LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Shelf.L3.1. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. C, W. URISON'S PDBUeATIONS, The Tenting School, - - %^-^5 Elements of Orthoepy, - - ^-oo Sylvia Dubois, - - - - 75 THE Tenting School: —A— DESCRIPTION OF THE TOURS TAKEN, —AND (»F TIIK— FIELD WORK DONE, — CY THE- CLASS IN GEOGRAPHY — TN Tin:— ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND ART —AT— RINGOS, N. J., iDus,xisrc3- THE -Yr:E:j^:R issa. BY G. W. LARISON, M. D., PRIN'llPAL OF TIIK ACADEMY OF SCIEMiE AND ART AT KI1V«0ES, N. .1.: FOKMEULV PROF. NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE IINIVERSITV AT LEWISBI R(i, PA.; AUTHOR OK ELEMENTS OF ORTHOEPY; BIOCiRAPHY OF SILVIA DUROIS, Ar., &c. ... 3 1833, !l RINGOS, N. .r.: 0. W. Laeison, Puiir.isnEK. 1883. V\'(^ TO THE STUDENTS OF GEOCIKAPHY, IN THE ACAD E M Y () F S C I E N C E AND A 1^ 1% AT RINGOS, N. J., THIS BOOK IS RESPEt;TFULT.Y DEDICATED, AS A TOKEN OF THE GUARDIAN CARE EVER HAD FOR THEM WHILE UPON SCIENTIFIC TOURS, BY THEIR TEACHER, THE AUTHOK. Entered according to Act of Congress, in (Iji' vciir lS8:i, By C. W. LAKISON, la tlie uttice of tlie Libi'ariau of Congress at Wiisliiiifitnii, 1). V.. PKEFACE. As mueh interest has always been manifest by educators and Mie friends of edneation, in onr Toui's for sc*ientTfi€ purposes, I have thought that it may be well to ])iit in book- form, a description of the utensTls needed to make a toui" and ^le work done while in the field. Accordingly, I have written ^le follow- ing i)iiges. The pages of the article entitled Tour of Centrfil ]N^. J., were written while we were in the field, and tiie greater piirt of tJiem while the Teaeiiers and Stiidents were sleeping. This happened not of elioice, biit of necessity. While tenting, tfie care of tlie party and tiie giving of instruction, occiipies the most of my time while the stiidents are awake ; so, I get but little time to write, excepting while they are asleep. Hence, while upon a Tenttng Tour, my cus- tom IS to attend to tlie wants of the Stiidents diirTng tlie day ; and, at evening to see that IV ^e tents and tenting arrangements are in proj^er order, and fehat eaeh has retired in projier order, and Mien retire for a nap. Usii- ally, about midnight, sometimes before, some- times after, I awake, go tJn'o the tents to see that all thmgs are j^roper, adjust my light and write till dawn. At tliTs hour, tJ^e man-of-all- work IS called to feed, to take €;are of tJie teams and to prepare for the diities of the day. When he is fully at his drities, tiie Teaehers and Stiidents are tailed, and I retire for an- oMier short nap. Hence yon learn tliat tiie images that are written Avhile tenting, are hastily prepai'ed, and are done at a time when one Ts in not a good condition to write. When one has lee- trired two or tluee times during tlie day, and has had tiie care of a dozen or more stiidents, from dawn till bedtime, he feels a little care- worn, and writes w^Ttli less spirit t^ian when free from cares, and unburdened witli lilboi'. However, I boi)e tliat tlie readers of tliese pages may be entertained and edified. I have described tliTijgs as I saw tlieni, and while tliey were frcsii Tn my mind. The facts are worthy ; and, were my style of writing better suited to descrTption, tliey could hardly fail to please. The ortliogra|)hy of tiie words Tn tiiTs book, Tn many cases, dTtfei's somewhat from tiiat fcKind 111 Mie Websterian Dictionary. To some extent, I have followed the advice of the SpellTijg Reform AssocTiltion. The Tnex- plieable jumbling of eliaraetei's in spelling American words is an unpardonable disgrace to the American people. Indeed, in tiie spell- ing of words according to the old usage, nearly one-flftli of tlie characters are a[>honic. And tlien again, to represent the same fon, In one case, at least, as many as five different characters are used. (See my Elements of Ortlioepy, page 48). For instance, the sound represented In the word "shut'' by sh. Is sometimes represented l)y sii ; sometimes by c, as In tlie word "social;" sometimes by cli, as 111 tlie woi'd " cliaise ;'' sometimes by s, as In tlie word "mission;" and sometimes by t, as In the word " mention." And Mien to, In tlie ordinary print, tliese lettei's are used wltiio^it diacritical marks to sliow what sound the let- ter Is Intended to represent. Sucli a use of letters Is abominable. And, I hold tliat every honest, |)^illantlird[)lc teaelier, as well for his own ciedit, as for tlie well-being of tlie com- ing generations, will do all that he can to Im- prove the spelling of tlie Englls^i langaage, as It Is used In Alnelic^l. To contribute what I can. In piibllslilng this book, 1 have used type with diacritical marks, M^at It may be seen, at VI a glance what foii ji ehara^ter represents, or whetlier it represents no ton. The words "through;' "though," "pro- gramme,-' and some others, 1 have bobbed. The €andal appendage " ugh " and " me '' are as useless to the body of these words when the vowels are dIa€rTtT€aIly marked, as Ts tiie tail to a tad-pole when his legs have grown out. Let these tails fall away — tlie words look better and d() better wTtlirmt tlieni. By printing tlie book wTtli ty})cs wTtli tlie dlacritTcal marks affixed, a two-fold work Ts done; (botli of whTeli are miieli needed to be done). 1st. The I'cader sees at a glance how the word sliould be pronoi.inced. In the €'ase of young readers (and tliey are tlie ones to de- rive most benefit from i-eading tJiTs book) eaeh and every new word, a€€ordTng to tlie old way of prTntiug, necessitates the use of a DTetion- . ary to see how ^iTs new Avord is to be pi'o- noi^inced. When the dTa-erTtT€al marks a€-e6m- pany the letters forming tlie word, the proper proniincTation of tlie word Ts tlie first tliTiig learned, jind tlie use of tlic DT^-tionary Ts 6b- vTiited, and time Ts saved. 2d. There Ts placed before tlic eyes of every one who reads Tt, a means of seeTiig how great a numbei" of eliara^ters Tn many of wir words are aplioiiTe ; and how often tlie same ■e4iara€- ter Ts used to represent dTfterent fons, and Vll how often Hie same foil is represented by a number of letters. These defects — oi* abom- inable usages — €an best be brought l)efore the eyes of Ihe reading public this way, and Ihiis, in a measure prepare tlie way for Mie new spelling wliT^ is everywhere meeting wTfeh favor, and is spreading thro tlie recent litera- ture of OLU' language. In Hits book, tiie diacrTtTcal niiirks used in ])rTntTug Webster's Unal)rTdged DTctionaiy, amended as was found needful in prTiilTng my Elements of Ortlidcpy, are used. Every vo^wel letter tliat represents a foil is marked as it IS Til Webster's DTctionaiy, or else accord- Tug to the prTncIjjles dTscussed Tii my Elements of Ortlioepy. And, every consonant letter that Ts Used to represent more than one foil Ts so mai'ked as to Tndlcate wliTc4i fon Ts Tiitend- ed to be used Tn tlie place Tn wliTeli Tt stands. For example, g Tn got, we mark tiius, g; and g Tn gem, tlius, g. And so of oMier conso- nants. In any case Tn wliTcli a vowel letter Ts not marked, Tt Ts a]>hdnTc ; as a Tn tlie word mead, i Tn tile word field. And Tn any word Tn whTeli g or c Ts not mai'ked, Tt Ts ai>honTc ; as g Tn Hie word foi'eign, c Tn the word diiek. For a fuller dTscussion of the science of foiiTcs and tlie proper use of sounds and eliar- Vlll alters m woi-ds, see my book entitled Elements ofOrfelioepy. Upon reading Ihe pages as they have been returned to me from the press, altiio I wateiied tiie pi'oof as elosely as I €oiild, I see many ty- po gi-ajjiiTeal errors. But as sueh abcmnd in almost every book, I offer no apology. Excepting Uie €uts on pages 88, 39, 41, 42, 48, 49, 50, 51 and 52, tiie engravTngs have been made by Mary W. Prall, an amateur who has not loug worked at the art. They serve to illustrate clearly what would l)e dTtfi€ult to des€r!be. To give some Idea of tlie €ost of a tour, 1 have appended Appendix A. Aud, to gTve some Idea of tlie req-uii'ements of the piIpTls respe€tTng a discussion of tiiTngs seen while upon a tri]), I append two of tlie four essays that were prejiared by tiie students and as a part of tiie closing exercises of Mie term dur- ing which ^e Toiir was made. Hoping tiiat the TentTng School may prove woi'tli readmg, and that it may meet with as mudi favor as has my Elements ol Or^ioepy, I submit Tt to tiie cruel mercies of our relent- less crTtTcs. C. W. LARISOlsr. INTRODUCTION. EQUIPMENTS FOR TENTING. For 11 s€hool of small size, tlie equipment for tentiijg- need not be cumbersome nor ex- pensive. The necessaries are a €arry-all, a team, and team-TitensTls, tents, blankets, culi- nary apparatus and implements to facilitate study and tlie preservation of specimens. As Oiii' own witf it answers quite well for a party of eighteen persons, and as a descriptton of the various parts of whieh it is composed will indicate the kind, proportion and quality of tlie things that we have found practical, I will pro- ceed to describe those thYiio-s whieh we, for several years, have used Avhen tenting. As it IS not necessary tliat tlie equYpment of any other school sliould be exactly as oiirs is, while describing the parts of owv own cHit-f it, I will take tlie liberty to suggest, as opportunity presents, what I think would answer quite as well as, or better tJian, tiiose tilings tiiat we iire using. Carry-all. -The carry-all used by this sehool IS a plain, substantial vehiele suited to carry eighteen iidult persons, together with tlie en- tire equipment necessary for eneampment. In lengtli, the body of tlievehTcle is 12 feet ; in width 3 feet 10 Tnelies ; in height 5 feet. In til e top of tiie body, on eitiier side, is a sliell about 18 inehes wide and 5 Tnehes deep, di- vided into numerous compartments and se- ■elirely -elosed by (i well fitting door. Usually in these ■eompartments are lodged siieli tilings as may be needed while tlie vehicle is in motion, or siieh tilings as do not bear to be pressed wTtli weighty objects. These iire also suitable places for carrying books, maps, eliiirts, port- folTos, drawing implements, botanical speci- mens and t4ie like. Indeed, tliese slielves are so useful and so handy, tliat I regard tlieiii in- dispensable to M tenting carry-all. Altlid tliey iire always full, yet tlie contents of eaeli can be gotten witliout disturbing tlie other apiirtments, or wTtliout i)uttTng tlieTiimates of the vehicle to discomfort, or to trouble. I 3 Aloiig the sides, Mie roof of the €any-all projects seven melies. Under this proje€ti6n are usually suspended tripods for the compass, the teles€opes, and sueh other utensils as are necessary for field Avork. Thus suspended, they are handy to get at any time ; when tlie team stops, at a site at whieli some observa- tions are to be made, these tools for study €an be got v\^Tthout iinpaeking, or overhauling Uie more cumbrous elements of baggage. Besides the €onvenience of suspending siieh impl ements as should be ever ready for tiie use of tlie students, in time of rain, this proje€ti6n IS of very great service. People m a vehicle with siieii a projeetion, in time of a severe storm, suffer less fi'om tlie beating in of tlie water. In time of a sliower, water driven in at tlie top of tlie carriage is mueli more abund- ant and niueh more detrimental tlian that en- tering at any other place. The projection greatly breaks tlie force of the di'ivTng element and miieli prevents tlie beating in of water. ^N^or does tlie projection hurt tlie appearance of the vehicle. To tlie otlierwise flat side of a long carriage, it offers a pleasing relief; — tlie more pleasing because its utility is so apparent. From eaeh side of the body, over tiiie front wheels, projeets a box 12 mehes wide, 8 inehes deep and 5 feet long. In one of these boxes iire carried a ehest eontaining some nails and bolts of various sizes, screws, a S€rew-driver, pincers and a €ouple of ehisels, sueli utensils as are necessary for tlie team, — halters, briislies, •eurry-€ombs, straps, &c., &c. In tlie other iire tlie hammers for Geologic work, tro^vels and large knives for Botanic work, and sueli tools as iire useful in putting up tlie tent. From the left side of ^e body, opposite to tiie hind wheel, projects a box 7 Tnelies wide, 12 melies deep and 4 feet long. In tliTs is carried a spjide, a saw, an axe, a small, strong hoe, axle grease, iitensTls foi- greasing tlie axles, &c., &c. Upon tlie back piirt of tlie body is fastened a box 4 feet and 8 Tnelies long, 15 inelies deep and 18 inehes wide. In tliTs box is carried tiie tents and tenting vitensils, and most of the €ulinary implements. Projecting from Uw back i)art of tJie vehicle, it is wit of the way of tile passengers while tlie wagon is in motion, and convenient of access while in camp. Beneatli tliTs box on ei^ier side, is a slTding 5 drawei", 6 mehes wide, 5 melies deep and 18 Tnehes long. In one of these drawers iire kept the knives, forks and spoons. In tiie otiier are tlie utensils for washing- — sueh as to^vels, ssoap, &e., &c. These drawers €an be removed from tlie ve- hicle at will. And as a rnle, tlie one eontain- ing tlie knives, forks and spoons is removed and Used as a knife, fork and spoon tray, in the a€t of setting and -elearing tlie table, — a very convenient tiling, indeed. From tlie front of tlie \'eliT€le projects an elevated seat for tlie driver and his assistilnt. This seat is so arranged as to give tlie driver an excellent opportunity to survey tlie team, the vehicle and tlie road, full scope for maiieuv- ering and complete control of tlie vehicle and of tlie team. Upon tlie sides of tlie wagon, tlie tent poles iire fastened by means of straps. The boxes for carrying tlie various utensils being arranged upon the oiitslde of tlie vehi- cle, the inside can be entirely occupied by tlie passengers, tlieir victuals, clotlies, blankets and tlie like. In the back part of Uie wagon Ts a box 15 in. wide, 18 in. deep, and long enough to extend from side to side of the wagon. In t^iTs box is kept tlie victuals. When needed, it is used as a seat. Under and upon tiie seats are placed the blankets. And so full do the blankets fill the spaces beneatli Hie seats, that when all are in their places, there is barely room for tlie feet. To draw a vehicle of the proportions and capacity above stated, requires a team of four good horses. When tlie implements iire loaded and the piirty iire seated, tlie average weight carried is abcmt tliTrty hundred lbs. This seems to be a heavy load ; but witli tiie best economy we can practice, we cannot reduce the weight miieh below this amoiint. In case feed for tlie team is to be carried, the weight will be above tiiat stated. But, excepting when going into a mountainous region, or some des- olate place, siieh as the pines of 'New Jersey, far away from any place at whieli feed is sold, it IS impractical to carry feed — excepting tliat it may be necessary to carry it a mile or two from Mie place of purciiase to tiie place of en- campment. The price of feed, in diffei'ent places, varies so little ^at tliere is not enough gained by pureliasmg where it ean be bought eiieap, to make up for Uie loss sustained by tlie in€onvenience of in€reasTiig tlie 1 oad and tile jading of the team. Team Utensils. — For fastening tlie team wliile feeding and while standing over night, halters are needed. These sJiould be strong. Horses tied in a strange place and unprotected by stal^les are often inclined to break loose ; and, during tlie first day and night, a horse tiiat breaks loose is quite apt to hasten home. I have seen more than one sJiiirp race to cap- ture {I