- vania, and in a select school at Beverly, New Jersey. He left school and began teaching at the age of eighteen. But the same year he de- cided to come to St. Paul and join his brother. Frederic A. Donahower, then in the banking house of MacKubin & Edgerton, but now, and for many years past, a prominent citizen and banker of St. Peter, Minnesota. May 10, 185.", > 7 8 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. the Captain landed in St. Paul. For a consid- erable time lie was in the employ of the firm of John R. and B. F. Irvine. In 1860 he made a trip through Kansas and Missouri, and on his return to Minnesota — in November of that vear — was chosen teller of the banking house of Edgerton & Donahower at St. Peter. When the War of the Rebellion broke out, Captain Donahower was living in St. Peter. Soon after Sumter was tired upon, he assisted in recruiting and organizing a company of volunteer, which became Company E, Second Minnesota Infantry. He was elected second lieutenant of the company, June 17, 1861, at Fort Ridgely, and was mus- tered into the service July 5. The regi- ment was brought together at Fort Snell- ing late in September, Company E, during the months of July, August and September, being employed in frontier duty at Yellow Medicine and at the lower agency, with headquarters at Fort Ridgely, where Lieutenant Donahower was post adjutant. Tn August he led a squad of twelve men to Big Stone lake and recovered a number of horses from a large band of marauding Sisseton Sioux Indians, who had just returned from a raid on the settlement near Yankton, on the Missouri. In October, 1861, he went with his regiment to Kentucky, and was in the battle fought by General Thomas at Mill Springs, Kentucky, January 1!>, 1862 — the first Union victory of the war — which freed the central and eastern portions of Kentucky from the Rebel forces, and con tributed to the successful operations against Fort Donelson and the later occupation of Nashville by General Buell. Tn February, 1862, lie was ordered on detached duty with the United States signal corps, but after his pro- motion to the captaincy of his company, in May, 1862, he returned to the regiment at Corinth, Mississippi, and was with it there- after until his resignation, in August, 1864. Captain Donahower was in command of his company through the siege of Corinth, and on the long and arduous pursuit of General liragg's army through the mountains of Ten- nessee and the State of Kentucky, which cul- minated October is. 1862, in the battle of Per ryville, Kentucky. He was present with his regiment in the march toward Tullahoma, starting from Triune, Tennessee, June 23, 1863, participating in the skirmishes and the ardu- ous work of that campaign. In August, 1863, the Second Minnesota Volunteers were with Rosecrans when lie started from Winchester, Tennessee, crossing the mountains in three widely separated columns in his strategic movement to compel General Bragg to evac- uate Chattanooga, which finally resulted in the memorable battle foughl on the banks of the Chickamauga. in Georgia, September 1!) and 20, 1863, where the Second Minnesota lost forty-two per cent of its men present on the field. In November following he was with the regiment at Missionary Ridge when it charged across the plain in front and captured the line of earthworks at the foot of the ridge and at last the high crest beyond, and where the Sec- ond Minnesota lost twenty per cent of its mem- bers in as many minutes. On Sherman's At- lanta campaign, he participated in what Gen- eral Sherman called a "continuous battle," commencing May 6, and including Buzzard's Koost. Etesaca, Kulp's Farm, and other minor engagements, terminal ing in the battles around Kenesaw Mountain, in the latter part of June, 1SC>4. He was then under orders from (Jen. George II. Thomas, placed on detached service at Chattanooga, to prepare the rolls for the mustering out of enlisted men whose terms would expire during the months of July and August. 1864. During his term he received special mention in orders, and made an en- viable record generally. Early in August, 1X(>4. his resignation having been accepted, Captain Donahower returned North, reaching Minne- sota in November, and resumed his former po- sition as teller in the banking house of Edger- ton & Donahower, at St. Peter, Minnesota. He was engaged in the dry goods trade in St. Peter from 1866 until the fall of 1869, and in 1871, at its organization, he became the assist- ant cashier of the First National Bank of that city. In 1888, seventeen years later, he was elected cashier. In May, ISitO, he was appointed United States marshal for the Federal District of Minnesota, and served four years. When he The C&nluru Pubtisfuttg & Enurxivmy Co Chi&vpo- v. • BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 279 resigned us cashier of the bank at. St. Peter, the board of directors, by formal resolution, bore testimony, "to the courtesy, ability, and fidelity with which lie had discharged the du- ties of assistant cashier and cashier, during his nineteen years' service with the bank." This commendation was accompanied by an elegant silver service. Senator Davis said with reference to the Captain's appointment: "Cap- tain Donahower was a distinguished soldier and had testimonials as to his character and competency, the like of which have never be fore passed under my hands, in regard to any candidate for office." Since Captain Dona- hower left the United States marshal's office, lie has not been actively engaged in any business. He has never lost his interest in military matters. In 1883 he was com- missioned captain of Company I, Second Regiment of the Minnesota National Guard, and in April, 1887, he was commissioned lieu- tenant colonel of the Third Regiment, M. N. G., serving three years, when he resigned to become United States marshal. He is a mem her of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a Companion of the Minnesota Oommandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. He is the author of an admirable paper on the battle of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, which was read before the Loyal Legion in December, 1898, and received many compli- ments from those who heard it. Captain Don- ahower is highly esteemed and admired by flic Union veterans of the War of the Rebellion, and is also very popular as a private citizen, and has a host of friends in the community where he has resided, and is well and favorably known throughout the State. He was married, August 15, 1865, to Miss Emma R. Veitb. of Galesburg, Illinois, a native of Quincy, in that State. They have one child, a daughter, living at home. MARK I). FLOWER. Gen. Mark Deloss Flower was born at Chagrin Falls. Cuyahoga county, Ohio, March 31, 1S42. on what is known as the "Western Reserve." His father, Marcus T. C. Flower, came to Minnesota in the Territorial period of 1855, settling at Meriden, Steele county. He was the first settler in that town, and his near est neighbor was at Owatonna, twelve miles distant. He is in comfortable circumstances, and now lives a retired life in St. Paul, at the advanced age of eighty-five. M. T. G. Flower's ancestors settled in Massachusetts in 1635. His grandfather, Ozias Flower, served with credit in the War of the Revolution. A very similar ancestral record is that of Gybele Brooks, General Flower's mother. Her grand- father, Hannaniah Brooks, served three years in the Continental army, during the struggle for American independence, and her father, Gol. John Brooks, of Ohio, served with dis- tinction in the War of 1812. Mark D. Flower came to Minnesota with his parents in 1855, when he was thirteen years of age, and is therefore one of the earliest settlers in the State. In 1S57, he Mas sent to the Aurora Institute, at Aurora, Illinois. Tt was an acad- emy of high standing in those days, and he remained there until the 13th of April, 1861, the day Fort Sumter was fired upon. He would have graduated in June of that year, but the feeling of patriotism and the sense of duty were too strong within for him to remain in- active. On April 14, the day following the beginning of hostilities, he enlisted in Com- pany G, Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, I he first regiment raised in Illinois for the War of the Rebellion. When his term of enlistment in the Seventh expired, he re-enlisted for three years in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer In- fantry. He served in many of the important campaigns in Missouri. Kentucky. Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi and Alabama. In De- cember, 1863, General Sherman organized the First Brigade of Memphis (Tennessee) Enrolled Militia, consisting of four regiments of infan- try, a company of cavalry and one battery- of artillery. This force was enrolled largely from employes of the quartermaster, commissary and other departments of the Government sta- tioned there, supplemented by citizens of Mem- phis, who were liable to military service — that city being under semi-martial law. Of this force, General Sherman appointed Mr. Flower 28o BIOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Adjutant-General, with the rank of captain in said organization. The brigade was well or- ganized and equipped and was very efficient in supporting the regular forces of the Govern- ment. In repelling the raid of General Forrest, il rendered signal service, which was acknowl- edged, in special orders, by General Sherman. In July, 18(i. r >, General Flower retired from the army, having served continuously, save, for a brief period between enlistments, from April 14, 1801. His interest in political matters was first manifested, when, as a child, he attended the fervid and inspiring campaign meetings of Joshua R. Giddings and Thomas Gorwin in Ohio. He has always been a staunch Repub- lican, and cast his first vote for Lincoln, while in the army. In Minnesota he has been the warm personal friend, confidant and ally of William Windom, Horace Austin, C. K. Davis, A. R. McGill and Henry A. Castle and others, and has always fought their battles with cour- age, honor and ability. His career as a poli- tician has been honorable and trustworthy; his position on every political question has been frank, courageous and manly, and he ranks among the ablest political leaders of the State. In March. 1870. he was appointed Ad- jutant-General, by Governor Austin, to suc- ceed Gen. II. 1'. Van Clove. He served until November, 1ST."), when he resigned to engage in the grain and transportation business, lie became the owner of a steamboat and fleet of barges, which he operated on the Mississippi and tributary streams until 1877, when all his boat property wms destroyed in a cyclone on the Yellowstone river, where he was engaged on a Government transportation contract. Though he was then quite young, lie had ac- cumulated about $40,00(1 by his own exertions. As the Yellowstone country was at that time involved in war with Silting liull, no insur ance could be had, and the whole hiss fell Upon the General, leaving him a financial wreck, and returning to St. Paul, he began life anew. In 1878 he was elected chief clerk of the House of Representatives, and in 1870 he was appointed deputy collector of customs for the port of St. Paul — which position he filled with credit and ability. He was removed by President Cleveland, "lor offensive parti- sanship" (which the General considered no dishonor), and reappointed by President Har- rison as soon as he resumed the reins of gov- ernment. In 1886, President A. It. Stickney made General Flower the general claim agent of the Chicago, Great Western Railway Com pany. lie continued in that position until L890, at which time he was elected president and manager of the St. Paul Union Stockyards Company, which position he still holds. He is a member of the Commercial Club of St. Paul, a director in the St. Paul Chamber of Commerce, secretary and general manager of the South St. Paul Belt Railroad Company, a director and member of the executive com mittee of the Interstate Investment Trust, and a director of the United States Savings & Loan Company. He is president of the Great West- ern Fertilizer and Manufacturing Company, and vice-president of the Union Stock Yards I Sank. J. J. McCardy, city comptroller, says: "I have known General Flower intimately for nearly thirty years. He was the first man with whom I formed an intimate friendship upon my arrival in St. Paul, a stranger from the State of Kentucky. One peculiarity of this friendship is. that it has continued to grow stronger from that day to this. General Flower and myself are two of a quartet (the others, Capt. Henry A. Castle, now of 'Wash inglon, I). C, and Col. H. G. Hicks, of .Minneapolis), who have for twenty-one con- secutive years eaten our Thanksgiving dinners together, without a member of the quartet being absent. General Flower is a high- minded, chivalrous gentleman, and the very sold of honor. As one man has tersely put it: "Mark Flower is pure gold.' nis success in business and politics may be attributed to his dogged persistence. He is a fighter who never knows when he is whipped; pugnacious as a bull-dog when aroused, but in daily intercourse one of the most genial and companionable of men." Capt. Henry A. Castle. Auditor of the Post Office Department, Washington, I>. C, in a recent interview, said to the writer: "Gen. Mark I>. Flower combines, in a remarkable degree, the qualities which make P.IOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 281 a successful business man and a popular pub- lic character. In all the numerous official positions which he has held, his administration has been marked by intelligence, energy, in- tegrity and a conscientious devotion to the interests of State and National governments. He has known how to discharge every duty fearlessly and at the same time treat every- body who had official relations with him so courteously as to make an abiding and favor- able impression. His business career has been marked by similar qualities. In different lines of enterprise he has achieved successes which usually come only to persons who have given life-long attention to a single one of them. His activity as a Republican has always been ex- erted unselfishly and most influentially in behalf of friends whom he deemed worthy of promotion. There has scarcely been a State campaign in Minnesota for thirty years in which General Flower has not been active in effort and potential in controlling results. No one ever accused him of deserting a friend or sacrificing a principle." While stationed at Memphis, Tennessee, in October, 1864, General Flower married Miss Lena Gutherz, daughter of Henry Gutherz, and a sister of Gar! Gutherz, the noted artist. She is an accomplished and most estimable lady, whose interesting personality brightens the General's beautiful home. They have one daughter, Grace, the wife of Mr. John T. Oon- ley, of St. Paul. Mr. Conley is assistant general passenger agent for the Ghicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad Company, a man of fine character and marked business ability. ROBERT 0. DUNN. Robert C. Dunn, State Auditor of Minnesota, was born in County Tyrone. Ireland, February 14, 1855. He came to America in April, 1S70; resided with an uncle in Columbia county, Wisconsin, for a year; went to St. Louis, Mis- souri, early in 1871, and learned the printer's trade in that city; settled in Minnesota, in 1876, and established the Princeton Union, at Prince- ton, Mille Lacs county, the same year. He was married to Lydia McKenzie, of Spencer P>rook, Isanti county, in 1887. He still con- tinues to publish the Princeton Union, one of I he best weekly papers in the State. Mr. Dunn held the office of town clerk of Princeton from 1878 to 1880. He was elected, on the Repub- lican ticket, county attorney of Mille Lacs county, which position he held from 1884 to 1888. His party elected him a member of the Legislature in 1888. He was renominated in L890, and it is claimed by his friends that he was re-elected, but was counted out by a par- lisan majority of Populists and Democrals. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1892, and was an ardent sup- porter of James G. Blaine for the Presidency. He was again elected to the Legislature in 1802. Upon the expiration of his term, he was chosen as the Republican candidate for State Auditor. He was elected in 1804, and was re- elected to the same position in 1808 by the largest plurality of any candidate on the Republican State ticket. JOHN A. WILLARD. John A. Willard was born in Trenton, Oneida county, New York, November 0, 1833, and died at his home in Mankato, Minnesota, December 15, 1807. He was the son of Daniel S. and Catherine (Williams) Willard. His father was a farmer, and also a native of Oneida county, where he lived until 1867. He then removed with his family to Mankato, Minnesota, where he died in 1808, and his wife in 1875. They were the parents of seven chil- dren, of whom their son, John A., was the eldest. His family, on the paternal side, came from Weathersfield, Connecti- cut, to New York, in 1800, and its members were among the first settlers of Trenton, Oneida county. It was descended, through six generations, from Maj. Simon Willard, who landed in Boston from Hors- monden, England, in 1034, and who, in English history, traced his ancestry back to the be- ginning of the Fourteenth Century. On the maternal side, Mr. Willard's ancestors came from Wales to Philadelphia, in 1800, and soon after removed to the State of New York. Mr. Willard was educated in the public school of his native place and in an academy at Holland 282 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Patent, New York, and later in a school con- ducted by a maternal uncle, in Utica, New York. His early youth was similar to that of must farmers' boys of his day. He attended •school when he could, and spent the remainder of his time in farm work. He always had an earnest desire for a better education, but his parents, while most willing, were not aide to provide the means. When seventeen years of age, he commenced teaching district schools during the winter months and worked on the farm in the summer seasons. This he con- tinued until he was twenty years of age, when he commenced the study of law in the city of Utica, and was admitted to practice in all the courts of New York, in 1855. He then de- cided to go west and seek a location for the practice of his profession. Having a few books, and money enough to reach Minnesota, he located in Mankato, in September, 185nc incident of his administration, as indicat- ing the character of the man, may here be giv- en. One of his subordinates perpetrated a series of forgeries and defrauded the county treasury of twenty-five thousand dollars. The frauds were detected, and Mr. O'Connor forced the criminal to restore the greater part of his ill- gotten gains. Then he had him prosecuted and sent to the penitentiary. Suit was brought by the county against Mr. O'Connor and the county treasurer, to compel them to restore the balance of the missing money. Judgment was obtained against the county treasurer for six thousand dollars, but no liability or re- sponsibility was found against the clerk of the courts, and the case was decided in his favor. Then, after he had been held entirely blame- less and under no sort of obligation for the criminal acts of his subordinate, Mr. O'Connor drew his check for the money, including the amount for which judgment had been rendered against the treasurer — and thus the county did not lose a cent in the end. February 21, 1895, President Cleveland appointed Mr. O'Connor United States Marshal for the District of Minnesota, and this position he held until March 17, 1899. His duties were discharged throughout with great efficiency and universal acceptability. It was during his term as United States Marshal that the outbreak of certain lawless Chippewa Indians of the Leech Lake band occurred, resulting in what is known as the battle of Sugar Point. This in- 286 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. cident is narrated in another part of this volume, but as it was connected with the busi- ness of the United States Marshal's office, while Mr. O'Connor was the incumbent, addi- tional details may here be given. When the deputy marshals and the soldiers of the Third United States Infantry were sent to Leech Lake to arrest Puk-a-ma-ki-shik (or Hole in the Day), and the other Indians who had rescued him from the officer, Marshal O'Connor accom- panied the party. The day before the battle he visited the locality of the rebellious Indians with an interpreter, and endeavored to induce those for whom warrants had been issued to peaceably surrender. They refused, became menacing and violent, and Anally ordered the marshal away. When the expedition under Genera] Bacon went to Sugar Point, Marshal O'Connor accompanied it. A little time before the tight began, General Bacon ordered him to return to Walker on one of the small steam boats, and bring back the tents and other baggage of the soldiers, saying that the com- mand would encamp on Sugar 1'oinl for a few days. He had hardly reached the boat when the tiring began. The boat was out some dis- tance in the lake, and the Indians fired into it as long as it was within range. Several per- sons on the boat, Agent Tinker among them, were wounded; the boat was well peppered wit li shots; there was no safety anywhere, but Mi-. O'Connor rose to the occasion and ren- dered invaluable service. He visited the camp at the agency, where there were twenty sol- diers under Lieutenant Humphrey, and tried to induce the lieutenant to go with his squad to General Bacon's re-enforcement, but the lieutenant's orders would not permit this. Then he hurried to Walker, telegraphed for more help for the soldiers, prepared the boats and barges with barricades and loaded them with supplies, and hurried to the assistance of General Bacon and his sorely beset and im- perilled force, and soon rescued them. For his valuable services and good conduct generally in this affair, Marshal O'Connor was warmly commended and thanked by General Bacon in his official report, and his course received the full endorsement of his superiors and all others having any real knowledge of the circum- stances. But after the battle, and when the country was in the greatest excitement and alarm, the Marshal did not forget what he had gone to Leech lake for. He kept on his mis- sion to arrest the offending Indians, and finally secured the most of them and brought them into court, as he had been directed. It would take a bigger battle than that of Sugar Point and more Indians than five hundred to prevent "Dick" O'Connor from doing what he consid- ered to be his duty. Soon after he retired from the marshal's office, Mr. O'Connor engaged in private business affairs. He is president of the St. Paul Globe Company, and a member of the firm of O'Connor & Van Bergen, com- mission brokers of St. Paul; also of the firm of Sexton & Company, jobbers in the cigar trade. He is a member of the St. Paul Com- mercial Club, and also of the New York Demo- cratic Club, and popular in both these organizations. Mr. O'Connor is a splendid specimen of physical manhood. He is of stal- wart proportions, of athletic build and strength, and of notable appearance in any body of men. He is frank and outspoken, bluff and hearty, a despiser of shams and a hater of hypocrites. All who know him, know just where to find him. His word is as good as his bond, and his bond is as good as gold. And all who know him, know that his heart is big in proportion to its herculean frame. It has ever been touched by an appeal for charity, and a large number of his devoted friends are among the poor and unfortunate, whose advo- cate and helper he has ever been. WILLIAM 0. WILLISTON. Hon. William Chapman Williston, of Red Wing, Minnesota, is a native of South Carolina, born at Cheraw, in the county of Chesterfield, June 22, 1830. His parents were William King and Annis (Chapman) Williston, his father being a merchant of Cheraw. The financial circumstances of the family were moderate, yet William C. was enabled to obtain a sub- stantial common school education. He read h J 1 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 287 law in Chardon, Geauga county, Ohio, and, in 1854, was admitted to the bar of that State. He practiced law for about two years in Ohio, then removed to Iowa, where he remained for a few months. In 1S">7 he removed to Red Wing, and soon became established in his pro- fession; and this city has been his home con- tinuously from that date until the present time. ] titling the Civil war, however, he was absent on military duly much of the time for two years. He enlisted, in 1802, as a private in Company G of the Seventh Minnesota In- fantry Volunteers, and was discharged from the service in 18(54 with the rank of captain. Judge Williston has been a member of two law partnerships, the Hist of which was formed in 1859, when he became associated with Hon. E. T. Wilder, of Red Wing. This tirm was succeeded by another, in which Hon. O. M. Hall was the junior partner. During his pro- fessional career. Judge Williston has tilled with efficiency the offices of both city and county attorney; and has been a member of the bench of Minnesota since 1891, in which year he was appointed Judge of the District Court. He was elected in the following year, and again in 1898, and to-day enjoys the repu- tation of being a peer of the foremost judges of the State. As an all-around business law- yer, also, he ranks among the leaders of the bar of Minnesota, his success being attribut- able jointly to superior ability and an unusual capacity for thorough and continuous work. In politics the Judge is a Democrat, but con- servative in this as in all other departments of life. He is, however, a man of strong convic- tions and a deep reverence for justice, and the force of his character has been recognized and appreciated in public, as well as private, life. Judge Williston has served four years in the State Legislature, having been a member of the House of Representatives in 187.'? 4, and a Senator during the years 1876-7. Judge Williston has advanced far in Masonry, having at one time been Grand Commander of the Knights Templar of Minnesota. As tin Odd Fellow, also, he has held the position of Grand Master and Grand Representative of that order in Minnesota. In religious faith he is an Episcopalian, being a communicant of the church. On April 12, 1854, Judge Willis ton was married to Mary Eliza Canfield, of Chardon, Ohio. Four children were born to them — two boys and two girls. The sous both died in infancy; the daughters are: Mrs. John H. Rich and Mrs. L. (J. Phelps, both of whom arc residents of Red Wing. RENSSELAER D. HUBBARD. Rensselaer Dean Hubbard, of Mankato, prominent as a manufacturer and one of the strongest and most influential among the leading business men of Minnesota, was born on his father's farm in Maryland township, Otsego county, New York, De- cember 14, 1837. His father, Oliver B. Hub- bard, was born at Hartford, Connecticut, in 1800, and came with his family to Ot- sego county, New York, in 1809. His an- cestors were residents of Connecticut in Colonial times, and some of them were promi- nent characters in early history. His mother, whose maiden name was Lavinia Chase, was also a native of Connecticut, and from an old New England family, several of whose mem- bers were soldiers in the war of the Revolution. Oliver B. Hubbard was an honest, industrious farmer and a good citizen, but he was not acquisitive or thrifty, and his sons were obliged to assist in support of the family, and had to "pick up" what education they could between the intervals of farm work. His son, the subject hereof, attended the district school for several winter seasons, and later was for a few months in a select school, which was conducted by Prof. W. F. Perry, who was for many years superintendent of the public schools ;it Ann Arbor, Michigan. At the age of fifteen he went out to work, securing jobs at anything he could And. His first cash earn- ings for six months' labor on a farm amounted to fifty dollars, every cent of which he gave to his good mother. After this he worked a month for a fanner, for which he was to re- ceive eight dollars; but when he had cum 2 he sailed for California, Paul, where lie has a pleasant home, (lover- going "round the horn." The voyagers were nor McGill has been twice married. His first driven from their course by severe storms, and wife was Eliza E. Bryant, a daughter of touched the Cape Verde islands, off the coast Charles S. Bryant, A. M., a lawyer and an of Africa. They then sailed west, stopping at author of some prominence, formerly of St. Rio Janeiro, and finally reached San Fran Peter, and whose history of the Sioux War risen just 310 days after leaving New Orleans, in Minnesota is regarded as the best on the Mr. Valentine's fortunes, like those of most subject. She died in 1S77. leaving two sons, miners, varied, and soon alter the discovery named Charles II. and Robert C, and a daugh- of gold in Australia, he visited that country. ter named Lida B. McGill. The oldest son, After an eventful life of several years, he re- Capt. Charles II. McGill, served during the turned to the United Slates and located in St. Spanish war as assistant adjutant general, Paul, in the winter of 1855 and '."><>. In 1865 with the rank of captain. In 1880 Governor Mr. Valentine became heavily interested in the McGill married Mary E. Wilson, a daughter wheat and elevator business, and was man- of Dr. J. C. Wilson, of Edinborough, Pennsyl- ager of the elevators, and in fact the entire vania. By this marriage there are two sons, business of cereal buying and handling for named Wilson and Thomas McGill. The ex- Commodore Davidson for several years. His Governor is a gentleman of admirable personal success induced him to start the well-known qualities. Plain, unassuming, frank and open, Humboldt farm near St. Vincent, in 1S82, and he attracts acquaintance and admiration at one he invested quite heavily in orange groves in and the same time. He has a quiet, dignified Florida, where he spent several winters. Ap manner, but is readily accessible to all. re- predating the commercial importance of St. gardless of rank or station. He is a man of Paul, by reason of his extensive acquaintance large information and of sound ideas, a with the vast region tributary to the city, he staunch friend, and firm in his convictions. He invested largely in real estate, and built the does not know how to be a trimmer and a fine block on Wabasha street, known as the trickster, and does not care to learn. Valentine Block. Mr. Valentine served as alderman of the city for three years, and was . captain of Company <>, Sixth Minnesota In- fantry Volunteers, until January, 1863, when 1IVXIFI H VALENTINE '"' , '*' s ig |1,,, l and returned to St. Paul. Up to the time of his death Mr. Valentine was an Daniel Hillman Valentine was born in Cin- active, energetic business man. and an up- cinnati, Ohio, February l(i, 1SH7, and died in right, conscientious and progressive citizen. St. Paul, May 15, 1890. He was the son of His many years' experience among men in Charles and Alice (Woodmansee) Valentine, distant and rapidly improving portions of the who were both natives of New Jersey. After world, gave him a knowledge of life which was attending the common schools of his native of incalculable value to him as a business man. place, he took a course at Woodford College, In 1858 .Mr. Valentine married Miss Amelia in the same city. After leaving college he re- E. Meissner, who was a native of Pennsylvania, mained in Cincinnati until 1S4S, when he went but a resident of Cincinnati at the time of their to New Orleans and found employment as a marriage. To them were born two sons and teacher. He was taught the French language three daughters: Charles, Daniel F., Amelia. by a Catholic priest, anil then took a position Edith and Helen, (hie of the early settlers as tutor in a French family, giving the chil- of St. Paul, who was a member of Captain dreii instruction in the English branches. Valentine's company during the war of the Upon the discovery of gold in California he Rebellion, says of him: The Century Publishing & Engraving Co Chicago- ^r/LtA^u^--' P.IOGRAPnY OF MINNESOTA. 293 "Being a member of Captain Valentine's company in the Sixth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, during his entire service, I had ample opportunity to become acquainted with his personality and to judge of him as a soldier and a man. He was in active service alum! two years, when he resigned on account of ill health. He participated with his regiment in the battles of Birch Coolie and Wood Lake, Minnesota, and in the march and battles of the campaign to the Missouri river in 1862 and '<;::. In this campaign the total distance marched was 1,600 miles, besides fighting three or four battles. Captain Valentine was a man of but few words. Though exacting and strict iu discipline, he was not a martinet, but was perfectly just to his men. lie took the same rations and discomforts and dangers that fell to the lot of the enlisted men. He was ex ceedingly courageous and possessed of the greatest amount of endurance. A man of the strictest integrity and high moral character, he will long be remembered among the sturdy pioneers who were identified with the early history of the city of St. Paul." THOMAS CANTY. Judge Thomas Canty, of Minneapolis, was born in the city of London, April i'~>. 1854, of Irish ancestry on both sides. His father, Jeremiah Canty, and his mother, whose maiden name was Anna Stanton, were both natives of the County Kerry, in the Emerald Isle. His paternal grandfather, Thomas Canty, from whom he was named, was at one time a well-to-do Irish farmer; but the sore famine of 1848 impoverished him, as it did many others, and the children were forced to go abroad. Jeremiah went to London, and here, while in humble but honorable service, he met Anna Stanton, another fugitive from the famine, and married her. In 1856, Jere- miah Canty came, with his family, to the United States, settling in Detroit. .Subse- quently he lived at Lodi, Wisconsin; in Clay- ton county. Iowa, and finally he purchased and settled on a farm in Monona, Iowa, and here he died in 1S74, leaving a distressed widow with seven children. Jeremiah Canty, though poor, was honest, industrious, bore a good name, and was at all times desirous of the welfare of his family. He kept his children in the public schools when he could, and his son Thomas was an apt and precocious pupil. But after he was nine years of age, the boy had to assist his father, and could attend school only a few months each winter. But he was bright, ambitious and industrious, and spent all his spare time with his books. He became a good scholar for a lad of his years, and was especially proficient in mathematics. When he was but thirteen years of age, there was a controversy between his father and the owner of the land on which he was a tenant, in re- gard to the amount of the rent that ought to be paid. The point in dispute was as to the area of the land occupied, and it was agreed that the farm should be surveyed. Thomas, in his examination of the surveyor's figures, found a big error in them, and at once setting out, he walked fourteeu miles through a snow- storm to the surveyor's house and had the mistake corrected. As the result he saved his father sixty dollars and prevented a law-suit. When he was but a boy, he selected his future vocation. His good mother, a woman of a practical turn of mind, noted that the boy was "handy with tools," and wanted him to become a blacksmith — a calling for which his stout physique seemed to adapt him — but Thomas always insisted that he intended to be a law- yer. When he was but fifteen, he passed a thorough examination in Clayton county, Iowa, and received a teacher's first-class cer- tificate, allowing him to teach in the public schools of the county, but, of course, so young a boy could not get a position. He was not discouraged, but in the intervals between his hours of hard work, kept up his studies, mas- tering everything he attempted. In 1ST2, at the age of eighteen, he left the humble family homestead and set out for the South, where he hoped to find a position as teacher. He had but little money, and when he reached Carbondale, a coal-mining town in Southern Illinois, he found himself penniless and friend- less. Luckily he secured a job, even though it involved working sixteen hours a day, ami driving a refractory mule — the motive power of a machine employed in hoisting the laden 294 lilooKAl'IIY ()K MINNESOTA. buckets out of a coal shaft. At this work he earned enough money to take him to Texas. He taught school in the Lone Star State for four years, in the meantime keeping up his studies and applying himself so diligently that he secured a better education than the average college course would have given him. Mean- while his father died, and the faithful son went back In the Lowa farm, to help his mother take care of the family. He worked hard on the farm for two years, and now began to employ his spare time in the study of law. There were crop failures, and other disasters, and debts accumulated on the farm. These debts young Canty assumed as his personal obligations. He was determined to pay them, but was just as determined not to pay them out of the "profits" of farming. In a contest for the position of principal of a high school, which paid a good salary, this self-taught young man defeated two college graduates, one of Har- vard and the other of the University of Wis- consin. Out of his first year's earnings he paid a thousand dollars of his debts, and easily obtained an extension of tin n the balance, which he subsequently paid. Ilis private study of law became so extended that in the spring of L880 lie concluded to ^o to Dakota, then a Territory, and engage in the practice. He went to Grand Forks, but did not like the situation; whereupon he came to Minneapolis, and. on the 1st of October, entered the law office of Hon. Seagrave Smith, and was ad- mitted to the bar in February following. The city was full of lawyers, many of them long established, of wide reputation, and of emi- nence in the profession. He was young, in- experienced, unknown, and so poor that for some time he was obliged to keep "bachelor's hall," or board himself. Hut very soon he was on the high-road to success, for in law, as in nature, the fittest survive and rise. His fust case was a contest over the title to a tract of land near Lake .Minnetonka, which had been lost by two prominent attorneys. Canty re- opened the case, adopted a new line of defense, and won his cause. This success gave him a reputation, and other business followed, so that he was soon actively engaged, and had no lime to cook his own meals. A notable series of cases which he won and which attracted public attention, were those of certain em- ployes against the contractors engaged in opening Sixth avenue, north. Fourteen able lawyers were against him. but he won every case. The cases were carried to the Supreme Court, where Mr. Canty won every fight. He came rapidly into local distinction as one who knew (In- law and how to try a case. At the time of a noted strike among the street car employes of Minneapolis, he won great reputa- tion and popular favor, especially among the winking people, by his successful resistance of the action of the municipal court in sen- tencing to the workhouse certain men who had been convicted of unlawful conduct during the strike, but who, he claimed, were entirely in- nocent. He took these men out of jail by that sublime measure born of American liberty, the habeas corpus, carried their cases before the District Court, and secured their release. The working people, always grateful for the serv- ices of a friend, came to have an opportunity of rewarding their champion i he next year, and they did mil let it pass. -Indue Canty was a Republican until after the passage of the Mc- Kinley high tariff bill, in 1890. His first vote was cast for the Hayes and Wheeler electors in lslli. but he has never believed that they were fairly elected. Tn local politics he was always independent, and voted for those he believed to be the best men. He had taken some interest in politics, but was besl known as a sound lawyer of a judicial bent, and was very popular personally throughout the city. His public renunciation of the Republican party, in the summer of 1890, created some- thing of a sensation. The next fall, the Democrats, then in a hopeless minority in Minneapolis, nominated him for one of the Dis- trict Court Judges of Hennepin county, and he was elected for a term of six years. Judge Canty's record on the District Bench was that of a careful, painstaking and efficient jurist. and lure lie won the reputation which made him a Judge of the State Supreme Court. Tn the latter eminent position, he has further dis- tinguished himself. Some of his opinions have Th& &ntury Pubustiiitp &. EnyrQvtuj Co Chicago- ^ biography of Minnesota. 295 become established authorities upon original propositions and arc much cited. Ho wrote the opinion of the court in the cause celebre, en- titled Stevenson vs. The Great Northern Rail- way Company (69 .Minn. Rep., :?58; 72 N. W. Rep.. 713), decided in October, 1807, and the authorship of this opinion would alone make any man famous. The ablest and most astute attorneys of the Northwest argued this case. Judge Canty's opinion, while elaborate and ex- haustive, so as to cover the entire ground, was invaluable to the people and an unassailable exposition of the law. It fixed the status of the State Railroad Commission as an authority to be obeyed and respected, and laid down cer- tain principles to be observed in the regulation of railway charges, which must prove of last- ing benefit to the Commonwealth. Tn 1898 Judge Canty was the candidate of the Demo- cratic and Feople's parties of the State for re- election, but he and his learned and able Democratic associates. Judges Mitchell and Buck, were defeated by the Republican nomi- nees, although Judge Canty ran several thou- sand votes ahead of his ticket, not including its head. Although a bachelor. Judge Canty is well known socially, and has hosts of warm personal friends. He has attained the thirty- second degree. Scottish Rite Mason, and is a Mystic Shriner. He is a member of the Odd Fellows and of the order of Elks. His integrity and uprightness as a man have never been questioned, and he has a good name, which is better than riches. JOHN 0. WISE. Hon. John Claggett Wise, of Mankato, the oldest newspaper man in Minnesota in the particular of long and continuous service, and the founder and present ed- itor and proprietor of the Mankato Review, is a native of Maryland, born at Hagers- town, September 4. 1834. His parents were Richard and Sarah (Cline) Wise, both na- tive Marylanders. His father was of Scotch Irish descent, an industrious, prosperous citi- zen, well known, and held in esteem in the community where he spent his long and useful life. He died at his home in Hagerstown, at the advanced age of ninety-one years. His family consisted of nine children — six sons and three daughters — John C. being the fifth child and second son. Mr. Wise has been a printer from boyhood. Leaving the Hagerstown Acad emy at the age of thirteen, he entered a print- ing office as an apprentice, serving four yens. At seventeen he went to Baltimore and worked as a "jour"' on different papers for nearly a year. He then returned to Hagerstown and purchased and published a country newspaper called the Clear Spring Whig. The paper warmly supported General Scott, the Whig candidate for President, in 1852, while its ed- itor lacked three years of being old enough to vote. At the close of the unsuccessful cam- paign, .Mr. Wise sold his newspaper and went to Washington City and worked in the office of the Congressional Globe for a year. He then went to Cincinnati and worked in the different newspaper offices of the city for about eighteen months. He was what was known in the old days of hand type-setting as a "fast" compositor and a correct one. always had a long "string" and earned good wages. From Cincinnati he returned to Washington and was chief make-up of the imposing room of the Congressional Globe until in the spring of 1855. At this period the old-time Democratic party was in full power, the country was at peace and prosperous, and the Northwest was being developed. A company was formed in Washington to lay out and build the city of Superior, Wisconsin. Its members were W. W. Corcoran, the renowned old banker of Washington; Henry M. Rice of Minnesota; John W. Forney, and General Dawson, of Pennsylvania; John C. Breckinridge and Sen at or Beck, of Kentucky; Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, and many other distinguished pub- lic men, among them several Southern Sen ators. They induced Mr. Wise and another young man named Washington Ashton to es- tablish a newspaper at Superior. Wise and Ashton purchased a printing plant in Phila- delphia and in due time established and issued the Superior Chronicle, the first newspaper 296 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. printed at the head of Lake Superior. The printing office was in a log building, one of the first structures built in the place. Wise and Asliton published the Chronicle for liner years, during which time Superior grew from a village with a population of less than 300 to a city of more than 3,000 people. In 1858, when the effects of the financial panic came with disastrous force upon the country, Mr. Wise disposed of his interests in Superior, re- turned to Washington and again went to work in the Congressional Globe office. In the spring of 1S59 he removed to Mankato and established the Mankato Record, a Democratic weekly. In 1800 he started the Semi-Weekly Record, the first twice-a-w ? eek paper in the State outside of St. Raul. lie sold the Record, in the fall of 1808, to Orville Brown, who changed its political character to a Republican journal; afterwards it was merged into the Mankato Free Press. In the spring of 1869, in company with Mr. E. C. Payne, he started the Mankato Review, becoming sole proprietor and editor the following year. In 1883 his sons, Charles E. and John C. Jr., were associated with him. In 1892 they started the Daily Review, and since have published both a daily and weekly edition. The Review is a strong, well made- up journal, of real influence, and has always had a large circulation and a profitable patron- age generally. It is commonly believed that the country papers are the only truly inde- pendent journals of the day. They are not controlled by outside corporations and com- bined interests, and say what they really be- lieve uninfluenced by powers behind them and not dictated to by some one with a "cinch" upon them. The Mankato Review is a model paper of this class. During his long resi- dence in .Mankato, no other man has come to stand higher in the general esteem of his fellow citizens than John 0. Wise. They have always given him their confidence and tie quently honored him. At the time of the vil- lage incorporation of Mankato he was a member of the first council. For six years he was a member of the board of education and its president one year. In 1867 Governor Mar shall selected him as one of ;i committee for the relief of the settlers of the southwestern portion of the State who had been ruined by hailstorms, and in 1873 Governor Davis ap- pointed him a commissioner of the State to relieve the grasshopper sufferers, lie was one of the original trustees and directors of Tour- tellotte Hospital, superintending its construc- tion, and one of the incorporators of the Mankato Board of Trade. In the latter organi- zation he was for twenty six years continuously a director and was president for one term. When the Whig party dissolved, Mr. Wise be- came a Democrat, and has steadfastly contin- ued in the faith throughout tempest and sunshine, through success and adversity. He was a delegate to the Baltimore convention that nominated Horace Greeley, in 1872, and in 1884 was a delegate to the Chicago convention that nominated Cleveland and Hendricks and was a member of the committee that made a platform of principles which the voters of the country endorsed at the November election fol- lowing. In 1885, and again in 1894. he was appointed, by President Cleveland, postmaster of Mankato, the only Federal office he has ever held. Mr. Wise was married in September, L857, at Clear Spring, Washington county, Maryland, to Miss Amanda Flory, a daughter of Daniel Flory, a merchant and hotel keeper of Clear Spring. Mrs. Wise died in Mankato, in January. 1885. Mr. Wise's family consists of five children. His two sons. Charles E. and John C. Jr., are connected with their father in tlie publication of the Daily and Weekly Re- view. His daughters are: Katherine. now Mrs. Edgar Weaver; Nellie E., living at the faiuilv home; and Florv, a teacher in Duluth. JABEZ A. BRANT. Like many of those who have attained to prominence in the business world, Jabez An- derson Brant, of Minneapolis, was born on a farm and had seventeen years of farm life before commencing the more varied and hazardous ventures thai make or mar the furl unes of men. He was born at Berlin. Pennsylvania, September 4, 1845. His The, Wntuty PubUshaup A Cm/mvmj Co Clucaya- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 297 father, John J. Brant, was also a native of the Keystone State, born August 15, 1818, and alternated between the farm and the store, leaving at times the pursuit of agriculture for ventures in merchandising. He left his native State,in ISO", and removed to Illinois to engage in farming, and died December 28, 1SS7. Jabez A. Brant's early educational advantages were such as are commonly given by the public schools of Pennsylvania, supplemented by pri- vate schools at his home and in Maryland, where he fitted himself for teaching. As teach- er and student, he attained a good education, with which he commenced his business life. In 1807 and 1808 he was engaged in mercantile business at Lonaconing, Maryland. The follow- ing year lie went to Illinois, where for one year he resumed his vocation as feather. In the fall of 180!) inducements were offered him to engage in the insurance business, to which he was well adapted. He then located at Pleasant Hill, Missouri. After four years of successful work he changed his location, in 1873, to Ot- tawa, Kansas, and subsequently to Dubuque, Iowa He developed rapidly in the business. His judgment was respected, and his capacity for field work and as an adjuster were recog- nized by the higher officials. His quick percep- tion of the varied hazards and the application of equitable ratings was appreciated, and his service became desirable. He was placed in full charge of an inspection and rating bureau at Dubuque, in January. 1884, which covered a large district in northeastern Iowa and north- ern Illinois. He continued in this service until January, 1893, when lie was appointed to a supervisorship that controlled the special in- ti rests of companies at Milwaukee. Wisconsin. After completing his work under this special charge with gratifying success, he removed to Minneapolis, called there by an appointment as manager and inspector for the Minneapolis Underwriters' Association, with headquarters in the New York Life building in that city. During the War of the Rebellion Mr. Brant was assigned to duty as a civilian in the ca- pacity of an engineer, attached to the Fifteenth New York Regiment of Engineers. Mr. Brant was married to Miss Minnie J. Clothier of New York at Carthage, Missouri, on May 20, 1892. He is a member of the Minneapolis Mounted Commandery, No. 28, Knights Templar; Zurah Temple of the Mystic Shrine; is a thirty-second degree Mason, and has membership in the Com- mercial Club of Minneapolis. Mr. and Mrs. Brant worship in the Westminster Presbyte- rian church. Mr. Brant, in the discharge of the duties assigned to him, has traveled exten- sively in the West, and has made a large and valued acquaintance. In politics he has always been a Republican, and he takes a lively inter- est in the affairs that mark the progress and prosperity of the community in which he re- sides, and bears with an inspiring cheerfulness his full share of the public burdens. In a vig- orous manhood, and with a thorough knowl- edge of all the intricate questions pertaining to insurance, he is well fitted for a life of use- fulness and prosperity. His chosen field in the business of insurance is full of opportunity for tlie employment of business ability and sterling integrity that characterize his life. ROBERT H. PATTERSON. Robert H Patterson, a prominent business man of Minneapolis, was the sixth of a family of eight children, five of whom are living. He is a native of the State of Ohio, and was born in the city of Athens, in the county of the same name. His father, John Patterson, was born in the year 180!), in Washington county, Penn- sylvania, and lived to the age of sixty-five years, dying in 1874. The education of Robert was begun in the public schools of Ohio. He was able to go to school during the winter sea son only, being employed at farming in the summer. Later he was enabled to enter an academy in his native town, where he attended two terms. He then entered the Ohio Univer- sity at Athens, attending that institution for one year. Aftei completing his studies, he vis- ited what was then the West — Illinois and Iowa. He taught school for a year and a half in Towa. but his tastes inclined him to a com mercial life, and accordingly, in 1870. lie went to work in the capacity of an employe under 298 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. his brother, who had organized a wholesale boot and shot' house at Chillicothe, Ohio, under the firm name of .Miller. Patterson & Company. He remained with this house for eighl years, beginning with the modest salary of fifty dol- lars per month, and gradually working up. By virtue of his natural thrift and economical hah its, he succeeded in saving during that time the sum of $5,000. With this hard earned accumu- lation he organized a hat and cap business in the same town, taking in a partner. He con- tinued in this business for about six years, when he sold out and removed to Minneapolis, in February. 1884. He took in as a partner James Chestnut, and established a business at No. 204 Nicollet avenue. In 1887 Mr. Chestnut sold out his interest in the firm to a Mr. Dick iuson, who came from Cincinnati. Ohio. Mr. Patterson continued in partnership with Mr. Dickinson for four years, when he again changed partners, Mr. Dickinson giving place to Mr. Stevenson, with whom he has been asso- ciated ever since, under the firm name of Pat- terson & Stevenson. They have built up an enormous trade in hats, caps, gloves and furs. their house having the reputation of being one of the largesl jobbing hat and cap firms in the Northwest. A large measure of Mr. Patter- son's success is due to the fact thai he is a man of systematic habits in business, having a place for everything and keeping everything in its place. As a result of his methodical hab- its, the smallest details of his business are not neglected, but receive their due attention. He is a modest, unassuming gentleman, not given to ostentation. He has a warm place in the hearts of his numerous friends, many of whom have been on intimate terms with him. either in business or social relations, for many years. Mr. Patterson has been twice married. His first wife, to whom he was united June 15, lS7."i. was Miss Estelle De Voss. of Greenfield, Ohio. She passed away July 4. 1884. On May 15, 1890. he was married to Miss Lavenia De Voss, also of Greenfield. Mr. and Mrs. Patter- son reside on Park avenue, where they take pleasure in entertaining their many friends. In politics Mr. Patterson affiliates with the Re- publicans, although he has never sought any political position, lie has been a member of the Westminster Presbyterian church, Minne- apolis, for fifteen years; also a member of the Commercial Club and Board of Trade. JOSEPn R. \Y ATKINS. Joseph Ray Watkins, of Winona, comes from a family of Welsh descent which has lived in America for more than two hundred years. The great-grandfather, Tobias Watkins, was born in New Jersey in the early part of the Eighteenth Century, and during the Revolu- tionary War took contracts for furnishing beef to the army. James Watkins, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was also a native of New Jersey. In 1800 he made the journey westward with an ox-team, crossed the moun- tains of Pennsylvania, and became one of those sturdy pioneers who opened up the greal State of Ohio, lie was one of the tirst settlers in the western part of the State, and located on what was known as the Sims' pur- chase, at a point then called Fort Washington, where the city of Cincinnati now stands. He look an active part in the development of that region. By trade he was a blacksmith, and brought from New Jersey the first nail cutting machine taken west of the Allegheny moun- tains, in Pennsylvania. The anvil of .lames Watkins is still in the family, and will be handed down to future generations. -1. R. Wat kins was born at Cincinnati, August 21, 1S40. the son of the Rev. Benjamin Utter ami Sophronia (Keeler) Watkins. The father con tinned his ministerial life in Ohio until 1862, when he came to Minnesota, where he re- sided nearly twenty years. Me then moved to the State of Missouri, where he died. The mother was born on the shore of Lake Cham- plain, and came of a family that settled in the northern part of the Empire State during pioneer days. The subject of this sketch was reared in the State of his nativity and was educated at College Hill. Ohio. In 1862 he accompanied his father's family to Minnesota, and became a resident of Stearns county, where soon after they were subject to many BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 299 hardships brought on by the Indian War. Mr. Wat kins was married in 1868 to Miss Mary Ellen Heberling, a native of Ohio. They have one daughter, Grace Eleanore. In 1868 Mr. Wat kins secured from Richard Ward, of Cin- cinnati, the right to manufacture and sell his remedies, and later bought out Mr. Ward's entire business. This was the beginning of what has proven to be one of the largest medi- cine and extract business houses in the United States. Starting with comparatively small re- sources, Mr. Watkins has, through persistent effort and aggressive business methods, in- n-eased the dimensions of his business to such a degree that he now has a traveling force of two hundred aud fifty men, probably selling more goods at retail in this line than any con- cern in the country. Mr. Watkins has been a resident of Winona since 1S85. In 18!)0, in order to meet the demands of his increasing trade, he erected a large, substantial brick building, and in the spring of 1894 completed an addition larger than the original building, complete in all its appointments, forming one of the best equipped laboratories to be found anywhere. The organization of which he is the head, now bears the name of J. R. Watkins Medical Com- pany, with a capital stock of five hundred thou- sand dollars. While Mr. Watkins has never been active in a public capacity, he is a man who is always alive to the interests of the com- munity. He has just given evidence of his faith in (lie future growth and development of Winona by the investment of large sums of money in various enterprises. Most laudable among these was his establishment, two years ago, of the Winona Morning Independent. At that time Winona was one of only three cities of its size in the United States that had no morning paper, and Mr. Watkins, recognizing the demands of the community, especially for war news at that time, and its unusually broad held, invested large sums of money in provid- ing an equipment that is modern and complete in every respect, including web-perfecting press, type-setting machines, stereotyping out- fits, etc., with which to carry on the work. This has resulted in the building up of the largest daily newspaper in southern Minnesota, its circulation covering the city of Winona fully, and reaching some sixty adjoining cities, towns and villages. MARSHALL B. WEBBER. The life history of Marshall Bailey Web- ber, of Winona, which covers nearly half a century, belongs in nearly equal portions to the two neighbor States of Wiscon- sin and Minnesota. By birth, education and experience, he is a true son of the Northwest; but genealogical records show him to be connected, through a long line of New Englanders, with a remote ancestry in the mother country. Early Webbers, crossing to 011 1- shores, figured in the colonial history of .Massachusetts, and both the grandfather and father of Marshall B. were natives of the old Bay State. The grandfather, Loren Webber, was a Baptist of the strictest Puritan type, and governed his household in consistency with his faith. His son Samuel, father of our sub- ject, was born July 11, 1822, in Holland, Hamp- ton county, Massachusetts, grew to manhood in his native State, and was for three years employed in a cotton factory in the town of Sturbridge. In 1837 he came to Wiscon- sin with his father, who then secured a large tract of Government land for farming purposes. They settled upon it, in Raymond township, Racine county, and for years father and son labored together upon the virgin soil. January 1, 1885, the senior Webber died, at the extreme age of ninety-four years. The maternal grandfather of Marshall B. Webber was Jonathan Bailey, a New Hampshire farm- er and school-teacher, who figured as an ardent Whig in the early politics of the Granite State. In 1841 he, also, emigrated to Racine county, Wisconsin, with his family, which consisted of a wife and four children. On October 2, L842, one of these children, Sabra Amelia Bailey, was married to Samuel Webber, and on August 2, 1850, the subject of this sketch was born. Marshall B. Webber lived, to the age of eighteen, upon the home farm, which was a section of the original tract taken up by his 300 MIOCRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. grandfather, and which was cultivated by his father until recent years. Samuel Webber, who now lives in Racine, Wisconsin, is the oldest resident of his county, and widely known as an influential and public-spirited cit- izen. Marshall B. acquired an elementary education in his native town of Raymond, which he later supplemented by a high school course at Racine. After finishing at the high school, he did two years of preparatory work in a private seminary, then went to Michigan and matriculated at Hillsdale College. He graduated from that institution in 1S75, and in the following autumn came to live in Wi- nona, Minnesota. He entered the office of Hon. W. II. Yale as a student, and after reading law for about two years was admitted, in the fall of 1877, to the bar of Winona county. He became associated in a partnership with Gov- ernor Yale, which was discontinued two years later on the election of Mr. Webber to the office of prosecuting State's attorney. After the expiration of his two years' term of service as prosecuting attorney, he pursued an inde- pendent practice until 1895, in the autumn of which year he entered into partnership with Edward Lees, thus forming the present well- known firm of Webber & Lees. Mr. Webber's professional career has, from its beginning, been characterized by a gratifying freedom from reverses. Alike in his partnerships and as an individual practitioner, he has prospered, not in any phenomenal way, but by "slow and sure" progression, until to-day he is recognized by the city of Winona as one of the leading members of her bar and the State. For many years he has played a prominent part in the litigation of the great bulk of important civil causes in southern Minnesota, and as a trial lawyer in cases of a corporate character he has had large experience and signal success. Mr. Webber is at present counsel for both the Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy railroads. In politics, al- though never controlled solely by partisan sentiment, Mr. Webber has been always identi- fied with the Republican party. He has no political history in the sense of office holding, but has always held a prominent place in the councils of his party, being for several years a member of the State Central Committee. His time and energies have been very largely ab- sorbed by his professional work. He belongs to the order of Knights of Pythias, and has occupied all the chairs of Winona Lodge No. 21, of which he is one of the oldest members, lie belongs, also, to the order of the Good Samaritan, and is a member of the Meadow Brook Golf Club, and interested in healthy athletic sports of all kinds. On January 2, 1879, Mr. Webber was married to Miss Allies M. Robertson, of Hillsdale, Michigan. Mr. and .Mis. Webber are regular attendants at St. Paul's Episcopal church of Winona, prominent in social circles, and both in church-directed philanthropy and in secular enterprise Mr. Webber is loyal in his support of worthy and progressive measures. REUBEN REYNOLDS. The late Judge Reuben Reynolds, of Crookston, was a native of New York State, born at Covington, Gonessee county, April 25, 1821. He was educated in the Empire State, and prepared for the minis- try, being ordained in the Methodist-Epis- copal faith. Subsequently, however, he preached for a number of years as an Uni- tarian. His residence in .Minnesota dates from IS."."), in which year he came to the State and located at Rochester, having meantime relin- quished the clerical in favor of the legal pro- fession. He resided in Rochester for fifteen years, during which time he served one term as clerk of the District Court and two terms as judge of the Probate Court of Olmstead county. During the Civil War he held, also, a public office connected with that of the pro- vost marshal. In 1870 he came to northern Minnesota, locating at Alexandria, where he became associated in legal practice with Hon. Knute Nelson. In 1872 he took up his resi- dence in Detroit, Becker county, having pre- viously, and after leaving Alexandria, lived for a short time in Otter Tail county. In De 1 troit, where he remained for four years, he m~ >^2-< BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 301 tilled the post of receiver in the local United States land office. From Detroit he removed to Minneapolis, where he practiced his profes- sion as one of the members of a law partner- ship, doing duty, also, as special judge of the municipal court. In 1879, having received from Judge Stearns the appointment of clerk of court for Folk county, he settled in Orookston, where lie resided continuously for the remain- der of his life. In connection with William M. Walts, Esq., Judge Reynolds practiced his profession for four years at Orookston, partici- pating, it is said, in the trial of the first case ever decided by a District Oourt in the county. As soon as an associate justice was permitted for the district, he was appointed to that office, in which he was still serving when attacked by the painful disorder which eventually ended his life. His death occurred on March 8, 1889, after ten years of residence in Orookston. He was sixty-eight years of age at the time of his decease, and was lamented by the community at huge, having been much appreciated for the abilities and virtues made manifest in every department of his active life. Always a loyal Republican, Judge Reynolds was a zealous and efficient campaigner during the many years of his residence in Minnesota. At the time of the Ku Klux "reign of terror" in Arkansas, the Judge, undaunted, pursued his stump work for General Grant even into the most perilous localities. He possessed the gift of ready speech, his style being simple and direct, but forceful and most convincing. To his tireless efforts, Hon. Knute Nelson, United States Sen- ator from Minnesota, was largely indebted for his first election to Congress, Judge Reynolds being, in his case, actuated less by party senti- ment than sincere regard for the character of the man. In behalf of early settlers in Polk county. Judge Reynolds labored disinterestedly in the matter of land indemnity; and to the cause of temperance, always and everywhere, he was a consecrated devotee. Judge Reynolds was eminently adapted to the judicial fund ion by the very order of his mentality, which was far-seeing, cautious, discriminating. He was an excellent judge; but he was more and bet- ter than a judge; he was a man of high ideals and earnest and true convictions. He lived upon a high plane, toiling for the good of the State, the Nation and humanity. In the year 1844, at La Monte, Michigan, Reuben Reynolds was married to Lucia A. Tucker, of Vermont. Eight children were born of their union, four of whom are now living. The two daughters are: Mrs. L. D. Daggett of San Antonio, Texas, and Mrs. Minnie Ellis, who resides in Califor- nia. The two sons are George H. and Fred, both lawyers, the former at St. Cloud, the lat- ter at Duluth, Minnesota. JAMES GILFILLAN. The Hon. James Gilfillan, for twenty years Thief Justice of the Supreme Court of Minne- sota, was born at Bannockburn, in Sterling- shire, Scotland, March 9, 1829, and died, at his home in St. Paul, Minnesota, December 1G, 1894. W^hile he was yet an infant his parents removed to the United States and he was reared to young manhood in Oneida county, New York. He studied law in Chenango coun- ty, and at the law school of Rallston Spa, and was admitted to the bar at Albany, in Decem- ber, 1850. He then went to Buffalo, and con- tinued a course of legal study and training for some time, so that he did not begin the active practice of his chosen profession until 1853. lie attained to his profession by hard work and under adverse circumstances. Early in young manhood he learned the trade of car- riage painter, in which he became very profi- cient. He even produced some very creditable specimens of portrait work. The money that enabled him to complete his law studies was earned by painting pianos. In 1S57 he settled in St. Paul, opened a law office, and formed a partnership with his brother, Hon. Charles D. Gilfillan, and soon had a remunerative prac- tice. The War of the Rebellion dissolved the partnership. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Onion army, and September 1, following, lie was commissioned captain of Company H, Seventh Minnesota Infantry. The first year of his military experience was spent in service against the Indians, under General Sibley. He 302 P.IOORAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. was in the battle of Wood lake, and in the bat- tles of the Sibley expedition into Dakota in 1868. Going South with his regiment in the fall of 1863, he was in active service in Mis- souri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi, until September 7, ism, when he was commis- sioned colonel of the Eleventh Minnesota In fantry. He was in command of his regiment in Tennessee from November, 1864, until June 26, 1865, when, the war having closed, he was mustered out. He was an excellent officer — not showy or demonstrative, but always cool and collected, intelligent and faithful in the per- formance of his duty, and of calm, sturdy, and unshaken courage. After the close of the war he returned to St. Paul and resumed the prac- tice of his profession. In July, 1869, a vacancy on the Supreme Bench having been created by the resignation of Chief Justice Thomas Wil son, Governor Marshall, his former regimental commander in the Seventh Minnesota, ap- pointed him to the position, which he held until January, 1870. In March, L875, Chief Jus- tice McMillin (who had been elected United States Senator) resigned, and Judge Gilfillan was again appointed to the vacancy, this time by Governor Davis. In November following he was elected by the people, and he served, by re-election, continuously until his death, in December, 1894. He was a jurist of a very high order, profound in his knowledge of the law and clear in its exposition. His opinions and decisions, voluminous as they are, cover the held of jurisprudence and are regarded as fully exhaustive and cpioted as highly authori- tative on the questions decided. Like their author, they are dignified, yet plain; positive, but fair; established by reason, and grounded in justice. Upon his death the public press teemed with tributes to his memory. One of his friends, a former judge of the Supreme Court, wrote: "In the death of Chief Justice James Gil- fillan the bench of Minnesota loses its most impressive figure, the State its most distin- guished jurist. He was a lawyer of sound and accurate learning, of excellent judgment, of un- questioned probity. His talents were those of a safe adviser and counselor rather than of a successful advocate. Hence he was regarded, by those who knew him best, as specially fitted for the bench, for the duties of which he was thoroughly equipped, both by tempera- ment and experience. He came West in the early migration of young Eastern men, who believed in the future of the new world. It never occurred to him that wide culture and high character would be out of place in the young and vigorous communities that were to transform the prairie wildernesses into splen- did Commonwealths. He never found books and scholarship alien to tin 1 region in which indus- trial and commercial activity were the chief oc- cupations of a struggling and eager people; nor a high sense of moral obligation and public duty incompatible with the legal profession. Promoted to the Supreme Bench by Governor Marshall, he served a generation of men, ably, wisely, honestly, and had he survived a few weeks longer, would have retired from public life through the expiration of his term, leaving a noble record and example for all who shall come after him. Keen, clear, rigorous, Judge Gilfillan was always courteous, considerate, and, above all, just. Neither politics nor per- sonal considerations ever influenced his judi- cial conduct, nor was he ever swayed by any private inducement in the performance of his public duties. Clamor would have disturbed him less than the passing wind. Favoritism was alien to his presence. No one could pre- dict in advance of testimony what his decision would be; the presence of this or that attorney in a case was not tantamount to a judgment. He had no personal interests to promote out- side his court or by collusion or understanding within it. The lesson which Judge Giltillan's life teaches is that character is the greatest human achievement. It is a larger fact than genius, and about as rare a phenomenon as greatness, and neither are as common factors in busi- ness and professional life as they ought to be. In the best and truest sense Judge Gilfillan was a man of character. What he was he became by the inherent force of his own manhood. * * * It were worthy of the highest cour- age, the extremest sacrifice, the uttermost de- votion to high ideals to win and leave behind the distinction, the fair name and high repute of a Gilfillan." After the death of the old Whig party Judge Gilfillan was always a Republican in politics, but never an active partisan. Personally he was of quiet and unassuming manners, and the nobilities of his character were only to be IWOOKAl'llY OF MINNESOTA. 303 learned by personal contact with him. Those who knew him best esteemed him most. He was a consistent member of the Episcopal church, belonged to the military order of the Loyal Legion, and he had a host of personal admirers and friends. Judge Gilfillan was mar ried June 4, 1867, to Miss Martha McMasters, daughter of Rev. Dr. S. V. McMasters, an emi- nent divine and scholar, who was at one time rector of Christ Episcopal church of St. Paul, and who died in 1875. By this marriage there were seven children, viz.: James S. ; Kather ine, now Mrs. Samuel Gilbert, of New York; Mary, now residing in New York; Caroline, now Mrs. Trevor McClurg, of St. Paul; Perry, Martha and Russell. The last named is de- ceased. Judge ('ant is a Republican. lie is a member of the Masonic fraternity, of the Knights of Pythias, and of the Royal Arcanum. He was married at Minneapolis, September 7, 1886, to Miss Carrie E. Graham. They have live chil- dren. WILLIAM A. CANT. Judge William Alexander Cant, of Duluth, is a native of Wisconsin, and was born at West- field, Marquette county, December l':!, 1863. Both his parents were natives of Scotland. They had but two children, and the subject hereof was the elder. John Cant, his father, was by vocation a farmer, and followed this pursuit during the greater part of his life, dy- ing in 1868. The early education of Judge < "ant was mainly acquired in the public schools of his native town. At the age of seventeen he left home and came to Minnesota. He entered the State Normal School at St. Cloud and was graduated from that institution in 1883. After leaving school he began the study of law. At the conclusion of a two years' course he was graduated from the Law Department of the University of Michigan, and the same year was admitted to the bar. He began the practice of his profession in Duluth in 1886. In 1894 he was elected to the Legislature as a Represen- tative from the Fifty fourth Legislative Dis- trict, comprising the counties of St. Louis, Lake and Cook, and served in the legislative session of 1895. Later in the latter year he was ap- pointed city attorney of the city of Duluth. In 1896 he was elected to his present position, that of Judge of the District Court. In politics HENRY' Z. MITCHELL. Among the choice pioneer spirits of the city of St. Cloud, and of Stearns county, the late Gen. H. Z. Mitchell will long be a cherished personality in the memory and tradition of his surviving fellow citizens. Coming to Minne- sota in the full strength of his prime, well equipped with education, business ability, and experience in public affairs, he was at once felt to be a valuable acquisition to the youth- ful community in which he had decided to make his home; and after forty years of sym- pathetic and productive activity in its midst, his removal by death was necessarily felt as a calamity, even though he had survived the al- lotted age of man by nearly half a score of years. Henry Zearing Mitchell was born at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, November 30, 1816, the son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Zearing) Mitchell. His father was born in 178::, in County Tyrone, Ireland, but came, when a boy, to this country with his widowed mother, who settled in Pennsylvania. Joseph Mitchell died near Harrisburg. in that State, in the year 1832. Elizabeth Zearing was a native of Penn- sylvania, born in Lebanon county in 1789. Her marriage to Joseph Mitchell occurred in 1808; her death in 1859. She was a granddaughter of John Joseph Rupp, who, in 1751, emigrated to Pennsylvania from the Grand Duchy of Ba- den, Germany. Her father, Henry Zearing — of whom tile subject of this sketch is the name sake — fought in the Revolutionary War under General Washington, having enlisted at the age of sixteen. The childhood and early youth of our subject were passed in the locality of his birth, where he received what was at that time counted a very liberal education. At the age of twenty he went to live at Pittsburgh, where he entered into business of a mercantile 304 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. character. But he had an order of mind which could not be absorbed by mere business, and developed an interest in politics and the public weal, which drew him, at an early age, into the political arena; and the twenty years spent in western Pennsylvania were busy and profit- able ones, lie f i 1st came to .Minnesota in L856 to look over the Territory with a view to set tling within it. Impressed with the possibili- ties of the region, he returned to his family — having been married during his residence at Pittsburgh — and early in 1S">7 returned with them, and a stock of general merchandise, to his chosen location at St. Cloud. He procured a store building, on Tenth street, for his goods, and soon found himself established in business. A little later he took up a pre-emption claim near Rockville, Minnesota, on the shore of Grand lake, continuing his family residence. however, at St. Cloud. In tin' following years lie made two changes in his business location at St. Cloud, the first being to a double store building, one side of which was occupied by the firm of Miller & Swisshelm, and where Mr. Mitchell began dealing in both dry goods and clothing. The second change was to the cor- ner of Third street and Fiftlt avenue, where he conducted a prosperous business for many years. While here, he was appointed, by Presi- dent Lincoln, postmaster of St. Cloud, and served with ability and faithfulness until sup planted, for political reasons, upon the acces- sion of Andrew Johnson to the Presidency. In 1862, at the time of the Indian uprising in the Northwest, Mr. Mitchell received from Al- exander Ramsey — the first constitutional Gov- ernor of Minnesota, and an old-time friend of our subject — the appointment as Commissary General of the State; and by the title of "Gen- eral," thus acquired, he was familiarly known during the remainder of his life. In 1892 he disposed of his business to his son, Charles S. Mitchell, and W. S. Elliott, and retired from the activities of commercial life, having earned by long years of industry a competency suffi- cient for future needs. From the time of his coming to St. Cloud to the date of his retire- ment, he had been constantly engaged in mer- cantile pursuits, excepting for two brief pe- riods, namely: one in winch he held the posi- tion of salesman for the late Major Murphy, and the other in which he served under Re- ceiver Burbank in the local United States land office. But retirement meant to General Mitchell, not, as to so many, the beginning of a monotonous and dreary senility, but rather leisure in which to cultivate his literary and social tastes. He spent many of his later hours in reading, and having a large acquaintance, including many fellow pioneers, the scene of his former business operations on Fifth avenue continued as a rendezvous where congenial spirits met to exchange with him reminiscences of frontier life. In 1841 Mr. Mitchell was mar- ried at YVilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, to Eliza- beth A. Cannon, of Pittsburgh. The ancestors of Elizabeth Cannon were Scotch-Irish Cove- nanters, that devoted sect which suffered so many privations and persecutions for the sake of its religious faith. Elizabeth and her only sister, who, as Mrs. Jane Gray Swisshelm, be- came very prominent as a journalist in both Pennsylvania and Minnesota during anti- slavery days, were descendants, on their mother's side, of Lady Jane Grey, for nine days Queen of England. Eight children were burn to Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell, four of whom. together with their mother, survive the Gen- eral, who passed away on March fi. 1896. The two sons an- William 1!., of St. Cloud, and Charles S., now of Alexandria, and the two daughters, Mrs. Henry C. Burbank, of St. Paul, and Mrs. Jean G. Walton, of Cincinnati, Ohio. General Mitchell was a life-long member, and for many years an elder, of the Presbyterian church. DANIEL A. MORRISON. Daniel Alexander Morrison, of Rochester. ex-State Senator from Olmstead county, is a son of Ananias and Mary Gaston Morrison, and was born in Franklin, Ve- nango county, Pennsylvania, November 8, 1842. He is of Scotch-Irish descent. His grandfather, John Gaston, died from a wound received in the second war with England. Both of Daniel's patents were born in Penn- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 305 sylvania, but removed to Elmira, New York, in 1840. In 1852 the family came West and settled at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, where the sen received a common school education and also learned the printer's trade. In 1859-60 he .published the "Journal" at Markesan, Green Lake county, Wisconsin, which was the first enterprise of the kind in that town. This was before he was eighteen years of age. In 1862 Mr. Morrison enlisted in the Thirty-second Wis cousin Infantry, and served until the close of the war. In March, 1X60, lie came to Rochester and engaged in the mercantile trade. His business tact and executive ability were soon recognized, and demands were made upon him to participate in the administration of public a Hairs. He has been three limes Mayor of the city, and was elected to the State Senate in 1878. While a member of that body he served on several important committees, such as hos- pital for the insane, State library, engrossing, and internal improvements, and was chairman of the last-named committee. He introduced and carried through the bill locating the sec- ond Insane Hospital at Rochester. During the temporary occupancy of the Lieutenant Gov- ernor's chair, at which time he presided over the Senate, the famous dead-lock over the high license bill was broken, and Senator Morrison gained fame and distinction as a presiding officer. He was re-elected in the fall of 1878. For thirty years and more Mr. Morrison has lived in Rochester, and during that time few have been more actively and prominently con- nected with her varied interests. His long and creditable career in the State Senate con- tributed in no small degree to the prominence Rochester and this section of Minnesota has maintained, and the honors conferred upon the soldier-statesman have been worthily be- stowed. Mr. Morrison has always been a Re- publican. He is a master Mason, and at one time was Grand Master of the Odd Fellows of the State. In July, 1865, he was married to Miss Sarah M. Beeton, of Rochester. They have had four children, three of whom survive — Leulla A., now Mrs. H. C. Stedman; Arthur L., and Minnie. Edwin, the oldest, died in infancy. ALBERT C. WEDGE. Albert Clark Wedge, M. D., of Albert Lea, pioneer settler, and for the past forty- three years the leading physician of Free- born county, Minnesota, was born in Lew- is county, New York, August IX, 1834, the son of Albert and Elizabeth (Clark) Wedge. He is descended from a family of old Puritan stock, prominent in the early history of New England. Thomas Wedge, the founder of the family in America, settled in Litchfield, Connecticut, about the year 1635, and five of his grandsons were patriot soldiers in the war for Independence. The Doctor's grandfather. Solomon Wedge, emigrated to New York Stale at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century, and settled on a farm in Lewis county. He was a member of the New York State Militia and took part in the war of 1X12. His sister married William Grant, of Litchfield, Connecti- cut, a member of the family of the ancestors of Gen. IT. S. Grant, and, in 1835, their son, Asahel Wedge Grant, was the first to respond to the call of the Congregational Society of Foreign Missions for medical missionaries to the Nestorians of Persia. He spent several years -in missionary work in Asia, and died at Mosul, Turkey, where he lies buried by r the River Tigris, near the site of ancient Nineveh. Albert Wedge, the father of Dr. A. ('. Wedge, was born in Connecticut, in 1808, of a family of eight children. He was educated for the ministry al Hamilton College, New York, and in 183!) removed with his family to South- ern Ohio, where he was engaged in missionary work. His wife died at Hillsboro, Ohio, in 1840, when his son Albert C. was only six years old. In 1X47, after eight years' service in Ohio, the father removed with his five children to Pen- dleton, Madison county, Indiana, where he re- mained for three years. He then went on a visit to Fond du Lac county, Wisconsin, where his father and brothers were then residents, at a place called Wedge Prairie. Here he died in 1X51, and, with his wife, now rests in the family burying ground at that place. After the father's death the family, then living in Indiana, was broken up, and Albert went to 306 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Wedge Prairie, to live with his uncle. He at- tended the eoinmon schools, worked on his uncle's farm and taught country school, in 1854 he entered Ripon College, as a student, and remained there for three years, after which he studied medicine with Dr. J. Rodgers at Ripon, and later attended the Cleveland (Ohio) Medical College, from which institution he graduated in February, 1S57. After gradua- tion he returned to Wisconsin, expecting to locate in Ripon and practice his chosen pro- fession with his preceptor, but one of his uncles, Lucian P. Wedge, had been to Minne- sota and acquired property at Albert Lea. Through his uncle's persuasion the young phy- sician concluded to locate in Minnesota. His uncle supplied him with money, provisions, a span of horses and a covered wagon, and in May, 1857, he drove to Albert Lea, which at that time consisted of a cluster of four or five log houses, and about thirty inhabitants. Here he put up a frame building for an office, hung out his sign, and was ready to prescribe for any who might need his services. At first there was not much for him to do in a pro- fessional way, but he had his uncle's interests to look after, and he pre-empted land and took an active part in the building up of the young community. As the town prospered and the country settled up, his business increased, and for forty-three years he has continued in active practice, except for short periods when he has been engaged in public service. When the township was organized, in 1858, he was elected chairman of the first board of supervisors, and subsequently held the position for several years. Dr. Wedge was appointed, in 18f!2, as- sistant surgeon of the Third Regiment, Minne- sota Volunteer Infantry, and joined his regiment at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in May, L862. On the 13th day of July he participated in the battle of Murfreesboro, in which the regiment was surrendered to the enemy by the colonel in command. Dr. Wedge remained for a time in the hospital at Murfreesboro helping to care for the wounded, then went to Nash- ville and was on duty in the general hospital for several months. His regiment having been exchanged, he joined it again at Cairo, and went with it on the campaign through Ken lucky and Tennessee, joining General O rant's main army at the investment and capture of Vicksburg. He was also with General Steele's tones iii the expedition to capture Little Rock, and in all the battles connected with the cam paign in Arkansas in 1864-65 until the close of the war. when he was mustered out with his regiment in September, 18C5, at Devall's Bluff, Arkansas. Dr. Wedge was very efficient and faithful as a surgeon at all times, and had the fullest confidence of the officers and men to whom he ministered. He performed especially notable service for the Third Regiment during its stay at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, in the spring and summer of 1864. The regiment was en- camped in a swampy, unhealthy locality, and a violent epidemic of malarial fever broke out. The result was as tragically disastrous as though the men had been engaged in battle every day. A large majority were stricken down. From May to August fully 150 died. The Doctor labored incessantly, and but tm his care and skill many more would have perished. He was without proper medical sup- plies, but did the best he could. When at last he was prostrated, he could not obtain even a dose of quinine for himself. On the 1st of August he was relieved from duty and re- turned with the six companies of re enlisted men to Minnesota, or perhaps he too would have been a victim of the fever. After his discharge from the army Dr. Wedge returned to his home in Albert Lea, and resumed his practice. He served in the lower house of the State Legislature in 1870-71, and as State Senator in 1879-80. He resigned the oflice of Senator in 1881 to take the position of collector of internal revenue under an appointment by President Garfield. In this office he served two years under President Arthur's adminis- tration. He was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1880 that nominated Garfield for President. While in the Legisla- ture he was chairman of the committee on railroads, and of the State prison investigation committee, and served on several other im- portant committees. He has always been a Republican in politics, and has taken an active cl^v ur efit^L BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 30/ part in all National elections, keeping well in- formed on local. State, and National politics. He was chairman of the Republican Congres- sional Committee of his district one year, and for several years chairman of the county com- mittee. He was a member of Governor Mer- riam's military staff, and also of Governor Nelson's, as Assistant Surgeon General. He was appointed by Governor McGill a member of the State .Medical Examining Board, on which he served for four years, being president of the hoard for one year. In 1880 he was president of the State Medical Society, and is now president of the Albert Lea Central Med ical Society. He is also a member of the American Medical Association, and of the In- ternational Association of Railway Surgeons, of which organization he has been vice-presi- dent, and he is the local surgeon of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. He has been a frequent contributor to the scientific and medical journals of (he day. and to the secular press. Dr. Wedge has for many years been one of the trustees of the Albert Lea College for Women. He is a member of the Loyal Legion and of the Masonic fraternity, and is an active member of the board of trustees of the First Presbyterian church of Albert Lea. Besides his medical practice, Dr. Wedge lakes a greal interest in practical scientific farming, and is the owner of the "Oak Park Stock Farm," about one mile west of Albert Lea, where he gratifies his taste in that direction, and where he raises fine blooded stock and thoroughbred horses, making a specialty of shorthorn cattle and high grade, fine hied sheep. It is said of Dr. Wedge, by those who know him and his record, that for forty-three years he has followed the general practice of medicine and has been the leading physician of Albert Lea and the surrounding country. He has been frequently called in consultation, and has n wide acquaintance. His many patients hold him in the greatest esteem, and he is re- garded as a model family physician. For a long time in the pioneer days of Freeborn county he was the only practitioner in the county, and his professional life was very arduous. Often he was compelled to travel considerable distances in all kinds of weather and under trying conditions. The roads were then mere trails or bridle paths, and led through deep woods or over almost impassable marshes and swamp lands. The winters were very severe and the summers of the open prairies were hot. The settlements were scat tered and his patients were in every direction from his office. As time passed and the popu- lation increased, oilier physicians came in, but Dr. Wedge's services were always in demand. The Doctor still continues in active practice, but does so more from habit and devotion to his profession than because of his personal needs, for he has long been in possession of a large and well-earned competency. He is of sound mind and body, plain and frank in speech and manner, of strong will and pro- nounced individuality. In personal intercourse he is pleasant, quiet, courteous and dignified, and in his practice kind and sympathetic. While his professional standing is very high, he is universally regarded as a useful, enter- prising and public-spirited citizen, and is always ready to give fully of his means to de- serving charity, and his contributions to edu- cational institutions and church purposes are liberal. His bearing is modest and unaffected, and he is a hearty hater of shams. It is need less to say that upon his record of rigid in- tegrity there is not a single stain. Dr. Wedge was married October L'::, 1858, to Miss Bessie Blackmer, daughter of Dr. F. Blackmer, of Albert Lea. They have one daughter, Mary A. (now Mrs. M. M. Jones, of Albert Lea), and one grandchild, his namesake, Albert Wedge Jones. GEOKOE W. SHERWOOD. George W. Sherwood, pioneer and promi- nent business man of St. Paul, was born at Greenville, Greene county, New York, April ::. IS.-,::, the son of Alfred and Jane (Begordes) Sherwood. The Sherwoods are of English descent and among the early settlers of Con- necticut. His mother was descended from the Begordes family, who were prominent and 3 o8 BIOGRAPHY or MINNESOTA. early settlers in New York City. His maternal grandfather served in the war of 1*1:.'