horse tliat has l)rdken loose ; and when siieli a race occurs during tiie night, it is not always pleasant, even if successful. Usually after tlie first day or two, tlie horses show a disposition to associate eaeli wTtli tlie otiier, and witli Hie tenting party ; and in case not more tliaii one horse breaks loose, he seldomly strays off. Biit from a loose horse as mueli danger tiien accrues as when he is disposed to leave. He is almost ceiiain eitiier to anno^^ or injure tlie otlier horses, or else visit the tents ; and, anyone might well ima- gine that a visitor in tlie sliape of a sliarp- »liod horse, however friendly he might be dis- 8 posed, would be as dangerous to the sleeping students as he would be unweleome to wakeful ones. A gray horse tliat has served upon many a tenting tour, used to be so kindly disposed that when done eatmg his mess, he was often let loose to brouse aro^ind for a while. Usu- ally after nipping tlie grass for a time, he would deliberately and sociably go up to the tents, survey tliem as €arefally as a man would, go to tlie tent door, extend his head in- to the tent, and if not noticed, he would neigh gently, or nibble some one a little; and, if then not told to go away, he would -eautTously walk in, as if he wT&lied to make his home in tlie tent wT^ tlie folks. The same horse frio-htened when brousTno- aroiind, woiild always seek refuge at the tents ; and sometimes it was dTft'i€ult to keep him away, and to keep htm from stepping up- on tiie edges of tlie tents. Most otlier horses ^lat have been used upon tenting tours have sliown like dispositions, ]3ut not m so marked a degree. Feed boxes or mangers [ire TndTspensal^le to tlie tenting outfit. To serve as mangers, two of tiie seats in tlie veliTele iire so arranged tliat, when turned upside do^vn, ea€h one makes a trough suitable for feeding two horses. A^ l^iese seats are never needed while tlie team is feeding, tiiey serve botii j^urposes ec^ially well. As horses eat well only when the manger is somewhat elevated above tlie groiind, it Ts often diffieult to make sileli arrangements for feeding as we wish. If in a woods, or near a fence, tliTs difficulty is overcome by using for eaeli horse a small box as a manner. Thro tlie side of the manger a hole Ts bored and extending thro this hole Ts a liirge sti'ong screw armed wTtli a head tliat allows one to turn Tt easily, wTtli the fTngers. WTth a bTt or a small auger, of suitable size, a hole Ts bored Tnto a tree or Tnto the fence, and tlien by means of tlie screw ^e box Ts secured at any desirable height wTtii very ITttle labor. "'>''^^'^'^■•vvvvw^vyvvv^vJ \ ^ As miidi extemporlzTng Ts always recj-iilred xn provIdTng for the horses, especially when 10 far awSy from the eomforts of stables and sheds, it IS best to have along an axe, a saw, a ehisel or two, several bits and a brace, several staples and rings, a screw driver, some screws and some nails, several haim straps, an awl and some waxed ends, and a good supply of rope ; of this there should be pieces of different sizes. To be m a monntainous district, or in a barren region, far away from me^iamc shops and hardware stores, witli four hungry horses and withoiit the f acilTtTes to take proper care of ^lem IS misery m tlie extreme. It is sure to work rviTn to &e team, and disaster to the party. To ensiire success, all must be provid- ed for — the vehicle and the team not less than the party. While tenting in a moiintamous district, or m any district far away from a hay market, great difficulty is usiially suffered in provid- ing the team with hay. Grain can be bought almost anywhere, and it is easy to carry ; but usiially it is not easy to find hay, especially at sueh places as the horses most need it ; and it is always a cumbersome and a troublesome fodder to carry ; but horses fare badly witliout it ; it is cruelty and dangerous to deprive them 11 of it for any considerable length^of time ; and so, as respects liie team, tlie hay cj^iiestion is tiie most serious problem Hiat relates to tent- The great length of the body of the vehicle and tlie space required for ^e double team, would make it impractical to turn in a narrow place, or upon a small area. But, tliis diffi- culty IS obviated by an iireli cut into the side of the body at siieli a place and in siieli a way that the f oi"e wheel, when tlie tongue is turned, can pass beneatJi tlie ])ody until it strikes the lang. By means of tliTs simple arrangement tlie facility to tiirn is so great that I have seen the driver tiirn tlie carry-all arotmd when fully loaded, in a two rod I'oad. This ease of turn- ing, to a tenting \'ehTcle, is of very great im- portance. Ofttimes the most desirable places for pitching tlie tents are not easy of access, Olttimes, in mountainous places, very short turns must l^e made in order to pass between and around rocks, to wind around and between trees, and to make a quick and short turn upon a small open area, tliat is surrounded by im- passable barriers. To ^e inexperienced, it may be a question 12 whether m ease tiie j^iirty numbered eighteen or twenty, it would not be better to divide it and drive two earry-alls. As respeets tliTs question, — experience has taught iis to do as we!are now doTno-. While tiie vehicle is in motion, mueii Tnstruetion €an be given relative to Mie objeets and the^'places we are passing. In- deed, a vast deal of instruction relative to tlie Geography, Geology, Botany and Agriculture of ^e district through whieh we are going is always given while we are lidmg along. In order iJiat this instruction may be shared by eaeh pupil, it is not only necessary tliat each one be so seated tliat he can hear what remarks the teaeiier is making, but he must, at yie same time, be so seated tiiat he, with ease, views tlie object under discussion. To provide for ease of viewing, the vehicle is uimsiially high, and so arranged tliat, from end to end nothing obstructs the vision. Indeed, as ^le vehicle passes along, tlie passengers seem to look down upon all objects tliat iire upon tlie ground within the distance of many rods ; and as it passes trough the streets of villages, or cities, eaeh passenger is above tlie head of tlie footman upon Hie pavement, and commands 13 an extended vieAV of the street, t=lie pavements, the promenades, tJie drives, the parks, tlie re- liefs of buildings and whatever else is of inter- est, of utility or of beauty. In order to view a city, or a villag'e, we know of no other arrange- ment tliat IS so well suited, nor €an less be said m respe-et to its adaptation to viewing a rural district. "A" Tent. Tents. — For a party of eighteen, two tents are recj^ured. For our purpose, the "A" tent answers very well. It is simple, easy to put iip, commodious, effectual, and easy to take down and pack away. For tliis tent, when separate from ^le vehicle, five poles are needed. — two, about eight feet long, for eaeh end, and one, about fourteen feet lono^, for ^e center. u 15 But (Hir method of pitehmg the tent is siieh as to obviate the necessity for two of tlie end poles. In the cornice, along- tlie side of tlie €aiTy-all, is a hole thro whieh extends a rope. By means of ^iTs rope, one end of the center-pole is suspended from the wagon top. The other end of the center-pole is suspended by shears made by fastening together wTtli a hame strap at a suitable place, two of the eight feet poles. By this arrangement, we are obliged to €arry 1 ess poles. Thus arranged, ^e tent is very elose to the wagon ; but tliis we often find a great €onvenience. In ease it storms, tlie distance from the wagon to tlie tent cannot be too little. For the arrangement of the poles, m piteh- mg the tent, see Mie engraving above. When moving from place to place, the poles are strapped upon the right side of the wagon, about level with the back of the seats. 16 The Roof Sheet of Canvas. The roof piece of canvas for a tent is reetaneu- lar. It IS abwit twenty-four feet long, and twelve feet wide. This makes a tent that is ample and convenient. 17 L^ Canvas of the Closed End. As tlie back part of tlie tent is always kept closed, tiie canvas for tliis end is made m one piece. In form, it is triangalar. Of tliTs piece the g-rwmd edge is about twenty feet long. At its greatest width, it is about seven feet. Canvas Sheets of the Open End. The eaiivas for the end of Uie tent at whieh it IS entered, is made in tw^o pieces. Eaeln piece IS a right angled triangle, of wdiTeli Um base IS ten feet and tlie perpendT^ular seven feet. When in position, tliese pieces are joined along the perpendicular edges. When Muis 18 arranged, Miey completely close up the entering end of tlie tent. By leaving one of tliem loose at the gro^-ind, it may be drawn aside, or pinned back, to answer as a door, in entermg or leav- ing the tent. To fasten the several pieces of canvas to- gether, large pins are used. To secure a suit- able pm for Mils purpose is an important item. The pinnmg of tlie canvjis is not a small ©hore, especially so, in case the pins are eitlier toe small or too large. If Mie pm is to© small, tlie weight of tlie canvas, or its movement by tlie wind, soon bends it, and tlien it is no longer efficient. If it is toe liirge, it is with difficulty pierced tliro the canvas, and is very often bent Til t-lie effort. The pins numbered 3 are a convenient size. The ground-edge of tlie canvas is armed wTtli a small rope, so hemmed m as to form a strong border. Along tliis border, at intervals of aboiit two feet, are holes large enough to ad- mit pins five-eighths of an Tneh m diameter. To prevent tearing (Hit, or tearing into tlie canvas, they are well hemmed. Through tliese holes extend the ground-pms ^at hold Mie tent to the ground. 19 Q Ground Pins Strung on a Rope. The groiiiid-pins are made of Iron, f of an ineh ^ick, one foot long, sliarpened at Mie end that IS driven into the groiind, and at ^e end that holds the eanvas border, €nrled over so as to form a ring. This ring serves the double purpose of acting as a hook in holding Mie eanvas border, and as a handle, in carrying tlie pms, and in drawing tliem out of tlie ground. Pins of less size are inefficient; sometimes longer ones are better, — especially when Hie tent IS pTtehed upon sandy gTOund,-sueh as tliat in the pines of JST. J., or Hiat along tlie sea sliore, and tlie like. To sC'eiire tlie ground-pTns against loss, it is well to seeurely tie a small rope to the ring of one of tlie pins in sueh a way that the end of tlie rope extending from one side of the piii is several times longer tlian tliat extending from the other side. Then, iipon the longer end of the rope, string all ^e pins belonging to the 20 tent ; and then so tie the ends of the rope Miat it is not possible for any pin to get off until Mie rope is untied. Carefully following tliTs plan, has saved many a student mueh trouble. The loss of a single grwind-pTn is serious — es- pecially if lipon a stormy day, tlie loss is not discovered m time to provide anotlier before pitelimg Mie tent. Usually, some one belong- ing to Hie party using tlie tent is enjoined to have eliiirge of the gro^iiid pins ; and, he is ad- vised to place eaeli pin upon tlie rope as soon as he removes it from tlie ground. Hanging Bar. — To hang small tlitngs upon, a bar four feet long, iirmed witli hooks, and suspended from tlie end poles, is a great con- venience. Upon tliese hooks may be hung bonnets, hats, shawls and tlie like. A similar bar might be suspended from tlie center- pole. Blankets. — Eaeli member of a tenting party sliould be provided witli at least two blankets. One of tliese he needs to spread up- on Mie groiind to lie upon, to prote-et liTiii against dampness and dirt, tlie otlier, he needs to spread over him to keep him warm. Usually, two, or more, lie upon tlie same blanket, lu 21 this case, two or more blankets are placed be- neath tiie sleepers, and two, or more, as they seem to require, are spread over tiiem. The kinds of blankets used are various. Clean horse blankets, or lap robes, answer very well. Buftalo robes are good. Pieces of carpet answer a good purpose. Quilts are good. Indeed, whatever blanket is good for otiier purposes is good for tenting. Upon sandy ground especially, it is well to have the first piece spread down as large and as stoiit as possible. If the first layer is in small pieces, tlie edges often get turned iip, or tiie pieces shoved apart, and tlie sand works up between tlie blankets, and becomes an- no^ang. Accordingly, we are provided wTtli a strong piece of tliTck heavy carpet tliat cov- ers all tliat part of tlie tent upon whidi we expect to lie. Upon tliis, smaller blankets are spread until a suitable bed is made. By means of these blankets, we are completely protected from tlie dampness of the ground. Upon such an arrangement, one can lie with comparative comfort. Pillows. — Eaeli stiident is provided with a pillow. This iisnally consists of a little miis- 22 lin saek about fifteen Tnehes long, and about ten Indies wide, — well stuffed with feathers, or witli wool. WTtliout a pillow, a tenter is badly provided for the night. It is easier to sleep wTtliout blankets than wTtliout a pillow. While one €an lie easy, and sleep soundly iij)- on a solid rock, if he but has a nice soft pil- low beneatli his head ; he lies uneasy, and sleeps badly, in a downy bed, if he is obliged to keep a stone beneatli his head. To seerire rest for tlie night, and freedom from heada€he, and to promote elearness of Tntelle€t dnring the day, a good soft pillow is very important. Victualing Apparatus. — The victualing apparatus necessary for tenting, consists of a table, plates, dislies, pans, knives and forks, spoons, drinking €ups and friiit €ans. Table. — The table consists of a poplar board two and a half feet wide, and twelve feet long, armed with legs, atta-ehed by means of strong rings interlocked like the links in a eliain. When in iise, tlie surface of the table IS about two feet high. T() se€ure it against upsetting, the legs are wider apart at the bot- tom tlian they iire at the top. It may be made more se^iire still by inserting tlie lower end of 23 the legs into liie grcauid. When not in lise, the leo'S of the table live folded togetlier be- neath tlie board, and tied to prevent rattling. AVhen iipon tiie road, tlie table is €ai-rTed beneatli tlie wagon body, suspended by means of a bolt at one end, and a strap at tiie otlier. Plates. — The ])lates are of tin, — siieii as are often used m the art of baking pies. Tin plates are light — are not easily broken, and €an be packed in a small space. The}^ are l^right and invitTng to eat from, and give the table a ^eerful appearance. Of these, tliere are eighteen, one for ea^i of tlie party. Pans. — To contain meat, fisli, bread, vege- tables and tlie like before distribution to tliose eating, there iire six re^tanguilar pans, — siieli as are sometimes used to bake €ake in. These are deeper tlian tlie dishes, about fifteen Tneli- es long and about eight melies wide. To these are added two large re^tangiilar pans, for €ontainino^ whatever maA' be a little extraor- dinary in size. These pans iire abcHit two mehes deep, a foot wide and abcHit twenty-two Tnehes long. These answer also as frying pans. Dessert Dishes. — To dtstribnte desserts, a 24 cir€ular tin disli about four Tnehes m diameter, answers very well. These are sueh as are used in baking small ^akes and tlie like. Of tiiese tiiere are twenty, — one for ea€4i of tlie party, as a desert disli, and two to l)e used as butter dishes. Knives and Forks. — Of knives and forks but little need be said. There sliould be at tiie least a loilfe and a fork for ea^i member of til e party. For €uttTng meat, fisli and tlie like, tliere sliould be about tliree knives adapted* to tlie purpose — buteher lailves answer very well. Spoons. — It IS diffTeiilt to eat witiicmt spoons. Upon tiie table siiould always lie a plenty of teaspoons and tablespoons. Our outfit requires twenty teaspoons, one for eaeli individual, and two for dipping sugar and tlie like. There are also six tablespoons. — used for dipping gravy, &c., &c. Cups. — For using coffee, tea, milk or Avater, €ups are needed. The ordTiiary tin €up t^iat holds about a pint answers very well. It holds enough, and on the a€€Oiint of tiie handle, it IS easy of use. Of tliese, eighteen iire need- ed, — one for eaeli of tlie party. 