. Alfred Sherwood was a sea-faring man in early life, and captain <>(' a sailing vessel. He settled in Greenville, New York, where he married and continued to reside up to the time of his death. George \V. received a common school educa- tion in his native town, and learned the car- penter's trade. He came to Minnesota in 1855 and located in St. Paul, where he followed his trade and became a contractor and builder. In 1S(ii' he became engaged in the construction of railroad bridges, in partnership with Mr. R. II. Fittz, and later, and for more than twenty years was a member of the firm of Sher- wood, Sutherland & Company, pile drivers, and builders of bridges, elevators, and railroad buildings. He has also been, for over twenty years, largely interested in the lumber trade at Anoka. Minnesota, in the firm of Reed & Sherwood, manufacturers of lumber, lath, shingles, sash, doors and blinds. About fifteen years ago he purchased 1,300 acres of choice land near Sheldon, Iowa, where he car- ried on a large slock farm, and makes a speciality of breeding thoroughbred horses, of the celebrated families of "Wilkes" and "Nut- wood." The Sherwood Stock Farm has become famous by turning out several champion rac- ers; among them are the trotter "Lockheart" and the pacer "La Belle," which have made world records. He also makes a specialty of raising short-horned cattle, and carries on gen- eral farming for supplying the demands of his stock farm. He is also president of the Union Hank, of Sheldon, Iowa. In the building up of the city of St. Paul, Mr. Sherwood has been a prominent factor, and it was he who drove the piles for the foundation of most of the large buildings constructed at an early day: and he built the first large grain elevators. In poli- tics he is a Republican, but has never sought or occupied public office. He is of a very retir- ing and quiet disposition, and thoroughly domestic in his habits; a man of the most up- right life and of sterling integrity, a worthy and respected citizen. .Mr. Sherwood was mar- ried December lit, 1853, to Adaline Hard, of Unadilla, Otsego county, New York. They are the parents of four children: Jennie — Mrs. E. L. Reed, of Anoka, Minnesota; Alvah E. — man- ager of the Sherwood Stock Farm, at Sheldon, Iowa; Addie May — wife of W. H. Sleeper, cashier of the Union Hank, of Sheldon, Iowa; and George F. — physician and surgeon, and proprietor of a sanitarium at Dassel, Minne- sota. WILLIAM P.. MITCHELL. William Bell Mitchell, who has been a resi- dent of St. Cloud, Minnesota, for oxer forty years, was born May 14. 1st::, at Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania. He is the oldest son of the late Gen. H. /. Mitchell, a sketch of whose life and family history appears in another part of this book. His mother is Elizabeth (Cannon) Mitchell, a younger sister of the late Mrs. Jane < I. Swisshelm. who was long prominent as a journalist and reformer. William B. Mitchell attended the academy of his native town to the age of thirteen years, after which he took a one year's course in mathematics at Duff's Col- lege, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He then, in the spring of L857, came to St. Cloud. Minne- sota, with his parents, and for a time continued his studies in a private school at his new home. At sixteen, he assisted, as chairman, in the survey of a State road from St. Cloud to the Red River of the North, at Breckinridge. This road, which, throughout its course, runs near the Great Northern Railroad's line to the Pacific coast, became and is still the main thoroughfare between the two points men- tioned. In this work young Mitchell earned his first dollar, which was carefully treasured for future investment. Shortly afterwards he began working in the printing office of the St. Cloud Visitor, thus being enabled to add other dollars to his little slue. His work preventing him from longer attending school, he continued his studies for a couple of years under the direction of a private teacher. After the age of eighteen hi' depended for further culture upon general reading and the educational ex- periences of the printing office. The St. Cloud Visitor, with which he had become connected, was a very progressive and fearless organ, BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 3°9 owned and published by his aunt, Mrs. Jane (i. Swisshelm, above referred to. It was de- voted to temperance, woman's rights, the anti- slavery cause and general reforms. Before coming to Minnesota, .Mrs. Swisshelm had already attained to a National reputation through a similar organ called the Pittsburgh Visitor. Mr. Mitchell continued in her employ until 1S(>4, when he purchased the paper, the title of which had meantime been changed to the St. Cloud Democrat. Upon assuming pro- prietorship, he gave the paper its second re- christening, and as the St. ('loud Journal it lived and flourished until 1876. During that year Mr. Mitchell purchased (he St. Cloud Press, and, consolidating it with the Journal, initiated the long and prosperous career of the St. Cloud Journal Press. In 1892 he sold his newspaper, and since that year has been en- gaged in the real estate business. Like his father, W'il linni P>. .Mitchell is a staunch Re- publican, and lias been in service as a public official. In 1865 President Lincoln appointed him receiver of the land office at St. Cloud. Under the ensuing administration, however, he was removed, after about a year and a half of efficient service. In 1878, by President Hayes, he was again appointed to the post of receiver, with reappointment four years later by Presi- dent Arthur, and continued to serve until his removal, for political reasons, in 1885, by Presi- dent Cleveland. In 1887 he was made a member of the State Normal School board, and resident director of the St. Cloud school, to which position he has been repeatedly re- appointed and which he still holds. In IS71 .Mr. Mitchell was united in marriage to Miss Emily Whittlesey, of Marietta. Ohio. Ten children have been born to them, of whom eight are living. Mr. Mitchell's father died in 1896. His mother is still living, also a brother and two sisters, as follows: Charles S. Mitchell, formerly of St. Cloud, now of Alex- andria, editor of the Post-News; Mrs. Henry C. Burbank, of St. Paul, and Mrs. Jeau G. Wal ton, of Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Mitchell's life has been, in the main, an uneventful one — as events are reckoued; but his work during the long years of his editorship was a constantly recurring contribution of wholesome and vital material to the life forces of his home com- munity. And every act of his public and pri- vate life, likewise, has been characterized by the true tone which emanates from the true citizen and man. NILS O. WERNER, Hon. Nils O. Werner, of Minneapolis, was born near Christianstad, Sweden, Jan- uary 111, 1848. In 1868 his father, Ola Werner, removed with his family from Swe- den to America, locating first in Bureau county. Illinois, where he engaged in farm- ing for nine years; afterwards he removed to Red Wing. Minnesota, where he passed the remainder of his life. He was the father of six children, only two of whom are now living. Mr. Werner was educated in his native country, in private schools and at the college of Christianstad. taking a thorough collegiate course in the latter institution. Soon after coming to America, in 1868, he de- cided upon the legal profession as his future career, and became a student in the law office at Princeton. Illinois, of Hon. James S. Eckels, and remained in his office for nearly two years, when, in the fall of 1871), he removed to Red Wing, Minnesota. He then resumed his legal studies under Hon. W. W. Phelps, one of the first two < 'ongressineii from the State of Minne- sota. He was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1871, began the practice of his profession in that year, and continued until 1888. Alto get her he was very successful as a lawyer. In 1874 he was elected Probate Judge of Goodhue county, and held the office for ten years, or from 1875 to 1885. The fact that Mr. Werner was a judge of probate for ten years is evi- dence of the public confidence reposed in his honesty, fairness and wise discretion. While in Red Wing, Judge Werner was always inter- ested in the local welfare, and became popular as a citizen and prominent in public affairs. He was at differenl periods a member of the city council and the board of education, and his service was always acceptable to his fellow- 3IO BIOGKAI'IIY OF MINNESOTA. citizens. lit' is still remembered and respected by the people of liis former home, in Red Wing. In 1888 Judge Werner removed to Minneapolis, abandoning his profession of the law, and has ever since been a citizen of the metropolis of .Minnesota. He assisted in organizing the Swedish-American Bank, and upon the organi- zation of that institution was chosen its cashier. In ls'.it he was elected president, which position he still holds. Mr. Werner is well known in financial and business circles throughout the Northwest. He has a large personal acquaintance and an extensive busi- ness intimacy and a general high standing. He is regarded as a conservative, prudent man, one who studies situations carefully, but when liis mind is made up, is quick to act and is fairly aggressive on occasions in the conduct of business. In politics he has been a lifelong Republican. He was married August 17, 1872, to Miss Eva < '. Anderson, who, like himself, is a native of Sweden. Mr. ami Mrs. Werner are members of St. John's Lutheran church, Minne- apolis. They have three interesting children, named Carl Alexis. Anna Olivia and Nils Olof. CHRISTOPHER C. WASHBURN. One of the sturdy pioneers of Minnesota, and especially of Blue Earth county, was the late Christopher < '. Washburn. In 1856 he came from Indiana and located a homestead in the township of Vernon Center, in that county, and the following year he brought and located his family upon it. He was a farmer and a mechanic, and at the time of his settlement in Minnesota was in comfortable circumstances. He brought with him a considerable number of horses anil cattle and other property, and was considered a valuable acquisition to the settlement. His pioneer home was well known, for it was always a hospitable shelter to the traveler, and no "stranger within the gates" was ever turned away. It was in his house in the winter of 1857-8, when the first public re- ligious services in that part of Blue Earth county were held. They weic held under the auspices of the United Brethren denomination and conducted by Rev. Joseph Casselman, and many of the pioneer clergymen of Minnesota of different denominations have held services in thai house. For several years the family had the Winnebago Indians for neighbors, and they experienced all the discomforts and priva- tions of pioneer life, working hard and per- forming their full share in the development of the country, which they lived to see trans formed from a condition of primeval wilder- ness to one containing all the features of a high civilization. They were menaced, but not seriously injured by the Sioux outbreak of 1862. At one time they and their neighbors were, in their isolated condition, in great peril, not only from the raids of the Sioux, but from a threatened uprising of the Winnebagoes, whose reservation was in the county. Mr. Washburn was born in Southern Ohio, in August, 1819. A portion of his early manhood was passed in Kentucky. His good and faith- ful wife, who was Miss Julia Showeii, was a native of that State. The husband and wife made the journey of life together for more than half a century, and Mrs. Washburn is still living in the full enjoyment of that happy condition which comes only to those whose lives have been well spent. Mr. Washburn died, November 8, ISO'.), deeply regretted in the community where he had so long resided, as having been among its most useful and best esteemed members. Mr. and Mrs. Washburn reared to maturity a family of four children, some of whom are prominent in the affairs of life, and all are worthy citizens and respected members of society, and who are proud to say that for examples of diligence, courage, integrity and general right-living, they do not need to go beyond their parents. The only daughter is Mrs. Jennie Webster, of Juniata City, Ne- braska. One of their three sons. E. W. Wash- burn, has Ions;- been a merchant at Vernon; another is Rev. F. M. Washburn, of California, and a third is J. L. Washburn, a prominent attorney of Duluth, whose biography appears elsewhere in this volume. Mr. Washburn never had aspirations for public office, but held many local positions of trust and responsi- -^f^^^^^^W ~h> //^3^£^ljw^, BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 3" bility, and occupied fiduciary relations towards many of his fellow men, always acceptably. His best record is that of an honorable citizen, a diligent, sincere and honest man. JAMES H. DUNN. Like many of our western pioneers, James and Mary (O'Hair) Dunn, came to America to find a home in a new country, for the purpose of bettering their condition. The greater op- portunities and the more compensating re- wards to industry that this New World gave, were more promising to them than anything their native Ireland could otter. The business of merchandising, in which Mr. Dunn had been engaged, was not successful, and that possibly suggested the change. They left Dublin in 1845, and their allegiance to their adopted country is emphasized by the service which Mr. Dunn so soon rendered by volunteering in the American army, and inarching to the Rio Grande. He enlisted as a private soldier. Alter the war with Mexico, he located for a short time at Fort Wayne, Indiana. It was here that Dr. James H. Dunn, now of Minneapolis, was born, May 29, 1853. The year following his par- ents removed to Minnesota, and in Winona county was found the future home, purchased by patriotic service and paid for by the sol- dier's land warrant. In this new farm life James Henry Dunn was given his first lessons in in- dustry. He remained on the farm until the age of fifteen. In the public schools and higher institutions of learning in Winona he received his early education. He graduated at the State Normal School at Winona in the class of 1872. For better equipment to enter his chosen pro- fession, he placed himself under private teachers in special study of languages that con- tributed most largely to medical science. He matriculated at Bush Medical College of Chi cago, and in March, 1878, graduated from the Medical Department of the University of New York. Preparatory to the further pursuit of his medical studies, he became an instructor in the Second State Normal School, continued in that service during the years 1878 and 187!>, and afterwards commenced the practice of his profession. He continued to practice a few years, but bad ambition to avail himself of the advantages for study that are offered in special departments by the universities of Germany and 1 he hospitals of France and Italy. In 1st:: he went abroad and took post-graduate courses at Heidelberg and Vienna, where laboratories were found at that time to be more fully equipped and better adapted for instruction in certain branches of medical science than were those in America. A season in France was devoted to the study and observa- tion of French methods and treatments and most approved practice. Next Italy offered opportunity for further investiga- tion, and a short tour of its hospitals was made. After his return to America, Dr. Dunn located permanently at Minneapolis, and soon established a large practice. He was elected to the office of city physician, and during the years 1887 and 1888, while in that office, he organized the City Hospital. At the com- mencement of his practice in Minneapolis, he became surgeon to Asbury Hospital, and has continued in that service to the present time. Since the foundation of St. Mary's Hospital, in 1887, he has been its surgeon in charge; and is also Hie consulting surgeon of the Great Northern Railway. In the University of Minne- sota he is professor of genitourinary diseases and adjunct professor of clinical surgery. A practice, at first general, has by force of cir- cumstances become somewhat circumscribed, and his lime is now given chiefly to surgical operations and to genitourinary cases and con suiting calls. Dr. Dunn has a laudable ambi- tion to excel in the great art of clinical diagnosis and surgical technique. Experi- mental studies for the continuation or refuta- tion of new medical and surgical theories interest him more than does the pursuit of special and original research. For example: a study of one hundred and fifty four cases of experimental work in abdominal surgery, and an original application of a suprapubic cystot- omy for cancers of the urethra, published in 18S8 and disputed in Minnesota — see Annals of Surgery, 1894. A new method of tenotomy is 3*2 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. now in preparation. Dr. I Minn is a student, in- vestigator, teacher and practitioner of that winch lias been discovered and established, and is not absorbed in new theories to the exclusion of the older practice. He has had a wide ex- perience and a large measure of success with all established procedures in general surgery, and is conservative in the adoption of new and little-tried discoveries, before their value has been unmistakably demonstrated. He has be- come one of the most trusted and prominent consulting practitioners in the Northwest, and is a frequent contributor to the leading medical and surgical journals. In social life Dr. Dunn has attained prominence. In religious faith he is a devout Catholic. Pie holds membership in the order of Elks, Lodge No. 44; in the Minneapolis Club; the State Historical Society; the Minneapolis State Medical Association, of which he is also an ex president ; the American Medical Association; and the Association of American obstetricians and Gynecologists. His library is especially complete in the litera- ture, old and new, of American, English, French and German surgical authorities, and is one of the most valuable private libraries in the Northwest. Dr. .lames Henry Dunn and Miss Agnes McDonald were united in mar- riage in 1885. One son, named James L., was born to them in 1891. Mrs. Dunn is the daugh- ter of Hon. J. L. McDonald, formerly Judge of the Third Judicial District of Minnesota, and now a practicing attorney in St. Paul. MARCUS D. GROVER. Marcus D. Grover, of St. Paul, Minnesota, who is well known as general solicitor of tlie Great Northern Railway Company, was born at Wells. Rutland county, Vermont. He is the son of Allen and Rachel (Crain) Grover, and both his parents descended from old New England families. His father died in Wells, Vermont, in 1865, and his mother at Port Henry, Essex county. New York, in 1887. He was educated in the public schools of his native town and in Troy Conference Academy, an institution located in the adjoining town of Poultney. After the completion of his academic course he began reading law in the office of Hon. 1>. E. Nicholson, at Wallingford, Ver- mont, and he was subsequently a law student with the firm of Tremian & Peckham, at Albany, New York, lie was admitted to the liar in Rutland county, Vermont, and also in September, 1868, to the bar in Schenectady, county. New York. His initial experience as an attorney was acquired during the winter of 1868-9, in the oflfice of M. P. Norton, at Troy. New York. In the following May he entered info partnership with Hon. R. C. Betts, at Gran- ville, Washington county. New York. Mr. Betts was at that time district attorney of the county, but was during the greater part of his term prevented from administering the affairs of his office on account of ill health. Mr. < trover was accordingly authorized to act as prose cuting attorney for the county, and performed the duties of that office during the period of his partner's disability. While associated with Mr. Betts, Mr. Grover resided in his native State, his home town of Wells being near the western boundary of Vermont, and only three miles distant from Granville. He was for four years a member of the House of Representa- tives of Vermont. During his Legislative ex- perience he was for three years chairman of the Legislative committee on corporations. In January, 1S74, his partnership with Mr. Betts was dissolved, and he became a member of the law firm of Waldo, Tobey & Grover, Port Henry, Essex county, New York. In May, 1878, Mr. Tobey died. The firm of Waldo & Grover was then organized, and Mr. Grover remained a member of that firm until 1SN7. when he came to St. Paul to assist Hon. W. E. Smith, who was at that time general solicitor of the Saint Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway Com- pany. Mr. Smith was compelled by failing health to resign his position. Mr. Grover was appointed his successor January 1, 1888. Two years later the (ileal Northern Railway Com pany leased the line of the Saint Paul, Minne- apolis & Manitoba Railway Company for along term of years, and .Mr. Grover was appointed general solicitor of the Great Northern Rail- way Company, and its proprietary lines, which The Century PuXislttry & Oyravinp Co Chicago- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 313 push ion he now holds. He married Miss Vir- ginia A. Townsend, a native of Cayuga county, New York. He has two daughters, namely, — Virginia L., now Mrs. H. Oppenheim, of St. Paul, Minnesota, and Myra E. Grover. FRANCIS B. CLARKE. Francis Byron Clarke, of St. Paul, gen- eral traffic manager of the Great North- ern Railway, and for nearly thirty years prominently connected with the railroad interests of the Northwest, was born on his father's farm in Madison county. New York, July 1, 1839, the son of Ephraim H. and Angeline (Crumb) Clarke. His father, who was a native of Rhode Island, was a pros- perous merchant and a leading dairyman and operator in dairy products of the State, and his mother was a native of Madison county, New York. His English ancestors were among the landed gentry of Berkshire. Mr. Clarke was raised to young manhood on his father's large dairy farm. He was educated in the dis- trict schools and at an academy at Alfred, New York. In 1859 he came to Minnesota and for about a year thereafter was a clerk in a gen- eral store at Faribault. He then came to St. Paul, and for the next year or more was a sales- man for Benedict, Baker & Company, dealers in hats, caps and notions, on Third street. In 1802 he went to Hudson, Wisconsin, and be- came a member of the general merchandising firm of Clarke, Jefferson & Company, and so continued for several years. Many of the most prominent and best railroad men of the coun- try were born farmers' boys and passed their early lives in the country. It was not until 1S70 when Mr. Clarke entered upon the career of a "railroad man," in which he has become so distinguished. He then became paymaster and land agent of the West Wisconsin Railroad, a modest little pioneer railway, exending from Camp Douglas. Wisconsin, to St. Paul. In 1871 he became general freight agent, and also general passenger and ticket agent, of the West Wisconsin, and removed his office from Hudson to St. Paul. He was a success as a railroad man from the first, and steadily ex- tended the field of his labors and the scope of his usefulness. He was called upon to assist, and did influential and valuable service, in the projection and construction of the several lines of road which, in 1873, were consolidated into the "Omaha" system, and upon the consolida- tion — in which he took a prominent part — he was made general traffic manager of the sys- tem. He held this position for sixteen years, and then, by the imperative commands of his physician, he resigned and spent nearly two years in Europe. At the time of his resignation he seemed quite broken down, but the rest and recreation abroad, amid new and attractive scenes and surroundings, restored his health, and in 1891 he returned to the United States fully fitted to resume his active career. In June, 1891, he was made vice-president and general manager, and the following year presi- dent, of the Superior (Wisconsin) Consolidated Land Company. Mr. Clarke was connected with this company for more than four years, and during that time established and built manufactories, mills, elevators, and other in- stitutions of the aggregate value of millions of dollars. September 1, 1895. he became traffic manager of the Northern Steamship Company at Buffalo, New York, having full charge of the passenger and freight business of that com- pany, in connection with the Great Northern Railway. In December, 1896, he came to his present position in the Great Northern. Even in his boyhood and early youth, Frank B. Clarke was noted for his active, industrious spirit and his uniformly correct habits and principles. These valuable characteristics have impressed his life course. He has performed an inrmense amount of brain and hand work and is still in harness. As a railroad official he is known in commercial circles throughout the continent as sagacious, intelligent, enter- prising and devoted to his duties, and no man in the country is regarded as a better author- ity on railroad subjects generally. Since 1871, when he came to the city as the agent of the little West Wisconsin road, Mr. Clarke has had his home residence in St. Paul. He is well identified with the city in every way, and is 314 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. esteemed as one of its best and most valuable citizens. For eighteen years he has been one of the directors of the First National Bank; he has also been a director in the St. Paul Real Estate and Title Insurance Company, and of the St. Paul Trust Company; has been presi- dent of the City Streel Railway Company; was one of the live builders, and still one of the owners, of the Metropolitan Opera House, and is a member of the Boston & Northwestern Real Estate Company, a corporation which has built and owns several of the largest and best business blocks in the center of the business district of the city. He is a member of Damas- cus Commandery of Knights Templar and other civic organizations, and is well known socially. He was vice-president of the Winter Carnival Association for two seasons, and is known as a good and public spirited citizen, a thorough gentleman, a true friend, and a splendid char- acter throughout. Mr. Clarke was married in St. Paul, June 17, 1877, to Miss Lena Burton Thompson, a daughter of the late James E. Thompson, a former president of the First Na- tional Bank, and a well known citizen and financier. Mrs. Clarke was reared from girl- hood in St. Paul, where she has always held a distinguished position in society. She is a lady of rare talents and accomplishments, of many personal charms 'and graces, and altogether a finished type of splendid American woman hood. During the Columbian Exposition of 1893, she Mas president of the Minnesota Woman's Auxiliary Board, chairwoman of the Woman's Musical Committee, etc. She has spent much of her time in recent years abroad in superintending the education of her children and is well known in the social circles of both continents. The three children are named Eg- bert Thompson, Francis Lloyd, and Lena Bur- ton Clarke. CHARLES C. \V EMBER. Charles 0. Webber, of the agricultural im- plement firm of Deere & Webber Company, Minneapolis, was born at Rock Island, Illinois, January 25, 185(1. His father. Christopher C. Webber, was a native of New York. His edu- cation was obtained primarily in the Rock Is- land public schools, supplemented by a three years' course in Lake Forest Academy. Mr. Webber lias been connected with the agricul- tural implement trade since early manhood. At the age of eighteen he engaged in the serv- ice of Deere & Company, the well known and long-established manufacturers of agricultural implements at Moline, Illinois, adjoining his native town. He was in the employ of the com- pany, in their general office and as traveling salesman, for about three years. In the winter of 1881, as the representative of Deere & Com pany, he located in Minneapolis, and repre- sented the firm on the road for two years. When Deere & Company built their large office and warehouse at 312-316 North First street, Minneapolis, Mr. Webber was admitted to a partnership. Later, in 1893, the company was incorporated under the firm name of Deere & Webber Company, and .Mr. Webber retained, and still holds his interest in the corporation, ■which is admittedly the largest of the kind in the Northwest. In politics he is a gold standard Democrat. He is a member of the Minneapolis and Commercial Clubs. Mr. Webber was married, September 18, 1S05, to Miss Mary M. Harris, a daughter of Joseph Harris of Monroe county, New York, and has one child. JED L. WASHBURN. Jed L. Washburn, of Duluth, has been a practicing attorney in the courts of Minnesota for the past twenty years. He has been in Du- luth since 1890, and for ten years prior to that year was in the practice at Mankato. Mr. Washburn was born in Montgomery county, Indiana. December 26, 1856. He is the young- est son of Christopher C. Washburn, a retired farmer and mechanic of Blue Earth county, Minnesota, who was one of tin early pioneers of southern Minnesota, and of whom a brief sketch is given elsewhere in this book. His mother, whose maiden name was Julia Showen. is a native of Kentucky and a woman of strong moral and religious convictions, and of woman- ly worth generally, lie was but a few months jr BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 3'5 old when his family came overland from the I lousier State, in the spring of 18~)7, and set- tled upon the land which his father had en- tered as a homestead the previous year. His boyhood was passed amid the scenes and Gon- dii ions of pioneer life in southern Minnesota, forty years ago, and he greatly cherishes the memories of his acquaintance and association with the old settlers of that period, lie well remembers the great Indian outbreak of 18G2, the alarms, the terrible stories of murder, mas- sacre and rapine, and especially the partial termination of the troubles in the hanging of thirty-eight of the worst participants at Mau- kato. Mr. Washburn received an academic ed- ucation, including a limited course in literature and language, and a good course in mathemat- ics. His education has, however, been mainly self-acquired outside the schoolroom. His reading has been as extensive as his busy life permits, and he and his accomplished wife possess a large and well selected library. When a young man he taught school for a number of terms, and while he was a law student was. a teacher in the public schools of Mankato. He was greatly interested in. and somewhat prom- inently connected with the school system of Mankato, serving for a number of years on the board of education, a large portion of the time as president of the board. His study of the law was under the instruction of lion. Martin .1. Severance, of Mankato, who for nearly twenty years has been the able and erudite Judge of the Sixth Judicial District. Mr. Washburn was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1880, although in fact he had considerable experience in law practice prior to his admission. For ten years he was engaged in his profession at Mankato, and acquired an extensive and valuable prac- tice throughout southern Minnesota. In the beginning of 1890 Mr. Washburn removed to iMiluth, where he has been so continuously suc- cessful that he now has probably as large and as important a law business as any attorney in the State. Mr. William D. Bailey is asso- ciated with him. and Hon. Charles L. Lewis — who resigned from the District Bench to enter his firm — left it last fall, preparatory to taking a seat on the Supreme Court Bench at the be- ginning of the year 1900. During Mr. Wash- burn's career as a lawyer he has been engaged in many important cases, and in a professional way has been connected with numerous large business and financial transactions. His prac- tice has covered a wide range of the various blanches of litigation, but for some years past he has endeavored to confine himself, as far as possible, to corporation and real estate law. lie is the attorney at Duluth for several rail- way companies, including the Northern Pacific, and the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha companies, and he has successfully con- ducted much difficult railroad litigation. He is counsel for many other corporations and his professional duties have taken him to all parts of the country. He has a large acquaintance in the East as well as in the West, although he is purely a Western man, a thorough and loyal Minnesotan. The substantial and tangible fruits of his industrious and active life work are considerable. He owns valuable property interests in Duluth, upon the iron ranges and elsewhere. He resides in the suburb of Hunt- er's Park, where he has a beautiful home with ample grounds surrounding, in the care and improvement of which he takes great interest and enjoyment. In politics Mr. Washburn is an independent Democrat, but he has rarely taken an active part in his party's affairs, hav- ing devoted himself assiduously to his profes- sion. Those who know him best say of him: "He is generous to a fault, quick to act, a hard fighter, an incessant worker, an advocate rath- er than a jurist, and he is possessed of a rugged honesty which makes him at all times a man to be trusted." Mr. Washburn was married, in May, 1882, to Miss Alma J. Pattee, who is a graduate of the State Normal School at Man- kato, and was for some time a teacher in that institution. Mrs. Washburn is a native of Wis cousin, but of a New England family. She is a lady of rare literary ability and is well known as a frequent contributor of papers on topics which are the subjects of discussion and consideration in the literary and socio logical societies and associations of which she is a member. Mr. and Mrs. Washburn have 3i6 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. six children, three boys and three girls. The eldest sou, Claude Carlos, now sixteen years of age, is preparing for admission to Harvard University, and the eldest daughter, Julia Genevieve, is being educated in the Maynard school at Duluth. The other children are named: Abbott McC, Mildred, Hope, and John Lawrence Washburn. Mr. Washburn lias I wo brothers, one of whom, Rev. Francis M. Washburn, is a Congregational clergyman in California, and the other, Edward W. Wash- burn, is a merchant at Vernon Center. Blue Earth county. His only sister, now Mrs. Jennie Webster, resides at Juniata, Nebraska. WILLIAM R, MERRIAM. Hon. William Rush Merriam, Governor of Minnesota from January, 1889, tc January. 181)3, has left behind him an admirable record in that honorable position. He conies of a dis- tinguished ancestry, who settled at ('uncord, Massachusetts, long before Minnesota was in- habited by the white man. His father, Hon. John L. Merriam. lived at Wadham's Mills. Essex county, New York, where he was engaged in business as a merchant when the subject of this sketch was born, July 6, 1849. Hon. John L. Merriam was of English descent, and his wife, Mahala Delano, of French ancestry. Gov- ernor Merriam traces his ancestry to William Merriam, who was born at Bedford, Massachu- setts, in 1750, and served as a private in Capt. Jonathan Wilson's company of minute men, of the town of Bedford, Massachusetts. He took part in the fight of Concord Bridge, April 19, 1775, and in pursuit of the British forces in their retreat from Concord to Charlestown. He was chairman of the board of selectmen in Bed- ford, 1777, and rendered important service in procuring enlistments to the Continental Army. Governor Merriam's father came with his fam- ily to Minnesota in 1861, and, in connection with Mr. J. C. Burbank, engaged in the stage and transportation business. It was before the days of railroads, and their business became an extensive one. The elder Merriam was iden- tified with many enterprises in the develop- ment of the State, and took an active interest in politics, serving in the State Legislature and as Speaker in the House of Representa- tives in 1870 and 1871. The subject of this sketch was an ambitious lad and entered the academy at Racine. Wisconsin, at the age of fifteen. Later he entered Racine College, and upon his graduation was chosen valedictorian of his class, and acquitted himself with honor. When he returned to his home in St. Paul he devoted himself diligently to business, as a clerk in the First National Bank. Here lie rapidly developed unusual ability, and when only twenty-four years of age was elected cashier of the Merchant's National Rank. This was in 187::. In 1880 he was made vice-president, and four years later became the president of the bank. In the meantime Mr. Merriam had developed an active interest in politics, and had become an active worker in every political campaign. He was chosen to represent his district in the General Assem- bly of Minnesota in 1882, and served his con- stituents with distinguished ability. In 1886 he was again elected to the Lower House of the Legislature, and was honored with office of Speaker, where his father had presided six- teen years before. lie made an admirable pre- siding officer, and governed the body with courteous self-possession and with a firm, yet generous authority. He was chosen vice-presi- dent of the State Agricultural Society in 1886 and president in 1887, and contributed greatly to the success of the State fair, held under the auspices of that organization. In 1888 Mr. Merriam was nominated by the Republican party as a candidate for Governor — against Hon. Eugene M. Wilson, a Democrat of Minne- apolis — and was elected. Here, in his official capacity, he applied the business methods to the administration of public affairs that he has made so successful in his private interests. He was honored with a renomination and re- election in 1890, and served until January, IS'.)::. March 4, 1S99. lie was appointed Di- rector of the Census by President McKinley. Governor Merriam is a gentleman of very pleas- ing address and cordial manners, and has the faculty of attaching men to him in warm per- * ?n /iriOLc^v~lA~" BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 31/ sonal friendship. He is a student of affairs, and a financier of recognized ability. His con- tributions to the current literature of the coun- try on the subject of National finance have been important and valuable. He has stood firmly and ably by his ideas of sound finance and has done much to shape the sentiment of his party on that important subject in his Slate. Governor Merriam is a member of the University Club of New York, the Metropol- itan Club at Washington, and the Minnesota Club at St. Paul. He is also a member of St. Paul's Episcopal church, in the city of St. Paul. He was married, in 1872, to Laura Hancock, daughter of Mr. John Hancock, and niece of the late Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock, a lady of rare accomplishments and gracious manners, wlio presides over the home of her distin- guished husband with dignity and grace. LEVI M. WILLCUTS. Levi Monroe Willcuts, collector of customs, port of Duluth, Minnesota, was born Novem- ber 10, 1861, at Fountain City, Wayne county, Indiana. His parents were Jonathan and Mary (Starbuck) Willcuts both natives of Wayne county, and he is of Quaker descent. His father was a well-to-do farmer and extensive dealer in live stock, and was a much respected and trusted citizen of his community in In- diana. He died when the subject of this sketch was eleven years of age, his wife surviving him only four years. Levi M., who was the fifth in a family of eight children, received his early education in the common schools of his native place. In 1883, at the age of twenty- two, he removed to Columbia, South Dakota, where he engaged in real estate and loans, op- erating largely in farm lands. His business prospered, and in 1886 he formed a partnership with Maj. M. R. Baldwin, who was subsequent- ly elected Congressman from the Sixth Minne- sota < 'ongressional District. In the same year in which they united their interests the part- ners located in Duluth, Minnesota, and en- gaged in real estate under the firm name of Baldwin & Willcuts; and they did a successful business during the good times of that period. Mr. Willcuts at once took a prominent place among the public spirited citizens of the Zenith City. He was elected treasurer of the chamber of commerce, which was at that time one of the most influential bodies of the kind in the Northwest, and was actively identified with all the public enterprises for promoting the welfare of the city of Duluth and vicinity. While Mr. Willcuts possessed all of the impor- tant qualifications for success in politics — cool uess, keen perception and tact — he did not seek prominence in that direction; but it was thrust upon him. He first attained to local distinction in the Duluth city campaign of 1894, when Capt. Ray T. Lewis, the Republican candidate, was elected mayor. Mr. Willcuts was chair- man of the Republican city committee during this campaign, winch was a spirited contest; and his ability as a political manager, recog- nized at this time, was, two years later, brought into urgent requisition, and with most gratifying results to his constituency. The ( 'ongressional fight of 1896, in the Sixth Minne- sota District, will live in the history of the Slate and, in fact, in the political history of the country, as one of the most important and stubborn contests of that memorable year. Hon. Charles A. Towne, then Congressman from the Sixth District, had been elected as a Republican; but he became favorably im- pressed with the free silver theory and was one of its principal champions in the United States, being second in prominence only to William J. Bryan. Mr. Towne's popularity in the dis- trict was very general, and he and his friends considered thai his re-election was assured. He did not seek the Republican nomination, but came out as an independent candidate and was afterwards nominated by the Democratic and Populist conventions. Here was a popular candidate, in a district which is about evenly divided between the Republican and fusion forces, with the prestige of his office of Con gressman and the assurance that if Mr. Bryan were elected, he, Mr. Towne, would be the sec ond greatest man in the country, because of his distinction as a free silver advocate. Such was the political status in the Sixth District 3i8 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. when the Republican committee east about it for a chairman. It realized that there never was a time when so much depended upon the careful selection of this functionary, and an equally wise choice of candidate to head the Republican Congressional ticket. L. M. Will- cuts was asked to accept the chairmanship of the committee, and Hon. Page Morris was urged to step down from the District Bench to accept the nomination for Congress in opposi- tion to the celebrated free silver candidate, which he did at the earnesl solicitation of his friends. The campaign opened early, it being a Presidential year, and the political excite- ment in all parts of the district, for more than three months, was tremendous. To many shrewd observers of the situation the outlook was anything but bright for the success of the Republican candidate. It is freely admitted, by friends and foes alike, that Mr. Willcuts was the backbone of the Republican campaign in that contest. He received superb support from his committee, but many Republicans were disheartened at the seeming odds. Throughout the light, however, Mr. Willcuts maintained a calm and hopeful exterior, while working eighteen hours a day. His serene con- fidence was inspiring, and his placid assur- ances that Judge Morris would certainly be elected braced up the doubting Republicans, and, in a measure, disconcerted the opposition. Mr. Willcuts straightened out seemingly hope- less political tangles with magical ease, and friction disappeared more quickly than it ap- peared. The power of his expressed convic- tions and the enthusiasm that he inspired, per- meated the entire district; and the working- loyalty of every member of his committee is still a matter of frequent remark by him. Judge Morris was elected, and Mr. Willcuts thereafter inundated by telegrams and letters of congratulation. Although he very generous- ly endeavored to shift the credit to the com- mittee, Mr. Willcuts can never escape credit for the success of that campaign. Judge .Mol- lis was the first to congratulate him on the outcome of the long-drawn and bitter contest; and in July, 1897, in his capacity of Congress- man, he submitted the name of L. M. Willcuts for collector of the port of Duluth, and his appointment was confirmed without even the suggestion of opposition from any source. Mr. Willcuts has made an excellent record as col- lector of 1 1 lis important lake port. Business and executive ability are reflected in the con- duct of the office. Mr. Willcuts was married, at the age of twenty one. to Miss Rhoda E. Mendenhall, daughter of Stephen and Rachel Mendenhall, of Richmond, Indiana. The union took place at Richmond, about a year previous to Mr. Willcuts' removal to South Dakota. The married life of Mr. Willcuts, which was very happy, ended- with the death of his wife in 1896. Mrs. Willcuts left three children, name h : Eva R., Walter R. and Ruth E. WARREN L. BEE BE. Warren Loring Beebe, M. D., of St. Cloud, was born at Belpre, Washington county, Ohio, March 16, 1848. He is a son of Dr. William Beebe, who was also a na- tive of Ohio of remote English ances- try, and the maiden name of his mother was Elizabeth Bathbone. The senior Dr. Beebe practiced his profession for many years in Washington county, Ohio, and was a surgeon of high standing. During the war of the Re- bellion he was surgeon of the One Hundred and Forty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He died April 15, 1887. Dr. Beebe was educated in the common schools and in the Marietta, Ohio, College, from which institution he grad- uated in 1S70. Engaging in the study of medi- cine as his life profession, he graduated from the Ohio Medical College, at Cincinnati, in 1873, with the degree of M. D. In 1876 he graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- lege, New York, and soon after began the prac- tice of his profession in his native village of Belpre, where he was engaged for about two years. In 1878 Dr. Beebe came to Minnesota, and located at St. Cloud, which city has ever since been his home. No other member is bet- ter known to the fraternity of the medical pro- fession in Minnesota than Dr. Beebe, although he has been in the State only about twenty-two The dntury PiMisluiy &Cnjravmj Co Chuxvpo- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 319 years. He is a prominent member of the Stale Medical Society, and was its president from 1890 to 1891. He is also a member of the American .Medical Association. From the first he has been highly successful, and now has a large and satisfactory general practice. He is I lie local surgeon of the Northern Pacific and the Great Northern railroads at Si. cloud, ami is considered an expert and authority on all general matters connected with medical and surgical science. He is altogether devoted to his profession, is still a student and investi- galor, and keeps up with the progress and de- velopment of the age.- For these reasons, and because he is naturally gifted with clear and strong mental qualities, may be attributed his extraordinary success in the treatment of dis- ease and his skill in surgery. Dr. Beebe is a Republican, but has no time to engage actively in political affairs except to vote. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, of the Odd Fellows, and of the Knights of Pythias. He is of social tastes and has a very large contin- gent of warm personal friends, not only in St. Cloud, but throughout the State. He was mar- ried, December 28, 1870, to Miss Maria T. Harte, at Marietta, Ohio. They have two sons, named William H. and Warren Loring, Jr. WILLIAM C, SARGENT. The Sargents are New England people, their ancestors having, many generations back, crossed from the mother country and settled there. William O Sargent was born in Bos- ton, Massachusetts, December 1, 1859. He is the son of the late Hon. George B. Sargent, of Duluth, Minnesota, a sketch of whose life ap- pears in another part of this volume. When William C. was four years of age his father located in New York City, to engage there in financial business, and the boy was sent to the public schools of that metropolis for a time; then, at the age of ten years, he became a student in the Faribault Military Institute. Subsequently he took a course of instruction at St. John's Seminary, which is situated about twelve miles from Syracuse, New York. At the dose of his school davs he began at once to consider, aud to feel responsible for, his future maintenance and fortune. His father, who had in the meantime located in Duluth, was already one of that city's successful and prominent business men; but the Sargents were plentifully endowed with the Yankee spirit of thrift and independence, which holds to the virtue of each man's carving out, as far as pos- sible, his own career. William ( '. was still in his teens when he came to .Minnesota, prepared to go to work at whatever task might present itself. Physically he was strong and energetic, and his mental temperament such as qualified him for pushing his way upward from humble beginnings. He procured employment as teamster in the logging business, which he fol- lowed for a short time, keeping his eyes always open for larger opportunities. In 1880 he was appointed superintendent of the Duluth Blast Furnace Company, and in 188(1 he was made manager of the Lakeside Land Company, which latter position he held for a period of nine years. Like his father, Mr. Sargent has a de- cided taste for financiering, and excellent capabilities. And for the most part his opera tions were successful, and he had laid the foundation of a substantial fortune; but during the years of financial depression which culminated in the panic of 1893, with their ac- companying depreciation of real estate, much of the property accumulated by him was swept away in the general disaster. Thwarted on these lines by circumstances beyond his con- trol, he sought activity and achievement in another direction — that of official life. In his political views Mr. Sargent has always been strongly Republican, and his enthusiasm and energy in political campaigning, early gained recognition as a potent force. In 1S9G he was nominated for sheriff of St. Louis county, and elected by a majority of eighteen hundred votes. He was re-elected in November. 1898, and is now' an aspirant for a third term, with a fair prospect of proving the county's choice for the office in 1900. Mr. Sargent is a man of many social qualities, and belongs to numerous secret organizations, including all the Masonic orders and those of the Elks and Foresters. 320 BlooiiAPIIY ()F MINNESOTA. On January b'>. 1887, Mr. Sargent was married; at Syracuse, New York, to Miss Rhobie L. Peck, of thai city. Three children were the issue of their marriage, one of whom is deceased. THOMAS B. LINDSAY. Thomas B. Lindsay, a well-known business man of Minneapolis, is the seventh of a family of ten children. He is of Scotch parentage, his father, David Lindsay, having emigrated to America from Scotland in 18-41 with six chil- dren. David Lindsay settled in New Y'ork City, and after remaining there for two years, removed to Dodge county, Wisconsin. Four more children were born to him in America, and of the ten, seven are now living. David Lindsay died in 1849. Thomas B. Lindsay laid I lie foundation of his education in the common schools of Dodge county. He then entered the Fox Lake (Wisconsin) Academy, attending that institution for two years. At the expiration of that time he determined to prepare him- self for a commercial life, and accordingly went to Detroit, Michigan, entering a business college there. In 1805 he removed to Olmstead county, Minnesota, and established a general merchandising store at that place, lie con- tinued in this line for about five years, and in INTO disposed of his business and engaged in agriculture. While following this calling he was honored by being elected to the State Legislature, and was a member of that body from Olmstead county during the years 1872 and 187:!. He also, for five years, held with credit the office of town treasurer in Olmstead county. The public positions which Mr. Lind- say has held have come to him entirely un- sought, as a recognition of his ability. Mr. Lindsay was in the employ of a large Eastern house, manufacturers of agricultural imple- ments, for ten years, as traveling representa- tive and general agent. While in their employ he established a reputation for competency and executive ability in business affairs. In 1887 lie went into partnership with his brother, un- der the style of Lindsay Brothers. lie has been associated with his brother up to Hie present time. This firm is located at Xos. 400 to 408 First street, north. They have established a trade, the extent of which is neatly coincident willi the entire Xorl Invest. This has been ac- complished mainly through the efforts of Mr. T. B. Lindsay. He has devoted himself to commercial pursuits through the greater part of his life, and his success attests his thoroughness in business matters. His energies have been concentrated upon one par- ticular line, and consequently he has come to have a knowledge of agricultural machinery and implements, which is excelled by few if any in the country. Mr. Lindsay has a genius for friendship, and is counted as a personal friend by many throughout the State. His wife was Miss Martha Dye, of Sheboygan Falls, to whom he was married September 5, 1866. To them one son has been born, E. H. Lindsay, who assists his father in the agricultural busi- ness. Mr. and Mrs. Lindsay are members of the Central Baptist church of Minneapolis. EUGENE L. MANN. Eugene Langdon Mann, M. D., of St. Paul, is a native of Minnesota, born in Minneapolis, May 20, 1801. His father. Eoratio Eugene Mann, and his mother, who before her marriage was Mary Augusta Williams, were both of prominent New Eng- land families. Horatio Mann was born at Randolph, Massachusetts, in 1825, the son of Stephen Mann, of Braintree, Vermont. He was of the seventh generation in lineal descent from Richard Man (as the name was spelled in England), the founder of the family in America, who joined the Massachusetts Bay colony and, according to its records, took the Oath of Fidelity at Scituate, Massachusetts, January 10, 1044. Horatio Mann studied law, was admitted to the bar at Albany, New York, practiced for a few years in the East, and finally located at Minneapolis. He was elected to and served in the first Legislature of Minne- sota, which convened in 1850. He is still liv- ing and is now a resident of Daytona, Florida. Of the Williams family, one branch founded The Century Publishing & Qwrtwng Co Chicago* *>?>C4^tnz^L > BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 7,2 \ Williams College, a1 Williamstown, Massa- chusetts, and Hoii. C. K. Williams, the mater- nal grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was at one time Governor of the State of Ver- mont. Dr. Mann obtained all that portion of his education, which preceded collegiate work. in the public schools of St. Paul, talcing their entire course from the lowest primary grade to the graduating class of the high school, from which he passed, in 1S79, to Hobart Col- lege, at Geneva, New York. From the latter institution he graduated with the class of 1883, receiving the degree of B. A., and being elected a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He had, also, while a student at the college, been an active member of the Kappa Alpha Greek Letter Society. In the autumn of the year in which he completed his college course, he en- tered the Hahnemann Medical College al Philadelphia. He obtained his degree of II. D. in 188G, his class being one of the first to take the full three years' course of instruction at that institution. After graduating he served for a year as interne in the Ward's Island Hospital. He then, in 1887, came to St. Paul, opened an office for the practice of his profes- sion, and from that time until the present his career has been one of continuous success. When lie had been about two years in practice, the Medical Department of the University of Minnesota manifested its confidence in his abilities by calling him to the professorship of diseases of the nose and throat and of physical diagnosis, which position he has ever since held. In 1891 he was made professor of dis- eases of the nose, throat, heart and lungs, and since 1890 his lectures have been confined to the specialties of nose, throat and ear. Dr. Mann is a member of the staff of St. Luke's, of the City and County hospitals, and belongs to the staff of local surgeons of the Northern Pacific Railroad. In 1898 he was elected presi- dent of the State Homeopathic Society. Shortly after his election to this post he went abroad, spending several months at the medical centers of London. Vienna and Germany in professional observation and research. lie is one who would never be content with anything less than the most thorough professional knowledge and work possible to him, and his judgment and advice are highly valued and much sought among the profession. On gen- eral as well as special lines, also, he is a man of broad information and culture. His whole life has been one of unremitting industry, which, coupled with his native intelligence and balance, was bound to yield the gratifying suc- cess he has enjoyed. Although the political atmosphere in which he grew up was Repub- lican, Dr. Maun has remained unbiased by partisan feeling. So that men and measures be wise and just, he cares not from what party they issue. June If), 1891, Dr. Mann was married to Mrs. Clara W. Carpenter, whose father, the late George W. Wort hen, was a merchant and old resident of Lebanon, New Hampshire. The home of Dr. and Mrs. Mann in St. Paul contains a fine library of historical and literary works which the Doctor has col- lected, and among which he passes most of his leisure hours, his wife joining him with en- thusiasm in the pursuit of knowledge. Dr. and Mrs. Mann are regular attendants at the House of Hope Presbyterian church in their home city. HENRY HUTCHINSON. Henry Hutchinson, M. D., of St. Paul, was boin at Chateau Gay, a small town near Mon- treal. Province of Quebec, Canada, August HO, 1st!). His father. John Hutchinson, emigrated from Queen's County. Ireland, and settled in Montreal in about 1830. His occupation was that of a mason and builder, which he followed for a number of years in the city of Mont teal. Here he was also married, some time in the early thirties, to Miss Isabella Patterson, of Scotch Presbyterian parentage, whose family had emigrated from Glasgow, Scotland, and settled in Montreal about the same time as her husband. Nothing definite is known of the paternal grandfather of Dr. Hutchinson, ex- cept that he was a respectable fanner in Queen's county. Ireland, of English descent. the family being, so far as known, of the Meth- odist denomination. The paternal grandmoth- er of Dr. Hutchinson was of Huguenot-French 32- BIOGRAPHY <>F MINNESOTA. extraction, and his maternal grandmother was a native of Switzerland. The latter married a Mr. Patterson, an officer in the British army, who was placed on the retired list after seeing active service in the Peninsular cam paign, and being wounded at Badejos, Spain. When Henry was three years of age. his par- ents removed from Montreal to Buffalo, New- York. After living there about three years they then removed to Painesville, Ohio. Prom thence the family returned to Canada within a year, owing to the prevalence in northern Ohio at that time of malaria, from which sev- eral of the children were suffering. They set- tled in Toronto, Ontario, intending to make that city (heir future home, but the financial crisis of 1857, affected business to such an ex- tent that Mr. Hutchinson determined to emi- grate to the wilds of Minnesota and seek his fortune there. This he did in the spring of 1858, and settled on a farm near Northfleld, Rice county, of this State. Mrs. Hutchinson followed with the family the succeeding year. To Mr. and Mrs. Hutchinson were born thir- teen children, five of whom died in early child- hood. The eight remaining children grew to adult age. and all excepting the eldest son, Frank, are still living. He died in Chicago some sixteen years ago. In the year 1862 the three older brothers enlisted in the Sixth Reg- iment, Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and served their adopted country until the close of the War of the Rebellion. Two of them rose from the ranks to commissioned officers, Robert R. being captain and John second lieu- tenant in their regiment. At the time of his brothers' enlistment Henry, then in his thir- teenth year, was a strong, rugged boy, and the nearest to a man in physical strength of any member of the family left at home. His father had been crippled by rheumatism and was somewhat broken in health as well as in spir- its, by his financial losses before leaving Can ada. During the years of the war, Henry lived on the farm and became accustomed to all kinds of farm labor. During this time he had only the opportunity of attending school through the winter months. A natural desire lor an education, together with his mother's earnest wish that he might attain one, led him in make the most of the meager opportunities ai his command. Most of his evenings, and any spare time during the day, were occupied in reading, the careful selection of books be- ing directed by his mother. In his seventeenth year, his father gave him the remainder of his time until he should reach his majority, in or- der that he might gratify this longing for an education. The ambitious youth started out in the world with only a strong and healthy physique and the inspiration he received from his mother to rely upon for accomplishing his purpose. By working as a farm hand in the summer season he was enabled to attend Car- leton College, at Northfleld {which was then but a preparatory school or academy), during the winter months. At the same time he paid for his board by keeping books in a hotel in Northfleld. Here he remained for about two years, when, in the strange sequence of human events, he formed an acquaintance which was destined to influence the trend of his whole life. This was in the strong personality of Dr. Allied P. Skeels, a physician of the Homeo- pathic school of practice, who had recently come I here from St. Louis, Missouri, in quest of health. Dr. Skeels took a great personal interest in the ambitious student, and knowing under what disadvantages be was striving to obtain a classical education, advised him to discontinue his efforts to that end, and induced him to take up the studj - of medicine. The two years following were occupied in the pur- suit of these studies, and incidentally in teach- ing school winters, which, however, never in terfered with his medical studies. A certain amount of reading was laid out for each day. and this task had to lie accomplished before he retired at night. In the spring of 1S72 his preceptor died, leaving the young man in whom he had taken such a kindly interest his library and office appurtenances, with the request that he should settle up the doctor's business and keep up his medical studies. In the autumn of that year our subject was enabled to go to Philadelphia to attend his first course of lec- tures, his next older brother, John, advancing the funds required, above what he had himself BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. earned and saved for that purpose. In the spring of 1S74 be graduated from the Hahne- mann Medical College of Philadelphia, and at once returned to Northfleld to establish him- self in practice. Here he remained for four years and a half, and besides earning sufficient money t<> pay the debts he had incurred, in obtaining his degree in medicine, he was most fortunate in contracting a life partnership, which lias ever since 1 n an inspiration and a guide to life's best endeavors, viz., his mar riage, in June, isT.'i, to .Miss Matilda McCurdy, of Delhi, New York. For two years Dr. Hutch- inson served as deputy coroner of Rice county. In the autumn of 1878, finding a country prac- tice very laborious, and realizing that he had extended it to its limits in that location, he determined to establish himself in a larger city, and accordingly came to St. Paul. Here, in the course of two or three years, he built up a large and lucrative practice, so that in L887 he felt warranted in going abroad for icst and study. He spent his time principally in the hospitals of London and Paris. In 1890 he again went abroad, visiting London and Paris, also Berlin, where the World's Congress of Physicians and Surgeons was in session, and of which organization he was a member. Dr. Hutchinson toot an active part in organizing the Medical Department of the University of Minnesota in 1887, representing the Homeo- pathic School on several committees, and oc- cupied the chair of practice in that department for about five years, when he resigned, lie was largely instrumental in obtaining the admis- sion of his school of practice, first in St. Luke's Hospital, and later in the City and County Hospital of St. Paul, lie has been honored with appoinlnicni on both these stall's, as well as upon that of St. Joseph's Hospital, of SI. Paul. Dr. Hutchinson has been president of the Minnesota State Institute of Homeopathy; a member of the American Institute of Home- opathy; president of the St. Paul Homeopathic Hospital Club, and for the past four years has served as a member of the Minnesota Slate Board of Health, of which organization he has been twice elected vice-president. Dr. Hutch inson is naturallv a student and a great reader. and has always regretted that his eircum stances in early life prevented his (akin- a literary degree. Besides a very complete pro fessional library, he has also accumulated a large miscellaneous library, embracing history, travels, classical fiction and scientific works. I le is an able writer and has done much to raise the standard of his school, and the respect accorded it, both in and outside of the proles sion. In 1897 Dr. Hutchinson made a trip to South America in the interest of the Orinoco Company, Limited, to examine into and make a report on the iron and other valuable re- sources located on a 12,000,000 acre concession obtained by this company from the Venezuelan Government. From his boyhood Dr. Hutchin- son has always been a hard worker, and what- ever degree of success he has attained has been accomplished by his own personal efforts alone. Whenever congratulated upon this success by his friends .and associates, he never fails to mention, with much feeling, the kind and care- ful instruction and advice he received from his saintly mother, of whom he is wont to say: "she possessed a gentle and religious nature, and was always seeking to inspire me with a determination to be a good and useful man. Whatever success 1 have attained in this world, and my faith in a life beyond, is the direct result of this inspiration." One who knows by personal experience whereof he speaks, says of Dr. Hutchinson: "Those who have enjoyed I he professional services of Dr. Hutchinson, in times of sick ness. have no difficulty in determining what are the characteristics that have made him so successful and so beloved. The very sight of his strong and robust frame entering the sick room is the beginning of cure. Health seems catching, as well as disease, and the invalid feels that strong currents of life are in that powerful physique beside his bed. If this is a gift of nature, the bright and cheerful hope- fulness which characterize Dr. Hutchinson has been acquired and maintained through many trials and disappointments. It is something not lightly to be regarded, that a physician, even in serious and alarming diagnoses, is able In sustain his patient's nervous strength and vitality by an air. of confidence and optimism. Xol that Dr. Hutchinson lacks the element of 3-4 P.IOOKAPHY OF MINNESOTA. seriousness and permits Iris patients to indulge in vain expectations. But lie has the faculty and tact of explaining the real conditions, se- rious as they may be, without breaking down the patient's faith in the eventual triumph of nature and medical skill. The kind and sym- pathetic heart of the man shows itself always, and one feels that a deep personal interest in the case insures the best thoughtfulness ami medical treatment the skilled physician can give. There are many physicians whose pa- tients prize them for (heir skill and knowledge, while they are not drawn to (hem by any warm personal affection; and there are many physi- cians whose patients love (hem, but do not rank them very high in mental or scientific at- tainment. Dr. Butchinson has the happiness of being loved both for himself and for his professional ability. This combination of pow- ers has given him an extensive and lucrative practice and a large circle of friends, and these friends include the principal practitioners in the Allopathic School of Medicine in the Twin Cities." A brother physician has this to say of Dr. Hutchinson : "The most prominent characteristic of Or. Hutchinson is his personal magnetism and power. People instinctively trust him and his mere presence in the sick room is inspiring. He is a man of broad ideas in medicine. While he numbers his friends as well among those who disagree as among those who agree with his views, he demands the same generosity that he extends, and is an effective champion of his own cause when attacked. A member of the Homeopathic School of Medicine, he has been largely instrumental in securing recognition for that school in the hospitals in St. Paul. Be- sides attending to the duties of an extensive practice, Dr. Hutchinson has found time to make his influence felt in outside matters. He is an active member of the State Board of Health, and one of the executive committee of the National Park Association, and it may be truly said of him that in whatever he engages, he throws his whole energy. He is always an active member, never a passive one, in any good work that engages his attention." OTTO LUGGEE. Otto Lugger von Hagen, Professor of Ento- mology of the University of Minnesota and Slate Entomologist, was born in Hagen. West falia, Germany, September 15, ls-U. His father was Fritz Lugger von Hagen, a professor of chemistry in different educational institutions of Prussia. He was an original investigator in scientific and experimental chemistry, and allied sciences, and became a man of great prominence in scientific and educational cir- cles. His ancestors were mostly officers in the Prussian army, descendants from an old Pros sian family, whose records are traced back In the Fourteenth Century. His mother's maiden name was Lina von Fischer, also descended from an old Prussian family, whose male mem hers were, many of them, officers in the Prus- sian army. Otto Lugger was the oldest of a family of four children, and was the only one of the family to come to the United States. He was educated at the Gymnasium at Hagen, and later at the universities at .Monster, Bonn, and Berlin. He entered the army in a cavalry regiment stationed at Minister, and became a lieutenant in 1864. He left the army to enter the Polytechnicum at Berlin, and later at Heidelberg. In 1865 he came to the United States, and almost immediately entered the United States engineer service in the lake sur- vey, at Del mil. Michigan, lie remained in that service for three years, when he becalm- assist- ant to the Slate entomologist of Missouri, Pro- fessor < '. Y. Riley, with whom he remained until 1ST"), when he became curator of the Maryland Academy of Science in Baltimore. He soon afterwards entered the Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore, being at the same time the naturalist of the public parks in I hat city. After spending three years in the de- partment of agriculture — division of entomol- ogy — in Washington, he was appointed by the board of regents of the University of Minne- sota to become professor of Entomology and Botany, at the experiment station, at St. An- thony Park. St. Paul, which important position he has occupied for eleven years. During this time he has written a large number of books and bulletins, illustrating his work in the study of fish, insects, plants and their diseases. all of which have been published by the State or the State University. Dr. Lugger is. per- haps, foremost authority on the subject of The Century Publishing & Cngraviny Co Chicqytr w BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 325 Entomology in the United Slates, especially as applied I" the Northwest. His bulletin on the Rocky mountain locust is considered authority on that subject. He lias experimented and originated several different ways of fighting off and exterminating the grasshopper and the chinch bug. He lias also made a special study of the army worm, and his discoveries have been of the greatest value to the agriculturist. He is so thoroughly posted on all native insects and their habits that he knows at once what lo do to fight them off and destroy them. He has collected a museum of all Hie animals, birds and insects native to Minnesota, and has studied their habits to know upon what they feed at all times of the year — to know what is the friend of the farmer and what are his ene- mies — what to encourage and protect, and what to discourage and destroy. He also pub- lished a bulletin on entomology in 1893 — "an illustrated classification of insects, and their relation to agriculture." He has been for four years Stale Entomologist, and has issued four volumes of reports. These works are of great importance to (he agriculturists, as he treats fully on the subject of insects destructive to fruits, grains, and to animals, chickens, and on other features of great interest to the farmer and fruit grower. Professor Lugger was mar- ried, February i>, 1856, ti> Lena Rosowald, a native of Eserlohn, Westphalia, Germany. They are the parents of two children, Linnea and Humboldt. CLARK W. GILMORE. • 'lark William Gilmore, of Pipestone, was born at Potsdam, Xew York, -Lily 8, 1852. The remote paternal ancestry is Scottish. His fa- ther, William Gilmore, was a native of New Hampshire, who was engaged in agriculture during the greater pari of his life. His deatli oc- curred at Potsdam, New York, in the year 1878. In his early years Clark W. attended the coun- try schools in the vicinity of his home, after- wards taking a four years' course of instruction in the normal school at Potsdam. He completed his studies in 1872, and in the following year, at the age of twenty-one. came to the West. In 1S74 he located in Rochester, Minnesota, where he continued to reside for three years. He decided to follow the legal profession, and having devoted the necessary amount of time to the reading of law, he gained admittance to the bar in Dodge county. He began his career as a legal practitioner at Mankato, Minnesota, remaining in that city until 1882. It was dur- ing the summer of the above year that he set- tled in Pipestone, his present place of residence, and where, with the exception of one year, he has been continuously engaged in the practice of his profession since first local ing there. In politics Mr. Gilmore is a Repub- lican, and is an interested and active member of his party; but, although as a thoroughgoing lawyer and fluent speaker he is well qualified for public life, he has manifested no aspirations in that direction beyond the professional offices of county and city attorney. He has served for two terms in the former capacity. He has no need of seeking further duties than those which come to him in his legal nook above the Pipestone County Bank, duties which he per- forms with an ability and faithfulness that tix his place among the foremost of the city's law- yers. .Mr. Gilmore took an active interest in the late Spanish-American war. He recruited Company M of the Fifteenth Minnesota Vol unleers. of which he was made captain, and was in camp with the regiment at Camp Ramsey, Minnesota, at Camp Mead, Har- risburg, Pennsylvania, and at Camp Mac kenzie, Augusta, Georgia. His term of military service lasted from July, 1898, un- til March, 1899, he being honorably dis- charged by the Government on the 27th of the last-named month. On February 5th. 1878, at Rochester, Minnesota, Mr. Gilmore was united in marriage to Miss Carrie A. Mount, daughter of F. L. V. Mount, of that city. Five children have been born of their union; but death has been a frequent visitor at the do- mestic hearth of Mr. Gilmore, two of Hie children having been taken, and Mrs. Gilmore having died on the 26th day of May, 1896. Mr. Gilmore is an active member of the Masonic fraternity. He has been master four terms. 326 RIOGRARIIY OF MINNESOTA. and is n member of the Chapter and Comman- dery, and was one time an officer of the Grand Lodge of Minnesota. FREDERICK KKIIX. Frederick Kron, whom everybody in Man- kato knows as a successful merchant and thrifty business man, was born in Milwaukee, August !>. 1852. His parents were Clemens and Johanna (Armbruster) Kron; both par- ents were natives of Baden, Germany. His father emigrated to America in 1847 and fol- lowed his trade of harnessmaMng in Philadel- phia for a time, and then settled in Milwaukee, where he was married, and engaged in the hotel business. In 1853 he went to St. Paul, and thence to Mankato, where he put up a log building — being assisted by the Indians in its construction — and kept a frontier tavern, among the first built in Mankato. The town at that time was only a boat landing and trad- ing post. After a few years he put up a frame building on the same site, known as the Minne- sota House. Frederick was only ten months old when his parents came to Mankato. His first experience in school was in a log building on (he site where the union school now stands. He afterwards attended the nunnery school with I he Sisters of Notre Dame, where he remained about four years. After leaving school he re- mained at home and assisted in the hotel up to the time of his father's death, in 1873. After his decease. Frederick took charge of the hotel, for his mother, about two years. He then rented the place and conducted it on his own account for two years. In 1877 he erected a new building on a part of the ground where the hotel stood and went into the mercantile busi- ness, opening a general store for the sale of dry goods, groceries, etc. After ten years he sold his slock of goods, leased the store, and retired from business for about five years. Din- ing this time he traveled extensively in the West and South, then returning to Mankato. he opened a store in the same building, which he still owned, lie boughl a new and superior stock of goods, and built up a very successful business. In 1895, to accommodate his grow- ing trade, he erected the elegant brick block he now occupies. The entire block, fifty by one hundred feet, four tloors, is devoted to the different departments — groceries and house furnishing goods in basement; dry goods, notions and gents' furnishing goods on first floor; carpets, curtains, cloaks and milli- nery on the second floor; trunks, linoleum and oil cloth and storage on the lop floor. This is the largest, and in fact the only store of the kind in Mankato. Mr. Kron has been uniform- ly successful in his commercial career, owing perhaps, to his close attention to the smallest details of his business, and to his knowledge of what the public wants; but more especially to his liberal policy in the treatment of his cus- tomers and his reputation for strict honesty and reliability. Resides his mercantile business, Mr. Kron has been largely interested in real estate, buying and selling, building and rent ing, and he is a large property owner. He was at one time a director in the Mankato National Rank, and is a stockholder in the Mankato State Rank. He is an enterprising, public spir- ited citizen. Who has always been ready to aid in any enterprise for the public good. Mr. Kron was married, in May. 1875, to Miss Clara Ullman, of .Mankato. They have no children. JOHN F. MEAGHER. John Ford Meagher was born in County Kerry. Ireland. April 11, 1836, and died in Mankato. Minnesota, June 18, I SOT. He was the son of Jeremiah and Catherine Meagher. both of whom died when he was about ten years of age. Shortly after their death he and his elder brother and their sister — the only surviving members of the family — came to A merica and settled on a farm in LaSalle coun- ty. Illinois. For the ensuing three years of his boyhood he lived on this farm, attending school for about two years. When he was fourteen he bound himself as an apprentice to learn the tinners' trade with a tinsmith at Ottawa, Illi- nois. His apprenticeship lasted three years,- and his wages were thirty dollars for the first BIOORAl'lTY OF MINNESOTA. 3-7 year, forty dollars for the second, and fifty dol- lars for the third. But at the end of his time he had become so proficient a workman that, although he was but seventeen years of age, he had no difficulty in securing employment at regular journeyman's wages. Upon reach- ing the age of twenty-one, when he was "his own man." he decided to come to the then Ter- ritory of Minnesota. In September, 1857, he took passage at Dunleith, Illinois, on the steamer "Northern Light" for St. Paul. But at Hastings he met a friend, who informed him that a firm that had just opened a hardware store at Faribault wanted a practical tinner. So he went to Faribault, secured the situation and held it until the following spring. In •Tune, 1858, a hardware firm at Hastings de- cided to open a branch store in Mankato and engaged young Meagher to aid in establishing it. and to remain and assist in its man- agement. Three years later, in 1861, he bought out the firm and engaged in business for himself, and Mankato was ever after his home. He continued in the hardware busi- ness for several years, and was very suc- cessful in his business operations. In time he became identified with other business inter- ests of the town. In 1868 he assisted in the organization of the First National Bank, and was its vice-president until in 1872, when he and others organized the Citizens' National Bank, of which he was president during its ex- istence, which terminated in 1892, when the National Citizens' Bank was organized, and Mr. Meagher became its president, and held the position until his death. Mr. Meagher was active and always interested in all enterprises for the improvement of Mankato and the wel- fare of Minnesota, and did his whole duty for both, in peace and in war. When the startling news of the great Indian outbreak reached Mankato, August 19, 18<>2, the townspeople of the place were summoned to the levee by the ringing of the big town bell. A company of volunteers were at once organized to go to the relief of New TJlm, then sore beset by the sav- ages. Mr. Meagher was tendered the captaincy of the company, but declined the honor, offer- ing, however, to serve in any other capacity. He was then made first lieutenant and (he com- pany hurried to New Ulm, where, under the command of Col. Charles E. Flandrau, it par- ticipated in the hard-fought battle which finally defeated 1 he Indians and caused them to retreat. The gallantry with which the mem- bers of the Mankato company served at New Ulm is a matter of notoriety and of recorded history, and is referred to elsewhere in this volume. After active hostilities had ceased in (his quarter a part of the company was sta- tioned at South Bend. Mr. Meagher returned to .Mankato and organized another company for the defense of the town. Soon after he was commissioned by Governor Ramsey as captain and placed in immediate command of the post of Mankato. and was in the State military serv- ice until the close of the war. In the material interests of Mankato generally Mr. Meagher became actively and substantially interested. At different periods he was a director in the Mankato Brick Company, the Mankato Woolen Mill Company, the Mankato Axe Company, and in the Mankato Gas and Electric Light Com pany. He was also a director in the Wells branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad. He became known throughout a great portion of the State as identified with a number of business and financial institutions. In Stillwater he was a director in the North- western Manufacturing and Car Company. In St. Paul he was a stockholder in the St. Paul Trust Company, the First National Bank, the National German-American Bank, the Com- mercial Bank, and in many other enterprises. Politically, Mr. Meagher was a Democrat. He was the candidate 1 of his party on several oc- casions, and although it was in the minority in his section of the State, he was uniformly elected; his personal popularity, with the vot- ers who knew him, carried him through. His first candidacy was for county treasurer in ISC,:',, ami although no Democrat had been elected in Blue Earth county for years, he was elected by a large majority, while all his as- sociates on I he ticket were 1 defeated. In 1869, while he was in the East on a business trip, and without his being consulted, he was nomi- nated as the Democratic candidate for Repre- 32 8 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. sentative in the Legislature. The district was regarded as hopelessly Republican, and no particular effort was made in his behalf in the campaign, yet he was elected by a good major- ity, and served in the session of 1870. He was re-elected in 1871 by an increased majority. In 1N72 he was elected to the State Senate, and while in service in this body was a member of the leading committees, as the committee on finance, on railroads, on education, etc. His record was particularly clean, able, and val- uable in both the House and Senate. His conduct was straightforward, frank and high- toned, and he numbered among his best friends men of both political parties who served with him and were impressed with his honesty of purpose, his ability and his general manly qual- ities. In the Tilden-Hayes Presidential cam- paign of 187(i he was a Democratic candidate for elector at large. In Mankato he served three years as a member of the city council, and for a time was president of the council. He was also for one year chairman of the board of county commissioners of Blue Earth county. Mr. Meagher held many important positions of public trust and responsibility by appointment. In 1881 Governor Hubbard appointed him a member of the board of trustees for the State Hospital for the Insane, and he was re-ap- pointed by Governors McGill and Nelson. In 1SS7 the Legislature made him a member of the board of trustees to re-locate the State Reform School. In 1888 the same authority designated him as one of the commissioners to erect the New Ulm battle monument. In behalf of the commission, Mr. Meagher made the presentation address in turning over the mon- ument to the State at its formal dedication. August 2:?, 1891. John F. Meagher established his character and reputation and acquired his private fortune by the exertions of his own brain and muscle. Left a poor Irish orphan lad at ten years of age, he made his way through life almost single-handed, without the aid of influential friends, without even the advantage of a good education. He succeeded by going resolutely to work and sticking to it. By perseverance in the course he marked out for himself, by an unvarving line of rigid in- tegrity and honorable conduct and an intelli- gence strengthened by the adversities with which he had to contend, he earned a fortune of the world's goods and — what was better and of more value to him — he secured the re- spect and esteem of all who knew him. A persona] friend of Mr. .Meagher says of his per- sonal characteristics: "John F. Meagher was of commanding pres- ence, with pleasing and impressive features. In height he was about five feet ten inches. was well built and his weight averaged from 225 to 250 pounds. His mind was clear, active, and strong, and in his utter- ances and his writing there were an earnest- ness, an originality, and a force that carried conviction. His acquaintance among the pub- lic characters and business men of the State was large; few Minnesotans were more gener- ally known or more highly respected. Mr. .Meagher was a fine-looking man personally, and he was a worthy associate of the remark- able men who comprised the pioneers of Minne- sota." Mr. Meagher was married, September 14, 1866, to Miss Mary A. Battelle, of Brooklyn, New York. She. too, was a native of Ireland, and a daughter of John Battelle, who came with his family to America in 1860. She died at Santa Barbara. California, April 24. 1895. Mr. and Mrs. Meagher were the parents of sev- en children, viz.: John It., now cashier of the National Citizens' Lank of Mankato, and presi- dent of the Mankato Gas and Electric Light Company; Alonzo E., who died August 2:'., issii.ni 1 he age of twenty-one; J. William, who died March T, 1893, aged twenty-two; Felix K., Katherine F.. Mary B., and Agnes J., — the last four named now residing at Mankato. CHARLES HORToX. The city of Winona owes its growth and de- velopment largely to the extensive lumber business that has been its leading industry al- most from the time that the town was found* d, and which has made the city one of the leading lumber centers of the State. That such a con- dition should exist in this community naturally /^"«^< £<-^J / P.IOGRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. 3 2 9 reflects credit upon the men who have been identified with these interests, prominent among whom is the subject of this sketch, Charles Horton. Mr. Horton was born in the State of New York, at Niles, Cayuga county, March 31, 1836, the son of Gabriel and Eliza (Corwin) Horton. The father, who was a farm er in moderate circumstances, traced his ances- try back to the Huguenots who first settled on Long Island. Charles received his early edu- cation in the schools of his native town. In 18~>2 h" went to Athens, Pennsylvania, where he worked in the saw-mills and lumber yards, handling lumber and running it down the Susquehanna river to Columbia. In 1850 he came to Winona and found employment in the saw-mill of Porter & Oarlock; and the follow- ing winter went to the pineries, where he worked some time for Gen. C. C. Washburn. In the spring of 1860 the wages that were due Mr. Horton were paid by Genera] Washburn in lumber. Towing these logs down the river, Mr. Horton brought them to Winona, and, in company with L. C. Porter and Andrew Ham ilton, he began the manufacture of lumber. This was the beginning of what has grown to be one of the most important lumber compa- nies in the State, with Mr. Horton at its head. The original organization was the Porter, Hor- ton Company, which continued until 1865, when Mr. Porter sold his interest, and the name was changed to Horton & Hamilton. In L880 Mr. Horton bought out Mr. Hamilton, and the Empire I. umber Company was then formed, in connection with 0. II. Ingram, ■lames Kennedy and I >. M. Dulaney. It was first organized under the laws of Wisconsin, but in the spring of 1899 was reorganized un- der the laws of Minnesota, with Mr. Horton as president of the company. Other enterprises beside the lumber business have attracted Mr. Morton's attention, and he is now president of the Interstate Elevator Company of Winona, and is vice-president and holds a directorship in the First National Hank of Winona. He has been a lifelong Republican, but never has had any desire for public prominence. He has, however, because of his interest in educational affairs, served for a number of years on the school board, and has also devoted a good deal of his time to the affairs of the Woodlawn Cemetery Association, in which he takes a great interest, and of which he has been presi- dent for a number of years. He is senior war den in the Episcopal church, and recently built fur it a rectory, which is a most attractive and substantial structure. He was married, in December, 1865, to Alice M. Rogers, of Bing- hamton, Xew York. They have five children: KateW.; Helen E.; Frank; Bell R. and Har- riet I., the first four of whom are married. Mr. Horton has lived in Winona for about forty years. As a business man he has met with un- common success, is a man of warm friendships, and as a citizen commands the greatest esteem of the community for whose welfare he has so constantly and fruitfully labored. HENRY W. LAMBERTON. The family name of Lamberton is of pure Scottish origin, and, like all of the ancient names of Scotland, territorial in its derivation and associated with the earliest historic times of that country. The name occurs as early as the reign of Edgar (1097-1107). John de Lam- berton appears on the roll of Scottish nobles and others invited to accompany King Edward into Flanders, May 24, 1297; and to the letter sent by the Scottish barons to the Pope in 1320. tlie seal of Alexander de Lamberton is ap- pended. Perhaps the most famous one of the name in early historic times was William de Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews from A. D. L298-1328. He was Chancellor of Glasgow in 1292, and in the charter was called William de Lambyrton. He was elected Bishop in Sep tember. 1297, and was by Pope Boniface VIII., on June 17, 1298, preferred to the episcopate of St. Andrews, and is in the papal rescript styled "Willemo de Lamberton." He was a close friend of Sir William Wallace, whose in- fluence in Scotland at that juncture was almost unbounded. Lamberton was one of the three bishops who crowned King Robert of Bruce, at Scone, March 27, 1306. Only by tradition can the family name be traced through the long 33° BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. period intervening between the time of Brace and the time of the anti-prelacy agitation in the latter part of the Seventeenth Century. Kill- ing the latter period the tradition is distinct and well defined, that in consequence of the religious persecution some members of the fam- ily tied to the North of Ireland, clearly indicat- ing the affinity between the two branches of the family in Scotland and Ireland. Gen. James Lamberton, a lineal descendant of Bishop de Lamberton, the grandfather of Henry W. Lam- berton, of Winona, the subject of our sketch, was born in the year 1755. He emigrated, to- ward the close of the War of Independence and before the definite treaty of peace, and settled in the Cumberland valley of Pennsylvania, amongst the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who had preceded him there in such great numbers. He arrived at Carlisle in the year 17s::. and for many years was one of the most successful merchants and business men of the Cumber- land valley. January 4, 1785, he was married to Jane McKeehan, a daughter of Alexander McKeehan, who was a North of Ireland immigrant and came oyer early in the Eighteenth Century. Mr. James Lamberton was a conspicuous leader of the Democratic- Republican party in Cumberland county, as well as prominent in State politics, having served two terms in the House of Representa- tives. He was also active in reorganizing the State Militia, in 17!U, and was commissioned on February 10, 170J, as major of the First Battalion of Cumberland County Militia, to rank as such from July 28, 1792. A contem- porary of Mr. Lamberton writing of him says: "Descended from an old Scotch family, who removed from their own country to the sister Kingdom of Ireland, he inherited the same fearlessness and determination so eminently characteristic of the Covenanters. He emi- grated to this country before the close of the struggle which resulted in the freedom of the Colonies, and from the time he became an American citizen, he was ever found amongst those who firmly maintained (lie rights of the people. His upright character soon secured the respect of his fellow-citizens, and he was placed in positions in which he was always true to his trust. Fearless in the expression of his sentiments, and as courageous in the de- fense of them, he was awed by no petty con- siderations of policy into silence, and though so long outliving the allotment of 'three score and ten.' he left a reputation unsullied by a dishonorable act." Maj. Robert Lamberton, son of James, and father of Henry \Y. Lamberton, was born March 17, 17S7. at Carlisle, was educated at Dickinson College, and amongst others had for a college mate James Buchanan, later Presi- dent of the United Slates, between whom, ever after, were the strongesl ties id' friendship. He was a student at law. preparing for admission to the Cumberland county bar when the last war with Great Britain was declared, at which time Maj. Robert Lamberton was appointed paymaster in the service of the United States. for the Pennsylvania forces on the Northern frontier. He accompanied the troops to the frontier and into Canada. The exposure inci- dent to his service there, brought on chronic rheumatism, which afflicted him through life and ultimately caused his death. On cessation of hostilities. Maj. Lamberton returned to Car- lisle and engaged in mercantile pursuits, and later was appointed postmaster of Carlisle, which position he retained for many years. April I'd, 1815, Robert Lamberton was married to Miss Mary Harkness. daughter id' William Harkness, of Cumberland county, who was a prominent character and extensive land owner in that community. William Harkness was born October 1, 17.">!t. in the North of Ireland, and when quite young emigrated with his father and settled among the Presbyterians in the county of Lancaster. Pennsylvania. His wife. Priscilla Lytic, whom he married in 1771, was of the same Scotch-Irish stock. The Presby- terian settlers of the Cumberland valley were among the first to actively assert the rights of the Colonists in the struggle with Great Britain. William Harkness entered the Colo nial service as an ensign, and together with Mr. Lylle, his brother-in-law. was, among other conflicts, at Brandywine and Germantown. At the latter place Lytic was killed at his side. Maj. Robert Lamberton died at Carlisle. August. 9, L852, at the age of sixty-five years. His wife survived him many years. She was bom in April, 1791, and died at Carlisle De- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 531 cember 28, 1880, in the ninetieth year of her age. In many respects she was a remarkable woman. For sixty-three years she had been a regular attendant and communicant of the First Presbyterian church of Carlisle. Tall and comely, of clear, prompt and decided judg- ment, of great ability and energy, she permitted nothing to swerve her from the path of duty and the right. She devoted herself to the care and education of her children and to her life of Christian duty and example. No infirmity of age came upon her. Her physical activity and the humor and clearness of her brighi mind remained with her until the last. She left surviving four sons and two daughters — Robert Alexander Lamberton, late presi- dent of Lehigh University, now deceased; Alfred John Lamberton, a prominent mer- chant of Western Minnesota, now deceased; Charles Lytic Lamberton, now a resident of New York City, and who was during his many years' residence in Pennsylvania a leading attorney and prominent in public affairs, representing his district three years in the State Senate; and Henry Wilson Lamber- ton, the subject of this sketch. The two daughters are Mrs. Mary Lamberton Paulding and Miss Annie Graham Lamberton, who occupy the homestead at Carlisle. Those dying before, her were Col. William Harkness Lam- berton and James Finley Lamberton. former prothonotary of Cumberland county and father of ("apt. Benjamin P. Lamberton of the United States Navy. Two daughters, Priscilla and Jane, and a young son, Robert C, died many years before. It is worthy of note that ('apt. Benjamin P. Lamberton, nephew of the subject of this sketch, took a prominent part in the late war with Spain as Admiral Dewey's Chief of Staff in the battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, and was soon afterwards captain of the flag- ship Olympia. He exhibited exceptional tact and courageous skill in carrying out his orders, and merited the distinction of being one of the ablest officers of the war. On the recommenda- tion of the Admiral in his report of the en- gagements, Captain Lamberton was promoted by advancement of seven numbers in rank for bravery in the battle of Manila Bay. Henry Wilson Lamberton was born on the Cth day of March, A. D. 1831, in Carlisle, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, when- he received his early education. He studied law, completed his course under the tuition of his brother, Robert A. Lamberton, of Harrisburg, and was admitted to the bar of Dauphin county, Penn- sylvania, in 1852. He engaged in the practice of his profession in Franklin, Venango county, Pennsylvania, until the spring of 185G, when, with his brother-in-law, Hon. Samuel Plumer of the Venango county bar, he removed to Winona, Minnesota, where they continued the practice of law under the firm name of Plumer & Lamberton. At the first municipal election of the city of Winona in the spring of 1857, Mr. Lamberton was elected city attorney, defeat ing Hon. Daniel S. Norton, who was later elected United States Senator from Minnesota. Business engagements caused Mr. Lamberton to temporarily remove from Winona to Fari- bault and from there to St. Peter, where he was residing at the time of the Indian uprising and massacre in ls<;2. He was appointed one of the Citizen Mounted Marshals to act in con- junction with the military department in maintaining order, in the discharge of which duty he was present at Mankato, De- cember 26, 1862, when thirty-eight Sioux Indians, who had been condemned to death, were executed. Mr. Lamberton re- turned to Winona in 1863, where he has since resided. In 1866 he was tendered and ac- cepted the position of land commissioner of the Winona & St. Peter Railroad Company, a land grant railroad then under construction from Winona and afterwards completed to the Big Sioux river in South Dakota. In 1876 the Winona & St. Peter Land Company was or- ganized and purchased from the owners 500,0011 acres of the land granted by the United States to the Winona & St. Peter Railroad < 'ompany. Mr. Lamberton was elected land commissioner of the company, which position he still holds. In 1868 the Winona Deposit Bank was organized and Mr. Lamberton elected president, which office is still ably filled by him. The success of the bank and the sound financial standing of the institution at home 33 2 P.IOORAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. and abroad is solely due to the ability of the financier at its head. He was elected mayor of the city of Winona, in 1881. and reelected in 1882. Under his administration the present excellent system of water works was con- structed and financiered, as well as other permanent public improvements. In is'.tt Mr. Lamberton was elected president of the Winona & Western Railway Company, which purchased the railroad extending from Winona. Minnesota, to Osage, Iowa, 117 miles, and to which has recently been added a branch from the main line to Rochester, Minnesota. In politics Mr. Lamberton is a Democrat, and until recently, since his coming to this State, lias always taken an active pari in the coun- cils of his party. In 1880 he was elected a delegate and attended the Democratic National ('(invention at Cincinnati, which nominated Gen. W. S. Hancock for President. In 1888 he was chosen chairman of the Democratic State Convention, which nominated Hon. E. M. Wilson for Governor. In 1893, under a law that had just passed, providing for the erection of a new State capitol, Governor Nelson ap- pointed Mr. Lamberton, without his knowledge, one of the board of State Capitol Commission- ers, consisting of seven members, one from each Congressional district, to cany out the provisions of the law, and under whose direc- tion the magnificent capitol building is now being erected. Mr. Lamberton was married on .May t. 1852, to Margaret J. l'lunier, second daughter of Arnold l'lunier, of Franklin. Venango county, Pennsylvania. Their chil- dren are: Arnold Plainer Lamberton, late deceased; Charles Harkness Lamberton, Henry McClelland Lamberton. Mary Ella Lamberton, married to John R. Mitchell, and Margaret l'lunier Lamberton, married to C. A. Boalt. Hon. Arnold l'lunier, father of Mrs. H. W. Lamberton, was elected to represent his dis- trict in the Twenty-fifth Congress and again elected to the Twenty-seventh Congress. In 1848 he was elected State treasurer of Penn- sylvania. In 1855 he was elected canal com- missioner. In 1857, Mr. Buchanan, who had been elected President in 1856, selected Mr. Plumer as a member of his cabinet and ten- dered him the position of Post-Master General, which he peremptorily declined. The condition of his health at the time being so much im- paired as to forbid his undertaking any con- tinuous and exacting labors, and his desire to retire to private life, were imperative reasons for his unwillingness to accept any further public office. • JAMES A. TAWNEY. The career of the Hon. James A. Tawney, of Winona. Minnesota, is of more than ordinary biographical interest. It is a forcible illustra- tion of the value of diligent and persevering mental application, impelled by a determina- tion to succeed. It shows also the value of a correct understanding of the experiences of the greal mass of people, who toil on farms and in shops and factories, and an intelligent sympathy with them. John Tawney. the great-grandfather of James, moved over from Maryland and settled on a farm in the vicinity of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in the latter half of the last century. He is described as a man of upright character and above the ordinary in mental capacity. But dying in middle life, he left his widow with a very large family, in the care of which the estate was consumed. Abraham, one of the younger sons, became a blacksmith, and located on a farm near by, where he established a shop, which was a fea- ture of the neighborhood for more than half a century. He was known as a man of great strength of will, sound understanding and honesty. His wife possessed such excellent qualities of mind and character as drew to her the personal esteem and affection of all who knew her. Their oldest son was John E.. the father of .lames A. lie also became a black- smith, and succeeded his father in the posses sion of the shop and the farm. His mental and moral qualities needed only proper devel- opment to raise him to prominence. Even with his lack of other opportunities, by reading, ob- servation and study, his mind became well in- formed; he took an active interest in all public questions, especially those relating to politics, morality and religion. lie was a fluent writer and a forcible speaker in the country debating liKXiRATTIY OF MINNESOTA. 533 clubs and other gatherings. He married a neighbor's daughter, Miss Sarah Boblitz, an excellent young woman of bright intellect and a positive and forceful nature. James A. was born January 3, 1855. The traditions of his schoolboy days have in them much more of boyish pranks than of study. He seems to have been a robust, jolly, fun-loving youth, who had little use for anything taught in the school ex- cepl geography. He, too, became a blacksmith, and later a machinist. In the summer of 1877 he came west, looking for work on the way. On the first day of August he landed at Winona, Minnesota, where he secured a good situation as a machinist, and there he has re- mained. His new surroundings in this bright, active, hustling little city served as an inspira- tion. They appealed to his native ambition, which, though latent, came into prompt ac- tivity. He resolved to make the best use of his opportunities. He put himself in the way of good society. He attracted the notice of the Judge of the District Court — later and for many .years on the Supreme Bench — who gave him much encouragement. A good voice and great fondness for music soon got him into church choirs and other musical organizations. He became connected with an amateur dra- matic club, and his acting on the stage at- tracted so much attention that he was urged to follow the stage as a profession. But his interest had already been awakened in the study of law, and he refused to be diverted from it. At night when others were asleep, he was at his studies. Not the law only, but the various branches of an English education, were steadily pursued. Thus he spent six years, working during the day and studying at night, often until long past midnight. Finally, quitting the factory, he entered the law office of Bentley & Vance, a prominent law firm of Winona, and was admitted to the bar at Winona July 10, 1882. After this he at- tended the law school of the University of Wisconsin, until the death of Mr. Bently. March 10, 1883. Mr. Bently's death left him in possession of a large business. This was his great good fortune. Unlike most young at- torneys, he was not obliged to wait for busi- ness to come. It was already there. The question was, "Can he handle it? Will he prove equal to his opportunity?" He did; but it was by the most intense and trying applica- tion. From this on his progress in the pro- fession was both rapid and solid. He studied his cases. All his powers of insight and analysis were brought to bear on each one. He studied his books. He made sure of his ground; there was no guess work about it. And the result was that his success at the bar was, to say the least, very gratifying to him- self and his friends. From the first he had a comfortable income. But in a comparatively short time he rose to a higher and more lucra- tive grade of practice. His services began to be sought by people having large business in- terests, and large amounts in litigation; and his income became correspondingly large. Few young men of this northwestern country had a brighter or more promising outlook before them, as lawyers, than he had when first nom- inated" to Congress. Meanwhile, in 1883, he was elected Judge Advocate of the Second Minnesota National Guards, and served in that capacity until January, 1801, when he was made Judge Advocate General on the staff of Governor Merriam. In the fall of 1890 he was elected State Senator, notwithstanding a large Democratic majority in his county. It was largely the vote of the farmers and other laboring people that did it. They had known him as a fellow-laborer, and he had never ceased to recognize them with the old familiar- ity. To them he was still "Jim Tawney," and for "Jim" they voted. In the Senate he was a member of the judiciary committee, and took a leading part in the legislation of that body. For three years — from 1888 to 1891 — he was vice-president of the State Republican League, and later served for several years on the State Central Committee. He was elected to the Fifty-third Congress in the fall of 1892, to suc- ceed the Hon. W. H. Harries, a Democrat. 1 icing in the minority, and a new member, his opportunities in that Congress were limited. His first speech as a member of that body was against the repeal of the Federal elections law. He made several speeches against the Wilson- 334 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Gorman tariff law. But his most effective work was in connection with the pension leg- islation of that Congress, by which a ruling was secured that affected some ten thousand pensioners, and led to the disbursement of not hss than fl,000,000. He was re-elected to the Fifty-fourth, Fifty-fifth and Fifty-sixth Con- gresses by largely increased majorities. In the Fifty-fourth he was appointed by Speaker Reed a member of the committee on ways and means, and as a member of that committee took part in the preparation of the Diugley tariff bill and in securing its passage. His judicious, energetic and finally successful efforts in behalf of what was known as the tilled cheese and pure flour bills, attracted at- tention all over the country, and prompted the dairy and milling interests to place in his charge the matter of securing further legisla- tion in their interests. In the Fifty-fifth Con gress, when the treaty for the annexation of Hawaii was pending in the Senate, Congress- man Johnston, of Indiana, assailed in the House, both the treaty itself and the adminis- tration for favoring it. In a few days Mr. Tawney replied in a speech that was at once a masterly argument and an eloquent presenta- tion of the subject. These were the first pub- lished speeches on this subject delivered in either House. Subsequently, when it became known that the two-thirds vote necessary to ratify the treaty could not be secured in the Senate, the foreign affairs committee of the House reported a resolution for annexation. Owing to the opposition of the speaker, the friends of annexation could not obtain recog- nition for its consideration. Mr. Tawney, un- willing to see the resolution defeated in that way, when it was evident that nearly all the Republican members of the House favored it, circulated a petition among them, whereby each man who signed it, declared in favor of annexation, and of the immediate considera- tion of the resolution, and also requested the chairman of the Republican caucus to call a caucus to adopt such means as might be neces- sary to secure its consideration. Rut the caucus was not called. The speaker, seeing the unanimous favor accorded Mr. Tawney's proposition on the Republican side of the House, agreed to permit the consideration of the resolution without a caucus. In the or- ganization of the Fifty-sixth Congress few Republican representatives took a more con spicuous part. In the unique and very brief campaign which resulted in the election of Hon. I). B. Henderson of Iowa to the speaker- ship of the House, Mr. Tawney's movements showed him to be an adept in political strategy as well as a determined and tireless worker in whatever he set his hand to. In this case the supreme object was to elect a speaker from west of the Mississippi river, and thus secure to Western Republicans a more adequate share of influence in National legislation and Nation al politics. After the close of the speakership campaign, Mr. Tawney assisted in completing tlie organization of the House in this Congress, and among other things, advocated the crea- tion of a new committee in the House for the preparation and consideration of legislation for our new insular possessions. He was in- trusted by Speaker Henderson with the work of preparing a resolution, amending the rules of the House for this purpose. He did so, and gave to the new committee its name, "The Committee on Insular Affairs." This commit- tee is conceded to have but one superior in rank and influence, and its jurisdiction covers every possible question pertaining to the Gov- ernment and administration of public affairs in our island possessions, except federal rev- enue and appropriations. Owing to the small Republican majority in the Fifty-sixth Con- gress, Mr. Tawney was selected by the caucus of his party as "Whip of the House," a very responsible position, last filled during the Fifty-first Congress by Hon. James Wilson, now Secretary of Agriculture. He was also appointed a member of the committee on ways and means, and a member of the committee on insular affairs. This prominence in committee assignments and in the choice of his colleagues is another striking evidence of Mr. Tawney's industry, of his organizing ability, and of the confidence and esteem which he has won in such large measure from his associates. Mr. Tawney was married on the 19th of December, Tht Century PubUstity & Cnymvmy Co Chicago" & a/< 1^5. «/w-/ lUOfiKAl'llY OF MINNESOTA. 33 1 1883, to Miss Eminu B. Newell, of Winona, and is the father of live strong and handsome chil- dren, four sons and one daughter — Everett Franklin, .lames Millard, John E., Maud Josephine, and William Mitchell. ERNST A. GERDTZEN. Ernst Adolph Gerdtzen was born at Ham- burg, Germany, April 28, 1822. He was edu- cated at Kiel and Berlin. After partially completing a course in law, he turned his at- tention lo civil engineering and architecture, and pursued his studies in these branches for two years. Coming to the New World, like many of the educated young men who turned from the unsatisfactory conditions following the upheaval of 1S4S. lie lived for a time in Wisconsin and later at Davenport, Iowa. In 185(3 he came to Winona, where he resided un- til his death, December 18, 1895. Having taken a position in the office of Sargent, Wilson & Windoin, he there read law for some time, and prepared himself for the vocation for which, by a thorough education, sound sense, discreet judgment and correct habits, he was eminently qualified. At the establishment of the munici- pality of Winona, by the charter election in 1857, he was elected first city recorder, a posi- tion which he held for three years. In 1861 he was elected clerk of the District Court, and for a period of seventeen years he administered the affairs of that responsible office with an ability and faithfulness alike creditable to himself and subservient to the best interests of the community. With one exception his was the longest tenure of office in Winona county. After retiring from public office, Mr. Gerdtzen practiced as an attorney, limiting his work to the Court of Probate. He acted as adminis- trator of a great number of estates, a fact which showed the confidence felt in him by the people. During all this time he manifested a great interest in the common weal, especially in the way of educational matters. For many years he was one of the directors of the Pub- lic Library of Winona, whose interests he guarded and fostered with a fatherly love. From the first, Mr. Gerdtzen identified himself' with the welfare of the German settlers in Winona, and was ever ready to aid them by word and deed. He was one of the founders and chief promoters of the Philharmonic So- ciety, whose object was to further and concen- trate the intellectual interests of the German population. For this society he wrote a con- cise but accurate "History of the Germans of Winona." In 18C8 Mr. Gerdtzen married Hen- rietta Iline, and the union was blessed with a sou and a daughter, Gerdt A. and Clara- — the wife of B. D. Blair, an attorney of Winona. During a long and honorable career as a public officer, counsel and administrator, Mr. Gerdt- zen enjoyed the public confidence in an unusual degree. Retiring and modest, his disposition would, superficially, be deemed that of a re- cluse, but more intimate intercourse showed him to be a delightful scholar, with a mind critical, yet broad and tolerant. He was a pub- lic spirited citizen, and, what is more, an hon- orable man. LEONARD PAULLE. Leonard Paulle, a prominent manufacturer and financier of Minneapolis, is a native of the State of New York, and was born at Buffalo April 2:5, 1855. His father, Joseph Paulle, was a soldier in the army of the first Napoleon during the War of 1800. He was a manufac- turer of silk at Bavaria, Germany, while living in Europe, but in 1854 he abandoned that occupation, and emigrated from Ba- varia, with his wife and three children, to America, selecting Buffalo, New York, as his new home. Here he engaged in the dry goods trade, at which he was quite successful, and in which lie spent a large share of his life. During the War of the Rebellion, he offered his services to the Union cause, but on account of his age was not accepted. In 1SG9 he removed to St. Paul, Minnesota. He did not engage in any business here, but re- turned to Buffalo, three years later,- dying in that city in 1872, when our subject was only fourteen years of age. Although he had reached 3tf BIUGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. the extreme age of ninety-six at the time of his death, lie was remarkably well preserved, and straight as an arrow. While in this country, nine more children were born to him, of which three only are living at the present time, viz., Joseph and Leonard Paulle, and Mrs. Mary Pfiffer. Leonard obtained his early education in the public schools of Buffalo, attending them up to the age of twelve. Being then obliged to make his own way in the world, he deter- mined to learn a trade. He was interested in cabinet work, and became thoroughly compe- tent in this line, spending two years and a half in becoming proficient. He afterwards went to Minneapolis, in 1872, and was employed as foreman by .Jesse C'opeland & Son, manufactur- ers of store and office fixtures. In 1873 he en- gaged in the manufacture of show cases and store fixtures on his own account, remaining in this occupation to the present time. Mr. Paulle started in life with no capital but his native energy and force, and has succeeded in building up a large trade in manufacturing all sorts of store and office fixtures. He has been enabled to do this by giving close attention to details and by his uprightness and honesty in business. He employs a large force of men, and his trade extends through the greater part of the Northwest. Mr. Paulle is a Mason of the Thirty-second degree. Though he has al- ways been a Republican, he voted for Governor bind. He believes in men more than party. In 1898 Mr. Paulle was elected president of the Minneapolis Fire and Marine Insurance Com- pany. He had served on the board of directors a year before this. He has been a director of the Germania Bank since its organization in is'.it. lie has been quite an extensive dealer in real estate, and built a number of residences and business blocks in Minneapolis. He is a member of Governor Lind's staff, appointed in August. 1899, with the rank of colonel. Mr. Paulle has always taken an interest in matters of public moment, and has aided many a worthy enterprise conducive to the growth of his city. Mr. Paulle enjoys excellent health, which, combined with a large amount of en- ergy and push, give promise of a long and suc- cessful life. ROBERT R. UDELL. Robert Ransom Udell, of Minneapolis, Min- nesota, was born at Newark, Wayne county, New York, November 28, 1850. He is the son of -Jesse B. and Maria II. (Ballou) Udell. Both the Odells and Ballous are old eastern families. The former having taken root in Westchester county. New York, about 1690, while the orig- inal settler on the maternal side, Maturin Bal- lou, emigrated to America half a century ear- lier. Ethan Allen, of Revolutionary fame, was an ancestor of Mr. Udell on his father's side, and his grandfather, Joseph Warren Udell, was principal of the Troy Academy. To his grand- mother, nee Susanna Ballon, of Richmond. New Hampshire, belonged the distinction of having been chosen as a representative of the Granite State, to the funeral of George Wash- ington, in December, 1799. Mr. Odell is a fourth cousin of President .James A. Garfield, the maiden name of Mr. Garfield's mother hav- ing been Eliza Ballou. The subject of this sketch grew up on his father's thrifty farm in Newark, attending the common schools of the town, and later, the Newark free school and academy. After finishing at the academy, he read law with Senator Stephen K. Williams, of Newark, and was admitted to the bar of New York at Syracuse, January 8, 1875. In the following September, at Utica, New York, he gained admittance to practice before the United States Circuit Court, in order to bring an action in that court in behalf of the second mortgage bondholders of the S. P. & S. R. R. This case, which involved the sum of $125,000, was conducted by Mr. Odell to a happy adjust- ment of all existing differences. Early in Gc- tober, 1881, Mr. Udell and a friend, Frank F. Davis, came with their families to Minnesota and located at Minneapolis, the two young men at that time becoming associated for the joint practice of the law. This partnership was dis' solved April 1, 1882, and soon afterwards Mr. Odell formed a second, with the late Edward A. Campbell, which continued for over four years. Among the important litigation with which ilr. Odell has been connected during his long term of practice in Minnesota may be The Century Publishing & fiymvtnp Co Chicaner SSZ^7. /2t^*MERY. Major Thomas Montgomery, a well-known pioneer citizen, soldier and public official of St. Paul, and very eminent in symbolic Ma- sonry, was born at Mountcharles, Donegal county, Ireland, June 1, 1841. His father. Rev. Alexander Montgomery, was a local preacher of the Wesleyan Methodist church in the north of Ireland. His mother, whose maiden name was Margaret Paskin, was a member of a prominent north of Ireland family. They were married in Mountcharles, August 4, 1S40, and a few months after his father came to Mon- treal, teaching school and preaching in the city and vicinity. He established a home in Orms- town, where his wife and son joined him in September, 1845, and for the following ten years pursued his vocation in that place and neighborhood. In September. 1S55, he moved his family to London, Ontario, and in July, 1856, to St. Paul. Minnesota, locating soon after on some land near Cleveland, Le Sueur county, where his son Thomas grew up to early man- hood, assisting, with two younger brothers, in opening up the farm. He received a good com- mon school and practical education, under the supervision of his father, who was a man of scholarly tastes and of high mental and moral character. His mother and father died at Cleveland, in 1888 and 1892, respectively. Major Montgomery's military title was fairly and meritoriously attained. After drilling all summer in a company of home guards, he en- listed, August 10, 1862, in Company K. Seventh Regiment Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and was appointed a corporal. In June, 1863, he was elected second lieutenant of his company, but failed to get his commission, the antici- 33& P.IOORAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. pated vacancy not occurring. He participated in the Indian campaigns under General Sibley, in Minnesota and Dakota, in 1862 and 1863. In September, 1863, he went to St. Louis with his regiment, and in January, 1864, was commis- sioned by the President first lieutenant in the Third Missouri Volunteers of A. 1).. and for a time was engaged in mustering in colored troops at Benton barracks, St. Louis. For nearly three years lie served as captain in the Sixty-seventh and Sixty-fifth Regiments of United States Colored Infantry at Fort Hud- son and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He was mustered out of the service, at St. Louis, in January, 1S(">7. He was brevetted major by the President "for faithful and meritorious serv- ices during the war." Upon his retirement from the army he returned to Minnesota, and this State has ever since been his home. From April. 1867, to January, 1891, he was engaged in the real estate and insurance business at St. Peter. In 1891 he erected a home in, and moved his family to. Hamline, the well-known suburban district of St. Paul, where he has since resided. In 1883 he organized, and for eight years commanded, A. K. Skaro Post No. :57, of the G. A. R. at St. Peter, and for twelve years he was chairman of the Department Council of Administration of the G. A. R. At present he is Chancellor of the Minnesota Com mandery of the Loyal Legion. While he has never been a politician or an office seeker, Major Montgomery has held several public po- sitions of honor and responsibility. While he resided at St. Peter he was for eighteen years a member of the city board of education, serv- ing the greater part of the time either as presi- dent or treasurer. For twelve years lie was city justice. Since he has lived in St. Paul he has served four years as a member of the board of aldermen, representing the Tenth Ward, and for two years as vice-president of the board. He has also held many positions of trust in the chinch and in several fraternal societies. In every position he has filled, as well as in every work he has been called upon to do. Major Montgomery has always dis- charged his duty with great acceptability and with the highest degree of efficiency. He is plain and unassuming, bu1 his innate purity of character and his instinctive and natural integrity make him a safe man to trust with any responsibility at all times anil under all circumstances. Major Montgomery has at- tained to prominent distinction in Free Ma- sonry. He received tin- Blue Lodge degrees in Concord Lodge No. 47, Cleveland, Minnesota, in September, 1865, while on leave of absence from the army. In 1867 he transferred his membership to Nicollet Lodge No. ."i4, at St. Peter, and the following year was elected junior warden. He served as Master and Sec- retary of Nicollet Lodge for several terms, and for twelve years was District Deputy Grand Master. He was exalted to the Capitular de- gree in Blue Earth Chapter No. 7, at Mankato, in March, 1873. In April, 1873, he organized St. Peter Chapter No. 22, and was High Priest of that chapter until July. 1890. He became Grand High Priest in 1S79, and represented his Grand Chapter at Detroit in 1880, and a1 nearly every triennial convocation since held. For many years he has been president of the Grand Convention of Anointed High Priests of Minnesota. He is a member of Adoniram Council Xo. 5, R. and S. Masters, Minneapolis, having received the degrees therein January 1(1. 1881. He was created a Knight Templar in Mankato Commandery No. 4. May S, 1S74, was Captain General in 1880 and Eminent Com- mander from 1881 to 1885. Passing through several minor offices he was installed as Grand Commander of Knights Templar of Minnesota June 24. 1887, and has since represented Minne- sota at nearly every triennial conclave. In the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite he re- ceived all the degrees up to the thirty second from the renowned Brother Albert Pike, in 1879, and fSSO at Mankato and St. Peter. In -Inly, 1880, he assisted in the organization and was made Junior Warden of Osiris Lodge of Perfection at Mankato. and the same month organized and subsequently was for several years Venerable Master of Delta Lodge of Per- fection at St. Peter. In April, 1880, he was appointed to and still holds the office of Deputy Inspector General, and in October, isss, was elected Knight Commander of the BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 339 Court of Honor. Upon the death of the vener- able ;uk1 honored Grand Secretary, A. T. C. Pierson, in November, 1889, Brother Mont- gomery — who had been his assistant for twelve years — was appointed Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge and Grand Chapter, and Grand Recorder of the Grand Commandery in Minne- sota, and since then has served most faithfully and efficiently in these positions. In 1890 he was elected Grand Recorder of the Grand Council, and is still in service in this office. He is also foreign correspondent for the last three named bodies, and is Representative of the Grand Lodges of Scotland, Ireland, Colo- rado and other Grand bodies. Major Mont- gomery was married September 2G, 1867, to Miss Sarah A. Purnell, a daughter of Edmund Purnell, a merchant of Cambria, Wisconsin. Mrs. Montgomery was born in England The children of the family are Edmund Alexander, of the law firm of Hale & Montgomery, Minneapolis; Cora Belle; Dr. Charles Purnell, a dentist of St. Paul; Edith May, a teacher in the high school. Owatonna; George Damren, a student at the State University, late a mem- ber of the band of the Thirteenth Minnesota, and lately engaged in active service at Manila and in the Philippines; Thomas Baskin and (■rant. The Major is a member of the Metho- dist Episcopal church, is president of the board of trustees at Hamline, ami in 1899 was presi- dent of the lay electoral conference of his church at Northneld. He was Sunday school superintendent at St. Peter for nearly fourteen years. Tn company with his wife he spent three months, in 1897, in making a tour through Ireland, Scotland and England, also spending a week in Paris, France. PAUL H. GOT/IAN. Paul Harris Gotzian, secretary and treas urer of the old and well-known shoe manufac- turing firm of C. Gotzian & Company, of St. Paul, and late lieutenant colonel of the Fif- teenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, is a Minnesotian, born and bred. He was born in St. Paul. June 19, 1866. His father was Conrad Gotzian, a native of Germany, born near Leip zig, in 1835, who came to the United States at the age of seventeen, and three years later, in 1855, located in St. Paul. In 1857 he estab- lished what later became the great shoe manu- factory which has so long borne his name. After a long, active and prominent business career, he died in 1887, and there is no name more honored in the annals of St. Paul than that of Conrad Gotzian. His wife, the mother of Colonel Gotzian, was Caroline Busse, and she was born in Cincinnati, of German parent- age. They had six children, the subject of this sketch being the only son. Colonel Gotzian's education was received first in the St. Paul public schools, and completed in the Shattuck Military Academy, Faribault, Minnesota, and at Phillips Exeter Academy (New Hampshire), heaving school at the age of nineteen, he began his business career as an office clerk, and after the death of his father he became one of the stock men, to acquire the practical knowledge so essential to success in any business. In 1892 he was put in charge of the offices and all pertaining thereto. In 1888 he was elected secretary of Cotzian & Company, and, in 1892, was also made treasurer. He has held this dual position ever since, even during his term of military service. He has discharged his duties efficiently, and his connection with the affairs of the great corporation is most influen- tial. In duly. 1898, during the war with Spain, he left his business and entered the volunteer service. Upon the organization of the Fif- teenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, he was commissioned senior major of the regiment, and went with it to Meadville, Pennsylvania, en route, as was presumed, to Cuba, or some- where where fighting was to be done. During his service he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, and served with the Fifteenth for nine months, chiefly at Augusta, Georgia, until it was mustered out, in 189!>. Upon his discharge he resumed his former duties as secretary and treasurer of the company with which he had been so long connected. Colonel Gotzian has attained to the thirty-second degree in Free Masonry, and is a member of several other orders, in whose affairs he takes great interest. 34Q BIOGRAPHY <)F MINNESOTA. He is a decided Republican in liis political views, but lias never been a candidate for office, lie was married, in 1889, to .Miss Emma Nelson I'.eebe, and has one son, named Conrad Got- zian, tor ins honored paternal grandfather. JOHN MARTIN. Among the veteran citizens of Minneapolis who, during the last half century, have been large contributors to the development of that city, must lie counted Captain John Martin, almost equally well known in connection with two of the leading industries of the State of Minnesota — lumber and milling. Captain Mar- tin was born Augusl 18, 1820, at IVacham. Caledonia county, Vermont, the son of Eliphe- let and Martha (Hoit) Martin. Both the Mar- tins and the Hoits are Eastern families, whose residence in America dates back to the days of the Pilgrim Fathers. The parents of John Martin, coming in early life from Connecticut, sen led upon a farm in Peacham, where they reared a large family of children; and thosewho realize that farming in rocky New England, however picturesque, means a maximum of labor with a minimum of returns, will readily appreciate that the subject of this sketch, as one of ten children to be provided for. started in life with no very brilliant material pros- pects. While still a child he began to take a part in the work of the farm, and his educa- tional privileges were limited to winter terms a I the school of the district in which he lived. A I a very early age he began to dream of larger opportunities, and while yet lacking two years id' his majority, he purchased his time of his father and left home to seek an independent livelihood, and, perchance, a fortune. His first position was that of fireman of a steamboat on the Connecticut river, from which humble post he rose to be captain of the boat. Alter five years of navigation on the Connecticut, the boat which he commanded was transferred to other proprietorship and sailed for the South, Captain Martin going with her; and his next the years were passed upon the Neuse river in North Carolina, as captain, successive ]y, of the steamboats "Wayne" and "Johnson." These boats were employed in general com- merce, taking cargoes of raw turpentine, resin and other farm products down the river, and bringing back shipments of varied merchan- dise. During all this time the young captain was laying by a goodly margin from his earn- ings, which were later carefully invested, mostly in farm lands in his native State. About twelve years were spent in steainboat- ing, then, after a short sojourn at Peacham, he set out for the Pacific coast, allured, as were so many at that time, by visions of gold. Tak- ing the Isthmus route, he arrived in California early in 1850, and began operations at once in a placer mine on the American river. He worked hard for a year, then disposed of his mine and left the diggings for home, with his well-earned treasure of gold dust. Hut he had acquired a taste for adventure and enterprise which would not leave him long content with the monotony of farm life, and two years later he journeyed as far as the Middle West and explored Illinois and Iowa, then, attracted by the huge rafts of logs on the Mississippi, he went up the river, tracing the lumber to its source at St. Anthony. Almost at the first glance of his experienced eye over the ground, he comprehended the splendid possibilities of the location for the extensive development of the lumber industry, and determined to make it his future home. Accordingly, he returned to the East, sold his property in Vermont, and, early in 1X55, became a permanent resi dent of St. Anthony — now the beautiful city of Minneapolis. In 1856 a stock company was organized for navigating the upper Mississippi, capitalized at $30,000. Captain Martin took an active interest in the enterprise, became a stockholder, and subsequently served as cap- tain of the steamer "Falls City." About this time he began operations in the pine groves along Rum river, purchasing new tracts of timber land and stumpage as he required them lor working. His enterprise so prospered that he was soon erecting saw-mills and opening lumber yards — the mills at Mission Creek ami the yards at St. Paul — and in due time had his business incorporated under the style of the spw ^n/^ Z rcJXUn, BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 341 John Martin Lumber Company. Great as have been his achievements in the lumber industry of Minnesota, however, Captain Martin has played a scarcely less important part in the grain and milling business. He formerly held a large proprietary interest in the Northwest- ern Flour Mills of Minneapolis, and is now president of the Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company of Minneapolis, whose Ave manufactories have an aggregate daily output of over ten thousand barrels of flour. This is the second largest milling establishment in the world, being excelled only by the famous Pillsbury-Washburn Company. Captain .Mar tin has been effectively interested in extending the railroad facilities of the Northwest. He served as vice-president and a director of the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Rail- road, and was a vigorous promoter of the Minneapolis & Pacific enterprise, which, result- ing in a mole direct route to the Atlantic coast, and successfully rivaling certain arbitrary railroad combinations, reacted very favorably upon the milling business of Minneapolis, and. incidentally, upon his individual interests. He was also instrumental in instituting the Minne- apolis & St. Louis Railroad, of which he was made vice-president. Captain Martin's con- nection with the financial business of Minne- apolis, too, is a longstanding and honorable one. He has been president of the First National Bank since 1S!)4. having been an ac- tive member of its directory ever since its organization — a period of some thirty-five years. Captain Martin was married, in 1849, to Jane B. Giltillan. Miss Gilfillan, like him- self, was a native of Peacham, Vermont, and their marriage was celebrated during his home visit just previous to his departure for Cali- fornia. Mrs. Martin, who died in 1886, was an estimable lady, who had done full credit to her high social position by the side of her promi- nent and influential husband; yet the Martins took their prosperity modestly, preferring the simple home comforts to display. A daughter —Mis. Jean M. Brown, of Minneapolis — is the only child of Captain Martin. The Captain has been a loyal Republican since the founda- tion of that party; and while he has never been a seeker after political preferment, he has wielded a powerful influence towards the bringing about of such measures as he ap- proved. For many years identified with the First Congregational church of Minneapolis, Captain Martin has been one of its most sub- si ant ial supporters, manifesting a lively in- terest in its various activities. Alike in the church society and in the larger community of the city, he has borne himself honorably, enjoying the full respect of his fellow-citizens; and his share in the upbuilding of his home municipality is incalculable. JOSEPH H. THOMPSON. •foseph Hayes Thompson, of Minneapolis, was born August IT, 1834, at South Ber- wick, Maine. His parents were Daniel G. and Dorcas Allen (Hayes) Thompson. Dan- iel G. Thompson was a prosperous farmer, and our subject, during his early years, assisted his father in the farm work. When Joseph was nine years of age, the fam ily left their home at South Berwick and took up their residence on a farm in North Yarmouth, Maine. Here he obtained his edu- cation at tlie district school, working on the faun when not attending to his studies. After the completion of his school life at North Yar- mouth, he clerked in the general store of George S. Farnsworth at North Bridgeton, Maine. He remained with Mr. Farnsworth for about a year, and then entered the employ of Nathaniel Osgood, of the same place, learning the tailor's trade with him. During the winter of L851, while at North Bridgeton, he attended the academy at that place. In the summer of is."!.", he obtained employment as clerk and cut- ler for Richard Bosworth, a merchant tailor, of Augusta, Maine. Two years later, in March, is.")."), he entered the employ of -I. IT. and F. W. Chisam, of the same town and in the same capacity. During the winter of 1856 he de- cided lo move west, and after looking awhile for a location in which to start business on his own account, at length determined to settle in Minneapolis. He opened a tailoring establish 34-2 UIOCKAI'IIY (IF MINNESOTA. incut there in tlie winter of L856-57, having the whole field to himself, as there was no other tailor in that locality. Mr. Thompson has been engaged in the same line of business from that time U]) to the present, and enjoys an extensive patronage. Not only was he the first tailor in Minneapolis, lint he also ran the first express office in that city, and the first tickets to the East by steamboats and by rail from Prairie du Chien were sold by him. In August of 18C2 he participated as a volunteer in ('apt. Anson Northrup's company, in the expedition for the rescue of the settlers of Fort Ridgely. Mr. Thompson is Republican in his political sym- pathies and has rendered his party valuable service. Fur several years he held the office of supervisor of the town of .Minneapolis, and also served his ward as an alderman. He cast his first vote for John < '. Fremont in 1856, and during September of that year, he took the three degrees in Ancient Free and Accepted .Masonry, in Bethlehem Lodge, No. 35, jurisdic- tion of Maine. The following November he was honored with the office of senior deacon of the lodge. He lias held other important offices as a Mason, and has been for the past twenty- one years, and still is, grand treasurer of that fraternity. Mr. Thompson is prominent and influential in the business circles of Minne- apolis and is a large property owner, lie is a director of the Security of Minneapolis and of the Minneapolis Plow Works, and a stock- holder in the Northwestern Knitting Works, lie was for many years a director in the Minne- sota Loan & Trust Company, and has been prominently identified in many other public enterprises. He was united in marriage on the isth of September, 1860, to Miss Ellen M. Gould, at Minneapolis. Mr. and Mrs. Thomp- son have had three children, of whom only one survives, Mrs. E. 1'. Capen, of Minneapolis. HIUAM T. HORTON. Hiram Terry Horton. of Rochester, one of the pioneer settlers of Minnesota, was born April 27, 1811, at Norway, Herkimer county, New York. His parents were Luther and Clarissa (Forsyth) lloiton, both of English ex- traction. Luther Horton, a lineal descendant of Barnabas Horton. of Leicestershire, Eng- land, was born and reared on Lonji Island. He was a carpenter by trade, but also followed agricultural pursuits. He was a soldier of the war of 1812. Barnabas Horton was the first American representative of the family, he hav- ing crossed to Hampton, Massachusetts, about 1636. He afterwards lived for a short time in Connecticut, and was one of (he twelve original freeholders from that State who sailed to Long Island in 1640 and founded the town of Southold. These men were the first civilized persons to attempt settlement of the east end of Long Island. The Porsyths, maternal an- cestors of Hiram T. Horton. were among the very early settlers of this country. His mother, Clarissa, was the daughter of William For- syth, a patriot of the Revolution, who. as a young man. lived at Williamstow n, Massachu- setts. The mother of Clarissa, whose maiden name was Martha Giles, was a daughter of Jonathan (liles. of Williamstown, who was a soldier in both the Colonial and Revolutionary wars. The subject of this sketch attended the common schools of his native town of Norway until prepared for higher study. He then took a course at the academy of < Jamden, New York. As a boy. Mr. Horton displayed a natural taste for mechanics, and before coming of age he was actively engaged in business with his father. Thus he early acquired experience of men and affairs, and deciding to launch out in independent business, he came west as far as Ohio in 1833, and established himself as a contractor and builder at Plainesville. In 1837 he removed to Illinois, and for the next four years he lived on the bank of the Rock river, about twelve miles below Rockford. Among his business ventures during this period was buying stock in the southern part of the State, and marketing it in the vicinity of Rockford; also buying and shipping produce by tlatboat down the Rock river for the St. Louis market. In 1841, on account of the prev- alence of ague, by which nearly all the in- habitants of that region were prostrated, he decided to return to Norway. New York. Eere *%* J& -£- — <^-i^K_xy Pt-~0~^4>-i>—L. BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 343 he remained about sixteen years, principally engaged in fanning, in which he was fairly successful. In 1856 Mr. Hortou first came to Minnesota, and in 1858 he located permanently at Rochester, where he has been engaged in the real estate business ever since, and in spile of his eighty-eight years, he is still active and able to supervise his business affairs, in which he has been uniformly successful. Mr. Horton has belonged to the Republican party since its organization, though in his early voting days he was an active member of the Free Soil party. He has never been an aspirant for political distinction, but in the years preceding the Civil War, he was, from the first, an aggressive factor in the anti-slavery movement. No sub- sequent political issue has ever so stirred his sympathies and zeal. Mr. Horton was married November 28, 1832, to Mary Hurd, of Norway, New York. They are the parents of a daugh- ter, Mrs. Mary E. Coon, of Rochester, Minne- sota, and a son, Horace E. Horton, who is also married and lives in Chicago. The elder Mrs. Horton, the wife of our subject, is still living at the advanced age of ninety two years, and her faculties are so well preserved that she has a distinct recollection of incidents of the War of 1812-15. Mr. Horton is a man of strong personality and great mental force, and in every community where he has lived, he has been recognized as a leader of men, and a man of affairs. He is a familiar figure in the city with whose activities and progressive enterprise he has been associated for over forty years. GEORGE F. UMLAND. George F. Umland, of St. Paul, is a native of Germany, born in the old Kingdom of Han- over, October 1, 185:?. His parents, Clans and Catherina (Buck) Umland, natives of Hanover, also, were persons of education and conse- quence, both of whom followed the vocation of school teaching. They had ten children, near- ly all sons, and George F. was both the young- est child and the eighth son. Although himself quite innocent of having won this distinction, it nevertheless won for him the special favor of G ge V., the blind king of Hanover, who became his god-father, bestowing upon him several of the royal names. The full name of our subject is, accordingly: George Frederick Alexander Charles Ernest August Finland — a somewhat lengthy but thoroughly authentic appellation. Nor was it the king's design to bestow upon his godchild only a name. His royal patronage was intended to include a col- legiate course in the University of Hanover, had not his plans been defeated by those of Prince Bismarck. While young Umland was growing up, Bismarck was gathering in, one after another, the smaller kingdoms of Ger- many, thus unifying an empire for William, the "old Emperor;" and although King George protested stoutly, preferring an alliance with Austria, if alliance there must be, Hanover was taken, and, together with most of the other small, independent realms of Germany, became incorporated into Prussia. This rendered King- George unable to fulfill his contract with his namesake, whose common school education w'as, in consequence, supplemented, not by an university course, but by private instruc- tion from his elder brothers, several of whom were school teachers. At eighteen years of age the young man left his home to seek a fortune for himself. Crossing to America, he landed at New York on July 30, 1871. But he had relished his taste of ocean life, and, engag- ing with a sea-faring crew, he spent two years before the mast. He came to Minnesota in 1ST:'., locating at St. Paul, where he was em- ployed for the next six years, at first in a book- keeping position, and subsequently as traveling salesman. In 1879 he moved to Rush City, Minnesota, where he invested in a drug busi- ness, operating it until the spring of 18S7, when he returned to St. Paul. Here he pur- chased a finely equipped drug store, of which he has been the successful proprietor to the present time. In politics Mr. Umland has al- ways been identified with the Democratic party; yet, though tenaciously adhering to his opinions, it is his allegiance to the principles of his party, which seem to him almost axio- matic truths, not partisan sentiment, which 344 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. constitutes li i 1 11 a Democrat, and he never hesi- tates to "scratch" a ticket which in his judg- ment bears the name of an incompetent or unscrupulous candidate, hi the National cam- paign of L896, he supported McKinley while helping to swell the Populist ballot which made John Lind Governor of .Minnesota. De- cided in his own views, he is tolerant of these of others, and is recognized as a liberal-minded and exemplary citizen. He has never sought public office, bul various offices have sought him. While a resident ol' Rush City he served on I he board of county commissioners <>f Chi- sago county, and as justice of (he peace. He was secretary of the board of education; also served on the board of equalization and as one of the assessors. In the lasl State Legislature he rendered efficient service as representative of the Thirty-seventh District of Minnesota. Mr. Finland belongs to the German order known as Sons of Herman, being a valued member of that fraternity, as he is of the more inclusive community of his home city. A prominent physician of St. Paul says of him: "In his personal characteristics Mr. Uniland is affable and courteous in deportment, de- cided bul agreeable in conduct. He is one of I he few business men who can say 'no' without giving offense. He can be positively polite and politely positive, as the occasion demands. In the esteem of those who have known him long, no man stands higher, and upon his entire life record, public and private, there is not a single stain." On the :'. BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 1st::, Mr. Dean associated with himself his brother-in-law, Mr. J. R. Nicols, and the bouse is the oldest, operating under the same name, in Minnesota. Ji dues an exclusively whole- sale business, has an extensive patronage and a valuable reputation. Always a strong char- acter, and possessing the confidence of his fellow-citizen, Mr. Dean lias been much in public life. In St. Paul, he lias been a member of the board of education, and of the boards of fire and water commissions. He was ap- pointed by the President a special commis- sioner to examine the portion of the Northern Pacific Railroad then under const met ion in Idabo. He lias always been a Republican, and taken a somewhat prominenl pari in politics, and, in 1884, he was one of the Minnesota Presidential electors on the Blaine and Logan ticket. In 1800 he was elected to the Slate Senate from the Twenty-seventh Senatorial District, then composed of the Seventh and Eighth wards of St. Paul. He was nominated on the Republican, the Democratic and the Citizen's tickets, and elected without opposi- tion. His term lasted four years, and lie de- clined a re-election. In the Legislature. Mr. Dean performed invaluable service for his city and State. He was influential in securing cer- tain important amendments to the city charter of St. Paul, and he distinguished himself in effecting the passage of the bill for the erec- tion of the new State capitol building. He was the Ramsey county member of the com- mittee to which the whole matter was referred by the Senate; wrote the majority report in favor of the new capitol, and he was the author of the bill as it was substantially and finally passed. For many years. Mr. Dean has been interested in the subject of reforming the National currency under a scientific system and upon a solid basis. The St. Paul Chamber of Commerce made him a delegate to the In- dianapolis Monetary Convention of 1897. Upon the organization of the convention — of which Mr. H. H. Hanna was chairman — Mr. Dean was elected as a member of the executive committee. His associates on the committee were so impressed with his thorough knowl- edge of the subject, that they made him a member of the Monetary Commission, although this distinction came against his earnest pro- test. The report of the commission, in the preparation of which Mr. Dean assisted, is now accepted as a standard authority on the sub- jects of standards, currency and banking. Mr. I >ean has substantial conned ions with the gen- eral business interests of St. Paul. He is a director of the Second National and the State Savings Banks, and is also a director in the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie Rail- way. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce and of the Jobbers' Union, and is a trustee of Oakland Cemetery. He also be- longs to the Minnesota and the Commercial clubs, and is a member of the Presbyterian church. He was married in I860 to Miss Mary C. Nicols, a daughter of John Nicols, of St. Paul, with whom he was so long associated in business. Mr. and Mrs. Dean have eight chil- dren, six daughters and two sons. DAVID C. SHEPARD. David Chauncey Shepard, of St. Paul, the well-known Northwestern railroad builder, was born on a farm near the village of Geneseo, Livingston county, New York. February 20, 1828. His father was David Shepard. of Col- chester, and before her marriage his mother was Dolly Olmstead Foote, of Marlborough, Connecticut. His grandparents were Cor- nelius Shepard and Sarah Louise Skinner, and Roger Foote and Eunice Bulkier, and he comes of New England ancestry. He was educated in the district schools, at Temple Hill Academy, Geneseo, and at Brockport Collegiate Insti- tute, New York. In 1847, when but nineteen years of age, he was appointed by Governor Young, of New York, in the engineer corps which completed the Genesee Valley Canal, from Sonyea to Olean, and was in this service as assistant engineer and draughtsman until in the spring of 1851. In the summer of 1851 he was detailed for work on the Erie Canal, and located the line of the enlarged canal from Port Gibson to Macedon Locks, New York. He was then employed in the office of the State 21 *£> « \&£, <^5du, C*-^ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 347 engineer at Rochester, where lie remained for several months. During the five years men- tioned that he had been in the public service of the State, his tenure of position and his chance for preferment and promotion depended upon his "pull" and outside influences, rather than upon his ability and general worth. He was not satisfied with his condition, and resigned in the spring of 1862. For a year thereafter he was in the engineering service of certain New York railways. His first ex- perience in railroad construction, in which he subsequently became so distinguished, was in building the Canandaigua & Niagara Falls Road (now a part of the New York Central), from Homeoye to the crossing of the Genesee Valley Canal, which work he completed in the autumn of 18."j2. In the winter of 1852-3 he was engaged as assistant chief engineer in surveying new lines of road from Syracuse, via Cazenovia and Cherry Valley, to Albany. In the spring of 1853, Mr. Shepard went to the State of Ohio and entered the service of the Cleveland, Zanesville & Cincinnati Rail- way. During the following summer he located a proposed line of this road, from the Wal- honding river to Zanesville. The following autumn he became a division engineer of the Atlantic & Great Western (now a part of the Erie system), and in the spring of 1854 was appointed chief engineer of the road, which extended from Orangeville, on the eastern boundary of Ohio, to Dayton. His health, and that of his wife, having become much affected while living in the malarial district of the Muskingum valley, he resigned in May, 1S56, and removed to Wisconsin. He was appointed chief engineer of the Milwaukee & Beloit Rail- road — which was projected to give the old Racine & Mississippi (now "the Milwaukee"! a short route from Savannah to Milwaukee. The road was graded, but never fully com- pleted. Mr. Shepard has been a citizen of Minnesota since the year 1S57. In June of that year he was appointed chief engineer of the old Minnesota & Pacific (now a part of the Great Northern), and came to St. Paul, and held the position until 18G0. Under his admin- istration the line was located from Stillwater to It reckon ridge, and from St. Anthony to »'row ^Ving, and the grading completed for sixty-two and one-half miles, from St. Paul toward St. Cloud. Mr. Shepard had the dis- tinction in May, 1858, on the line near the Catholic cemetery at St. Paul, of turning the first sod for a railroad in the State of Minne- sota. There were present on the occasion, be- sides Mr. Shepard, Richard Dunbar, deceased, and Alonzo U. Linton, now of Minneapolis, who were the representatives of Selah Cham- berlain, the chief contractor for the construc- tion. In 1859, when the sixty-two and one-half miles of this road, as mentioned, had been graded and bridged, the loan of the State's credit tailed, and every railway enterprise in Minnesota collapsed, and all construction was suspended until 18G2. During this period Mr. Shepard engaged extensively in purchasing and shipping wheat to Milwaukee and Chicago. In 18(i."> he was engaged as chief engineer of what was then called the Minnesota Central Railroad Company, now a part of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul system. From 1863 to 1N71 he was the chief engineer and superin- tendent of all the lines owned and controlled by the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Com- pany, west of the Mississippi river, including the present river division, the Iowa and Minne- sota, Iowa and Dakota, and the Hastings and Dakota divisions. In 1871 Mr. Shepard began his prominent career as a railroad contractor. Resigning his position as chief engineer of the Milwaukee & St. Paul, he became interested as a member of the Northwestern Construc- tion Company. Because of his extensive ex- perience as a railroad engineer and his familiarity with the cost of construction, he was made the general manager of the com- pany, which was organized to construct the Northern Pacific across the State of Minne- sota. In 1872 the contract for the construction of the Northern Pacific was completed. Mr. Shepard then entered into partnership with R, B. Langdon and A. H. Linton of Minne- apolis. During the succeeding twelve years the firm built thousands of miles of railroad. The partnership lasted until 1884, the year the Chicago, Burlington & Northern Railroad was 348 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. built. During those rears they executed a great many large contracts. The largest single contract was for 675 miles of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, from Oak Lake to Calgary, 450 miles of which was constructed by them in one season, the entire contract being com- pleted in August, 1883. They also built a gnat many miles of road for railroad corporations in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, as well as in Minnesota and Dakota. In 1S84 Mr. Shepard formed a new partnership with Mr. Peter Siems, Winston Brothers and others, of Minneapolis. Every year large contracts were executed for nearly every railroad corporation in the State of Minnesota and many in adjoin- ing States. Among the latter were the Chi- cago, Burlington & Northern, from St. Paul to Prairie du Chien; several hundred miles for the Milwaukee & St. Paul system in Dakota; part of the Duluth & Iron Range; the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba; Chicago Great West- ern; Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha, and others. In 1884 Mr. Shepard began the monumental work of his life — the building of the Great Northern Railway. With his asso- ciate partners, he constructed nearly the entire mileage of this great line, including the exten- sion from Minot to the Pacific coast, and the Seattle and Montana division extending up the coast, eighty miles north of Seattle. The ex- tension from Minot to Helena was begun in 1887, and was intrusted to Mr. Shepard and' his firm, Messrs. Shepard, Winston & Company. The work that was to be completed in 1887 was to grade five hundred miles of railroad to reach Great Falls, to put in the bridging and mechanical structures on five hundred and thirty miles of continuous railway, and to lay and put in good running condition six hundred and forty-three miles of rail to reach Helena continuously, working from one end onh\ Track laying began five miles west of Minot, April 1, 1887, and was completed to Helena November 18, 1887. It was May 10, before the entire force was under employment. The aver- age force on the grading was 3,300 teams and about S,000 men. From June 10, the progress of the grading was very rapid. From the mouth of Milk river to Great Falls, a distance (if two hundred miles, the work of grading was done at an average rate of seven miles a day. Writing of this marvelous achievement, Charles Dudley Warner, in Harper's Magazine for March, 1888, says: "Those who saw this army of men and teams spread over the prairie and casting up this continental highway, think they beheld one of the most striking achieve- ments of civilization." During the month of August, one hundred and fifteen miles of track were laid. October 15, the road was completed to Great Falls, and November 18, the track was laid to Helena, a distance of ninety-eight miles from Great Falls, making a grand total of six hundred and forty-three miles, and an average rate of track laying for each working day of three and one-fourth miles. July 10, seven miles and 1,040 feet, and August 9, eight miles and sixty feet were laid by the regular gang. It is true that no other railroad was constructed as rapidly as this, where the work was carried on from only one end. Moreover, it is very doubtful whether six hundred and forty-three miles of continuous track will ever be laid again in seven and one-half months, at the average rate of three and one-fourth miles Iter day for each working day, and by one gang of workmen throughout. The last railroad building in which Mr. Shepard engaged was the extension of the Great Northern from Havre, Montana, to the Pacific coast, at Everett, Washington, and from Seattle north to Fairhaven junction, lie retired from active work in 1804. During the twenty-four years of his active life as a railway contractor, the several firms of which he was a member built 7,026 miles of railroad, or an average of nearly three bundled miles a year. Besides, they executed a great number of other contracts, fm- the construction of docks, bridges, culverts, side! racks, depot grounds, lowering and chang- ing grades, etc. The miles of railroad built in each State or British province were as follows: Iu Ohio, 40; Indiana, 42; Illinois, 217; Iowa, 859; Missouri, 01; Nebraska, 43; Wisconsin, 236; Minnesota, 1,452; South Dakota, 950; North Dakota, 984; Montana, 898; Idaho,' 80; Washington, 439; Canada, Northwest Terri- tory and Manitoba, 725; total, 7,026. It is re- The Century Publishing & Engraving Co Chicago- A, BIOGRArHY OF MINNESOTA 349 markable, also, that all of his operations have been successful and profitable. Upon Ibis feature of his work, he has said: '•I attribute my success as a contractor directly to the knowledge of railroad construc- tion, which I acquired during my long ex- perience as a civil engineer. In Ibis capacity, from the year 1847 to 1871, I learned what it cost to construct railroads, and how to economically employ labor and material. I may add to that reason, industry and dili- gence; and perhaps a reputation for promptly performing my obligations had something to do with my success. I have never taken but one losing job, and I did that for good reasons, expecting to lose money." Mr. Shepard was married, December 24. 1850, to Frances Aurelia Parsons, a foster daughter of Chauncey and Wealthy Parsons, of Geneseo, New York. No other citizen has ever been more interested in the welfare of Minnesota than Mr. Shepard. He has been not only ac- tive and enterprising, but public-spirited, liberal, and patriotic, to an eminent degree. It ought not to be in bad taste to say that he is charitable and sympathetic towards the unfor- tunate, and his benefactions in this regard have been numerous and large in the aggre- gate. His subscription to the New Richmond cyclone sufferers in 1899 was $1,000. He is plain, frank, and unassuming in manner, an entertaining, intelligent talker, and altogether an admirable personality. As indicative of the career of the man, and especially what he has lived to witness here in the Northwest, the following extract from a paper written by him- self some years since, is of interest: "I well remember, when a buy at school, reading of the explorations of Hennepin and Nicollet and the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, then 1,200 miles away from me, and speculating as to whether I should live to penetrate that then wilderness. At twenty- nine years of age I came to reside and remain almost within sound of the falls, and I have witnessed their transformation from a wasted force into a mighty aggregation of power, driving the machinery of the greatest milling- center in the world. Again, when in May, 1858, I was lifting that first shovelful of sod ever turned on a railroad in Minnesota, who could have foretold that that little shovelful of dirt was to fruc- tify until in forty years Minnesota would have 0,100 miles of railroad in full operation, and a population of 1,800,000. When we seek the causes which rendered this great growth pos- sible, we find that the railroad graders' outfit, tlie steel rail, and the locomotive, as applied and directed by the energy of man, are fore- most among the moving influences, without which the wilderness might yet be unbroken. My generation lias seen wonders in all lines of invention and in their application to the comfort, happiness, and well-being of man- kind. Steam, electricity, and the very air we breathe have been harnessed and made to do the bidding of man in my time. I doubt if any- one coming after me can ever witness in his generation, the application of so many and such wonderful discoveries for the quick trans- mission of matter, power, intelligence, and sound, as I have had the good fortune and happiness to witness and enjoy in mine." JOHN M. OILMAN. Hon. John M. Oilman, a prominent attorney of St. Paul, has been closely identified with the history of Minnesota ever since it became a State. He was born, September 7, 1824, at Calais. Vermont, the son of Dr. John Oilman and Ruth (Curtis) Oilman. Both parents were natives of New England and of old Puritan stock. The father died when bis son John M. was only five months old. He was reared on a farm and attended I be common school in his boyhood, and graduated from Montpelier Academy in 1843. After reading law under Iliiton & Reed, of Montpelier, he was admitted to the bar in 1840. In the same year he re- moved to New Lisbon, Ohio, where he prac- ticed law for eleven years, also representing Columbiana county in the Legislature of Ohio during 1849-50. In 1857 he married Miss Anna Oornwell, a native of New Lisbon, and removed to St. Paul. Here he was first associated with James Smith, Jr., and later with W. P. Clough. The latter partnership, which was formed in ls72, was dissolved when Mr. Clough entered the railroad world, and since then Mr. Gilman has been practicing alone. As a lawyer he was for many years considered by bench and 35° BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. bar as one of the ablest in the State. He argued his cases on purely logical grounds, clear, cogent and concise. He would never urge a cause that he did not consider just and right, and never resorted to any pettifogging practices. Strictly honest and upright, he is a profound student, thoroughly devoted to his profession, quiet and undemonstrative, yet al- ways earnest in whatever he does. In political life Mr. Gilman was, for many years, a con- spicuous figure. Iu 1SG0 he was nominated by the Democratic party for Congress, and made a remarkable stumping tour with his opponent, Hon. William Windom. In 18G4 ho ran against Hon. Ignatius Donnelly for the same high posi- tion. Although defeated in both instances, his canvass was of a character which left its im- press upon the people, and he was repeatedly elected to the Legislature, in 1865, 1SG7, 18G9, and again in 1876. In the campaign of 1870 he was chosen chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee. There are many in- teresting incidents in the life of Mr. Oilman, no doubt well remembered by those who are still living, who were in St. Paul in early days. When the Civil war broke out, in 18G1, and President Lincoln sent out a call for volun- teers, one regiment was asked from Minnesota. Public sentiment was pulsating, tremulous, and uncertain, and the great question of the day was, what the Northern Democrats would do or what attitude they would assume. In order to tost the sentiment of the people in St. Paul, a meeting was called at the capitol grounds to consider the raising of a regiment. But the real purpose was to test the sentiments of the Democrats. Mr. Gilman, together with Earl S. Goodrich, then editor of the Pioneer, were the first to put their names to the call, and Mr. Gilman made a speech in support of Presi- dent Lincoln and for the prosecution of the war, which he predicted would be continued until the last slave had been liberated. His remarks at the time were considered extrava- gant. Many now living will remember the speech well. Thereafter he made many more speeches in support of the prosecution of the war and the abolishing of slavery. But Mr. Gilman became dissatisfied with the ideas ad- vanced by the Republican party in the prosecu- tion of the war, and accused the party of trying to further its own interest. He therefore re- turned to the fold of the Democratic party, and has maintained his allegiance to the same to the present day. He is very pronounced in his view r s, and especially on what he terms to be the true Jeffersonian Democracy. Perhaps the most important event in Mr. Oilman's life was his argument before the Supreme Court, in 1881, in favor of the constitutionality of the Legislative act providing for the adjustment of the old Minnesota State railroad bonds. His argument in that important case has always been regarded by lawyers as one of the best ever presented in any court. Of late years, Mr. Gilman has not taken any active part in the political battles of the State, county or city. In April, 1877, he lost his two sons, aged eighteen and seventeen respectively, by drown- ing in the Mississippi river, and this calamity has heavily weighed upon him, as a result of which he has sought retirement from profes- sional life. It was years before he fully re- covered from this shock, but he steadfastly declined after that time to enter public life, limiting his activity to his law practice. Mrs. Gilman died in October, 1895. Two daughters, both married and residing in St. Paul, are still living, one being married to L. P. Ordway and the other to J. P. Elmer, with the latter of whom he resides. BENJAMIN H. OGDEN. Benjamin Harvey Ogden, M. D., of St. Paul, was born at Three Rivers, Michigan, February 11. 1860, the son of Benjamin and Arietta J. (Skinner) Ogden. Benjamin Ogden, a native of New Jersey, came to Michigan with his parents in an early day. married and settled at Three Rivers, where he became a prosperous farmer. In 1863 he removed with his family to Minnesota, locating on a farm near North- field, in Rice county. Here he remained until his retirement, late in life, when he removed to the village of Northfield, and died there in 1808. The grandfather of Dr. Ogden was Rev. BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 351 Benjamin Ogden, a distinguished Presbyterian divine, a graduate of Princeton College, who come to Michigan as a missionary in an early day. After several years of faithful service in that State, he died there in 1853. The Ogdens are of English origin, the first repre- sentatives in this country being John Ogden and three brothers, who came to America about the middle of the Eighteenth Century, and settled in Connecticut. John Ogden after- wards removed to New Jersey, where he served in the war of the Revolution as a private in the State troops of New Jersey. It is a matter of record in the Ogden genealogy, that John Ogden received the coat of arms, called the "Ogden Arms," from Charles II. in recognition of faithful service in the protection of his father, Charles I., from his enemies. Another scion of this family and a lineal descendant of John Ogden settled in Philadelphia, where he attained prominence, as is attested by his name being perpetuated in "Ogden street" and "Ogden square" in that city. Dr. Ogden's mother, Arietta Jane Skinner, was born in Canada, but being left an orphan when quite young, she came to the United Stales and made her home with a brother, John Skinner, who was among the early settlers of Valparaiso, Indiana. The Skinners have been a prominent family in Indiana, and several members are still residents of Valparaiso. Mrs. Ogden died in the fall of 1SG1, soon after the family re- moved to Minnesota. Dr. Ogdeu was reared on the home farm, where he acquired those habits of industry and economy, which have been the solid foundation for the majority of our successful business and professional men since the Republic was formed. He attended the public schools of Northfield, and then took a course at Carleton College, located in that place. He graduated in 1881 with the degree of A. B., and was chosen valedictorian of his class. The year following, as a means to an end — that of obtaining a thorough medical education — he accepted the principalship of a graded school, at Stacyville, Iowa. Having completed this year's engagement, he went to Philadelphia and took a three years' course at Hahnemann Medical College. Graduating, in 1885, at the head of the class, numbering seventy-five, he then served one year as interne in the hospital, connected with the same insti- tution. In the spring of 18SG, he returned I" Minnesota, and located for practice at North- field. He had been practicing but six months, when his office was destroyed by fire; but what was then regarded as a serious disaster seems to have been but the appearance of his "lucky star." Not being satisfied with the limitations of a country town for the exercise of his abil- ities, he determined to cast his lot with the leaders in his profession in the capital city. He accordingly removed to St. Paul, and opened an office there in the fall of 1880. Here he has since remained, and though still a young- man — not yet forty — Dr. Ogden has attained a prominence and standing in his profession that usually requires a lifetime of patient endeavor. Though his practice is general, lie gives special attention to obstetrics, including the surgical rases incident to this branch of practice. Dr. Ogden is Professor of Obstetrics in the Medical Department of the University of Minnesota. In 189G he was elected president of the Minne- sota Stale Homeopathic Institute, and has been an active member since he began prac- tice. He has been several times elected president of the city and county medical so- cieties, and is now a member of the medical staff of St. Luke's Hospital, also the <'ity and County Hospital. Though a Republican, Dr. Ogden has never taken an active part in poli- tics, and is not a member of any secret society. The Doctor and Mrs. Ogden are very much in- terested in church and Sunday school work, and are both members of the Plymouth Con- gregational church. A prominent member of the profession, who has known Dr. Ogden in- timately since he came to St. Paul, says of him : "An acquaintance with Dr. Ogden that dates back to his boyhood enables me to know and appreciate his personal characteristics. The traits prominent in his character are singleness and tenacity of purpose and busi- ness integrity; these with industry and thrift have conspired to make him successful in life. Naturally reserved, he has to be known some- what intimately in order to have his best 352 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. traits recognized, and in consequence of this, his later years have been crowned with a de- gree of success that was not acquired so early as by some of a more aggressive disposition. His early years were marked with the struggle for an education that so often we find to have been the lot of the best men in our land. Of a modest and genial disposition, Dr. Ogden has acquired a social and professional standing that commands admiration." In 1S89 Dr. Ogden was married to Miss Alice E. Warner, daughter of Mr. Lucien Warner, a well-known business man of St. Paul. To them has been born one son, Warner Ogden, aged five. WILLIAM II. MAGIE. William H. Magie, M. D.. of Duluth, was born at Madison, New Jersey, of Scotch ancestry on the paternal side and of Ger- man ancestry on the side of his mother. His father, William II. Magie, Sr., was also a native of New Jersey, but in 1S57 removed to Henderson county, Illinois, and from thence to Chicago, and finally settled at State of Kansas, where he died in 18S3. The senior W. II. Magie was by occupation, for the greater part of his life, a farmer. He was a worthy and respected gentleman, active and somewhat prominent as a citizen; took an earnest interest in political matters, as a strong Republican, and served one term in the Kansas Legislature. The son was reared to maturity in the States of Illinois and Kansas, about half of the time on his father's farm. His early education was received in the public schools of Chicago, which he attended until he was about fifteen years of age, and completed by an academic course at Abington College, Illi- nois. In 1882 he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons at SI. Louis, and graduated from that well-known institution with the degree of M. D. in 1884. For a short time he engaged in the practice of his profes- sion in Pittsburg, Kansas. September 10, 1NS4, he located in Duluth, where he has since remained. Dr. Magie has become very success fnl in his profession, to which he has always been assiduously devoted. He has been a close student of medical science and kept himself fully informed in its advancement and develop- ment; has had large experience in clinics and hospital treatments in the prominent institu- tions of the country; and these influences, added to his natural adaptation, account for the uniform success which has attended his ef- forts during the fifteen years of his profession- al life in the Northwest. He is especially noted as a surgeon, but is well known to the medical fraternity and the public, as a superior "all round" practitioner. He is a member of several medical associations — the American, the International Association of Railway Surgeons, the St. Louis County, and the Minne- sota State Medical Societies, and he is surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital, Duluth. His profes- sional abilities and his personal qualities have secured for him a legion of warm, influential friends throughout the entire field of his labors. Dr. Magie was married at Pittsburg, Kansas, January 2, 1S7G, to Miss Josephine Shawger, a daughter of Philip Shawger, Esq. To the Doctor and Mrs. Magie were born four children, two of whom are now living. Mrs. Magie died January 12, 1899. WILLIAM C. SHERWOOD. William C. Sherwood, a well-known business man of Duluth and Northeastern Minnesota, was born at. Dartford, Greenlake county, Wis- consin, October 1, 1853. His father, Hon. John ( '. Sherwood, was a prominent and honored citizen of the State for many years. He was born in the State of New York, but in 1846 removed to Greenlake county, where he resided until his death, more than forty years later, or in 1887. He was a graduate of Hamilton Col- lege, New York, an intelligent Christian gen- tleman, a public-spirited citizen, and a man of many worthy and noble qualities. Largely owing to his individual etforts, the county seal of Greenlake county was located at Dartford. At an early day he was a member of the State board of insane commissioners, and his per sonal influence and efforts were most potent Th& <%7?turif PubUstuiiy & £nyravi7ij Co Ovcayor BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA 353 in accomplishing a great reform in the care of the incurably insane, and in the creation of the extensive system of charitable institutions in Wisconsin. For a long time he conducted a large flouring mill, and a woolen factory in Greenlake county. He acquired a respectable competence, from which he contributed freely and liberally to schemes for the benefit of his fellow-men. In fact he became noted, if not renowned, for the considerable sums he ex- pended upon worthy charities and in the promotion of laudable enterprises. The sub- ject hereof was educated in the public schools of Wisconsin, and by a partial course in the Rochester (New York) University. After leav- ing school lie was for several years bookkeeper and teller in the National State Bank of La Fayette, Indiana. In 1882 he came to Duluth and engaged in the real estate and loan business, with which he has been most promi- nently identified and is still connected. Mr. Sherwood has also been connected with other business interests. He was one of the pro- moters of the Merchants' National Bank and one of its directors from the time of its or- ganization until it was absorbed by the First National. He has also been connected with the iron interests of Northeastern Minnesota. He was president of the Monarch Iron Com pany during its existence. He was one of the founders of the town of Virginia, and mainly through his influence the town was laid out. At present he is vice-president of the Virginia Improvement Company. He is a leading mem- ber of the Presbyterian church, has served on the board of trustees of the Dubmpie (Iowa) Theological Seminary, and for several yens was a trustee of McAllister College of St. Paul. In Duluth he has been a trustee and secretary of the board of the First Presbyterian church, and clerk of the church session for many years. Mr. Sherwood was married, May 12, 1880, to Miss Amelia Jacoby, of Springfield, Illinois. Her father, Henry Jacoby, Esq., erected the first packing house in Springfield, and had one of the finest stock farms in the State of Illinois. Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood have had three chil- dren, only one of whom is now living, a daugh- ter, Mary R. Sherwood. The family home is a beautiful residence, located in Glen Avon, which stands on a large and ample site, artis- tically and attractively improved, and which, with its fine lawns, finished terraces and other improvements, constitutes one of the most ad- mired residences of Duluth. JOSEPH SELWOOD. As general superintendent of the American Mining Company, of Duluth, the subject of this sketch is prominently identified with one of the important industries of the State of Minnesota. And he has well earned whatever of honor attaches to his position, for he has worked his way up, literally, from the bottom of the mine, in whose gloomy depths he toiled during many years of his earlier life, to his present influential stand- ing. Although educated, for the most part, in this country, and Americanized by many years of earnest citizenship and productive activity, Joseph Selwood is an Englishman, born in Cornwall December 5, 1840. He emigrated to the newer country at a time when the status of our mining industries was a very flourishing and hopeful one; and, t hough a mere boy, he fearlessly entered upon the miner's career, with all its possible perils and inevitable hard- ships. His earliest experience in the business of his choice was gained in the mines at On- tonagon, Michigan, where he was employed for five years. He then removed to Ishpeming, in the same State, where he continued similarly (o follow the mining industry for some fifteen years. During the year 1S85 he opened the Colby mine at Bessemer. He first came to .Minnesota in July, 188S, having by this time the mining business well in hand. He located in Duluth, and opened up the Chandler mine, which he operated for a period of five years. In 1892, Mr. Selwood retired from the active operation of mines and accepted the appoint- ment of vice-president of the Duluth & Iron Railway. Subsequently he resigned this post, and in the month of April, 1899, he entered upon the duties of his present office as general superintendent of the American Mining Com- 354 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. pany, the business of which company he con- ducts at its headquarters in the American Exchange Building at Duluth. Mr. Selwood is recognized as a business man whose energy, good judgment and general efficiency have giv- en a powerful impetus to the development of the iron mining industry in this State. Nor is he appreciated only in his relation to min- ing interests. His genial and kindly disposi- tion at I aches to him many friends, and as a citizen he is held in esteem for the practical interest he takes in whatever effects the wel- fare of his city and State. In politics, as in other interests, his characteristic energy and enthusiasm make themselves felt, and he is very loyal to the principles of the Republican party, being particularly fervent in his ad- vocacy of a sound currency. July 31, 1867, at Ontonagon, Michigan, Mr. Selwood was mar- ried to Miss Ophelia Mathews. To them have been born seven children, live of whom are living. Financially, Mr. Selwood possesses a comfortable competency while still in his prime, and although the hardships incident to the miner's life have left something of their marks upon him, he is in the main well pre- served, and may reasonably count upon many years of active labor and enjoyment of the fruits thereof. EDWARD P. TOWNE. Edward Penfleld Towne, of the law firm of Towne & Merchant, of Duluth, was born June 16, 18G7, at Canandaigua, New York. He is the son of Edward P. and Eliza H. (Eddy) Towne, his mother being a daughter of Ansell D. Eddy, of Newark, New Jersey. Edward P. Towne, senior, for whom the subject of this sketch was named, was a native of New Hamp- shire, who, in 1834, came west with his father, locating at Batavia, Illinois, where his boy- hood days were passed. He was privileged with opportunities for a thorough education, and, deciding upon the legal profession as a life pursuit, he became a student of law, and in due time a practitioner at Chicago. He was a member of the whilom prominent firm of Waite, Towne & Clarke, whose headquarters were in Chicago, but whose reputation and services were extended throughout the State. Mr. Towne died in 18G<>, and of the four chil- dren born to him all are now deceased except his namesake, Edward P., of this sketch. Ed- ward I'. Towne, junior, inherited not only his father's name, but many of the characteristics through which the elder man had achieved success, and he accepted, as if by inheritance, the profession of paternal choice. Like his father, too, he was blessed with excellent edu- cational advantages, which he appreciated and turned to good account. As a youth, however, he could not have been classified as belonging to the "book-worm" type. He went in for ath- letics and out-of-door sports, and has, at one time or another, been an enthusiastic member of various athletic clubs. His education was obtained in the Empire State, the elementary portion of it in his native town and at Troy, after which he prepared for college at the Mohegan Lake Academy, at Peekskill. Upon the completion of his academic course, in 1884, he entered Union College, at Schenectady, from which latter institution he graduated in 1888, receiving the degree of A. B. Three years later his Alma Mater conferred upon him, also, the degree of A. M. His profession he acquired at the Albany Law School, graduating there in 1890 with the degree of LL. B. In the same year he was admitted to the bar at Albany, then came west, locating in the city of his father's old home. For two years he was as- sociated, as managing clerk, with John P. ^Yil- son, Esq., an attorney of National reputation. In 1892 Mr. Towne left Chicago to come to Duluth, where he entered into partnership with C. S. Davis, forming the firm of Towne & Davis. Five years later this firm was dis- solved, and subsequently Mr. Towne united his business interests with those of II. \Y. Mer- chant, the style of which present partnership is Towne & Merchant. The location of their commodious offices is in the Trust Company Building, where they are conducting a lucra- tive and growing practice. Mr. Towne is vice- president, a director and general counsel of the Duluth Trust Company. He belongs to the Tho (Sntury Pulitishnig i Cnyrwrny Co Chicaytr BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 355 ancient order of Masons, being a member of the Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commandery, and Scottish Kite. He is also a member of the Del- ta Phi Greek letter fraternity and the Society of Colonial Wars of Minnesota, and the several clubs of Duluth. Mr. Towne was married, in October, L895, to Miss Adaline H. Hunter, daughter of the late John C. Hunter, of Du- luth. Mrs. Towne died in July, 1896, leav- ing an infant son, who was christened Hunter A. Mr. Towne is a Republican, but, al- though he feels an active interest in political matters, he has been too much absorbed by his profession to cultivate any aspirations towards public office. A specialty of bis business is corporation law; but whether in special or general practice, he gives the same careful at- tention to all details of the matters intrusted to him; and the financial success and the repu- tation for fineness of legal judgment which he enjoys, while still on the morning side of life's meridian, have come to him as the natural re- sults of thorough and conscientious work. WILLIAM L. WINDOM. William Lincoln Windom, a prominent at- torney of Duluth, was born at Sterling, Illinois. June 1, 1800. On the paternal side he is extracted from Quaker stock, which is traceable to a remote English ancestry, while his mother, whose maiden name was Ruth II. Lnmm, was descended from a dis- tinguished Virginia family. His father, Jonas Windom, was a native of Ohio, and re- moved, in 1845, to Sterling, Illinois, where he died in the year 1887. In his lifetime he was an energetic and prosperous business man, and was an enthusiastic Abolitionist during the times of our Civil strife, although never identi- fying himself with politics. His son, William Lincoln, of whose life this sketch will now treat, was reared in his native town of Ster- ling, from whose public schools he graduated at the age of eighteen. He then studied law under Col. William M. Kilgore and Frederick K. Sackett, and at the age of twenty-one was admitted to practice at the bar of Illinois. But he was compelled, by a derangement of the eyesight, to postpone the pursuit of his pro- fession, and, going west, he led an active out- of-door life until 1887, in which year he located, in a professional capacity, at Ashland, Wiscon- sin, where he enjoyed prompt and abundant success. The last case tried by him in that State was the noted one of Pool vs. Thirty-one Separate Insurance Companies, which was pending for two years. Mr. Windom handled the case in a masterly manner, securing one of the largest verdicts ever obtained in an insurance cause in Wisconsin. In 1896 Mr. Win- dom came to Duluth, where he formed a part- nership, which still continues, with M. H. McMahon; and during the last four years his firm has built up a very lucrative practice, and become conspicuous in its connection with many distinguished cases. On the criminal side may be mentioned the case of the State vs. Ferguson, into which the services of Mr. Win- dom were called after the death sentence had been pronounced upon the defendant, and the day of execution set by the Governor. Desper- ate as the situation appeared, Mr. Windom did not despair, and his efforts resulted in the reprieve of the condemned man. On the civil calendar, our subject has been successful in numerous cases involving large sums of money, and on the occasion of the application before the State board for the division of St. Louis county he stood as the sole attorney for the opposition, winning the case against heavy odds. October :J, 1893, at St. Paul, Mr. Windom was married to Lotta Cornelia Gard- ner, daughter of John E. Gardner. The Hon. William Windom, deceased, late Secretary of the United States Treasury, was an uncle of William L., and the nephew lias given ample evidence of abilities which qualify him, also, for high official duties. Heretofore, however, he has not permitted his name to be proposed as candidate for any office whatsoever, though from present indications it seems probable that, in the approaching campaign, he may be made Republican nominee for Congress from the Sixth District. Whether or not he will ac- cept the compliment, he alone is in a position to determine. Mr. Windom is much in favor .V 5" BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. with the Republican State Central Committee, in whose service he has done most effective work since 1892. Previously— in 1894-5— as chairman of the Ashland County Central Com mil tee of Wisconsin, he endeared himself to ins constituency by his sagacious and irre- proachable condud of the campaign to a com- plete victory, the general approbation finding ardent expression through the press. As a st mn p speaker Mr. Windoin has few equals in the State, and his eloquence has been fell on occasions other than political. In a speech de- livered at Duluth on Decoration Day. L898, he paid a ivivent tribute to the sleeping patriots of our Civil War. according honor and rever- ence alike t,i all. regardless of whether their resting places are marked with imposing mon- uments or wooden slabs, or are the unmarked. nunn.no trenches. Ho dwelt with touching eloquence upon tin- part played by the women of our Nation in Hie great sacrifice, pronounc- ing them patriots no less than the brave sol- dims themselves, lie strengthened in his hear- ers the realization of their blessings as citizens of the United States— blessings purchased at the awful price of seven hundred and fifty thousand lives— and impressed upon them the magnitude of their debt to that martyred mul- titude and to our veterans. Continuing, he said in part: "When President Lincoln called upon them they responded, from all political parties, from all walks in life— one -rand blue line! They knew only one thin-: the Covernmeiit was in danger; 'Old Glory' had been tired upon. Eome was nothing, associations were nothing, life was nothing. The Union was in danger, which had been established by their fathers; and asking Cod's blessing upon their cause, their parents, their wives, their children, they left all. and. amidst the smoke of battle, the shrieks of bursting shell and the diseases of the camps, hundreds of thousands of men laid down their lives, until finally Providence smiled upon our arms, the last shot was tired, Appomattox was reached and the Union was saved. The Union was saved because the tin's of patriotism had been kept lighted; it was saved because the spirit of liberty which ani- mated the Revolutionary sire still burned with- in the bosom of the son. And the same spirit is manifest to-day. when our boys in blue again go forth for freedom and humanity, not in the spirit of conquest, but in the same old cause, liberty, not for themselves — they have that now — but for others who have mner enjoyed liberty, and want it. Their time for our honor and praise will soon come; perhaps some of I heir -raves will be included in the decorations on next Memorial Day. Put 'sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof." The old Veterans now deserve our undivided attention. All honor in the past, now and forever, to the dead soldier martyrs, and the living soldier heroes of the Union arniv!" HENRY D. HAWKINS. Henry Hastings Hawkins is a leading citizen and lawyer of the village of Carlton, and coun- ty attorney of Carlton county. Minnesota. He is the son of the late Hon. L. R. Hawkins, who for many years was a resident of this State, and a complete biographical sketch of whom is contained in Major T. M. Newson's book, en- titled "Old Settlers of .Minnesota." Judge Haw- kins, whose remote ancestry was English, was a native of Connecticut, but spent many years of his early life in Pennsylvania, in the mean- time being married to Mary Vose, of Massa- chusetts, and it was at Smithport, Pennsyl- vania, that Henry II.. the subject of this sketch, was born, on the 30th of January, 1840. In IS.").") the boy came, with his parents, to Minnesota, settling upon a farm in Scott county. Here he remained to the age of sev- enteen, attending the public schools of his home locality. He was fifteen when the Civil War broke out, and two years later hi' enlisted as a private in Company L, Second Minnesota Cavalry, and served with his regiment until honorably discharged in 1866. In 1ST7 he lo- cated in the village of Thomson, in the town- ship of the same name, Carlton county, Minne- sota. He was at this time engaged in railroad construction. Inning first given his attention to that line of business upon his return from the war. In 1878 he was elected auditor of Carlton county, and gave up railroad construe- The Century PiMisMng StEnyravinp Co Chicago- C&^a^t^ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 1?7 tion to attend to the duties of this office. Dur- ing his residence in Carlton, Mr. Hawkins has been an almost continuous servant of the pub- lic in one capacity or another. Shortly after taking up his residence in the village of Thomson, the community selected him as its chief official, and lie continued to administer its affairs for ten years. For an equal space of time lie served as district school clerk; for six years presided as chairman of the board of supervisors; was for five years a justice of the peace, and for eight years served in the office of town clerk. In fact, he has tilled nearly every office of importance in Carlton county. Four times he was nominated as a candidate for the State Legislature, twice for the Senate and twice for the Lower House, but he being a Democrat in a district largely Republican, was defeated by small majorities. Mr. Haw kins' career as a lawyer dates from 1880, in which year he was admitted to the bar. He has, since 1878, been county attorney of his county eleven years; county auditor six years; county superintendent of schools two years; county treasurer two years; deputy clerk of the District Court six years; and register of deeds six years, having at one time held five of said county offices by election, and in a county strongly Republican. Mr. Hawkins was unanimously nominated by his party'August 7, 1892, as their candidate for Lieutenant Gov- ernor, and made a gallant run. In IS!):! he was an applicant under President Cleveland for the appointment of Governor of Alaska, and was indorsed by all political parties of his State. In all these positions that he has held his serv- ice has been disinterested and pure. Through- out his history as a voter, Mr. Hawkins has been a loyal Democrat, entering with such interest and energy into the campaigns of his party that he has won for himself the name of "stalwart"; and he has long been promi- nently known in all parts of the State as an able and eloquent campaign speaker. He is a man, too, with many personal friends, who honor him much for the abilities of which he has given abundant proof, and more for his high integrity of character. His services are always freely given to the laborer, and he is known throughout northern Minnesota as the "poor man's friend." Mr. Hawkins' legal prac- tice has grown to proportions sufficient to ab- sorb his undivided attention; but whether he will be allowed to devote himself exclusively to professional work remains to be proven. Possessing so many active political friends, it seems more than probable that his services will in the future, as in the past, be solicited for positions of trust and honor. He is at present an aide-de-camp, with rank of colonel, on the staff of Governor John Lind. Mr. Haw- kins belongs to the Uniform Rank of Knights of Pythias, and is a member of the mutual insurance organization known as Woodman of the World. He is a family man, having been married, September 22, 1878, at Duluth, Minne- sota, to Miss Emma E. Ruby. A son, Valentine H. Hawkins, is their only child. MELVIN J. FORBES. Melvin Jackson Forbes, president of the Con- solidated Elevator Company, of Duluth, Minne- sota, was born at Bridgewater, Massachusetts, December 31, 1848. He is the son of Andrew J. and Betsey (Fuller) Forbes, and is descended through many generations from one of two brothers, who, in the year 1635, emigrated from England and became the founders of the Forbes family on this side the Atlantic. The father of Melvin J., who was by trade a shoe- maker, was also a native of Massachusetts, and died in that State in 1862. The subject of this sketch was the eldest of three children, and as the financial circumstances of his parents were very modest, he early began to feel the responsibility of making his own way in the world. He had acquired the rudiments of an English education in the district school in proximity to which he lived, but was ambitious for higher study; and it was his good fortune to have been born in the vicinity of an ex- cellent educational institution — the old Bridge- water academy. This he managed to attend, from thirteen to seventeen years of age, by spending the summer vacations, not in recrea- 358 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. lion, bul in hard work. In his business career In' began ;it the fool of the ladder, as errand boy for a publishing house in Boston. From ihis humble situation he climbed, sleji by step, until, four years after he entered the employ of the house, he had become intrusted with the full management of both the wholesale and retail departments of the business. By this time he was of age, and during the year 1S70 he came west and located in Duluth, Minne- sota. His first venture in this city was an independent one in the book and stationery business, which he pursued for about four years. At the end of this time he made a rad- ical change in his business arrangements, but one which led, more or less directly, to his pres- ent responsible and enviable position. He en- gaged as bookkeeper with the Union Improve- ment & Elevator Company, and continued in the service of that firm for four years, or there- abouts, then resigning his position to become a member of the grain commission house of George Spencer & Company. In 1889, however, this latter firm went out of business; but in 1893 Mr. Forbes was appointed receiver of two elevator companies, viz.: the Northern Pacific and the Red Valley, in the settlement of whose affairs he was for some months engaged. About this time the old Union Improvement & Ele- vator Company, whose service Mr. Forbes had entered as bookkeeper nearly twenty years be- fore, effected a consolidation with the Lake Superior Elevator Company, and of the result of this fusion, which wa"s styled the Consoli- dated Elevator Company, Mr. Forbes was elected president. This was in 1NII4, and he is still presiding officer of the company, the busi- ness of which is in a very healthy and flour- ishing condition. Eight capacious elevators, in active operation, for the terminal equipment of the Consolidated Company, at Duluth, while il ow ns some seventy other elevators and ware- houses distributed along the line of the North- ern Pacific Railroad. During the year of 1899 alone it handled over forty million bushels of grain. In political faith Mr. Forbes is an un- swerving Republican, but he has never been ambitious to hold public office. In connection with institutions other than political, however, he has done good work. In 1885 he was elected president of the Dululh Board of Trade, which post he filled for two years, and he is at the present time vice-president of the American Exchange Bank, of Duluth, having been elected to that office in 1899. On January 6, 1885, Mr. Forbes was united in marriage to Miss Ida M. Raymond, a daughter of S. EL Ray- mond, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, the wedding ceremony being performed at Duluth. Mr. and Mrs. Forbes have no children. JOHN H. KOOP. John Henry Koop, mayor of Brainerd, Min- nesota, is of German birth, Hanover being the city of his nativity, and the date February 8, 1857. His father was William Koop, a promi- nent educator of Germany, and the first few years of the sun's residence in this country, to which he came at the age of eleven, were spent in stud\ in American institutions of learning, lie was first, for a short time, a pupil at St. Vincent College, in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania. Then, in 1X<>9, he came to Min- nesota and entered St. John's University, in Stearns county, which he continued to attend for about five years. In 1ST! he went to work as clerk in a drug store at St. Paul; but he abandoned this line of business in a compara- tively short time and taught school for two years in Dakota county, of this State. In 1S77 he accepted a position as manager of the D. II. Valentine Elevator Company, in St. Joseph, .Minnesota, and was for the next two years en- gaged in buying grain for the .Minneapolis Millers' Association, under the supervision of General Andrews. He first came to Brainerd in 1879, where, with the exception of three years, he has since resided. Here he devoted his time to the general mercantile business un- til his services were enlisted in public affairs. During the year 1884-5 he served on the board of city aldermen, and in 1886, under the Cleve- land administration, he received the appoint- ment of postmaster of Brainerd, the duties of which office occupied him for four years. Upon BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 359 the expiration of his term as postmaster he moved to Staples, Minnesota, and re-engaged in mercantile pursuits, which he continued to follow after his return, in 18!)3, to Brainerd. In 18% he was nominated for the State Legis- lature, his election being defeated by a small majority; and in 189S he became Democratic- candidate for mayor of Brainerd, and was elected by a majoritywhich all the wards of the city concurred in swelling to overwhelming proportions, notwithstanding the fact that Brainerd was then strongly Republican. Mr. Koop has taken an active part in many polit- ical contests, his power as a speaker making his campaign work especially valued by his party. Of late, however, his Democracy lias be- come somewhat modified. He endorses the policy of President McKinley, as pursued in both the Spanish- American war and the pres- ent struggle in the Philippines. Mr. Koop is a man of unsual executive ability, which enables him to successfully conduct a variety of enter- prises at the same time. He is vice-president of the Northwestern Hardwood Lumber Coin pany, at Nary, Minnesota, which concern was the recent purchaser from the Pillsbury and Walker companies of all their oak timber for the purpose of manufacturing into railroad lumber; and he operates a hardwood mill of his own on his farm, which is located on the Brainerd & Northern Minnesota Railway, near Island Lake. In the city of Brainerd, also, he has under his personal management and con- trol extensive interests in the dry-goods indus- try. But with a volume of private business which might distract the mind of a man of less balance, he administers the affairs of his office as mayor with unvarying dignity and repose. October 3, 1870, Mr. Koop was married to Miss Lena Linneman, a daughter of Hon. John H. Linneman, of St. Joseph, Minnesota. Three children have been born to them, viz.: Rosa, Lilian and Grover. Mr. Koop belongs to the order of Knights of Pythias and to the Modern Woodmen of America. In religious faith he is Catholic. Between Gov. John Lind, of Minne- sota, and Mayor Koop exist terms of mutual courtesy and friendship; and in his early prime the latter has attained to a position, not only of financial security, but of political prestige, which paints his future bright with promise. sumner t. Mcknight. The family of Sumner T. MeKuight, of Minneapolis, is descended from Scottish an- cestry through a line of American progeni- tors beginning in early colonial times. The name was originally McNaughton, and New Jersey the point at which it took root in America. Just how and when the transforma- tion from McNaughton to MeKuight occurred, however, belongs to the interesting mystery which envelopes the evolution of many of our modern names. Sumner Thomas McKnight was born in the year 1836, at Truxton, Cort- land county, New York. His early education was obtained in the public schools of his na- tive town. His father was a merchant of Trux- ton, and the boy promptly developed an apti- tude and preference for an active business life. He was but sixteen when he came to Wiscon- sin and procured a clerical position in a gen- eral store at Ripon. Here he remained for two years, then secured a position of larger oppor- tunities at Wausau, in the same State, in the store of George N. Lyman, the business of the establishment being conducted in conjunction with the lumber trade, in which Mr. Lyman was also engaged. Before he had been two years in this position his commercial capabili- ties had become so evident that he was made general manager of both the store and the lumber manufactory. He continued in charge of this dual enterprise for about three years, at the end of which time Mr. Lyman disposed of his lumber mills and store. During his managership Mr. McKnight acquired an ex- perience and technical understanding of busi- ness matters which was later to prove invalu- able to him in his own commercial operations. In 1850 he came to Minnesota and established himself at Blue Earth city in a general store, which he conducted until 1862. He then re- moved to Hannibal, Missouri, and formed a partnership with J. B. Price in the wholesale and retail lumber business. He was associated 3<5o BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. willi Mi. Trice for six years, and to this part- nership Mr. McKnight was indebted for his connection, formed in lsyit, with the firm of Porter, Moon & Company, lumber manufactur- ers at Eau Claire. Wisconsin. The material turned out by the mills ar Eau Claire was transferred to Hannibal for distribution, which function was operated under the style of S. T. McKnight & Company. The enterprise flour- ished, and in ls7-"> the business was incorpo- rated under the nan f the Northwestern Lumber Company, Mr. McKnight being made secretary and treasurer. This position he still holds, and the history of his business career is inseparably identified with the development and achievements of this company. In 1883 Mr. McKnight assisted in organizing two lum- ber companies, viz.: the Barronette and Shell Lake, for the erecting and operating of mills at those two points in Wisconsin; and in 1886 the Northwestern Lumber Company bought the saw-mill at Sterling. Wisconsin, with an adjacent block of timber, which they worked until the supply was exhausted — a period of about six years. They then purchased the ex- tensive plant of the Eau Claire Company, which comprised not only a broad area of tim- ber land and two mills, but valuable property in the city of Eau Claire. In the meantime, in 1800, the company had also acquired a con- trolling interest in the Montreal River Lum- ber Company, located at Gile, Wisconsin; and in 1892, the year of their investment in the Eau Claire property, Hie Northwestern Coin pany built a mill at Stanley, Chippewa county, whose cutting capacity was 150,000 feet per day, of ten hours. Since 1895 Mr. McKnight has been associated, as one of its vice-presi- dents and directors, with the Mississippi Val- ley Lumbermen's Association, and in 1896, when lumbermen from all parts of the country convened at Cincinnati and organized them- selves to the end of protecting their industry in the matter of tariff legislation, he was one of the twenty-two appointed to go to Washing- ton and present the interests of their organi- zation to the Congressional commit lee. Tn 1899 he was elected president of the North- western Lumber Company of Eau Claire. Wis cousin, and the Montreal River Lumber Com- pany of Gile, Wisconsin. .Mr. McKnight has served as director in several banking houses, and in I he province of financial business no less than in his lumber operations, he has been highly esteemed as an able and honorable busi- iii ss man. In politics he is a loyal Republican, but his busy career has included no effort to- wards political prominence. In 1868 Mr. Mc- Knight was united in marriage to Eugenie Manville, of Ripon, Wisconsin. Four children were born io them, of whom the three living are: Harriet E., Caroline E., now Mrs. George I'. Christian, of Minneapolis, and Sumner T., Junior. CONRAD GOTZIAN. The late Conrad Gotzian, of St. Paul, was born August 15, 1835, at Berke an die Werra, a village about fifty miles from Leipsic, in Saxe-Wiemar, Prussia. His early education was rather elementary, owing to the restricted means of the family, not at all to the fault of the boy, who was naturally ambitious, indus- trious and persevering. In 1852 he came to seek his fortune in America. He was only six- teen, but he was blessed with a splendid phy- sique, and a sanguine and genial temperament, which enlisted the kindly interest of all with whom he came in contact. His ship landed at Philadelphia, where, after seeking a while for work, he became apprenticed to a boot and shoe manufacturer. In three years' time he had become thoroughly skilled in the trade, and in the spring of 1855 he came to Minne- sota, secured employment at St. Paul ill the line of his experience, and, after two years of close application to work and frugal living, was able, with the help of friends who had become interested in him, to establish himself as a retail dealer in boots and shoes. His loca- tion was on Jackson street, between Fifth and Sixth streets. His venture prospered from the first, and his business gradually expanded. After a few years he became engaged, to a lim- ited extent, in jobbing sales, and by 1865 the retail side of his business had been entirely abandoned in favor of jobbing and manufac- ^J BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 361 turing, which he conducted on a scale requir- ing the employment of thirty-five operatives. During a few years his brother, Adam Gotzian, also a well and honorably known citizen of St. Paul, was associated with him in business. In the seventies he took into partnership George W. Freeman, one of his employes, under the style of C. Gotzian & Company. The firm lo- cated on Third street, and its establishment, large at the start, was later on increased to its present extensive proportions. The annual sales of the firm, beginning with $65,000, in- creased until they were reckoned by millions, while nearly five hundred persons were cm- ployed in manufacturing the goods. Mr. Got- zian was a thorough business man in the best sense of the word. To his nature the innumer- able tricks of trade by which the "sharp" man gains advantage over his duller competitors were wholly foreign and intolerable; and each one of his employes perfectly understood that all meanness and deceit, in whatever guise, were under the severest ban. His success was won on the basis of absolute integrity, and his business patrons became his faithful friends. His custom was widely sought, and no citizen of St. Paul enjoyed a higher commercial rating than he, both at home and in the East. Out- side of business hours, Mr. Gotzian devoted much of his time to reading and educational research. He had always felt the lack of early school privileges, and resolved to supply the deficiency by systematic self culture, lie was a lover of books, and a substantial library grew up in his home, while his fund of general knowledge expanded proportionately. Men sought his advice on matters of moment, and his cooperation in schemes for the improve- ment and advancement of the city. His posi- tion in the community became even more prominent and influential. He was for many years a director of the German-American Na- tional Bank of St. Paul, and rendered most valuable service in establishing its policy. As an active member of the Chamber of Com- merce, Board of Trade and the Jobbers' Union, he labored effectively. He was a Mason of the Ancient Landmark Lodge, and a member of the Minnesota Club. In society he was con- genial and entertaining. A child's clearness of conscience made possible his child-like ef- fervescence of spirits and humor and hearty good-fellowship. Occasionally he afforded himself an interval of complete recreation, making hunting or fishing excursions to the prairies and lakes, his usual good fortune at- tending him, even in his sports. Mr. Gotzian had no aspirations for political preferment, and the only office lie ever held — that of mem- ber of the State Legislature — he consented to accept for the gratification of certain friends, and to aid them in carrying into effect meas- ures looking toward the betterment of munici- pal conditions. On January 13, 1S59, Mr. Got- zian was married to Miss Caroline Busse, of Cincinnati, Ohio. A family of nine children came to augment the felicity of their union, six of whom, now living, are: Mrs. T. L. Schur- meier, Mrs. A. B. Driscoll.Paul H. Gotzian, Mrs. Ambrose Tighe, Vallie G. Gotzian and Jessie R. V. Gotzian. In 1877 Mr. Gotzian built his beautiful residence, under whose roof the fam- ily led a united and happy life. Mr. Got- zian Mas strongly domestic in his tastes, and was a most devoted husband and father, while Mrs. Gotzian possessed the womanly and so- cial qualities which combine to make a perfect keeper of the home and dispenser of its hospi- talities. Added to his other blessings, was the superb physical health of Mr. Gotzian. He had scarcely, in his whole life, known sickness until late in the year 1886, when he was at- tacked by the affection of the head and brain which, in a few short months, resulted fatally. A change of climate was recommended, and he spent the early winter months in southern California. To no avail, however, and as he felt his end approaching he turned his face homeward, and died in the bosom of his be- reaved family on the 21st of February, issT. The estate of .Mr. Gotzian was valued at $1,000,- nut); yet lie had been a man to spend freely for The comforts of life, and a generous con- tributor to many charities and progressive en- terprises. Mr. Gotzian was a member of the Methodist-Episcopal church of St. Paul, with which he had become united in the early days of his residence in the city. He was an earnest 362 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. ;ind consistenl Christian gentleman, practicing the golden rule so effectively thai a1 his death he had a host of mourning friends, aii. BROWN. Horatio D. Brown, a prominent banker of Albert Lea, and one of the early settlers of Freeborn county, was born in the town of Faluns. Onondaga county. New York, April 15, IS.",."). He is the son of Aimer Brown, a native T^z^T-e BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 36.3 of Hartford, Connecticut, whoso father emi- grated to New York and settled in Onondaga county in the latter part of the Seventeenth Century, when the country was a great wil- derness. He served in the War of 1812 against the "mother country," and some of his ances- tors were soldiers in the War of the Revolu- tion. The mother of our subject, Lovina Cadwell, was also of old New England stock. Abner Brown was a farmer, and he reared a large family of children, only three of whom are living. The subject of this biography was raised on the home farm, at- tended the common school and later prepared for college at the De Ruyter and Cazenovia seminaries, and, iii 1852, entered Union Col- lege at Schenectady, New York, from which he graduated, in 1855. He came west the same year, and spent about one year teaching in Illi- nois and Iowa. In 1850 he removed to Minne- sota, and located a claim in the town of Hay- ward, Freeborn county, about six miles southeast of Albert Lea, w 7 hen there were only about half a dozen families living in the coun- ty. He had brought with him a compass, and was soon engaged in surveying. In 1857 he was elected the first county surveyor of Free- born county, and removed to Albert Lea. He was soon after appointed deputy clerk of the District" Court, and in 1861 was elected to that office, and held it for ten years. Mr. Brown enlisted, March 9, 1862, in Company C, Fifth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry; was mustered in as second lieutenant, August 31, 1862. His company was ordered South in December fol- lowing, and joined the regiment at La Grange, Tennessee. He was engaged, with his regi- ment, under the command of General Grant, in the action at Jackson, Mississippi, May 14, 1S63; at Vicksburg, May 22; at Mechanics- burg, Mississippi, June 3; at Richmond, Loui- siana, June 15; and participated in the siege of Vicksburg from May 19 until July 4, 1863, when the rebel forces capitulated. His regi- ment was included in the contingent sent from General Grant's command to the assistance of General Banks in his Red river expedition, and was in the engagement at De Russy, Loui- siana, March 4, 1804; at Henderson, April 9; at Coulerville, Louisiana, April 23; Bayou Roberts, Louisiana, May 8; Mensura, Loui- siana, May 15; Yellow Bayou, Louisiana, May 18, 18C4. In August, 1864, Mr. Brown was transferred to Hie Eleventh Minnesota Volun- teer Infantry as adjutant, and was with the regiment during its service in and around Nashville, Tennessee. He was mustered out of the service at St. Paul in July, 1865, and re- turning to Albert Lea, he resumed the duiies of the office of clerk of the District Court. In 1871 he resigned that office and organized the private bank of H. D. Brown, and later, with D. R. P. Hibbs, the banking house of H. D. Brown & Company. This firm continued in business until March, 1892, when the Albert Lea National Bank was incorporated, and Mr. Brown elected president, which position lie still occupies. In 1871 he was elected to the State Senate and served one term. He has also served his city as mayor, and has been active and prominent in all matters pertaining to the welfare and building up of his city and county. He was president of the Minnesota Bankers' Association in 1899. In politics, Mr. Brown is a Republican. He was married, De- cember 19, 1861, to Miss Mary L. Peck, daugh- ter of Mr. Harris Peck, of Albert Lea. They have a family of three sons, all married and men of prominence, and all residing in Albert Lea. The eldest, Dr. L. A. Brown, a dentist; Harris N. Brown, of Knatvold & Brown, bank- ers, and Fred C. Brown, in the Albert Lea National Bank. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are mem- bers of the First Presbyterian church, of which lie is a trustee. He is also one of the trustees and treasurer of Albert Lea College for young women. BENJAMIN B. SHEFFIELD. Benjamin B. Sheffield, a prominent business man, miller and banker of Faribault, was born at Aylesford, Nova Scotia, December 23, 1860, the son of Millidge B. and Rachel Sheffield. Both of his parents were natives, of Nova Scotia. His mother, whose maiden name was Rachel Tupper, was a member of a prominent 3 6 4 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. family in Nova Scotia, and a first cousin of Sir Charles Tupper, now Secretary of the Domin- ion of Canada. She died in Faribault, October 5, 1870. Millidge B. Sheffield was born at Aylesford May 2, 1S30. He came to Faribault in 1865, bringing his wife, his son Benjamin B. and a daughter Fannie (now Mrs. A. Blodgett, Jr., of Faribault). He first settled on what is now the county farm, but later en- gaged in the grocery business in Faribault. He afterwards purchased an interest in the Walcott Flour Mill, and, in 1880, bought the interest of his partners, and associated with himself his son, who had that year graduated with honors, from the Shattuck Military School. Besides his mill property he had large elevator interests, and was known as a substantial and successful business man. He was a man of spot- less character, and whose integrity was the highest. He did much, in an unostenta- tious way, to benefit his city and its people. He spent a part of each winter in the South, and died in Faribault October 15, 1899. Benja- min B. Sheffield was less than twenty years old when he assumed the management of the Wal- cott Flour Mills for his father. These mills were at that time four miles from any rail- road; carried a large indebtedness and had been a losing investment for all previous own- ers; but in spite of all obstacles young Shef- field made the project a financial success. Un- der his management the mill was rebuilt; its capacity enlarged, and after two years he had the satisfaction of seeing the property on a sound financial basis. In succeeding years he developed the business, brought railroads to the mill doors, and increased the capacity of the plant to 1,000 barrels. November 31, 1895, the Walcott Mills were destroyed by fire. Mr. Sheffield immediately sent for contracting agents, and while the mill was still burning, planned for the construction of new mills of greater capacity. He organ- ized and became president of the Sheffield Milling Company, with a paid up capital of $200,000, and in about six months the new mill was completed and in operation. A little later they acquired the plant of the Crown Milling Company at Morristown. In addition to their milling interest they became largely interested in elevators. Mr. Sheffield is president of the Crown Elevator Company, which owns and operates a line of forty-five elevators in Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota, with offices at Minneapolis. Mr. Sheffield has always been closely identified with the progress of Faribault, always ready to encourage public enterprises with his in- fluence and private funds. He was one of the charter members of the Security Bank of Faribault, and has been its president almost from its foundation. He is a member of the Chamber of Commerce of Minneapolis. In politics he is a Republican. He served two terms as president of the city council, and has been twice mayor of Faribault. He was elected the first term by the largest majority in the history of the city, and upon his second candidacy there was no opposition. During his term of office the city public library was built, and he has been a member of the library board since its organization. Mr. Sheffield is a member of the board of trustees of the Shat- tuck Military School, and of the Seabury Divinity School. In February, 1900, he was appointed, by Governor Lind, one of the direc- tors of the State Institute for Defectives, including the State School for the Feeble- Minded, the State School for the Blind and the Deaf, and is also treasurer for these institu- tions. Mr. Sheffield is active and energetic and a ready speaker. He is a Knight Templar and a thirty-second degree Mason, and is a vestryman in Bishop Whipple's Cathedral Parish. Mr. Sheffield was married July 18, L889, in .Miss Carrie A. Crossette, daughter of H. M. Crossette of Faribault. They are the parents of two children, Blanch and Amy Tupper. HENRY M. RICE. Hon. Henry Mower Rice, pioneer and statesman, one of the most remarkable men of the Northwest, and a leader in the founding The Century PiiMishing S, Byraviiy Co Chicago" BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 36; of St. Paul, was, during his life time, prob- ably the most popular man in Minnesota, as he was certainly one of the most useful. Born in Waitsfleld, Vermont, November 29, 181G, he spent the larger part of his life in Minne- sota, engaged in herculean labors, and died, honored and lamented. January 15, 1894, at San Antonio, Texas, whither he had gone in pursuit of health. Mr. Rice sprang from the old American stock, identified with colonial times and the period of conquest and settle- ment. His paternal ancestor, Edmund Rice, came to this' country in 1039. The blood of colonial pioneers ran in his veins, and 1 lie vir- tues of an energetic and virile ancestry ani- mated his whole career. More than one of his lineage bore arms for their homes and their country in the early days. Jedediah Rice, his grandfather, was a soldier of the American Revolution. The maternal grandfather served in the French and Indian war, and was cap- tured in 1775 at the burning of Royalton, Ver- mont, and afterwards ransomed; while the paternal great-grandfather of Mr. Rice, who also served in the French and Indian wars, was captured at Marlborough in 1701, and re- deemed some years afterwards. The free schools and an academy gave the young man his early tuition; and at Richmond, Vermont, he studied law, a preparation which fitted him for masterly management of affairs, although he saw little active practice of the profession. In 1835 Mi\ Rice emigrated to the then fron- tier town of Detroit, Michigan, and first be- came known to fame in the location of the Sault Ste. Marie canal and other public works, authorized by the State of Michigan./"-- A dar- ing and enterprising spirit prompted Mr. Rice, two years later, to shoulder a pack, and make his way on foot, a distance of two hundred miles westward, to a country scarcely removed in character from that of an aboriginal wilder- ness. He traded throughout that region for a time, and, in 1839, settled at Fort Snelliug, as an attache of the sutler's department of the post. In 1840 he secured appointment as sutler at Fort Atkinson, Iowa, and soon after- ward made a highly important connection with the greatest of the fur-trading houses of the West, that of Pierre Chateau, Jr., & Company, of St. Louis. This brought him in contact with the Chippewa and Winnebago tribes of In- dians, and Mr. Rice controlled their trade in the interests of the St. Louis house. A num- ber of trading posts were established and controlled by him throughout the region, in which those tribes hunted the fur-bearing game, and by courage, coolness, fairness and tact, Mr. Rice came in time to exert a remark able influence, both over the red men themselves and the white hunters and trap- pers of the region. In 1816 the Winnebagoes exhibited their confidence in Mr. Rice by mak- ing him a delegate in lieu of a native chief, to represent them in the sale of their reservation, in Iowa, to the United States. Mr. Rice not only negotiated a useful treaty on this occa- sion, but secured the sale and opening to settlement of yet another reservation. In fact, during succeeding years, mainly as commis- sioner, in 1847 and in 1851-4 and 1803, Mr. Rice aided materially to secure accession to the United States of Sioux, Chippewa, and other lands, covering the greater part of the State of ^Minnesota. The history of the Indian treaties of the Northwest is filled with the story of Mr. Rice's efforts to protect the In- dians, and while opening the country to settle- ment, to initiate a policy toward the Indians, which would enable them to become self-sup- porting. Until the day of his death, there was no other white man in Minnesota who had the confidence and affection of the Chippewa tribe of Indians, to anything like the same extent as Mr. Rice. He was called by them "Wan bee-mah-no-min," or "White Rice." On Febru- ary 20, 1889, he was appointed by President Cleveland one of the commissioners to nego- tiate on the part of the United States, a treaty with the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, for the cession of certain of their lands. As chair- man of this commission he effected a treaty whereby over three million acres of desirable land were ceded to the Government. A por- tion thereof, situated on the Red lake reserva- tion, has recently been thrown open to settlement. The St. Paul Dispatch, in an editorial, said of this treaty: 366 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. ''For the successful conduct of these nego- tiations, the chief — if not the entire — credit, is due to the Hon. Henry M. Rice. His selec- tion as one of the commissioners was the wisest possible choice which could have been made. It is a singular coincidence that exact- ly the same day of the same month, forty-two years ago, August 22, 1847, Mr. Rice succeeded in successfully concluding a treaty with the same band, ceding valuable lands to the people. His courage and experience, combined with his intimate knowledge of Indian character, en- abled him to carry through an undertaking attended by difficulty, which amounted to serious danger of bloodshed, so incensed were the Indians by their treatment in connection with the Winnebigoshish dam. The gain which is certain to result in the speedy set- tlement of northern Minnesota, and the utilization of the vast tract of millions of acres of valuable land, will soon be felt, and what has thus far been practically a wilder- ness, will soon rival in wealth and resources the more favored sections of the State.'' Through his early negotiations, Mr. Rice learned to appreciate the value of land eligibly located, and in 1S48 he bought from John R. Irvine, for four hundred dollars, a tract of eighty acres, lying between Seven Corners and St. Peter street, in the city of St. Paul, and fronting on the river, comprising a part of "Rice and Irvine's Addition" to the city. This property is now worth millions. Upon it Mr. Rice began systematic work for the develop- ment of a city, and in a large sense, thus be- came one of the founders of St. Paul. Streets and blocks were laid out, warehouses, a hotel, stores and houses were built, and all other steps were taken necessary for the develop- ment of a city. With a liberality which did honor to his heart, as well as credit to his busi- ness sagacity, Mr. Rice gave land for sites for churches, schools, hospitals and parks, and in the numberless ways suggested by his native fertility of resource, promoted the welfare of the community which grew into existence around and upon his holdings. To Rice county, named after him, he presented a library of historical and political works relating to the government, and to the city of St. Paul he gave Rice Park. He founded the town of Munising, Michigan, and was also, in 185C, the founder of Bayfield, Wisconsin, on Lake Superior. The second brick house ever built in Minnesota was erected at the corner of Third and Wash- ington streets, in St. Paul, by Henry M. Rice. As means increased, additional land was bought, and a claim of one hundred and twenty acres, which Mr. Rice called his farm, is now worth at least •?•'!, 000 an acre. Upon a portion of this latter tract is situated the home of Maurice Auerback, Esq., Mr. Rice's son-in-law. Several mansions were built by him upon "The Hill'' in St. Paul, and in later life he occupied an especially beautiful site on Summit avenue. Not only did Mr. Rice toil unceasingly for the welfare of St. Paul, but for the benefit of Minnesota. The Democrats of the Territory sent him to Congress in 1853, and re-elected him in 1855; and in Washington he secured much public-spirited legislation in aid of set- tlers, including the opening of land offices, the sale of military and Indian reservations, and the creation of post-offices and post roads. During that early period, Mr. Rice was the strong working influence at the National cap- ital in behalf of Minnesota. In 1857 the first land grant railroads in the Territory were endowed, and a surveyor general's office was established in St. Paul under acts whose pass- age Mr. Rice secured. He was also the author of the law extending the right of pre- emption over the unsurveyed lands in the Territory, and procured the passage of an act authorizing the training of a State Con- stitution, preparatory to the admission of Minnesota to the Union. The honor of election to the United States Senate, promptly ac- corded to Mr. Rice by the Legislature of the new State, was no more than a frank recogni- tion of his immense services to Minnesota. In 18G5 he became the Democratic candidate for Governor of the State, but was defeated by .'S,47G votes. The Civil War broke out while Mr. Rice was in the Senate. John C. Breck- inridge, Robert Toombs, Stephen A. Douglas, Clement C. Clay, and other leaders of Southern sentiment, were his intimate friends — his in- timacy with Mr. Breckinridge and Mr. Douglas being in part denoted by the fact that with them he built a row of three brick houses, 1*m* (^Uu^foi (2< ,^y BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 367 called "Minnesota Row,'' on the corner of H street and New Jersey avenue, then a fashion- able part of the city, Mr. Rice living in the middle one. Mr. Rice labored to avert the con- flict of arms, which drenched the sunny South with blood, and brought sorrow to homes throughout the land; but, when these labors failed, Mr. Rice displayed uncompromising loyalty to the Union, and his kindness to the volunteers will never be forgotten while a Minnesota veteran survives to tell the lair. His house iu Washington and his purse were invariably open to Minnesota troops on duty in and near Washington, and personal attentions, more valuable always than money, were un- stinted. Mr. Rice served on very important committees of the Senate, including those on finance, post-roads, public lands and military all airs. lion. Henry Wilson of Massachusetts, who was chairman of the committee on Mili- tary affairs, alluded frequently during his life- time to Mr. Rice's services on that committee in the most flattering manner, saying that at the time when the army was formed Mr. Rice's knowledge of army matters "was of greater service to the country than that of all other members of the committee." The first bill had been introduced, and the first speech made in favor of the "Northern Pacific Rail- road" in 1858 by Mr. Rice, and he was one of the four Minnesota incorporators of that road. The unaffected nature of the man was illustrated after retirement from the Sen- ate, by his acceptance for three terms of the position of treasurer of Ramsey county, Minne- sota, to which he was elected by handsome majorities. He made many improvements in the methods of the treasurer's office, but re- signed during his last term, on account of ill health. During nearly all his life he had suffered from pulmonary troubles, due to hard- ships and exposure in early days; and during the closing years of his life was obliged to spend the winter seasons in the South. His vigorous mind triumphed over physical weak- ness, however, to such an exteut, that he lived to the age of seventy-seven. He touched the active life of St. Paul at many points, and was president of the chamber of commerce for several years, member and president of the board of public works, president of the first Society for Relief of the Poor, president of The Old Settlers' Association, and a regent of the State University. Mr. Rice took an active in- terest in Masonry, having received the third, or Master .Mason's degree, June 2, 1851. The Senate of the State of Minnesota on Tuesday, April 11, 1899, adopted the following resolu tion, introduced by the lion. Ililer H. Horton, Senator from the Thirty-sixth District, Ram- sey county: "Whereas, By Act of Cougress, approved July 2, 1801, provision was made for placing in the National gallery of statuary, in the <'apitoI at Washington, by each State, of the statues of two of its deceased citizens, illus- trious for their historic renown or for distin- guished civic or military services, and whereas, the Hon. Henry M. Rice was, from the year 181<>, in which he negotiated a treaty by which a large portion of the territory now- comprising the State of Minnesota was ac- quired from the aborigines, until his death, pre-eminent in its service in the positions of territorial delegate, first United States Sena- tor, and main - other distinguished and useful capacities, as to entitle him to the commem- oration provided for in said act: Therefore, Resolved, by the Senate, the House of Repre- sentatives concurring, that the said Henry M. Rice be, and he is hereby designated as one of the persons to be thus honored, and that a suitable statue to represent him, be placed by the State in said National Gallery, upon the condition that said statue be furnished and placed in position without expense to the State." Adopted. Concurred in and adopted by the House, April 12, 1890. On March 20, 1810, Mr. Rice married Miss Matilda Whitall of Richmond, Virginia. To them were born one son and four daughters: Frederick D., a lawyer, practicing in St. Paul; Lizzie (now deceased), who was the wife of Maj. John B. Rodman, IT. S. N.; Matilda, wife of Mr. Maurice Auerback, and Rachel, wife of Mr. Luther E. Newport. [From "America's Successful Men," published by the New York Tribune.] 3 r,8 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. DOLSON B. SEARLE. The life of Judge Dolson Bush Searle, of St. Cloud, has beeu replete with honorable achievements, material success and social dis- tinction. It was nurtured in the East, his parents having been well-to-do members of a farming community in western New York, near the village of Franklinville, where the subject of this sketch was born, June i, 1S4G. His father, Almond D. Searle, who was of English ancestry, was a man of more than ordinary ability and culture. The family was prominent in the early history of England, the first Mayor of London having been a Searle. The mother of Judge Searle, nee Jane Ann Si nit, is of Scottish extraction and a lineal descendant of Sir Walter Scott. She is a highly cultured woman, and is still living, at the advanced age of four score years. The two grandfathers of our subject, both of whom were pioneer settlers in Whitehall, New York, fought in the War of 1812; while the great grandfathers participated in the Revolution- ary and Colonial wars. The boyhood of Judge Senile was passed upon the home farm and in attendance at the district school of the neigh- borhood. He graduated at the academy of his native town, and. upon the breaking out of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in Com- pany I, Sixty-fourth Regiment, New York Volunteers. During his term of service, which continued for about two years, he was engaged in the following battles, viz.: Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, Gaines Mills, Savage Station, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, the second battle of Bull Run and the battle of Antietam, besides other minor engagements. Soon after his discharge from field service, which was granted by reason of disability, he re-enlisted in the regular army, and was detailed for clerical duty in the War Department at Wash- ington, D. C. Shortly afterwards he was dis- charged from the military service, by President Lincoln, to accept a civil position in the War Department, which he held for several years. During the period of this service he attended, and graduated at, the Columbian Law College of Washington. In his clerical capacity, Judge Sea ile had charge of an important branch of the business of the department, and the per- formance of his duties brought him into confi- dential relations with President Lincoln and Secretary Stanton, for whom he came to feel a warm affection. He was one of the audience in Ford's theater the night of the President's assassination; and perhaps no one in the whole assembly was more profoundly im- pressed with the incidents of that fatality than the young department clerk. Upon resigning his clerkship at Washington he came directly to St. Cloud, which city he has ever since called home. As soon as located here, he associated himself with Hon. E. O. Hamlin as a partner in the firm of Hamlin & Searle. This partner- ship was dissolved a year later, on the occasion of Judge Hamlin's removal to Pennsylvania, after which Mr. Searle practiced by himself, with constantly increasing success and broad- ening reputation. For six years he filled the office of city attorney, and gradually his serv- ices came into requisition beyond the limits of St. Cloud. In 1S80, as Republican candidate for the office of attorney for Stearns county, he was elected by a large majority, in spite of the fact that the county ordinarily went strong- ly Democratic. Two years later, and before the expiration of his term of service as county attorney, he was appointed United States dis- trict attorney for the District of Minnesota. He received his appointment from President Arthur and served until 1885, tendering his resignation in October of that year to Presi- dent Cleveland. In October, 1887, he was ap- pointed to the bench of the Seventh Judicial District of Minnesota. He still serves in this office, having been repeatedly and without op- position re-elected. In his judicial capacity he is acknowledged to have no superiors in the State. He has won special credit by his decis- ions in such causes as those brought against the notorious "Pine Land Rings" and the "Avon School Case." His declaration in the latter case was the most direct and emphatic ever issued by any court in this country, pro- hibiting sectarian prayers and religious in- struction in the public schools. During his years of general practice Judge Searle was at- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 369 torney successively for the Northern Pacific Railway, the Minneapolis & Manitoba, the Great Northern and the "Soo v roads. In poli- tics he figured prominently previous to taking the bench, and always with loyalty to the Re- publican party. In 1S8G-7 he was a member of the Stale Central Republican Committee, and he played an influential part in the Nation- al campaign of 1884. In 1892 he was nominated for Congress from the Sixth District, and made a notably brilliant campaign, being defeated. however, by a very small majority. Judge Searle is a Knight Templar of the Columbia Commandery of Washington, D. C. ; also a Knight of Pythias; and he belongs to the order of Elks. As a member of the Grand Army of the Republic he is prominent, having been ap- pointed, October 24, 189G, aide-de-camp with the rank of colonel on the staff of the Com mander-in-Chief of that fraternity. He is now Department Commander of the Department of Minnesota, and was last year senior vice-com- mander. On February 1G, 1875, Judge Searle was united in marriage to Elizabeth Clarke, of Worcester, Massachusetts. The one child born to them died at the age of five years. Busy as the Judge has been in activities which resulted to his own benefit, his lias, neverthe- less, been far from a selfish life. His attitude towards his city has been always that of re- sponsible citizenship; and few, indeed, of pro- gressive enterprises have been instituted which have not received his hearty endorsement and substantial support. CHARLES P. NOTES. Charles Phelps Noyes was born April 24. 1842, in Lyme, Connecticut, and is descended from wholesome English stock. His paternal line is as follows: Rev. William Noyes, rector of the church of Choulderton, Wiltshire, Eng- land, in 1621; his son, Rev. James Noyes, born in 1G08, who emigrated to America in 1G34. preached first at Medford, Massachusetts, in 1G35, removed to Newbury, Massachusetts, and was the first pastor there. His son, Rev. James Noyes, born in Newbury, Massachusetts, in 1G40, became the first pastor of the church at Stonington, Connecticut. His son, Capt. Thomas Noyes, was born in Stonington in 1679, and his son, Col. Joseph Noyes, was also born in Stonington in 1727, and was a colonel in the Revolutionary War. His son. Col. Thomas Noyes, was bora in Westerly. Rhode Island, in 17.">4, and served as a lieutenant in the Revolutionary War in Washington's New Jersey campaign, at the battles of Trenton. Princeton, et al. He was president of the Washington Bank, of Westerly, Rhode Island. served as deputy to the Legislature of Rhode Island, and was Senator for many years. His son, Daniel Rogers Noyes. the father of Charles Phelps Noyes, the subject of this sketch, was born in Westerly, Rhode Island, August 22, 1793. He served as lieutenant in the Third Regiment, Rhode Island Infantry, in the War of 1812, engaged in the defense of the Rhode Island coast. He was a man of good education and wide reading, and the greater pari of his life he was engaged in mercantile business at Lyme, Connecticut. He married Miss Phoebe Griffin Lord, a woman of rare ability, whose entire life was marked by a pure Chris tian character. She had much to do with the intellectual development of her native town, Lyme, and the "Phoebe Criftin Noyes" library, which stands on the site of the house in which Mrs. Noyes was born, was dedicated to her. Charles I'. Noyes belongs to the seventh gen- eration of the Noyes family in America. He received his primary education at Lyme, and later was at Williston Seminary, Last Hamp- ton, Massachusetts. He then went to New York City, and entered the banking house of Oilman, Son & Company, where he remained for some time, when he came west and located in Port Huron, Michigan. Here he engaged in the general mercantile business. In 1868 he came to St. Paul, and in company with his brother, Daniel R. Noyes. bought an estab- lished drug business. The firm of Noyes, Pett & Company soon became Noyes Brothers, and. in 1871, Noyes Brothers & Cutler, one of the oldest landmarks of the city of St. Paul and State of Minnesota. Mr. Noyes served a short time in the Civil War as a member of the Twenty-second Regiment, National Guard of New York. During his long and active business 37° RIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. career in St. Paul he lias held many positions of trust. At present he is trustee of the State Savings Bank, vice-president of the Capital Bank, and a director of the West Publishing Company. Mr. Noyes is interested in patriotic societies. He was one of the incorporators and the first president of the Minnesota Society of "Sons of the Revolution;" also was one of the incorporators, and is now governor of the So- ciety of Colonial Wars in Minnesota, and is also a member of the Minnesota Historical Society and the Rhode Island Historical So- ciety. He belongs to the Minnesota, the Com- mercial and the Town and Country Clubs. Mr. Noyes was married September 1, 1874, to Miss Emily Hoffman Oilman, daughter of Winthrop S. Oilman, of the city of New York. They have living four children, one daughter and three sons. CHARLES A. SMITH. Mr. Charles A. Smith, of Minneapolis, al- though an American by adoption, is Swedish by birth, having first seen the light of day in Ostergottland county, Sweden, December 11, 1852. His father was a soldier in the Swedish army, having served in it for thirty-three years, after which he emigrated to America with ( 'ha lies and an elder sister. He reached Minneapolis on the 28th of June, 1867, where he joined two other sons, older than Charles, who had come there before him. Charles had received a part of his education in a rural school in Sweden, where he was taught the catechism and Bible history by rote, to the neglect of branches of more fundamental im- portance, such as writing and arithmetic. He took his first lessons in the English language in Wright county, in the old traditional school house, built of logs. Soon after he came to Minneapolis he was "boarded out" on a farm, which is now included within the limits of Minneapolis. His occupation consisted chiefly in herding cattle, for which he was compen- sated by receiving his board and clothing. While on this farm he showed his instincts of thrift by collecting a large quantity of hazle- nuts, selling them for seven dollars, and loan- ing the money out to his brother at ten per cent interest. He also showed quite a liking for study, employing all His spare time at his books. He was thus enabled to enter the Uni- versity of Minnesota in the autumn of 1872, where he studied so hard that his health broke down, and he was compelled to discontinue his collegiate work after he had been there only a year. After leaving the university he was engaged by J. S. Pillsbury & Company, who were in the general hardware business in Minneapolis. He remained with this firm five years, and in 1878 launched out for himself in the grain and lumber business, under the firm name of C. A. Smith & Company. With the aid of ex-Governor Pillsbury he built a grain elevator at Herman, Minnesota. He continued in this business, together with lumber and farm machinery, until July, 1884. He then de- cided to begin the manufacture of lumber at: Minneapolis, and returning there, remained in partnership with ex-Governor Pillsbury until 1803. In that year the C. A. Smith Lum- ber Company was organized and incorporated, Mr. Smith becoming president and general manager, and so continues. The company, lie- sides its regular business of manufacturing, also operates retail lumber yards in various parts of the State and in the Dakotas. Mr. Smith was early imbued with habits of econ- omy, and to this fact, in great measure, his success is due. Ever since his first commercial venture in hazlenuts, when he was a boy. he has faithfully followed the advice of "Poor Richard," "to take care of the pennies and the dollars will take care of themselves." He is a good specimen of the self-made man. He has always had more of "push" than of "pull," and this accounts for his prominence in the com- mercial life of the Northwest. Mr. Smith's in- terests are not limited by those of the firm which bears his name; he was one of the founders of the Swedish American National Bank, and other institutions in this city and outside of it. In politics, following the bent of the majority of Swedish Americans, Mr. Smith is a Republican, and he gives as much time to the interests of his party as his com- mercial activities will allow. He is not an office seeker, however, and has never held an Xl s& \ m\\ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 371 office, being content to be a counsellor of his party. He has been a member of the city, county, State and National conventions, and in 189G was on the ticket as Presidential elector, and was especially honored by being elected to cany the Presidential votes of the State to Washington. In religion he is a Lu- theran, and belongs to the English Lutheran Salem Congregation, and is one of its trustees. lie was also one of the organizers of that so- ciety. Aiming his oilier ecclesiastical activi- ties lie has a membership in the board of directors of the English Lutheran Seminary of Chicago, and holds the office of treasurer of the Evangelical Synod of the Northwest, lie was united in marriage, February It, L878, to Miss Johanna Anderson, whose father, Olaf Anderson, served in the Swedish Riksdag for several years, and then came to this country with his family in 1857, locating in Carver county. Five children were born of this union, two boys: Vernon A. and Carroll \V., and three girls: Nanna A.. Addie J., and Myrtle E. Smith. BENJAMIN F. NELSON. Benjamin Franklin Nelson is the head of the Nelson -Tenny Lumber Company, manufac- turers and dealers in lumber at Minneapolis. Mr. Nelson is a splendid example of the self- made man. and an instance in which the mak- ing has been well done. He was born of humble parents in Greenup county. Kentucky, May 4, 1843. His parents were natives of Som- erset county. Maryland. His father lost his health and the support of the family devolved upon the sons. This left Benjamin F. with little opportunity for schooling, and when sev- enteen years of age he engaged with a partner in the lumber business. This, after two years, was broken up by the war, and an attempt at farming was unsuccessful, for the same reason. Kentucky, although a slave-holding State, and sympathizing for the most part with the Con federacy, was controlled by the strong arm of the Federal power, and such of her sons as saw lit to enter the Southern army did so from a firm conviction of right and duty, rather than from loyalty to their State. Mr. Nelson was nineteen years of age when he enlisted in Com- pany 0, of the Second Kentucky Battalion, and went into active service under the cum mand of the Confederate general, Kirby Smith. He served successfully under Humphrey Mar- shall, Wheeler, Forrest and Morgan, and par- ticipated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mc- Inville, Synthiana, Shelby ville, Lookout Moun- tain, Mount Sterling and Greenville, besides numerous cavalry skirmishes. Mr. Nelson was in the thickest of the fight for over two years. In 1864, while on recruiting duty in Kentucky, he ventured into Federal lines as far as the Ohio river. He had secured a few recruits and was returning with them when he was captured and sent to Lexington. While he was confined in prison there, fourteen men were taken out and shot, two of them being recruits captured with Nelson, and for a time he was in danger of suffering the same fate on suspicion of being a spy. He was, however, sent to Camp Doug- las, in Chicago, where he was held until 1865, when he was sent to Richmond and paroled at the close of the war. Mr. Nelson returned to his home in Kentucky, where he was employed in a saw mill for a few- months, and then de- cided to try his fortune in the far West. He arrived at St. Anthony, Minnesota. September 4, 1865, after spending one day in St. Paul. He was much impressed with the magnitude of the water power, and believed the falls would, eventually, be surrounded by a great city. Mr. Nelson went to work at rafting lumber, and when the season was over, took up a claim near Waverly, and built a house; but farming did not suit him, and he again went into the lumbering business. In 1872, Mr. Nelson formed a partnership with Mr. W. C. Stetson in the planing mill business. Their trade in- creased until they found it necessary to build another mill in order to take care of their or- ders. At this time they commenced dealing in lumber in a small way, which rapidly in- creased until 1880, when the partnership was dissolved. In 1881 Mr. Nelson associated with himself William Teimey and IT. W. McNair, and later, H. B. Frey was admitted to the part- .c BMKIRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. persliip. Soon afterwards Mr. McNair with- drew and W. P. Brooks entered the firm. The business thus established is now conducted under the name of the Nelson-Tenney Lumber Company. This concern has two large saw mills, with a capacity of seventy-five million feet a year. Mr. Nelson is interested in various other enterprises. In 1887 lie bought the Min- neapolis Straw Paper Mill, and in 1888 the Red River Paper Mill at Fergus Falls. These were consolidated under the name of the Nelson Paper Company. In 1890, together with T. B. Walker, he bought the print paper mill in Min- neapolis, and the old and new companies were merged into the Hennepin Paper Company, operating at Little Falls. Mr. Nelson is also a director of the Metropolitan Bank. He com- mands the respect and confidence of his fellow citizens of Minneapolis in a marked degree, and has held various important public offices. In 1807 he was elected alderman of the First Ward, and was continued in office until 1885. When the Park Board was organized Mr. Nel- son was elected to service ill that branch of the municipal government. For seven succes- sive years he served as a member of the school board, and in 1894, when the question of the price of gas was submitted to arbitrators, Mr. Nelson was selected by the city as its represen- tative. In the same year occurred the great strike on the Great Northern railway, and Mr. Nelson was selected as one of the committee of citizens of Minneapolis to arbitrate in that dispute. Mr. Nelson was a member of the orig- inal building committee of the Minneapolis Ex- position; he nave a .ureal deal of his time to personal supervision of the construction of the building, and has been on the board of direc- tors of the Exposition ever since, and is now one of the owners of the property. Mr. Nelson is a Democrat in politics, but a man of broad and liberal views. He has served his party locally as an active worker on campaign coin- mil lees, and exerts a large influence in its plans and deliberations. Notwithstanding his extensive business and many public duties, Mr. Nelson has found time to see some of the world, having traveled extensively in Mexico, Europe, Egypl and the Holy Land. His religious con- nection is with the Methodist church, and his eminent business capacity was recognized in his selection as trustee of the Hainliiie Univer- sity. He has been twice married, first in 18<>!>, to Martha Boss, who died five years later, leav- ing two sons, William E. and Guy II. His present wife was Mary Fredinburg, who has one daughter. ALBERT A. AMES. Albert Alonzo Ames, M. I)., of Minneapolis, belongs to that city by virtue of many bonds. She claims him, not only as one of her promi- nent physicians and residents, but as an able participant in her official life, an earnest phil- anthropic worker, and a leader in various of her social organizations. His profession may. in a sense, be regarded as an inheritance; for his father, Alfred Elisha Ames, M. D., prac- ticed at Minneapolis before it had been chris- tened with that euphonious name, even before its birth as a town at all, the settlement being then indefinitely designated as a part of the Fort Snelling reservation. Albert A. was not born here, but at Garden Prairie, Boone coun- ty, Illinois, January 18, 1842. He was the fourth of seven sons, and was ten years id' age when his parents removed with their family to Min- nesota. In 1N74 his father died at Minneapolis; but his mother, Martha A. Ames, although aged, is still counted among the city's resi- dents. From ten to sixteen our subject at- tended the common and high schools of the place, graduating from the latter, which was at that time a department of the Washington school. Before the completion of his course he began earning money in the humble capac- ity of "printer's devil" and carrier, for the Northwestern Democrat, the first Minneapolis newspaper issued west of the river. In the summer of the next year. 1858, and soon after his graduation, he began the study of medicine and surgery, with his father for tutor. This initiatory work was followed by two prepara- tory and two regular courses in Rush Medical College at Chicago, and on February 5, 1862, he received his degree of M. D. In March fol- The C&tifu/y Publisftiiiy & Enymvnip Co Chi£ayo- CA. CC CLcaa-jl^ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 373 lowing he returned to Minneapolis and entered into practice. But the Civil War was iu prog- ress, and, responding to the call of President Lincoln for troops, he assisted in organizing ( "onipany B of the Ninth Minnesota Regiment, in which he enlisted. This regiment was al- lowed a furlough of two weeks after being formed, in order that the men might adjust I heir home affairs; but serious trouble with the Indians had broken out on the frontier, and it became necessary to recall the Ninth Regiment and despatch it al once to check the advance of the red men upon Minneapolis. Dr. Ames bad enlisted as a private, but he was now made orderly sergeant, and directed to as- semble his men for active service. Shortly afterward he was commissioned assistant sur- geon of the Seventh Regiment, Infantry Vol- unteers of Minnesota, with orders to report to that regiment, then on its way to relieve Fort Ridgeley, which was being harassed by the In- dians. Throughout three years of severe serv- ice, the young doctor did duty with his regiment, and attained, in July, 1864, to the rank of surgeon major. Like most veterans. Dr. Ames feels an enthusiastic interest in all reminiscences and relics of his soldier days, and he still cherishes in his possession the musket which was presented to him in the cere inony of his appointment as orderly sergeant. At the close of the war he returned to Minne- apolis, but not yet to locate there and await the development of a medical practice. His three years of military adventure had not been calculated to subdue his naturally restless and enterprising spirit; and in 1868 he set out for the Pacific coast, choosing the circuitous Isth mus route. Arrived in California, he engaged in the newspaper business, and in a short time had risen to the dignity of managing editor of what was then the foremost journal of the coast, the Alta California. But this enterprise was abandoned in the autumn of 1S74. when the death of his father necessitated his return to Minneapolis, in which city he has since made his home. Here his energies were soon en- listed in public affairs. From his earliest man- hood lie had taken a lively interest in political matters, his general news being such as char- acterized those styled "War Democrats." As early as 1867, and before his Pacific sojourn, he had been elected as a representative of Hen- nepin county to the Slate Legislature on what was known as the "soldiers' ticket;" and, in 1875, after resuming his residence in Minne- apolis, he served as a member of the city coun- cil, and in the following year was elected ''centennial mayor" of Minneapolis. He re- ceived two subsequent elections to the office of Mayor, in 1882 and 1886, respectively. In the last-named year the Democrats nominated him for Governor of Minnesota, and a vigorous campaign ensued. By this time he had gained a following which, for size and enthusiasm, has, perhaps, never been equaled by that of any resident of Minneapolis; and, although there had been a previous record of large Re- publican majorities, the one which now de- feated Dr. Ames was so small that the result of the election was doubtful for days. His election to Congress was similarly defeated, as. also, that to the post of Lieutenant Gov- ernor. A fortunate result of Dr. Ames' can- didacy for Governor, however, was the founding of a soldiers' home in the State. For this he had stipulated with the Democratic party, through its convention, as the condition of his consent to nomination; and although the Republicans won the day. they supported the bill proposed by their opponents, which materialized in a fine establishment for aged and indigent veterans, beautifully situated at the junction of the Minnehaha river with the Mississippi. Dr. Ames was appointed surgeon of the home, and served as such for over five years, resigning only under stress of profes- sional duties, by which his time has since been largely absorbed. His present political stand is independent, yet represents always that best (dement of Democracy which contemplates greater freedom and equality through the up- lifting of the toil-enslaved masses. Dr. Ames belongs to the <;. X. Morgan Post, No. 4, G. A. R., and as a Mason, Knight Templar and Knight of Pythias has officiated in the follow- ing capacities: Master of Hennepin Lodge, Nd. 4. Order of Masons; High Priest of St. John's Chapter. No. !>; Eminenl Commander 374 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. of Zion Commandery, No. 2, Knights Templar; Grand Generalissimo of the Grand Command- ery, Knights Templar in Minnesota; Chancel- lor Commander of Minneapolis Lodge, No. 1, Knights of Pythias, and Grand Chancellor of Minnesota and Supreme Representative from this jurisdiction to the Supreme Lodge of the World. IL' has also been on the charter list of No. 44, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and was the first Exalted Ruler of this pioneer lodge of the Northwest. Dr. Ames, together with liis wife and their daughter Maurine, resides in Oak Parle, a north subur- ban section of Minneapolis. WILLIAM II. GRIMSHAW. William Harrison Grimshaw, of Minneapolis, present United States marshal for the District of Minnesota, was born in Philadelphia, De- cember 6, 1853. His parents were Loth natives of that cily and of English descent. His father, Robert E. Grimshaw, was a prominent con- tractor and builder. The maiden name of his mother was Mary Page Nicholson, and she was a descendant of an old and prominent Phila- delphia family; she died in 1856, when her son William was three years of age. He was the fourth child of a family of two sons and three daughters. In 1855 Robert E. Grimshaw removed with his children to Minneapolis, where he subsequently remarried. His son, William, has therefore been a resident of Min- nesota practically since infancy. He was educated in the Minneapolis public schools, graduating from the high school in 1869. Inher- iting the tasle and disposition of his father, he thoroughly educated himself as an architect, opened an office in Minneapolis and was suc- cessful in his profession from the first, becom- ing one of the best known architects in the Northwest. He designed and superintended the erection of thirteen of the public school buildings and many private houses, si ore build- ings, etc., in Minneapolis and several county court houses in different portions of the State. Meantime he was prominent and influential in the local affairs of the citv. He has alwavs been a staunch Republican and has taken an active working part iu politics. In every po- litical campaign for the past twenty-five years his services have been in demand, and he has made speaking tours throughout the State. In 1882 he was elected to the Legislature and was a prominent member of the House during the session of 1883. He was a member of sev- eral important committees, and it was he who presented the name of Hon. C. K. Davis to the joint session as a candidate for the United States Senate. Mr. Davis was not elected at this time, however, Hon. D. M. Sabin succeed- ing to the honor. Mr. Grimshaw was appointed to his present position by President McKinley, March 17, 1899. He has made a most efficient chief constable of the Federal authority, and his administration has been successful and ac- ceptable to an eminent degree. Marshal Grim- shaw is a man of versatile talents and accomplishments. He can look after evil doers who break the law, design and build a mam- moth building, make a speech, conduct a polit- ical campaign, write an essay — all with equal force and facility. He is of a literary turn, a ready and polished writer, and has made many notable contributions to the public press and the leading magazines. For the past seven years he has edited the "Chess Columns" of the Minneapolis Journal. He is, too, of scho- lastic tastes and has a reputation for his pro- found knowledge of mathematics. He was married in July, 1879, to Mrs. Marion C. P-liss, of Ionia, Michigan. They have one child, a son, named William Elwood -Grimshaw, who is a student in the State University. CUSHMAN K. DAVIS. The Honorable Cushman Kellogg Davis is prepared to establish his claim to a Puritan and Pilgrim ancestry unsurpassed by any strain that ever settled in, or founded a New England colony. His lineage through his mother is traced directly to Robert Cushman, (he Puritan financial agent, who procured land grants in Massachusetts from King James and lilted out the "Mayflower" and the "Speedwell"' BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 375 for their historic voyage to the bleak New England coast in search of freedom to worship God. No ship ever landed on an American shore a more famous passenger list than was carried by those primitive vessels, and no voy- ageurs ever exhibited more fortitude on sea or land. Among the passengers of the "May- flower," and the last survivor of them all, was Mary Allerton, who became the wife of Thomas Cushman, son of Robert the Puritan, and a man of strong and sturdy character. Cushman K. Davis was born in Henderson, Jefferson county. New York, June 1G, 1838, the son of Horatio Nelson Davis and Clarissa Cushman, who was a lineal descendant of Thomas Cush- man and Mary Allerton. Before the close of the year in which he was born, the family re- moved to the Territory of Wisconsin, so that his entire life, practically, has been passed in the Northwest. His father, a pioneer, and a man of ability, became prominent in the affairs of a State to which he had emigrated while it was still a Territory, serving as Senator sev- eral terms in the Legislature of Wisconsin, and also serving nearly four years as captain in the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Regiment during the Civil War. The early education of Cush- man K. was acquired in the frontier schools of the Territory, and the first one which he attended was in a log school house. That was the prevailing style of school house in the Ter- ritory of Wisconsin fifty-five years ago, and for some years later. He attended Carroll Col- lege in Waukesha until he had completed the studies of the junior year, and then entered the University of Michigan, from whose clas- sical course he was graduated in 1857. Like many eminent men who achieve greatness for themselves, he graduated very young in years, but with the intellectual cultivation and power of mature manhood. Mr. Davis took up the study of law, and prepared himself for practice, but in 1862 enlisted in the Twenty- eighth Wisconsin Infantry, and was elected first lieutenant of Company B. His service was in the Vicksburg campaign, and subse- quently in Arkansas. He was a member of the expedition that captured Little Hock, and con- tinued to perform his duty in the field with a division of the army which had no oppor- tunity for brilliant achievements. His health was much broken by service in the miasmatic climate and exposure in the neighborhood of the pestilential swamps of Arkansas, so that before the close of 1864 he tendered his resig- nation and returned to his home. Immediately thereafter he settled at St. Paul, Minnesota, which had even then more than local fame as a health resort. A stranger, without prestige or adventitious aids, without even letters of introduction from influential friends, he began the practice of law. He was favored with nat- ural ability, ambition, courage, and the power of strenuous application, and with such facul- ties he won his way, step by step, holding firmly any ground gained by the force of his will, and that driving, imperious necessity, which is sometimes the best capital to insure rapid and permanent advancement. He mas- tered the philosophy and principles of the law, and was faithful to his clients, whether the fees received were large or small. Within i wo years his opportunity to gain distinction at the bar came to him, in his engagement to defend George L. Van Solen, indicted for murder. It was a celebrated case, because of the promi- nence of the accused, and the strong network of evidence woven around him by skillful pros- ecution. Even down to the present time mem- bers of the bar cite the case, and quote it on account of the interesting and unique features developed during the trial, and the skill dis- played by the young lawyer in releasing his client from the net, and securing a verdict of •not guilty." The case won him fame and more clients. He continued in the practice with in- creasing business and marked success, and won additional renown, in 1878, by his defense of Judge Sherman Page, on trial before the Sen ate of Minnesota under articles of impeach- ment. In this case he was associated with other able counsel, but the issue extended and broadened his well-earned fame, especially when the defense was both able and success- ful. The Judge was acquitted. Mr. Davis has been at. all times devoted to the law. He re- gards it not simply as one of the learned pro- fessions, but the greatest of them all in the 37^ BIOGRArHY OF MINNESOTA. opportunity it affords for intellectual growth and the exercise of keen analytical powers. Above all else, he esteems it as the chief instrumentality for securing justice between man and man, as well as between nations. The systems of jurisprudence in the States, the laws of the United States and international law, have engaged his profound admiration and for many years commanded his deepesl thought and most strenuous application. That he has not applied himself to the law simply for the purpose of acquiring wealth or gaining professional renown, is evidenced by the fact that he has never accepted a salary from a corporation agreeing to render it exclusive service, although his talents would have com- manded an enormous salary at any time during the last twenty years. lie has preferred a general practice, with freedom to accept the cause of the client who first applied for his services. He has therefore appeared as fre- quently against corporations as for them in the courts of his State. The records of the Ap- pellate Courts disclose the history of his eon nection with the most important litigation carried on in Minnesota for the past thirty years. Notwithstanding his long service in public office, his continuance as the head of the firm of Davis, Kellogg & Severance, shows his strong preference for the practice of law. Mr. Davis, when yet a very young man, attracted attention, both as an advocate in the forum and a political orator, and in 18(i7 he was elected to the House of Representatives in Minnesota. The following year he was ap- pointed United States district attorney, an office whose duties were in line with his pro- fession, and in harmony with his taste. After serving five years, however, he resigned to ac- cept the nomination for Governor, offered by the Republican party. He took the initiation in securing the enactment of a statute regu- lating the traffic of railroads, both as to pas- senger and freight rates. He conceived that the right of such regulation was inherent in the State, and proceeded to realize the concep- tion in law. He declined a renomination for Governor to resume the practice of his profes- sion, which was continued without further interruption until lie was chosen by the Leg- islature of 1887 to represent his Slate in the Senate of the United States, lie was re-elected in L893, and again in L899, so that he still has ai hast live years as Senator. Before the close of his tirst term Senator Davis attracted more than average attention as a figure in National politics; and before the close of his second term he had become famous, both for National and international statesmanship. As chair- man of the Senate Committee on Invalid Pen- sions he was largely instrumental in securing the enactment of a pension law, so broad and just in its provisions as to receive grateful ac- knowledgment from the soldiers, and com- mand the approval of the taxpayers. This alone is an achievement on which the fame of any statesman might rest securely through the coming ages. He was the champion and the most effective instrumentality in securing the improvement of the Government canal at Sault Ste. Marie. It was inadequate to the enormous demands of the commerce of the Great Lakes, unless the lock could lie speedily constructed and the channel could be broadened and deep- ened. The demand was for immediate beginning and early completion. In the emergency Sen- ator Davis conceived the idea of having the work done by contract in advance of an appro- priation, thus pledging the Government to make from time to time appropriations suffi- cient to cover the contract price, so that it might be available as needed, and the public work of so great importance might not be com polled to wait on the humor of Congress for partial appropriations in accordance with the general practice of the Government in con structing its public works. The work on the canal was pushed with amazing celerity, and its completion not only relieved the congestion and gave a new impetus to the agriculture, commerce and manufactures of the Northwest, but was also a tribute to the genius of the Senator, whose conception saved so much time on the w 7 ork of construction. At the beginning of his second term. Senator Davis was placed on the Senate Committee of Foreign Relations, and in four years became chairman of the com- mittee. His study of international law and BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 377 diplomacy was so thorough that he was soon recognized in the Senate as authority on all questions affecting the relations of our Gov- ernment with other powers, and on the whole subject of international law. An appointment to the chairmanship of that committee not only confers distinction, but in times of contention with foreign nations fixes a responsibility from which a timid or a weak man may well shrink. He opposed the policy of President Cleveland toward Hawaii, in 1896, in a speech of great power, which attracted favorable notice and comment throughout the country. His under- standing of the essence of the issue between Great Britain and Venezuela, growing out of the disputed boundary, enabled him to mark the course and establish the lines on winch the dispute was settled by arbitration and treaty stipulations. As chairman of the com- mittee he had charge of the treaty providing for the annexation of Hawaii; and when the treaty failed to receive the votes of two thirds of the Senators, essential to the ratification of a treaty, he boldly prepared and secured the passage of a joint resolution which effected the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands with- out regard to the treaty as a whole. It was a commendable piece of diplomacy, as the resolu- tion required only a majority of the votes in each House to give it the force of law. During the period immediately preceding the opening of hostilities with Spain, on account of Cuba, Senator Davis was a busy num. He drafted and offered the report of his committee on the strained relations of our Government with Spain, due to the destruction of the battleship ".Maine." He reported to the Senate the reso- lutions demanding the withdrawal of Spa in from Cuba and the adjacent waters, and em- powering the President to employ the military and naval forces of the United States to effect the removal, if the Spanish government should fail or refuse to comply with the demand. His course throughout the critical period was marked by dignified statesmanship and judi- cial temper, such as to evidence his high qualification for the weightier and yet more delicate responsibility placed upon him by the President in selecting him as a member of the High Joint Commission which assembled in Paris during the autumn of 1898 to negotiate a treaty of peace. He was one of the ablest and most patient members of that commission. The conferences were sometimes vexatious and the outlook discouraging; but the Treaty of Paris, signed December 10, 1898, by all of the American and Spanish commissioners, is a grand triumph of brilliant diplomacy and pro- gressive statesmanship on the part of the rep- resentatives of the United States. Senator Davis is a many-sided man. He is author, ora- tor, student of history and of the biographies of Shakespeare and Napoleon. He wrote a book on "The Law of Shakespeare," and his library contains a magnificent collection of Xapoleon books and portraits. He has dis- cussed in magazine articles the Government's foreign policy, and the construction of a canal around Niagara Falls by the United States, and a deep waterway thence to the Atlantic. He is thoroughly an American in lineage, char- acter, instinct and patriotism. As a public servant. Senator Davis works hard and con- scientiously. His committee assignments sug- gest the versatility of his talents, estimated by the body of which he has been a member for more than a dozen years — on the Judiciary, on Foreign Relations, on Territories, on Pacific Railroads, on the Census, and on Forest Reser- vations. He is always candid and courageous, never a time-server. He spoke with timely pertinence and unanswerable logic in anticipa- tion of the action of President Cleveland in L894, in sending United States troops to Chi cago to protect the Government's property, and restore public order during the riots inci- dent to the great strike. His patriotism is above the partisan, as his statesmanship is above the politician. He has creative ability and constructive genius, and stands in the fore rank of the men relied upon to formulate the Nation's policy in the treatment of new ques- tions as they arise. He has the incorruptible integrity and historic fortitude which gave to the Puritans character and individuality and success. Mr. Davis is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and worships with the Congregationalists. He was married, in 1880, 37§ BIOORAI'IIY OF MINNESOTA. id Anna Malcolm Agnew, of St. Paul; A man of prominence in the affairs of (lie State says of Senator Davis: "I have lived in the State of Minnesota all my life, and have known personally all the public men of both parties. I do nut hesitate to say, that in my opinion, Senator Davis pos- sesses more of the elements of greatness than any other citizen of the Stale, living or de- ceased. He is a man of many parts, and in whatever lighl you view him you are impressed with his versatility of resources. As an advo- cate before a jury, he ranks with Webster. Pierce and Choate, and as an orator and public speaker he has no rival in the Northwest, lie has a marvelous literary style, peculiarly his own and distinctly American. It is a source of wonder to his friends how such a busy man as he has been all his life could acquire such a classical style and literary finish as a writer. He is an omnivorous reader, and seems to have retained and stored away every little point of history, ancient or modern. He is entirely familial' with the writings of Darwin. Spencer, Huxley and Voltaire, and is a close student of Shakespeare. He is, without doubt, the only man in the entire Northwest to-day who ranks equally high as author, orator and statesman." HARLAN P. ROBERTS. Harlan P. Roberts, of Minneapolis, is a native of the State of Ohio, having been born in Wayne. Ashtabula county, De- cember 5, 1854. His father, the Rev. George Roberts, was born in Cambria county, Pennsylvania, and was a minister in the Congregational church for many years, con- tinuing in that profession until the year of his death, which occurred in 1857. The first wife of Rev. George Roberts was a Miss Hughes, of Ebensburgh, Pennsylvania, who died in the year 1825. His second wife was Miss Ann J. Marvin, to whom lie was united in 1820. Twelve children were born to them, of whom Harlan was the eleventh. One of the cousins of Rev. George Roberts was Samuel Roberts — "Llanbryn Myr," commonly known in his country as "S. R." — who was quite a famous Welsh writer. Before the Civil War he founded a Welsh colony in Tennessee, but when the war broke out they were driven away from their adopted Slate, and a number of them returned to their fatherland. Our sub ject commenced his education in the county schools of Ashtabula county, Ohio. At the age of nine, he was sent to Mt. Pleasant. Iowa, and entered Howe's Academy, continuing in his studies i here for two years, preparatory to col- lege. At the completion of his course in this academy he returned to his native Stale and matriculated al Oberlin College, lb- finished the course here and graduated in 1875. He then entered the theological department of Vale College al New Haven. Connecticut, and completed the prescribed course in three years, graduating in L878. He lost no time in finding a field for his ministerial work, and in the same year of his graduation went to Silverton, Coin ado, where he took charge of the Con- gregational church. His name is identified in that town with the construction of a fine church building, which was effected to a great extent by his own personal efforts. In 1879 he was chosen county treasurer of San Juan county, Colorado, and held that office until 1881. Upon withdrawing from the ministry he determined to study law, and accordingly en- tered the office of the Hon. N. E. Slaymaker, who at that lime was practicing in Silverton, bul who now resides in Detroit, Michigan. After leading law with Mr. Slaymaker for about two years he was admitted to the bar in 1883. He remained in Silverton only a year after engaging in law practice, and from thence removed to Minneapolis, continuing in his chosen profession in that city. He is in legal practice at the presenl lime, and has made a specialty of corporation and real-estate law, having built up a large and remunerative practice in thai field, lie is at the present time counsel for the receiver of the city bank, and is attorney for other large and important in- terests. As might be presumed from his theo- logical training, his ecclesiastical interests are with the Congregationalists, and he belongs to the Park Avenue Congregational church of Minneapolis, engaging in the active work of I hat society. During the season of 181181), he 7?i£, (Ztitury Pul/ltsfwtff & Cnycavmy Co Chicaner QuU^ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 379 was honored with the election to the office of president of the Congregational Club of Minne- sota. Mr. Roberts was united in marriage to Miss Margaret L. Conklin, of Binghamton, New York, October 3, 1SSS. Mrs. Roberts is a de- scendant in the direct line from Governor Bradford, of colonial fame. Two daughters were born of this union: Margaret E. and Leslie May. HENRY A. CASTLE. Henry Anson Castle is the son of a New England family, but a native of Illinois, born at Columbus, Adams county, August 22, 1841. His elementary education was supplemented by a course at McKendree College, from which he graduated in 1862, the honorary degree of A. M. being subsequently conferred upon him. ("lose upon his graduation, the Civil War being in progress, he enlisted as a private in the Sev- enty third Illinois Infantry Regiment. Four months later he was promoted to the post of sergeant major. With his regiment, which be- longed to Sheridan's division of the Army of the Cumberland, he participated in some stirring service, which included the Perryville campaign, the advance on Bowling Green and Nashville and the battle of Stone River. In the latter encounter he was so seriously wounded as to necessitate his discharge from service. Upon his recovery, however, he pro- ceeded to raise a company for the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Illinois. He was unani- mously elected captain of this company, which he commanded throughout its service. As a congenial field of professional activity, Captain Castle adopted the law. He was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illinois and began practice at Quincy. In connection with his legal studies and practice he also, at inter- vals, wrote editorially for the Quincy Daily Whig. But his army experience had under- mined his health, and the appearance of the serious symptom of lung hemorrhage deter- mined him to give up his professional work and seek the bracing air of Minnesota. In July, 1866, he arrived at St. Paul, where he resolved eventually to make his home and engage in business. His period of recuperation, however, he spent in Anoka and St. Cloud, during most of which time he was connected, as an editorial writer, with the Anoka Union. It was 1868 when he returned to St. Paul, with arrangements already consummated for opening a wholesale stove depot for the firm of Comstock, Castle & Company, of Quincy, of which he had become a mem- ber. His connection with the Anoka Union he retained for three or four years after leaving St. Cloud, and for six years he successfully conducted the stove enterprise. In 1874 he resumed his chosen profession of the law, with his office at St. Paul. In 1876 a slock com- pany was organized which effected a purchase of the St. Paul Dispatch from Mr. H. P. Hall. The Dispatch was a Republican organ, and Captain Castle, having become known as an earnest exponent of that party, was made (ires idenl of the company and editor of I he paper. With the exception of a short time in 1S80, he maintained this dual relation to the Dis- patch until 1885; indeed, during the last three years of that period he was its sole proprietor ;is well as its editor-in-chief. Meantime he had become much interested in real estate, and in favor of this line of enterprise he abandoned his journalistic career, in 1886, turning his whole attention to his new interests, which were chiefly in suburban property. Captain Castle has held a large number of public offices. Few men come into touch with their commu- nity through, more numerous and various ave- nues. He was a member of the State Legisla- ture of 1873, and figured prominently as the champion of Hon. C. K. Davis in the campaign which resulted in his election as Governor. Two years later Governor Davis appointed Captain Castle Adjutant General of Minnesota. In 1883 he was appointed oil inspector by Gov- ernor Hubbard. The latter position he held for four years. In February of 1892 President Harrison appointed him postmaster of St. Paul. Although so desirable and lucrative a position, such was the general recognition of his party claims that no other candidates opposed them- selves to him. He held this office until Novem- 3 8o BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. ber 1, 1S96, although this date was several months later than the expiration of his four- years' term. His able and devoted service as postmaster paved the way to his appointment, t o~t?