25 Fruit Jars. — Canned fruit is as acceptable to tiie eraving stomaeli* of a tenter as it is to tiiat of an epTeiire at home. Besides, it is easy to earry, and is always ready for use. Biit, the jars, usually employed in canmng fruit, serve various purposes upon a tenting excursion. They are convenient to hold vari- ous desserts until tliey iire distributed on ^le dessert plates, to hold preserves, pickles, &c., &G. Culinary Apparatus. — The culinary ap- paratus consists of tlie fire implements, pots, kettles and pans used in cooking. For cooking, tlie most satisfactory fire fehat we have used has been made by piling togeMier, lipon an open space, fagots and wood, after tlie manner practiced by tlie Indians. We have tried portable stoves, tiiat burn charcoal, resin, kerosene, tfec, &c. ; but eadi of these has been very unsatisfactory. Be- sides, tliey were cumbersome. The ordinary kerosene stove will not bum well in t^ie open air, unless tiiere be a calm. Hence, it is im- practical. Fiirtlier, it is constriicted on too small a scHle. To cook victuals for eighteen hungry tenters takes work, — a large, brisk 26 fire, and iiidustnous ^ooks. In order to spend as little time as possible at vTctualing, ever}^- frliing relatTng t() t:lie ^TilTnarv apparatus slionld be the very best, liiroe enough, and easy, and c]-tiTck of use. Unless great skTll, rnid a good system, Ts practiced, tliere will be t()0 muf^i time 4-on- sumed in vTetualTijg. Ilenee, evei'ytliTiig must be done to expedite tJie o])erati6ns relatTng t() tiie duties of the ^ulmarv department. AVlien hungry, at home, to wait long for vTetuals Ts very vexatious ; biit, Tt Ts very niiieli more so, when tentTng. When tenting, tlie appetite Ts almost always ^ravTug ; Tuid, eaeli one feels tlie need of hTs vTctnals at tlie hours at wbTt^i be Ts a-e€ust6med to eat. But, more tlian all tins, the more time is eonslimed Tn preparTng vTe- tuals, tlie less tliere wTll be to devote to obser- vation and selentTfT*^ TnvestTgations. To burn eliareoal, a liii-ge stove Ts required. Besides, Tt requires t()o nuu^i si)aee to ^-arry the fuel, wbTeb Ts yvvy dTrty and vrM'y vexacious to manage. A fli"e of I'esTn alone Ts not very bot. Ts not easy to manage, and Ts very smoky. 'I\) kTndle fli'e, we Use a kind of strong Iron €-u]j, fastened to an iron lulndle about three 27 feet long. This €up is very wide at tlie to]) and wTll hold alimit a (|4iart. In tins eiip, we plaee a liaiidful or more of resTii, a gTll or more of kerosene, and alxHit a tablespoonfnl of a mTxtnre, eonsTstTn*^- of one i)art of etiiei- and fdnr ])arts of al^-ohol. At first tliono-ht, tiiTs may seem to \)v a xt'vy Tneomimtihle inTxtTlre; Init, of its |)ra4:'tTe vrdne, we liave mu^i evi- dence. To stiirt a fli-e Tn wet wood, diirmg- a rainy day, nndcM- ordinary eir^ninstanees, is not easy ; but, wTtii tlie arrangement, and tJie fiiel aliove named, Tt Ts readily etfeetrMl. To Tgnite resTn, Tn tlie open air, wTtli Tin ordTnary mat-f^i, Ts almost Tm]Jossible. To Tg- nite kerosene Tn tlie r)])en air wTtli a mateli, Ts not easy ; and to fTre aU-dhol Tn an open pan, wTtii a mat-t^i, Ts not done jit every trial. Ea-e^i of tliese substances require to be heated up to k certaTn ])fHnt, — t^ie kTndlTng jjoint, before tJiey wTll Tgnite. To raise tlie tein])eratrire of eitiier of tliese to tlie kTndlTng point, requires more heat tiian Ts developed" by Mie biirnTng of a mat^ ; but, et^ier Ts so volatile, t^iat when poured (Hit, Tts vapor Tnstantly rises. ThTs vapor fires at so lo^v a temperature, tJiat when a burning mjit-^i Ts brought Tn eonta^-t wTtli Tt, 28 Tt Ignites witli explosive violence, and €oii- tinnes to biirn witii vigor until consumed. While burning, tiie heaf generated, evaporates the alcohol, raises the temperature of the al€0- holK' vapor to tlie burntng point, and ignites Tt. By ^le burning of tiie alcohol, tlie kero- sene A'apor is raised to the kindling jDoint, and" IS Ignited. The buriiYng of tlie kerosene soon develops heat enough to liquify tiie resTn, evaporates Tt and Tgnltes Tt. At thTs juncture, a part of tiie kerosene and resTn begTiis to be converted Tnto a gas tliat makes a hotter blaze than tiiat made by buruTng eitiier kerosene or resTii alone ; besides, attendTng thTs fire Ts miieh less smoke tlian Ts made by llie burmng of resTn alone. The €up of burmng kerosene and resTn, when placed under a heap of wood that Ts not too wet, soon raises tiie fuel to tJie kTndlTng point, Tgnltes Tt and gTves to tlie fire such Tinpetu- osTty that Tt makes water boil quTckly, and butter to fry and sputter furTously. WTtli tlie €up alone, eharged as above di- rected, I have boiled a two gallon tea kettle of water Tn eight minutes. Biit, tJiTs €ould not have been done Tn a wTndy day. 29 It would be €rTmmal to make the above statement, respec'tmg- tiie iron €up and the fuel to be used witli it, wTtliont mfoi'ming the tiro that it IS very dangerous. Should any one attempt to use it, he cannot be too careful. The a€t of touehing it oif wTtli a mateh, un- less circumspectly done, may prove very disastrous. The results of using this mix- ture witliout sufficient circumspeetion we have seen. Suffice it to say, they were terri- ble. Tripod and Kettles. Fire Irons. — To suspend pots and kettles over tlie fire, we vise a tripod, made of tliree Ii'on rods about five eightlis of an Tneli tliTek and six feet long. At one end, each of these rods IS armed wTtii a ring. To form a tripod, through eaeh of tliese rings a eliain is so ex- tended as to seevirely bind tliem together while 30 the other ends are set apart, in sueli a way tiiat eaeh rests upon a point tiiat may be €oii- ceived to mark an angle of an equilateral triangle. Thus arranged, to Hie rings as many ])eiidaiit eliains may be fastened as tliere are pots and kettles to be heated over the fire. The fasteiiTno- of tlie ^liains to tlie rings of tlie tripod is effected by a hook ; biit, to Tittaeh a pot to tlie eliain, a piece of iron bent into siieli a sliape as t() resemble the letter S is very €onvenient. ThTs S hook jilk>vvs one to elevate or lower ii pot at will, by simply hook- Tuii" tlie S hook into a higher or a lower link of tlie ©hain, as tlie height, or tlie Tmpetiious- ness of tlie fire may require. The JiexibTlTty of tlie ^liiin Tillo^'s a pot to be swung from tlie fire (piTekly, if need be. This IS a great advantage since over a rapid fire, tlie water in a pot often boils witli such violence tliat it overflows in an Tiistant after ebiillTtion begins. Unless tlie vessel ^-aii be qiii€-kly re- moved from tlie fire, tlie contents of the vessel IS lost, or damaged. Coffee, especially, is lia- ble to loss by overflow, if boiled over a rapid fire, 31 Tkipod and Cooking Utensils. Ring' Tlipod. — A tripod iiiade of a nijo- iii-med \vTtJijt4iree legs AlxHit ii loot loiig is very convenient. Indeed, Tn cooking wTMi ^le fry- Tng pan, it is so neeessai'y to have a snpport for Mie pan, ^lat ^iTs YHi])leinent is almost Tn- dispensable. For Tt, a sei)arate fire may be bnllt (Hit of some small wood; or, a qnantlty of glowing embers fi'om liie larger fire may be drawn (Kit, and over ^lem Tt may be placed. Thns arranged, frying may l)e douoi (jnTckly, and wT^i a moderate amount of lab()r. I^he ring of Uus trip5d is made of a square biir of inni about five-eightiis o. an Tneii tiiTck. The diameter of the rTiig Ts about 12 inches. — o — To guard against npsetting and to give space foi' Hie fire, tlie legs diverge. Pots. — Pots iire ciiinbers(")ine to carry. Yet, a ^iree gall5n ir()n pot, for boilTng potatoes, eggs, &e., &v., Ts almost TndTspensable. As a snl^stitilte, we have s()metimes nsed a cdmiiKm mTlk pan. But, IhTs siibstTtiitTon Ts not very 32 satisfaetory. The pan does not hold enough. The intense heat of so large a fire soon black- ens the pan and melts tlie soldering, and Urns rums it. Kettles. — A large Iron tea-kettle answers very well for booking coffee. It is eapacious, and IS quite manageable. It is often usable for other j^urposes. In addition to tliTs, a smaller kettle is often needed. Pans. — Two frying pans for eookmg meat and fisli are indispensable. They sliould be large, and eaeli should be armed witli a long- handle. Those belonging to our out-fit are 16 meiies in diameter. Each one has a strong fiat handle about two feet long. When plac- ing tlie pan upon tlie fire, or removing it from tlie fire to tlie handle, by means of suitably formed loops, a flat bar of Iron, abo-iit five feet long, IS attaelied. A pan wTUi a handle seven feet long would be very unhandy, upon a tent- ing tour ; but, fixed m tlie wily fibove stated, the handle disjoins when it is to be packed away ; and, thiis disjoined, it €an be put away wT^i very little trouble. 33 Chair. Chairs. — Upon a tenting tour, ehairs are very €onvenient. The eliairs used by us are made somewhat after tiie style of a €amp ^air. When not in use, they are folded togetlier, and are packed away without mueli trouble. Usu- ally we strap tliem upon tliat end of tlie table that projeets from tlie veliTc'le. But, €4iairs are cumbersome, and add mueli to the load. And no more of them should be taken than is needed. Spade. — To dig tren^es around ^le tents m time of storm, a spade is useful. 34 Lanterns and Candles. — To TllumTnate, we usually use lanterns and candles. One or more lanterns are always needed to illuminate, in €ase, for any €ause, we should be benighted, or sliould need to attend the team, Tn the night. These lanterns aet equally well to TllumTnate the tent. AMio we retire early, yet often- tTmes, some one, or ones, wTsli to write at night. Then the lantern serves well. Candles are iiseful. Biit, unless the air is €alm, tliey flTcker and go out. As a I'ule, they are very unsatTsfaetory. Two good lanterns iisTially suffice for all purposes. EQUIPMENTS FOR STUDY. To make a tentTng trTp profTtable, eaeh Stiident must . be ecj-oippe/t wTtli suitable tools. Eaeh Student of CTeograi>hy must be iirined wTtli hTs «ase of drawTng tools and drawTng eiirds fdi- miikTiig ina})s and drawTng sketelies ; a telescope for vie^^Tng distant objeets, and a pocket eompass for de- 35 tcrmmmg' the posTtioii ol' the 4:-ardinal points, and a barometer to ascertain tiie altitude of liTllts. Eaeh Student of Botany must have wTtii liTm a fioi-a, — for determtning- tiie genera and s})eeTes of jjljints, a i)lant box for -e-a-rrying fre.sii plants, a box of (ITsse-ettng tools for dis- set'tTng plants, a inl-erns^'dpe for examining tlie minute piirts of plants, and a drytng €ase for ])i'eservTng siit^i s])eeTmens as iii'e desired for a lierl)arTuin. Ea-e4i Strident Tn Zoology must be provided AvTtJi a <:-ase of dTsseetmg t()ols for tlie }ier sliould be : A good map, or no map at all. When made, a map should be earefully pre- served. As a rule, its value Tnereases as it grows older. QO Theodolite. Compass. — A Hurveyor's <:'ompass, or a ^e- odollte, IS quite TiKlYsj)ensable to A piii'ty mak- ing selentTfu- observations, eit^ier ger)o-rjij)^m- or geologi^:'. Of ^le two, a tlieoddllte is better. Wifeh it, one may take, not only the distance of remote and ina^'cessible objects, the bearings and t^ie dimensions of areas to be mapped ; but, he may also take tlie inclinations of mo^mtain sides, and of plains. And wiUijt, 39 he may ascertain tiie heights of inaccessible motintam peaks, of elTflfs and crags. Compass. One yieodolite answers for the whole party. Bilt, to hastily ascertain tlie cardinal points, when time is too prccions to allow of unpack- ing the cumbersome tlieodollte, a small pocket compass answers very well. Witli one of these, every Student should be provided. The cost of the pocket compass need not be mueli —25 to 50 cts. Aneroid Barometer. 40 Barometer. — To ascertain the heights of hills and mountains is often very important. When covered with trees, or busiies, unless some signal object that is elearly visible to a great distance be establislied iipon tlie eleva- tion, tills €annot be done with the theodolite. In sueh €ases, tlie barometer is the mstriiment to be iised. The mountain barometer, now in use, is a tiling of perfeetion. It is so nicely adjusted tliat measurements of a hundredth, or even of a thousandth of an in eh, are taken. But, owing to the length of the instrument (about 3 feet) and to its weight, it is very cumber- some. Beside, being €oiistru€ted mainly of glass, it ig very breakable. To ascertain approximately the altitnde ot elevations, the Aneroid Barometer is now mueh in rise. In shape, ^Ts instrument is cTr€iilar. In size, it is very convenient. It may be made so small as to be carried in the vest pocket. Usually, it is aboiit ^ree inches in diameter, and about an meh and a quarter in thickness. ■ It is easily read ; but not with til at degree of accuracy witli whieli tlie Moun- tain Barometer is read. Nor is this instru- 41 ment so reliable as tlie Mountain Barometer. The best of Aneroids, whether new or old, can- not be trusted, for accuracy, under any cir- cumstances. But, to ascertain an approximate altitude, they are handy and answer well. When tlie altitude of an elevation is deter- mined by an Aneroid Barometer, the record should always be made in sueli a wily as to show tliat tlie work was done witli this kind of insti'ument. Then, any one who has had experience wTtli botii Mercurial and Aneroid Barometers will not expect tlie figures to ex- press anytliTng more tlian an approximation. Camera. — To secure i>iiotogra}>iis of rare objects and of rare scenery is always desirable. This cannot be done wiMicHit ti camera and suitable plates. The photographic art lias now so far ad-* 42 vaiiced tiiat any apt person can, m a few les- sons, ]eai:n to arrange Uie camera and expose Mie [)lates f oi' taking negatives. Besides Mie valne of ihe [>iiotograj>4is foi* keeping as siieii, U\ey have tlnother value. From the i>liotogTaj>li, engravings €an easily be made. These €an ))e used to advantage Tn illustratTng magazine artT€les, eliapters Tn books, &c., tte. The camera ik>vv in use by us is tliat con- venient little tJiTno- entitled " The Knockdo^vn • — o Camera," made and foi' sale by The Blair TourogTa]>li and Dry Plate Co., 471 Ti-emont Street, Boston, Mass. The negatives taken l)y tins -eamera are suiall ; but, to engrave from, ^ey do very well. 43 For larger ]>hotogra]>hs, a more expensive €amera is required. Siieh iire manufa^tiired and for sale by ^le same company. Thermometer. Temperature. — To detei-mtne tiie tempera- ture of a pliiee, the difference of temperature dependant upon difference of elevation, the temperature of springs, &c., a thermometer is indispensable. Telescope. Telescope. — Objects in the distance, so far 44 away that the pupil €an only desery them, are ever and anon appearing. Distant spires peer up, the €urllng smoke of distant workshops ascend, mMintain peaks appear enslirouded in the distant azure, tlie plymg steamer vanislies over the hill of tlie ocean, and tlie