£y. His grandfather, Nathan Edgerton, was one of the pioneers, and the most prominent man in that then newly settled section of the country. He came from Franklin, Connecticut, in 1703, after which place lie named the town of Franklin, New York. The father of our sub- ject, Erastus Edgerton, was the first white child born in the township in which the village of Franklin is situated. His great-grandfather on his mother's side was Col. Solomon Willis, a man of mark in old Colonial days. Inning served both in the French and Indian War and the War of the Revolution, in the latter as com- mander of a Connecticut regiment. His grand- father on his maternal side, Dr. Azariah Willis, also settled at Franklin at a time when almost the entire country between the head- waters of the Delaware and Susquehanna riv- ers was still an unbroken wilderness, he being one of the first associate judges of Delaware county. His father dying in 1837, the manage ment of a considerable estate devolved upon Erastus S., while he was still a minor, from which early period dates the commencement of his active business life. In the spring of 1S50 he went west, going first to Oshkosh, Wis- consin, and then, in 1852, to Rockford, Illinois. In June, 1853. he first visited Minnesota, find- ing a village of about three thousand popula- tion at St. Paul, and one of about one thousand at St. Anthony, the west side of the river being still occupied by the Sioux Indians, and the only development of the water power at Minne- apolis heing an old government saw mill. Lo- cating at St. Paul, and engaging in the banking business with the late Charles N. Mackubin, he soon became recognized as a financier of more than ordinary ability, and the firm of Edgerton & Mackubin soon took rank as one of the lead- ing and most responsible houses in the West. In 1858 the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Ed- gerton continuing the business on his own account. During the troublous and exciting times following the great financial crash of L857, lie exhibited in a marked degree that promptness of decision, energy of action, and unswerving integrity which were prominent traits in his character. Disposing of real es- tate at almost nominal prices, which has since become worth hundreds of thousands of dol- lars, he hesitated at no sacrifice necessary to enable him to meet every obligation and to maintain the credit of his bank. As a result he passed through the ordeal in safety, redeeming fully the issues of the State Bank, of which he was the owner, meeting promptly the de- mands of every depositor, and preserving in- tact the credit which afterwards became the foundation of the large fortune which he sub- sequently accumulated. Naturally conserva- tive in disposition, but sagacious and of a sound and independent judgment, his opinions on financial subjects, although frequently op- posed to popular ideas, were usually found justified by results. Believing that the loan of Slate credit to thi' .Minnesota laud grant rail- roads, in 1858, as provided for in the so-called "five million loan bill," would be disastrous to the State credit, he was one of the very few who vigorously opposed that measure. After the bill had been passed by the Legislature, and confirmed by an almost unanimous vote of the people, the event was celebrated by a pa- rade of a number of its most zealous advocates through the streets of St. Paul, who, when they arrived in front of Mr. Edgerton's bank, halted and caused their band to play the ''dead march" for his benefit. He came to the door, thanked the crowd for their "polite attention," and told them that while he had opposed the passage of the act which they so unanimously favored, he expected to live to vote for the pay- ment of the bonds to be issued under it, and to see them just as unanimously voting for their repudiation, which prediction was eventually 3& BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. fulfilled to the letter. In 1864 Mr. Edgerton organized the Second National Bank of St. Paul, of which he became the president and largest stockholder, and which, under his able management, soon became widely known as an exceptionally safe and successfully managed institution. He also subsequently became in- terested as a stockholder in banks located in New York City, Chicago, Virginia, Montana, several in Minnesota outside of St. Paul, and several in the Dakota s. Many of these he helped to organize, and in a considerable num- ber was a director. In addition to these en- terprises and investments in the line of his special vocation as a banker, he was, during the active portion of his life, not infrequently engaged in other business operations of a dif- ferent character and on an extended scale. For several years he was one of the principal pro- prietors of the important mail and stage route running from Catskill on the Hudson to Delhi on the Delaware, which, previous to the build- ing of the New York and Erie Railroad, was the main line of travel between New York City and the entire portion of New York Stale embraced by the Delaware, Susquehanna and Chenango valleys. In 1863 he became inter- ested in the fur trading and outfitting business in that portion of the Hudson Bay Company's territory which now constitutes the Province of Manitoba. The operations of the company of which he was a member and the chief finan- cial manager, eventually assumed very consid- erable proportions, and embraced in the direct importation from England of large quantities of goods, as well as the exchange of goods with the Indians and the half-breeds for furs and buffalo robes, and the shipment of the latter to the United States and Europe. While in no sense a politician in the ordinary meaning of the term, and during his residence in Minne- sota taking no active part in public affairs, his opinion and advice were not infrequently sought by those in official positions, and es- pecially in regard to financial questions affect- ing the public credit, and upon several occa- sions he, although not a member of that body, was invited to address the, Legislature upon questions of that character. Like most men of originality of thought, Mr. Edgerton's individ- uality was so strongly marked as to leave a lasting impression upon those with whom he was brought in contact, and there were few among the pioneer business men of St. Paul who will be longer or more vividly remem- bered. By his kindly assistance a considerable number of young men were helped to educa- tional and business advantages which enabled them to attain to positions which, but for his timely aid, it is improbable that they would ever have been able to reach. His charities, which were unostentatious and thoroughly practical, w 7 ere numerous and liberal to an ex- tent probably in excess of those of any other person who ever lived in St. Paul, especially in the direction of provision and care for the aged and infirm, while his generosity to his relatives was as exceptional in degree as such liberality is unusual in ordinary experience. In 1814, Mr. Edgerton was married at Cannonsville, New York, to Miss Eliza Cannon, of that place. Their only child, a daughter, died at Saint Paul while yet an infant. Mrs. Edgerton was a most estimable lady and greatly beloved by all those with whom she was brought into inti- mate relations. After his retirement from act ive business Mr. Edgerton resided in the city of New York, although much time was spent in travel, entirely in this country, however, with the exception of one trip to Europe. He was fond of equestrian exercise, and was an accomplished horseman, and his erect and com- manding figure and beautiful and spirited Kentucky horse became familiar objects to the frequenters of New York Central Park. He died at his old family home at Franklin, New York, April 13, 1893. Mrs. Edgerton survived her husband only about one year. THOMAS H. SHEVLIN. Thomas H. Shevlin, a prominent lumber manufacturer of Minneapolis, and an extensive owner of pine lands and saw-mills, is a native of the State of New York, and was born Jan- uary 3, 1852, in Albany. His parents were of the sturdy Scotch-Irish stock. In June, 1867, BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 383 when he was only fifteen years of age, he en- tered the employ of Messrs. Sage, McGraw & Company, and while connected with this Ann he acquired a good knowledge of the lumber business. Twelve years later, in 1879, he came west 1o Muskegon, Michigan, and entered the employ of Mr. T. \Y. Harvey, a well-known lumber dealer of Chicago. He remained with Mr. Harvey only a short time, however, and on January 1, 1880, was engaged by S. C. Hall. About a year later, in 1881, while carrying on the business for Mr. Hall, in addition thereto he went into business on his own account, as- sociating with himself Mr. Davies and others as partners, under the linn name of Shevlin, Davies & Company. In 1882, he was chosen treasurer and manager of the S. C. Hall Lum- ber Company of Muskegon, Michigan, which had just been formed. He was successively chosen treasurer of the Hall & Ducey Lumber Company of Minneapolis, in 1886; manager of the Hall & Shevlin Company (incorporated), in 1887; and president of the Shevlin-Carpenter Company, in 1892. This latter concern was formed by the consolidation of the Hall & Ducey Company and the Hall & Shevlin Com- pany, occasioned by the death of Mr. Hall in 1888. January 1, 1895, Mr. Shevlin established the J. Neils Lumber Company of Sauk Rapids, Minnesota, and was elected its president. In 1896 he became president of the St. Hilaire Lumber Company (incorporated). Mr. Shevlin has confined himself closely to his chosen busi- ness all through life, and this concentration of energy is one secret of his success. Although he takes an interest in political affairs, he lias never sought or held any office of a political nature. Mr. Shevlin was united in marriage, in 1882, to Miss Alice A. Hall, of Muskegon, Michigan. Three children have been born to them, one boy, Thomas Leonard, and two girls, Florence and Helen. ALPHEUS B. STICKNEY. Alpheus Beede Stickney, virtually the founder and now president of the Chicago- Great Western Railway, was born in the vil- lage of Wilton, Franklin county, Maine, June 27, 1840. He is a member of one of the oldest New England families, and belongs to Hie ninth generation of the descendants of Will- iam Stickney, of Frampton, Lincolnshire, Eng- land, who settled at Holly, Massachusetts in ""' 1:l,ll 'i' part of the Seventeenth Century His father was Daniel Stickney, who was born a1 Hallowell, Maine, in 1804. He was in early manhood a mechanic, and subsequently in suc- cession a school teacher, a CJniversalist clergy- man, and the editor and publisher of the "Loyal Sunrise," a newspaper of Presque Isle, Maine, which acquired considerable promi- nence and influence at the outbreak of the War of the Rebellion. The maiden name of his wife, the mother of A. It. Stickney, was I rsula Maria Beede. horn at Sandwich New Hampshire, in 1813. Mr. Stickney's '•arly life and surroundings were plain and simple. His ..duration was obtained and completed in the New Hampshire common schools and academies of half a century ago. He was a poor boy and all the cir- cumstances prevented his obtaining a college training. He had to help himself even through the district school, and the money with which he purchased his algebra (price 75 cents) he '■allied by picking up and drying "wind fall" apples from his grandfather's orchard, and sell- ing them for two and a half cents a pound, while at intervals he worked at shoemaking. But he was unusually industrious and perse vering, and he acquired very rapidly the rudi- ments of a good scholastic education. When he was but seventeen years of age he began teaching and was thus engaged for two years. In the second year of his experience as a peda- gogue, lie began the study of law under the instruction of Hon. Josiah Crosby, of Dexter. Maine, and was so engaged for nearly three years. In 18G1 Mr. Stickney came to Minne- sota and the same year was admitted to the bar, in Stillwater. He was not able to at once enter upon the practice, however, and for about two years was employed in his former vocation of school teaching, reading his law- books and studying his chosen profession as best he could in the meanwhile. In 1863 he engaged in active practice at Stillwater and 3«4 P.IOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. so continued for six years, <>r until 1S09, when he removed to St. Paul. Not long after his location in St. Paul, Mr. Stickney entered upon the work of building and operating railroads. His experience in this work lias 1 n so long and so large that the details cannot here be given and not even well summarized. He first built the line from Hudson to New Richmond and later to River Falls, which has since been incorporated into the Omaha or Northwestern system. In 1872 he took the management of a little road called the "St. Paul, Stillwater & Taylor's Falls," between St. Paul and Cum- berland, Wisconsin, and Stillwater in connec- tion with the line from Hudson to Clayton, and this road was also, in time, absorbed by the ( hnaha. In 1880 he was superintendent of con- si ruction for the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Man- itoba, now the Great Northern. In 1882 he built the Cannon Valley line — eighty miles in length — in Minnesota, which was owned and operated as a part of the Rock Island system until June, 1899, when it was purchased by Mr. Stickney, its builder, and became a part of the Chicago-Great Western. In 1883 he began the monumental work of his life, the con- struction of the great American railway sys- tem now called the Chicago-Great Western. Of the magnitude and importance of this mag- nificent enterprise, to the country, this is not the place to speak. Some of the results may be mentioned, however, although they are well known and appreciated. The first passenger trains on this road between Minneapolis, St. Paul and Chicago, started from their respec- tive terminals on the evening of August 1, 1887, and ran through in thirteen hours and thirty minutes. This was the inauguration of the present fast train service in the Northwest. Mr. Stickney's new departure shortened the time of the round trip to Chicago to two nights and one day — the one day being spent in Chi- cago — and the other roads had to follow suit. The Great Western, under Mr. Stickney's man- agement, made other important innovations, which in time were adopted and became estab- lished features in railway operating. The re- organization of the Chicago-Great Western was an original plan of Mr. Stickney's devising, by which the bondholders, having a mortgage lien of about twenty million dollars upon the entire property of the railroad company, ex- changed their securities for its capital stock, leaving the corporation without a dollar of bonded debt or mortgage. This condition is unique in the entire history of railroading. In 1886 Mr. Stickney organized in Chicago a railroad enterprise of inestimable value to transportation interests. He purchased nearly 4,000 acres of land, known as "the Stickney tract," near the city, with the design of con- centrating thereon the interchange of freight traffic between the railways. This property he conveyed to the Chicago Union Transfer Company, at net cost plus six per cent interest. Mr. Stickney was also the originator and pro- jector, in 1886, of the St. Paul Union Stock Yards, at South St. Paul. He is a man of ideas and has an apt capacity for putting them on paper. His published work on "The Railway Problem" is a standard on the subject and is in use as a text-book in the department of po- litical economy in many American colleges. His fifty-page pamphlet on the financial ques- tion, published in 1896, went through three editions and obtained a circulation of 20,011(1 copies. His services as a public speaker are mole often demanded than they can be given. While most of Mr. Stickney's time is absorbed in the business enterprises with which he is identified, he finds ample time for the enjoy- ment of his home and the society of his inti- mate friends. He has a large library, and when fatigued and overworked he finds relief and relaxation in reading. Mr. Stickney was mar- ried in 1801 to Miss Kate W. Hall, daughter of Dr. Samuel Hall, of Collinsville, Illinois. Of this marriage there are seven children — Samuel C, Katherine, Lucile, Ruth, Charles A., Emily and Jean. Mrs. Stickney died at St. Paul, December 2, 1899. CHARLES A. ZIMMERMAN. Charles Alfred Zimmerman, pioneer, promi- nent business man, artist and photographer of St. Paul, was born in Strasbourg, France, June The Century Publishing SrCnyraviny Co Chicapcr Chicapir J^ny^ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 387 sons, returning to their Minnesota home at the approach of summer. Of Mr. Bean's per- sonal characteristics, a friend who has known him long and intimately writes: "Mr. Bean's life has been one of unceasing activity and productive of most satisfactory results. In his declining years, surrounded by a charming family and all the agreeable ac- cessories of wealth, he can look back with pleasure and pardonable pride upon his record of a stainless life, the imperative duties and obligations of which he has never neglected. His benefactions to every public and private enterprise, which required and deserved ma- terial aid. are well known; but never has he desired to stir a little dust of praise. The en- tire course of Mr. Bean exemplifies, in all his life work, what can be done by any other youth with ambition to rise above his native environ- ment, and whose aims and desires lie in the direction of rounding out and shaping a noble manhood." HORACE B. WILSON. of the many men who came to the Territory of Minnesota in its earliest days, and, by their energy, push and hard work, have done so much towards developing its resources, and laying broad its foundations, resulting in its present greatness and prosperity in all that goes to make up what is destined, at no remote period, to become one of the first States in our Union, is Horace I'.. Wilson, of Red Wing. He descended from a good old Puritan ancestry, was born in Bingham, Maine, March 30, 1821. His father, Rev. Obed Wilson, was a leading and influential citizen of that State during its early history, and intimately associated, for many years, with its civil and religious aff;iirs. having been a member of the Territorial con- vention of .1820 and 1821 that framed the Con- stitution of the State, and a Representative to the first Legislature that convened after its adoption. Subsequently, he was repeatedly a member of both House and Senate. Conse- crated to the ministry in his youth, he became a zealous and successful clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church, labeling early and late for nearly forty years, never sparing himself, but promptly responsive to every call of human need and Christian charily. He was a ready, effective and eloquent speaker, a wise and judicious counselor, and an active and ear- nest worker in various fields of usefulness; a good man, and a devout Christian, lie gave his sons as favorable opportunities for securing a liberal education as his circumstances ami the character of the educational institutions of the State, at that time, would allow. One son died at Waterville College, and three were educated at Maine Wesleyan College. Horace It. graduated from that institution in 1840, and came west, to Ohio, the next year, where he was engaged in teaching in the Cin- cinnati graded schools for a time, subse- quently removing to New Albany, Indiana, where he organized the first graded schools ever taught in that city. He continued to re- side there, teaching ami practicing civil engi- neering until the spring of 1858, when he removed to Red Wing, Minnesota, having ac- cepted the position of Professor of Math- ematics and Civil Engineering in Hamline University, then located at Red Wing. He continued to discharge the duties of that posi- tion with signal efficiency until the close of the collegiate year, in June, 1862. Conscientiously believing it his duty to assist in suppressing the Rebellion then raging in the southern por- tion of the Union, he resigned his professorship and enlisted in Company F, Sixth Regiment Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, was elected captain, and served as such till the close of the war. During these three years he rendered distinguished service in the suppression of the Indian outbreak in Minnesota in lS(i2, and afterwards in the campaign which resulted in the capture of Mobile, and the occupancy of Montgomery, the capital of Alabama. At the close of the war he returned to his educational work in the Slate, serving as county superin- tendent of schools in Goodhue county for four years, and as Slate Superintendent of Public Instruction for five years. To this latter office he brought the rich experience and the admin- istrative ability which he had gained in his former positions. With this equipment, and directed by a spirit of strictest integrity and 388 tUOOKAI'HY OF MINNESOTA. persistent application to hi,s duties, he was selected by Gov. Eorace Austin to take charge of the undeveloped school system of the grow- ing State, and entered upon his duties August 1. L870. 1 1 is mil easy to comprehend the difti- culties that beset the superintendent of those early days, in a State covering 83,000 square mill's, with few railroads, with towns scattered and no transportation except by stage. Those were days when the normal schools were fight- ing for a foothold, when high schools were limited to a few of the larger towns; when there were tew libraries, and where teachers' institutes, recently introduced, had yet to be established and made efficient. It was to this condition of affairs that Mr. Wilson applied himself without stint. Those who have had no acquaintance with the life of a new State need to be reminded that all pioneer life is a life of conquest, in some of its forms, and that only men of courage, endurance and intellectual vigor, figure with effect, in The result. In full accordance with this law Mr. Wilson asso- ciated with himself men like Prof. W. W. Payne, Supt. Sanford Niles, Judge Harwood, Allen J. Greer, and many others of equal fame, and whose life work has become an honorable pari of the subsequent history of the State. These were Mr. Wilson's support in planting the teachers' institutes in remotest hamlets, and, by means of them, gave the teachers of the State the only available preparation for their duties. To illustrate what that work was in those early days the following incident is well worthy of record: In the spring of 1872 an institute had been appointed at Fairmount. 'Mr. Wilson and his associate. Superintendent Xihs. were to attend and conduct it. They left the railroad at Madelia to travel the re- maining forty mill's by team. The Watonwan river had overflowed its banks, and was with- out a bridge. They did the only tliinii that men who never turn back could do, they hired a large skill', took the buggy apart, ferried (he wheels over, then the body, and came back again to swim the horses across. They then crossed I he prairie, to find Plum creek so swollen that they were obliged to stop over nighl and wait for the stream to fall. Such trips by stage and team were common in those days. Mr. Wilson was noted for giving his personal supervision to every department of the educational service; he visited and lec- tured at all his institutes, and gave instruction in nearly all. He. also, first established the four weeks' training schools, and the legisla- tion which he secured in the interests of education is still upon the statute books. It may be said, in brief, that the active interest which Mr. Wilson expressed in the common schools of the people, he also showed towards all higher departments. He was, ex-officio, secretary of the State Normal Hoard, and, dining his administration, was closely and in- telligently associated with its advancement. He was. also, ex-officio, a regent of the State University of Minnesota, and always, from principle, and through his sympathetic inter- est, assumed his share of responsibility in the conduct of its affairs. He will be remembered for the work he has done, and as a man repre- sentative of the sterling virtues of sincere devotion to public interests, and for his perfect integrity in all his personal relations. In poli- tics Mr. Wilson has always been a Republican, but never an active partisan. An outspoken advocate of the principle of excluding National questions from the domain of purely State and local politics, he has never failed, whenever he has been a candidate for any elective office, to receive the warm support of a no inconsider- able portion of those whose views upon Nation- al questions were antagonistic to his own. On the other hand, his sturdy independence and fearless opposition to men and measures of his own political party, has forever kept him out- side and above the schemes and machinations of political managers. In 1S7C> he was elected to the House of Representatives of Minnesota from the Red Wing District. His familiarity with the condition and needs of the educa- tional interests of the Slate naturally gave him a foremost place among the friends of popular education in the House. Two important meas- ures, prepared and successfully championed by him, still remain upon the statute books of the State, viz.: the law authorizing towns and cities to establish public libraries, and the C^Z^^t^ lJU^>*z^~- r^-Zy^^7, yielding to the desire prevalent among young men of his time to seek larger opportunities in the newer West, he came to Steele county, Min- nesota, where, with his mother and two broth- ers, he engaged in farming. Afterwards lie went to Faribault, and was engaged in the printing business at that place for two years. Remov- ing to Owatonna, he was given the position of deputy county auditor and register of deeds, and later attained to the higher dignity of register of deeds. For the first sixteen months he held the office by virtue of appointment, and for two subsequent terms by election. Mr. Crandall is a Republican in politics, but not of the partisan type. His interest in political matters is identical with his solicitude for the common weal; and in the various public offices to which he has been called he has acquitted himself with much credit to both his executive ability and his moral purpose. Mr. Crandall has served as postmaster of Owatonna for eight years; has also filled the office of city recorder and done duty on the school board. He has served during three terms in the State Legislature — in the House in 1874, and in the Senate some years subsequently, being re- elected for a second term in the Upper House. For a period of eight years Mr. Crandall was editor of the Owatonna Journal, and as such, powerfully stimulated public enterprise, both in his city and other sections of the State. Some of the leading institutions of southern Minnesota are, to a great extent, outgrowths of his journalistic and official work. He was a member of the board that located and built the inebriate asylum — now the State Hospital for the Insane — at Rochester, and he served for eight years on the board of managers of the Reformatory at St. Cloud. He was also among the strongest promoters of the State Public School at Owatonna, which is devoted te the care and education of dependent chil- dren, and was for ten years president of the board of managers of the latter institution. To revert now from his public achievements to his more personal career as a business man, we find that Mi'. Crandall has for eighteen years been identified with the hardware trade of Owatonna as head of the firm of Crandall & Nelson. Recently, however, he lias sold out his interest in the business to Mr. Nelson, and new devotes most of his time to the cultivation of his farming land. Mr. Crandall has been 394 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. twice married: first, in February, 1804, to Mary Elizabeth Allen, of Owatonna, who died in 1892; and the second time 1<> Mrs. Irene A. Luers, of Owatonna. Mr. Crandall has two daughters, born of the former marriage, viz. : Mary E., now .Mrs. Atwood, of St. Cloud, and ( reorgia Caroline. ASA G. BRIGGS. Among the younger of Minnesota's enter- prising business and professional men, few have by their own unaided efforts won so clear a title to a permanent record of their achieve- ments as lias Asa Gilbert Briggs, of the law firm of Briggs & Morrison, of St. Paul. Mr. Briggs is of remote Welsh extraction, early ancestors having crossed from Wales to Mas- sachusetts, where they settled, and from whence branches of the family took root in other New England States and in New York. The father of Asa G., Dr. Isaac A. Briggs, is a native of Vermont, but came, when a young man, to Michigan, where he was married to Miss Elizabeth Briggs (also born in Vermont, at Northfield). In 1858 I hey removed to Wis- consin. After thirty years of active practice of medicine he retired, in 1881, and three years later removed to St. Paul, where he lias since resided. Both he and his wife are "hale and hearty," the Doctor at the age of eighty-three and Mrs. Briggs at that of eighty-one. Asa G. Briggs was born December 20, 1802, at Ar- cadia. Trempeleau county. Wisconsin. Here he was reared, and here acquired the basis of his education, beginning with the district schools, then continuing his studies in the graded school of Arcadia, from which he graduated with the high school class of 1879. During the nexi two years he employed himself variously, to the end of procuring the means to complete his education. He taught a district school, took contracts for the moving of buildings, even turned his hand to the arduous labor of farming. In the fall of 1881 he was able to enter college, and matriculated ai the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, at Madison. He took the general science course, with additional studies in modern classics, graduating in the class of 1885. At college young Briggs was not only an ambitious student, but entered with enthu- siasm into the social and literary functions of the university, becoming a prominent member of its various organizations. He belonged to the Hesperia literary society, and during his sophomore year was elected to the joint de- bate team of that organization, which was then considered the greatesl honor that the stu- dents could confer upon a class-mate. He was also a member of the Phi Delta Theta frater- nity, and of other debating and athletic socie- ties. For a year and a half he was managing editor of the University Press, was business manager of the first college annual ever pub lished there, and he was elected by the faculty as one of the orators of the graduating class. Numerous and effective as were his activities in connection with the university, however, he found some time to turn to immediate practical account. He was for one session employed in the engrossing clerk's department of the State Legislature, also for another session in the transcribing department. Immediately after his graduation he began reading law in St. Paul, where his parents were now settled, and his brother — Dr. Warren S. Briggs — located in medical practice. In 1880 he returned to Madi- son, Wisconsin, and entered the law depart- ment of the university, and, by doing two years' work in one year, graduated with the class of 1S87. He then returned to St. Paul without means, but well equipped with both natural and acquired abilities to assure success. For four months he filled a position in the abstract department of the St. Paul Title Insurance Company, and, with the small capital thus earned, established himself in a modest way in his profession. His office was mere desk room in the Chamber of Commerce building, and his law library consisted of the Minne- sota Reports and Statutes and a few college text books. Within two years, however, he had secured a very lucrative practice. So prompt and abundant a patronage was, of course, gratifying, but brought upon him too great a strain of work. In 1890 his health gave way. and he was compelled to relax for a little. CCd^ "&, /^^po BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 395 He was for a short time associated with Hon. George L. Bumi, Judge of the District Court, in the firm of Briggs & Bunn. By the spring rz&t*™~> BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 399 was Ashly Blodgett, octor is an ardent Republican. He was chair- man of the Republican county committee of Washington county in 1890, and an alternate delegate to the Republican National Conven- tion at Minneapolis in 1892. With the excep- tion of that of coroner, he has never held any political office, nor has he desired any. He was married, in June, 1882, to Miss Sarah A. Stephens, of New York City; she died Febru- ary 1, 1899, leaving three children. SAMUEL L. CAMPBELL. Samuel Louis Campbell, of Wabasha, one of the oldest living members of the bar of Minne- sota, was born August 10, 1824. at Columbus. < henango county. New York. He is of Scottish descent, tracing his paternal ancestry in a di- rect line back to that famous clan, of Argyle, the clan Campbells of Scotland. His grand father. Ephraim Campbell, was the founder of the American branch of the family, having set- tled at Stonington, Connecticut, about the year 1872. During the Revolutionary War his home and personal effects were destroyed by the British soldiers, and he fled, with his family, to Xew York State. His son, Samuel — father of the subject of this sketch — was at that time seven years of age, and he was reared in Otsego county. New York, which was then a frontier locality. His early education was meagre and his mode of life primitive; but he was full of wholesome ambition, and he re- solved to acquire a knowledge of the law suffi- cient to equip him for legal practice. This he accomplished by himself, in nightly vigils, the page over which he pored being illumined only by the fire on his hearth. With the same de- termined perseverance he worked his way up to an acknowledged place among the foremost lawyers of the State of New York, and he at- tained to still greater distinction in the realm of statesmanship. During a period of twenty- seven years he was a member of the State As- sembly and Senate, and was colonel of militia in the War of 1812; administered justice from the bench of the Circuit Court for a term of years, and was eventually elected to Congress. His wife, and the mother of our subject, was .Maria (Queen) Campbell, a distant relative of Lord Baltimore, the famous early settler at Queeusboro. Blessed with an inheritance of firm and energetic character, and fortified in his early years by the high precepts and ex- The Century Publishing & Diymviny Co c/iicqytr BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 401 ample of his parents, Samuel Louis Campbell grew to manhood. His studies in the common schools of his native county were supplemented by a two-years' course in the Clinton Institute, in the Empire State, after which he taught school for several years. Attracted by the larger business opportunities afforded young men in the West, he came to Minnesota, local ing at Red Wing in October, 1855. He at first took up a pre-emption claim, with the intention of cultivating it; but he soon abandoned the agricultural idea in favor of legal study. He removed to Wabasha, which has since been his place of residence, becoming associated about this time with Judge Welch, who was then Chief Justice of the Territory. Under Judge Welch, Mr. Campbell received the ap- pointment as clerk of the District Court, in which office he served until the admission of the Territory as a State. While acting as clerk of court, he began the practice of law, and has ever since followed the profession. Mr. Camp- bell was the second mayor elected in the town of Wabasha, and he has served as county at- torney of Wabasha county. He has been in the State Legislature for several years, his term of service being divided between the House and Senate, and in spite of his Democratic principles was made chairman of the Judiciary committee. Since 1879 Mr. Campbell's practice has been confined to railroad litigation. For a time his services were shared by two con- struction companies, viz.: the Iron Range and the Minnesota Southern. Afterwards he was retained by the Great Northern Railroad Com- pany, first as assistant solicitor, and later in connection with the land department. Mr. Campbell belongs to the order of Masons, hav- ing been made first master of the local lodge, in which office he served for seven years. On March 1, 1848, Mr. Campbell was united in marriage to Octavia H. Hayward, daughter of Dr. Levi Hayward, of Chenango county, New York. The three children born of their union are: Clarence, Ina C. — now the widow of Solon Huff, late of Dubuque, Iowa — and Dar- win H. Mrs. Campbell, though in her eightieth year, is still "hale and hearty as a girl." Her high character and attainments have made her a worthy companion and helpmeel of her hon- ored husband. Mr. Campbell is now, at the age of seventy-six, relaxing his hold upon the more arduous professional duties; but his name is inseparably associated, not only with the history of the liar of Minnesota, through his connection with some of the Stale's most important litigation, but also with the political and social life of his community, the welfare of which he has had at heart throughout his forty-five years of active and earnest labor in its midst. JOHN Q. ADAMS. In the well-filled library of his picturesque home on Crocus Hill, in St. Paul, whose win- dows overlook a broad expanse of the beautiful Mississippi valley, may be found, evening after evening throughout the year, a quiet man, ab- sorbed and content among his books; and this retired student is no other than J. Q. Adams, one of the most practical and enterprising busi- ness men of the Northwest. A glance over his history will show how these diverse; tastes and capacities have been developed side by side. Mr. Adams was born, on April lit, 1837, at Canaan, Litchfield county, Connecticut, the eldest child of Dr. L. S. and Eliza (Prentice) Adams. Both the Adams and Prentice fami- lies were typical New England stock, energetic, thrifty, from which stood out in relief here and there some more richly endowed person ality. A paternal ancestor was an officer of the Revolution, especially admired and trusted by General Washington, and who became one of the founders of the Society of the Cincin- nati; while the maternal grandfather was a clergyman and associate of Dr. Beecher and Dr. Field. In 1839 the parents of Mr. Adams settled in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, which place was, even at that early date, a noted re- sort for people of artistic and literary tastes and acquirements; and in this atmosphere of culture the boy grew up. Gaining a liberal education at Williams Academy, he next en- gaged himself as amanuensis to the distin- guished English author and litterateur, G. P. 4-02 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. A. James, Esq., who at that time resided at Stockbridge; and while earning a salary, he was incidentally adding to his general knowl- edge and culture. At the age of fifteen he accepted a clerkship in the Housatonic Bank at Stockbridge, which he shortly left to be- come a teller in the Pittsfield Bank, of which institution J. D. Adams, his uncle, was for many years manager. In 1858 he gave up this position to go abroad, and for nearly a year he traveled in Europe. Upon his return he entered upon the duties of a position as cashier under Mr. C. S. Gzowski and Sir David Mac- pherson, who at that time had extensive iron interests in Toronto, Canada. In 1865 Mr. Adams went to New York City, where he was engaged in the banking business for about eight years. He came from New York to Minnesota in 1873, and for the following period of about fourteen years, first at Oulutli and then at St. Paul, represented the old New York firm of David Dows & Company. .Mean- time he was acquiring a firm and firmer grasp of commercial and financial affairs in the Northwest ; and, in 1887, was made president of the Northern Pacific Elevator Company, with headquarters at Minneapolis. This cor- poration owns and operates grain elevators extending along the line of the Northern Pa- cific Railway to Puget Sound, and Mr. Adams had been more or less identified with the de- velopment of this great industry ever since tlie early days, when the Mississippi river was the main outlet in the spring for the wheat raised in Minnesota. Mr. Adams continued at the head of the Northern Pacific Elevator Com- pany until 1891, when he resigned. From that lime to the present he has been engaged in the grain commission business in Minneapolis, with his son J. TV. Adams as a partner, under the firm name of J. Q. Adams & Company. Mr. Adams is a familiar figure in the "Twin Cities," as he goes hither and thither attending to liis numerous interests; and he is the pioneer resi- dent of Crocus Hill, in St. Paul, a point of that city marked by its natural attractions and destined to become a highly developed and popular locality. On May 17, 1865, at Toronto, Mr. Adams was married to Ada Walker, daughter of Artemus B. and Adeline E. Walker. Their children are, a son, John Walker, born in New York, August 30, 1806, and married in 1888 to Miss Priscilla F. Horn, of St. Paul; and an adopted daughter, Char- lotte Belle, since 1888 the wife of Samuel C. Sticknev. also of St. Paul. EDWARD P. BARNCM. Edward Phelps Barnum, of St. Cloud, was born at Stonington, Connecticut, June 16, 1831. His father, John S. Barnum, was a native of Vermont, born in the town of Shoreham, in 1804. He followed a sea-faring life, and was for many years captain of a ship. He died July 7, 1852. His wife, the mot her of Edward 1'., was Hannah (Hobart) Barnum, a native of Connecticut. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools and academy of his native town, and four years at Troy Con- ference Academy at West Poultney, Vermont. In early youth he entered into a mercantile and milling business, in partnership with John B. Folsom, of Folsomdale, Wyoming county, New York, grandfather of Frances Folsom, who later graced the White House as the popular wife of President Cleveland. Mr. Fol- som's wife was an own cousin of Mr. Barnum's. In 1855 Mr! Barnum moved to Iowa, and for about a year ran a hotel at Des Moines with good success. While living at Des Moines he lost his only children, a boy of three years and a girl of eighteen months. In 1856 he removed to Hastings, Minnesota, erected a saw-mill, forming a partnership with his brother-in-law, C. W. Nash, and for eight years was actively engaged in the lumber business. In 1864 he was appointed by Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, posi sutler of Fort Abercrombie. He served in that post for three years, then for an equal period of time, was proprietor of a hotel at Sauk Centre, known as the Sauk Cen- tre House. Subsequently he was for a short time engaged in the furniture business in the same town, after which he assisted in forming, and occupied a responsible position in, the Bank of Sauk Centre, which he held for some- The Century PuMisfitnp & Bijmvinj Co Chicago- cy* BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 403 thing like ten years. Tn 1890 ho purchased the Sauk Centre Avalanche, a Democratic organ, in the interesl of liis son. F. E. Barnum. The sen edited it during the first year after its purchase, then Mr. Barnum himself took up the editorial work for a year. The Avalanche is still nourishing, and is now un- der the management of the junior Barnum. Mr. Barnum's political principles are well known as loyally Democratic. He has been twice complimented by his constituency in Minnesota with a nomination for the position of Lieutenant Governor, the first time on the ticket with Edmund Rice for Governor, and the second with Gen. R. \V. Johnson. He was also his party's candidate for Congress from what was known as the "bloody Sixth" dis- trict, during the famous "Kindred-Nelson" campaign. In ISTii Mr. Barnum was elected a member of the board of county commission- ers for Stearns county for three years, and served one year as chairman of that body. In 1891 he was elected enrolling clerk of the State Senate. In the following year, on the resigna- tion of A. L. Cramb, he received an appoint- ment to the office of clerk of court. Seventh Judicial District of Stearns county; and in the fall of 1894 he was duly elected to that post for the regular period of four years by a large majority, and in 1898 was re-elected without opposition. Mr. Barnum has belonged to the order of Masons for well on to half a century, and the main events of his history in Masonry are as follows: In February of 1857, at Hast- ings, Minnesota, he was made a Master Mason; in 1860, a Royal Arch Mason; in 1863, Knighl Templar in Damascus Commandery of St. Paul; in 1894, a member of the Mystic Shrine in Osman Temple, St. Paul. In 1868 he re- ceived from the Grand Lodge the appointment of district deputy, in which capacity he as- sisted in the dissemination throughout the State of the present ritual work; and in the following year he was elected grand junior warden. In 1893 he was appointed to the board of .custodians of the work over which he now presides as chairman. Mr. Barnum was married April 15, 1852, to Miss Irene E. Barnum. a native of Ypsilanti, Michigan. Her parents were J. Wesley Barnum, of Shoreham, Vermont, and Harriet /., daughter of Col. William Frosl of Michigan, formerly of Gene- see county. New York. One son. Francis E. Barnum, above referred to in connection with the Sauk Centre Avalanche, is the only re maining issue of their union. Mr. Barnum enjoys a wide popularity. His career has been one of varied enterprises, and in each he has made a host of friends and acquaintances. Among the newspaper fraternity he is held in especial esteem. His attendance is always counted upon at the conventions and excur- sions of Minnesota editors, and although he is older than most members of the present editorial staff, his youthful and genial tem- perament make him equally companionable to all. In their annual excursion of September last, which included a visit to Denver, Colo- rado Springs and the Omaha Exposition, he contributed a conspicuous share towards the success and enlivenment of the trip. Mrs. Barnum, also, is gifted with many social qual- ities, a fact well appreciated by the numerous friends who have enjoyed the hospitality of the Barnum home circle. WILLIAM I'. CLOUGH. William Pitt Clough, of St. Paul, was born March 2(1, 1845, at Freetown, Cortland county, New York, lie is the son of William Parks and Sabrina (Vunk) Clough, both of whom. also, were natives of the Empire State. The Yunks were a Dutch family that settled early in this country, while on the paternal side he was descended from John Clough, who, in the year IS.",,"), crossed from England to Massa- chusetts, in the ship "Elizabeth," and settled at Watertown, which has since been annexed to Boston. John Clough was one of the found- ers of Salisbury, a town in the northeastern part of Massachusetts, and his numerous de- scendants are now scattered throughout New York, New England and other portions of the East. The great-grandfather of our subject, Benjamin Clough, was a soldier of the Revo- lution, who served in the New York division 404 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. df the Continental army, from 1770 to the cud of the war. His home was in Hampshire county, Massachusetts, near the New York line. When William Pitt Clough was three years of age, his father, who had been a mer- chant in the village of Freetown, took his family to Pennsylvania and settled in Erie county, where the child grew up and obtained his early education. As soon as ready for col- legiate work, he entered the Northwestern State Normal School, at Edinboro, Pennsyl- vania, where he completed the collegiate course in 1862. During the next three years lie was chiefly occupied in teaching in Penn- sylvania and in his native State. Then for a couple of years he was employed in business enterprises en Oil Creek, in Venango county, Pennsylvania, meantime filling intervals of leisure with law reading at Edinboro, in the office of Henry R. Terry, Esq. By the spring of 1867 he was nearly prepared for admission to the liar. But it was the bar of Minnesota that was to enroll him among its members; for favorable opportunities opened to him which involved his hasty removal to this State, where he arrived on the first day of June of that year. He entered the law office of ex- Judge E. A. McMahon, at Rochester, in the joint capacity of assistant and student, and. on .Inly :',. 1868, was there admitted to the bar. He then united with Judge McMahon in a part- nership, which continued for four years. Since Hie summer of is"!' Mr. Clough has been a resident of St. Paul. During his first few years after locating there he was associated with Hon. John M. Gilman, one of the city's oldest and best known counselors. In this connec- tion Mr. Clough gained prominence, and in 1880 he received appointment as general west- ern counsel for the Northern Pacific Railroad ( 'onipany. For nearly seven years he remained in this service, resigning it May 31, 1887. Ou June 1, he entered the service of the Saint Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway Com pany, assuming the position of assistant to President .lames .1. Hill, of that company, and on December 20, of the same year, he was ap- pointed second vice-president. On February 1, 181)0, when the (ireat Northern Railway Company was organized, Mr. Clough was elected to his present position as vice presi- ded of this company. Mr. Clough's western life and married life are co-extensive, he hav- ing wedded Miss Dacia Alathea Green, a young lady of exceptional attainments, on the day of his departure from the East. The par- ents of Miss Green were, by birth, representa- tives of New York and New England, though the father. Alfred Green, became a contractor and builder of Erie county, Pennsylvania, where his daughter was born. Mrs. Clough died at St. Paul in 1892, and is well remem- bered, as she was well known for the virtues and graces of her character. Mr. and Mrs. Clough had two daughters, Margaret S. and Blanche M., the former being now the wife of Charles L. Spencer, clerk of the United States District Court at St. Paul. CHARLES C. WILLSON. Charles Cudworth Willson, of Rochester, was born October 27. 1829, at Mansfield, Cat- taraugus county. New York. His father, Gid- eon Ilovey Willson, and his mother, Lydia Mauley, were both born at Newfane, near Brat- tleboro, Vermont. His grandparents were all born at Rehobeth, Massachusetts, about thirty- five miles southwest of Plymouth Rock. Farming was the sole occupation of all these ancestors. The subject of this sketch was edu- cated at an academy in Springville, Erie conn ty, New York. When eighteen years old he went to Geneseo, Livingston county. New York, and there studied law in the office of Gen. James Wood. Jr. lie was admitted to Hie bar September '■'>, 1851, at Rochester, New- York. Soon after he formed a partnership with William A. Collins, and practiced his profession at Geneseo until July. 1856. At that time he sold his interest in the business and removed to Rochester, Minnesota, then a mere hamlet. He at that time bought forty town lots in the original plat of the town. He went back and opened a law office in Roches ter. New York, but as his investments in Olm- sted county required much of his time, he re- moved there in June, 1858. and there he has ^U2j(s*^, S, 7fci&6 he again made a visit to Europe. In the fall of 1882, Mr. d'Autremont was stopping temporarily in Duluth on his re- turn home from a hunting trip out on the little Missouri, in Montana. Missing the lake steam- er, he was compelled to remain over for several days. This delay enabled him to become ac- quainted with the town and many of its people, and he became so favorably impressed with the place that immediately upon reaching his home at Elmira he closed up his affairs there and returned with his family to the "Zenith City of the unsalted sea." The people took kindly to him, and two years later, or in 1884, he was elected county attorney of St. Louis county. Here he has since remained in the active and successful practice of his pro- fession and in exploring for and developing iron mines, in which he is largely interested. Mr. d'Autremont has always been a Democrat in politics, steadfastly and consistently "with- out variableness or shadow of turning." When he was but twenty-one he took an active part in the Greeley campaign in New York. In the Tilden and Hendricks canvass of 1876, he was president of the Elmira Democratic Club, and helped carry the Slate for the great statesmen who were the standard bearers of his party. In the Hancock campaign of 1880 he was again president of the Democratic Club, and made speaking tours through New York and Penn- sylvania in behalf of the ticket. While residing in Elmira he was a member of the board of supervisors of Chemung county. As mentioned, he was elected county attorney of St. Louis county, Minnesota, in 1884. In 1888, when there was no possibility of an election in the face of the great Republican majority, he was the Democratic candidate for Attorney Gen- eral of Minnesota, but with his associates on the ticket, was defeated. In 1896 he was a can- didate for presidential elector on the regular Democratic or Bryan and Sewall ticket. He has made repeated public canvasses for his party in this State, and his services as a speak- er are often demanded. Tn lS ( .t2, he was elected mayor of Duluth, and served one term. His election was really a tribute of his fellow citi- zens to him, and as much of a personal triumph as a party success. His administration justi- fied the expectations of his friends, and was a valuable one for the city and its interests. Of social tastes and in full fellowship with his brother man, Mr. d'Autremont is well known in certain circles. He is charter member of Kitchie Gammi Club of Duluth. a Sir Knight of St. Omar's Commandery of Elmira, New York, a member of the 1'si Upsilon fraternity, etc. Mr. d'Autremont was married. April 21, 1880, to Miss Hattie II. Hart, a daughter of E. 1*. Hart, Esq., long an eminent lawyer of Elmira, New York. They have five promising children, named Antoinette, Louis Paul, Charles .Maurice, Hubert Hart and Marie Gene- vieve. CHARLES A. TOWNE. Charles Arnette Towne, ex Congressman from the Sixth District of Minnesota and a prominent citizen of Duluth, is a native of the State of Michigan, born on a farm in Rose The Cenuiiy Publishing & Engraving Co Oucarf(r BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 407 township, Oakland county, November 21, 1858. He is the son of Charles Judson and Laura (Fargo) Towne, both parents being extracted from Puritan stock. On the paternal side, the original settlers in America were John William and Joanna (Blessing) Towne, who, in 1636, came from the west of England to Salem, Mas sachusetts. Our subject is directly descended from these emigrating ancestors, and in the intermediate generations have appeared, here and there, men of distinct ability and achieve- ment. Among these may be mentioned Gen. Salem Towne, famous for his generalship in the War of 1812; also a literary Salem Towne, author of a series of text books. The grand- father of Charles A. — Levi Towne — was a na- tive of New Hampshire who early removed with his parents to Wyoming county. New York. Glancing now at the history of the ma- ternal side of the house, we find that Laura Fargo — the mother of Mr. Towne — was con- nected through the Mason family with George Washington, and was a descendant, on her mother's side, of the old New England family of Lawrence, to which belonged Amos and Ab- bott Lawrence, famous respectively as philan- thropist and minister to England. Mr. Towne's parents were married in the year 1857. in Wy- oming county, New York, and settled prior to his birth in Michigan. The boy was educated in his native State, graduating from the Uni- versity at Ann Arbor in 1881. In college he showed decided oratorical power, and was made class orator for his senior year. Subse- quently he was offered the English professor- ship at the Ann Arbor preparatory school. This he declined, as also the chair of Latin and Modern Languages at the Orchard Lake Mili- tary Academy, being attracted to a legal rath- er than a pedagogic career. Soon after leaving college, he accepted the position of chief clerk in the Department of Public Instruction at Lansing, Michigan, beginning about the same time the study of law, which he ambitiously pursued at night, after completing his day's work. In April, 1885, he was admitted to the bar in the Supreme Court of Michigan, and in March of the following year, commenced prac- tice at Marquette, in partnership with W. S. Hill. From his youth Mr. Towne has been much interested in politics, and as early as 1884 his name was brought into prominence by the Lansing Republican as a candidate for Congress from that district. In 1888, in conse quence of the death of Seth C. Moffat, Con- gressman from the Eleventh District of Michigan, a special election was held to secure his successor. Mr. Towne was offered a nomi- nation, but declined to run for the position, to which Hon. Henry W. Seymour, of Sault Ste. Marie, was duly elected. In the spring of 1889 Mr. Towne moved to Chicago, where he practiced his profession until June, 1890. In the following August he came to Minnesota, locating in Duluth, where he formed a partner- ship with S. L. Smith. At the beginning of 1892, the former connection having been dis- solved, he became a member of the firm of Moer, Towne & Harris, which, during the fol- lowing year, was modified by the withdrawal of Mr. Moer, upon his election to the District Bench, Mr. Towne thus becoming senior mem- ber of the present firm of Towne & Harris. Mr. Towne first appeared as a st 11111)1 speaker in 1876, and since that year he has been generally active in politics; but he never accepted a can- didacy for any public office until the campaign in which he was elected, by a majority of over three thousand votes over two competitors, to the Fifty-fourth Congress. He has been brought into special prominence by the atti- tude which he took, and has consistently sus- tained, in regard to that very vital issue in our National politics comprehended in the term bi- metallism. In the fall of ISO."? he began a systematic study of the money question, and as the result of his investigations he came out strongly in favor of re-opening the mints of our country to the free coinage of silver as well as of gold. The Republican platforms of both L888 and 1892 had been explicitly in favor of restoring to silver its full dignity as standard money; but in the campaign for Congress, in 1894, Mr. Towne was even more emphatic in this direction than the preceding Republican platforms. After his election to Congress, he stumped various parts of his district in the cause of bimetallism, and after taking his seat 408 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. at Washington he became prominent in the Republican rebellion against a measure intro- duced by Speaker Reed and other leaders of the party, which provided for the issuance of $500,000,000 of bonds and the practical with- drawal of greenbacks from circulation. Mr. Towne was quick to recognize the significance of this movement, and was one of the first to inform the public of 'the tendency of Repub- lican leaders towards the gold standard. The decided stand which he took at this juncture began the divergence between him and t In- party leaders, which resulted in bis severance from the Republican organization in June, 189(1, when, in its National Convention at St. Louis, it adopted a platform virtually renounc- ing bimetallism and looking clearly towards an absolute gold standard. Something of what it cost him thus to break away from the party of his early choice and faith will be understood by those who have read his famous speech de- livered in the House of Representatives on February 8, 1890, in the course of which he said: "The Republican party is dear to me. My ancestors were Federalists and Whigs of New England. My father followed the standard of Fremont and Dayton to the glorious defeat of 1856. The infancy of the Republican party rocked my own cradle. Since my youth I have treasured the deathless fame of its great lead- ers, studied and professed its doctrines, bene- fited by its policies, and wielded ceaselessly what little strength was mine in its strenuous contests for the confidence of the people. My anxiety that it shall now rise level with the emergency that meets us is greater than I can express." This speech, which was a most forceful pres- entation of the claims of bimetallism and ap- peal for its adoption, produced a profound impression throughout the country. It was begun upon a time allowance of half an hour, but was granted repeated extensions, and finally time limit was waived altogether. For nearly three hours he held his audience by his earnest eloquence; and this speech, which was subsequently printed, is said to have been more widely circulated as a campaign document than any other ever delivered in Congress. Mr. Towne loved his party; but when he came to the point where he felt he must choose between party allegiance and principle, he followed the course which the brave, strong men of all ages have taken, even though it led him. for a time, at least, away from political success and pies tige. He announced thai he could not accept a re-nomination for Congress on the Repub- lican ticket. With an unanimous impulse, however, the Democrats, Populists and Silver Republicans of his district adopted him as their candidate, and he consented to run in opposition to the Republican platform. In the ensuing campaign — the most notable in the history of the country for the intensity, both of the struggle itself and the general interest it awakened — although the normal Republican majority in Mr. Towne's district was several thousands, the returns showed the meagre margin of 712 votes against him; and two years later he was supported by the same combina- tion of forces, which this time failed of elect- ing him by a plurality of only 441 votes. In the month of February, 1N97, together with Senators Henry M. Teller, of Colorado; Rich- ard F. Pettigrew, of South Dakota; Fred T. Dubois, of Idaho; Frank J. Cannon, of Utah, and Congressman Charles S. Ilartman. of Mon- tana. Mr. Towne initiated the organization of the Silver Republican party, and became chair- man of the Provisional National Committee. In the following June the National Committee was regularly constituted by representatives of thirty-one Stales, and Mr. Towne was made chairman, which post he still fills. Although a very busy man, Mr. Towne has clung to his student habits ever since his college days. He realizes that only study — deep, earnest, com- prehensive mental toil — can qualify a man to deal with the questions, so complex in their nature, which involve the welfare of State and Nation; and he has responded to his call to public duty with the sincerest conviction and clearest inspiration. Within the last four years he has delivered addresses in nearly all the important cities of the United States, his range of subject matter including finance, imperial- ism, trusts, and general political, literary and miscellaneous topics. On February 22, 1899, before the faculty and students of the Univer- ■ BIOGRAFHY OF MINNESOTA. 409 sity of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, he made an ad- dress from the theme "Lest We Forget" which was a most logical and fervent plea for the spirit of universal democracy and brotherhood. He said in part: "The attempt is made to fire the imagination of the people with much talk of the opportu- nity now presented to us of becoming a 'world power.' Why, my friends, what is it to bo a world power? Is it not to be a power in the world? and if so, where is there a greater world power than the United States, or than she has been for more than a hundred years? During all that time America has carried the torch that has lighted the pathway of liberty for the nations of the earth. Our reaction upon Europe has crumbled dynasties to dust, and above the graves of privilege has reared re- publics and parliaments. Within that century nearly five hundred constitutions have been born, none of which would have been possible but for ours. The South American republics, not coddled into perpetual infancy, but de- fended in natural, self-taught, and therefore sure, progress, have risen up and called us blessed. Wherever representative government has been planted, wherever new guaranties of personal security and political rights have been won, wherever religious liberty has widened and the freedom of the pros* increased, there has been witnessed the force of American ex- ample, which, though gentle as the 'sweet in- fluence of the Pleiades,' speaks louder than the thunder of our guns and moves with more resistless might than armies. And what can empire offer us for this? A rivalship with swaggering kingdoms, seeking loot and license of their weaker neighbors, snatching our share of plunder that we do not need, marching back three centuries over the fallen and shattered idols of our storied progress; earning the fear of every victim and the jealous hatred of every rival, where we might have retained the love of the one and, at least, the respect of the other. One of the last of the sage observations of the great Bismarck was elicited by the prospect of the Spanish war. He said: 'The result of the war cannot be wholesome to Europe or Amer- ica. The United States will be forced to adopt an intermeddling policy leading to unavoidable friction. * * * * The American change of front means retrogression, in the high sense, of civilization. This is the main regrettable fact about the war.' If. my friends, we do not resist and conquer the forces that are now set- ting toward an American empire in the eastern tropics, with its inevitable resultant hnperial- istic modification of our domestic institutions, the prophecy of Bismarck will surely become the judgment of history. It will be ours eter- nally to hear the odium of having stopped the car of progress anil turned it backward. From so melancholy a reproach as that, it is, in my judgment, the duty of every true American to strive to the uttermost to save his country. To such high resolves, what time could give so deep and strong a sanction as the birthday of Washington? He was an American in every fibre of his being, devoted absolutely to his country, hopeful of her future, and profoundly attached to the Union under the Constitution. He believed in the legitimate growth of the Inited States, gave much lime to the study of routes and waterways to the westward, along which he knew the tide of civilization was sure to set. and his prophetic vision fore- saw the gradual assimilation of the continent by the spreading settlements from the earlier centers of population. Has the movement yet reached its limit? Is congested humanity crowding us into the sea? Why, my friends, opportunities greater than all the Orient, rich- er than 'barbaric pearl and gold,' await our enterprise, when it shall be disenthralled, with- in the present limits of the Republic. And when that shall have been subdued, the rest of this vast continent is ours by a law as certain in its result as it will be peaceable in its ac- complishment. Were Washington alive to-day, he would be to that extent an 'expansionist'; but we may be sure thai he who left to poster- ity the priceless political testament of the 'Farewell Address' would as certainly and steadily have opposed imperialism in the form of a distant colonial dependency, as he turned his back upon the offer of kingly power and 'put away the crown.' Ages and ages ago, from the plains of Asia our Aryan forefathers turned their faces westward and entered upon that world-march whose record is the story of human progress. Their institutions grew as their journey lengthened, until at last we, their descendants, standing by the great sea from beyond whose farther shore their earth-round course began, are dowered with priceless con- stitutional liberties won by the struggles and sacrifices, the strenuous strife of muscle and brain and spirit, of six thousand years. My friends, as we cross that ocean returning to- ward our ancestral home, what shall be our message to the peoples that were left behind? Shall it be peace or war. the cruelty and bond- age of the empire or the friendship and freedom of the Republic?" On April 20, 1887, Mr. Towne was married 4io biography or Minnesota. to Maude Irene Wiley, of Lansing, Michigan, ;i daughter of Washington O. and Mary (Green) Wiley, both natives of Cooperstown, New York. Mr. and Mrs. Towne have no children. Like every man who takes a fearless stand for ad- vanced ideals and radical measures. Mr. Towne makes some enemies, but he wins many loyal friends who. like himself, represent the van- guard of political and social Reformers. The following sincere words of commendation are from George Fred Williams, a prominent legal counsellor of Boston, Massachusetts: "I regard Mr. Towne as one of the aides! of the political leaders in the United Stales, and make no except ion whatever in the whole coun- try in saying that his opportunities for useful- ness to the people are not excelled by any other man. He is very prompt and incisive in action, alert in thought, careful in judgment, and wonderfully gifted with the power of speech. There is no orator in the country who makes a more marked impression upon me, and that, perhaps, is the only test which anyone can apply in forming a judgment of a public speaker.' But above all his qualities, I con- sider Mr. Towne's independence in thought and sincere i*egard for truth and right to be his most distinguishing qualities. While he is a good tactician, it is the tremendous energy with which his sincerity and enthusiasm en- dow him that makes him the power he is among men. Grant him long life and he will surely be one of the marked figures in American his tory. The above practically contains my esti- mate of Mr.Towne's strong points as a political leader, not to mention the one which I treasure most as a friend, viz.. his personal charm ami magnetism. I think there are few men with such force of character who can at the same time retain the affectionate regard of those with whom they associate." Col. William -1. Bryan, writing from Austin. Texas, March It, 1900, aptly sums up Mr. Towne's characteristics as follows: •'Von can quote me as saying that, 'as a citizen, orator and patriot. Charles A. Towne has no superior in the United States.' " CORDENIO A. SEVERANCE. The ancestors of Cordenio Arnold Severance, of St. Paul, were of old New England stock, his mother's family residing in Connecticut and Rhode Island for several generations. His father's family came to Boston from Ipswich, England, in 1637, and lived in Massachusetts continuously from that time down to the early part of this century, when the grandfather of Cordenio moved to Pennsylvania. Some of the family were officers in the colonial wars prior to the Revolution, and the greatgrandfather of Mr. Severance, although an old man, served for a short time in the Revolutionary War. Mr. E. C. Severance, father of our subject, was born in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, and engaged in the mercantile business, lum- bering and farming in Pennsylvania and Minne- sota. He came to Minnesota in 1855, and has resided here ever since. He was county auditor of Dodge county, in this State, for six years, and was. about fifteen years ago. State Senator from that county. His wife, Amanda J. (Arnold) Severance, was born in Connecticut and reared in Michigan. She died March <>. 1894, sincerely mourned by her family and by every one who knew her. She had lived an earnest Christian life. Cordenio Arnold was born at Mantorville, Dodge county, Minnesota. June 30, 1S62. He attended the public and high schools in that village, and was for about three years at Carleton College, Northfield. For one year while attending Carleton hi' was president of his class. After leaving college he studied law for a time with Hon. Robert Ta.\ lor, of Kasson, Minnesota, and was ad- mitted to the bar on the day he was twenty- one years of age. He was examined for admission two or three months previously, the court making an order that he should be ad- mitted as soon as he was old enough to take the oath. Mr. Severance entered the office of Senator Davis, in St. Paul, in the summer of 1885, and in January, 1SST. became his partner. The firm of Davis. Kellogg & Severance was formed the first of October, 1S87. This firm enjoys a very large practice. and has handled a large number of important cases in this State. Mr. Severance is a Repub- lican in politics. He has never filled any official position, however, and has never been a candidate for any. He is a member of the Kitchi Canimi Club of Duluth, the Minnesota ^J^fe^bcr BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 411 Club and the Town and Country Club of St. Paul. He has been one of the board of gover- nors of the Ramsey County Bar Association. June 26, 18S9, Mr. Severance was married to Miss .Mary Frances Harriman, a daughter of Gen. Samuel Harriman. of Wisconsin. To them one daughter, Alexandra, was born in 1894 and died in 1895. Mr. Severance is not a member of any church, but usually attends the House of Hope Presbyterian church, of which Mrs. Severance is a member. Mr. and Mrs. Severance reside at 589 Summit avenue, St. Paul. JOHN A. MATHEWS. Hon. John Arnot Mathews, one of the earliest settlers of Winona, Minnesota, and for forty-five years a prominent resident and busi- ness man of that city, was born in Elmira, New York, April 6, 1824. He was the oldest of a family of nine children, six of whom became citizens of Minnesota. His father, Henry H. Mathews, who was bom in Chemung county, New York, was a son of Col. Selah Mathews, who with several brothers removed from Orange county to Chemung about 1790. Colonel Mathews was for many years a promi- nent and well-known citizen of the latter county — then called Tioga. His brother, (lea. Vincent Mathews, was United States district attorney for the Western District of New York, for many years served in both branches of the Legislature, and was a member of Congress. He was a prominent lawyer, and tor forty years was at the head of the Elmira bar. Gen- eral Mathews died at Rochester, New York, in 1847. In 1819, when a young man, Henry H. Mathews entered the store of John Arnot, at Elmira. In 1823 he married Isabella M. Arnot, a sister of his employer, and a native of Perth- shire, Scotland, who came to America with the family about 1803. He then engaged in mer- chandising with Mr. Arnot at Painted Post, New York, and later, upon the retirement of his brother-in-law, took entire charge of the business. While at Painted Post, where lie resided for more than twenty years, he became a leading citizen, anil held many responsible positions. In 1843 he returned to Elmira, and, in 1849, was appointed by President Taylor postmaster of the city, which position he held for several years. The original paternal an- cestor of the Mathews family in America came to this country from England with Benjamin Fletcher, who was appointed Colonial Gover- nor of New York in 1092, and to whom he was closely related by marriage. The boyhood da \ s of John A. Mathews were passed in his native town and at Painted Post, New York. He be- came familiar with business methods in his father's store at the latter town. When he was nineteen years of age, he returned to Elmira, where he attended school and worked on his father's farm for two years. Then, in 1845, having reached the age of twenty-one, he went to Tioga. Pennsylvania, where lie was a clerk in the store of I!. ( '. Wickham & Company for about two years. The junior partner was T. L. Baldwin, and later .Mr. Mathews purchased the interest of Wickham, and the firm became T. L. Baldwin & ( 'ompany. This firm conducted an extensive and successful business, until 1853, when he sold his interest to his partner, T. L. Baldwin. In 1854 Mr. Mathews came to the Northwest in search of a permanent home. He first inspected the situation at McGregor, Iowa; later he explored the pine woods of Wis- consin, with a view to engaging in the lumber business. At that time there was a United States land office at Steven's Point, Wisconsin, which he visited, and he was al once attracted by the opportunities presented for dealing in land warrants and locating them on credit to actual settlers. There was also a land office at Brownsville, in Houston county, Minnesota. Returning to McGregor to make certain neces- sary preparations, Mr. Mathews came up the river again, and set out from Brownsville on an exploring tour through Southeastern Minne- sota. From a small stern-wheel steamboat in July. 1854, he landed at Winona, then a small frontier village recently established as a county seat. He was not favorably impressed with the appearance and surroundings of the place at the time, and continued his trip. From Red Wing he journeyed on foot throughout the 412 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. southeastern part of the theu Territory, as far west as Faribault. After this thorough and careful inspection of the country, and having made several selections from which to choose, he returned to his native State, and October 9, 1855, he was married to Miss Ellen B. Bush, a native of Tioga, Pennsylvania, and a daugh- ter of A. C. Bush of that place. Their wedding took place at Tioga, and they at once started for Winona, where a United States land office had been located in the spring of that year, arriving in time for the first land sales — a great event in the history of the city. Mr. Mathews began at once to deal in land war- rants, to locate lands, and to loan money. His first business was done in the office of Berry & Waterman, attorneys, on Front street, where the Winona Mill Company mill was afterwards built; then in Dr. Sheardown's drug store, also on Front street, opposite the land office. In 1856 Mr. Mathews built an office near by, which was burned in 1802. He was again burned out on the east side of Center street, between Front and Second streets, and removed to Hilberl Block. In 1887 he fitted up offices in his own building on West Third street, where he has since remained. For about a year, half his time was spent in the land office. He did a good business in these lines until the land office was removed to Faribault, in January, 1857. Mr. Mathews has now been engaged in the loan business for forty-five years, making a specialty of farm loans, and has been fairly successful. He has always taken an active and practical part in the advancement and the general wel- fare of his adopted city, witli whose interests he has been identified for nearly half a cen- tury. He was one of the five incorporators and the first president of the Winona Street Bail way Company, which was organized in 1883. For four terms he was mayor of the city — in 1868-9, 1869-70, 1873-4 and in 1887-8. His official services were highly satisfactory to his fellow-citizens. He was true to his convictions of duty, and was always decidedly opposed to the issue of bonds by the city in aid of railroads, regardless of the fact that he was a stockholder and one of the directors in the Winona & Southwestern Railroad Company, at the time such bonds were voted to it. In politics he has always been a Democrat. He has never cared to become prominent in the councils of his party, but is a firm believer in the righteousness of its principles, and uni- formly votes its ticket. No other citizen in Winona stands higher in the public esteem than John A. Mathews. Considerably more than "three score years and ten," he is still active and well-preserved, and his situation generally is one to be envied in view of his public and private record and the history of his long and useful life. The happy home of Mr. and Mrs. Mathews has always been one of the centers of hospitality of the city. They have no children. They have, however, reared to maturity two daughters of his brother, Henry E. Mathews, Jennie C, now Mrs. E. S. Gregory, of Winona, Minnesota, and Isabella A., now Mrs. E. J. Chamberlain, of Devil's Lake, North Dakota. WILLIAM LINDEKE. The late William Lindeke, of St. Paul, was well and widely known in connection with the great milling industry of Minnesota. Mr. Lindeke was born at Seehausen, near Berlin, Prussia, October 1, 1835. The first eighteen years of his life were spent in his native coun- try, where he obtained a common school educa- tion and was afterwards employed by his father. But he early felt the need of larger opportunities than presented themselves to him at home, and resolved to try his fortunes in America. He arrived at Montreal in June, 1854, and made his way directly to Wisconsin, in different towns of which State he was em- ployed for about three years. In the summer of 1857 he went to St. Paul, where he found employment in the saw-mill of Pierre Chou- teau, Jr.. & Company, then located at the lower levee. At the end of a year he secured a trans- fer to the neighboring grist-mill, also owned by Chouteau & Company, thus becoming initiated into the industry in which he was to play so important a part. As soon as master of the trade, he accepted a position as miller BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 41.3 with the firm of Gibbons & Marshall, in the old Winslow Mills in the lower town; and upon the erection by Mr. Marshall of his extensive City Mills, Mr. Lindeke was engaged as his head miller. In 18G:i Mr. Marshall retired from business, and Mr. Lindeke rented the mill and continued to operate it as Ins own enterprise. A year later he built his fine Union Mill on East Fourth street, and from this time on suc- cessfully conducted the two establishments. Meantime, with acute foresight, he was secur- ing, lot by lot, a neighboring tract of land, which by 1SSC became surrounded by railroads, its value in consequence being greatly en- hanced. After rejecting numerous offers of the Northern Pacific, he finally sold to that company a portion of his property for $150,000. This sale included the Union Mills, which he reserved the privilege of running until the completion of his new steam flouring mill on East Seventh and Brook streets. This mill, the erection of which was another instance of his business acumen, is one of the finest and most completely equipped Hour manufactories in the Northwest. Mr. Lindeke was also prominently identified with the dry-goods busi- ness of St. Paul. In 1871 he stocked a retail establishment in one of his buildings on Third street, and conducted it in partnership with his brother, Albert H. Lindeke, who was al- ready an expert in the dry-goods trade. The firm name adopted by them was A. H. Lindeke & Brother, and they carried on the enterprise until 1880, then disposed of the business. In the meantime — in 1878 — Mr. Lindeke had en- gaged in the wholesale dry-goods and notion business, together with his brother — Albert H. — Reuben Warner and Theodore L. Schur- meier, under the style of Lindekes, Warner & Schurmeier. Although the enterprise was in- augurated during a period of business depres- sion, it has developed into one of the most extensive and flourishing establishments of the kind, not only in St. Paul, but in the entire West, its annual sales amounting to five mil- lion dollars. Mr. Lindeke was vice-president and a heavy stockholder of the National Ger- man American Bank of St. Paul. He was also a director of the Chamber of Commerce, and served on the water-works board of the city. He was for three terms a member of the board of county commissioners, being chairman of the committee on roads and bridges, the com mittee on county hospital and committee on the poor; and he performed the duties of this office with an energy and earnestness possible only to the public-spirited and philanthropic citizen. February 8, 1861, Mr. Lindeke married Miss Rose Braebec, daughter of Simon Braebec, of Prague, Austria. Six children were born to them, of whom four are now living. Mr. Lindeke was a prominent member of the Ger- man Evangelical Lutheran St. John's Congre- gation of St. Paul, and was one of those consistent Christians whose religion finds a constant practical application outside the church. He remembered that he was once a poor hoy, struggling to get a start in the world, and he felt a sincere sympathy with honest poverty everywhere. Making the less prosper- ous of his relatives his first care, his bounty overflowed beyond their needs to the relief of many whose sole claim upon him was that of common humanity; and his image is indelibly impressed upon the memories and affections of all classes of his surviving fellow-citizens. In his wife Mr. Lindeke had a sympathetic as- sistant in the dispensing of charities; and since his death — which occurred March 9, 1892 — Mrs. Lindeke has continued the good work, and is a familiar figure in the poorer districts of the city, bearing succor to the sick and the destitute. EDWARD W. DA VIES. Productive and interesting has been the career of Edward W. Davies, president of the Pipestone County Bank, of Minnesota. Mr. Davies was born in Shropshire, England, but is a thorough American by education and ex- perience. His father, John Davies, is a native of Wales, born in the year 1830. At the age of twenty two he was married to Elizabeth Owens, who, also, was of Welsh birth, and three years later, on April 5, 1855, the subject of this sketch was born. When he was about two years old, his parents came with their 414 BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. family to America, making the voyage from England to New York City in a sailing vessel. From the coast they made their way to London, Canada, where they tarried for a short time, then crossed to the United States and located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. For about a year they lived in Milwaukee, then removed to the village of Afton, in Rock county, of the same State. He remained in Rock county for something like ten years, then, in May, 1SG9, he removed to Minnesota, and located on a farm of 1G0 acres in Jackson county. In 1880 he erected a sung little dwelling in the village of Jackson, into which he and his wife moved and where they still reside. Of the five children born to them, Edward W., the subject of this sketch, is the only one living. Edward remained with his parents until he was twenty- one years of age, and then accepted a clerkship in the general store of J. W. Cowing, of Jack- son. At the expiration of the year for which he had engaged with Mr. Cowing, he secured occupation in the county service, and after some two years of deputy work in the treas- urer's and auditor's offices, he entered a posi- tion as manager of one of C. L. Coleman's lumber yards. In August, 1879, Mr. Davies opened up the Lakefield lumber yard on the line of the Milwaukee Railroad, the first in that locality, which, in consequence, became the site of Lakefield; and it is to him that this town owes its name, as well as its first build- ing. In the following November Mr. Dayies was transferred to Pipestone, to represent Mr. Coleman's interests in that city, and became one of the pioneer lumber operators of this place, also. He opened a lumber yard, erected storage buildings, and in the seven years dur- ing which he conducted the business at Pipe- stone he developed a trade of enormous proportions. In 1S8G, together with S. S. King and T. A. Black, he established the Jasper Journal, a newspaper whose object was to pro- mote the interests and welfare of the village of Jasper and the environing country. It was a Republican organ, although Mr. Davies has, for the most part, affiliated with the Demo- cratic party. His attitude in politics is but little affected by partisan sentiment, as was evidenced during the last Presidential cam- paign, when he declined to support the Demo- cratic ballot because of his disapproval of the free silver plank in the platform of his party. Since 1887 Mr. Davies has been connected with the Pipestone County Bank, as cashier during the first four years, and as president for the ensuing nine years. He is president, also, of the State Bank of Jasper, vice-president of the State Bank of Woodstock, Minnesota, and his business relations with various strong finan- cial institutions of the country have resulted with marked profit to himself, as well as to others connected with these institutions. Mr. Davies was married in January, 1881, to Nellie G. King, a daughter of W. V. King, of Jackson county, Minnesota. Of the children born to them, four are now living, viz.: Kittie A., Burr E., Frank E. and Bonnie. GEORGE S. RUBLE. George S. Ruble, the founder of Albert Lea, Freeborn county, Minnesota, was born in Kishacoquillas valley, Mifflin county, Pennsyl- vania, August 31, 1822. He was the son of Henry and Mary E. (Simonds) Ruble, both parents being natives of Pennsylvania, railed "Pennsylvania Dutch." Peter Ruble, who emigrated from Hanover, Germany, in about 1730 and settled in Mifflin county, Pennsyl- vania, was the original ancestor of the Ruble family in America. He had four sons, viz.: Christian, Peter. Abraham and Mathias; the latter settled in the east end of Kishacoquillas valley several years prior to the Revolution, and he also had four sons, viz.: Peter, Mich- ael, John and Henry. The latter married Mary E. Simonds, of York county, Pennsylvania, and to them were born four sons — Simon, George S., the subject of this sketch; Henry and John — all natives of the above-named valley. The family removed to Wayne county, Ohio, in 1829, settling on a farm in Green township, where the father died a few years later, and where the subject of this sketch grew to man- hood. He received only a few months school- ing, and picked up his education as best he The Century Publishing SrOyraviry Co Chicago- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 415 could. February 1, 1S49, he married Elethear Humphrey, and removed to Rock county, Wis cousin, settling on a farm three miles west of the city of Byloit, where he engaged iu farm- ing and stock raising. In 1855 he sold out his interests in Wisconsin, and, accompanied by his brother John, removed to Freeborn county, Minnesota, where he pre-empted land, put up a double log house and prepared to receive his family. He then returned to Wisconsin and brought out his family in the fall of the same year. He built the dam across the Shell Rock river, which formed the body of water now known as Fountain lake. He commenced the building of a saw-mill, which was put in opera- tion in the spring of 1857. To this, the follow- ing year, he added a grist mill. He laid out the village and named it Albert Lea, after Lake Albert Lea. near which it is situated. The first plat was recorded October 29, 1850, in Dodge county, of which it then formed a part. < m February 24, 1859, it was duly recorded in the register's office of Freeborn county. .Mr. Ruble then put up a small building, which was used by Swineforth & Gray for a printing office, the first in that region, and where they published the first newspaper, called the "Southern Minnesota Star." Its first issue was July 11, 1857; it was a Democratic weekly paper, en- couraged by the Democratic Central * Jommit- tee, through the influence of Mr. Ruble and by the credit which he gave it. It was afterwards changed to the "Freeborn County Eagle," and became a Republican organ under Isaac Bots- ford; and still later it became the "Freeborn County Standard," under the management of Mr. Ruble, associated with Joseph Hooker. In the spring of 1860, there came a great flood which destroyed the mill property, but it was afterwards rebuilt and used for milling pur- poses for many years. Mr. Ruble cultivated a part of his land as a farm; he sold city lots at a small price, or gave them away to encourage settlers to locate, and he was always active, energetic and persevering in the building up of Albert Lea. When the Civil War broke out he was among the first to respond to his coun- try's call. He raised and became captain of Company H, of the First Minnesota Mounted Rangers; was mustered in December .">. lstii"; spent the winter with his company in barracks al Fort Ridgely, and accompanied General Sibley in his expedition against the Indians across the plains of Dakota in the summer fol- lowing. He was mustered out at the expira- tion of his term of service, November 24. L8G3. In 1864 he re-entered the army as senior tirst lieutenant of Company C, First .Minnesota Heavy Artillery, and went South with that organization. He was commander of the fort, on Cameron Hill, at Chattanooga, Tennessee, and from there was transferred to Charleston, Tennessee, and placed in command of Fort Bishop, lie was mustered out of the service July 5, 1865, at tin- close of the war, after which he returned to Albert Lea. While in 1 he South lie had become impressed with the op- portunity for business development at Chat- tanooga, Tennessee, and decided to locate there, which he did in 1866. He opened busi- ness in the agricultural implement line, and continued for a period of twelve years. He moved his family there in 1868, and built a house on Lookout Mountain, called -Ruble's Cottage Home." This he ran as a hotel for twelve years, and it became a famous resort well known all over the South for good fare and genial hospitality. In 1871 his warehouse, with all its contents, was destroyed by tire, en- tailing a loss of over $50,000.00. The "Cottage Home" was sold in 1881, Captain Ruble having returned to Albert Lea in 1880. His health began to fail on account of disease contracted from exposure while in the army, and he died •Inly 2, 1886, and was buried in the family burying ground at Beloit, "Wisconsin, where his wife, who died February 11, 1892, is also buried. In many respects Captain Ruble was a remarkable man; of large and powerful physique, with a fine and commanding figure; he was a man of great force of will, of in- domitable energy and perseverance. He stood six feet two and one-half inches in height, and his weight was 27." pounds, and all his brothers were like him — large men. The com- bined weight of the four brothers, before the war, was 1,265 pounds, and their combined height was twenty-tour feel and ten inches. 