top-sail of Mie distant sliip seems but a speck upon tlie distant horizon. To define tliese, and to de- termine their relation to other objects, is an exq^^iTsTte delight to every ardent student. In this, he finds use for his teles€ope. And, sorry is the student who has not one at his command. The telescope sliould not be so large as to be cumbersome, or difficult to handle. I have seen, among oiir students, many small instru- ments, bought for a few dimes, tliat have done excellent service. To be sure, tiie better the instrument, tJie more satisfactory is tlie work done by using it. But, it sliould be remem- bered, that ^e cost of an instrument is not an exjionent of its value. An opera glass, for some purposes, in land- scape viewing works well. It is, very easy to adjust, and very easy to the eyes. Ag it IS hardly possible f oi- every ene to be 45 provided wTfeh a large teleseope, Miere is one mcHinted upon a tripod whieli always goes with us, and is ever ready for use. When objects at a great distance are to be viewed, this in- strument IS in great req-iiest. Being mounted upon a tripod, one €an sit and leifeiirely view, wTtiicHit tlie eftort rec|^.iired to hold an instru- ment steady m his hands. BOTAIS^Y. Flora. — The young botanist serves himself well, by pro€urTng a good Flora. DUrmg his first steps in tliTs line of study, among ^e tilings that he wislies to know, is tiie nH^me, ^e species, the genera, the order and the elass of eaeli new plant with whieh he be-eomes a-e- quainted. To learn tliese faets, usiially, re- quires a Flora. For ^e plants in tliTs latitiide. Wood's or Gray's, answers well. If one is go- ing tlirough tlie pines of N. J., WTllTs' Ciita- logiis Plantarum in IS^ova Caesarea Reperta- riim is a desirable €ompani6n, — ene €an hardly afford to be wTtliout it. 46 Plant Box. Plant Box. — To 4'arrv (^loice speelnieiifj, aiKJ t() jjresei-ve uew plants in a fresli ^-ondT- tion, lintTl a suitjible opportnnity presents for disseetmg Miem, the plant box is indispensable. Eaeli strident slionld have one. It sliould be made of tin, water tight, aboiit twenty Tnelies 1<^'128'? wTtli ellTpti€ ends, the longer diameter of wliT^i s4ioiild be nine Tnelies, the sliorter seven, wTth a ddoi- tl^at extends almost from end to end. The door sliould eldse tightly, and fasten se^'iirely. To eaeh end slionld be fastened a tTn IcH))). To tliese loo])s slionld be attiielied" tlie ends of a straj) Tn siinli a way tliat the box *'an be ^--arrted lipon tlie left side, wdiile tlie strajj, by wliTeli Tt ts suspended, passes dvei* tiie right slioulder. Siie4i a box Ts easily ^-'aiTied, andTn Tt, plants 47 may be kept t\'e>4\ and g'ood for analysis, tor several days. When placed in Mie lilx, ^ley slioiild l)e made m(Hst by sj)rTnklmg- a little water over ^lem. Sometimes Tii by-plaees, m miii slies, or ii])oii mcKintam sides, Avhere ^leie Ts no 'o})pr)rtrinTty for analysis or dissection, laie jilanls iii'e f(Hind Tn great abundance. From siieJi lo-t-alTtTes only, can tiiey be galiiered. Biit, once ga^i- ered and carefiiUy packed Tn Uw plant l)o.\, ^ey may be transported a great many miles, if needs l)e, and securely kei)t until cTrciim- stances are altogctjier favorable for a tiidro exammation. Knives foi* r)i2:i?illg. — In secnrTng a plant for dissection and analysts, all parts must be kept Tntjict. Of a plant, ^le root Ts an essen- tial part, and, to tiie botanTst, one from wbTeli be learns many lessons. To secure tiie roots of a, small ])lant, a large sliiirp ixnuted knife Ts a very iiselul tool. It sliould be strong, and have a large hitndle. An old but elier knife an- swers well. In stdnv jJrmind, a liirge (Hster knite Ts very ilseful. In every jjirint box, some sncii knife sliould be carrTed. 48 Microscope. — To examine the tissue of plants, tlieir minute organs, &c., &c., miero- s€opes are needed. For most purposes, out- side of the laboratory, tlie simpler forms of this iisef ul maeliine ai'e all that is needed. A simple lens does good service. A double lens does better. A €ase of three good lenses de- fines almost any of the minnte organs well enough for tlie student m systematie Botany. The tiiree lensed Tnstrument made and sold by J. W. Queen & Co., 924 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa., is very good. (The several nii€ros€opes figured and described m tliTs ar- ticle, are manufactiired and for sale by tliis firm, J. W. Queen & Co., 924 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. Of tliis fii-m we have pureliased optical and otlier instruments for over 20 years. During our acquaintance, wS 49 have found the members of the firm to be very reliable and very a€€ommodating gentlemen.) Jointed Micuoscope. The Jointed Microscope, tiiat folds to €arry in the pocket, is a very serviceable little comforter in many a perplexing examination. Indeed, it is an invaluable contrivance. It is so arranged tliat it holds tlie object between the delicate points of a movable pll ars that can be fixed by means of a screw at any distance from tlie lens tliat may be desired. The ob- ject may tlien be viewed at leisiire by diffiise light, or the instriiment may be held between the eye and a lamp ; or, if needs be, it may be held between the eye and tlie sun. When not in iise, it slides into a case that IS 2.5xlx^ inches. This little instrument is even more service- able in the study of insects than in tlie stiidy of plants. 50 Excelsior MiCROscorE. The Excelsior Microscope, wYtJi Mnec lenses, is a very convenient ^iTng". It Ts easy to manage and very efficient ; and tJien it is not cumbersome. Having- a movable dissect- Tng stand makes it very serviceable, esjjecially while nsTng it in tlie field. This microscope Ts so constructed Miat when not Til vise, Tt folds tog-ethei', and Ts })acked away Tn a wooden ^r-iise tliat Ts the exact size of that siiowii Tn tiie engravTng. Hence, wTtiioiit Tnconvenience, Tt may be safely carrTed Tn tlie vest pocket. 51 Sf'Hooi, MicnoscopK. TheNehooIMiemsconer.vo.x- - - when hic>:iKV ],fHivo.> •• . ■■, JJiaeed, ^iis rs tT- ^ ' '"' '•• '^^' ^^^^'^^ "^^^^^ field ^^J"^ IS tile instrument. When n.r.l -^ ^ ^ ^>^tN( -piece and ob ectrv*. Tf — " -" lo jou diameters. 52 Compound Microscope. Coiiipouiid Microscope. — Biit, aided with any or all of tliese while in the field, botani€ students will meet diftleulties m tiie definition of the organs of plants and Tii tlie definition of tlieir stru^tiire, tiiat cannot be settled by the aid of any mi€ros€ope tliat is usable outside of a well organized laboratory. Microscopes of 63 high power €an be used only under favorable circumstances. In usmg them, Miere must be a firm steady table for a rest for tlie instru- ment, and a well regulated, soft, steady light. To have these conveniences, while upon a tent- ing tour, is im]jossible. Hence, the -compli- cated forms of microscope must be left at home ; and, what difficulties cannot be over- come Til the field, with the simpler forms, must be carefully preserved and transported to the well equipped laboratory. Drying Case. Drying* Case, — The drymg case, u§ed by 54 cRir stndent.s, eon.sists of two pieces of sieve, so fastened too-eyier bv means of two straps tiiat they may be €0 aptated, or spread wide open, at will. The sieves are ab(Hit 12x18 iiiehes. The meslies in ^le sieve are abcHit J of an Tneh square. The strai)s lire jibmit ^ of an Tiieli wide, and are armed wttJi buckles, so ^lat ^le sieves €an be brought tightly tc)gether and made se€ure. They are arranged near llie ends of the sieves. Between tiiese sieves are arranged several slieets of €leaii bTl)ulous paper. Two or tliree quires are not too miieii. It niiist be perfectly dry, and entirely five from inotli and milder*. Paper tliat has l)een once vised, mnst be made perfectly dry and ^-lean before nsing again. A ])iece of i)aper slightly niTldew^ed will ruin tiie ehoicest jjlaut. Dryness and cleanliness are tiie elements of su4;-cess Tn Mie iise of a dry- ing 4:'ase. If tlie nil* Ts a little moist, it is well to ]nit tlie ])aiJer Into an oven and bake Tt tlioi'oughlv l)efr)i\' usTiio-. While Tn felie Held, a plant tliat is to be pre- jjared for t=lie hr'rbartum, may l)e spread oiit upon a slieet of l)Tbrilous paper, trlie organs neatly arianged so tliat when dry they will present ^e appearance they should m the her- barmni, and ^en neatly €6yered wTtJi another sheet of ])aper of tiie same kind. These two sheets of paper, wTtli tlie en€'ldsed |)lant, may be plaeed in Mie drying ^ase, in siieh a way, tiiat SIX or seven slieets of paper are arranged smootlily and se^-iirely upon eaeh side. Thiis fixed, in ordinary weatJier, wTlli jiroper expo- sure, a i)lant will dry and -evire completely wTtiiout fartlier attention. I htlve known wir students to so arrange and ])erle€tly preserve thirty plants in one drying -ease. The plants were gatliered and arranged from time to time as tliey were going along, and tlien tiiey were left witiicHit fartlier attention, (save that tliey were -fareful tliat tiie drying case was not allo^ved to get wet, and that it was in an airy place). Indeed, in respect to tiie ■curing of plants, my advice to my stridents is tliat they place the plants between a goodly immber of sheets of perfectly dry [)aper, press them well, keep tliein in an airy dry place and tiien never undo tiiem until ready to arrange tliem in tiie herbarium. 56 Dissecting Tools. Dissecting Tools. — WiUioat suitable tools, the study of botany is very tedious, very vex- atious, and very friiitless. A few herbaceous plants, wTHi €oarse flowers, can be partially dissected wTUi Hie fingers alone. Biit, all of ^e more delicate plants require the use of ex- quisite tools. The dissecting tools sliould be arranged m a neat substantial box of a size and sliape con- venient for the pocket. Upon tlie witslde of eaeh case, m a conspicuous place, siioiild be engraved tlie name of tlie owner. In the case, are scalpels, tenaculums, forceps, needles, scissors, blow tube and jointed hooks. 57 Knives or Scalpels. Knives or Scalpels. — Of tiie tools used Tn dTsseetmg plants, a sliarp knife of suitable shape IS the first Tn request. The knife that suits me best, is the common scalpel, used by medical students Tn the study of practTcal anatomy. The sliape of tiie blade Ts suitable. The shape of ^e handle Ts suitable. The qualTty of .the metal Ts suitable. It bears a fine edge, keeps sharp well, Ts easTly cleaned, Ts light to handle, and Ts very sightly. The blade Ts so pointed that Tt Ts very useful Tn pTckTng apart tlie fTlaments and stTgmas of flowers, the tiirnTng over of the sepals and petals of flo^vers, tlie separatTng of adherent tTssiies, &c., &c. Besides, the smooth flat end of the handle Ts usable for many purposes. Wi^ Tt, wTthfxit bruisTng tlie alburnum or liber, the bark Ts easTly separated from the wood, tlie tuiiTcs of bulbs are easily ^^ealed oflP, ^e parts of hesperida readUy separated, &c., &c. C2 58 Of knives, there should not be less than four. Not ilnfrequently, by an a€c!dent, a knife is dulled. To work witli a dull knife is likely to prodnce bad results. To siiarpen a knife while dissec'ting a plant, is likely to prove a detri- ment by loss of time and the diversion of at- tention. If a siiit of knives are at hand, mthe «ase one becomes dull, it may l)e exeiianged for another, wTth(Hit delay or in€onvenienee. The knives should not be all of one sliiipe, nor all of ene size. The blades of some sliould be broad, wTth ])oints iiot too a€-ute ; tiiose of some sliould be very narrow wTtJi acuminate IJoints. One, at least, should be edg-ed on both sides. And, for ^^-uttTng sueli things as re- quire great strengtJi, and for separating su-eh parts as require some force, and sometimes some prying, as in tJie case of tJie splitting of branelies, S:v., Arc, a strong knife, made by forming a blade upon a solTd ])ieee of steel, is very useful. To dTssect a plant whose organs lire large, sueh as tlie Arisaema trTi)]iyllum, LTlTiim sii- j)erbum, or tlie ( Tdy-eantlius tloridiis, a knife wTtii a broad blade Is convenient. But, to dissect a small plant, sudi as tiie Yeronica 59 oft'TcTnallTs, Hoiistonia c-oenilea, oi- llie Phlox subiilata, a tiny l)la(le is l)etter adapted. In- deed, ill the 4'iXse of very small plants, it is not easy to get a blade siiiall eiioiigh. Dissecting Needles. Needles, — To dissect a plant, knives alone are not snffTcient. The parts of the organs of many small plants are more easily viewed when picked" apiirt. I'o pick tiiese minute structures apiirt, needles iire well Tidapted. J n order liiat a needle may be easily handled, as a disse-etTng tool, Tt may be fixed into a small ivHind j)iece of Avood, about two iii^es long. To fix it intx) Mie wood, ^e needle should be clamped into a vice, in sueli a way that tJie eye-end ]3roje-ets. Upon this eye-end, place yie end of tlie stick tliat is to serve as tile handle. Then, witii gentle blows of a light hammer, drive the wood upon tiie needle until the needle has entered the wood, at tiie least, hjilf of its lengtrli. So fixed, a needle is a very nseliil tool in tJie dissection of plants. As tiie structure of organs vary in degTce 60 of fineness, and as more force is required in picking apart some of tJiese structures, it is well to have needles of diiferent sizes. For tiie coarser sti'iictures a needle 'No. 2 is suit- able. For the finest struetiires No. 10 is suitable. For medium striietiires ^o. 5 an- swers very well. Forceps. Forceps. — To hold and to handle many of the tiny parts of plants, forceps are needed. These sliould be strong, and so made ^at, when not m use, tlie blades spring apart. Of forceps, there sliould be two paii's. Of &ese, one sliould have very sliarp points, for picking lip and handling very small objects. The other should have broad blades that are even upon tlie terminating edge, for firmly holding delicate structures while viewing them, or while paring them wifeh a knife. Great care should always be taken m select- ing forceps. Those wiMi siiiirp points sliould be very smooth upon tlie coaptatmg surface; and yie points sliould come together with the 61 utmost precision. Those with broad blades should be perfectly level and smootli upon their eoaptatiijg surface, should be aeeurately level upon tlie free surface, and sliould eoaptSte with the utmost nicety. Forceps that do not possess these qualities are very vexatious, and are the cause of very many disappointments. Blow Tube. Blow Tube. — Sometimes while dissecting, a hooded corolla will become wilted and flacid, or collapsed. To distend it, a convenient thing IS a small tube, by means of which air can be blown into it. The blow tube should be conical, very small, not larger tlian a number 10 needle at the lesser end, about six inches long, and made of silver. Scissors. Scissors, — For clipping fine textures, a paii' 62 of scissors IS very eft'TcTent. They should be shiirp pointed, and kept m ])erf e€t order. Tenaculum. — A ten;u-riluni Ts a fisetnl yiTng to tear ofi* t^ie mitside skin 51" snioo^i tough friiits, to ])Tek and tear apiirt leathery tissues, to hook into, and lift oiit of sj)eclmen jiirs, objects to be exaniTned, cVre., cte. Jointed Tenacula. Jointed Tenacula. — T«) hold obje*-ts fast up- on felie dTsse^ttng board, a doul)le tenaculum Ts very useful. The doul)le tena^Tiluni is an in- strument made by joining two hooks by means of a rivet, in siie^i a Avay as t<> form a hinge. I'his double hook is very -eonvenTent for fast- ening 6bje€ts to the dTsse^ting Ijoard while disseeting ; or, for holding bjick a ])ieee of seml-detaelied tissue, to give a better (^Kinee to vifHv and disse<:-t. Dissecting Board. — T<) flTsse4--t m tiie Held, a board tliat will make Ji kind of table lipon the lap Is very ^'onvenient. This board sliould be 12 mehes wide and 20 Inehes long. Near the center, near one end, It should be perforated 63 by two holes, a half an ineh m diameter, and aboiit four mehes apart. Opposite to fehese, in the direction of the lengtli of tiie board, and abwit eight Tn^es off, sliould be two othei' holes, of tlie same dimensions. Thro tliese holes, strings may ]3ass, to fasten seeiirely to the dissecting board whatever object Ts so ir- regular m shape, or so slippery, as to require some means of attaehment. Specimen Jaus. Specimen Jars. — Fdr'i)res'erving in a pliimp form, tlie roots, lizomes, conns, bull)s, fruits and tlie more important piirts of succulent plants, it Ts necessary to have specimen jars filled wTtli some preserving HuTd. The jars should have wide moii^is and ground glass 64 st5ppers. They should vary in size, from ene holding two quarts, to ©ne holding an ounce. Of ^e largest size, it is not necessary, as a rule, to have more than two ; but^ of tlie Tnter- medi ate and smaller sizes, many are always in request. The preserving liquTd may be dilHte alcohol, vinegar, vinegar and alcohol, a solution of ehloral hydrate, syriip, or glycerine, as the na- tnre of Mie substance to be preserved requires. For most purposes, dlliite alcohol answers well. Where ^e color is not objectionable, vinegar often answers a good purpose. More frequently, the larger plant specimens are well preserved in equal parts of vine gar and dilute alcohol. Some very delicate parts of succii- lent plants that do not keep well in vine gar or in dilute alcohol, are kept in good condition when immersed m syriip, or m glycerine. Many frmts can be preserved m a soliition of ehloral hydrate. . The soliition m3y be made by dissolving an ounce of ehloral hydrate m a pint of water. Often times a soliition that is not half so ri-eh in ehloral hydrate answers bet- ter. For insects, ene jar should contain a liquid made by dissolving 10 gr, of arcenious 65 acid m a pint of aleohol. Into tins liquid the Tnse€t should be immersed as soon as caught, and left a while. To seeure against breakage, great €are must always be taken to keep Hie specimen jars nicely packed. They sliould be arranged in a box, or eliest, wTUi suitable partitions, and surro-unded with an abundance of saw dust or other packing equally as good. By good and zealous students, the loss of nicely prepared specimens is not sustained without mueh grief. ZOOLOGY. Guns. — To prosecute ^e study of Zoology, animals must be secured. To secure animals, suitable implements must be used. Of these implements, a gun stands first in importance. To be used by the zoologist, of guns tliere are two kinds, tlie sliot gun and the rifle. The sliot gun sliould be one tliat carries fine sliot well, and one that has considerable of range. The shot sliould always be ag fine as circumstances will allow. An animal badly mangled by sliooting, is a poor specimen for dissecting. Ho^vever, where tlie animal to be secured is large, or, is so sliy that one hag to 66 f^oot a great distance, coarser shot mvist be used. In many -eases, Mie animal to be se^-iired is very sby and too large to be killed wT^i ordT- nary shot, as Tn tlie ease of hawks, eagles, deer and tlie like. Jn tliese -eases, a rifle is needed. Of this gun, ^e bore sliould not be too large. Fish Nets. — To seeure fish for study, a suit- able net IS very essential. One of fine mesh IS best for most ]3urposes. To eateli tlie smallest fi&h, sueli as minnows and the yoiing of other species, a large meslied net, overlaid on tlie Inside with mosquito bars, answers well. Hook and Rod. — T<.> seeiire some species, as the black bass, trout, &<-., &q., the hook and rod answers well. Insect Net. Insect Net. — To eaptiire Tnseets, a rod armed at one end witli a brass hoop, attaehed to whieh IS a bag made of fine iiettTiig, strong elotli, or grass ek1t4i, Ts very eonvenient. Of this implement, for ordinary purposes, the rod should be six feet long, and the hoop slioiild 67 be about a foot in diameter, and tJie bag of netting slioiild be about twenty in44ieg deeji. But, tbe beating net, or tiie net vised to cap- ture insects by beating l)nslies and herbage should l)e made stouter. It siiould have a handle about tliree feet long, Mie bag sJiould be shallow, and it sliould be made of strong €lot}i. The Water Net. The Water Net, lised to capture aquatic in- sects should have a siiallow bag made of grass clotli, or else of strong miUinet. Killers. — To kTll insects, a wide nicHitlied bottle, at the bottom of whTe^i Ts a little cotton satnrated wTtli f^iloroforni, et4ier, benzine or ere osote, Is well adapted. The cotton slionld be covered wTtJi papr'r to jn'event the insect from becoming entangled in tlie woody tTssHe. If ci'e osote Ts vised, the cotton Ts not necessary. A te-Nv drops of creosote, smeared over the bot- tom of tiie bottle, Ts all ^at Ts required. In- 68 deed, a bottle prepared with creosote m this way answers well as a eateher, as well as a killer. The wide month may be turned over the Tnseet, and as it ascends into the bottle, the stopper may be introduced until tlie crea- ture IS dead. A small bit of PotassTe cyanide, placed in a bottle and covered witli cotton, makes a good killer. Liirge specimens may be killed by piercing Miem with a pm eharged with oxalic acid. Since insects often escape while attempting to remove them from the net, it is better to kill ^em before attempting their removal. To do ^is, plunge tliat piii-t of tlie net in whieh the insects are, into the killTng bottle, place in the stopper as well as can be, and await the results. The work of death goes on rapidly. Insect Box. Insect Box. — Some delicate insects, if left tn 69 the preserving liquid, would be ruined by the splashing of tlie fluid, €aused by the movement of the vehicle. So, to preserve tliem from in- jury while traveling, a small box, say 3x8x1 J inehes, lined wiMi €ork, is very convenient. An insect tliat is to be preserved for the cab- inet, may be removed from tlie curing liquid in the specimen jar, pierced with a pin, and ^en securely fixed in the insect box by forcing the point of tlie pin into the cork. In this situation it is safe from injury, insects and decay. Boxes for Shells. — For carrying shells, cigar boxes answer. But, often larger and stronger boxes answer better. Before putting in tlie box, eaeh sliell sliould be labelled and folded m paper. GEOLOGy. To prosecute Ae study of Geology, tlie field student needs the tools described under tlie following heads : Hammer. Hamiuer. — The hammer is as indispensable 70 to the geolog'ist, as it is to Ae stone mJlson. To lireak rocks, to get specimens or minerals, a hammer weighing jibmit a pmmd and a half answei-s Avell. Jt ,siioiild be made witli sliarp sc[nare edges, wTt^i its wTdl-li extending in the direction of t^ie handk^. I'he eye .slionld be laru'c Tn divk^'r tiiat tiie handle may he strono-. 1\) break liirge rocks, a sledge of 10 pounds weiglit Ts sometimes required. Wlien the rocks t() l)e studied iire Tn great ledges, tiie means for 1)1 a sting iire sometimes re((iiired. T() ti'Tni s])ecimens, ii hammer weighing about SIX (Hinces is suitable. Of tliis hammer, the faces and edges slionld be very triie. To get fossils, a hammer sJiaped as tliose of stone gutters iire, is well adapted. It i^liould weigh abfHit four pcHinds. Steel Chisel. Steel Chisel. — Foi- gettiiig fossils, a steel eJiisel, su-(4i as is lised bv stone ■cutters, is needed. For ordinary pui'poses, it sliould be alxHil six inelies long, witli an edge alxHit an ineli wide. For working out very small speci- 71 mens, one not more ^ii1n h^ilt an Ynf^i wide, often proves useful. Crowbar. — FTm* pryTno- apiirt tlie layers of a stratum of roek, tiie -erowl);!!* Ys useful ; — often- times it IS indTs|)ensal)le. It s^iouki l)e alimit four feet lono-, — at oue end made like a e4iTsel, at Ihe other, pointed, and as s^lal•j) as possIl)le. Picks. Pick. — TliTs Instrument Ts Tn _i;reat recpiest wliei'ever stratified rock Ts to be examTni'd, and wherever hoidders are to he uneart4ie(t.. (/'LINOMETKK. Clinometer. — 'Vn aseertain tlie dtj) of roek, ^18 Ts a, nseful tliTng-. It may be made by 72 describing a seml-circle upon a board abo^it 20 mehes long and a foot wide, and then di- viding the semI-cTr€le into degrees. The board must be a right angled parallelogram, and ^e diameter of tlie seml-circle miist be parallel to the sides. Thro a small hole at the point about whi^ tlie cTrele was described mSy be extended a string attached to a plummet. When 111 use, tlie side is applied to the sur- face of a dipping rock, and ^le degrees of In- clination read by examTning the position of the plummet upon tlie graduated seml-cTrcle. Thus made, tins board is a very cheap, and a very efficient clinometer. Biit, iipon a tent- ing tour, It serves other purposes as well. It IS tlie proper size and tlie proper sliilpe for a dissecting board. And, as students of Geology are sometimes students of Zoology, tlie little board serves a two fold purpose. Besides, I frequently see the little board m use as a writ- ing table, and as a drawing stand. Compass. — To ascertain tlie direction of the dip of strata, and the direction of tlie strike of strata, as well as tlie cardinal points of places, ^le Compass i§ needed. For this purpose, a 75 good pocket €ompass answers well. (See Com- pass above.) The clinometer with magnetTc needle at- taelied, described upon page 356 of Dana's New Text Book of Geology, is a very com- plete tiling. AVTili MiTs instrument, botli Mie strike and the dip of strata are determined at the same time. Magnet. Magnet. — T() aseertain tlie kind and quality of metal in an ore, tlie magnet is Hseful. One so small tliat it can be carried in tlie vest pocket, answers well. Even a good knife- lilade, well magnetized, answers all ordinary purposes. Measuring! Tape. Measuring Tape. — An accurate measure- ment of objects and of places is often very im- 74 portant. In sut^i €ases, the measuring tajje is very convenient. When acenracv is unimport- ant, the approximate distance may betaken by pac'Tng-, or hy tlie wTdtli of tiie liand, di" tiie leng-yi of tiie iirm. Specimens. — Wlien specimens of rock are eolle^^-ted, tiiey s4iould be dressed to a uniform size Jind sJiape as nearly as possI])k^. In most •eabmets, tiie specimens are alxHit four Tnehes long, tJire(^ Tneiies wide, and an Tuf^i tliTck. This IS a size tliat has ])een fcHind very €'on- venient. Brit, it sometimes happens liiat, ow- ing to tiie pe€uliarTty of tiie rock, its fragility, &c., &c., Tt IS not possible to di-ess tJie speci- mens to t^iTs size. Then, whatever size is praeti€al must be adopted. The edges of specimens siiould be straight, tile -eorners squai'e, and all parts of Tt as free from hammer marks as possible. W^hen con- venient, tiie specimen slionld be so dressed as to s4iow, lipon one side, a weatliered surface. Fossils, when pi-actTcal, slioald be dressed (Kit and separated fi'om tiie I'ock Tn whieJi tiiey iire fmind. 4"'liYs is done by means of a ham- mer and sliiir}j eliTsel. To secure a perfect specimen, a steady hand to direct the eiiisel, a 75 ■ eareful l^low wi^i ^le hammer, and a watelifnl eye iire required. Sometimes it is l)etter not to rem()ve the fossil from Mie rock Tn whieli it is found. In this ease, witii ^^are, tlie rock slioukl be dressed off iintil tiie fossil stands attaelied to tlie ma- trix, only l\v a pedicel. In fragile I'ocks, it is so often hazardous to attempt to dress (Hit a fossil. In tliat ^ase, that portion of tlie rock that -t-ontains the fossil slioiild be secured and handled wTtli €-are. Labeling. — Every specimen, whetlier rock or fossil, slioiild, at once, be -eai'efully fdkled up Tn several thicknesses of paper and carefully labeled. Of labels there sliould l)e two, — ©ne enclosed with the specimen, tlie other sliould be cemented to tlie wrapper. The label should sliow to what kind of rock tlie specimen be- longs, to what geologic formation it belongs, at what site it was pro^-iired, when it was pro- cured, and by whom it was procured. Speci- mens tliat iire not well labeled are of ITttle wortli. The history of a specimen makes it valuable. A specimen that has not a history IS but ITttle more tlian a common stone. Cement. — For attaehTng labels to rocks, 76 wood, &;c., &c., I have not ficHind anytliing better than tiiat cement tiiat is made bj t^ie following formula : Stareli, 2 dr. White Sugar, 2 oz. (Tum ArabK', 2 oz. Water enou^ to make a solTlti(')n not quite as tliick as €ream. Dissolve tlie giira araln-e, add tlie sngar and stareh and boil till Mie stiireh is -eooked. This cement was re-eommended to me bv Mr. F. C. Hill, tlie a-c^f-omplTslied and obliging curator of tlie Geologic Museum of tlie ISTe^" Jersey College at Princeton, ]!*^. »! . To i)revent fermentation, 1 sometimes drop Tnt() it a piece of ehloral hydrate as big as a hazlenut, or a few drops of ^arbolT*; acid. The €arbolT€' actd has tlie .further advantage of re- pelling Tnseets^from eatmg it after it has been used for cementing purposes. To mend l)rdken specimens of rocks or fos- sils, this cement is very valuable. For attaeli- ing plants to paper, it is equally valuable. In f a€t, it IS of sueli general applanation, that a bottle of it sliould always form a piirt of t^ie outfit for the tenting toiir. 77 Packing. — To preserve geologic- s[)ecimens, a stout box and a good supply of strong, but soft paper are required. Eaeli specimen shonld l3e neatly wrapped" in two tliTcknesses of €lean paper. ArcHind this shoidd be plaeed two or more tiiTcknesses of spongy })iiper to secure against brnisTng. The speeiincns slioiild tlieii be ^arefnlly arranged in a sfiitable box. In €ase the box is not filled entirely fill I wTMi tiie speelmens, paper or otiier good packing material, slionld be superimposed un- til tlie box IS well filled, so as to allo^^ no movement of the specimens. Then tiie ltd slionld be well se€*nred. For tiie want of -cSre in p.acking geologi€ specimens, many a day's work has been lost, and many a vriluable specimen rumed. SYSTEM. Dnring a tenting exeursioii, tlie most rTgtd economy of time and healtli must be i)ril€tTced. To etfeet thTs, every tiling must be rednced to 78 system. Every ©ne iniist have his, or her, work assigned, and tlie time in whieh it is to be done must be fixed. And, Mie work assigned miist be done well, and strictly on time. No laxity of manners or morals €an be allo^ved ; indul- gence inevitably hastens to disorder and ill healtli. Teaeliers and stndents may be playful and hiimorous ; but industry, dignity and cTr- €umspe€ti6n must, at all times, be rigidly practiced. Eating. — DiirTng a tenting excursion, tlie utmost attention must be given to system m eating. Almost always, U\e appetite becomes voracious. This craving of Mie stomach is mdiiced by the extra demand for food jirisTng from tlie extra amoiint of ■eonsumption of tissiie in performing tlie great amwiiit of work botli of body and of mind, assigned to eaeh iii- dividrial. Hence, tins demand must be satis- fied. A large timount of good, wholesome food miist be eaten. Biit, it must be eaten at stated times and under proper Tntluences. Times for Victualing. — The aim should be to eat at six, twelve and seven o'clock. Vict- ualing at tiiese htnirs divides tlie day eeonom- i€ally, as well for tlie team as for tlie stildent. 