416 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. In politics Captain Ruble was a Republican, but was not an active partisan. He was ap- pointed the first sheriff of Freeborn county. He was a charter member of the Western Star Lodge of Masons, and was one of the first Knights Templar in the State. He left two children — Charles X. Ruble, who now occupies I he old place in Albert Lea, and Lametta M., now the wife of T. 1'. Green, of Shelbyville, Tennessee. Another child. Simon, died in in- fancy. CLARENCE D. ALLEN. Clarence Duane Allen, of the law firm of Allen & Pattridge, of Spring Valley, and rep- resentative of the Fifth District in the Legisla- ture of Minnesota, is a native of this State, born in Fillmore county. January 11, 1804. He is a son of Alonzo B. and Laura M. (Farmer) Allen, his maternal grandfather, Hiram F. Farmer, having been one of Minnesota's early pioneers, who, in 185S, came to settle in this State from Lake county, Ohio. The Allen family is of English extraction, and traces its descent directly from Ethan Allen — one of the most conspicuous figures of our Revolution. Alonzo B. Allen — father of this subject — was a Union soldier of the Civil War. having served with Company C of the Third Regiment of Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and surrendered up his life for his country while in ad ion at Lit- tle Rock. Arkansas. Clarence 1>. Allen obtained his general education in the public schools of Spring Valley, then took a special course in the University of Wisconsin, at Madison, graduating from the Law Department of that institution with the class of 1887. During the same year he was admitted to the bar in the United States Circuit Courts, after which he entered upon his career as a legal practitioner in the town which has since been his home. Here he associated himself with J. D. Fanner, his uncle on the mother's side; but the partner- ship was ended in 1892 by the death of Mr. Farmer, after which Mr. Allen practiced by himself for some six years. It was in 1898 that he formed the present firm of Allen & Pattridge, of which S. C. Pattridge is junior member. The son of a soldier, and born in war limes, Mr. Allen has. very naturally, fell a lively interest in the military affairs of the country. In 1889 he organized the Allen Guards — a reserve company of militia — assinn ing command as captain. After a time the Allen Guards became Company E, Third Regi- ment. X. G. M., which, upon the breaking out of our late war with Spain, was enrolled as Company F, Second Regiment, and despatched to the front for active service. Mr. Allen re- tained his captaincy for a period of ten years, his term of service having expired in January, 1898. Mr. Allen belongs to a number of secret orders, being a Mason, a Knight of Pythias, a member of the order of Modern Woodmen, and also of the Umited Workmen of America, and is a Good Samaritan. On the 26th of June, 1890, Mr. Allen was united in marriage to Miss Florence B. Shutte, of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Four children have been born of their union, viz.: Bernice, Beatrice, Daniel and Marie, all of whom are living. Through his natural abil- ities, supplemented by thrift and perseverance, Mr. Allen has attained, while still a young man, to a substantial and honorable position, and his future is bright with possibilities of even greater achievement. Throughout his voting years he has been an interested and active member of the Republican party; and besides his political office as a member of the State Legislature, to which he was elected in 1898, he has done good service during a term of five years as city attorney for Spring Valley. WILLIAM CONSTANS. William Constans, of St. Paul, was born in Diemoringen, Alsace Lorraine, France, June 11', 1829. His parents were Christian and Cath- erine (Becker) Constans, both natives of France. William's early life was spent on his father's farm, and in the common schools of his native place. There he was taught both the French and German languages, which was the custom in that province. When William was eighteen years of age, he came with a cousin, to the United States, stopping first in 77i£ Qxituru ■ PuMistuiig kEnutwi'itig Co Chicayo' BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 41/ New Orleans, where his cousin settled perma- nently. He secured a situation as clerk in a hardware store, and remained there until the following July, when he went to Cincinnati, and there found employment in a toy store. In the spring of 1850 he left Cincinnati and came hy boat to St. Paul, where he entered the em- ploy of Slosson & Douglas, who conducted a grocery store, and also a merchant tailor shop, the first and only tailoring establishment in J3t. Paul at that time. He remained with this firm for two years, and then rented a ware- house near by and started in business for him- self, receiving, storing and forwarding goods. This was the first business of the kind estab- lished in St. Paul, and from small beginnings it soon developed into a general forwarding and commission business, large quantities of goods being left with him for sale on commis- sion. In the fall of 1853 J. C. Burbank joined him in the business, and the firm became Con- stans & Burbank, forwarding and commission. They remained together for one year, when Mr. Burbank withdrew from the firm, and Mr. Constans continued in the same line alone. His business soon became very extensive and was profitable up to the time when railroads were built; then freighting by water and mule or ox teams ceased, and the forwarding business declined. He then added wholesale groceries, which also developed into a business of large extent. During the years of 1872 and 1873 he put up a brick building at 272 Jackson street, which was the first substantial brick building erected in that locality. About this time he closed out his other business and opened up another line in the new building, that of brewers' supplies, the first of the kind in the State. This business he conducted until 1890, when he sold out to Hauser & Sons, who still continue in the same line. Mr. Constans re- tired from all active mercantile business and gave his time to his private affairs. For many years he has made investments in real estate in St. Paul and vicinity, and the improvement and handling of this property occupied most of his time. Mr. Constans was one of the in- corporators of the National German American Bank, and was also one of the incorporators of the State Savings Bank of St. Paul, and has been one of the trustees of that bank since its formation. He was also one of the directors of the Peoples Bank of St. Paul. Mr. Constans was one of (he charter members of the Cham- ber of Commerce, and is a member of the I mercial Club. He has always 1 na Democrat, but has never taken an active part in local poli- tics or sought or held public office. Mr. Con stans was married April 13, lsii7, to Bertha Yon Frankenberg, a native of < ieiniany. Tiny are the parents of seven children: Annie B., William F., Edmond H., Bertha C. (Mrs. W. A. Merriam), Ernie, Otto E., and Elsie. WILLIAM HODGSON. The subject of (his sketch is senior partner in the law firm of Hodgson, Crosby & Lowell. of Hastings, Minnesota. He is of English parentage, his father, Thomas Hodgson, ami his mother (whose maiden name was Charlotte Currin, and who was a descendant of John Philpot Currin, of England), having both emi- grated in early life to this country and settled in the State of Illinois. William Hodgson was born May 20, 1847, in Jo Daviess county, Illi- nois. His father followed the farmer's vocu tion, and his financial circumstances were those of the ordinary fanner of the middle West. William grew up upon the home farm, and acquired his elementary education in the public schools of Weston, Illinois. In IS.").",, when eight years of age, he removed with his parents to Minnesota, the family locating upon a farm in Greenvale, in the southern part of Dakota county. Here the boy assisted his father in the fields during the summer time, continuing his education in the schools of that locality in winter. When advanced far enough for collegiate work, he entered Hamline Uni- versity, then situated at Red Wing. Minnesota, and continued as a student in that institution until it was removed to its present location. In the fall of 1867 Mr. Hodgson began reading law in the office and under the direction of Judge Phelps, of Red Wing. In July, 1870, he gained his admission to the bar of Minnesota, 4 i8 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. and in the following autumn entered upon the practice of his profession in the town of Farm- ing-ton. His residence in Hastings dates from 1874, in the fall of which year he came hither in search of a permanent location. During the years of his practice in this city he has been a member in several partnerships, the first being with Captain Parliman, formed in ISTti. This one was of short duration, and was suc- ceeded by a partnership with W. H. Adams, entered into, in 1878, and continuing until 1S83. Subsequently Mr. Hodgson was for several years associated in practice with Albert Shaller, their relation being dissolved in 1898, when the present firm of Hodgson, Crosby & Lowell was organized. Mr. Hodgson is a Re- publican, appreciated by his party for his fidelity and active influence, and in the public offices to which he has been elected he has done efficient service. He was mayor of Hast- ings during the years 1S82 and 1883, and is now serving for the third time in the capacity of attorney for Dakota county. Mr. Hodgson is a veteran of the Civil War, having enlisted as a private in the Union army on December 2, 1862. He was mustered out December 2, 1865, and, although he had devoted three full years to his country, it chanced that he had seen but little active service. Besides being a member of the G. A. R., Mr. Hodgson is a Royal Arch Mason and an Odd Fellow, and belongs to the Independent Order of Foresters. He is not a member of any church society. Mr. Hodgson has been twice married; the first time in 1870, to Miss Drucilla Hutchinson, who was a daughter of English parents. After a few years she was separated from him by death, and in 1885 he was united to Belle M. Powner. Mr. Hodgson is the father of four children, viz.: Lawrence O, by his first marriage, and Chester P., Raymond and Charles E., sons of the pres- ent .Mrs. Hodgson. JOHN K. WEST. John Kingsbury West, of Detroit, Minne- sota, is a native of Massachusetts, and was born on the 27th of January, 1847.' He was reared in the place of his birth — Pittsfield — in the heart of the Berkshire Hills. His father, John Chapman West, also a native of the Old Bay State, was a man of most admirable char- acter and ability. He was engaged in mercan- tile pursuits in Pittsfield, in one location, for fifty-four years. He became intimately identi- fied with the public affairs of his town during twenty years of continuous service as chair- man of the board of selectmen. This term included the years of the Civil War, when the duties of the office were very arduous. His politics were pure and liberal, he being a Demo- crat of the old Jeffersonian type. He was also an active member of the choir of the historic First Church of Christ of Pittsfield for a full half century. The maiden name of his wife — mother of the subject of this biography — was Maria L., daughter of Butler Goodrich, of rittsfield. John Kingsbury West attended the schools of his native town until his fifteenth year, after which he pursued a higher course of study at a boarding school in Lanesboro, Massachusetts. In 18G3 he entered the middle class of Williston Seminary at East Hampton, Massachusetts. After leaving this institution he entered the freshman class of Williams Col- lege, and taking a four-years' course, graduated in ISfiS. He then went into business as a manufacturer of woolen goods, which industry he followed for a period of twelve years, oper- ating factories in the three Massachusetts towns of Pittsfield, Dalton and Chester. Upon coming west he located in the then diminutive village of Detroit, which by his labor and en- terprise he has helped develop to its present status. During the first three years or so of his residence in the place, he followed the lum- ber business, but since 1S84 he has been con- tinuously operating in real estate, insurance and loans on real securities. In politics he at present affiliates with the Republican party. On October 20, 1875, he was married to Miss Jessie, daughter of George Campbell, of Pitts- field. An interesting fact in the family history of Mr. West is, that his two great-grandfathers were arrayed against each oilier in the Revolu- tionary War, the maternal ancestor serving as a British soldier, and the paternal ancestor as an American patriot. Ih& Century Publishing i Oymiiny Co Chicaner BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 410 EDWARD W. RICHTER. Edward Willard Richter, a prominent at- torney and citizen of Owatonna, is of German- Irish parentage, his father, Ferdinand Richter, having been a native and professor of lan- guages of Hamburg, Germany, while his mother, whose maiden name was Catherine Keilly, was born and spent her early years in the city of Dublin, Ireland. They emigrated to this country in the year 184!), and became pioneer settlers in Waushara county, Wiscon- sin, the survey of that State not having been completed by the Government at the time Professor Richter took up his claim. Here, on the virgin soil of his father's farm, Edward \Y. was born and reared, the date of his birth hav- ing been March 31, 1851. Tie was the oldest son in a large family of children, and responsi- bility early devolved upon him as such, which curtailed somewhat the education ambitiously planned. As a hoy he assisted his father with the farm work in summer, attending the school of his home district in winter. At sixteen he became a student at Ripon College, and con- tinued his studies there for a year, though during a portion of the time he found it neces- sary to walk to and from the college — a matter of eight miles a day. Later on he pursued his studies at St. Francis' Seminary, near Milwau- kee; hut was compelled by lack of funds to abandon his course uncompleted at the end of two years. The mental training he had ac- quired, however, proved immediately valuable, and for some years, in the alternating capaci- ties of school teacher and farmer, he aided in the support of the family at home. Eventually his father decided to leave the Wisconsin farm and locate anew in Minnesota; but he was scarcely more than settled in the new home in Dodge county when he met his death by an accident while employed in a lumber camp in the northern part of that State. This was in 1872, when Edward W. was twenty-one years of age; and with his majority there came to him, also, the full responsibility of the head of the family. He settled up his father's affairs, ami for five years devoted himself to the main- tenance of the home, liv this time others of the children had grown sufficiently mature and competent to relieve him, and, deciding upon the law for his future career, he associated himself as a student with the Hon. (\ ( '. Will son, of Rochester. Subsequently he continued his studies with the firm of Start & Dove, of the same city. Upon the completion of his preparation for practical work, he located in Owatonna, where he has since resided and practiced his profession. Mr. Richter has 1 n a member of one law partnership only, which he formed, early in the eighties, with Hon. Amos Coggswell, and which continued for about one year. Politically, Mr. Richter is a Republican, and has always shown much in- terest in public affairs. For three years In- filled the office of city attorney of Owatonna; also served as county attorney during the two terms included in the years 1895-99. In re- ligion he has been a life-long adherent to the Roman Catholic faith. In the month of Sep- tember, 1891, Mr. Richter was married to Miss J. O'Connor, of Owatonna. Four children — two sons and two daughters — have been born to them, of whom the three now living are named, respectively, Edward M., Mary and Nellie. ODIN HALDEN. Odin Haldeu, auditor of St. Louis county. and for nearly twenty years a resident of Duluth, was born in Norway on the 6th of May. 1S(>12. His father was also a native Nor- wegian, and the father of six children, all of whom are living. The subject of this bi- ography was reared in the rugged home country, and educated in its public schools. 'Ambitious, however, for larger business op- portunities than were open to him in the fatherland, he came, at the age of nineteen, to this country, locating in Grove City. Mimic sola. Possessing hut small means, and no in- fluence, he was obliged to work his way up from humble beginnings. He soon secured occupation on a farm in the outskirts of the town, for which he was paid eighteen dollars per month. After about a year — in 1NS2 — he 420 biography of Minnesota. l.-f i Grove City for Wilmar, Minnesota, where he procured another fanning position. In this one his duties included the care of the stock —milking the cows, caring for the horses, etc. Hi' slaved but a short time on the Wilmar farm, for it was in the spring of 1882 that he came to Duluth, which city he decided to make his permanent location. Here his farming ex- perience could serve him but little, and he was compelled si ill for awhile to content himself with undesirable work and small wages. First finding employment at the docks, he later en- gaged with a force of lumbermen and worked for a short time in the woods, and after this became a sub-contractor and employe of the Duluth & Iron Railroad. In the fall of iss:i Mr. llalden entered upon what proved to be a somewhat lengthy career in a line of busi- ness quite different from any of his former occupations. He accepted a clerical position in one of the grocery stores of Duluth. in which he worked as an employe for about a year and a half, laying by in the meantime a suffi- cient amount of money to venture into business for himself. Finding his employer willing to dispose of the business, he purchased it. and during the next seven years was the proprietor of this retail grocery store. In politics Mr. llalden is loyally Republican, having cast his first vote for President Garfield, and he enters with enthusiasm into all the interests of his party. Mr. Halden was first made deputy auditor of St. Louis county, and after doing duty in that secondary capacity for something like six years, he was elected to the office of Auditor, in which he has now completed his I bird term of service. In 1891, -Mr. Halden was married to .Miss Jennie Hanson, of La Crosse, Wisconsin. After a very short period of wedded happiness, however, he was bereft of his wife by death, and he has since remained single. Mr. llalden is a member of the Luth- eran church. BARLOW II. BONNIVILLE. Harlow Horace Bonniville, Esq., of Hutchi- son, Minnesota, was horn at Nequon, Ozaukee county. Wisconsin. May 13, L860. He is a son and the only surviving child of William T. Bonniville, who in the spring of 1866 settled with his family in Hutchison, and followed the joint industry of farming and milling in this State until compelled by failing health to retire from strenuous business pursuits. The senior Bonniville was a man whose strict rectitude of character made him cherished as a citizen, and his loss by death in 1891 was deeply regretted in the community. The subject of this sketch was fundamentally educated in the public; schools of Hutchison. At the age of eighteen he became a student in the University of Minnesota, and, taking a three-years' course, graduated with the class of 1881. In connec- tion with his first year of college work he read law in the office of Gilfillan & Lochren, at Minneapolis, and he subsequently continued his legal studies under the direction of Hon. C. J. Smith, of the same city, with whom he was associated for a year and a half. In the fall of 1881 he entered the Law Department of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, and two years later received his degree at that institution. In the year 1887 he opened an office at Hutchison for the practice of his pro- fession, in which he has since been continu- ously occupied. He has been very successful, particularly in the department of criminal law, which he has to some extent made a specialty. In conducting a case, he marshals his forces of facts and arguments with the skill and effectiveness of an able general in battle, and to those who witness these legal contests it is no marvel that he is so frequently the victor. Mr. Bonniville has been a life-long Democrat, and is counted a stalwart of his party, in whose political campaigns he has been a zealous par- ticipant. He is the present Democratic chair- man of the Third Congressional District of Minnesota, and in his early prime enjoys a reputation, both professional and political, which extends throughout McLeod county, and. indeed, the entire State. He has not sought political preferment, being well con- tent with his legal work, in which he has main- tained an unswerving integrity. He has given his services to many an impecunious client, whose gratitude was his only reward; and in The Ovitury Puttistmu/ A Cru/imiity Co Clucaytr BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 4-21 the more favored circles of society he has many friends who are indebted to him for the pleasures afforded by his rare social qualities. He is a member of the Masonic order, and belongs, also, to the United Workmen of America. On April 25, L884, .Mr. Bonniville was married to Miss Mary Frankinsid, of Hen- derson, Minnesota. Mr. and Mrs. Bonniville have two children. FRANK M. NYE. Frank Mellen Nye, of Minneapolis, was born March 7. 1852, at Shirley, .Maine. His parents — Franklin and Eliza M. (Loring) Nye — were also natives of the "Pine-tree State," where his father followed the lumber industry until 1853. In that year the family removed to Wis- consin, settling upon a farm near the town of River Falls. Here Frank M. Nye spent his early years, attending the common schools, and subsequently the academy, of River Falls. Choosing the legal profession as a congenial field of labor, he promptly set about acquiring it. Like many other ambitious young men. he found himself handicapped by insufficient means, and earned his way to the bar by teach- ing school during several terms. He was ad- mitted to the bar at Hudson, Wisconsin, in the year 1S78, but decided to locate in Polk county, whither he went and opened an office for professional practice. He remained in Polk county for five or six years, meantime being drawn to some extent into public functions. He served as district attorney for two terms, and in the fall of 1S84 was elected as a Repre- sentative from tlie county to the State Legis- lature. Early in 1886 he changed his location to Minneapolis, where he lias since resided, and in which larger held his abilities won prompt recognition. He entered into political affairs with an enthusiasm which was made doubly effective by his natural gift for public spoa ic- ing; and upon the election of Robert Jamison to the position of county attorney, Mr. Nye received from him the appointment as assis- tant. In 1S02 Mr. Nye was himself elected count v attornev. and two years later was re- elected to the same office. Mr. Nye's profes- sional career lias been one of marked success, particularly in the line of criminal law. wind, department lias claimed the greater share of his attention; and his reputation has been ex- tended beyond the limits of his own State by his skill in conducting the prosecution of im- portant cases. In the celebrated Hayward case, also in that of the Harris murderers, be was prosecuting attorney and secured convic- tion of the defendants, in the latter case under extraordinary difficulties. Mr. Nye's services have been called into requisition in distant courts, the trial of Myron Kent for wife mur- der in North Dakota being an instance in which he was retained by that State with successful result. In the civil causes of his home county, also, he has done important and appreciated work, and has been solicited to accept advance- ment in the public service; but he remains contentedly absorbed in his professional work, seemingly indifferent to preferment. In 1876 Mr. Nye was married to Carrie M. Wilson, of River Falls, Wisconsin. Six children have been born to them, of whom four are now living, as follows: Belle Agnes, wife of A. B. Carter; Iva Dell, Edgar W. and Frances Marie. In politics Mr. Nye has always been a Republican. and in late campaigns has done very effective work upon the stump in his own and neigh- boring States. WILLIAM W. PENDERGAST. William Wirt Pendergast, of Hutchinson, president of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society and ex-superintendent of Public In- struction of this State, was born January 31, is:;:;, at Packers Falls, Durham, New Hamp- shire. His parents were Solomon and Lydia (Wiggin) Pendergast, and he is descended, through three intervening generations, of New Englanders, from Stephen Pendergast, who, in 1673, came from Wexford, Ireland, to the then infant settlement of Durham. He built a gar- rison house at Packers Falls, which became the birthplace of the line of Pendergasts above -P- p.Tor.RArnY of Minnesota. referred to, including the subject of this sketch. The wife of tin' pioneer ancestor was. before marriage, Jam' Cotton, and was related to John Cotton, of historic fame; and Edmond Pender- gast, Jr.. grandfather of William W., was a soldier of the Revolution who participated in the capture of Burgoyne. William grew up on the home farm, attending the nearest district school. He was one of a large family of chil- dren, and although his father was a man of academic education, his financial resources were restricted, which made it necessary for William to earn the means for his preparatory and collegiate courses. This he accomplished by intervals of school teaching. He graduated from the academy at Durham in 1850, and in the same year entered Bowdoin College, where he was a classmate of ex-Senator W. D. Wash burn, of Minnesota. Like most students who pay their way through college, young Pender- gast studied hard and to good purpose; but outside the prescribed routine, his super- abundant vitality sometimes found expression in activities which are as certainly a part of the collegiate programme, although conducted under the auspices of frisky students and but sparingly appreciated by the more sedate faculty. His period of college life was followed by three years of teaching in Massachusetts graded schools — one year in Amesbury and two ill Essex — during which time he gained good experience as an educator, and an en- viable reputation as well. In the spring of 1856, Mr. Pendergasl came to Minnesota, took up a claim in MoLeod county, and, together with the Hutchinson family, whom he had dissuaded from their contemplated location in Kansas, became a pioneer of the now thrifty i own of Hutchinson. Mr. Pendergasl built the first school house in Hutchinson, and taught I he young people of the little village until his building was destroyed by the Indians in the Sioux massacre of 1862. During this outbreak many of 1 he inhabitants of Hutchinson suffered heavy losses of property. Their lives were rendered secure, however, by Mr. Pendergast's foresight in organizing a military company of the men, who built a fort and thus defended themselves and their families without help from the United Stales army. Shortly after this crucial experience our subject moved back to New England, and remained East for three years, during which he filled the position of principal of the high school at Amesbury, Massachusetts. In IStiti, after his return to Hutchinson, he became principal of its new pnblic school, and labored as such for some fifteen years, meantime serving for eight years as county superintendent of schools. In 1881 he was appointed assistant superintendent of public instruction, which position he filled for seven years. Upon the organization, in 1S8S, of a School of Agriculture as a department of the State University. Mr. Pendergast was ap- pointed principal. This post he resigned in September, 1893, to accept that of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. After five years and more of efficient work as the educational head of the State, and feeling the need of the retirement of home life. Superin- tendent Pendergast announced his disinclina- tion for further appointment, upon which he was almost immediately elected to his present position as president of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Professor Pendergast affiliates with the Republican party, but his politics are not of the partisan type. He is an educator in the best sense of the word — not merely by profession, but by instinct and principle. He feels a profound concern for the intellectual growth of the people, and, as such an educator, he has developed a universality of sympathy wholly inconsistent with the par- tisan spirit, which, whether in the political or other realms, is always allied to narrowness of vision and bias of judgment. He is a Mason, having, in 1866, become the First Worshipful Master of Temple No. 49, in Hutchinson. On the 9th of August, 1857, Mr. Pendergast was married to Abbie L. Cogswell, of Essex, Massa- chusetts, with whom he had become acquainted during his early teaching days. The wedding was celebrated at Essex, in the home of the bride, which was also her birthplace. Nine children have been born to Professor and Mrs. Pendergasl. the six of whom now living are: Elizabeth C, Edmond K„ Mary A., Perley P., Sophie M., and Ellen M. The (biituty Pulitishuig & Enymuiitj Co Cliicapv I " I Tha dthuy PtMislmy icEnyravmg Co Clucayo- ^£rtc^f this home, however, our subject can have retained lint a shadowy remembrance, his mother hav- ing brought him to this country when lie was only six years of age. His father had died three years earlier, happily for the child before he had come lo realize and depend upon the paternal love and guidance, of which he would he henceforth bereft". Crossing to America, mother and son made their way to Chicago, arriving, as it chanced, at a most unfortunate time. It was mid- summer of the year 1849, when the epi- demic of cholera was devastating the city. Little Knute fell a victim to the dread disease, hut his constitution, hardy with the invigorat- ing breezes of his native hills, withstood its ravages. In the autumn of 1850 his mother removed with him to Walworth county, Wis- consin, and thence in a short time to Dane county, where she made her home and where Knute grew up. The restricted means of Mrs. Nelson made the education of her boy a problem — a problem, however, which was half solved by his aptness and ambition. There are few boys who have an earnest desire and de- termination to become educated but will find the means to that end; and often their educa- tion is a better one, containing a larger element of the practical knowledge which results from broad thought and observation, than that of the more pecunious and thoroughly schooled youth. After wrestling with many obstacles, Knute was able, at the age of fifteen, to enter Albion Academy; but three years later, and before the end of his course, the Rebellion came on, and young Nelson, together with several of his fellow-students, abandoned his hooks and took up arms for his country, en- listing in the Fourth Wisconsin Infantry. This was in May, 1861, and he served with his regiment, as a private and non-commissioned officer, until the autumn of 1804, and during those years saw all the hardships, perils and horrors of civil warfare. He assisted at the capture of New Orleans, participated in the siege of Vicksburg, fought at Baton Rouge and ('amp Bisland; was also one of the besieging force at Port Hudson. Louisiana, in 18('>:'>, and in the famous charge of June 14, he was wounded, captured and retained as a prisoner, beinji released June !). on which date the fort surrendered. When the war was over, Mr. Nelson returned to Wisconsin and completed his academic course at Albion. Soon after graduating he began reading law in the office of Senator William F. Vilas, at Madison, Wis- consin, and in the spring of 1867 was admitted to the bar. He commenced practice without delay, and soon gained a foothold in the pro- fession, as also in public affairs, lie served as a member of the State Assembly during the terms of 1868 and 1869, being honored with a re-election to that body. Upon the expira- tion of his second term he came to Minnesota, locating in Douglas county. In this region he naturally felt a home atmosphere, for the pop- ulation of Douglas county, and. indeed, of the whole northwestern section of the State con- tained a large constituency of Norwegian and Swedish people. He selected a tract of land within a United States homestead, and in the outskirts of Alexandria, and, laying out a farm, entered upon the double role of farmer and attorney-at law. Nature had designed him for a leader, and he soon found his place in the vanguard of local affairs. He was inspired by a double patriotism, and labored at once to promote the welfare of his fellow-countrymen and that of the State where he and they had cast their lot. From 1872 to 1874, inclusive, he served as county attorney for Douglas coun- ty, and from 1875 to 1878, inclusive, as State Senator from the Thirty-ninth Legislative Mis trict. His influence and popularity grew apace, and in the Presidential campaign of 1880 his name appeared on the Garfield electoral ticket. From February 1, 1882, to January 1. 1893, In- served the Stale University as a member of its board of regents. In 1882 the Republicans of the then Fifth Congressional District of Min- nesota nominated Mr. Nelson for Congress, and after an exceedingly fierce contest his election Thi Century Publishing SrCnymvinp Co chicaner BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 425 was secured by a plurality of 4,500 votes. In 1884 he was re-elected, this time by a plurality of above 10,000 votes, and in 1886 ran success- fully for a third term, receiving a ballot of 43,937, as against 1,230 votes cast for his single antagonist, a Prohibition candidate. In Con- gress, Mr. Nelson's attitude was aggressive and self-reliant, and made him respected as a strong and progressive member, even by those whose views differed from his. Largely through his instrumentality, bills wore passed to open up reservations, which definitely solved the Indian problem in Minnesota. As an enthusiastic ad- vocate of tariff reform, he was the author of a measure which contemplated the complete abolition of the tariff on various articles; aud he even exerted his influence to secure the pas- sage of the Mills bill. Radical though he was, however, he inspired the general confidence, and his re-nomination in 1888 was regarded as a foregone conclusion. But he declined to run for a fourth term, and on the expiration of his duties at Washington he returned to Alexan- dria and resumed his private legal practice and his farming. So retired a life was not long to be permitted him, however. The public had tested his official work and demanded its con- tinuance. In 1892, his party unanimously nom- inated him for Governor of Minnesota, and his election duly followed, by a plurality of 14,020 votes. Two years later, a plurality of 00,000 emphasized his re-election, but a still higher honor awaited him. His second term as Gov- ernor had scarcely begun when he was elected United States Senator, and he resigned the lesser office to enter the greater, in which he is still serving in a manner which redounds to his credit and the good of his country. His term of office will expire in March, 1001. Mr. Nelson's experience corroborates the familiar saying, that "there is always room at the top." He is made of the stuff that is needed in the high places of the earth, and is drawn as by unseen forces, even from the depths of poverty and obscurity, to fill such places. There is not only an opportunity in America for young men of the stamina of Knute Nelson — there is an imperative demand for them. Mr. Nelson is married and has two children — one son and one daughter. His mother is still living in Wisconsin. His public successes enable him to choose his friends from among the foremost, and give him free entre to the most select so- cial circles. MAHLON N. GILBERT. (BY REV. C. A. POOLE.) Bishop Mahlon Norris Gilbert was the younger son of Norris Gilbert and Lucy Todd. The Gilbert family were of Connecticut stock, and were represented in the Continental Army during the war of the American Revolution. Norris Gilbert removed to New Y~ork and set- tled first at Laurens, in Otsego county. There, in the year 184S, on the 23rd of March, was born the subject of this sketch. Six years later the family removed to Morris, in the same county, and on a beautifully located farm in the Butternut valley, took up their permanent abode. Here the boy. Mahlon. grew up under most wholesome influences of family, school and church. His father was for many years warden of Zion Episcopal church. His grand- father and grandmother had been church folk-, and were confirmed by Bishop Griswold, of Connecticut. When Mahlon was fourteen, the Rev. Daniel Sylvester Tattle became the rector of Zion church. And it is probable that this event had much to do with shaping the future career of young Gilbert. He was educated in the school house near his father's farm, and at Fairfield Seminary, entering Hobart College in the class of 1870. At college he was distin guished for his warm comradeship. Ill health compelled him to abandon his college course and seek a milder clime, after the conclusion of his sophomore year. He decided to go south, and passed the next two years as a private tutor in Florida. The writer of this first saw Gilbert after his Florida experience; from which time began an acquaintance which ri- pened later, in seminary days, and in the work of the ministry, into the warmest friendship, and it is a pleasure to bear record that his loy- alty and devotion to his friends was unwaver- ing and steadfast. Gilbert was then about to 426 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. take a position under bis old rector, who had become Bishop of Utah, Montana and Idaho, at Ogden, as principal of the second Gentile school established in Utah. Thus a remark of Mr. Tattle, when he was made Bishop, "You will come out and work with me some day." was fulfilled. And here were renewed the cor- dial and fraternal relations between ltishop Tuttle and Mahlon Gilbert which bound them to each other till death came to terminate one part of the compact. In the autumn of 1872, Mr. Gilbert became a student at Seabury Di- vinity School. Faribault — his health being so much restored that he felt equal to the work, if he could remain in the West where the cli- mate left him free from bis old complaint, weakness of the lungs. Ho was graduated from the Divinity School in 1875, and after a visit to his parents in Morris, returned to take charge of a mission at Deer Lodge, Montana. Bishop Tuttle said to him. "I have put you in the hardest field I have.'' The life here was a lonely one. and yet it had its pleasant features. It was a mining town, and the hall in which services were held was within earshot* of the noise and revelry of the dance hall and the gambling house, which paid no regard to the functions of the church. Yet these same rough miners opened their "jackpots" to contribute one hundred dollars for the parson's vacation. In Deer Lodge the Rev. Mr. Gilbert erected a stone church at a cost of $5,000, the money be- ing raised partly by subscription from the miners and partly by a genuine sale of articles contributed by the ladies. The last $2,000 not being in sight, the church completed, and the treasury empty, in order that the workmen might lie promptly paid, Mr. Gilbert went to the bank and asked for a loan of $2,000 on his personal note, and without endorsement. The banker thought a moment and said, "You can have it." "How much interest will you charge me?" said Gilbert. "Not a cent," said the banker. "A man who has the grit to ask for $2,000 without au endorser, and for an indefi- nite period, can have it without interest." In less than a year the note was paid. After three years' residence in Deer Lodge, Rev. Mr. Gilbert was called to Helena, and he accepted the rectorship of St. Peter's church at that place. There, also, he erected a new stone church, at a cost of $1,200. Part of the church people lived on the east side, and part on the west side of the gulch which ran through the town. They could not decide on which side to put the church. Mr. Gilbert made it a con- dition of accepting the call that they should settle where the church was to be. The east side was fixed upon, and the westerners gave nothing to building the church, but paid to- wards the salary of the rector. W* hi 1<* Key. Mr. Gilbert was rector of the church at He- lena he was married to Miss Fanny Pierpont Carvill, a charming young lady of Faribault, Minnesota, whom he had met and courted while a student at the seminary. Her father was George G. Carvill, of English descent, and a native of New York. He was a man of sterling integrity. Retiring from active business, he moved to Faribault at an early day and died there. Her mother was Ann Augusta Brown, a lineal descendant of Major Hackahiah Brown, of Westchester, who took an active part in the Colonial wars, and was himself descended from Sir Anthony Brown, who was knighted at the coronation of Richard II. Miss I arvill completed her school days at St. Mary's Hall, under the regime of Miss Sarah Darling- ton. Her father and mother were both dead, and she was living with an aunt in Philadel- phia when her marriage to Rev. Mr. Gilbert was celebrated. The ceremony took place in Holy Divinity church, Philadelphia, and was performed by Rev. C. A. Poole, an old friend of both bride and groom, now professor in Sea- bury Divinity School. The Rev. Mr. Gilbert became rector of the church in Helena in July, 1S7S. He received an invitation to the rector- ship of St. Mark's, Minneapolis, two years later, but felt obliged to decline the honor, as his work in Helena was not done. In November, 1880, another call from Minnesota came. This lime from the vestry of Christ church, St. Paul. This invitation he felt he could accept without harm to the work of building in Helena, and in January, 1881, Rev. Mr. Gilbert and his wife took up their residence in St. Paul. Christ church needed just the vigorous and inspiring BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 427 leadership of such a rector as the congregation soon found in Mr. Gilbert. Full of zeal for all good works, and wise in his leading, he very soon won the confidence and warm friendship of the people of his Hock. Here, in 1883, he built a rectory next the church, costing $7,500. In 1885, a mission church was erected, corner of View and Randolph streets, at a cost of $2,500. About this time Mr. Gilbert was given an assistant to aid in carrying on the rapidly growing work of the parish. He was fortunate in securing the Rev. S. G. Jeffords, a graduate of Seabury. A mission was started at Merriam Park, and in 18S0 the corner stone of a church at that place was laid. On the 10th of June, 1886, in Gethsemane church, Minneapolis, (lie successful rector of Christ church, SI. Paul, was elected as assistant Bishop of the church in the Diocese of Minnesota. Up lo this time he had taken a leading part in the church council and in the missionary work of the dio- cese. The Council made no mistake in its se- lection of one to ease the increasing burdens of the senior Bishop, as fourteen years of ardu- ous labor in the Episcopal office have abundantly shown. The Bishop-elect was con- secrated in St. James' church, Chicago, Octo- ber 17. 1886, the eleventh anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood, which took place at Deer Lodge, at the hands of Bishop Tuttle. He had been made deacon in June, 1875, by Bishop Whipple, whom he was now to assist in the more responsible work of the Episco- pate. Nine bishops of the church took part in the consecration, viz.: Iowa, Minnesota, West ern New York, Albany, Missouri, Montana, Indiana, New York, Central Pennsylvania; or to give the names of the bishops: Lee, Whip- ple, Coxe, Doane, Tuttle, Potter, Knickerbock- er, Ralison and Brewer. In 1888, a number of Bishop Gilbert's friends and admirers in SI. Paul presented him the handsome sum of sill. 000, with the purpose of providing him a home. He became permanently a resident of St. Paul, at No. 18 Summit court. During the nearly fourteen years of his Episcopal labors, Bishop Gilbert maintained his record as the foremost missionary in his diocese. Among the Indians, in the sparsely settled counties of the State, lie gave new impetus lo the work of the church. To him belongs very largely the credit of pro- moting and fostering the effort to save from hopeless division the very large number of Swedish Episcopalians who have settled in Minnesota, by affiliating them with the church of the English people, an effort which has been eminently successful. Bishop Gilbert's life and energies have been entwined with all the important interests of the Diocese of Minne- sota. No part of its work but has felt the pow- er of his courage, the inspiration of his hope- fulness, the sympathy of his large-hearted and watchful interest. The church schools at Fari- bault, founded by the great Bishop Whipple, have been cherished and strengthened by the loving care and counsel of Bishop Gilbert. At the same time he has shown an interest, and often from the help of his attractive eloquence, to the promotion of manifold works of charity and beneficence. He was an eloquent preacher, and fearless in maintaining any cause which he advocated. While standing for the principles of his church, he was no narrow ecclesiastic, but commended his gospel to people of olher folds by the breadth of his sympathy and the largeness of his charity. Bishop Gilbert was a born leader, and yet modest in his self esti- mate. Almost his last public utterance was an expression of his native humility — "I know my limitations," he said, "but I think I can do this much: I can go out to some despondent church or mission and recharge the batteries." He was the president of (he Sons of the American Revolution at the time of his death; a member of the Society of Colonial Wars; a member, also, of the Masonic order. Bishop Gilbert twice visited Europe, the last occasion being the meeting of the Lambeth conference, in the same year as the Queen's Jubilee. His death occurred after a brief illness from pneumonia, on .March 2, 1000, at his residence in St. Paul. His life-long friend, Bishop Tuttle, officiated at his burial, assisted by Bishops Edsall, of North Dakota, and Millspaugh, of Kansas. The body lay in state in Christ church for several hours, on Tuesday. March (Kit, and was buried in the family lot in Oakland cemetery, St. Paul. Bish- op Gilbert had two children: Frances Carvill 428 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. and Lucy Fierpont, aged at the time of his death fourteen and eight rears. Memorial services were held and addresses made in many of the churches of the diocese in commemora- tion of his noble life and example as a bishop in the Church of God. Perhaps no event rivals so emphatically the widespread sorrow felt at his death, and the high esteem in which he was held by all who knew him as a man, a citizen, and a bishop, as the gathering in St. Paul, at the People's church, on Tuesday, March 20, 1900. The call was issued by twenty-five rep- resentative men of the State, including Gov- ernor John Lind, Archbishop Ireland, and many of the prominent members of St. Paul and leading business men. Addresses were made by Rev. C. D. Andrews, rector of Christ church, Archbishop Ireland, and others of note. Bishop Gilbert received from Hobart College his Alma Mater in 1873, the honorary degree of A. M., and from the same institution, after he was made bishop, the degree of S. T. D. and LL. D. Seabury Divinity School conferred upon him the degree of D. D., and he received the same degree from Racine College. JARED W. DANIELS. i Jared Waldo Daniels, M. D., was born at Stratford, Coos county, New Hampshire, June 15, 1827, the son of Joseph and Roxana (Hatch) Daniels. His paternal grandfather came from Mendon, Massachusetts, and settled in Strat- ford, New Hampshire, where he followed farm- ing. He also owned and operated lumber and flour mills. He was a man of prominence in local affairs, and served as a private soldier in the War for American Independence. Joseph Daniels, the father of our subject, was also a farmer. He had two sons and one daughter. One of the sons, Dr. A. W. Daniels, has been for many years a prominent physician in St. Peter, Minnesota ; the other son is the subject of this sketch. Jared W. Daniels was "bound out" to a farmer when he was seven years of age, his father having died when he was four years old. His mother lived to the good old age of eighty four years, and died at St. Peter, Minnesota. When Jared was eleven years of age he left the farm and learned the trade of cabinet-making. He attended the common school and spent six years in an academy, working at his trade to pay his way. After leaving the academy, he went to Boston and studied medicine with his uncle, Dr. B. F. Hatch. He then attended medical lectures, and afterwards graduated at the Bellevue Med- ical College, in New York City. In March, 1855, he came to Minnesota, and while visiting his brother, who was a physician at the lower Sioux agency, was appointed to the upper Sioux agency at Yellow Medicine, Minnesota. He was the first physician to the Sioux Indians at thai agency, and to the United States troops who were afterwards stationed there, and he remained at this agency about seven years. In 1802 he was appointed assistant surgeon in the Sixth Minnesota Infantry, and was with that regiment under General Sibley in the cam- paign of that year. "He was the only physician in the command of Col. Joseph R, Brown at the battle of Birch Coulie, where over one-third of the command was killed or wounded before re-enforcements came to their relief. He was also in the battle of Wood Lake. Hon. Charles W. Johnson, who was present at the battle of Birch Coulie, made the following statement, which appears in the official record of that en- gagement : "Assistant Surgeon, Jared W. Daniels, had accompanied Company A to Birch Coulie, and no man on any battle-field displayed more her- oism. On the morning of that fateful 2nd of September he is remembered as going about, bare-headed, examining and binding up the wounds of thi- men. He was in great personal danger, but seemingly unheedful of it all, he never flinched for a moment, and for thirty-six hours he never ate a morsel of food nor closed his eyes for sleep, so great was the demand upon him." In 1863 Dr. Daniels crossed the plains with General Sibley to the Missouri, and partici- pated in the battles of Big Mounds, Buffalo Lake and Stony Lake. On his return he was promoted to surgeon in the Second Minnesota Cavalry, and again crossed the plains in 1804, The, Century PublisMy <£ engraving Co. Chicago- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 429 joining General Sully on the .Missouri river, and was with him on the march to the Yellow- stone. He was present at the battles of Kill Deer Mountain and Bad Lands. On his return he was stationed at Fort Snelling until he was mustered out in the fall of 1865. Soon after, he located at Faribault for the practice of his profession. In 1868 Bishop Whipple had mon- ey placed in his hands by an act of Congress for the benefit of the Indians al Fort Wads- worth. Dr. Daniels being well acquainted with these Indians, was selected by Bishop Whipple to go to Fort Wadsworth and lake charge of the distribution, and to look after the relief of the Indians. At that time the Indians were scattered and very poor — having very little clothing except breech-clouts and leggings — and they had to be gathered together at the agency and cared for. In 1869, I>r. Daniels was appointed, by the President, as Indian agent af Sisseton. Under his charge they were required to work for themselves, or at the agency, for everything they received from the Government, so that when he left them, in 1871, they all had land under cultivation, were dressed like white people,- and many of them living in houses of their own building; schools were established and they were in the way of becoming self- supporting. Dr. Daniels provided a code of laws, and established the first police force, composed of Indians, in the history of the Government, to patrol the reservation and the frontier, and to suppress the importation and the sale of whiskey. He remained in charge of the Sisseton agency until December, 1871. He was then transferred by General Grant to the Red Cloud agency, in Wyoming, to pacify the Sioux and other hostile tribes. Here he found about 5,000 Indians, consisting of Sioux, Chey- ennes and Arapahoes, the greater portion of them being in a turbulent state and hostile to the Government. Under the influence of the Doctor's generous treatment, the number in- creased, by others coming in from the north and the south, until there was something over 8,000 Indians at the agency. There were no white people at the agency except those in Dr. Daniel's employ. He remained at the Red Cloud agencv until the fall of 1S7:'., when he was appointed inspector of agencies, in which capacity he traveled all over the western country, visit ing the different Indian agencies in Montana, Idaho, Washington, New .Mexico and Arizona. In July, 1875, he was sent alone to make a treaty with the Sioux, after the In- dian Department with a delegation of Indians in Washington had failed, by which they were to give up their hunting rights south of the Platte river, when il was the only place where the buffalo could be found. He not only made the treaty but dictated to the Indians what they should receive, giving I hem wagons, har- nesses and cattle instead of guns and ammuni- tion, which they most urgently demanded. In September of the same year, he was appointed as a commissioner to treat with the Indians for the cession of the Black Hills. In 1876 he was appointed on another commission to treat with the same Indians, and effected the treaty by which the Black Hills was ceded to the United States. In 1886 he was again appointed on a commission to make a treaty with the Indians in North Dakota, and with all the tribes in Montana, northern Idaho and eastern Washington, and they effected treaties with all these tribes. In L887 he left the Government service and returned to Faribault, where he has since resided, having retired from the act- ive practice of his profession. Dr. Daniels had formed an acquaintance with marly all the Indian tribes in the Northwest, and could speak the Sioux language. He had known them intimately in peace and in war, in plenty and in poverty, in time of sorrow and in time of joy. He had sympathized with their troubles, healed their sick and taken part in their fes- tivities, until he was loved as one of their own people, owing to his just treatment of them under all circumstances. This was the secret of his success with them. He could go in safety where no other white man dared, and though he had many narrow escapes, he re- ceived no injury, and he never carried arms to protect himself. His influence was greater among the Indians than that of any other white man, and his life was safe when that of another would be in jeopardy. Within a few months after taking charge of the Red Cloud agency, 43° BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Dr. Daniels was ordered by tlie Indian Depart- ment to take a delegation of Indians to Wash ington. In complying he selected Red Cloud — the great war chief who had fought the United States troops for three years without being conquered — and twenty-eight of his leading braves. He took them to the Capital. New York and Philadelphia, that they might more fully appreciate the power of the Government. When the Milwaukee railroad desired to ex- tend its line through South Dakota the Iu- dians would not permit the surveyors to cross their reservation. Dr. Daniels was employed to get their consent, which they readily granted when he explained to them the bene- fits to be derived from it. From the Pioneer Press (1872) we quote the following: "Dr. J. W. Daniels, recently in charge of the Indian agency at Lake Traverse, paid a visit to his wards in that region prior to his depart- ure for the Fort Laramie agency, to which he had been appointed. The second night after his departure for St. Paul, he was overtaken by one of the scouts or messengers, who handed him the following curious 'certificate of good character,' which is an exact copy of the original drawn up in the handwriting of Gabrel Renville: 'Dr. J. W. Daniels has been our agent for three winters, and in all his busi- ness with us he has always been honest and upright. We are very much attached to him, and regret very much that he is going to leave us. We seldom praise a white. man ; we always have some fault to find with him; but we know- that this man is an honest and a very good man. and we want the wise men at Washington to know this, and that when we say this, we speak nothing but the truth. We. the chiefs and head men of the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of Sioux Indians, write this. Signed, Gabrel Renville, Wicaurpinoufra, Yacaudupatotanka. Hokxedanwaxte, Ecauapleka, < !antelyapa, Wakanto, Akicitanapie.' " Waxicanmaza, In politics. Dr. Daniels has always been a Republican. He belongs to the G. A. R. and the Loyal Legion, and is a member of the Epis- copal church. lie was married, June -2'.',, 1850, to Miss Hortense Eugenie Beardsley, of Ocono- mowoc. Wisconsin. Thev had four children. of whom two are living: Hortense Y. (Mrs. H. B. Hill, of Faribault), and Asa Wilder Daniels. living at Placerville, California. Mrs. Daniels died in 1869, in St. Peter. Dr. Daniels was again married. October 11. 1882, to Mrs. Ella W'inslow (nee Norcross), of Faribault. MORTIMER H. STANFORD. Mortimer Hira Stanford, a leading member of the bar of Duluth and northeastern Minne- sota, was born at Ogden, near Brockport, Mon- roe county. New York, January 7, 1848. His ancestors were English, but have lived in this country since Colonial times. His father's fam- ily were among the early settlers of the eastern part of the State of Xew York. His mother's family, the Richmonds. were the original set- tlers of Chittenden county, Vermont. From the proper age until his fourteenth year Mr. Stanford attended the public schools of Fen- ton, Michigan. In 1864, during the War of the Rebellion, he attempted to enlist in the Union service as a member of the band in General t'uster's cavalry brigade, but was rejected be- cause he was two years under the required age. A second attempt the same season was more successful, and he became a regularly enlisted member of the brigade band of General Til- son's Fourth Division, Twenty-third Army Corps, Department of the Cumberland, then on duty in Tennessee. From the summer of 1864 until March, 1865, this was the post band at Knoxville, Tennessee. When General Stone- man arrived at Knoxville. in the early spring of ISC)."), on his famous expedition against the Confederates in eastern Tennessee and North Carolina, he ordered the organization to accom- pany him. The band was with General Stone- man on his noted raid, and was thereafter in his division until the close of the war. In 1865, upon his discharge from the army, Mr. Stan- ford returned to his home in Fenton, Michigan, and attended the high school of that town, and at Ann Arbor, preparatory to entering college. In September, 1866, he entered the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, but during his sophomore year left college, returned to &t>.A/. BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 43 ' Fenton ami began the study of law. He con- tinued his private studies until the fall of 1869, when he entered the Law Department of the University of Michigan, from which lie was graduated after a two years' course, in 1871. In April, 1871, he was admitted to the bar in the Supreme Court of Michigan at Detroit, and for a year thereafter was engaged in the prac- tice at Fenton. In the fall of 1872 he removed to Midland, Michigan, and remained in the practice for twenty years. During this period he was for three years city attorney of the town of Midland, and was prosecuting attorney of Midland county for one term. Mr. Stanford re- moved to Duluth in 1892. A large number of his Michigan clients had transferred their in- terests and operations to Duluth and vicinity, necessitating his removal. He still represents this clientage and has acquired much other business. He has been a successful lawyer and practitioner from the first, and now has a large and lucrative practice. He is regarded as an able counsellor and of sound judicial qualities And attainments as well. From time to time he has conducted successfully many large and important cases. His business is now confined largely to matters incident In lumbering oper- ations, iron mines and corporations, including litigation involving titles to pine and mineral lands. Mr. Stanford's family consists of a wife and two children, lie has attained to the Knight Templar's degree in Free Masonry. He was formerly a Cleveland Democrat, but a I present is conservative and independent in his political views. DANIEL A. ROBERTSON. Col. Daniel A. Robertson, a pioneer news- paper man of St. Paul, and at one time a prominent journalist of Ohio, a leading- politician and one of the strongest charac- ters of the NorthStar State, was born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, May 13, 1812. He was of High- land-Scotch ancestry, with many of the charac- teristics of that sturdy race. When he was eighteen years of age he removed to New York City, where his education was completed and where he grew to mature manhood He stud- ied law, was admitted to the liar, and lor a time engaged in the practice, but eventually abandoned the legal profession for literary pursuits. Going to the State of Ohio, lie en- tered upon a journalistic career as a Democral ic newspaper man, and became the editor and proprietor of the Mount Vernon Banner, Ohio Eagle of Lancaster, the Guernsey County News and one of the editors of the Cincinnati En- quirer. In 1844 he was appointed United States marshal for the Federal District of Ohio, and served four years. In 1850 he was elected, from Fairfield county, a member of the State Con- stitutional Convention, but resigned after three months to come to the Northwest. Late in the fall of 1850, Colonel Robertson came to Minne- sota, and in December of that year established, at St. Paul, the historic old pioneer newspaper, the Minnesota Democrat. He conducted the paper until June, IS.")::, when he sold it to Da- vid Olmsted, and it was finally merged with the Pioneer. Under the regime of its accom- plished editor, the Democrat was a potent fac- tor in the growth and development of the fron- tier town. It received but little official patronage and attained its success and influ- ence because of its high, pure tone, its able editorials and its general character as a re- liable and well made up journal. Retiring from the editorial profession, Colonel Robertson en- gaged in other pursuits, and soon became thoroughly identified and prominent in the general affairs of St. Paul and the State. In the spring of 1859, he was elected mayor of St. Paul, and the following October was elected to the Legislature, serving in the session of 1859- (il). In 1862 lie was elected sheriff of Ramsey county, and by re-election, served four terms. For several years he was a member of the city board of education, and performed much val- uable service for the public schools. He was for many years a director of the public library, and was a well known member of the State Historical Society, with whose work he always had great and active sympathy. He was col- onel of a State militia regiment before the Civil War, of which the famous Pioneer Guards and the Shield Guards were companies. Col- 432 BIOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA. onel Robertson was a man of enlarged views and of great strength of mind and character. He was a discriminative and close reader — in- deed, he was a persistent and untiring student — and his generous nature made him desirous of accomplishing something for the benefit of society and his fellow men. Greatly and prac- tically interested in agricultural matters, he did very much by his writings and his other efforts for the promotion and welfare of the farming interests, not alone of the State of Minnesota, but of the whole country. He was one of the founders of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society and its first president. Perhaps his greatest distinction in connection witli his labors for the bettering of the farm- ers' interests was his prominent identification with the farmers' secret order of the Patrons of Husbandry, or the "grange movement," as it was often called. He organized the very first grange of the order in the United States, and subsequently presented it with a valuable library. He always retained his earnest inter- est for the welfare of the order, and continued to work for it even after his retirement from active life. He devoted much time to scientific investigation, and for many years was a promi- nent member of the National Scientific Asso- ciation, and of the American Geographical So- ciety of New York City. As before stated, Colonel Robertson was a great reader, and he was a great thinker. He had traveled exten- sively through the United States and Europe, and he acquired a very large and valuable li- brary, whose contents he fairly mastered. Moreover, he had an apt faculty for putting his knowledge and his thoughts on paper. At intervals in his later life he wrote a number of works the manuscripts of which have never been published, but are in the custody of the State Historical Society. Engaging in busi- ness, chiefly in real estate operations, he ac- quired a considerable competence, a liberal portion of which he expended in the purchase of his books and in the pursuit of knowledge generally. A portion of his library is now in the possession of the State University, and a part in the library of the State Historical Society, and are among their most valuable and best appre- ciated treasures. In person, Colonel Robertson had a splendid physique. He was erect and dignified, with a military bearing, and alto- gether was of commanding and striking presence. He was of correct social tastes, per- sonally popular, public spirited and patriotic, and in every respect a good citizen, neighbor and friend. In politics he was always a Demo crat, and in his younger life and during ma- turity, took an active interest in the affairs of his party. As a political writer he was strong and terse and a most dangerous antagonist in a controversy. His style was clear, scholarly, and pleasing, at the same time vigorous and forcible. Colonel Robertson died in St. Paul, March lti, 1895, in the eighty-third year of his life, leaving, besides a widow, three sons: William C Victor and Mcintosh Robertson, and three daughters: now Mrs. E. R. Langford and Mrs. L. B. Stevenson, of St. Paul, and Mis. Howard Morris, of Milwaukee. Colonel Rob- ertson was married. May 28, 1844, to Julia An- nie Bell, of Mount Vernon, Ohio, and, in 1894, the golden wedding of this always felicitous and congenial union was an incident long to be remembered in the social circles of St. Paul. WILLIAM S. KING. Unique in the history of the Northwest was the place filled for over forty years by this pio- neer Minneapolitan, whose decease, even at an age surpassing that allotted as the natural limit of man's life, is felt as an irreparable loss. William Smith King was born at Malone, Franklin county, New York, December Hi, 1828. His childhood was better acquainted with work than play, and his opportunities for schooling were meager. At eight he was set to work, with his brothers, to help clear a trad of farm land upon which the family had set- tled. Four years later his mother died, the home was broken up, and William, at the ten- der age of twelve, set out to seek his fortune. For six years he worked at farming and team- ing in the vicinity of the home place, then, at eighteen, went to Otsego county and secured a position as solicitor for insurance companies of The Century Publishing & Engraving Co Chicago- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 433 the mutual order, which was then just spring- ing into popularity in the rural East. But he had energies and aspirations which could not long be commanded by so limited and servile a sphere of action. He became an eager reader of the newspapers, and speedily there devel- oped in him that public ideal which actuated the powerful achievements of his later years. The anti-slavery movement was just beginning to engage general attention. In 1S52 the for- lorn little Free Soil party nominated John ]'. Hale for President and George W. Julien for Vice-President; and young King, who by both natural sentiment and early training, leaned toward radical reform, instituted, in Coopers- town, a campaign paper styled the Free Demo- crat, to support this Abolition ticket. The fol- lowing year he organized a Young Men's Republican Club at Cherry Valley — the first organization known to assume the name "Re- publican" — which nominated a local ticket. and, to the amazement of conservative con- stituencies, elected some of its candidates. During these days our youthful editor mingled with radical political leaders who habitually assembled at Albany, where his force as a speaker and worker made itself felt; and he acquired the title of "Colonel," which ever afterward clung to him, through his appoint- ment on the staff of General Burnside of the State militia. When Colonel King came to .Minneapolis, in 1858, the political affairs of the State were in a condition affording ample scope for the exercise of his journalistic pow- ers. He procured a printing-press and, early in 1859, began issuing tin- Slate Atlas, a week- ly newspaper in whose columns his caustic pen mercilessly branded the political forces from which emanated, among other doubtful meas- ures, one for the issuance to certain railroads, without sufficient security, of State bonds to the amount of .$5,000,000. His editorials, which predicted the repudiation of the bonds and held the Democratic party responsible for a colossal swindle of the people, produced an impression which was felt even in eastern markets, and the agitation culminated in the total collapse of the deal. Meantime the antagonism to sla- very was becoming more and more intense, inflamed by the arrogant aggression of its ex- ponents in the South and its political support- ers elsewhere. o n this question, also, the Atlas took an extremely radical position, de- nouncing the system and its abettors in 11c most scathing terms. Indeed, Colonel King's title to the "palm" for power of verbal chas- tisement was unquestioned in Minnesota. And from these two issues resulted such a revulsion of political sentiment thai in the election of November, 1859, the Slate government, which had been conducted on a Democratic basis, became Republican in all its departments. Apart from his role of editor, the Colonel, as one of the enthusiastic "Wide Awakes," played also a prominent personal part in the Repub- lican campaigning. Wherever Colonel King saw injustice looming before him, he threw himself against if, absolutely fearless of conse- quences to himself. On one occasion, so tierce a stand did he take in defending the rights of a slave, who was serving a Mississippi family on the anti-slavery territory of Minnesota, thai his friends found it expedient to constitute a guard, which was stationed till night behind the barricaded doors of the Atlas office. The sweeping victory of I he Republicans was rec- ognized as largely resulting from the work of Colonel King, which invested him with the prestige and authority of a great party leader. On the breaking mil of the war Colonel King went to Washington, where — together with William Windom and Colonel Aldrich — he un- sparingly devoted both money and personal service in ministrations to the needs of the Minnesota soldiers encamped there, awaiting orders to the front. Upon the organization, in July, 1861, of the first "War Congress." Col- onel King was chosen postmaster of the House of Representatives, in which position, with the exception of a single Congress, he served for twelve consecutive years, passing the intervals between the sessions in Minneapolis. During his residence in Washington, his acquaintance with public men, which had been large since his early journalistic experience in New York. became extended to include practically everj body prominent in (he public affairs of the countrv. Although called to the duties of a 434 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. National post, however, and possessing a pres- tige and natural gifts which seemed to pro- claim for him a brilliant political career, the welfare of his home city was an ever-cherished and powerfully promoted cause. Among the many institutions for which Minneapolis is largely indebted to his influence or substantial support are, its street railway, Lakewood cem- etery and the Harvester works. The enterprise of the Mechanical and Agricultural Associa- tion, also, beginning under the control of a corporation, was later conducted by Colonel King individually. His extensively exploited fairs, with their choice exhibits and original and striking devices for entertainment — which earned for him the sobriquet of "Old Thauma- turgus" — drew people from all parts of the country to Minneapolis, where not a few took up their permanent abode, did more than any other thing to advertise the city and facilitate its growth. Colonel King exerted his influence effectively toward the establishment of the public park system of Minneapolis, and ex- tended it by generous donations of valuable land. The first section of the Northern Pacific Eailroad, extending across Minnesota between the St. Louis and Red rivers, was constructed under a contract assumed by Colonel King ami other residents of the Twin Cities. Put prob- ably of all his work, that in connection with the press effected the deepest and most far- reaching results. lie furthered the establish- ment of the Minneapolis Tribune and was a heavy stockholder in the Pioneer Press, whose Minneapolis side he conducted for a number of years with his characteristic zeal for justice and progress. Upon the expiration of his serv- ice as postmaster in the House of Representa- tives, he was elected to Congress from the Fourth District of .Minnesota. lie entered this office with the most auspicious outlook; but the tranquillity of his course was interrupted by the action of political enemies, who incrim- inated him in connection with the passage of a certain subsidy measure, lie was exonerated, however, by the investigating committee, ami by the unanimous vote of both House and Sen ate. In his later days. Colonel King served as secretary of the Minneapolis Board of Trade; and he had at a previous period filled for sev- eral years the office of Surveyor General of logs and lumber for the Second District of Minnesota. The Colonel delighted in every- thing pertaining to rural life; and while still in Washington he began to acquire lands about lakes Calhoun and Harriet, where he estab- lished the famous Lyndale stock farm. Event- ually, this property becoming involved, he transferred it to his friend, Philo Remington, of New York, who undertook to clear it of claims. Later, complications arose which led to the noted King-Remington equity suit, in the settlement of which, properties to the amount of $2,000,000 reverted to Colonel King. But he was too generous hearted in public en- terprise and private friendship to continue rich in worldly goods. Colonel King was twice married: the first time to Mary Elizabeth Stevens, of Ilion, New York. The second Mrs. King, who survives her husband, was Caroline M. Arnold, also of Ilion. The two children of Colonel King are: a daughter, who, with her family, lives iu the King residence on Nicollet island, and a son, Preston King, of Minneap- olis. Colonel King's was a remarkable person- ality. His boundless energy seemed to infect with vitality all men and enterprises with which he came in contact. Such magnetism is a tremendous force for good or evil, and his determined for good. A pronounced individ- uality, he was no egotist. It was ever the righteous, unpopular cause which he espoused, forgetful of personal advantage or even secur- ity. He was reckoned a poor business man; but with the power he wielded there is no doubt that, had he made it his life purpose, he could have become a great capitalist. The amassing of wealth, however, would have seemed to him a petty and unworthy end for which to strive. He had his faults; but they wore of that vigorous and open type, easy to condone. He was a good hater, but he never played foul; and it seems something incon- gruous, even, that the death angel should have come to reckon with him in the darkness of the night. It was some hours before dawn on February 24. 1!)00, that Colonel King put off mortality and followed the grim messenger The Century Publishing & tnjmviny Co Chicago- ^o^a BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 435 hence; and the discarded earthly garb fittingly rests in Lakewood, from which fair spot stretches in all directions portions of the noble park system which was tirst fostered as one of many ideals in his ureal soul. JAMES M. l'.ONYLEH. Maj. James Madison Bowler was born Jan- uary 10, 1838, at Lee, Maine, lie comes of old New England stock on both sides, liis ancestors having been among the early pilgrims, and sev- eral of them served in the Revolution and the War of 1812. Edward Howler, the father of our subject, was born at Palermo. Maine, Sep tember 3, 1811. He was engaged in mercantile pursuits, the lumber business and farming, and was a member of the Maine Legislature. He married Clara Augusta Smith, of Litchfield, Maine. James M. received his early education in the common schools and the Normal Acad- emy of his native town, and later attended West brook Seminary at Stevens Plains, Maine. He began life as a school teacher in his own State, and in 1857 came west and located at Hale's Corners. Milwaukee county, Wisconsin, where he again taught school for one year. In 1858 he removed to Minnesota ami located at St. Anthony, where he remained for about one year. He then went to Nininger. Minnesota, and once more resumed his old vo- cation, school teaching. In 1871 Mr. Bowler took up a homestead claim at Bird Island, Min- nesota, where he has since resided. He followed fanning almost exclusively until 1N7S; about three years later he was engaged as traveling collector for the N. W. Mfg. & Car Co., also subsequently the Minneapolis Harvester Com- pany. He was also identified with the pur- chasing of the right of way for the M. & N. W. R. R. Since 1887, he has been engaged in the real estate and loan business. With the busi- ness and local affairs of the State. Major Bow- ler has long been prominently identified. Eminently public spirited, he has taken part in the public improvements, and contributed his share to the success of every enterprise hav- ing for its object the good of the community; and has been conspicuous in the public service of his adopted Slate. He was a member of the Legislature in ls?s. and ran for Congress on the Populist ticket in 1S!U; was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor on the Fusion ticket in 1896 and in L898. He has tilled several pub- lic offices and educational positions in both Nininger and at Bird Island, his present home. The Major is well informed in all agricultural matters, and has given the subject much inves- tigation, though! and attention. His appoint ment to the office of State Dairy and Food Commissioner, January 6th, 1899, was not only a recognition of his fitness for tin' place, but a compliment to his enterprise, liberality, and general worth as a citizen and a man. A fellow citizen of high standing, who has known Major Bowler long and intimately, says of him: "He is a man of keen perceptions, quick ac- tion and strong will; very decided in his ways in all business matters. He can be very stern when the occasion demands, and yet his dispo- sition is naturally mild. He is a man of re- markable tact and will power, and as a father, husband, and friend he is kind, gentle and lov- ing." Major Bowler served four years and eight months in the Rebellion and the Indian War. He enlisted first in Company E, First Minne- sota, in April, 1861. September 1, of the same year, he enlisted in Company F. Third Minne- sota, as a private. He was promoted to corporal, sergeant, second lieutenant, and was appointed captain December 1. 1862, at the age of twenty-three. He was taken prisoner at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, July 10, 1802, and paroled at McMinnville, from which place un- der a Confederate officer he was marched back to Murfreesboro, and later sent to Benton Bar- racks. St. Louis. Missouri, where he remained until called for service in the Indian campaign. He was a company commander at the baffle of Wood lake, of which the Third Regiment and Renville Rangers bore the brunt. Though this battle did not terminate the Indian War, if was very important in its results, and in some respects it was decisive. It effected the release of about three h lred captives which the Indians held, and of whom one hundred 436 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. and fifty were while women and children — many of them refined and educated women and teachers, who were being subjected to barbar- ous treatment. Ii also effected the surrender of 1,500 Indians, including four hundred war- riors, among whom were those afterward con- victed aud executed for having perpetrated some of the massacres. Of the other battles in which the Major took part, the siege of Vicks- burg is perhaps the most important. April 1, 1865, he was commissioned major of the 113th U. S. C. I., aud was mustered out of the service April 9, 1866. Major Bowler is a member of the G. A. B. and Loyal Legion, and of his mili- tary service he says: "Of no part of my life am I prouder than of that portion which I gave to my country to aid in the preservation of its existence." Although Major Bowler is not a member of any religious denomination, he is a patron of churches, and well known as a gen- tleman of strict morality and rectitude. He is a member of the Eastern Star Lodge and is a Free Mason; he is regarded not only as a worthy member of that ancient and honorable craft, but as an exemplary member of society, and of the community in which he lives. November 1. 1862, Major Bowler was married to Lizzie S. Caleff, of Penfield, New Brunswick, who is a descendant of Dr. Caleff, a noted surgeon in the English Army. They have had ten children, eight of whom are still living, and two deceased. Those living are Vic- toria A. (now Mrs. W. T. Law, of Northfield, Minnesota I. Burton If., Amy G., Kate C., Mad- ison C., Frank L., Josie A„ and Edna B., all residents of Bird Island. Minnesota. ROBERT A. SMITH. Koberl Armstrong Smith, of St. Paul, was born in Booneville, Warrick county. Indiana, June 13, L827. His father, William Smith, was a native of England, and his mother, whose name was Elizabeth Graham, was a member of an old and prominent Virginia family. Mr. Smith was reared to manhood in his native Stale, and completed his education at the Uni- versity of Indiana, graduating from the Law Department of that institution in 1850. He was married, in 1851, to Miss Mary E. Stone, of Bloomington, Indiana, and in 185:1 came west to the Territory of Minnesota, and located at St. Paul. Mr. Smith is known to everyone as a prince among men. He has been through as much, perhaps, of the exciting and disa- greeable experiences of political life as any man in Hie State; but when the battle has been fought, no matter how severe or unwar- ranted might lie the things said of him person- ally or politically, they were all forgotten, and the same genial, generous smile and handshake which are so entirely part of the man, were given to friend and foe alike. A more surpris- ing career of popularity and public favor than that of Robert A. Smith it would be hard lo find in the entire political history of the coun- try. A brief resume of that career, so far as it relates to public affairs, will easily establish this proposition. He began his public service before he was fairly out of college, having graduated at twenty-three. He was elected auditor of Warrick county. Indiana, and had served four years before he resigned and set his face toward the west, landing in St. Paul May 1, 1853. Mr. Smith started out in life with no capital to speak of. except his education and his determination to advance himself in every legitimate way within his reach. Shortly after his arrival in St. Paul, he was appointed secretary to Governor Gorman, and acted as Territorial librarian up to 1856. He was in that year elected treasurer of Ramsey county, and held that office for twelve consecutive years, till 1868, when he was elected alderman of the city of St. Paul. He was elected presi- dent of the common council and presided over that body for a period of three years. He was then elected as a member of the Lower House of the Legislature and served for a term of two years. This was followed by his election as mayor and Stab- Senator, and served in both offices together. For seven and one-half years he officiated as mayor of the city, and four years as State Senator. Since the organization of the Stale Reformatory board Mr. Smith has served as president of that body. Be was never defeated for public office but once, and he re- The Century PiWlishtng i Dtomiinp Co Chicago- c_-^v -^^Cx^-^ <^^-«>- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 437 trieved himself the next election by being once more elected to act as the city's chief magis- trate, lli.s selection as postmaster of St. Paul completes the term of forty-eight years, during which he has been engaged in official life, most of the time serving the public in one or an- other capacity, and all the time al serious loss and inconvenience to himself and bis business relations. In 1866 Mr. Smith engaged in the banking business in St. Paul, as a member of the Arm of Dawson, Smith & Reed, and was one of the incorporators of the Bank of Minne- sota, and is now one of its vice-presidents. He is rated as a financier of great ability. There never was a more generous man in his natural impulses than Robert A. Smith. His sympa- thies have ever been enlisted in behalf of dis- tress and sorrow, and as bis sympathies have gone forth so, too, have the more substantial expressions of regard been frequent with him. Through bis kindly nature he has often been imposed upon by the undeserving, but to his credit, be it said, there has been no lessening of bis faith in human nature or of his deep sympathy with human distress. X<> citizen of St. Paul has a higher standing in all that makes for manhood, integrity, ability and so- cial attractions. Of the five children born to Mr. and Mis. Smith, three survive, two daugh- ters ami one son. ALEXANDER T. BIGELOW. Alexander Thompson Bigelow, D. D. S., of St. Paul, was born April 5, 1841, al Ryegate, Vermont. His parents were John and Mary ('. (Thompson) Bigelow, both natives of Ver- mont, and of New England parentage, whose ancestors figured prominently in early Colonial history and in the War for Independence. Dr. Bigelow is a son of the Revolution on the pa- ternal side, through Maj. Jabez Bigelow and Capt. Ebenezer Mcintosh. The latter was con spicuous in pre-revolutionary times, and was one of the immortal "tea party." Alexander, the subject of this sketch, spent his boyhood on his father's farm among the hills of Ver- mont. Here he attended the common school and the Academy at Mclndoe. He afterwards went to Hovel-. New Hampshire, where he found employment as a clerk in a book and dm- store, lie remained in this employment until 1862, when he enlisted in the Fifteenth Vermont Infantry, under Col. Redtield Proctor, and went with his regiment to the front. A i the organization of the company he was made sergeant and was afterwards promoted to lieutenant. His regiment participated in the battle of Gettysburg and gallantly performed its duty during the term of service. In August, 1863, he was mustered out, and went to Boston in a clerical capacity, and continuing his inter- est in military matters, after a competitive examination, was commissioned captain of Company II, Second Massachusetts Militia, by Gov. John A. Andrew. He commenced tin' study of dentistry, in 1865, with Doctors Pisk and Ingalls at Clinton. Massachusetts, and al the end of two years went into partnership with Dr. Ingalls, one of his preceptors. He practiced his profession for several years and attended lectures at the Boston Dental Col lege, where be graduated in 1873 as valedic- torian of his (dass, and was elected secretary of his Alma Mater. After his graduation he opened an office in Boston, where he practiced for about four years. On account of too (lose application he was obliged to take a rest and seek a change of climate. In July. 1876, he gave up his Boston office and located at Bis niarck, Dakota, where he had a large and re- munerative practice, mostly among the officers of the frontier posts and their families. He left there in October, 1884, and removed to St. Paul, where he opened dental rooms, and where he has continued in practice ever since. That Dr. Bigelow slands at the bead of his profession is evidenced by his clientele, which includes many of the most prominent people of the Stale. He is of a literarx turn of mind; has written a number of pleasing sketches of travel, and many aide articles on subjects per- taining to his vocation. some of which have been published in magazines and attracted marked attention, while others have been read before meetings of Dental Associations. The Doctor is an ardent and skillful microscopist. He is a «8 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. member of the State Dental Association, of the Military Order of (lie Loyal Legion, a Son of the American Revolution, a high Mason, being P. H. P. of R. A. Chapter and P. E. O. of Knights Templar; is a charter member of the St. Paul Chess and Whist Club, and an expert player. Was one of its early presidents, also one of the originators and the first president of the Slate Chess Association. He is a man of tine physique, a lover of athletic sports, and fond of hunting and fishing. Dr. Bigelow was married, November 26, 1883, to Edna A. Kel- ley, a native of Marshall, Wisconsin. HENRY P. IPHAM. Henry Pratt Upham, president of the First National Bank of St. Paul, comes of a family probably as ancient as any in England. The name is found recorded in the Domes-day book, prior to the Norman conquest. The first of the Upham family who settled in America was John Upham, who landed at Weymouth. .Mas- sachusetts, in 1635. His descendants took a prominent pari in the stirring events of the Colonial period, participating in the various wars from that of King Philip to the Revolu- tion. Mr. Upham is ninth in the line from the original John, the emigrant. His father. Joel W. Upham, was a native of Brookfield, Mas sachusetts. He married Miss Seraphine Howe, also of an old Colonial family, who died in 1839. Mr. Upham. who was one of the pioneer manu- facturers of the famous turbine water wheels. died at Worcester in 1879. Their son, Henry I'. Upham, was born in Milbury, Massachu- setts, on January 26, ls:;7. He was educated at the public schools of Worcester, Massachu- setts, and in 1856, after quitting school, came west to seek his fortune in the then almost un- known Territory of Minnesota. Mr. Upham reached St. Paul on March PI. 1S57. It was then a straggling village, with little about it to indicate its future importance. Though not yet of age, Mr. Upham confidently embarked in business, forming a partnership with Chaun- cv W. Griggs. The firm engaged in the lum- ber trade and continued for some years with success, fn L863 Mr. Upham became teller in the bank of Thompson Brothers, then the lead ing institution of its class in the city. When these gentlemen organized the First National Bank of St. Paul, Mr. Upham became its teller and later its assistant cashier. In 1869 he took part in the organization of the City Bank of St. Paul, of which he was cashier. Four years later it was deemed advantageous to merge that bank with the First National, and Mr. Up- ham became cashier of the consolidated insti- tution, and in 1880, upon the death of Horace Thompson, he was elected president. As the head of one of the leading financial institutions of St. Paul, Mr. Upham has been a conspicuous figure in the commercial life of that city for a score of years. On September 2:->, ISliS, Mr. Up- ham married Miss Evelyn G. Burbank. daugh- ter of the late Col. Simeon Burbank. They have three children, Gertrude, Grace and John Phineas. The fondness for books and reading, which Mr. Upham has indulged to the extent of collecting a large private library, has also been recognized by his election to various so- cieties of a literary, historical and genealogical character. He is regarded as one of the most thorough genealogical scholars in the United Stales. For several years he was director of the St. Paul Public Library. Mr. Upham is a valued member of the American Antiquarian Society and the Society of Antiquity of Wor- cester. Massachusetts, of the Minnesota His- torical Society, of the Minnesota Club, of the Ramsey County Pioneer Association, of St. Paul Chamber of Commerce, and of the Ma- sonic and Knights Templar orders. KENNETH CLARK. Kenneth Clark, president of the Merchants' National Bank of St. Paul, was born in Fort Plain, New York. August 18, 1847, the son of William and Anna M. (Neukerck) Clark. Will iam Clark was prominent in local affairs and served in the House of Representatives and State Senate of New York. Kenneth Clark received his education first at Russell's school in New Haven and later attended Union Col- The Century Publishing & tnymiiny Co Chicago- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 439 lege, at Schenectady, New York, being a mem- ber of the class of 1869. Mr. Clark came to St. Paul in 1870, and at once began a business ca- reer which has been marked by continual suc- cess. He first entered (he law office of W. P. Warner, with whom he remained two rears. In 1872 he, with Mr. De Coster, established the well known furniture house of De Coster & Clark, on Jackson street, and remained active- ly connected with the firm until 1892, a period of twenty years. In the latter year, Mr. Clark retired from this firm as an active member. In 1890 Mr. Clark was chosen vice-president of the Capital Bank of St. Paul; in January, 1897, he resigned to accept the vice presidency of the Merchants' National Bank of St. Paul, and in February was elected its president. He is also a trustee of the St. Paul Gas Light Company; is president of the Edison Electric Light Com- pany; a trustee of the State Savings Bank, ami a special partner in the firm of Sharood & Crooks, manufacturers of and dealers in boots and shoes. These many enterprises fully occu- py his time and talents, but he is able to cope with all the requirements which these varied interests place upon his shoulders. For several years Mr. Clark has taken time from his busi- ness to act as a member of the hoard of fire commissioners, in which capacity he has also served with ability and with an eye to the in- terests of the city, and is now president of the fire board. One of the important posts which he has filled was as treasurer of the Hinckley fire relief committee, having been ap- pointed to the committee by Governor Nelson when the well-remembered calamity fell upon the State. In this capacity Mr. Clark had the distribution of $200,000 in money, not to speak of the large amount of stores and supplies, and the excellent manner in which this great trust was performed is best shown by the final report made by the relief committee, after the sufferers had all been taken care of in proper manner and given a new start in life. Mr. Clark is also president of the St. Paul Bethel, a worthy charity, which is doing much good along its own lines. He is a member of the Minnesota Chapter of the Loyal Legion by in- heritance. Mr. Clark is always in the fore- most ranks of those who have the welfare of the city at heart, and ever ready to further such movements as tend to the advancement of St. Paul. Withal, he is a man who dislikes notoriety, being content to work along those linos which he has laid out for himself, and has never sought political preferment or office of any kind. In 1872, Mr. Clark married Alice Gilchrist, of Brooklyn, New York. JAMES DOBBIN. To those who are well acquainted with the work and ideals of the Shattuck school, at Faribault, the biography of its rector— the Rev. James Dobbin, D. D.