79 This brings Ijreakfast as early as is practical and €onsistent wTMi heal fell ; and supper as late as is bearable during" Ae afternoon ; and yet it IS as early as Ts €6inf ortable diirTng tlie night. Between tliese meals, there must l^e allfH^ed no luneliTno- — no ^'runeliTiio- of candies or of — o — o — €*riickers, of friiit or of sweet meats ; no sipping of preserves, or Tee -eream. Siieh breaeh of ])iiysiologT€ law Ts sure to engender gastrin disorder. Then follow headaelie and all tliat train of miseries tliat arise from A deranged condition of tlie digestive apparatus. AV^hile tenting, tlie body sliould be kept in perf e€t healfeli ; for tlien, and only tlien, is tlie head €lear, and Hie mind fit to sui'vey, and contemplate, t^iose tilings wlneh it Ts tlie busi- ness of tlie student to study. While tentTng, the slightest Tndulgenee Ts sui'e to breed de- rangement of some part or parts of Hie system. Indeed, Tt does so at all times and any where. But, iipon a tentTng ex-eursion, sii-^i derange- ment and Tts •eonsequences show more plainly. And tiien, too, tlie iiiTserTes -t-onseq-iient u))on Trreg uhtiitTes iire less annimng at home. At home tiie debaueli €an €raAvl away and suffer liTs gastralgTa, or liTs lieadaelie, a ITttle out of 80 sight, and a little out of the hearing of sneh as are more virtnous ; but, while tenting, the debaueh beeotnes an intolerable nuisance. He must be wTMi tlie party, — there is no other place for him. And, even if he is suft'iciently reserved and cir€umspe€t to say noMimg about his suiiermg, his hand upon his head, or his list upon his stomaeh, or the sad s€owl iipon his f ^ce, tells only too })lainly of his misery. Sueh a one renders himself a consummate nuisance to ^le entire party. HTs miseries have a de- pressing influence upon all ; tlieir eifects can- not be evaded. Even if his fellow students do not have him to nurse, or are not obliged to hear his complaints, his distorted visage casts a gloom over all. Let no one think tliat a little indulgence will do no hiirm. A single cracker, a single bite of cocoanut, or two pea nuts, eaten l:>e- tween breakfast and dinner, is sufficient to spoil an afternoon's Tntellection, and engender yie most fi'Ightful dreams during tlie night. The more active tlie mind, tlie more strict- ness in diet is recj-uired. The inactive minded can eat from morning till night wTtli biit little inconvenience. Witli him, ingestion and di- 81 gestion, along wT^i about eleven hcKirs of sleep, -t'onstltute nlrndst Uw entire roi^inds of life. Indeed, U^e less brain ^le more stoma^i, IS ^e rule. And, Miey who appreciate less tiie beauties of natiire, appreciate more the lus- cioiisness and Havdr of what tliey eat. In- deed, abmit all some folks get out of life Ys what goes into tlieir stomachs. And, as an active minded person enjoys tiie ceaseless sur- vey of the obje€ts of nature, so tlie shallow minded or brain-degenerate enjoj^' tlie constant crunching and swallowing of food. And 3^et, for his practice, who €an blame him ? If tliis IS all he has a enpacity to cnj(H', why not give his undivided attention to ^iTs kind of enjoy- ment ? Why not have it so arranged tlmt tlie moiitli IS never empty, and the palate is always tickled or sgotiied wTtli savors and flavors ? Whatever a man has a capacity to enj(H>^, that let him enjo^^ Because, he eiin enj(H' only yiat for will eh he has a €apacity. It is as im- possible for a €'onstant feeder, a brain-degen- erate, a stoma<^i-man, to appreciate tlie beail- ties of a lands-cape, of a sunset, or of a rainbow ; or liie sublimity of lofty mmintains, as it is to tUke a ^>hotogra2>h upon a pan-€ake. And D2 82 why ? For tiiis simple reason : As Uie or- ganization of the pan €ake is not snited to retain tiie photo graphie impression, even when the image is made npon it, so the brain of the stoma€h-man is not so organized as to fix, re- tain and appreciate tJie impressions of beauti- fnl objeets, even if his camera, the eye, is fo- €used iipon ^lem. That whieh we €all the beantiful does not exist in his world. He takes no cognizance of it, — he cannot. He is not organized for it. In his development, tJiose parts of the brain whose office it is to perform the functions ^lat we call reason, reflection and construetion degenerated, while tlidse parts t^iat have to do with feeling, witii eatmg and drinking, and with tasting and smelling, developed to excess. Hence it is tliat "eaf' is ^le business with him. And hence it is, eatinor and indolence iire all ^lat he valTies in life, and all he has a desire to attain. In reference tc) tliTs subject, this fact sliould be kept m vic^w. The type man, the foi-mative man, was symmetrical. ISTeitlier his intellect- iial, nor his sensiial, faculties predominated. Temperate m all things, he appreciated and 83 enjcH'ed tiie beautiful, tJie eu}>honi€, Mie fril- graut, ^le relTsliful and Mie eupat^hi^. He suf- fered, — but to bnn, hYs task was not onerous ; be enjfH^ed, — but bis fruition did not engender e€'staey. Virtuous, — be met wbjit was before bim wTtli fortitude. Brave, — be trmmi>hed in everv stru«'o"le for rio-bt. From birfeli till Wo o deatii, all was satTsfaetory, all was enjcH^able. If we tire dTfferent, if liy, or atrophy of the stomaeh and bowels follows, while tlie brain loses its symmetry. DiirTng this retrograde metamorpliosTs, those parts of the brain, the action of whieh have to do with vTrtiie, for a want of exercise, begin atro]>hy, while those parts that sriperintend the sensvial faeulties, being over exercised, begin hyper- trophy. In this way, he who was a brain man degenerates into a stomaeh man. In the ease of the stomaeli man, his intel- leetion is mainly reflex. He has not tlie €a- pacity for reason, reflection or construetion. 85 When he looks lipon an obje€t, if it is suited to his €apacity, it does not start in him a train of tliong-ht that leads him to a contemplation of Mie Ant-lior, and its adaptation to Tts place in tiie economy of the fmi verse ; bnt, on the con- trary, Tt directly awakens his appetite and he prepares t() eat. He does not'consider whetlier it IS prudent for him to eaf , or whether Tt is a siiitable time for him to eat. In case Tt Ts a luscious fruit, Tt brTngs tlie water to hTs moutrh ; and in case Tt Ts not fj-iiite wTt4iTn hTs reaeh, hTs eye begTns to sparkle and hTs linder jaw begTns to maneiiver ere tlie ol:)ject Ts wTth- Tn hTs grasp. ^ow, there Ts no Tise for theconstTtuents of tliTs eat-lovTng class to go tentTng. Sueh had bet- ter go into a raspberry pateli, a peaeli or-eliard, a bake sliop, or an oyster saloon ; somewhere where there Ts plenty t() eat, and tliat plenty always ready to be eaten; and whei'e Hiere Ts notJiTng to lead tliein to HiTnk. Sii-eli men iire made mTserable Tf compelled to tliTnk. It Ts not Tn tlieir line of business ; they are not used to Tt, and Tt hurts tliein. In fact, Tf sueh men want to tliTnk, that Ts, Tf they wTsh to follow o^t some train of reasoning as men do who 86 live vTrtuously, Miey €an not do it. Tliey have not the organization to do it. Before siieh men €an enj(H' tiie capacity to tiiTnk, tiiey have to hi} transformed l)y tJie observance of tiie most rigid dletetie laws. Even to think in a feeble way, montlis, and years, of tlie most rigid observance of tlie laws of diet are req4nr- ed to bring aboiit tlie recj-iiisTte transformation of brain and digestive apparatus. Indeed, be- tween Mie reflex man, t^ie stomaeh man, and tlie i'efle€tTve man, tlie brain man, tliere is a great, a wide expanse, so bestrcMai with prda- ttible tilings, and attraetive attire, and Tndnce- ments to Idleness and indolence, tliat tlie reflex man almost never €i'osses over to tlie I'efle-ctive. So near impossible is Tt for tlie reflex person to pass over to ^le reflective, for tlie stomaeh man to be transformed into tlie brain man, that 1 have thought a more fruitless endeavor cannot be made tlian the attempt to elevate, by edu- cation, a reflex, an all-eat and an all-play, a stomaeli pupil, to tlie grade of ;i reflective, a brain pupil. In my experience in teaeliTng, extending ovei- a space of 25 years, every en- deavor, althd I have made many, has proven abortive. 87 In proportion as ^e reflective student in- dulges in tiie practices peculiar to the reflex person, in tiiat proportion he cultivates stomaeh development and stomaeli derangement, de- bauelies Mie entire economy of his system and induces tiiose stupid phases of life -eharacter- istTc of ^le vicious, and descends towards Mie stomach man. Let every one beware. There is no midway. Between virtue and vice there IS no gradation. When one ceases to practice those virtues characteristic of tlie type man, he at ©nee descends to ^le vicious, the degen- erate man. However, of the vicious, of de- generate men, tiiere are many grades. Division of Labor. — Each student must hrive assigned to him the part of the work tiiat he IS expected to perform. The work of caring for the team, of aiding in preparing for victu- aling, of loading and unloading tlie vehicle, of putting up and taking do^vn tlie tents, &c., &c., must be nicely apportioned. T() cai'ry out tlie piirt assigned, in time and in proper order, miist be regarded a bsoliite. The fiiiliire of one strident deranges the work of all, and inevitably causes delays and disappointments. So, indolence, or disobedience, cannot be toler- 88 ated. If there be a student ^at wilfully doeg not perform his part well, it is better, at ence, to label him properly and put him aboard tiie €ars and ship him home. Sueh a student is too grave a nuisance to be tolerated upon a tenting excursion. HTs failures soon €ompro- mise ^e welfare of all. Clothing. — The elothmg worn while tenting should not be too expensive, nor too sliowy. Plain substantial elothmg answers best. There sliould be enough of it ; and yet, not many ehanges are needed. Students while tenting iire not expected to be on dress parade. Those who see them, expert them to be dressed for work. Any tiling tliat a student fears to have soiled, had better be left at home. Sometimes mines are to l)e entered, and the dripping water is not always €lean. Sometimes €opses are to Ije traversed, and tiie buslies iire hard upon tliiii suits. Sometimes marslies are to be examined, and tlie mud is liable to spot and soil. Sometimes Mie rocky es€arpments of hills and mwintams are to be climbed, and Mie rocks, stones and dirt wear hard on fine ma- terial. Sometimes foundries are to be visited, and the flying sparks of molten metal c|uTckly 89 burn into tiie €'lot4iing worn by ^e visitor. Sometimes the slate factory, or the stone plan- ing mill, IS to be examined, and the splaslimg spray tliat somtimes almost fills tlie room, is not entirely elean. To be sure, Mie dress worn when drnng siieh work, need not be tiie same as tlie one worn when surveying Long Braneli, or tlie Central Park. Yet, at almost all times, the tenting student had better be so dressert Muit he Ts ready for emergencies. Shoes. — The slioes worn while tenting de- mand especial attention. Mueli walking must always be done. Hence, good easy sJioes are very essential. Those made of ealf skin, witli wide bottoms, and substantial soles, are tlie best to walk in, — especially when tlie groi^ind IS uneven, or tlie surface Ts stony. To wear when it IS wet, or when visiting Avet places, for botani€ purposes, ii pair of rubber l:)Oots are excellent. 'No student sliould start from home witli an unbroken pair of new siioes. In so doing, there are too many liabilities to sore feet fi'om rubbing. And, a sore foot while tenting, next to an irregular eater, Ts Mie w^orst pest ^at 90 €an aifliet a party. The aim sliould be to keep the feet dry and comfortable. For, unless tiie feet are kept right, tiie head will be wrong. Cramped, pTnelied feet, and an aeliTng head, wet feet and a sore tlirdat, €old feet and a ehilly back, usually go together. Just one student, sulfering eitiier of tliese maladies, is enough to mar the spirits of ^e whole party. In €ool, or, in eliangeable weatiier, overcoats and shawls are essential. Eaeh one sliould be provided witii suitable extras, (comfort and prote-etion sliould never be lost sight of. Early Rising is essential to succ-ess as well Avhile tenting as Avhile prosecfitTng any o^ier bran-eh of business. An hour before ten o'clock, A. M., to tiie stiident, is wortli any two hours after tiiat time. In tlie morning the mind is clear, Mie system refreslied and vigorous, the air saliibrTous and tlie rays of the siin more invigorating. The morning is the time for tlie stiident, — whetlier tenting or at home. Indeed, it is tlie time for anybody tliat Avishes to live above pauperTsm. Retiring. — In order that stfldents may rise early, it is important that they siiould retire early. In summer, it is well for the tenter to 91 retire as soon as ^le sliades of night have fully fallen. Punctliality, tn fine, in every appointment, IS ^le element tliat makes the tenting student agreeable and ]3opular, and insures su€cess. I\ THE TENTING SCHOOL. TRIP TO PICKLE'S MOUNTAIN. '^riie weary marTiKM- wendmg his watery wily to ^le port of 'Ne-w Y5rk, anxiously surveys liie western horizon. Eveuino; advances and — o » — tile shades of night lower ; Tind as he makes hTs last ol:)servati6n of liie western prospect, at the utmost limit of vision, the sky and deean seem to meet. I^ot a mountain or tower is seen to relieve tiie dreary sameness of tlie Tii- terniTnable plain. The morntng dawns. Anxiously he s^-ans tlie western horizon. Far away in Mie dim matin azure upon tlie very confines of tiie dreary plain, he des^-rles an object lighted up by the red of morning. As he gazes, the ob- ject brightens. And, as tlie gray of moriiTng merges into tiie light of day, t^ie lands-feiXpe is 94 relieved of its tiresome sameness by the ap- pearance of a single geogTa|>iiT€ form. With his glass, he more closely seans the new ap- parition. Its witlines jire bold ; its form is gracelul ; from a base it rises like a ■t'one ; it is covered wTtii forest; it is Pickle's Mountain, — tJie first land visible to the mariner as he ap- prda-e4ies 'New York Harlxjr. Where tlie merTdian of 74^ 47' west of GreenwTeii crosses tJie parallel of 40*^ 47' nortli latitude, rises up tiiat bold eminence known as Pickle's Mountain. Alt^io an eminence of modest proportions and tame oiitllnes, it makes a bold and an attractive figure in the land- scape of Central I^ew" Jersey. In altitude, it surpasses any other elevation south of tiie Musconetcong Mountain. Viewed from any piirt of tlie Redshiile Yalley, it is tlie loftiest and tiie most graceful eminence in tlie pros- pect. It is tiiat part of tiie American Conti- nent first seen by tlie mariner as he nears that Tnbreaking of tlie Atlantic known as the Lower Bay. In Hunterdon County, it is tiie eniTnence first lighted lip by the red of morn- ing, and the last to shed the glimmering rays of tiie setting sun. 95 -40 '35' Map ok PiCKr,Es Mountain. 1. Barley Sheaf. 4. White llwise Station. 2. Stanton. 5. Pleasant Kun. . 3. Serabbleto^vn. G. White Ilcnise. 