— will be of especial interest; for during the last third of a century he has been the responsible head and manager of that highly-reputed institution. Dr. Dobbin is a native of New York State, born in Salem. Washington county, June 29, 1833. He is of Scotch-Irish extraction, his two grandfathers. William and John Dobbin, having come from the north of Ireland to our shores soon after the Revolutionary War and established the family here. Joseph Dobbin — son of William and father of our subject — was a lm\ at the time of this migration. He later became en- gaged in agriculture, following that industry for many years in the Empire Stale. lie mar- ried Martha Dobbin, daughter of John— the other original settler — and reared a family of six children, James, of our sketch, being the second in order of birth. James grew up on his father's farm, assisting with its work and attending the country schools to the age of seventeen years. He then entered the Wash- ington Academy, in his native town of Salem, from which he passed to the Argyle Academy, in this latter institution finishing his prepara- tion for collegiate work. Before proceeding to college, however, he spent two years — 1855 to 1857 — in charge of the school at Argyle. He then became a student at Union College with an advanced standing; and at the end of two years graduated with the degree of A. P.. Tt was in 1859 — his graduation year — that Mr. Dobbin first came to Minnesota. Locating at 440 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Faribault, he taught for a year in the Mission school established a few months previously by Rev. J. Lloyd Breck, 1>. I). In 1860 he returned to New York and to his old position in the Argyle Academy, in which he officiated for another year, (hen went to Greenwich, New York, to assume charge of the academy at that place. This he conducted until 1864, then re- turned to Faribault and entered Seabury Di- vinity School as a student of theology, at the same time resuming his duties as assistant to Dr. Breck. At Easter, 1867, he succeeded Dr. Breck as resident head of Seabury Hall and rector of the Grammar department, which was afterward named Shattuck School, and entered upon his long and useful career, throughoul which his fitness for the duties of his respon- sible post has been abundantly attested by the continuously flourishing condition of the school. He was ordained to the diaconate Trinity Sunday 1867, and advanced to the priesthood Trinity Sunday 1868 by Bishop Whipple. A man of marked executive ability and keen foresight, he has succeeded where many fail, in beginning with no resources and laying a strong, permanent foundation of a high class institution for the training and edu- cation of boys. His incessant labor for the past thirty-three years has been inspired and stimu- lated by an enthusiastic appreciation of the value of the school, assembling, as it does, from all parts of the country, boys at the critical, formative age when thorough and wholesome intellectual and personal training may make all the difference between a noble manhood and a weak or vicious one. Although wholly dependent for support on its earnings from its inception, Shattuck has such superb natural advantages and lias been so wisely adminis- tered, that it is to-day one of the best of church training schools, and may be favorably com pared with many an institution of extensive independent resources. Feeling, however, the pressure of the ever-increasing demand for such training as it affords, it is now taking measures with a view to greatly extending its capacity and facilities, confident that it but awaits a suitable endowment to permanently establish its place as the foremost preparatory school of the great West, and make it an as- sured boon to an indefinite succession of gener- ations to come. And one of its strongest guarantees of future greatness is realized in the personality of its rector. li is written of Dr. Dobbin by one who is in a position to esti- mate his character authoritatively: "The rec- tor of Shattuck School has especial fitness for his work. To a varied scholarship, with an in- herited tenacity of purpose, and a refined taste, are added a demeanor that is dignified yet not still', and a firmness of discipline which is un- bending, yet coupled with ease of manner and a cordiality which wins all hearts. His inllu ence <>n the students is refining and elevating. He is a Christian gentleman of the noblest elass." lie received his degree of D. 1)., in the year 188S, from Trinity College, Hartford, Con- necticut. Dr. Dobbin is a family man, having been first married on December 12, 1860, to Fannie I. Leigh, daughter of Jesse S. Leigh, of Argyle, New York. Five years later his wife died, leaving one daughter — Jessie. On April !», 1N74, he married Elizabeth L. Ames. of Niles, Michigan. Of the second union was born a son, Edward S. Dobbin, a recent grad- uate of Trinity College. JARED HOW. Jared How, senior member of the well- known law firm, How & Taylor, of St. Paul, was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, Decem- ber 9, 1857, the son of Phideas Berkeley How and Abby (Clark) How. He is descended on his father's side from a family well known in the commercial and legal life of Massachusetts, which settled in Ipswich, Massachusetts, prob- ably in about 1630; and on his mother's side from a family of which Judge Greenleaf Clark is a member. He was educated at private and public schools until 1871. when lie entered Highland Military Academy of Worcester, Massachusetts, from which he was graduated in 1876. In October, 1877, he started to pre- pare for Harvard College, and completed his preparation in a period of eight months. He was graduated from Harvard with a degree of BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 441 A. B. in 1881, and in December of the same year entered the Harvard Law School as a special student. His work in the first year was sufficient to qualify him as a regular stu- dent for the second year, but he left at the end of the second .year without applying for a de- gree, and came to St. Paul in August, 1883. He studied law in the office of Bigelow, Flandrau & Squires until 1885, when the firm of Clark, Eller & How, consisting of Greenleaf Clark. the late Homer ('. Eller and himself, was formed. This firm was dissolved January 1, 1888, by Hie withdrawal of Judge (Mark from active practice, and the firm of Eller & How continued until 1896, when Pierce Butler was added to it, the firm name being Eller, How & Butler. Upon the decease of Mr. Eller, soon after, the firm became How & Butler, and so continued until the first of September, 1899, when if was dissolved by the withdrawal of Mr. Butler from general practice, and the new firm of How & Taylor, consisting of the subject of this sketch and Carl Taylor— then first as- sistant corporation counsel of the city of si. Paul — was formed, and still continues the gen- eral practice of law. This is the bare outline of the life and professional career of Mr. How. For those who are acquainted with the charac- ter and professional attainments of his former and present associates, this is sufficient. To have been so intimately associated witb Green- leaf Clark and Homer C. Eller speaks more convincingly of Mr. How's character and stand- ing at the bar than any words we could write; not that he has shone by their reflect ed light, but that such connections are a sure index of his own high character and ability. Mr. How undoubtedly possesses all of the qualities thus indicated. He is universally regarded as one of the leaders of the bar of St. Paul, a learned lawyer, safe counselor, forcible and convincing advocate. His mind is clear and discrimina- ting, and his power of applying the law to the facts of the particular case singularly un- erring. He has been employed in very many of the most important cases in the courts of this State, and enjoys the respecf and confi- dence of the judges to an unusual extent. His present firm has an extensive practice. But the distinguishing feature of .Mr. How's char- acter may lie said to be his strict sense of pro- fessional as well as personal integrity. lie is himself hones! beyond suspicion, both in his private life ami in the practice of his profes sion, and is intolerant of deceit in others and a foe to dishonesty or meanness wherever he sees or suspects if. He measures others by his own high standard, and this occasionally leads him to be over severe and critical. Mr. How has nevei' married. He lives in comfortable bachelor apartments, is fond of books and of club life. His library is his pride and the envy of his friends, lie is a member of the Minne- sota Club, Town and Country Club of St. Paul, and the University Club of New York. THEODORE L. SCHURMEIER. Theodore Leopold Schnrmeier, of the firm of Lindeke, Warner & Schurmeier, wholesale dry goods dealers, St. Paul, was born at St. Louis, Missouri, March 14, 1852, the son of Casper H. and Caroline Schurmeier. His parents emi- grated to America from Germany, their native land, and settled first in St. Louis. In 1855 Casper Schurmeier removed with his family to St. Paul, where he made considerable invest- ments, and became a well-known business man and a universally esteemed citizen. Theodore L. was educated in the St. Paul public schools and at Baldwin University. Berea, Ohio. In 1870, under the patronage of J. J. Hill, he en- tered the service of the old Manitoba (now the Great Northern) Railway Company, where he remained for three years. He then entered the First National Rank as a bookkeeper; later he was made teller, and held that position until 1878. The original firm of Lindeke, Warner & Schurmeier was organized July 1, 1878, and Theodore Schurmeier was one of the con- stituent members. He has been in charge of the finances and credits of the firm from the first. He is held in high esteem by his business associates for his sound judgment and his care- ful and conservative handling of the Arm's vital interests, and its high character and pros- perity are very largely due to his intelligent 442 BTOGRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. methods, his sagacious conduct, and his fidelity to his duties. His rare personal qualities make him universally popular among the firm's pa- trons. He is always accessible and courteous, frank and lair, and as faithful to a business obligation as to a sworn oath. Mr. Schurmeier has grown with the city of St. Paul and the Si ale of .Minnesota from their immaturity to I heir present development, and has always been interested in their affairs and active in their advancement. He has been connected with very many public enterprises. In recenl years he has been much interested in the work of inducing immigration into .Minnesota and the Northwest. From the inception of the organ- ized movement to that end, he lias been promi- nently identified with it. has spent his time and money for it, and aided it in every way. In the summer of L895 he was practically given charge of the project. He has been president of the Minnesota Immigration Association, and for several years has been president of the Northwestern Immigration Association — t he latter organization including the States of Wis- consin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Montana, Idaho, Washington and Oregon, and the Province of Manitoba. In the discharge of his duties he has visited various portions of tic States named, presiding over meetings, conven- tions, etc., incidentally doing a great deal of hard work, incurring large personal expenses, but accomplishing great and lasting good for the country. He is thoroughly identified with the interests of St. Paul. He is a director in the First National Bank and in the St. Paul Trust Company; is president of the Schurmeier Land and Improvement Company, and vice-presi- dent of the C. Gotzian & Company corpora- tion; is a trustee of St. Luke's Hospital and of the Oakland Cemetery, and holds memberships in the Minnesota, the Commercial, and the Town and Country Clubs of St. Paul, and in the Chicago (Tub. He combines social and re- fined tastes with business qualities and public spirit lo a happy degree. Though lie depre- ciates and half conceals his generous disposi- tion, those who are informed on the subject know that .Mr. Schurmeier is a liberal and sub- stantial friend and patron of works of charity and benevolence, and thai the deserving poor have no belter friend. He has been a member of the Republican party ever since he could vote. Always refusing to be a candidate tor any office, although often solicited, he has per- formed a great deal of valuable service for his party, asking no other reward than the tri- umph of its principles. In the Presidential campaign of 1896 he was chairman of the Ram- sey County Republican Committee, and so or- ganized tlie sound money forces and conducted the campaign as to win a Republican victory unprecedented iii the history of the county and tlie city of St. Paul. The previous spring he led the parly to a most complete triumph in tlie municipal campaign. In November, 1882, Mr. Schurmeier married Miss Caroline Gotzian, a daughter of Conrad Gotzian, deceased, whose biography appears elsewhere in this volume. Mrs. Schurmeier was born and reared in St. Paul. To Mr. and Mrs. Schurmeier have been born three daughters, whose Christian names are Conradine, Theodora, and Hildegarde. The imposing and beautiful family residence on Crocus Hill, St. Paul, is a model of architec- tural elegance and the home of a refined and intelligent household. HASCAL R. BRILL. There are many able, fearless and conscien- tious men in the judiciary of the State of Min- nesota, but there is none who is held in higher esteem by the people of his district, than Judge Hascal R. Brill, who has occupied the District Bench of St. Paul for over a score of years. .Judge Brill's ancestors were Holland Dutch, who settled in Dutchess county. New York. His grand | ia rents removed to Canada, just over the Vermont line, shortly after the Revolution ary War. and took up land and opened farms on which some of their descendants slill live. Hascal R. was born at Phillipsburg, in the Province of Quebec, August II). 1846; the son of Thomas Russel (who was a farmer by occu- pation) and Sarah Sagar Brill. When thirteen years of age he came to Minnesota with his parents, who settled on a farm near Kenyon, The, c&rtfajy Publi5/U3ty <& Enytnvmy Co Chicago- BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 443 in Goodhue county. Here young Brill lived until he was twenty-one years of age. winking on the farm, attending school in the winter, and sometimes teaching. His early education he received in the district school, and prepared for college in Hamline University, which he attended irregularly for four years. He then entered the University of Michigan, but re- mained only one year. In December, 1S67, he went to St. Paul for the purpose of taking up the study of law, and entered the office of Judge Palmer and Morris Lamprey. He was admitted to practice, December 31, 180!>, and formed a partnership with Stanford Newel. After a practice of about three years, he was elected Probate Judge for Ramsey county, which office he held in 1873 and 1874. On the demise of William S. Hall, first Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Minnesota, Gov- ernor Davis appointed Judge Brill, March 1, 1875, to fill the vacancy. A few months later he was elected to the same office for a term of seven years. At the first session of the Legis- lature in 187G, the Court of Common Pleas w as merged into that of the District Court for the Second Judicial District, Judge Brill occupy- ing the bench, and he has held that office ever since. To place Judge Brill ahead of his asso- ciates on the bench is not making any invidious comparisons, for he had earned his pre-emi- nence by years of hard judicial service. The fact that Judge Brill received his re-nomina- tions to the bench at the hands of both the great political parties is significant of the es- teem in which he is held. Although a Repub- lican in principle, Judge Brill has not taken any active part in politics since his elevation to the bench. The Judge has held numerous church offices, and at present is chairman of the board of trustees of the First M. E. Church of St. Paul, of which church he has been an influential member ever since he located in that city. He was a member of the last two general conferences of the Methodist church, and served as chairman of the judiciary com- mittee. In the quiet of his own home, freed from the vexations of his judicial duties, Judge Brill seeks to satisfy his taste for literature; occasionally he has delivered a lecture or an address on literary and historical subjects, and also on topics of current public interest. He has been trustee df Hamline University for many years, and was president of the board for some time. He was married, August 11. 1873, to Cora A. dray, of Suspension Bridge, New York. Of iliis marriage liave Keen born six children. LEONARD A. ROSING. Leonard August Rosing, a prominent busi- ness man of Cannon Falls, now serving as private secretary to Governor Lind, was born in Malmo, Sweden. August 1".), 1861. He is the son of August shkosh, Columbus again, and Lodi. II,- died suddenly of hemor- rhage of the brain at Mason City, Iowa, in 1888. William E. Todd was naturally a stu- dent and of scholarly tastes. After attending the high school at Columbus, Wisconsin, he, in 1869, entered the Jefferson Liberal Institute, a Universalis! school at Jefferson, Wisconsin, where he remained two years, paying his way through school by outside work. He taught country schools in 1871 and 1872, and in the spring of the latter year entered the Wiscon- sin State University. The next fall, however, he left the university, returned to the Jefferson Institute, and taught Latin and mat hematics in that institution; the follow-big year he taught in the town of York. In the fall of 1871 he again entered the University of Wisconsin, taking a modem classical course, and grad uated with honors in 1877. While in college he was noted for his proficiency in Latin and history, and a portion of the time he was assist- ant instructor in chemistry. A few months after his graduation .Mr. Todd assumed the principalship of the public schools at Lodi, Wisconsin, and in connection with his school work began the study of law. February 22. 1880, he married Miss Alice I. Coapman. who was at the time a teacher in the Lodi schools. The following summer he entered the law office of A. J. Cook, Esq., of Columbus. Wisconsin, 45° BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. and continuing his legal studies for a year, was then admitted to the bar at Portage. In the fall of 1881 Mr. Todd removed to Albert Lea and formed a law partnership with the late Judge E. C. Stacy. His total income the first year was only about four hundred dollars, but his ability and application to business were recognized and appreciated, and his business increased in due time. He continued in part- nership with Judge Stacy for about two years. when lie became associated with the late Judge John Whytock. This association was dissolved in a comparatively short time, and thereafter Mr. Todd engaged in the practice on his own account, until L897, when he formed a partner- ship with Henry 0. Carlson, under the Arm name of Todd & Carlson. Mr. Todd early be- came prominently identified with the interests of Albert Lea. He had not been in the city very long when he became a member of the school board, and was its clerk for fifteen years, retiring in 1897, after positively declin- ing a re-election. Though this position was not at all remunerative or distinguished, he re- garded it as a place of high responsibility and one of great honor and trust. He would not have exchanged it for any other position with- in the bestowal of his fellow citizens, and he did not retire from it until, largely by his ef- forts and influence, the schools were running under a perfect system, and his increasing per- sonal duties made it imperative upon him to resign the routine work to others. In 1886, after serving two terms as city attorney of Albert Lea, he was elected county attorney of Freeborn county; he was re-elected in 1888, holding the office for two terms. It is needless to say that his service in both positions was most faithful and of the highest proficiency. He was not an office seeker, or he might have become distinguished in public positions. For he was an enthusiastic Republican and took an active interest in the affairs of his party, wdiich during his residence in Minnesota was dominant in Freeborn county and the State. He was frequently a delegate to his party's conventions, often took part in political campaigns, was a noted public speaker, and at the time of his death was an executive member of the Republican State Committee. Rut Mr. Todd's chief ambition was to excel in his chosen profession of the law. As he grew in it, its governing principles fascinated him, and he was a student until the hour of his death. He literally "died in the harness," being strick- en down by apoplexy while in the Federal court room at Mankato, engaged in the trial of a case. Mr. Todd had secured a large clientage and a lucrative practice; was the attorney for numerous business firms and associations, a number of railroad corporations, and had an extensive general practice as well. He was a prominent member of the State Bar Associa- tion, and for three successive years this or- ganization sent him as a delegate to annual conventions of the National Bar Association. A brother lawyer thus describes Mr. Todd's professional character: "His knowledge of the law was reinforced by an almost intuitive understanding of human nature, and these qualifications were the real foundation of his success as a practitioner in the District and Supreme Courts of Minnesota, Wisconsin and South Dakota. His analytic mind rarely failed to discover the flaws in the testimony of a witness or the weakness in the argument of an opposing counsel, and his ear- nest manner and persuasive voice impressed the logic of his case upon the hearer with con- vincing force. The office of county attorney made him acquaintances, and his practice grew rapidly until he not only represented almost every important business interest in Freeborn county, but was often called to far distant points to conduct important cases. He always tried his cases promptly and fairly. Despite his liberal donations to charity and public en- terprises, his expenditures in the purchase of a large and valuable law and private library, etc., his accumulations were considerable, and he left a comfortable estate." The personal qualities of William Elmir Todd were most striking. He was a man of at- tractive presence, bright, spirited and debonair. His large warm heart matched his active, intel- ligent brain. From his boyhood his character was pure and noble. As has been stated, Mr. Todd was married February 22, 1S80, to Miss Alice I. Coapman. Mrs. Todd and her daugh- ter, Liela, are living in Albert Lea. Other BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 45' surviving members of Mr. Todd's family are Iris mother, Mrs. Helen M. Todd; two sisters, Mrs. Eugene C. Chrisler, of Albert Lea, and Mrs. Eenry Mead, of Shell Lake, Wisconsin; also four brothers — Charles, Lewellyn and Wil- lard Todd, of Merrimac, Wisconsin, and Miles Todd, of Thief River Falls. Minnesota. CLARENDON I). BELDEN. In (his cosmopolitan age, few of our citizens are able to trace so extended and so honorable an American lineage as is Mr. C. 1). Belden, of Austin, Minnesota. He is a Yankee of the mosl thoroughbred type, the family stock on both sides being a distinctively New England production, and the paternal and maternal genealogies together including four Revolu- tionary soldiers and three of the Mayflower pilgrims, viz.: John Alden, George Soule and Richard Warren. The parents of Clarendon D. were Stanton and Antoinette (Manchester) Bel- den. and his paternal grandmother — Prudence Ann Sholes. of Groton, Connecticut, was the daughter of Nathan Sholes, a patriot of the Revolution who was killed while defending Port Griswold. Stanton Belden was a native of Massachusetts, horn and reared in Saudis held. He graduated from Yale College with the class of 1833. and was for thirty live years principal of the Fruit Hill Classical Seminary near Providence, Rhode Island. Antoinette Percival Manchester was, also, a native of the Old Bay Stale, Fall River being her early home; and the Manchester lineage is directly traceable to Benjamin Church, distinguished in King Philip's war as commander of the Hi- de force by which the chief was slain. Claren- don Dwight Belden was horn on May ::, 1848, at Fruit Hill, above referred to as the location of his father's academy, and aptly named, since I he hill comprised a line fruit farm of some ten acres. Here the boy grew up, acquiring the rudiments of his education in the home insti- tute and at Lyons University Grammar School, Providence. Rhode Island. In LS64 he matricu- lated for a classical course at Brown Univer- sity, from which institution he graduated with the degree of It. A. in 1868, the higher degree of M. A. being subsequently conferred upon him by his Alma Mater. In college he became a member of each of the Greek letter fraterni- ties—Delta Upsilon and Phi Beta Kappa. Young Belden inherited his father's taste and aptitude for pedagogy, and on leaving college he accepted a position as principal of a New England graded village school, which he filled for three years. He then became a student at the Crozer Theological Seminary at Upland, Pennsylvania. He graduated here in 1874, and in May of the same year was ordained by a council assembled by I he Memorial Baptist church of Philadelphia. Tn the following au- tumn he came to Minnesota, locating as pastor at Austin. For seven and a half years he labored in this held, and with gratifying re- sults; but in the spring of 1882, he resigned his pastorate to assume new duties as superin- tendent of schools of Mower county, having been elected in the preceding November. This post he filled until the beginning of 1891. and during the nine years of his incumbency he developed a complete graded system in the district schools of the county, meantime serv- ing for one year as president of the Minnesota County Superintendents' Association. In Oc- tober, 1891, Mr. Belden responded to a sum- mons to the Baptist church in Windom, Minnesota, and during the year that he officiated as pastor of the congregation its new meetinghouse was finished and dedicated and a heavy debt liquidated. The fall of 1892 found him again in Austin, to enter upon his duties as associate editor of the Mower County Transcript, in which he purchased a half in- terest a year later. In December, 1898, he acquired full proprietorship of the paper, to tin' management of which he now devotes the greater part of his time. The Transcript is one of the leading Republican newspapers of Southern Minnesota, but Mr. Belden is a man of very broad and liberal views, and is an earnest worker in (he cause of non-partisan municipal reform and the kindred one of im proved citizenship. Mr. Belden has done much to promote the editorial associational move- ment, having been for a number of years the 452 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Minnesota member of the executive committee of the National Editorial Association. Mr. Belden lias also written much for religious publications. In fact, during the past twenty years lie has contributed frequently and richly to both the secular and the religious press. Mr. Belden is a man of many-sided capability. lie was one of those who. in 1893, organized the Austin Co-operative Creamery Association, of which lie became and still continues general manager. Along this same line he did duty in ls'.is as president of the Minneapolis Dairy Hoard of Trade, and in the present year of 1900 he has been elected vice-president for Minnesota of the National Buttermakers' As- sociation. And Mr. Belden has everywhere and always been deeply interested in educa- tional work. As clerk of the Austin board of education he has done good service, and he has. lor a number of years, acted on the exani- ining board. Willi all his other interests he has kept in close touch with the activities of the Baptist denomination, laboring in his office of clergyman as opportunity has permitted. tmleed, in his capacities of educator, progres- sive journalist and spiritual guide, he has been a three-fold blessing to his community. On June 27, 1ST", Mr. Belden was married to Mrs. Francelia L. Crandall, of Austin. They have a daughter, born to them on June 24, 1882, named Antoinette Griffith Belden. Our sub- ject is a Royal Arch Mason, and much devoted to the order. He is also past chancellor com- mander of the Knights of Pythias. ROBEUT REED. This family of Reed is easily traceable to a Scotch-English ancestry, although the imme- diate progenitors of our subject were born in this country, his great-grandfather having served under the American Hag in the War of 1812. His father devoted (he greater part of his life to agriculture, and died in Iowa in the year L855. Robert Reed, who is a native of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, was barely ten years of age at the time of his father's decease, the dale of his birth having been March 2, 1845; and thus early orphaned, he was constrained to put aside childish things and look out upon life through the serious eyes of responsible years. Previous to his father's death, and for a year or two afterwards, he attended the dis- trict schools of Iowa. He then obtained em- ployment, at five dollars a week, which occupied him for a year. When the Rebellion broke out, he enlisted, although but fifteen years of age, in the Fourteenth Iowa Regiment of Infantry, from which he was subsequently transferred to the Forty second Iowa Regi- ment. Upon the expiration of his term of service he re-enlisted in the Seventh Iowa Cavalry, with which he did duty on the west- ern plains in protecting the lives and property of the frontier settlers against the Indians. Thus at a time of life when so many youths, within the shelter of the parental roof, are amusing themselves with thrilling tales of In- dian warfare, young Reed was experiencing its actual perils and strife. He took part in many hard skirmishes, and in numerous instances accomplished the rescue of men or women who had been taken captive by the redmen. At length he was made assistant quartermaster, in which capacity he displayed such ability that he was promoted to a clerkship in the paymaster's department of the Northwest. This post he retained until June 4, 1800, when he was honorably discharged by the Govern- ment, after five years of loyal service. He re- turned to his home in Iowa City, Iowa, and in August of the following year he removed to Minneapolis and engaged in the jewelry business, which he conducted for many years. Later on he established the whole- sale jewelry firm of Reed & Daily, which was subsequently modified, by the admittance of a new partner, to Reed. Daily & Betman. After five years of successful operation the firm was incorporated as the Reed-Deman Jewelry Manufacturing Company. Eventually Mr. Reed withdrew from this corporation and established a new wholesale house — the Reed- Bennett Company — which does a flourishing business, and is well known throughout the Northwest. Mr. Reed is a prominent member of the G. A. R., being present commander of TTie- Centuiy Publishing &Enjmvinj COChicapo- BIOGRArHY OF MINNESOTA. 453 the Butler Post, No. !'■>. In politics he is a Democrat. On October 18, L873, Mr. Reed was married to Miss Julia A. Enke. Of the four children born to them, two sous and a daughter are living. Mr. and .Mrs. Reed arc members of the Methodist Episcopal church. ALBERT SCHALLER. Hon. Albert Schaller, of Hastings, present State Senator from the Thirtieth District of .Minnesota, and a well-known lawyer of the State, was born in Cook county, Illinois. May 20, 1856. He is a son of Michael and Barbara (Klein) Schaller, and his immediate family is of French origin, his father having been born at Mittelwihr, in the former French province of Alsace. At the time of the French Revolu- tion Senator Schaller's grandfather was eighteen years of age. lie enlisted in the French army and saw his lirst active service under Napoleon in the "Army of Italy" when the young commander made the memorable campaign against the Austrians which first established his military fame and reputation. Mr. Schaller accompanied the great conqueror into the principal capitals of central Europe, served with him through the Russian ram paign, and finally fought under him at the bat lie of Waterloo. Subsequently one of his sons enlisted in the French navy, in which he served several years, making several long voy- ages and crnises, on one of which his ship visited the West Tndies. Michael Schaller would have been made a soldier had he nor, under the French law, been exempt from mili- tary duty by reason of the fact that his brother was in the navy. When at the close of his naval service the sailor brother returned to his Alsatian home, he induced the remainder of his family to emigrate to America. In 184S the senior Mr. Schaller, with his family of three sons and a daughter, came to the United States and settled in Cook county. Illinois. Michael Schaller. the father of the subject here- of, had served an apprenticeship in Strasburg as a brewer and cooper, but did not engage in his vocation at once on coming to this country. The year following his arrival, news of the discovery of gold in California reached "the Slates." and he caught the gold fever. In 1849 he stalled from New York City on a steam- ship for California, by way of Cape Horn. But on reaching Savannah, Georgia, certain legal proceedings caused the steamer's return to New York. Here he embarked on a sailing vessel, and after a long and tedious voyage around "the Horn," landed in San Francisco. He went at once to the gold diggings, and after some years' experience in mining and life on I he golden coast, acquired considerable wealth. He returned to Chicago by way of Panama, and in July, 1856, when his son Albert was but a few months old, he came to Minnesota and located at Hastings. Here he established a brewery, the first in the town, and became a leading and respected citizen. Michael Schaller died at Bastings in 1864. Albeit Schaller has lived in Hastings since his father came to the place in 1s.' P ii. His early education was received in the Hastings public schools. Subsequently he attended St. Vincent's College, at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, from which institution he graduated in 1870. In 1871, during the last months of the Franco- Prussian war, and in 1872-73, he was a student at St. Hypolite, in France. In 1873 he re- turned to Hastings, and for two years was engaged in his stepfather's store. For a short time he was engaged in the newspaper busi- ness. He then began the study of law in the office of Claggett & Searles. In 1S77 he went to the St. Louis Law School, from which he was graduated in 1879. The same year he was admitted to the bar at Hastings. At the en- suing fall election he was elected county attorney of Dakota county, and held the office for two years, or until January, 1801; there- after, until 1899, he was city attorney of Hastings; from 1895 to 1899 he was also city attorney of South St. Paul. It is remarkable that while holding his first official position, that of county attorney of Dakota county. Mr. Schaller. although fresh from school, and with- out much practical experience as a lawyer, made an unusually good record. One of his official duties was the prosecution of criminal cases, and of thirteen such cases tried in Janu 15! BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. ary, 1880, he secured convictions in eleven, and in the two other rases the accused pleaded guilty. In 1894 he was elected to the State Senate from the Twenty-fourth Senatorial Dis- trict, and was re-elected in 1898, still holding the position. Although a Democrat, as he has always been since he became a voter, and the Legislatures in which he served were very largely Republican, no other member had more influence in them, or made a better record generally, than Senator Schaller. He was the leading and master spirit in securing the loca- tion of the Hospital for the Insane at Hast- ings. He was the author of the bill providing for normal instruction in the public schools. and an influential champion of the school teachers- certificate bill, lie was invariably on the side of the people, as against the corpora- tions, and was largely instrumental in putting through the Senate the pine lands bill and the present insurance code, including the valued policy act. Senator Schaller is an able lawyer, well versed in the principles and practice of the law. and effective as an advocate. He is an accomplished speaker at the bar or on the hustings, with a large fund of humor and a pleasing style generally. He is of decided views and opinions, and a positive character throughout. He was married May 24, 1881, to Miss Kate E. Meloy, a daughter of John C. Meloy, who was a prominent early settler of Hastings. Mr. and Mrs. Schaller have four liv- ing children, named Rose Marie, Carl A.. Josephine M., and Marion E. ALEXANDER FA RIBAULT. The late Alexander Faribault, founder of the town of Faribault, Minnesota, was born in Praire dn Chien, Crawford county. Wisconsin, June, 1806, but as his certificate of baptism bears the same date, and as during life he dis- tinctly remembered the latter event, we con elude he must have been born as early as 1802 or ISO:!. His grandfather, Bartholomew Fari- bault, came over from Paris, France, to Canada, in 1757. as secretary of the French army. He was the son of Bernard Faribault and Magdalena Hamon, the former of whom tilled an honorable position at the Court Royal, and an officer in the Royal Huissiers, and died in Paris May 8, 1741. Bernard Faribault was a highly esteemed gentleman, and his son, Bartholomew, was born in Paris, where he was notary public. Two years after his arrival in Canada, after the defeat of the Canadians by the French, in 1759, he went to Berthier, where he continued his profession as notary public. He was married to a lady by the name of Ver- roneau. He died in Berthier, June 20, 1801, and his wife survived him but ten days. They left nine children, the seventh, Jean Bap- tiste, being the father of Alexander Faribault. He was born at Berthier on the 19th of October, 1775, married Pelagic Haines, and died on the 20th of August, 1860, in Torab. When a child Alexander was very fond of hunting, and re- membered that while on a pigeon hunt, the British troops and Indian allies attacked the place. This must have been during the War of 1812. In the spring of 1821, he in company with the old trader, P. La Blan, came up the Mississippi to the Minnesota river, and the lat- ter established a trading post where Le Sueur now is. In the fall Mr. Faribault was given the escort of two Frenchmen, and returned to the .Mississippi at the present site of Hastings and traded during the winter. The following spring they went to Fort Snelling, which Mr. Faribault had visited on his previous trip. His father soon after became established on Big Island, at Mendota, as a trader, and when the Indian chief, Wanata, or Cut Head, living where Fort Abercrombie was subse- quently built, was wanted at Washington, he was dispatched for him, having for companions Jo Snelling. son of the Colonel, and two French guides. They took a pack horse and made the journey on foot, but when arriving there, purchased of the Indians a pony, which Jo Snelling and Mr. Faribault took turns in riding back. The latter was appointed by Major Taliaferro, United States agent at Fort Snell- ing, and held the office until 1825. He was married in the latter year to Miss Elizabeth Graham. Her father. Duncan Graham, was an ex-army officer, of the Graham and Duncan families of Scotland, and her mother, a half- ■ SI ' -r* ^ V ALEXANDER FARIBAULT BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 455 breed, was a descendant of the earliest ex- plorers of Minnesota. The same year of his marriage, Mr. Faribault established a trading post directly opposite the present city of St. Peter, on the Minnesota river bottom, and the locality became known as We-we, or Wet Land. He lived there in a log house during the wmter of 1825-6. As the southern Indians desired a nearer trading post, he, with a guide, in July, 1826, crossed the Cannon river at the present site of Northfleld,and encamped where the city of Faribault now stands. He con- tinued his journey through the present site of Waterville, and about nine miles southeast, to a place now known as Okaman, Waseca county, where he concluded to locate. He marked the place by putting up three stacks of hay and returned to Mendota. In the fall of 1827, with seven ox carts and seven French assistants, he made his way back through the wilderness to the post he had selected. He re- mained at the post three winters, living at Mendota during the summers. In the fall of 1830, Mr. Faribault erected a trading post at Lake Sakata, near where Waterville now is. The following fall he moved to the east end of the lake in the present town of Morristown, Rice county. In is:::?, Mr. Faribault followed the Indians south to their hunting grounds, locating in the present county of Faribault. The place had an Indian name, signifying Chained Lakes. He then traded in what is now Steele county, where St. Mary's is now located. In 1835, he came to the present site of Faribault and put up a log house, fifteen by twenty-five feet, located on the east side of Straight river. Ever since he fusl encamped there, in 1826, it had been his intention to se- cure the location if the land came into the market. He remained al this post during the winter months, and lived with his family in Mendota during the summer, employing two Frenchmen to look after the stock of goods at the post. The flat on the west side of the river had previously been cultivated by the Indians, and Mr. Faribault plowed most of the land lying between what is now Willow street and the river north of Third street, and planted wheat and corn, the Indians receiving the benefit, as they would take the wheat from the stacks and thresh it in their blankets, to all of which they were welcome. Mi'. Fari- bault then owned about thirty horses, one hun- dred head of cattle, and from twenty to forty hogs. In the spring of is.-,:; he employed twelve men in cutting timber in the w Is and hauling lumber from St. Paul. He, during the summer, erected a commodious frame residence, which was the first frame building erected in the county. Mr. Faribault was a member of the Second Legislature in 1851, from the Seventh District. After that he would not enter into politics, with the exception of helping his old friends, General Sibley and Hon. William Windom, in their campaigns. He was at one time called on by a delegation at Faribault, urging him to become a candidate for Repre- sentative, but he positively declined, saying his experience had demonstrated that political of- fice was not to his taste. Mr. Faribault was considered a wealthy man for those days, but his generosity ruined him financially. The panic through the country in 1857 caused him heavy losses by the failure of Borup&Oakes in St. Paul, in which he, General Sibley and Gen- eral Dana were the principal stockholders. All his investments in St. Louis, Missouri, and the depreciation in land values, of which he held considerable, alarmed him, and attempt- ing to retrieve himself financially, he entered into, the milling business. He built the Straight River stone mills, in Faribault, and later two others, all of which he operated. Mr. Faribault was the father of ten children, of whom only three are living, viz.: Daniel, Will- iam R. and Alexander Leon. His wife, Eliza- beth Faribault, died in Elizabethtown, near Fergus Falls, in 1875. Mr. Faribault served in the battle of Birch Coulie in 1862. He died in Faribault, December 28, 1882. JOSEPH B. COTTON. Mr. Joseph Bell Cotton, of Duluth, Minne- sota, is a native of Indiana, born on a farm near Albion, in Noble county, January 6, 1865. He is the son of Dr. John and Elizabeth .1. (Riddle) Cotton. His parents (who are now 456 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. deceased) were both unlives of Ohio, and Dr. Cotton was a graduate of Rush Medical Col- lege, Chicago. On his father's side Joseph B. is related to the late Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D., long the distinguished pastor (if Trinity church, Boston, Massachusetts. The subject of this sketch was reared upon the home farm in Indiana, in the work of which he partici- pated until sixteen, since which age he has made his own way in the world. His educa- tion was begun in Hie school of the district in which he grew up, and continued in the high school at Albion, lie next became a student in the Michigan Agricultural and Mechanical College, at Lansing; and during his college course he distinguished himself by his ora- torical gift, being chosen class orator for both his junior and senior years, and being, also, one of the eight commencement orators se- lected by the faculty from the graduating class with reference to scholarship and general rank. He graduated from this institution, with the degree of B. S., in the class of 1886; but being offered by his alma mater a position as tutor in mathematics, he remained in Lansing for two years longer, meantime leading law under the direction of Hon. Edwin Willits, then presi- dent of the college and a former member of Congress from Michigan. June 13, 1888, be- fore the Supreme Court of Michigan, Mr. Cot- ton was admitted to the bar; and shortly after- wards came to Duluth and located for profes- sional practice. It was during the heat of the Harrison campaign that he arrived in Duluth, and, catching the spirit of the occasion, he plunged at once into politics, soon becoming very popular with the Republican constituency. In the fall of 1892 he was nominated by accla- mation for Representative from St. Louis. Lake and Cook counties, to the Stale Legislature, and was duly elected, receiving the heaviest ballot of any candidate from that district. A strong incentive for entering the Legislature was his interest in securing a third judge for the Eleventh Judicial District. He accordingly introduced the desired measure, and was chiefly instrumental in its passage. He also took an effectual part in putting through the bill which secured the new State capitol, and participated with equal force in the defeat of the proposed terminal elevator bill. While in the House he served on numerous commit- tees, including those on the judiciary, munici- pal corporation, grain, warehouse, tax and tax laws. His power as an orator was brought into full play in a fervent and eloquent speech which nominated Senator C. K. Davis for re- election, and wiin new laurels for himself. In 189] Mr. Cotton became a member of the law- firm of Cotton & Dibbel, recently changed by Hie admission of a new member to Cotton, Dibbel & Reynolds; and upon the completion of his term of office in the State Legislature, he accepted the position, which he still holds, of attorney for the Duluth. Missabe & North- ern Railway Company, and for the Lake Su- perior Consolidated Iron Mines. He is also vice president and managing owner of the Bes- semer Steamship Company, besides being vice president of several companies operating mines on the Missabe range. For the last three years Mr. Cotton's practice has been exclusively in the department of corporation law, and he has been connected with much important litiga- tion, both in this State and in Wisconsin. In the case, brought in the United States Circuit Court, of McKinley vs. Lake Superior Consoli- dated Iron Mines, which involved the McKinley mine on the Missabe range, he was one of the counsel for the defense, as also in the cele- brated case of Meil'itt VS. Rockefeller, which developed from mining transactions on the Missabe and Gogebic ranges immediately pre- ceding and during the financial crisis of 1893, and is still pending in the United States courts. Mr. Cotton is a Knight Templar and member of the Mystic Shrine, having attained to the thirty-second degree in Masonry. He also be- longs to the order of Elks, and to that of the Red Cross of < 'onstantine. Mr. Cotton has been married, but has no children. SHELDON L. FRAZER. Sheldon Lord Frazer, of Duluth. was born at Steubenville, Jefferson county. Ohio. Octo- ber 8, 184.">. His early education was received BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 457 in tilt- Cincinnati public schools, which be at- tended until he was fifteen years of age. After- wards lie was sent to a military school in New Jersey. During the War of the Rebellion some of the members of this school were received by the Government in the military service and performed much valuable work without pay. Mr. Frazer was one of these patriotic young students. Although but a mere youth he served his country, during his school vacations, in several responsible positions. For a tine he was a member of the military staff of Major General Irvin McDowell. ruder Colonel Weisell, of Ohio, he served with the Union forces during General Kirby Smith's raid into Kentucky, in 1862, when southern Ohio was seriously threatened with Confederate inva- sion, and in the summer of 1863 he partici- pated in the pursuit of General John Morgan, when that bold rebel raider and his rough riders and fierce fighters made their raid through Ohio. He was also in the second battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, under General Sedgwick. In 1865, the year the war closed, he was engaged with his father in the whole- sale grocery trade in Cincinnati and in 1868 became a member of the firm. In 1883 he en- gaged in the grain business at Toledo. Ohio; subsequently he represented the interests of Iris firm at Kansas City, Missouri. In the spring of 1857, Mr. Frazer located in Duluth as the general agent in the Northwest for the Diebold Safe and Lock Company, manufactur- ers of fire and burglar proof safes. In 1890 lie left this position to become receiver of the United States land office at Duluth, serving until 1895. Subsequently he engaged in his present vocation, that of land attorney, in which he has been most successful. He has participated in the litigation of some of the most important land cases ever adjudicated in the State, and in his professional specialty has attained a reputation that is well nigh invaluable. Mr. Frazer is a well and popularly known citizen of Duluth. He has been a mem ber of the city public school board for two years, and takes a prominent part in the active affairs of the municipality generally. During his residence in Cincinnati he was for two years a member of the board of commissioners of the Cincinnati Exposition. Mr. Frazer is promi- nent in the affairs of various secret orders, notably in Free Masonry. In 1866, when he had reached his majority, he became a mem ber of Magnolia Lodge No. 83, I. ( >. o. F.. ;l t Cincinnati, and held certain minor offices in the lodge. In 1869 he was one of the charter members and the first K. of R. and S.. of Cres- cent Lodge, No. 42, of the Knights of Pythias, Ohio. In symbolic masonry, he was made a Master Mason in Vattier Lodge, No. 386, Cin- cinnati. May 21, 1871. Upon locating in Duluth he joined Palestine Lod.uc No. Til, in 1888. In 1889 he organized Ionic Lodge, No. 186, Du- luth, and served as secretary until in Decem- ber. 1892, when he was elected S. W. In December, 1893, he was elected master, and for the past five years has been a trustee, and for three years chaplain of the lodge. He has been a member of the Masonic Veteran Association of Minnesota since January 12, 1893. In 1889. when the Scottish Rite bodies were organized in Duluth, he took the degrees and was one of the charter members of the organization. When Zenith Council, No.:;, was instituted — January 2.'!, 1890, — he was elected Second Lieutenant, and in 1893 became First Lieutenant. October IS. 1893, he was made, by the Supreme Council, a Knight Commander of the Court of Honor, and October 20, 1899, the Council in session at Washington, D. C, made him an Inspector General honorary of the thirty-third degree, and an honorary mem- ber of the Council. He has held various other offices in the several bodies of the Rite and has taken an active part in its work. Upon the organization of the Masonic Library Asso rial ion, in 1899, he was made a member of the board of control, secretary and librarian, [n January, 1893, he became a member of Osman Temple of the Mystic Shrine, at St. Paul, and since, in January, 1897, has been District Dep uty Grand Master. Mr. Frazer was married October 2'.), 1S74, to .Miss Elise McDowell Backus, of Toledo, Ohio, and they have one child, a daughter, named Elisabeth Frazer. Mr. and Mrs. Frazer are members of St. Paul's Episcopal church at Duluth. 45§ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Mr. Frazer's father, Aimer Lord Frazer, is si ill living. His remote ancestors came to) America early in the Seventeenth Century and lie is n descendant of the distinguished Eng- lish general of his family name. He was born ;il Columbus, Ohio. January 21, isi'l. His mother's maiden name was Betsy Lord. He was reared by his step-father, Hon. Benjamin Tappan, who was at one time United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Ohio and subsequently represented the State in i he United States Senate. He was educated at Kenvon College, Gamhier, Ohio. Adopting the profession of civil engineer, he located the canals and certain railroad lines in North- western Ohio, and a division of the Steuben- ville & Indiana Railroad from Newark, Ohio, to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, now a part of the Pennsylvania system, completing his work in railroad surveying on a line now a portion of the Chesapeake & Ohio. In 1856, he removed to Cincinnati, and became associated with his brother in the wholesale grocery trade, con tinuing until 1887, when he retired from active business. His life record is an enviable one. He has been a useful, honorable citizen and a "doer of good works" all his days. He has been a member of the Episcopal church since boyhood and was a senior warden of the church for thirty years. For many years lie was the superintendent of the Sunday school of St. John's church, Cincinnati. A humanitarian by nature, he has done his part for the fallen ami unfortunate and every worthy charitable enterprise has always found in him a promoter and a liberal friend. He was president of the Humane Society of Cincinnati for a long time. A sincere and devout Christian, he has always taken a deep interest ant! an active part in re- ligious matters. He has been public spirited to an eminent extent and offered the original resolution in the Cincinnati Chamber of Com merce for the establishing of the city's famed exposition; he was the tirsl secretary of the exposition board of commissioners. Always a close student, his mind is well stored and is yet clear and active. He is an able and effec- tive writer and a recent article from his pen on "The Christian Observance of the Opening of the Twentieth Century" attracted much favorable attention and admiring comment. .Mr. Frazer is spending the evening of life at his long-time home in Cincinnati. In many per- sonal characteristics his son, Sheldon L, re- sembles him verv closelv. ALLEN F. FERRIS. Allen Frank Ferris, president of the First National Bank of Brainerd, Minnesota, is a native of New York, born at Perrysburg, Cat- taraugus county. July 22. 1865. His father. William Ferris, was born in Olto, New York, Augusl 1, 1827, and secured work in a store at Gowanda, New York, when only fifteen years old. While living at Gowanda he was married to Miss Buelah A. Allen, a native of that place, and daughter of Judge Daniel Allen, of the District Court. Judge Allen was a prominent man in his State, and was once nominated for the Governorship, but declined to run. He was a native of Massachusetts, and his wife was Esther Manley, daughter of Capt. John Man- ley, of Connecticut. William Ferris was for lift een years agent of the Erie Railroad at Perrysburg, New York, and it was at that place that his son, Allen, was born, July 22, I860. In 1872, Mr. Ferris moved to Minnesota and established himself at Brainerd as agent of the Northern Pacific Railroad and of the United States Express Company. In 1881 he organized the First National Bank of Brainerd and was president of the bank at the time of his death in 1882. Young Allen was only seven years old when his parents removed to Minne- sota. He attended the common schools at Brainerd and took two years at Carleton Col- lege at Northfield. In 1885, when twenty years of age, he entered the First National Bank as teller and during the following year was elected cashier. In 1892 he was made presi- dent and still occupies that position. Mr. Fer- ris has taken a prominent part in the public affairs of his city. He was elected an alder man in 1891, and was made vice president of the city council. In 1892 and 1893 he was re- elected. In 1894 he was elected as a member Th& Qmtury Pu&Us/wtp & Eru/mvivy Co Chlcapor IHOGRAPIIY OF MINNESOTA. 459 of the Lower House of the State Legislature. He took a very active part in the legislation of the ensuing Legislative term, and as chair- man of the railroad committee of the House of Representatives, was influential in shaping important legislation. He was the author of the seed bill, which formulated a plan for aid- ing the farmers who losl everything by the forest fires of 1894, and needed seed for sowing in the spring, in order that they might get a fresh start. The work of Mr. Ferris in the House was rewarded by a re-election in 1896. During his third term in the Legislature, he was chairman of the joint reapportionment committee in the House and Senate, and during his last term he was chairman of the railroad committee. Governor Merriam appointed Mr. Ferris to the Game and Fish Commission in 1891, and for five years he was secretary of that body. Mr. Ferris is president of the Chen- quatana Club of Brainerd, vice president of the Board of Trade, captain of the Brainerd divi- sion, No. 7, U. R. K. P., a member of the Masonic body, of the Knights of Pythias and of the Improved Order of Red Men. On June 8, 1888, he was married to Miss Annie M. Stegee. They have one child, Frank W. Ferris, born June 12, 1S89. JONATHAN L. NOYES. Jonathan Lovejoy Noyes, A. M., of Fari- bault, is from a sturdy stock of New England ers whose ancestry may be traced back through the mother country to a remote Nor- man origin, the present name of Noyes being a modification of the Norman Noye. The fam- ily was introduced into this country in 1634, in the persons of two brothers— Rev. -lames and Nicholas Noyes, sons of a clergyman of Choulderton, Wiltshire county, England. Rev. James Noyes, the elder brother, had been an English teacher, educated at Oxford, and pur- sued his profession in Newbury, Massachu- setts, where he located. The subject of this sketch is a lineal descendant of Rev. -lames. and a grandson of Moses Noyes. who was a soldier of the French and Indian and the Revo lutionary wars, having served in the latter as orderly sergeant and participated in the fa mous conflict at Concord. In 1781 he settled in Windham, Rockingham county, New Hamp- shire, removing thither from Massachusetts; and here, nearly half a century later — on June 13, 1827 — Jonathan L., of our sketch, was horn. the son of James and Abigail (Lovejoy) Noyes. He was reared upon the home farm, and at the age of fourteen was sent to rhillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. His father paid his way for one year, 1ml felt unable to continue, owing to the numerous other demands upon him. Besides Jonathan, there were seven other children to be provided for, and he had been the mainstay of his parents in their declining years, paying off a heavy debt which had long burdened the old homestead. So Jonathan, with a thrift that paralleled his sire's, assumed his own support and education. Connecting himself with the teachers' seminary at An- dover, he arranged for an opportunity to teach during three winter terms, spending his sum- mers as a farm toiler. Furnished thus with funds, he returned to Phillips Academy, where he pursued his studies for three years longer. His academic course completed, he taught for one year in Andover, then, in 1848, entered Yale College. He graduated in 1852 and en- tered at once upon an engagement to teach at Philadelphia in the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. It was his intention later to study for the ministry; but he had been forced to incur indebtedness while in col- lege, and accepted this position with a view to canceling same. His work among the unfortu- nates in this institute, however, so enlisted his interest and sympathies that he resolved to make their instruction and culture his life work. For six years he taught in Philadelphia, then for two years— 1858 to 1800— in a similar institution at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Mean- time the anti-slavery protest was stirring up a feeling in the South which made more and more uncomfortable and incongruous the posi tion of a resident, with the broad humanitarian sympathies and frank, free New England spirit of Prof. Noyes. Returning North, he engaged to fill a position as instructor in the American 460 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Asylum at Hartford, Connecticut, where be faithfully labored for six years. In 18CC be came to Faribault, in response to bis appoint- ment as superintendent of tbe Minnesota School for tbe Deaf and the Blind. He had been comfortably established at Hartford, and the new field of labor opened to him on the borderland of civilization was a crude if not a perilous one, offering strenuous toil as its chief attraction. But in the veins of Prof. Noyes flowed an inheritance from pioneer an- cestors which well adapted him to cope with the conditions of the frontier. Under his efficient superintendency, tbe Minnesota insti- tution has been developed from a primitive es- tablisbment conducted in a wooden structure which, in its prime, had done duly as a store, to the present spacious aud magnificently equipped institute. Tbe building, like the en- terprise it houses, was a gradual growth, the north wing being founded during the first year of Prof. Noyes' management, the south wing five years later, and the main structure com- pleted in 1878. The conveniences and beauties of its interior are expressions of tbe solicitude and taste of Prof. Noyes. Its entire cost was some |175,000, aud it is conceded to be the finest State building in Minnesota. Another philanthropic institution — the Minnesota School for Imbeciles at Faribault — lived as a project in the fertile brain and devoted heart of Prof. Noyes years before it became a ma- terial fact. Prof. Noyes presided over the activities of the School for tbe Deaf for thirty years continuously, maintaining throughout a single-hearted view to the interests of his pu- pils. He was held ever in a progressive atti- tude of mind by his sympathetic desire to discover every possible improvement of meth- od for tbe development of the boys and girls in his charge. At length the constant drain upon his vital energies made such inroads upon bis general health as to render impera- tive his resignation, which was even then ac- cepted with reluctance by the board. Since 1867 Prof. Noyes has been a trustee of Carleton College, at Northfield, Minnesota, having for twenty-five years served as president of the board. On July 21, 1862, Prof. Noyes was married to Eliza H. Wadswortb, of Hartford, a descendant of Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth, to whom the "Charter Oak" owes its fame, it hav- ing been he who concealed the historic docu- ment within its protecting bosom. Mrs. Noyes is a highly refined and cultivated woman, and a most admirable character. Always fully in sympathy with her husband's noble ideals and work, she possesses abilities which have quali- fied her to co-operate with him. She was for seven years an instructor in the American Asylum, a position to which she was peculiarly adapted by her skill in reading human nature and her profound sympathy for misfortune. Prof, and Mrs. Noyes are the parents of one daughter, named Alice Wadswwth. Like her illustrious father, Mrs. Alice Noyes-Smith has shown marked ability as a teacher and has been engaged in that profession for the past ten years in the Faribault Institution. She is a member of the Daughters of the Revolution, through both her parents' ancestry. The fam- ily attend service at the Congregational church of Faribault, in which the Professor is a dea- con. The Minnesota School for the Deaf stands as a perpetual testimonial to the noble ideals and achievements of its long-time Superinten- dent; but tbe true depths of a soul like his can be sounded, and tbe boundaries of its influ- ence fixed, only by the Infinite mind. THOMAS S. BUOKHAM. Thomas Scott Buekbam. LL. I)., for over twenty years Judge of the Fifth Judicial Dis- trict, was born in Chelsea, Orange county, Ver- mont, January 7, 1837. He is the son of Rev. James and Margaret (Barmby) Buekbam. His father, a native of Kelso, Scotland, was edu- cated to tbe ministry in tbe old Calvinistic school. He lived and preached in England for several years; came to America in 1836, and settled at Chelsea, Vermont. He later removed to Burlington, Vermont, where he continued to preach until he was seventy-five years of age. He was a fine classical scholar, a man of strong mind and a true Christian. He died in Burlington, in 1885, at the good old age of ninety-four years. His wife, Margaret Barm- The Century PiMisMy S, Cnjravtny Co Ctucapo- ^Z7lX^r^>^AZ^ BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 461 by, was a native of Hull, Yorkshire county, England. She died in Burlington, Vermont, at the age of seventy-six. They were the parents of ten children, of whom three sons and one daughter are yet living. One of the sons lias been for twenty-five years president of the Uni- versity of Vermont, at Burlington. Another son is principal of the State Normal School at Monmouth, Oregon, which position he lias occupied for the last five years. Previous to that time he was for many years president of the State Normal School at Buffalo, New York. The daughter is Mrs. Martha B. Benedict, wife of B. L. Benedict, Clerk of the United States District Court and Circuit Court for the East- ern District of New York, residing in Brook- lyn. The other son is the subject of this sketch. Thomas Scott Buckham received his preparatory education from his fattier and en- tered the University of Vermont, where he graduated from the classical course in L855. Since then the University has conferred on him the degree of LL. D. After graduation he taught Latin and Greek for one year in the seminary at Mexico, Oswego county, New York. In the summer of 1850 he came to Min- nesota and settled in Faribault, where he has ever since resided. He had read law while in college and while teaching. As soon as lie was settled in Faribault he was admitted to the bar of all the courts. He first commenced t lie prac- tice with George W. Batchelder, which part- nership continued until he was appointed to the bench in 1880, by Gov. John S. lMllsbury, as Judge of the Fifth Judicial District, which office he has continued to hold by reelection without opposition, until the present time. He is now serving his fourth term. Before he was appointed to the bench he served as county at- torney for two years and was county superin- tendent of schools for six years. He was also mayor of Faribault for one term, and was for twelve years on the board of regents of the State University. He served as State Senator in 1873-71, and was chairman of the judiciary committee both terms, and a member of the railroad committee. It was he who drew up the first bill that became a law. for the regu- lation of railroads in Minnesota. Judge Buck ham was married in Brooklyn, New York, No vember 25, L866, to Anna M. Mallary, a native of New York. Mr. and Mrs. Buckham attend the Congregational church, of which Mrs. Buckham is a member. They have no children. ALBERT W. STOCKTON. Albeit William Stockton, State Senator from the Twentieth District of Minnesota, a prominent business man and manufacturer of Faribault, was horn March 30, 1844, in Kosciusko county, Indiana, lie is the son of John C. and .Martha J. (Sippy) Stockton. His father was of English descent and his mother of French extraction. His parents removed to Richland county, Wisconsin, in the fall of 1854, where his father was engaged in farming and where he passed a quiet, uneventful life, in comfortable circumstances, honored and re- spected by his neighbors. He died at Richland Center, Wisconsin^ in July, 1886. Albeit W. was retired on his father's farm and received a common school education. August 22, 1862, he enlisted in Company B, Twenty-fifth Wis- consin Volunteer Infantry, going into camp at La Crosse, Wisconsin. In September, the regi- ment was ordered to Fort Snelling to partici- pate in the Indian War. The regiment was di- vided, and the company in which Mr. Stock- ton wtis serving, was stationed at Alexandria, Minnesota. In December it was ordered to re- port at Fort Snelling. and from there went to Camp Randall, Madison. Wisconsin. In Feb- ruary the following year his company went South to Columbus, Kentucky, and afterwards participated in all the marches and engage ments of the regiment. Mr. Stockton served with his company continuously, and was in all the battles in which the company was engaged until June II, L864, when he received a severe gunshot wound in the right thigh, while en- gaged in the battle of Peach Tree Orchard, in front of Kenesaw Mountain, Georgia. Like thousands of others he experienced serious trouble in the healing of his wound and was confined in various hospitals, where he was an invalid for nearly a year. In June, 1865, he was discharged with his regiment at Madison, 462 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Wisconsin. Returning home he was for sev- eral years engaged as a clerk in a general store. In August, 1872, he removed to Faribault, Minnesota, where he has since resided. He served as deputy county auditor of Rice county for twelve years, after which he was assistant cashier of the First National Bank for two years. In 188C he formed a partnership with John Hutchinson, purchased the Faribault Roller Mills and built the Faribault Furniture Factory, both located at Faribault, and lias since been largely engaged in the manufacture of flour and furniture. Mr. Stockton has al- ways taken an active interest in every enter- prise tending to build up and promote the best interests of his city and county. For ten years he has served as chairman of the board of county commissioners of Rice county. In 1890 he was honored by the citizens of his district with an election to the State Senate, and was re-elected in 1891 and again in 1898. He is now serving his twelfth year in the State Sen ate, of which body he was elected president pro tern, in the session of 1899. He has been an active and influential member of the Legis- lature, having served on various important committees. In 1895 he was chairman of the railroad committee each term. Senator Stock ton is a staunch Republican in politics, is a Knight Templar and a member of several oth- er fraternal societies. He was married in Fari- bault, November 10, 1868, to Miss Belle Frink. daughter of Calvin Frink, late of Faribault. She died May 8, 1876. He was again married, September 10, 187S, to Miss Julia Andrews, of Faribault. They are the parents of one daughter, Glen B. Stockton, a student in the Slate University, and a son, Charles Murray Stockton, now attending the Shattuck School. Mr. and Mrs. Stockton attend the Congrega- tional church. RENSSELAER R. NELSON. The occupation of a Federal District Bench for a period of thirty-nine years is an honor which few men are privileged to point to as their record in the public service. Minnesota, since its admission to Statehood, has had as its representative on the United States Dis- trict Bench, Judge Rensselaer Russell Nelson, who exercised jurisdiction over his district un- til 1890, when he resigned. But Judge Nelson is not the only member of his family who has been prominent in the judiciary of the United States. His father, Samuel Nelson, was for many years and until his death, an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, while Judge Nelson, of Brooklyn, who tried the famous Tilton-Beecher trial in 1875, was a second cousin, this branch of the family spell- ing their name Neilson. Rensselaer Russell Nelson, of St. Paul, was born in Cooperstown, ( )l sego county, New York, May 12, 1820. He is of Irish descent on his father's side and of Eng- lish and Irish on his mother's side. His pater- nal great-grandfather, John Nelson, came from Ballibay, Ireland, in 1701, when his grand- father, John Rogers Nelson, was a child, and settled in Washington county, New York. Here Samuel Nelson, father of Rensselaer, was born, November 10, 1702, and died at Cooperstown, New York, in December 1873. He served in the War of 1812, and the land warrant given him for his services to his country at that time was located by his son, Rensselaer, on the lands in Minnesota. Young Nelson prepared for college in his native town. When but six- teen years old he entered Yale College, and was graduated from that institution in 1846. He had decided to follow in the footsteps of his father, and at once began reading law in the office of James R. Whiting, of New York City — who sat at one time on the Supreme Bench of the State of New York — and was admitted to the bar in his native town in 1849. He be- gan practice there, but within a short time removed to Minnesota, locating at St. Paul in 1850. He continued his practice in that city for three or four years, then removed to West Superior, Wisconsin. While there, from 1851 to 1850, he served as district attorney of Douglas county. In 1857 he returned to St. Paul and was appointed a Territorial Judge for Minnesota by President Buchanan. Minne- sota was admitted to the Union the following- year and Judge Nelson was appointed United The Century PublisMy i CryraUny Co Chicago- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 46 States District Judge, the circuit over which he had jurisdiction taking in the whole of the State of Minnesota. By reason of the great extent of this circuit, lie having to preside alone at many terms of court, and also the fact that for many years the criminal laws of the United States were almost exclusively admin istered by the District Court, Judge Nelson's duties have been of a very laborious and com- plex character. But he was a hard worker and seldom took leave of his chambers. His long judicial experience on the District Bench, and his early and complete training in the doc- trines of the common law, have made him one of the leading expounders of the statutory laws in the United Stales. He made law and jurisprudence his life study, hence his high standing as a jurist. His decisions were always marked by I lie strictest impar- tiality, his judgment in his charges to juries exhibiting a rare judicial instinct to quickly wade through immaterial details to the essen- tial points, and were so finely balanced that his court was seldom brought into conflict with other courts. After a service on the bench of thirty-nine years, Judge Nelson, in 189G, resigned the office which he had so hon- orably filled, to pass the balance of his days freed from the onerous duties and worries of judicial life and to enjoy well-earned retire- ment. He carries with him the knowledge thai during his term of office he had the unqualified confidence and respect of both the bar and the people of the State. In politics Judge Nelson has been a life-long Democrat, but he has never been a strong partisan. The 3d of Novem- ber, 1858, he was married to Mrs. Emma F. Wright, nee Beebee, of New York. To them were born two children, Emma Beebee and Kate Russell. The latter died when eight years old. « • WILLIAM MORIN. The late William Morin, of Albert Lea, was born in the year 1827, at Maryborough, Ire- land. He grew up in his native country, where he acquired a fair common school education, which was supplemented by the special train- ing of a civil engineer. He was about twenty years of age when lie came (,, America, and his first five years in this country were spent in New York, lie secured the position of chief engineer on the Niagara Gorge Railway, and was engaged upon this and other lines of rail- road until 1856, the year in which he came west. After some lime spent in deciding upon a favorable location, Mr. Morin eventually set tied in Freeborn county, Minnesota, where he invested in large tracts of land and became one of the founders of the town of Albert Lea. lb' owned about one-half of the present town site, and at the time of his death, which oc- curred March 17, 1887, was the largest land owner in Freeborn county. He was an ener- getic and public-spirited man, and played a prominent part in developing the material in- terests of his city and county. He was a mem ber of the first city council of Albert Lea, and served continuously up to the time of his de- cease. He was the first county auditor and the first register of deeds of Freeborn county. He was also a member of the board of county commissioners, being one of those appointed by the Governor to locate the State School for Indigent Children. During the Civil War. Mr. Morin served as deputy United Slates assessor and deputy United States marshal. In 1860 Mr. Morin was married to Margaret E. Wedge, sister of Dr. A. C. Wedge, of Ohio. Two chil- dren were born to them, viz.: William A. and Margaret Bell (now the wife of M. D. Purdy, of Minneapolis, assistant United States dis- trict attorney!. Mr. Morin was a Knight Tem- plar, and as a staunch Republican exerted an active influence in politics. He was never a "place-hunter," but his prominent characteris- tics of quick perception, common sense ami sound judgment and integrity, made him in demand for public office, and he accepted the proffered honors out of loyalty to the State and particularly to the city of Albert Lea. In his latter days, Mr. Morin bought a tine winter residence in Los Angeles, California, and it was here that he passed away. At the news of his death a great wave of regret swept through his home community, and the follow ing is quoted from the local press of that time: 464 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. "Mr. Morin was a commissioner of the State Indigent School, at Owatonna, a mem- ber of the county board and the city council, and for over twenty-five, years he was a lead- ing, if not the most prominent factor in the prosperity and progress of Albert Lea and Freeborn county. He was a man of remark- able executive ability, and in the business world few with his opportunities have been more capable or successful. He was an up- right man, and in his habits and example a model man and citizen. Honest, honorable, charitable, kind and true, the ending of his career in the prime of his manhood was a pub- lic sorrow." William A. Morin, only son of the de- ceased, was born at Albert Lea on July 2'J. 1864. He obtained his fundamental education in the public schools, and at fifteen entered I'illshury Academy at Owatonna, Minnesota, from which he graduated with the class of 1884. Upon leaving school he became associ- ated with his father in his extensive real es- tate operations in Albert Lea. and soon became prominent in business and public affairs. For several years he served as county surveyor, and at a later period as county commissioner; and he succeeded his father on the board of city aldermen. Mr. Morin is a director in nu- merous institutions, as follows: The Albert Lea National Bank, Albert Lea Milling Com- pany. Duluth, Eed Wing & Southern and the Albert Lea & Southern Railroad companies (both in process of construc- tion), and the Consolidated Fire & Marine Insurance Company of Albert Lea. Mr. Morin is president of the A 11 pert Lea Hotel Company, which was organized by him. and is the pro- jector of the new Hotel Albert — a splendid, three-story brick structure erected at a cost of $50,000, and furnished at $10,000, being equipped with all the modern improved accom- modations. The junior Morin is, also, a Repub- lican, and like his father, takes his share as a responsible citizen in the local politics, with- out persona] ambition for publicity. He, too. is a Knight Templar and member of the Mystic Shrine. On the 10th of August, 1893, at Waverly, Iowa, Mr. Morin was married to Katherine Truesdell, a native of the above State. Mr. and Mrs. Morin are the parents of a son — William T. — now six years of age. HENRY H SIBLEY One of the men most prominently and most honorably identified with the early history of Minnesota was he whose name heads this brief and imperfect sketch. Only the most concise account possible of his life career may be given within the present limits, since his personal history is already well known. His fame is a part of that of the commonwealth he did so much to establish, and his name is a household word within its borders. Henry Hastings Sib ley was born at Detroit, Michigan. February 20, 1811. He was a son of Judge Solomon Sibley, a native of Massachusetts, who became a distinguished citizen of the Northwest, and died in 1846. His mother was Sarah W. Sproat. a daughter of Col. Ebenezer Sproat, who was an officer in the Patriot army in the War of the Revolution, and her maternal grandfather was Commodore Abraham Whipple, of the Amer- ican navy. General Sibley was educated in a private school and at an academy in Detroit. At one time in his youth it was designed that he should be sent as a cadet to the LTnited States Military Academy at West Point and educated to the profession of a soldier, and he undertook a course of study preparatory there- for; but at last he resigned this prospect in favor of an elder brother, Ebenezer S. Sibley, who graduated at West Point and in time be- came a colonel in the regular army. His father then wished him to become a lawyer, and he began reading Blackstone at the age of fifteen. In about two years, however, he gave up his legal studies, and when but seventeen years of age went to the military post at Sault Ste. Marie, where he engaged as clerk in the sutler store of one John Hulbert. The next year he engaged as a clerk with the American Fur Company's establishment at Mackinaw. He was at Mackinaw in this capacity about five years. From 1832 to 1834 he was purchasing agent of the company at the Mackinaw station. In 1834 he formed a partnership with Hercules BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 465 L. Dousman and Joseph Rolette, in the "Amer- ican Fur Company of New York," of which corporation Ramsay Crooks was president. By the terms of the agreement Dousman and Ro- lette were to continue in charge of the com- pany's siat ion a1 Prairie du Chien, and Sibley was given control of the country above Lake Pepin, to the headwaters of the streams flow- ing into the Missouri and north to the British line, with his headquarters at "St. Peters," as the locality at the mouth of the Minnesota was then called. He at once set out for his new- field and arrived at Fort Snelling November 7, 1834. The trip from Prairie dn Chien to the fort, three hundred miles, was made on horse- back with Alexis Bailly and two French-Ca- nadian employees. lie lived at Mendota for twenty-eight years, or until 1862, and during this period was, by territorial changes, with- out a change of residence, successively a citi- zen of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa Terri- tories, and of the Territory and State of Minne- sota. In his isolated situation, for many years his companions and associates were the mem- bers of the garrison at Fort Snelling, the trad- ers and clerks of the fur company, and the Indians. From time to time, however, came travelers and prominent personages — as Schoolcraft, Nicollet, Feathers! onhaugh, Marryat, Catlin, Fremont, el id genus omm — and these were always his guests. He became the chief factor of the fur trade, thoroughly informed in the general character of the coun- try, and an authority upon its geography, its occupants, and its resources. With the In- dians he became thoroughly acquainted. He not only traded with them, but he learned their language, exchanged visits with them, ate with them, slept in their lodges, hunted with them, and was given by them an Indian name, "Wah- ze-o-man-nee" (Walker in the Pines), in addi- tion to his general designation, "Wah-pe-ton- houska" (The Tall Trader). He spoke and wrote the Sioux and French languages as flu- ently as the English. From the date of his advent into it, until Minnesota became a Ter- ritory, he was by all odds the most prominent and influential character in the country. From the first he became connected with its public affairs. He was appointed by Governor Cham- bers, of Iowa Territory, in 1838, the first jus- tice of the peace west of the Mississippi in the present .Minnesota, his jurisdiction extending over what now forms the whole of the State west of the river, a portion of Iowa, and the greater portion of the two Dakotas. He was the first foreman of a grand jury within the same limits. In 1842, Governor Chambers commissioned him a captain in the Iowa militia, and he raised and drilled a company of seventy-five mounted riflemen. In 1848 he was elected a delegate to Congress from the coun- try left over from the former Wisconsin Ter- ritory upon the admission of the State, and after some delay was admitted to a seat. Dur- ing his first session he introduced and secured the passage of the act organizing Minnesota Territory. In the fall of 184!) he was elected to represent the new Territory and re-elected in 1851. His services in Congress were inval- uable to his constituents and their Territory. In 1857 he was elected president of the Demo eratic branch of the Constitutional Conven- tion, and in 1858 was elected the first Governor of the State. He served a term in the Legis- lature in 1871, was one of the original board of regents of the State University, was presi- dent of the hoard for several years, and still a member at his death. For two years he was president of the State Normal School board. His military services during the Indian wars. from 1862 to 1865, gained for him a reputation and renown which will never perish, though perhaps never be fully appreciated. The next day after the sudden and disastrous uprising of the Sioux of .Minnesota, August 18, 1862, he was commissioned colonel, commanding the expeditionary force ordered against them. That evening he planned his campaign, and afterwards carried it out with hardly an un- important deviation from the original designs. How well he executed his mission history tells, and nearly everbody who will read these pages knows. His little force, hastily organized and insufficiently equipped, was not only an army of offensive invasion, but an army of libera- tion and salvation. Finally, at Wood lake, September 23. it assaulted the savages at their 466 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. most formidable stand, defeated them com- pletely and drove them, howling in terror and dismay, from the country. Then it made prisoners of nearly two thousand of the fugi- tive redskins, and won the crowning feature of its work in the rescue from a bondage nearly as terrible as death of two hundred captives, nearly all women and children. Six days after the battle of Wood lake the President com- missioned Sibley a brigadier general. He continued in service until April, 1866, retiring with the rank of brevet major general. During this period he led the so-called "Sibley Expedi- tion" of 1863 against the Sioux of Dakota, defeated them in three battles and drove them across the upper Missouri. In 1864-5 he was in command of the military district of Minne- sota, from which he was relieved in August, 1865, and detailed on a commission with Gen- eral Curtis and others to conclude treaties with the hostile Indians of the Missouri. Meantime, in 1862, he removed from Mendota to St. Paul, where he ever after resided. His connection with the business interests of the city and State became very intimate and prominent. At various periods he was presi- dent of the Chamber of Commerce, director in the First National Bank, and in the St. Paul & Siimx City Railroad, president of the St. Paul Gas Company, of the board of regents of the State University, of the State Historical So- ciety, of the Oakland Cemetery Association, etc. In 1888-9 he was commander of the Min- nesota Commandery of the Loyal Legion. The county of Sibley, the city of Hastings, Sibley street, and the Sibley school were named for him, circumstances which indicate his promi- nent connection with public affairs and his high regard in the public estimation, lie was, by nature, kind-hearted, generous and liberal, even to prodigality, and he probably gave as much to public and private charity as any other citizen of the State. Naturally he was intellectual, and was a good writer and speaker. His literary tasies were quite marked. After his death his papers were turned over to the Historical Society, examined, selected, and tiled. It was found that he had preserved, with scrupulous care, probably every letter and every other pa- per that he had received from the age of six- teen to within a few months of his death. Over three thousand of his letters and papers of historic character are now on tile in the vaults of the society. After a long life of use- fulness, prominence, honor and distinct inn. General Sibley died, at his residence on Wood ward avenue, St. Paul, February 1S, 1891, with- in two days of his eightieth birthday. His death was an event in the history of the city, and all proper public and private honors were paid to his memory. He left many sincere friends who admired him almost to reverence for his noble qualities, his many generous actions, and his pure and exalted character. General Sib- ley married, May 2, 1S-43, Miss Sarah J. Steele, daughter of (Jen. James Steele, of Pennsyl- vania. Mrs. Sibley was a lady of very superior traits of character and general worth, a most befitting companion for her gallant and dis- tinguished husband, and beloved by all who knew her. She died, after twenty-six years of unusually felicitous domestic life, in May, 1869, leaving four children — Augusta, now Mrs. Au- gusta A. Pope, relict of Captain Douglas Pope, IT. S. A.; Sarah, now Mrs. E. A. Young, of St. Paul; Charles Frederic, of Washington, D. G, and Alfred Brush Sibley, of St. Paul. JOHN B. WHEELER. John Brown Wheeler, of Faribault, is a na- tive of Massachusetts, born at Northbridge, Worcester county, on the 8th of May, 1822. His parents, Benjamin and Rhoda (Aldrich) Wheeler, were both Quakers of old New Eng- land stock, who followed an agricultural life, and the subject of this sketch was reared amid rural scenes. He was educated at the Friends' school in Providence, Rhode Island, where, as well as in his home, he was imbued with the virtues of simplicity, honesty and thrift. He taught school during a few winter terms, and. responding to an early demand for his service in the public affairs of his native town, offici- ated as assessor and on the school board for several years. In 1850, Mr. Wheeler visited Illinois, in which State he remained for about a year, occupied with teaching, in a school The Century PiMistiiy . S.. of Faribault. A new generation has at present four prom- ising representatives — a sun and daughter of William Henry Wheeler and two daughters of Mrs. Clements— who add fresh interest to the declining years of our subject. In 1874 Mr. Wheeler built a line house in Faribault, which is still the family residence; and within its comfortable shelter he enjoys the society of relatives and friends and the serene conscious- ness of having lived an honorable and useful life. RODNEY A. MOTT. Hon. Rodney Alonzo Mott, ex-mayor of Fari- bault, was born in Warsaw, New York, De- cember (i. 1825, the son of Daniel Mott, who died when his son Rodney was only about two years old. His mother, whose maiden name was Hannah Frank, was of a family who were prominent in the early history of New York, her father being Col. Nathaniel Frank, who served with distinction in the War of 1812. In April, 1835, our subject removed with his mother to Chicago, and took a preparatory course in Baker Academy, at Lockport, Illi- nois. In 1846 he entered Knox College, at Galesburg, where he remained until 1848. He commenced the study of law in Chicago, in the office of Judge James H. Collins. He had sup- ported himself through his literary and legal studies by teaching school and by work in the harvest field. In 1850 he went overland to California, and returned, by the water route, in the summer of lsr>L\ In October of the same year he married Miss Mary Ripley, daughter of Rev. David Bradford Ripley, of Pomfret, Connecticut. Soon after this he established what was known as the "Crete Normal Acad cmy," a training school for teachers, which he conducted for several years. In the spring of 1856 he came to Minnesota and taught the first public school at Faribault. In December, fol- lowing, he took charge of the first newspaper published in Faribault. called the "Rice County Herald," changing its name to the "Faribault Herald" (now the Faribault Republican). In 1858 he sold the paper to Mr. (). Brown, was admitted to the bar, and immediately began practicing law. He was elected county at- tornev the same year and served two terms. 468 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. He was also appointed county superintendent of schools, and served in that capacity for several years. In L880, he was elected to the State Legislature. He served as chairman of i lie committee on education; helped to pre- pare, drew up and presented the report for the amendment of the high school act, whieh became a law in 1881. Mr. Mott was also on other important committees during the time he served in the Legislature, and he took an active and influential part in the deliberations of the house. Mr. Molt has been connected with the State institutions at Faribault, as director and secretary of the board of man- agers since they were founded. In 1S88 he was elected Judge of 1'robate for Rice county, and held that office until 1898. He has also been a member of the library board since its first organization. He was elected mayor of Faribault in April. 