96 Pickle's Mountain is not an isolated emi- nence. It IS one — tlie loftiest and the most easterly, of Hie tliree eminences tliat rise from an irregular -t-rescentie swell known as Long KTdge. This ridge and tlie three eminences tliat rise from it are tliiis deseribed m tlie Physical Geogi'aphy and Geology of Hunter- don and Somerset Counties, published by Everett & Co., 1881 : To tlie east of tlie table land [of Hunterdon ( 'O., IST. J.] and separated from tt by tlie Soutli Braneli of tlie Karltan KTvei", is an elevation, almost crescentT^; in form, tliat rises up ab- I'uptly from tlie contiguous plain to tlie height in one place, of seven hundred and sixty-seven feet. Tins is known as Long Kidge. This ridge, altlio •eontinuous, Ts ilsiially described as consisting of tliree parts. The most west- erly of tliese parts Ts known as Round Moun- tain. This Ys an eminence tliat swells up from tlie main rTdji'e in a form much resemblTno- a sugjir loaf. Its rdtitude above Uie sea level Ts five hundred and seventy-five feet. Its slopes are gentle, but tlie top and sides of Tt are be- strewed wTtli bowlders to sudi an extent tliat Tt Ts not tTllable. Hence, tlie most elevated 97 part of it IS €6vered witli a ..forest of hard wood, and is not mue^i fi*equented. Valueless as it is in point of agri€ulture, in tiie landscape of tlie nortlieasterii part of Hunterdon County, it forms a spot of beauty. Its giaeeful slopes and symmetrieal €urves, as viewed fi'om the Soiirland RTdge and tlie -eontTguous plain, have delighted tlie eyes of many a lover of tlie beautiful. Its robe of snowy white in winter, ot verdant hue in summer, and its various colors Til autumn, lit lip by Mie gleam of morn- ing, present to the eyes of tlie lover of nature a spe€ta€le always attra€tive, and mu^li admired. "The norfelieastern part of tlie €reseenti€ ridge IS somewhat complicated. It consists of Hiree ]mrts. The soutliwestern part is broad and bold. It has an altltilde of six hundred and seventy-five feet. Towards t^ie west its sur- face slopes oft gently, and tlie soil is tTllable. Towards the east, tlie slope is very steep and rocky. It is forest clad. This part is locally known as tlie Cnslietono^ MountaTn. "The norfelieastern part consists of a sliarp ridge wTt^i steep slopes Miat are bestrewed wTtli rocks and covered, for the most piirt, wiHi a 98 forest of hard wood. Upon Miis ridge are several peaks or eminences wliT^ give it ^le appeanince of a sierra. Tins part of the ridge IS known as Pickle's Mountain. Between ^le nortJieastern and Ihe south- western parts — liiat Ts, between liie Cnsiietong and Pickle's Mo^mtam — Ts a MiYrd part, that bears a relation to tlie 6t4ier two portions some- what similar to tJie relation that tiie toe of a horseslioe bears to tiie ]jarts it serves to €on- ne€t. This is tlie most southeasterly part of tills mwmtaTn. It Ts also the least elevated and ^e most accessible. Miieh of Tt Ts arable and under good tTllage." PTckle's MountaTn Ts a mTnTatiire sierra. Its hT€ instruments was a part of the work of tiie day, before going to the mountain, we visited that €Osy little village called White House Station, on ^le !N. J. (Jentral R. R., in order to make some observations preparatory to measuring tlie heloht of tlie mountain and that of tiie hills wTtliTn sio-ht. — o During the day, tiie instruments mainly m use, were ^le Aneroid barometer, tiie tlier- mometer, and the ellnometer. At the AYliIte House Station, the railroad track Ts 180.7 feet above mean tide. The altitude of tiiTs site may be regarded the mean of tiie plain for a long way around. A€€ordTngly, at tiiTs point, we began our observations. The reading of the barometer and of tiie tiiermometer was eare- fuily noted by all. The as]3e€t of tiie mountain carefully noted. The obje€ts upon the con- tiguous plain carefully surveyed. This work beiiii>: done, we started toward the highest part of ^le mountain. In ^e carry-all, we rode to tiie loot of tiie elevation. 103 Here we dismcHinted, sent tlie «aiTy-all to tliat site over whieh the I'oad from Serabbletowii to Lebanon passes, distributed oi^ir tools and mir iitensTls, and began tlie ascent. At first, tlie slope IS gentle ; but, as we advance, tiie slope IS more in-elined. ISTear the foot of the eleva- tion issue strong springs of tlie purest and softest water. IvnowTng tiie tendency to ^iirst in elimbmg pi'eci])i toils elevations, and aiiticl- patmg the ditf i€ulty of getting water until Ave again descended tJie mountain, at these fwrnt- ains we drank deejily. Slowly and delTberately we ascend. The slope IS steep. The clinometer tells us that the mountain side inclines so as to make with a perpendieiihir, an angle of 70°. The barom- eter tells us we have ascended 200 feet. By the thermometer, we see tliat tiie air at ^le place at whieh we are, is almost one degi'ee lower than it was in the pliiin. Again we ascend, till all are tired. Upon boulders and prosti-ate logs, we are seated for another observation, and anotlier social mter- ehange of tliouglit. By tiie l)arometer, we see we have ascended another 200 feet. By tiie clinometer, Ave see that at tins site, Uie slope is 104 even steeper Mian at the observing place below. Here tlie Tnellnation is jibont 60°. Onmspee-' tion of tJie tber mo meter, we learn that tlie air here is €ooler by 2° tlian it was upon the plain. Again, we ascend, till we reaeh the eulmen. The feat is aeeomplislied. Here we rest. Faces are red, eyes are sparkling, brows are sufiYised witli sweat. The shade is deep, tliere are plenty of good seats and the gentle breeze IS €ool and.refresliTng. Wit is rife and humor IS f]"eely flowing. An Tnspeetion of t^ie barometer teaehes us yiat we have ascended 587 feet above tlie R. R. track at tlie White Hmisc Station. Since the R. R. track at tliat place is 180 feet above mean tide, tlie sum of tliese two numbei's will be tlie number of feet tlie eulnien is above mean tide. Hence we compute tliat tlie alti- tude of the bill IS 767 feet above tlie level of the sea. By an inspection of tlie tliermometer, we see that the temperature of tlie. air at tlie €ulmeii IS 3° lower tlian it wjis upon the plain. Here we have demonstrated tliat fact, so well known to all who iire used to mountaineering, that tlie temperature of tiie air upon elevatioug 105 IS lower than ^at of the atmosphere iipon ad- joining plains. The €uhnen of this moiintaTn consists of a knob of trachlte tliat projects up fi'om the €ore-rock of tlie ridge. Towards tlie S. E. tills liiiob presents an escarpment tliat is pre- cipitous. At yie foot of this escarpment is a large pile of blocks of surface trachlte, as regular in contour as if dressed by some deft mason. These angular blocks are so white, upon tlie weathered surfaces, tliat they appear as if coated with whitewasli, or calcimine. This color, however, is pecviliar to the weatli- ered surface of the trachite of this region. Towards ^e X. W. the culnien rock gradii- ally slopes away and is so deeply covered with the gritty soil tliat over it grows a luxviriant forest. Nor less luxiirTant are tlie trees of the forest upon tlie opposite sides of the crest. As the culnien is surrounded by a dense woods, it IS an unfavorable site for viewing dTstant objects. Biit, towiii'ds the south, at the distance of a quarter of a mile, is an open area that commands a view of a large circuit of country. To tliTs we descended. Here, by means of our instruments, we made siieh ob- E2 106 eervations as were required to ascertain ^e altitude of the place, the temperature of the atmosphere, the meridian of ^le place and its relation to neighboring objects. The altitude of tiiTs open area is about 95 feet less than that of the €ulmen of the mo^m- tam. When we had learned this faet, we poised our clinometer to compare the altitude of tills site with Miat of ^le neighboring hills. As the instrument was turned thro the cireuit of the horizon, we learned that our situation, excepting tlie Cuslietong, was higher tiian that of any elevation in view. But, as tiie instru- ment was directed toward the Cusiietong, it was observed that the site exactly 95 feet be- low the culmen of Pickle's Mountain, wasjiist level AvTtii tlie culmen of Cuslietong. Thus we learned that the altitude of Cusiietong is 672 feet above ^e level of the sea. From this cleared area, the prospect is grand. As we face tiie east, the eye traces ^e graceful oi^itllnes of Fii'st and Second Mountains. They are about ten miles away. Rising boldly over against us, to tlie height of 400 feet, tiiey gracefully trend nortrlieast and soutliwest, formmo; most beautifid crescents. 107 Their verdant slopes and wooded crests make Uie lands€ape picturesque. In the vTsta ^lat f oi'ms tlie terminus of the valley that separates them, IS nestled tiiat quiet village, Pluckamin. Its spires and turrets glistening m ^le morning siin adorn tiiis piirt of tlie. prospect with arti- ficial gems. Farther north, where the Raritan wends its lazy way close up to ^le foot of Second Moiintain, peers tlie sjjires of Lesser Cross Roads. ]S^earer by, half sliielded from view by a forest, are seen tiie spires of Greater Cross Roads. Farther toward tiie nortii, dimmed by the azrire of distance, we descry the spire of the diiir-eh at Peapack. Nearer by, tiiro tiie broad plain, we see tiie winding course of a beaiitTfiil river. It Ts tiie Lammgton. Upon its eastern bank, we see ^e spire and turrets of a scattered settlement, — the village Lamington. Neai'er by, is seen that picturesque village Me-ehanicsville. Its glistening steeple and sliinmg turrets peering amid umbrageous trees Indicate Ae sanctuary of tlie pioiis, and ^le homes of the opiilent, and tiie retired, Nearer by, are tiie dwellings of tiiat neat village White Hoiise. While nearer by still, less than a mile 108 away, and 580 feet beneath us, basks Miat new village known as White House Station. Its dvvellTng-s, as if fiiiTslied under a single eontraet, are all white, and are kept as bright as silver spoons. Here everyMiTng is neatness and eozTness. " Its spacious streets and sliaded walks indi-eate leisHre and refinement. Here, as birds m tlieir flight, we look down upon passing trains of trundling ears, fruitful gardens and beautiful door yards, — tlie emblems of taste and industry. Toward tlie se^itlieast, tlie view is unob- structed. As we gaze, we survey that broad and beaiitiful valley of tlie Raritan, to its ter- minus, at the sea. 'No hill obstructs, no swell of land intervenes. With a glass, the Raritan Bay IS distinctly visible. Upon its soutrhern shore, we descry tlie spires of Keyport. Near by, are seen Pertii Amboy, Soiitli Amboy, ^ew Brunswick, Millstone, Bound Brook, Somerville and Raritaii. While, witli tlie un- aided eye, far out upon tlie soutliern portion of the plain, we descry the spires of ^orth Bran^, Branchville, Centerville and Reading- ton. As tlie filcc is turned toward tlie soiitli, 109 tfiere extends before us, a beautifuil plain skirted as far as Mie eye -ean s€an, by Mie Sourland RTdge. This plain is variegated by graceful hills, gentle knolls, symmetrieal ridges, verdant woodlands, fertile fields and neat farm buildings. Seattered over it, is many a €ozy hamlet, and many a quiet village, many a busy workshop and many a f aitliful mill. As we survey this plain, tliere peers iip to view, tlie turrets and spii'e of !N^eslianT€, Clover Hill, CentervTlle, Reaville and Three Bridges. Here rises up tlie eilrlTng smoke from a factory, there ascends tlie sooty steam from the lo€omotTve. While everywhere appears &e emblems of industry, progress, eiiltiire and rural happiness. Toward Mie southwest, far in the distance^ peers iip tiie siimmit of Goat Hill. It is 20 miles away. Thitherward extends a plain that is diversified AvTtli ridge and vale, hill and valley, knoll and dell, forest and field, river, rivuilet and rill. In the distant aziire, flanked by bold emi- nences, we desery the spire at Mount Airy. ]^rearer by are seen the spires at Riiigos. Far- tlier uortli, we d^eseiy tlie spire iipon tlie 110 ^ureh upon Sandy RTdge. Farrier north, upon yie southern slope of Swamp Ridge, we desery ^le spires at Kosemont and Sergeants- vTlle. While nearer by, witiiTn easy range, extends the beautiful village, Flemington. Toward ^le west, over against iis, and but a mile away, rises up the beautiful form of the Cushetong. Its ^rescenti^ trend, its steep slopes, its graceful outhnes and its verdant forests, form a spe^ta^le at once grand and pTt'turesque. FiirMier sfHith, iit tiie distance of four miles, rises the forest crested summit of Koi.ind Mountain. Beyond, extends tlie bold ridge that forms the eastern terminus of the table- land of Hunterdon. Upon its topmost part, is seen tlie ehureh and spire at C'herryville. As we face tlie northwest, we look down upon tliat beailtifiil little circular plain, known as Roiind Valley. Verdant as tiie valley of ^le ISTile, as level as tlie plain of ShimVr, skirted upon all sides by verdant steeps and -eurving slopes, basking 500 feet beneatli our feet, and not a half mile away, it is a spe-eta^le of de- light, Ji tiling of exquisite beaiity. Beyond Round Valley, the surface rises m Ill graceful knolls, symmetrieal hills, steep slopes, long ridges and high hills. Nearer by, are seen the drift hills of sn gar-loaf form. Be- yond are the Fox Hills and the sierras of the Miis€onet€ong. While far beyond, partly hidden by the Mus€onet-eong, rises the bold summit of Scott's Mountain, the most elevated peak soiith of tlie Blue Kidge. Amid these hills iire beautiful villages. WT^m easy view, are seen ^e spires of An- nandale. Farther on, rises the pTnna€les of High Bridge. While a little toward tiie soutli amid the verdant domes of the drift hills, are seen the glistening turrets and steeples of that beautiful village, Clinton. Thus, from ^is position, upon Pickle's Mountain, the student in an hwir of time, may survey the most beaiitiful, the most delightful, the most varied, and tlie most instru€tive landscapes. From no otiier site in ]S^. J., €an so mii^ be seen in so short a time. Otiier sites there are whieh ai'e more elevated. But, excepting High Point, upon the Bliie Moun- tains, eaeh one is so environed that the strident €an view in but few directions. One grand prospect there may be ; or, perhaps, in a very 112 few €ases, two or Miree. But, from Pickle'g Mwintain, his face may be turned toward any point upon tJie horizon, and tliere appears be- fore hiin a landscape, bofeli pTeturesque and grand. TOUR OF CENTRAL NEW JERSEY. Monmouth Battlefield, 2 A. M., June 22d, 1882. The mormrig of Jiine 22d dawned fair and propitious. The air was salubrious, tJie sky eloiidless. The matin voices of tlie native birds of tlie gardens, or-eliiirds and groves of Ringos filled tiie welkin vvTMi sweet musTe. But, of the creatures of that village, none were more light in heart, nor jof^^ous in expeetatious, Mian tlie students of Ge6grai)iiy of tlie A€ad- emy of Science and Art at RTngos. It w^as the day appointed for tlieni to start upon a tonr of Central New Jersey, — to be taught geogra|>]iy upon the road, in tlie field, in tlie valley, upon the hills, in tlie garden, m tlie grove, in tlie c|-uarry, Tu Mie marl pit, upon the battle field, at tlie hamlet, m tlie village, tliro the town, around tlie city, in publie edifices, by tbe dancing rill, tiie spreading river, and by tlie sounding sea. 114 Earlier Ihan ^iS birds tiiey aroge. And, as they plied their hands in preijaring lliemselves for the dnties of the day, tlieir glad hearts gave expression tliro merry voices and radiant faces. Before tiie time appointed formeetmg at the Academy, all had assembled, and were ready for the business of the day. AMio pensive and anxious, flashes of wit, gushes of humor and pert jokes bursting from expressive m(Hitiis provoked tlie merry laugh and made the season of waiting pass pleasantly. The €arry-all had been packed the night previous. So, labor was not a factor of tlie matin honrs. This gave all a better opportu- nity to survey the environments, and see tiiat they had wTtli them whatever tliey might need or wish. The students upon this tour were JENNIE S. DILTS, - Ringos, N. J. ORVILLE H. DILTS, CAROLINE HOWELL, - Trenton, N. J. BEN L. JOHNSON, - - Stockton, " OSIE JOHNSON, BEN LARISON, - - Ringos, N. J. POLLY LARISON, MARY E. LARUE, - - «< " 115 GEORGE C. PRALL, - Ringos, N. J. J. W. QUICK, LAMBERT