1899. To Mr. and Mrs. Mott were born live children, all daughters, of whom two are now living. Millie, who became the wife of Prof. \Y. M. West, of the Minne- sota State University, died December 6, 1807. Mary E. and Martha < \ are also deceased. Those living are Alice J. and Louise. Mr. Mott and his family are members of the Con- gregational church, take an active part in Sun- day-school work and take more than an ordi- nary interest in literary pursuits. CHARLES A. POOLE. The Rev. Charles Augustus Poole, S. T. D., was born on the 12th of December, 1849, at Cape Vincent, Jefferson county, New York. His father, Calvin Keith Poole, counted among his American ancestors Lieut. Samuel Poole, who played a patriot's pari in the struggle for independence, and traced his lineage farther back to Edward Poole, of Weymouth, England, who, together with other residents of the same place, crossed the Atlantic to Massachusetts Bay in the year 1635 and founded the town of Weymouth, Massachusetts. The maiden name of Calvin Poole's wif. — mother of tin- subject of this sketch—was .lane Susan Williams, and she was descended from Capt. Judah Williams, of Massachusetts, commander of a company in the Revolutionary War. Dr. Poole obtained a preliminary education in the public schools of his native county. Then, at the age of ten years, he became a pupil in a private school. Five years later he took up his residence at Oswego, New York, with a view to securing the greater advantages there afforded for ad- vanced study. He graduated from the high school at Oswego in 1868, and in the following autumn entered Ilobart College. During his college days he distinguished himself by his proficiency in the languages and for his ora- torical powers, winning prizes for the excel- lence of his essays in Greek, Latin and Eng- lish, and being selected as the salutatorian of his class at commencement. After the comple- tion of his collegiate course, he accepted a position to teach in Oxford Academy, at Ox- ford, New York, where he remained for a year, at the head of the departments of natural science and ancient languages. He resigned his post in this institution to become a student of theology in the Seabury Divinity School, at Faribault, Minnesota, where he graduated in the year 1876. He was ordained deacon and priest by Bishop Huntington, and promptly en i ered upon the duties of his high vocation. During seven years he was engaged fn minis terial labor in New York State, presiding over three successive parishes in the respective towns of Camden. Turin and New Berlin. In November, 1883, he returned to Minnesota in response to a call to the rectorate of St. Paul's church at Duluth. While in charge of the Duluth parish, in addition to his regular duties as rector, he was very active in introducing needed improvements and instigating noble enterprises. A hue rectory was built and the church building enlarged, and the first pipe organ in the city was constructed under his rectorship. He was also the projector and founder of a mission near Rice's Point, in the western pari of the city, from which St. Luke's church has since been evolved. In 1888 Dr. Poole was elected to the chair of Systematic Theology in Seabury Divinity School, his pro- fessorship being an associate one to that of the Rev. Dr. J. S. Kedney. On October L':;, The Century Publishing & Engraving Co Chicapa 4 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 469 1878, Dr. Poole was united in marriage to Maria Edna Kedney. daughter of Rev. J. S. and Elizabeth (Cooke) Kedney, her mother be- ing issued from the Cooke family of Catskill, New Yoik. Dr. Kedney. who himself belongs to a New York family, has been a professor in Seabury Hall for the past twenty nine years. Four children, all of them daughters, have been born to Dr. and Mrs. Poole. The degrees of A. It. in course, A. M. and S. T. I)., were all conferred upon our subject by Hobart College, his alma mater. Dr. Poole is still connected with Seabury Divinity School, where he has passed twelve years of happy usefulness. HENRY R. WHIPPLE. The Righl Rev. Henry Benjamin Whipple, D. D., LL. D., Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the diocese of Minnesota, was born in Adams, Jefferson county. New York. February 15, Isl'2. Of his family history and early life, we cannot do better than quote the following from his book, "Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate" (1899), published by the Mac- Millan Company, New York and London: "I have paid very little attention to the subject of genealogy. I know that in the history of my family it has numbered a goodly line of God-fearing men and women, who have been loyal and useful in their devotion to church and State. Sixteen of my kinsfolk were officers in the Colonial and Revolutionary wars. Brigadier-General Whipple was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. The mother of Stephen Hopkins, another signer of the Declaration, was a Whipple. My grandfather, Benjamin Whipple, was in the navy of the American Revolution, which was then in its infancy, but honored by the heroic bravery of Paul Jones and his associates. He was taken prisoner and confined in the prison ship 'Jersey,' and came out of it a paralytic. My father, John H. Whipple, was born in Albany, New York. He married Elizabeth, daughter of the lion. Henry Wager, one of the electors of Thomas Jefferson. My child- hood was as happy as a tender mother and a blessed home could make il. I owe much to my holy mother, from whom 1 learned the blessedness of (iod's word, and whose unfal- tering voice, iii speaking of divine truth, saved me from scepticism. I received my education in private schools of New York. At ten years of age I was sent to the boarding school of the late Professor Avery, in Clinton, and next, to the school under the charge of the Rev. Dr. Boyd and the Rev. John Covert. When a student at Oberlin I resided with my uncle, the Rev. George Whipple, Professor of Mathe- matics. While pursuing my studies my health failed, and by the advice of my physician, T accepted an offer from my father and for a time was connected with him in business. From earliest youth I had been deeply inter- ested in political affairs. My father belonged to tin' old Whig parly, but I became a Demo crat of the conservative school. Through the influence of Governor Dix, I was appointed by Governor Marcy, division inspector with the rank of colonel on the staff of Major -General Corse, having been previously appointed .Major by Gov. William L. Bouck. ft a horded many pleasant hours of recreation with the fuss and feathers of military equipage. My last serv- ice in the political Held was as secretary of a State convention. Thurlow Weed and Edwin Croswell said, when they heard that Mr. Whip- ple had become a candidate for Holy Orders. that they 'hoped a good politician had not been spoiled to make a poor preacher.' " During an attack of illness, when confined to his room, .Mr. Whipple decided to prepare himself for Holy Orders, receiving from his father and Bishop De Lancey their hearty sympathy. He received his theological training under the eminent scholar, the Rev. Dr. W. D. Wilson, Professor in Cornell University. In August, ist!». he was ordered deacon by Bishop De Lancey, in Trinity church, Geneva, New York. He was ordained priest by Bishop De Lancey in Christ church, Sackett's Harbor, the fol- lowing February, lie was immediately called to Zion church. Koine. New York, and during his rectorship there he became an advocate of the free church system — a fad which after- wards influenced his election as Bishop of 4~o BTOGRArriY OF MINNESOTA. Minnesota. He married the eldest daughter of the Hon. Benjamin Wright, of Jefferson county, New York. Although Mr. Whipple, after building up a fine parish and erecting a stone church in Rome, received five or six calls to flourishing city churches, he did not feel that he had received a call in ils true sense until he was asked lo go to Chicago, where there was no free church, but hundreds of clerks and railway men waiting for a shepherd, (living up a devoted parish, a pleasant rectory and a good salary, he went to Chicago, with Bishop De Lancey's assurance that he ••would starve if he went." and plunged at once into his work by visiting the railroad shops and saloons and inviting the men to attend his church. His congregation rapidly grew, and he showed the tact which he possessed in reaching the hearts of the people. The remarkable success which' attended his work attracted attention. Men like Generals Burnside and Banks became members of his congregation and his devoted friends. In the year 1859 he was elected to the episcopate with a unanimous vote by the con vention of the Diocese of Minnesota, which met at St. Paul. He was consecrated first Bishop of Minnesota, October 13, of the same year, at the session of the General Con- vention at Richmond, Virginia. Soon after the close of the convention he visited Minne- sota in the discharge of the duties of his office. The following spring he made Faribault his home, believing it to be the best center for the building up of his schools. At this time the Rev. -I. L. Brock had a small parish school in Faribault. Tin- Bishop laid the cornerstone of the Cathedral, at Faribault, on the 16th of .Inly, 1862. This was the first Protestant Cathedral erected in the United Stales. The Bishop laid the cornerstone of Seabury Divin- ity School the following day, the 17th of July. The Bishop Seabury Mission was incorporated May, 1860, with a board of trustees, of which the Bishop of the diocese is ex-ofticio president. There were at that time twenty thousand In- dians in Minnesota, and with the determina- tion that the heathen close at hand should not be neglected, the Bishop became the spiritual father of the Red Men. In addition to the work among the Chippewas, a new mission was established in the fall of the same year among the lower Sioux on the Minnesota river. On the breaking out of the Civil War, in 1861, the Bishop interested himself in the welfare of the soldiers, and was elected chap- lain of the First Regimenl of Minnesota Vol- unteers — an honor which he necessarily declined. He often visited them in camp, and actively promoted the labors of the sanitary commission in behalf of the sick and wounded. Subsequently he aided in many ways in the relief of the widows and orphans of those who had fallen in the war. When he came to Minnesota there was not a mile of railroad in the State. His journeys were all made by stage, canoe or with his own horses, and dur- ing the first year, besides his visits to the Indian country, he preached from one to three times in every hamlet of the State. In 1862 occurred the Indian outbreak of which the Bishop had already given warning. He was among the foremost to care for the wounded and mutilated, many of whom had been known to him and whose hospitality he had enjoyed in his missionary journeys on the frontier. At great personal hazard he raised his voice against the cry for indiscriminate extermina- tion, and visited Washington in behalf of the innocent members of this deeply injured and long suffering race. He began his pleas with the government for Indian rights in 1859, and has not ceased even to the present time. His efforts were not without success, and, in ISO.'!, he was appointed a commissioner with Bishop Grace of St. Paul and Dr. Williamson of the Presbyterian mission to visit the several In- dian tribes with a view to improving their condition. In the fall of 1864 ill-health from over-work compelled Bishop Whipple to seek rest. He accordingly visited England, where he made warm friends, among whom were Bishop Wilberforce, Dr. Longley, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Dr. Tait. Bishop of Lon- don. From the two latter, who had been head- masters at Harrow and Rugby, the Bishop received valuable counsel concerning the or- ganization of his schools. He extended his journey to the continent and the Holy Land. BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 471 To supply a long-felt need in his educational scheme, Bishop Whipple decided to open a school for girls. Mrs. Whipple entered into this plan, and, in 1860, the school was opened in the Bishop's own house, which was re- modeled — the Bishop undertaking the entire expense. The number of pupils was at first limited to thirty. For several years Mrs. Whipple discharged the office of house mother, until St. Mary's Hall had secured by its ex- cellent management the entire confidence of the public. In the summer of 1807 the Cathe- dra] of Our Merciful Savior was completed and, by the Bishop's invitation, was consecrated by Bishop Kemper. Phelps Library was also built in this year, afterwards remodeled and used as a cottage for the cadets, and later in the year Shattuck Hall was completed. Shat- tuck School was named in honor of George < '. Shattuck, M. D., of Boston, a dear friend and a liberal contributor to the Bishop's work. Dr. Shattuck was the founder of St. Paul's School, Concord, New Hampshire. When Con- gress authorized the detail of army officers to schools of a certain grade, Bishop Whipple was first to apply for a detail for Shattuck, believing it a better means of discipline than flogging, and it was through his influence at Washington that Shattuck has been so fav- ored in its military instructors. Mrs. Augusta M. Shumway, afterwards Mrs. Huntington, another of the Bishop's friends who became interested in his work, gave him the money with which to erect the Shumway Memorial chapel for the use of Shattuck School, seating two hundred and fifty persons. This chapel was ready for consecration in 1873. At her death it was found that Mrs. Huntington had left a legacy to the school of about f300,000, with a part of which Shumway nail was erected for general school purposes, and also Johnson Hall, which contains a fire-proof library for the Seabury Divinity School. In February, 1871, the foreign committee of the Board of Missions requested Bishop Whipple to visit their mission at. Hayti. He was de- tained in Havana, where, in spite of the cold- ness existing between Spain and the United States, he held the first public Protestant service ever held in Cuba, holding confirma- tions and celebrating Holy Communion. The same year lie was offered by the Archbishop of Canterbury the bishopric of the Sandwich Islands, as the King had asked for a bishop of the Anglican church. This offer was de- clined in the interest of his schools and be- cause he believed that it might imperil the work in the white and Indian fields. No brief sketch can describe the character of Bishop Whipple. Dr. Lyman Abbott spoke truly when he said, "Bishop Whipple is a genuine statesman in his grasp of fundamental prin- ciples and his readiness of application to special circumstances. Substantially all the conclusions which modern statesmanship has reached respecting the true solution of the Indian problem were distinctly formulated by Bishop Whipple forty years ago." Whether in his churchmanship, in his dealing with the Indian question, or in the handling of educa- tional work — and in a marked degree his action in regard to the Swedish church ques- tion in his diocese — his statesmanlike methods have ever been exhibited, and it is to these high qualities that the diocese of Minnesota owes its proud position. Bishop Whipple's noble type of face, which in youth was of singular beauty, is clear-cut and ecclesiastical, and with his commanding figure, over six feet and two inches in height, he is regarded as the most picturesque figure in the Anglican church. He is a born orator, his action grace- ful and impressive, his voice melodious and impassioned, and with a keen sense of humor his personality is fascinating. He has the faculty of ready extemporaneous discourse, while his composition has oftentimes a rhyth- mic tiow. His power of remembering names even after an interval of many years is rare. With a ready tact he is eminently fitted to preside over a deliberative body, and his power in this regard has been exercised on many delicate occasions. His presentation of a ques- tion to a deliberative body is clear and judi- cious, and he has served on many important committees. But the greatest of all these gifts is the charity which has so signally marked his life and work. In the administration of 472 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. his diocese be lias broughl together men of diverse schools of theological thought, who have been of one mind in the household of good winks. Moreover, he lias been active in the effort i<> promote church unity. His in- terest in the McCall mission in Paris was open and hearty. The Society of Friends has given him its aid and confidence; while the moder- ator of the General Assembly of the Presby- terian church in Scotland sent him assurances of sympathy in the darkest period of his Indian missions, and he was invited, in 1890 (by the moderator of the Presbyterian church in Scotland), to address their General Assem- bly. His life has been too busy for much literary work so-called. This has been con- fined to sermons and addresses, to newspaper articles upon the Indian policy, and to his valuable and charming "Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate.'' Even his vacations have few leisure moments, and much of his useful work has been accomplished in these seasons of so-called leisure. In 188G the elec- tion of an assistant bishop brought him help in the care of his large diocese, with its con- stantly increasing population, but his activity in the interest of his schools and diocesan work is unabated. Bishop Whipple has had a wide acquaintance and friendship with famous men of the last half century, both in England and America. He has been brought in contact with all sorts and conditions of men, but in the fifty years of his priestly and episcopal career he has borne himself with equal ease and dignity in the wigwam, the lumber camps of the frontier, and in the courts of Europe — always an American gentleman. Love of God and love of man has been the burden' of his cry. In 1888 he attended the Pan- Anglican council in London, and preached the opening sermon in Lambeth Palace. He is a leading member of the House of Bishops of the Episcopal church in the United States. He is a recognized au- thority on all questions relating to the Indian problem. He has been a member of several important Indian commissions sent by the Government to make treaties, and, in 1868, without his knowledge, Congress appropriated forty-five thousand dollars for the Sisseton and Wahpeton Indians on the condition that the money should be expended by him. His fear- less report on the condition and treatment of [he Indians, delivered at the request of Mv. Cooper, in Cooper's Institute, and in Calvary church, New York, led to the organization of the Indian Peace Commission. In 187.'! Bishop Whipple was elected a trustee of the Peabody Fund for Education in the South, whose first president, Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, was suc- ceeded by Hon. William M. Evarts. Bishop Whipple and Chief Justice Fuller are the two vice-presidents of I his brilliant body of men. Bishop Whipple was the acting presiding bishop of the American chinch in England at the Lambeth Conferences of 1888 and 1897. He has preached on several occasions the special sermons before the Universities of Cambridge, Oxford, and Durham, having re- ceived the honorary degrees of LL. D. and U. D. from these universities. Iu 1899 he was asked by the Foreign and Domestic Mission- ary Society of England, and also by the Board of Missions, to attend the centenary of the former society and deliver addresses, as the representative of the Episcopal church in America. Bishop Whipple is Chaplain-General of the Societies of the Sons of the Revolution and the Colonial Wars of the United States. He was fittingly selected at the first patriotic celebration of Washington's birthday in Puerto Rico, February 22, 1900, to deliver the address lief ore an audience of several thou- sand, on "Our Country."' Bishop Whipple's second marriage was most blessed. In a beautiful but brief tribute to his wife, in his recently published work, he says: It was the loving Providence of Cod which made one who is now my helper in all His work my parishioner. Her love and sympathy for the sorrowful and heavy-laden, and her deep in- terest in the brown and black races who have so long held a place in my heart, drew us to- gether. And in this gift my Heavenly Father has overpaid me for the burdens which I have carried for His children." At the request of the Board of Missions, Bishop Whipple visited Puerto Rico, February, 1900, to examine the held for church work. The first Protestant JEAN B. FARIBAULT BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 473 American bishop to set foot on this new pos- session of the United Slates, he was received everywhere in his journey through the island with great warmth and enthusiasm. The name of the first great Bishop of Minnesota is one that will ever stand for all that is highest and best. His grand life and work are inwrought in the history of the noble State of Minnesota. JEAN B. FARIBAULT. Jean Baptiste Faribault was born October 19, 1775, at Berthier, Canada. His grand- father was an officer in the Royal Iluisiers. His father was Bathelemi Faribault, who was born in Paris, and came to Canada as secre- tary of the French army in 1757. Jean Bap- tiste Faribault received an excellent education and early in life began business in the employ of a merchant by the name of Thurseau, at Quebec. After two years he entered the service of Messrs. McNides & Company, im- porters. Of an adventurous disposition, he chafed under such close confinement, and was about to go to sea, wishing in that way to see more of life and of the world. His family so strongly opposed this resolution that he finally gave it up. About this time the Duke of Kent, the father of Queen Victoria, was stationed in Canada, with his regiment of Fusiliers, of which he was in command. Young Mr. Fari- bault, being much impressed with the brilliant military display of the Duke's command, though never having taken lessons in art, drew a cartoon which was much commented upon for its excellent representation, and praised for the exhibition of his talent. The officers of the regiment communicated this to the Prince, and wishing to judge for himself, he sent for young Faribault. This led to an ac- quaintance and friendship, and in time tin- Prince offered him a commission as an officer in his regiment. His family again interposed against his desire to enter the life of an army officer, a fact to which he often referred in his later days as regretting the opportunity he lost through his devotion to his parents. The Prince, however, permitted young Faribault to select one of his young friends to whom he would like the commission to be given. The Northwest Company having announced that they needed three or four active young men to trade with the Indians, Faribault offered his services. His parents now pleaded with him in vain not to leave the parental roof. Fas- cinated with the prospects of a life of adven- ture in the wilds of the far West, he was this time insensible to their remonstrances. Fari- bault left Montreal in the month of June, 1790, in company with three others and two agents of the Northwest Company, their destination being Mackinac. They were two weeks on their journey, and encountered many hard ships and difficulties. They met with no travelers on their route, and were obliged to make many portages on numerous rapids — that is to say, they carried on their shoulders their canoes, baggage and provisions. On their arrival at Mackinac, Faribault was commis- sioned to open a post to trade at Kankakee, on the river of that name not far from the present site of Chicago. Faribault, accom- panied by a Pottowatomi Indian guide, set out for Port Vincent, on the Wabash river, where lived Governor Harrison, acting su- perintendent of Indian affairs in or- der to obtain license to trade. Governor Harrison received him cordially, en- tertained him with kind hospitality, and acceded favorably to his request. Returning to his post, Faribault had calculated on meet- ing at the mouth of the St. Joseph river, four Canadian voyageurs, who were to pass the winter at Kankakee; however, he found only three, the other having unhappily perished during the voyage. After a careful survey, Faribault decided to build his post at the mouth of the Kankakee. His merchandise being delayed on the way, he and his com- panions occupied their time in erecting their winter quarters, and soon commenced an active trade with the Pottawatomies. Faribault re- mained at this post during four years in almost complete solitude. Though he felt a strong attachment and kindly feeling towards the Indians, he was often at the risk of his life at their hands, and on one occasion was nearly 474 BTOGEAPHY OF MINNESOTA. assassinated by a half-breed. This region abounded with wild animals, such as otter, bearer, wolves, bear and other fur-bearing animals, and inhabited by the Sioux, Sacs and Foxes, lowas, and other tribes. His term of contract expiring, he decided to continue with the Northwest Company, and went to open a new post on the St. Peter's river (now Minne- sota river), which he named the "Little Rapids," where he was rewarded with a lucra- tive business with the Sionx. A few years after opening up the post and establishing suc- cessful trade with the Indians, he was married to .Mrs. Pelagie Haines. In 1805 Faribaull met and made the acquaintance of Lieutenant Pike, who visited his post. After ten years with Hie Northwest Company, Faribault decided to go into the same business on his own account, and accordingly located at Prairie du Chien. At this post he was attacked and seriously wounded by a Winnebago, to whom he had refused to give liquor. When the War of 1812 was declared, the English authorities. knowing the influence some of the Canadians held over the Indians, offered them commis- sions as officers to induce the Indians to take sides with them. Many accepted, but among those who refused these otters were Faribault and Louis Provencal, one of his associates, who declared themselves in sympathy with the United States. The British Colonel, McCall, hearing of the refusal of Faribault to serve under the English flag, had him put under arrest and brought on board the gunboat com- manded by Captain Anderson. On the attempt to force Faribault to row, he positively refused to obey the order, claiming that, being brought up as a gentleman, he would under no consid- eration serve as a common oarsman. Captain Anderson reported to Colonel McCall this posi- tive declaration of their prisoner. The latter, instead of punishing Faribault, expressed his admiration of such pluck and firmness, sent for him to be brought before him, and treated him with much hospitality. During this time, Mrs. Faribault, not knowing her husband was a captive in the hands of the English, left Prairie du Chien for what is now Winona, fear- ing the place would be attacked by the English. The Indians, in the meantime, de- stroyed their home and sacked all their wealth and merchandise, valued at $15,000. They also carried away all the lead he had stored at what is now Dubuque. Shortly afterward Mr. Faribault, being an ardent admirer of Ameri can institutions, was naturalized as an American citizen, helped to organize a com- pany and was made first lieutenant. The Northwest Company, being unable to obtain license to continue operations in American territory, sold out the American branch of their company, and Joseph Rollette was made agent, and Faribault made arrangements with him foe a supply of merchandise to carry on his trade. He remained at Prairie du Chien for three years more, trading with the Indians. About this time Colonel Leavenworth was on his way to what is now Fort Snelling with troops. Meeting Faribault at his post, and being struck with the knowledge he possessed of the vicinity of the proposed new fort, and his extensive acquaintance with the Sioux nations and his influence over them, he soli- cited Faribault to remove his post to the junction of the Minnesota and the Mississippi livers. As there were more Indians at the latter place than about Prairie du Chien, he immediately decided to accompany Colonel Leavenworth. In 1820 Colonel Leavenworth assembled all the principal chiefs, and con- cluded a treaty in which the Indians stipulated on certain conditions, that the island called Pike's island — and sometimes known as Fari- bault island — containing some 300 acres, should be ceded to Faribault's wife, Pelagie Faribault, and her heirs. Faribault located on this island, and later the high water in the spring carried off all his belongings, and he was rescued with difficulty by Colonel Snell- ing's soldiers. Faribault then established himself with his family at Mendota, where he built a stone house and stone powder house, but did his trading with the Indians at Little Rapids on the Minnesota river. [Note. — It is claimed that General Sibley was the first one to build a stone house in the then Territory of Minnesota, but this must be an error of his biographer. The older / 7fcw )?*(Pat? Uunx. BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 475 grandsons of Jean 11 Faribault claim that the Sibley house was put up later — which fact is borne out by a Utter recently received from Monseigneur Eavoux, of St. Paul, in which he writes that it was his impression that Mr. Faribault's house was (lie older. Sibley's biographer is certainly mistaken in his state- ment that Alexander Faribault built a stone house similar to Sibley's two years later. The fact is, Alexander Faribault never built a stone house in Mendota. He erected a large white frame house further down the river, which was later torn down by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company, as it stood near their line when being graded.] Mr. Faribault went through many danger- ous adventures at the hands of the wild Sioux, and was severely wounded several times; but of vigorous constitution and temperate life, on each occasion he soon recovered. He was a devout Catholic, and was of considerable as- sistance in later years to the missionaries who braved the dangers of life among the Sioux by the influence which he obtained over the savages, through his honesty in his dealings with them and by his bravery. The L'Abbe Ravoux, in one of his contributions to the Minnesota Historical Society, mentioned Fari- bault and his son Alexander in complimentary terms and with gratitude for their friendship and hospitality. Jean Baptiste Faribault died at Faribault, Minnesota, August 20, 1S60. [The above biography is taken from "Les Canadiens de L'Ouest," by Joseph Tasse, translated from the French, condensed and revised by Mr. W. R. Faribault, of St. Louis, Missouri, a grandson of the subject.] WILLIAM F. DAVIDSON. William Fuson Davidson, better known and remembered throughout the Mississippi val- ley as ''Commodore" Davidson, was born in Lawrence county, Ohio, February I, 1S25, and died in St. Paul May 2<>, 1887. His father. Rev. William Davidson, who was of Scotch Irish descent, and whose parents were among the early settlers of Ohio, was a local Baptist preacher, but also engaged in flat-boating on the Ohio river; his wife, the mother of Com modore Davidson, was Sara Short. .Mr. Davidson was reared a pioneer boy and had little opportunity to acquire a scholastic education. Very early he exhibited a fond ness for life on the river and an adaptation io i he vocation of a boatman. He assisted his father in his voyages on the Ohio, which were chiefly between the port of Ironton, in his native county, and Cincinnati, and soon be- came very proficient. About the year 1840 Lawrence county, Ohio, became prominent in the production of pig iron, and nearly all of this product was sent to Cincinnati in flat boats or keel-boats, which were sometimes towed by steamboats, but more commonly were propelled by the oars and sweeps of the crew. The work of a flat-boatman was toil some, but it was adventurous and often ex- citing, and had a certain charm for the young men of 1he country. Davidson was not only an accomplished boatman, but he possessed rare natural business qualities. He advanced steadily in his vocation, and at a comparatively early age he was the owner of several steam- boats and other river craft on the Ohio. In 1854 he came to St. Paul, bringing with him the "Frank Steele," a staunch steamboat named for Hon. Franklin Steele, the well- known pioneer business man of Minnesota. Davidson at once began the work of navigat- ing the Minnesota river, being chiefly engaged in transporting the supplies and productions of the Indian trading posts on that stream. Later he added other river craft to his force and organized a steamboat company to run boats on i he upper Mississippi, and this re- sulted, iu 18C0, in the formation of the La Crosse & Minnesota Packet Company, which he controlled. The line was extended to Dubuque. Subsequently he organized the Northern Union Packet Company, and he then had under his control a fleet of fifteen boats on the upper Mississippi, of which he. was virtual- ly the commodore. During the boating seasons of 1868-69 other river transportation lines be- came important competitors of tin- Northern L T niou. After due negotiation between the re- 476 BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. spective interests a consolidation of the sev- eral lines was effected under the corporate name of the St. Louis & St. Paul Packet Com- pany, of which Commodore Davidson was the president and leading spirit. An immense business was done by this company for several years, and it practically controlled the traffic of the upper river. In the spring of 1ST0 Mr. Davidson, in the interest of the better execu- tion of his duties, removed to St. Louis, where he remained about ten years. He then re- turned to St. Paul, where he continued to re- side up to the time of his death. Meanwhile he had become engaged in other interests. At the close of the Civil War his attention had been attracted to the probabilities of profitable results from investments in St. Paul realty. From time to time thereafter he purchased a great deal of city property, which he retained and which in 1876 he commenced to improve. Among the many important structures he erected in the city — beginning in 1876 — were the brick block on the corner of Fourth and Jackson streets, which still bears his name, although it was once burned and was subse- quently rebuilt; the Union Block, at Fourth and Cedar; the Grand Opera House Block, on Wabasha, between Third and Fourth; the Court Block, on Fourth, between Wabasha and Cedar, and a block on the corner of Sixth and Jackson. He was interested with others in the old Music Hall Association, and built the first opera house proper in St. Paul. Dur- ing the later years of his life Mr. Davidson paid but little attention to the river traffic, owing to his large real estate interests, which demanded so much of his time and personal oversight. At the time of his death he was one of the largest real estate holders in St. Paul. He had other important interests to care for besides his landed property. He was one of the original and prominent stockholders in the old St. Paul & Sioux City Railroad, and was connected with its successor corporation, now known as the "Omaha." He was largely in- terested in the First National Bank of St. Paul, and in the St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and was a prominent member of the Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Davidson was never an aspirant for public office. In politics he was a Republican. All through the War of the Rebellion he rendered valuable service to the Union cause by the use of his steamboats, which were always at the service of the Gov- ernment whenever wanted. He was emphat- ically a plain, matter-of-fact man, accustomed from his youth to hard work and constant ex- ertion. His tastes were simple, and he was altogether void of ostentation or a desire for vain glory. Although he made a reputation for his business enterprises in St. Paul, Mr. Davidson's chief distinction will rest for all time upon the history of his prominent con- nection with the navigation interests of the upper Mississippi between St. Louis and St. Paul. His large operations in this traffic con- tributed to an important extent to the up- building of St. Paul, and gave the city its first real commercial prosperity. At the age of fifty years Mr. Davidson was converted to a belief in the truths of revealed religion, and united with the Baptist church. Thereafter his conduct was consistent with his profes- sions. By his orders, which he caused to be rigidly enforced, the sale of liquor and all forms of gambling were abolished on every steamboat he controlled. By precept and ex- ample he encouraged moral and religious re- form in every manner possible in his adopted city and among his fellow-men generally, although he never paraded his virtues or did his good deeds purposely that they might "be seen of men." He was practically public- spirited in the best sense of the term. From his first advent into the country lie believed in the future of St. Paul, and proved his faith by his works. Perhaps a million dollars would not fairly cover the sums he expended from lirsl to last in the construction of his various business blocks. He was a pioneer in this great work of developing and improving the city at a time when other men of means hesi- tated and were apprehensive. After he had demonstrated the wisdom of his confidence and opened tlie way, it was easy for others to emulate his example. Commodore Davidson was married in 1856 to Sarah A. Johnston, a daughter of Judge Benjamin Johnston, a well- ^^^— 1 Ft* y ^^^^ 1 s Ht / 5 ^H 7fa Centuiy Publishing &Eiyravtny Co Chic ay ir BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 477 known citizen of Southern Ohio. His widow is si ill living, and there are two surviving chil- dren of the marriage, Edward E. Davidson and Sarah M., the latter now .Mis. Watson P. Dav- idson, tff St. Paul. JOSHUA B. CULVER. The late Col. Joshua B. Culver was an old and honored resident of the city of Duluth. Tie was born on the 12th of September, 1830, in the quiet old town of Armenia, New York. His father, John < '. < !ulver, was also a native of the Empire State, ami for many years one of the more prominent citizens of Armenia. Joshua IJ. Culver, passed his childhood in the place of his birth, attending the public schools of the vicinity. At the early age of thirteen years he left his home in quesl of the opportunities afforded by newer sect ions of the country. His first location in the West was at Fort Atkinson, Iowa, and he subsequently lived in a number of different places, and tried his hand, now with greater, now with less sue cess, at various enterprises. Il was not until after the Civil War, in which he did duty from beginning to end, that he took up his perma- nent abode in Duluth. In 1854 he became nsso- ciated with the American Fur Trading Company, at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, ami two years later he engaged in the mercantile busi- ness in the two cities of St. Paul, .Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin. In L858 lie received the appointment of Receiver in the land office at Buchanan, Minnesota, and upon the expira- tion of his term of service in that capacity, he located at Duluth, and followed the lumber business temporarily at that point, removing heme to Kalamazoo, Michigan. Upon the breaking out of the Civil War he enlisted in the Union army, and soon after entering the service was appointed first lieutenant and adjutant of the Thirteenth Michigan Infantry. Later, in the year 18. O'BRIEN. Thomas Dillon O'Brien, of St. Paul, was born at La Point, Madeline Island, Lake Su- perior, Wisconsin, February 14, 1859, the son of Dillon and Elizabeth (Kelly) O'Brien. His ancestors on both his father's and mother's side were Irish, people of education, refinement and good standing. In 1863 his parents, with their family, moved to St. Anthony. Minne- sota, and after a residence there of two years, removed to St. Paul. Thomas attended the public schools and also received instructions from his parents, and in April, 1877, began the study of law with Young & Newell at St. Paul, and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the Slate April 17, 1880. Shortly afterwards he became a member of the firm of O'Brien, Eller & O'Brien, composed of John D. O'Brien, Homer C. Eller and T. D. O'Brien. Subsequently he withdrew from the firm and formed a co-partnership with his brother, C. D. O'Brien, under the firm name of C. D. & Thos. D. O'Brien. Mr. O'Brien was assistant city attorney of St. Paul for several years, while W. 1'. Murray held the office of city attorney. He was elected county attorney of Ramsey county in 1890, and served from January 1, 1891, to January 1, 1893, when he returned to his private practice, having declined a re-elec- tion. Mr. < »' Hi itii has taken an active interest in the militia of the State, and was for two years captain of Battery A, of the Minnesota National Guard. In politics he is a Democrat and an active participant in the promotion of the interests of his party. A prominent citizen who has known Mr. O'Brien intimately for many years says: '•As a lawyer, Mr. O'Brien is careful and pru- dent in the direction of his client's affairs, as well as adroit, persuasive and forcible in the trial of I heir cases. A high sense of justice enables him to know and to state the law with accuracy and directness. The fairness of his concessions readily and cheerfully made to his opponents on all points not in serious con troversy, frequently wins favor for him with judge and jury. He has conducted many trials of importance which have attracted great pub- lic attention and has on many occasions dis- played unusual powers as an advocate. He is always candid with the court and courteous in his intercourse with other members of the bar and is held in high esteem by both. He is active in politics, but is not a place-seeker or spoilsman. He seeks the public welfare by the best methods. He tries to persuade and con- vince the voters (hat his party's cause is right and best for I he country, but never attempts to cheat or deceive them. His toleration of the views of those who disagree with him. as to men or measures, enables him to judge ac curately of the tendency and strength of public opinion. His advice, therefore, is valuable and 4*4 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. is often soughl by politicians and public men. Mori' againsl his will than otherwise, he con- sented to become the Minnesota member of the National Democratic Committee in 1896, and as such directed a clean and vigorous eontest in the campaign of that year, and his efforts and advice contributed much to make the suc- cess of his party in the State election of L898. Personally he is genial and attractive. His fondness for his friends and his hospitality are well known. No man has a kindlier heart or a higher sense of honor." Mr. O'Brien was married April lit, 1888, at Philadelphia, to Miss Mary Cruice, daughter of Dr. W. E. Cruice, of that city. They have four children, Eleanor, Dillon, Louise and William R. They are members of the Roman Catholic church. JOHN H. STEVENS. The first settler on the west bank of the Mississippi, on the site of the city of Minne- apolis, was t'ol. John H. Stevens. Since he came to Minnesota and took up his farm over- looking the Falls of St. Anthony, in 1849, he has been one of the most conspicuous and interesting figures in Minneapolis affairs. Few men have the privilege of seeing great cities built up on the sites of their modest frontier homesteads. Colonel Stevens has not only seen this, bu1 he has been an active partici- pant in the upbuilding process. Colonel Ste- vens is a native of Canada, though his parents and ancestors for generations were New Eng- land people. He traces his line back to Cap- tain Stevens, who served with honor iu King- Philip's war during the early Colonial times. Gardner Stevens, Colonel Stevens' father, was a native and a citizen of Vermont. He mar- ried Deborah Harrington, also of Vermont, who was the only daughter of Dr. John Har- rington, who was a surgeon in the Colonial army during the Revolution. John was their second son. He was born on June 13, 1820. The boy was educated at the common schools in the East, and in the public schools in Wis- consin and Illinois, in which latter State he cast his first vote, in 1842. During his early manhood the Mexican War broke out. and Colonel Stevens enlisted and served through- out the war. For a year or so after the close of the war he remained in Wisconsin and Illi- nois, and in 1st!) came to Minnesota. Upon arriving at the Falls of St. Anthony, Colonel Stevens formed a business partnership with Franklin Steele, who had a store at the little hamlet on the east bank of the river. But the young man saw clearly the advantages of a site on the west bank. This ground was then a military reservation, and repeated attempts to secure permission to settle upon it had been unsuccessful. Colonel Stevens, however, final- ly secured official leave, and at once took up a farm on the site now covered by the heavy business portion of Minneapolis and the great flour milling district. The following year he brought a young wife from Illinois to this new farm and established the first home in Minne- apolis proper, or the original Minneapolis. For a time Colonel Stevens worked this riverside farm, but it soon became evident that the ground was needed for a town. He was a practical surveyor, and with generous public spirit he platted the laud to which he had already become attached, laid out city lots and blocks, and subsequently gave away many of them to people who would occupy them. From that time on Colonel Stevens was for many years foremost in furthering the interests of the city and State, lie took a lively interest in the promotion of immigration and the explo- ration and settling of the country west of Minneapolis, in those days an almost unbroken wilderness. Many incidents in his long life in the State are of absorbing interest. For sev- eral years after he built his house on the river bank it was the center of the life of the young community. A liberal hospitality was dis- pensed. Immigrants, neighbors, hunters and explorers, and often the Indians themselves, were entertained at that old house. In it churches, societies, lodges and boards were or- ganized. The old building, after being moved from place to place as the city developed, has at last found a resting place, appropriately, near the Falls of Minnehaha, in the beautiful park now belonging to the city, whither it was moved by the school children of Minneap- -""~" f *~ -p '. BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 48S olis in the spring of L896. Colonel Stevens' love for agriculture and everything pertaining to the farm, was of enormous benefit to the young farming community of Minnesota. His influence was felt in the establishment of the agricultural and horticultural associations, and in the promotion of good methods of farm- ing and stock raising. He was the first man to bring thoroughbred stock into the State. After his farm at the Falls was made a city site, he carried on farming at other places, at one time having a large establishment at < Hen- coo, Minnesota. His lifelong devotion to agri- culture was honored by his election to the office of president of the .Minnesota State Agricultural Society. Though never seeking office, Colonel Stevens was in earlier times called to serve the public in several official capacities. He was the first register of deeds of Hennepin county, and served for several terms in both branches of the State Legisla- ture. During the Indian uprising, as brigadier general of the militia, he commanded troops and volunteers sent to the front. With all his cares and duties he has, during his busy life, found time to do a great deal of writing, and has owned a number of papers. Among those which he lias conducted or edited were the St. Anthony Express, The Chronicle, Glen- coe Register, Farmer and Gardener, Farm- ers' Tribune, and Farm, Slock and Home. In 1890 he published a book entitled "Per- sonal Recollections of Minnesota and Its People, and Early History of Minneapolis." He also contributed several chapters to the publication known as "Atwater's History of Minneapolis." Colonel Stevens was married, on May 1, 1850, to Miss Frances Hellen Miller, a daughter of Abner Miller, of Westmoreland, New York. They were married at Rockford, Illinois. They have had six children. Mary Elizabeth, the first white child born in Min- neapolis, died in her seventeenth year, Catk- rine D., the second child, is the wife of 1'. 1''. Winston. The third daughter. Sarah, is de- ceased. Gardner, the fourth child, and only son. is a civil engineer. Orma, the fifth, is now Mrs. Wm. L. Peck. The sixth, Frances Helen, is married to Isaac II. Chase, of Rapid City, South Dakota. It is character istic of Colonel Stevens that, though comfort- ably off at the present time, he has never made his wonderful opportunities for personal profit a means of amassing wealth. The public spirit and broad generosity of the man have made such a course practically impossible for him. MILLEDGE B. SHEFFIELD. The late Milledge Benjamin Sheffield, of Faribault, president of the Sheffield Milling Company, was born in Cornwallis-, Nova Sen tia, on the 2nd of May, 1830. lie was extracted from sturdy stock — mingled English and Scotch on each ancestral line — and his phys- ical inheritance, to start with, was a magnifi- cent one. The Sheffield family, of which there were numerous representatives in the little Northeastern peninsula, was distinguished for its tall and nobly developed specimens of man- hood; and the subject of this sketch was no exception to the rule. Measuring over six feet in height, finely proportioned, dignified in car- riage and manners, and wearing his dark, ruddy beard full and flowing, the keen glance of his grey eye completed the effect of an unu- sually commanding presence, causing him to be frequently referred to as "a gentleman of the old school." His parents, Benjamin IS. and Fanny (Steadman) Sheffield, were also natives of Nova Scotia; and the father was a man of consequence in the home community. He was well-to-do, being the owner of a variety of properties, including mills, foundry, machine shops and farm lands. His ambitions were modest, however, and he never sought nor filled public office; but he was held in highest esteem for his native ability and absolute rectitude of character. Blessed in such a fa- ther, and surrounded by elevating and refining home influences, Milledge B. Sheffield grew to manh 1. His school training was but medi- ocre, being limited to the common-school course of his native town; but. all things considered, he had a far safer and surer equip- ment for a successful life battle than has the average college bred man. In June, 1865, Mr. 4 86 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. Sheffield, who had now been married for some years, came, with his family, to Minnesota to join his brother, Sumner A. Sheffield, who some two years prior to this time had located upon a tract of land mow the county poor farm) near Faribault. Milledge B. remained with his brother but a short time, however, soon moving into the city and establishing there a retail grocery business. In Faribault lie quickly gained a reputation as a thorough- going, honorable and generous business man, and his honesty proved a very good policy in- deed. The small capital which he had brought to the West expanded until he was able to purchase an interest in the Walcott Flour Mills, located about four miles from Faribault. A little later he bought out his partners, took his son into partnership and enlarged and im- proved the mills, which were operated for a number of years. November 31, 1895, the Walcott mills were destroyed by fire, and were not rebuilt on the old site; but Mr. Shef- field erected at another point a large mill, and with his son organized the Sheffield Milling Company, of which he became president, and of whose stock he was nearly exclusive own- er. These mills, which were equipped with thoroughly modern machinery, had a daily capacity of one thousand barrels of Hour, and furnished employment to a small army of men; and they speedily became the nucleus of a village, called Sheffield Mills, which sprang up to furnish convenient homes for the em- ployes and their families. Nor was this the extent of Mr. Sheffield's enterprise in the flour industry. He acquired from the ( !rown Milling Company their plant at Morristown, becoming interested, also, in the construction of grain elevators along railroad lines through south- em Minnesota. Iowa and South Dakota. Mr. Sheffield was a man of large interests and successful achievement; but business did not absorb the whole man, or even the best of him. He had a deep, loving nature, most perfectly enshrined in the home sanctuary. To many men marriage is a mere incident among others; but marriage and the founding of home was to him the golden event of his life. That event was consummated on the 8th of March. I860, the woman of his choice being Rachel Tup- per, own cousin of Sir Charles Tupper, secretary of the Dominion of Canada. The Tupper family was then, as now, very promi- nent in Canada, and the culture and refine- ments of Rachel, which had graced the position in which she had been reared, shone no less brightly in her wedded home. Three children — Benjamin B., Frances and Harold — came to bless this union, but dark wings soon hovered over the happy family. Shortly after their re- moval to Faribault Harold died, and upon the 5th of October, 1870, Mrs. Sheffield was taken, at the age of thirty-three, leaving her fond husband mateless, for her sake, to the end of his life. Mr. Sheffield took but slight interest in politics, and none whatever from the stand- point of personal ambition; but he read much and possessed a large fund of general informa- tion. He was fond of travel, too, and indulged this taste to a considerable extent after the loss of his wife. He first took his children back to the old home in Nova Scotia, where they remained at school for a couple of years, then returned with them to Faribault, and after keeping them in school here for two years he took them to California for a sojourn of equal length. Again returning with them to Faribault, he made this city his abiding- place to the end, with the exception of a few winters spent in the South. He died on Octo- ber 15, 1899, in his seventieth year, at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Alson Blodgett, of Faribault. He had lived in retirement from active business during the last few years, his son, ex-Mayor B. B. Sheffield, taking charge of his milling interests. He had never ceased to mourn for his wife, but his children, to whom he was passionately devoted, tempered his sor- row, which brooded over his spirits as a gentle melancholy without embittering or es- tranging him from his fellow-men. The fol- lowing extract is from an editorial in the local press at the time of his death: "Mr. Sheffield was a man for whom every ac- quaintance had the highest respect, every friend the most abiding friendship, and every member of his household the most sincere af- fection. Faribault has had many citizens more The Century Publishing S. Engraving Co Chicago- BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 487 pretentious, many whose passing ereated more stir in the waves that surge about us; but il never had a more useful citizen — one who did more in a solid, unostentatious way to benefit the city and its people than Milledge B. Shef- field." FRANK A. BLACKMER. Among the medical pioneers of Albert Lea, Minnesota. Frank Amos Blackmer, M. D., is one of the most prominent, enjoying also a high standing in the profession as a present practitioner. He is a native of Ohio, born at Amherst, January 10, 1847. The Blackmers are of English descent, emigrating ancestors having settled in New York State at an early period; and three uncles of Dr. Blackmer were soldiers in the War of 1812. His parents were Franklin and Minerva (Wilkins) Blackmer, his father having been a physician of wide reputa- tion who was in active practice for over forty years. In 1858, Dr. Franklin Blackmer took up a claim of Government land in Freeborn county, Minnesota, and in the following year moved his family hither. His farm lay about a mile from the city of Albert Lea, which has since expanded to such an extent that it now covers a portion of the original Blackmer claim. After settling in Albert Lea, Dr. Black- mer, the elder, followed his profession only during the Civil War. when Dr. Wedge — then the sole practicing physician in that section of the State — temporarily transferred to him the business and enlisted as surgeon in the army. Dr. Franklin Blackmer and his wife both died at Albert Lea. each at the age of about seventy-five years, and the farm home- stead is now the property of the junior Dr. Blackmer. The subject of this sketch obtained first a common-school education in the public institutions of Albert Lea, then — in 1863 — en- tered Oberlin College, where he pursued a five-years' course of study. Upon leaving col- lege, he became a student in the medical school at Cleveland, Ohio, now known as the Cleve- land Medical College, from which institution he graduated in February, 18G8, having but just attained his majority. Returning to Al- bert Lea, our youthful doctor of medicine en- tered, a month later, upon his professional career, which has been continuous both in time and in prosperity with the exception of one year, when he was incapacitated for active work by the effects of a wound received during a short term of service in the Civil War. He had enlisted on February 14, 18G2, in Com- pany C, Fifth Minnesota Infantry, was mus- tered in as sergeant, and, with his company, stationed at Fort Ripley. During the follow- ing summer he was present at the payment of the Indians at YeTlow Medicine, and, August 22, participated in the battle of Fort Ridgely, receiving a severe gun-shot wound through the face, jaw and tongue. In consequence of be- ing thus disabled, he received his discharge from the service in October of the same year. On the 15th of October, 1872, Dr. Blackmer was married to France E. Wedge, of Fond du Lac, Wisconsin; and on November 11, 1873, a son — their only child — was born to them. This son, Roy C. Blackmer, was deprived of his eye- sight by an accident at the age of fourteen, and was for a time an attendant at the State school for the blind at Faribault. He is, how- ever, a high school graduate, and is well known in Albert Lea as the founder, proprietor and editor of the Freeborn County Times. Dr. Blackmer, with his family, attends the Pres- byterian church, to the support of which he contributes in proportion to his means. The Doctor is a Republican, but has never been an aspirant for political honors. His professional duties are exacting. One of the first physi- cians to locate in Albert Lea, he has built up a visiting practice which covers an extensive area of the country, in the widely dispersed homes of which his patients listen for the sound of his horse's feet, heralding the auspi- cious event of their weary day. WILLIS E. DODGE. Willis Edward Dodge, of Minneapolis, is of English descent, his ancestors having come to thi* country from England in 1670. Three brothers emigrated together, and their de- scendants took an active part in the Revolu- 488 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. tion, in which they were known as "the Manchester men." Andrew Jackson Dodge, grandfather of Willis Edward, settled in Mont- pelier, Vermont, in 1812. The subject of this sketch was born at Lowell, Vermont, May 11, 1857, the son of William Baxter Dodge and Harriett (Baldwin) Dodge. William B. Dodge was a farmer in ordinary circumstances. Wil- lis E. began his education in the public schools of Vermont, and later attended St. Johnbury Academy, where he took the classical course, preparatory for Dartmouth College. He did not, however, lake a college course, but began the study of law with Hon. W. W. Grout, a member of Congress from the Second Vermont District, and also read law with Hon. F. W. Baldwin, of Barton, Vermont, in 1879 and 1880. He was admitted to the bar in September, 1880, in Orleans county, Vermont. In October of that year he came west in search of better opportunities and settled at Fargo, North Da- kota. Subsequently he removed to Jamestown, North Dakota, where he was appointed attor- ney for the Northern Pacific Railroad, and held that office until July, 1887. He was then ap- pointed attorney for the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway Company for Dakota, and returned to Fargo, where he lived for some time. "Colonel" Dodge, as he is familiarly known, has become distinguished for those strong personal and intellectual qualities inher- ited from his ancestors, who have been for a long time representative of the sturdy and brainy Green Mountain type. He is a man of extraordinary physical and mental energy, of intense powers of application, and one whose intellect is distinguished for its natural keen- ness and powers of discrimination. These nat- ural qualities, together with his experience in liot li the political and judicial arenas in the con- llicls which resulted in the building up of the great States of North and South Dakota, brought him to the front, even at an early age, as one of the ablest lawyers of the Northwest. From the front rank of the lawyers of the then new State of North Dakota, he came, in 1S0O, to the "Twin Cities" and took up his residence in Minneapolis, where his abilities at once re- ceived deserved recognition from both the courts and legal fraternity. He continued to act as attorney for the Great Northern Railway Company, formerly the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway Company, in Minneapolis until January 1, 1900, when he was promoted to the position of general attorney for the com- pany, and removed to the general office build- ings of the company in St. Paul. While chiefly engaged in railroad litigation, his practice has covered a large field and has involved all the varied work which is imposed upon a general practitioner. In the defense and prosecution of cases of immense importance, few lawyers of the State have had an experience which equals his, either in extent or variety. Mr. Dodge has always been a Republican, and while a resident of North Dakota was made a member of the State Senate in 1886 and 1887. During his residence in Jamestown he served that city as its corporation counsel for eight years. March 27, 1882, Mr. Dodge married Hattie M. Crist, of Vinton, Iowa. They have two children, Dora Mae and William E. JOHN BLANCHARD. The late John Blanchard, of Minneapolis, was born at Sandusky, Ohio, March 31, 18-12. He was descended from Huguenot stock. His father. Rev. Benjamin Waite Blanchard. was for twenty years a Methodist circuit rider. In is It, he removed to Canada, and finally set- tled at Brockville. where John was educated, graduating from Albert College at a very early age. In 1862, when but twenty years old, he made his first visit to Minnesota. It was during the war. and 1). C. Shepard. of St. Paul, who was constructing the Iowa and Minnesota division of the Milwaukee railroad, had trouble in securing men. They advertised for men in the Canadian papers, and Mr. Blanchard un- dertook to secure a force of two hundred. He accompanied them to Minnesota, and was about to return to Canada. When those he had conducted to the wilds of .Minnesota saw him preparing to depart they too made ready to accompany him. They reasoned that the war was on, and that they might be impressed BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 489 into the army. At this point Mr. Shepard told him that he could not go, as the men would not stay unless he remained. In order that the contractor might have the services of the men imported, Mr. Blanchard consented to remain nominally in charge of the men, but really with little to do beyond amusing himself. It was at this time that he was offered a farm in I he vicinity of Nicollet avenue and Seventeenth street for a month's salary, but after looking the field over he concluded that he would rather have the money. It was while engaged in this work that he did his first writing for the newspa- pers, and his letters to the Ottawa papers, relative to the Northwest, had much to do toward directing Canadian immigration in this direction. In the fall of the year, much against Mr. Shepard's wishes, he returned to Canada. While there he received several communica- tions urging him to return to Minnesota, but he declined the tempting offers. He married Miss Sarah Young at Norham, December 24, 1SC2. Soon after this he went to New York and connected himself with a firm of publish- ers. His duties required him to visit every part of the country, and he kept up a continu- ous correspondence with the Canadian papers, particularly those at Ottawa. It was this work that created in him a desire to engage perma- nently in newspaper work. The opportunity soon came. In 1871 he spent some time with Mrs. Blanchard's relatives at Monticello, Iowa. He was a total stranger, but it was not long before he became quite well known. In some manner he was drawn into a controversy in the columns of the Monticello Express with a most orthodox theologian. The Bible was un- der discussion, and the strong articles from his pen soon attracted Slate wide attention, and his authorship was acknowledged. As soon as this became known he was besieged by leading men of Monticello to purchase the Express. Capitalists supported him in the en- terprise and he soon became owner of the pa- per. From that time his reputation as a writer increased, and the Monticello Express became known as one of the strongest papers in the State of Iowa. It was while at Monticello that he was made postmaster, by President Ha.\es. After publishing the Express for thirteen years, he removed to Dubuque in 1881 and accepted the position of editor of the Du- buque Times, and in a short time became part owner of that paper. At the time of his arrival Dubuque was a great Democratic stronghold, and General 1). I!. Henderson, now Speaker of the National House of Representatives, was a candidate for Congress. The fight was a hot one — perhaps the hottest the State of Iowa has ever seen, and the credit of General Hen- derson's victory, for he was elected, was given to the Dubuque Times' editorials. Mr. Blanchard was intimately acquainted with all the great politicians and other prominent men in the State, and partly as a reward for his great services in the Republican party, with which he was then allied, he was made State oil inspector by Governor Larrabee. In the spring of 1889 he disposed of his interest in the Dubuque Times and came to Minneapolis, where he engaged in some business ventures; but the old liking for newspaper work was too strong to be withstood, and in the fall of the year he became a member of the staff of the Minneapolis Times. At first he occupied a subordinate position as editorial writer, but it was not long before he became editor of the Times, which position he filled to the time of his death. It is doubtful if there was ever a harder working newspaper man in Minne- apolis. Mr. Blanchard was a glutton for work. He never knew when to stop, and from early in the day until late at night he was to be found at his desk. He had the courage of his convictions. What he thought was right he up- held, and what he thought was wrong he tiever hesitated to oppose. It is true that he made enemies, but his enemies admitted that his position was honestly taken. Generous to a fault, a "hard-luck story" always moved him, and there were many recipients of his generosity who will sorely miss him. Every newspaper man was his friend, and among his associates on The Times, as well as his inti- mates employed on the other Minneapolis pa- pers, he was affectionately known as "Uncle John." Courteous to all, this virtue was 4QO BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. sometimes taken advantage of by well- meaning friends, but if they called when he was crowded with work he always found time to chat with the caller if it was a friendly visit, or to give aid and coun- sel if one was in trouble. All this he did, and the caller never knew that frequently he was delaying pressing work or interrupting the thread of an important editorial. Mr. Blanchard died at his home in Minneapolis, September 12, 1899. He is survived by his wife, a son. Clarence J. Blanchard, a daughter, Miss Evangelin Blanchard, and an adopted son, Shelley Blanchard, and three brothers. Of the many loving tributes paid to his mem- ory by the press and prominent men of the State, we have space for only one — that of Mayor James Gray, of Minneapolis — which seems to voice the universal sentiment of those who knew him best: "John Blanchard was a man whom his friends loved. No man had in larger degree that fine faculty of making men attach them- selves to him with bonds nearer and dearer than friendship. So his death is an inexpres- sible grief to those who knew him and had made themselves part of him. It is hard to say anything in the presence of such a sorrow. It would be better to nurse it iu the heart, there to do good, for a vivid remembrance of John Blanchard can be nothing less than an incentive to a hearty intellectual independence. He loved his friends so ardently that his mon- ument should be an intangible but altogether real uplifting of all those who ever came un- der his influence. As an editor, Mr. Blanchard was moved al- ways by a high sense of justice. He was an editor of the Greeley and Sam Battles type and, frankly, I do not believe he was inferior in either in professional gifts. It may be pointed out that Greeley was more prominent in the profession, but it does not argue that he was necessarily greater. It can be said of both that they rose to their opportunities and discharged their duties without fear. Mr. Blanchard had a wider sympathy than any modern editor. He wrote powerfully on poli- tics, entertainingly on aesthetics, sympathetic- ally on religion. He touched no subject that he did not adorn with dignified thought and fe- licitous expression. lie lived to see Ids paper discussing the high topics of life and always believed that the people were thinking of the good, the true, the beautiful, as well as upon the great enterprises and the violent struggles of the world. His editorials would fill many volumes, but they would be found directed always to one end — freedom of thought and independence of action. Like all men of genius and earnest life, Mr. Blanchard occasionally permitted himself to be playful, and when he wrote to be amus- ing, he touched a vein of humor that bubbled like a pure spring out of a mountain. He is gone, perhaps he will be forgotten. Newspaper work is not conducive to immor- tality. Ir is not intended to be permanent, except as it is based on truth, and truth often forgets to name the individual who was its servant. But who of those who knew him would exchange his smile, his greeting, his human interest for the privilege of gazing on a marble column. Sweet, kind soul ; pure and guileless heart, it cannot, it should not have none.'' JOSEPH A WHEELOCK. The name, Joseph A. Wheelock, editor-in- chief of the Pioneer Press of St. Paul, is fa- miliar to every one conversant, to any degree, with the personnel of American journalism. Associated with the newspapers of Minnesota, during the latter half of the century, he has given To Northwestern journalism, through the paper of his creation, a standard which has been and continues to be invaluable. The main position taken by a prominent newspaper, which speaks at once to and for the people, is vastly important; and an adequate study of the development of any given section must necessarily include a review of the attitude maintained by its leading newspaper. There- fore, although not conspicuously identified by name and office in public affairs of the North- west, Mr. Wheelock is nevertheless bound by the closest and finest ties to its history. The pioneer among Western editors, he is to be rated among the makers of the State as truly as the men who did their work in the Legisla- ture or the more conspicuous field of the ad- ministrative government. Joseph A. Whee- lock was born at Bridgtown, Nova Scotia. February 8, 1831. He was educated at Sack- ville Academy, and came to Minnesota in 1850, at the aye of nineteen. He began his business BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 49 1 life as a clerk in a suttler's store at Fort Snell- ing, then a lively trading post. In 185G, he be- came editor of the Real Estate and Financial Advertiser, published in St. Paul, and in 1858 he was attached to the editorial staff of the St. Paul Pioneer, where he remained for two years. In 1801 he was appointed commissioner of statistics for Minnesota, being the first to occupy that position. The report compiled by him during his two years' service in this ca- pacity was the first important collection of Minnesota statistics ever published, and is still a valuable work of reference, containing, as it does, an analysis of Minnesota's position in the plan of continental development, a careful outline of its physical characteristics and comparative geography and an exhaustive statement of its resources as ascertainable at that time. The character of ibis book is some- thing more than statistical, for it reveals the discrimination and far-seeing judgment of the man, who saw Minnesota's greatest possibili- ties and from them augured her mighty future. In 1861 Mr. Wheelock was married to Miss Kate French, daughter of Theodore French, of Concord, New Hampshire. At about the same period, he, in association with Hon. Will- iam R. Marshall, founded the St. Paul Press, and thus began his actual editorial career. He continued editor-in-chief of the Press up to the time and after its union with the Pioneer, and his work in this capacity established his repu- tation in journalism and gave the Northwest its first great newspaper. The stanch Repub- lican position adopted and maintained by the Press at the beginning of the war was the key-note of its future. From 1871 to 1875, Mr. Wheelock held the office of postmaster at St. Paul. Although, with the exception of this term and the appointment as commissioner of statistics, he has not held office in the State 'of his adoption, he nevertheless figured ac- tively in some of the exciting crises of St. Paul's early history. In those days, which test the mettle of a community and frequently decide whether brute force or intelligence shall rule, the young Nova Scotian stood with his associates for the finer element in public af- fairs. The force of his personality proved in- cisive and indomitable and made a lasting impression upon his contemporaries. Although he enjoyed the advantages of education and a favorable environment in youth, he is yet to be regarded as a self-made man in the best sense, namely, through native ability, integrity and force. Among the important services Mr. Wheelock has rendered to St. Paul outside his profession, is his work on the park board of the city, in which he has been an active mem ber for years. To his untiring and judicious interest St. Paul owes some of the most im- portant improvements in its admirable park system. Into the paper whose fortunes he has moulded, however, Mr. Wheelock has put his life-work. In its history we read the character of the man. The qualities which have made him a marked figure in the history of this city and State, are honesty, fearlessness, confidence — honesty of mind, fearlessness of conviction, confidence in the cause of right. These attri- butes, backed by a remarkable intellectual equipment and combined with literary discern- ment and independence, are the essentials of creative journalism. As a thinker, Mr. Whee- lock is logical, clear and incisive. As a writer he has a trenchant polished style, rising to elo- quence at times and touched not infrequently with needful sarcasm. He is as fearless a fighter of shams as ho is a supporter of the truth. Stanchly Republican in his convictions he is as an editor broad in his sympathies and candid in his appreciation of his opponent's claim. Both as an editor and citizen his labors in the community have had an indelible influ- ence for progress and enlightenment. The his- tory of the Pioneer Press involves the history of its predecessors and progenitors. The Pio- neer, of Democratic traditions, was founded in 1849 and had James M. Goodhue and Earl S. Goodrich as its successive editors. The Press, a few months after its birth, January, 1861, ab- sorbed the Minnesotian, which was founded iu 1852. The consolidation with the Pioneer was effected in 1875, the first number appearing April 11. The political history of the paper is identical with that of the Republican parly in the Northwest. It has given the dominant note to Northwestern Republicanism, as well 492 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. as Northwestern journalism. Its political tone Las been high and clean; its policy broad and candid. As a teacher of sound finance, it is not too much to say that the Pioneer Press has stood abreast with the oldest and ablest papers in the United States. It has done more than any one agency in the Northwest to combat er- ratic and superficial financial doctrines. It is equally sound on sociological questions, and in all religious and philanthropic issues it has maintained a dignified and tolerant position. Locally it has been a powerful agent in the development of the city, and has been constant in its advocacy of municipal reforms and pub- lic improvements. Mr. and Mrs. Wheelock have three children, Katrine, Mary Ellen and Webster. CHARLES I). GILFILLAN. Hon. Charles Duncan Gilfillan, of St. Paul, was born at New Hartford, Oneida county, New York, July 4, 1831. His parents, James and Agnes Gilfillan, were both natives of Ban- nockburn, Scotland. They emigrated to Amer- ica in 1830, and their son Charles, the subject hereof, was the only member of their family born in the United States. He was left an orphan at. a tender age, and when he was eleven years old went to Chenango county, New York, where he spent about five years in attendance at district schools in the wilder sea- sons and working on a farm and in a sawmill the remainder of the time. His education was finished at Homer Academy and at Hamilton College. He entered the latter institution in 1848, and remained about two years. In 1850 he came to Missouri, and taught school the en- suing fall and winter at Potosi, in the iron region, south of St. Louis. In the spring of 1851, Mr. Gilfillan came to the then new Ter- ritory of Minnesota and located at Stillwater. Here, for the ensuing eighteen months, he en- gaged in teaching, spending his spare time in the study of law under the instruction of Hon. Michael E. Ames. He was admitted to the bar in 1853, and soon after formed a law partner- ship with Mr. Gold T. Curtis. In the spring of 1854, at the first municipal election in Still water, he was elected town recorder, bu1 in the succeeding fall resigned and moved to St. Paul. In 1857, he formed a partnership in the practice with his brother the late Hon. James Gilfillan, a former eminent Justice of the State Supreme Court, and this association continued until 1803, when Mr. Gilfillan retired and prac- tically abandoned the practice of his profes sion. Mr. Gilfillan has been connected with the varied interests of St. Paul during his resi- dence here, to a prominent degree. He was the founder and practical proji tor of the water works system of the city. . . (, ier due study and investigation be commenced, in 1868, practically singl handed, although a so dated with some other,-, to construct the sys tern, and with what mon. • he had of his own and what he could borrow, pushed the enter prise to successful completion, ami on Augusl 23, 18(10, the water was introduced and began to flow. The old St. Paul Water Company was chartered in 1857, but nothing was done under the franchise until Mr. Gilfillan secured it Be was the president and secretary of the com- pany and its leading and master spirit from the time he assumed its control until the sale of the system to the city, in 1882, and was for several years thereafter a member of the board of water commissioners. In 1S82 he built the well-known block which bears his name — at Fourth and Jackson streets — the pioneer build- ing of its proportions and character in the city. He has operated largely in city real estate, has been connected with the banking interests, and has held many positions of pub- lic and private trust and responsibility. His private interests are large and somewhat varied, and have required much of his time and attention. He owns and operates a splendid farm at Morgan, Redwood county, which is pronounced the best and largest stock farm in the State. His farm house has been his resi- dence a great portion of the time for several years. Though so busily engaged with mate- rial affairs, he has found time for attention to other matters. He has traveled extensively, and at intervals and for considerable periods has resided abroad, where the education of his BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. 493 children has been completed. Mr. Gilfillan has always been a Republican since the founding of that party. He participated in its formal organization in Minnesota, in 1855, and was the first chairman of the Territorial central committee, holding the position for four years. In 1860 he was the Republican candidate for mayor of St. Paul, but was defeated by the late Hon. John S. Prince, by fifteen votes. He has served in both houses of the State Legis- lature, altogether for a period of thirteen years. Prom 1878 to 1885, inclusive, he was a member of the State Senate. No other citi- zen in the State has taken more interest in the preservation of its history or in its general welfare. He was chairman of the Birch Coulie Monument Commission, that built the shaft at Morton, which commemorates the notable incident of the Indian battle, and he is presi- dent of the Minnesota Valley Historical So- ciety, which has already done much and promises to do more along the same lines. His public spirit and generous disposition have been of great value, not only to this society, but to other societies and organizations with which he has been connected. Mr. Gilfillan has been twice married. His first wife — whom he married in 1859 — was Miss Emma C. Waage, daughter of Rev. Fred Waage, a Lutheran clergyman. She died in 1863, and in 1865 he married her sister. Miss Fanny S. Waage. By the latter marriage there are four children, whose Christian names are Emma <"., Fannie W., Charles O. and Frederick J. WILLIAM H. LAIRD. William H. Laird, of Winona, was born in Union county. Pennsylvania, in 1833. His father, Robert Hayes Laird, was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, and his mother, Maria Nevins, of Holland Dutch descent. In early manhood William H. came to Min- nesota, and having canvassed the oppor- tunities to his satisfaction, settled in Winona in 1855. On June 1, of that year, he associated himself with his brothers, J. C. and M. J. Laird, in the lumber business, the firm name being Laird Brothers. In the fall of 1856 Messrs. James L. and M. G. Norton became partners in the business and the style of the firm was changed to Laird. Norton & Company. This was the origin of what is perhaps the oldest and most successful business house in the city of Winona, long since incorporated as the Laird, Norton Company. Mr. Laird's life in Winona, now about forty-four years in dura- tion, has been crowded with activity, and his interest in all the affairs of the city has been constant and fruitful. At the present time, he is president of the Laird, Norton Lumber Company, one of the largest lumbering con- cerns in the State; president of the Winona Lumber Company, also of the Second National Bank, and one of the leading officers of I he First Congregational church; of Wood- lawn Cemetery Association, and of several other public societies. The new Winona Li- brary building, which has recently been built at a cost of $50,000, was the gift of Mr. Laird to the city. This building is the first direct personal gift which Mr. Laird has made to the community, but his contributions to all worthy causes have been numerous and large for many years. He has for a long time been one of the trustees of Carlton College at Northfield, the Congregational school of the State, and a liberal contributor to its finances. For the First Congregational Society of Winona he built, in 1890, the parsonage build- ing adjoining the church, it being presented as a memorial to his deceased wife, Mary Wat- son Laird. CHARLOTTE O. VAN CLEVE. .Mis. Charlotte Ouisconsin (Clark) Van Cleve, widow of the distinguished soldier, the late Maj. Gen. H. P. Van Cleve, was born July 1, 1819, at old Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin (then spelled Ouisconsin). The orig- inal Indian name was perpetuated in naming their infant child. Her father, Nathan Clark, was then a lieutenant in the Fifth Regiment of Infantry, U. S. A., which was on its way to build a fort at the mouth of the St. Peters 494 RIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. river (now Minnesota). As .soon as proper preparations were made, the troops ascended the Ouisconsin river to that point, and in the spring of 1820 a post called Fort St. Anthony was located. In August of the same year, Col. Joshua Snelling arrived, and changed the site and the name to Fort Snelling. Of her early life, Mrs. Van Cleve says: "As the child of a soldier, I have lived in many places, and in" Nashville, Tennessee, our family boarded in the same house with General Jackson at the time of his election as President." However, nearly all of her eighty years of useful and worthy life has been spent in Minnesota, and she is the oldest living settler in the State. From a characteristic sketch of Mrs. Van Cleve, by Mary D. McFadden, published in the Minneapolis Times, we quote the following: "The venerable lady is living at her home in southeast Minneapolis. A sweet motherly old face is crowned by a silken aureola of snowy hair. The dear old lady uses an ear-trumpet now, but when one speaks of the old days at Fort Snelling, she is eager to listen to all ques- tions, and is ever an eloquent talker. She has written for the State Historical Society her memoirs in a charming book, 'Three Score Years and Ten.' * * * * Mrs. Van Cleve was but a few weeks old when her father. Major Clarke, arrived at the fort with Colonel Leavenworth's command. She was born en route to the fort, one hour after the party had stopped to rest at the half-breed village of Prairie du Chien, in July, 1819. She remem- bers her mother's stories of her baby days at the fort. How she was 'borrowed' by friendly Indians and fondled, always under the watch- ful eyes of a guard, and returned to the arms of her parents, loaded with exquisite Indian ornaments, the consummate art of the bead embroiderer. With her beloved brother Mal- colm (who was afterwards treacherously mur- dered by Indians in Montana), the Snelling children and other little ones, she studied in the little stone school house which was lo- cated to the left of the entrance of the old fort. Her eyes grow dim as she tells of those happy days, three-quarters of a century ago. She re- members Minnehaha falls as described in im- mortal verse by Longfellow, and she sighs over the desecration brought upon it by the vandal, civilization. Even the old walls surrounding the fort have been ruthlessly torn down, and much of its picturesque beauty destroyed by their loss. And the clinging ivy has been torn from the ancient round tower. Mother Van Cleve is known and loved by the Fort Snelling soldiers as the 'Mother of the Regiment,' just as she was known by the Seventh in early days, as the 'Daughter of the Regiment.' * The evening gun booms solemnly across the plains just as of old. The brave flag is raised and lowered, saluted and cheered as it was in the long ago: reveille wakes the tired soldier and ushers in the morning in the same old way, but only one i.- ho ' - to the evening gun. ;hes wit] I dimmed eves the old flag rise and fall, wh. the first flag raised an heard the first salute fired into the twilight. SI : nappy and be- loved, and bids fair to prolong the sunset time of life, and amid the memories ol p vouth, and the evidences of wonderful progres made by her below, 1 Stale. The eighty win, which have silvered the golden hair of the baby of the regiment have mellowed with age the old stone buildings. .Many new ones have been added since the days of Colonel Snelling, but the school house and the old wall will not greet the eyes of the next generation, and will soon pass from memory into history. Fort Snelling in history is a relic of the past, a reality of the present and a promise of the fu- ture." JAMES J. HILL. James Joseph Hill, of St. Paul, president of the Great Northern Railway, is a native of the province of Ontario, Canada, the son of Scotch- Irish parents. His mother was a member of I he famous Dunbar family of Scotland, whose lineage is traced to the Stuarts, and his father emigrated from the north of Ireland with his grandfather's family while still a lad. The family settled on lands of the Canada Com- pany well to the frontier, early in the present BIOGRAPHY OP MINNESOTA. 495 century-lands subsequently included within the boundaries of Wellington comity. Janus J Hill was born on this frontier farm, near Eockwood, September 16, 1838. In boyhood he attended the academy at Eockwood, where he acquired a good English education, some knowledge of Latin and excelled in mathematics. In his early youth his fathei died, and, obliged thenceforward to rely upon Ms own resources, he engaged as clerk in a general store, where lie remained two years, continuing his reading and study meanwhile. \t eighteen he was well enough informed to appreciate the m. -e favorable conditions in the United B1 >r the advancement of a a i ition, energy and industry. He the) l ada for St. Paul, where he i oca ted i July, 1856. For the first fou, years - Hill was employed fly as shipping clerk by several river transportation firms, and for the second period of (our years by a St. Paul agency for the Galena Packel Company and the Davidson of steamers. Here he gained the first in- Bight and practical knowledge of a business which has mad,- him famous-the business of carrying the products of agriculture and manu- factures and the articles of -commerce from the producer to the consumer and the trades- man His first experience was on the water routes, but he learned the principles ot- trans- portation business and familiarized himself with all the details of management, so that it was easy subsequently to apply his knowledge to other systems ou a larger scale. In 1865 he was appointed agent of the Northwestern Packet Company, and managed its business for two years, at the end of which he engaged on his own account in a general transportation and fuel supply business, which was continued after two years by the firm of Hill Briggs & Company, of which he was the head. Mr. Hill had become possessed of large interests on the Red river, which in 1871 were combined with those of Norman W. Kittson, St. Paul agent of the Hudson Bay Company, of which Donald A. Smith, the Canadian diplomat and states- man, was the managing commissioner. The association proved most fortunate for both parties, as it united diversified interests in the development of an enterprise of vast impor- tance and value to all of them, increasing the credit and commanding capital essential to the success of the undertaking. Mr. Hill's pene- tration foresaw the incalculable advantage of being first to occupy the immense and fertile valley of the Red river with a line of railroad, which would aid in opening for settlement millions of acres of unfilled lands, whose prod- ucts would supply profitable business for a transportation system. The opportunity was opened to him by the failure of the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company to meet the in- terest on its bonds in 1873. He aspired to the possession of this company's indebtedness, amounting to $33,000,000, in order to gain con- trol of the franchise and real property, so as to complete the work of construction and reap the benefits. The foreign holders of the bonds, alarmed by the seemingly hopeless outlook for the property, were glad to sell them at a large discount. Sir Donald Smith was a for- midable ally of Mr. Hill, and George Stephen, president of the Bank of Montreal, also in- terested in the Hudson Bay Company, was an important factor in effecting the purchase of the bonds. The defaulting company was in a receiver's hands, who took charge of the un- finished road, and under direction of the court, extended the main line to St. Vincent. The bondholders finally foreclosed their mortgages in 1879 and secured possession of all the prop- erty. A reorganization was at once effected under the name of the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Company, with George Stephen of Montreal as president, and James J. Hill of St. Paul as general manager. In 1882 Mr. Hill was elected vice-president and in 1883 was elected president. From that time to the pres- ent he has had the executive control and man- agement. Mr. Hill was one of the originators of the scheme to construct the Canadian Pa- cific Railway and one of the incorporators of the company, in connection with Ms asso- ciates, George Stephen and Sir Donald Smith, and some London capitalists, including E B. Angus and Morton, Bliss & Company. On his election to the presidency of the St. P., M. & M. 496 BIOGRAPHY OF MINNESOTA. road, which is now commonly known as the deal Northern, Mr. Hill disposed of his inter est in the Canadian Pacific, and, having pre- viously sold his interests in the Northwestern Fuel Company and the Red River Navigation Company, he was free to concentrate his crea- tive genius and powerful energies in the en- largement of the Great Northern system and its executive management. The results wrought by this concentration are unparal- leled in the history of railroad construction in any part of the world. Out of the single line from St. Paul to St. Vincent has grown a great system embracing 5,000 miles, extending from Duluth to Yankton. South Dakota, and from St. Paul and Minneapolis to Paget Sound, with numerous connecting links and short lines traversing the rich farming districts. The achievement is all the more marvelous when it is understood that every mile of the vast system, except about six hundred miles of the original line in Minnesota, was constructed without a land grant or bonus of any kind — built and equipped without overcapitalization or excessive bonding — the entire capitalization in stock and bonds not exceeding $28,000 per mile. Having by his railroad connected the tide water of the Pacific with the head-waters of the great lakes, Mr. Hill has extended his transportation system eastward a thousand miles by establishing on the chain of lakes a line of magnificent steamers for freight and passengers, running on a regular schedule be- tween Duluth and Buffalo during the period of navigation. Two of these, the "Northland" and the "Northwest," are the most superb steamships ever constructed for inland waters. The ability of Mr. Hill as an economist, and his success as a financier, have established his credit in the commercial centers and financial markets of the world, so that his request for a hundred millions to be expended in the (level opment of any undertaking approved by his judgment and managed by himself would read- ily be honored. He was consulted by the sec- retary of the United States treasury and by President Cleveland, when the National credit was threatened and the advice of the wisest financiers was needed. The strongest man un- der the stress of perplexing cares and enor- mous responsibilities would break and fail in a few years, if his labors were unremitting. He must have diversion and seasons of rest, during which he may throw off care as a gar- ment, and have his mental and physical pow- ers recreated. Mr. Hill appreciated this neces- sity and provided for it. Long ago he purchased and improved a fine stock farm, situated a few miles from St. Paul, which, while serving him as a means of recreation, has also furnished the farmers of the State with the seed for improving their live-stock. On this farm are bred some of the choicest strains of stock, from which selected animals have been given without charge to progressive farmers, and in this way hundreds of domestic herds have been improved. Another method of recreation, in favor of Mr. Hill, is the grati- fication of a natural and cultivated taste for art. He has collected in his private gallery from the best studios and most renowned gal- leries of Europe the rarest works of old and modern masters, so that his collection is not excelled in value or variety by that of any private citizen's gallery in the country. Mr. Hill's public spirit has shown itself in many ways. His contributions for the building of churches and schools and for the foundation of charities have been very large. For the endowment of one institu- tion and the erection of its buildings his gifts have aggregated half a million. This institution is for the professional training of candidates for the priesthood in a great re- ligious sect to which Mr. Hill does not himself belong. This school will preserve the good American citizenship of its students, while making them good theologians. In all coun- tries the clergy is the largest single force for the molding of public opinion and the con- trolling of public action. Hence a monarchy cannot be the best place for training the clergy of a republic. The men who give their money to provide American schools for training American clergymen are benefactors of the American people. Mr. Hill may be classed distinctly with the optimists — the progressive men of to-day who affirm that the present is RIOGRArHY OF MINNESOTA. 497 better than any pasl age, bu1 the highest ex- cellence lias not ye1 been reached. He believes the opportunities of the future in the United States for young men who are ambitious, capable, honest and industrious, are just as inviting and promising as they have been at any time. The country is new; its resources are only partially developed. The problems of architecture, engineering and invention, and the practical application of occult forces to the vastly multiplied operations of industry and transportation afford ample scope for product- ive genius. It is only necessary that the voir \ man, having other essential qualiflca- ti , shall aspire; that he shall have con- tly in view the Main chance, and then work while tie waits. II is among Mr. Hill's greatesl pleasures to advance capable and de- serving young men. He also takes a thought- ful interest in public affairs and questions of National policy, in which his sympathy has generally been with the Democratic party. He was happily married early in life, and he is the head of a family comprising three sons and six daughters, who have been carefully ed- ucated. The sons have been trained to the business in which the father has achieved greatness; James N. has the supervision of the operating and engineering departments of the Great Northern; Lewis W. is the vice-presi- dent of the Eastern Railway of Minnesota. One daughter married Samuel Hill, president of one of the branches of the Great Northern. 3' 1 ii ■ 11 still 1 : 111 II i I I I !