REED, - Sandbrook, N. J. MARY B. RUDEBOCK, - Copper Hill, N. J. The teachers were MARY J. LARISON, - Ringos, N. J. MARY W. PRALL, - - " SARAH A. PRALL, C. W. LARISON, - - " The driver was GEORGE T. DALRYMPLE, At 7 o'elock, tiie order was given to be seat- ed m Uie €any-all. Quickly ea-eli one was ar- ranged m his place, and ^le vehicle was m motion. In order to ascertain the weight of the load, the wagon was ])laced upon the S€ales and weighed. We ascertained t^iat the vehicle, baggage and i)arty €olle€tively weighed 5370 pounds. Of the things composing this weight, tiiei'e was not miieli provision, and not a pound of provender. The load €onsTsted almost entirely of the paily, tenting equip- ments, and the implements for the proseeution of 8cIeiitTfT€ investigation. As we cj^iietly passed ^ro (Hir village, fi'om the piazza of many a hcnise we were greeted 116 wiMi warm salutations. The serenity of the €Oiintenance of our friends expressed the cor- dial wislies tiiey had for our prosperity and oiir safety, and tlie melody of tiieir voices told how mueli tliey were interested in our hap- piness. At 8 o'elock, we passed tiiro tlie c^^ilet villiige, Woods ville. At 9, we took leave of Hopewell. At 10, we viewed tlie cj-iiaint old eliiireii &t Blawenbilrg. At 11, we passed thro the village. Rocky Hill. At 15 mmiites before 12, we stopped upon tlie height of Mile Run to rest. Here, under Uie shade of spread- ing elierry trees, tlie gentlemen fixed tlie table, tiie ladies arranged oiir victuals and all dined. Before dinner was over, the students were informed ^at they were resting upon €lassT€ grwmd. The eherry trees under whieh we ate are a part of tlie shade trees tliat surrcHind a very old fi-ame hwise that stands upon an elevation tliat eommands the prospect of a large area of country. In tliis old house, his- tory tells us, General George Wasliington wrote hTs farewell address to the Amertcah Army. Altlio old, the house is in good re- pair, and IS very mueh visited, — especially by 117 tiie students of Princeton and of Rutgers Colleges. As we traveled, during the morning, sueli geograi>}ii€ Tnstruetion was given as was necessary to fully prepare tlie students to €om- prehend ihe various prospects Uiat presented, and tlie various objeets tliat we passed. The students were attentive to instruction and seemed delighted witli their opportuntties for the observations tliey were making. Nortli of Rocky Hill and Mile Run Hill is the most soutlierly deposit of drift eartli found in :N. J. It is isolated and has many pecu- liarities. Its reddisli yellow appearance, and its heap of nmnded flinty cobble-stones readil^ attracted tlie attention of all. As we came near Rocky Hill, in tlie bank along tlie side of Hie road was seen tiie relation that the formation of the Drift Period bears to the Redsliale. At tins point, tlie redsliale rock IS distmctly seen superimposed by a stratum of tlie gravelly and gritty eartli peculiar to tlie drift formation. This phenomenon was freely discussed, and its importance well impressed. At 1 o'clock, we mounted tlie carry-all and resumed our tour. Near Kingston, on tiie 118 eastern bank of tiie Delaware and Raritan €anal, is an extensive q^iarry, m the indurated rock of the TiiassTe formation. Here is an excellent opportlinTty to study the relation of the TrIassTe to the Cretaceous foi-niation. To this cj-iiarry, we gave special attention. In MiTs quarry, the Trlassi€ rock is worked ver- ti€ally, to the deptli of tiiTrty feet, or more. Direetly upon tJiTs TrIassT€ rock, all along the breast of tiie q-iiarry, is seen reposing tiie yel- lowisii gravelly strata of tiie cretaceous forma- tion. A bolder exhibition of ^le relation of these two formations eoiild not be sought, and probably, so good an exhTbition of this relation IS nowhere else fcHind. Below Kingston, we left the Trias entirely. Here ihe whole ge o graphic aspect is ehanged. Here is seen the clayey soil of tiie lower cre- taceous, wTtii its forests of paper bireh and buttonwood. Here, in many jDlaces, the soil inclines to blue. The swamps are surprisingly fehTck wTtii trees. Beneatli tiiese, is a thick undergrowtii of bushes, brambles and trailing plants. Here tiie green brier (Smilax rotiindl- folTa,) and carrion plant (Smilax herbaceA,) grow luxuriantly. Here are found lilies in 119 great abundance. Here grows the bulrush to great perfeetion. That tlie geogra]>}iT€ elements may be the better understood, I T)riefly allude to tiie geo- logic structure of tiie central part of iST. J. Streteliing s ..7 and tiie peat beneath made perfectly level. Thro this plain, at intervals of twenty feet, F2 130 had been dug ditehes two feet wide and two feet deep. In MiTs way, the whole area had been divided into plots or beds that extend from one side of fehe marsii to tlie otlier. Upon tiie leveled surface of tiie peat of tliese plots, white sand had been strewn to the depth of five in^ies. Thio this white sand do^vn into Mie peat beneaMi, to t^ie deptli of fifteen Tnehes, a hole had been made, by means of a pointed Iron. Into tliis hole, down deep into tiie peat had been inserted the root of the eranberry plant. Then, to seeiire the proper amwmt of moisture at all seasons of the year, along tlie lower side of the marsh there was built a strong dam, provided wTtli suitable waste gates and tlie like, so tiiat tlie water of the stream tiiat drains it €an be made to rise m tlie dit^lies at will ; or even to overflow the entire marsh, when needed. Indeed, water IS an indispensable rec^ilsite to €-ranberry cul- ture, especially during tiie winter. Water is the great protestor against frosts. During €old wearier, the cranberry Mi rives best when kept under water. Consecj-iiently, during the €old weatiier of winter, the gates of tlie dam are cloged and tiie entire miirsli inundated. 131 The €ost ineurred in prepariiig a eranberry marsli is fabulous. The proprietor of tliTs marsli states tJiat it €ost him a little over .f 1100 an a€re to prepare tlie grcHind and to plant the vines. But, when onee tlie ground is prepared and tlie vines well rooted in, a for- tune IS seevired. The niiirsh lasts, time witli- wit end. The older Uie marsh tlie more pro- lifie tlie vines. Hence, the subserj-iient €OSt of tillage IS nominal ; and the annual eost in- curred in the repah' of the dam and the ditehes cannot be very great. This miirsh is iio^v eleven years old. It is very tlourisliTng. Diirmg these years the an- nual €'.ost has been tliat of repairing the dam and attending tlie diteiies. The income from a cranberry marsli is also fabulous. The proprietor of tliis one states tiiat he has realized $900 per acre from it m one year. He also states tliat about |600 per acre is an average yield. This marsli is not large ; it contains only eleven acres. Beyond Jamesburg, we visited and exam- ined a peat marsli. This is a Geologic for- mation entirely ne^v to the students of the Academy. In it they took very great interest. 132 It so liappened Miat tins miirsli had lately been drained by &e interseetmg of dit^ies. Of ^ese, some were wide and deep ; some were wide and eiiallow. They were all easy of ae- cess ; so oiir opportunity for examination was good. Peat IS bad stuff for staining hands and €lotiies ; and tliey who intend to examine it must expeet to get tlieir hands and elothes Boiled. But, we Avere provided against soiling ^Tngs of value ; and so we waded into tiie ditehes and proceeded to business. Upon examination, Uie walls of the ditehes were foimd to eonsist of a mass formed of leaves, twigs, sticks, roots and logs tliat had so far undergone tlie process of deeay tliat they were entirely soft and friable. From tlie bank could be taken a handful of tlie black mass tliat ivould yield to tlie pressure of the fingers almost like a sponge, l^ov was it diffl€ult to elasp tlie hand so tightly that tiie entire mass escaped by scj^^iirting between tlie fingers. It eould be worked up into balls like dough ; or it €ould be spaded o^it in blocks like bricks ; or it €ould be €ut into large blocks like pieces of Avood. Indeed, 133 upon tlie sides of many of the ditelies were piled and dried large heaps formed of spade- fuls of the olack material as reg ular m sliape as Mio it had just been lifted from tlie pit and was yet upon the spade. In many places in this peat the form of tlie leaf was found perf eet. Sticks, witli tlie bark yet on, sliowed the striieture of the wood, tlie rings of growtli, tlie ligneous fibre and tlie silver- grahi, as plainly as the trees fresli from tlie forest. Logs, a foot in diam- eter, buried 4 feet beneatli the surface, looked perfeet and solid enou^ for building timber. But, to the slightest pressure, tliey yielded; and, witii the hand, tliey were easily €runibled to small particles, or sq-ueezed into a soft, spongy mass. Peat IS an excellent fertilizer and is mueh used for enrieliTng tlie land. It is not usual however, to apply it to tlie land raw. The farmer usually prepares it by eomposting it wTtli manure ; or wT^i lime ; or witli aslies ; or with blood ; or with ref Use of the soap Avorks. Fixed in this way, it is said to be a superior dressing for lands abo^t to be planted Avith 134 potatoes. Many farms have been milde ex- ceedingly fertile by tlie fise of peat. Peat 18 also •eombustible. When spaded otit, piled rip and dried, it may be burned as fuel. In this way, it is sometimes lised. Biit, it IS inferior to €oal. When intended for f viel, it IS ilsiially waslied, ground up and tlien packed into small ^r^akes. This is done by maehinery. For working peat into fiiel, Hiere are several factories. The formation of peat is interesting. When a marsii is so inundated tiiat Mie fallen moss, blades of grass, leaves of trees, twigs, sticks, and the like, at once beeome saturated wT^ water and are kept, at a low temperature, from a free a€cess of air, tlie process of de-eay is only partial. In faet, tlie retrograde metamor- phosis of the vegetable substances that goes on under these circumstances results in pro- duets that resist decay. Hence, tliey accu- muliXte. In %iiis way is formed every peat marsli. Hence we see that peat marslies can only be formed in low, level places, in whieh "streams become obstructed and foi-m swamps; or m bayg and inlets of salt water, where the 135 ebb and flow of the tide keej^s tiie soil con- stantly wet." EnglTsiitown is an old village. Like RTn- gos, it IS one of tlie oldest settlements in tlie State. In it are many old, miteuable, dilapida- ted buildings tliat are slowly falling to pieces. They seem to be houses of yore. Why Miey have been left standing till tlie roofs have fallen in, the siding has rotted off and the door-yiirds have grown tip witli bnslies and trees, we loiow not. With the snugly built and neatly kept dwelling tliat sometimes stands near by, they contrast strongly. Englishtown has a popiilation of about 400. It is built mainly upon two streets Miat cross eaeh other at right angles. In it is a Metlio- dist ehureli, a Presbyterian ehureh, tliree stores, a drug store, a harness sliop, three wheelwright sliops, two smith shops and one flour mill. The citizens of this village are in- telligent, enterprising and polite. Here is done, for a village of its size, a large amount of trSde. At eight o'clock, P. M., we pitched our 136 tents in tiie woods in whieh a part of the American iirmy was cj^iartered during tlie night before tiie battle of Monmoiith. It is a beantiful grove of hiird wood, and is a pleasant place for an encampment. Upon this classic groiind, many of tlie stndents took tlieir first lesson 111 tent buTlding. For, tlie younger enes, iintil tliis evening, knew notlimg about tent life. However, in a sliort time oiir tents w^ere pitched, oiir blankets spread, and we were ready to retire. But, just then Uie ladies called to tea. Aroiind Mie long table we as- sembled ; and, witli tliat ceremonious decorum pecfilTar to tlie Academics upon a scientific tour, we ate sueli as was " set before us, ask- ing no q;«esti6ns." Our appetites were keen ; and we ate witli a relisli. As we ate, sparks of wit, guslies of humor, historic anecdotes, philosoi)hic reflections and practic observa- tions ascended from tlie various parts of the circle, and made the time pass pleasantly and profitably. 'No one complained of his new home ; but, every one. seemed to be earnestly in cj;iiest of sleep, and desirous that he or she sliould rise early upon the following morning. As I went ^iro the tents from time to time, 137 during Mie night, all were sleeping soundly, and many were snormg liistily. A bed iipon tlie ground is tiie place for sleep. It IS no^v five o'elock, A. M. The morning dawns pleasantly. The air is balmy, and tlie sky serene. At Mie break of day, the matm signal was given. The students arose and proceeded to the business of Uie morning. At five o'elock breakfjist was ready, and witli a€ademi€ ceremonies, we assembled arotmd tlie long table. As a rule, witli stildents, Miere is not a eraving appetite for tlie morn- ing meal. But, on this o€€asi6n, tlie vora- ciousness was sueh as eharacterize tlie wood- ehopper in early winter. In a few mmiites tliere disappeared a goodly c|-uantity of boiled ham, boiled eggs, elieese, bread, eake and eoffee. All seemed to be in tlie enjoyment of perfeet healtli, and all were inclined to talk freely. As we ate, many were tlie comments upon the €lassT€ ground upon whieli we had spent the night, and of tlie heroTe deeds of tliose who, one hundred and six years ago o€€iipied the spot on whieli we were tlien breakfasting. 138 Old CHrucH on the Battlefield. In sight, and about 300 yards away, stands tJiat antiVj-ne old €iiiir#li building t^iat was used as a hospital during the battle. From this site, it a])pears picturesque and inviting. The white gravestones that are in the yard tiiat surround it show €onspi€iiously, and give to ^le prospect an ap})earanee of solemnity. Our students are restlessrly waiting an oppor- tunity to visit it. Squax Beach, 5 A. M., June 23, 1882. After breakfast, Ave visited tiie old eliureli and closely inspected it. With its appear- ance and its environments the students were 139 mueh delighted. During the battle this ehureli was used as k hospital. It stands upon an eminence by an ancient graveyard in whieh, near the ehureli, is a number of large forest trees. The building has an anti(|ue and venerable appearance. It is built of wood, IS two stories high, is slimgled from the peak of tJie roof to the foundation, and has a spire. It IS entered upon the soutli side, by tiiree doors. Of these, tlie central is tlie largest. The doors swing lipon hinges tliat have an antiq-ue appearance. They are similar to- stieli as are now lised to swing gates and barn doors. Eaeli consists of a large Iron "hook," driven into tiie door-posts, from whieh ex- tends a broad and strong "strap'' Miat reaeiies entirely aeross the door. They are fastened to tlie door by means of large wrought nails. I have no donbt tliat tiiose hooks, straps and nails were made by some blacksmith tliat, m olden times, lived near the ehureh. When opened, these doors swing mitward until tJiey rest against ^e side of tlie hmise — as do the doors of barns. The central door is fastened by means of a huge old-time lock, — thg identical one that 140 was placed upon it when tlie building wag ereeted. The key tiiat manipulates Miis lock IS ponderous and eurious. The latelies upon tlie side doors are sueh as the blacksmitJi makes for biirn doors, garden gates, and tlie like. Ea^i eonsTsts of a large strap of iron fastened to the door at one end, by means of a large wrought nail ; tlie other end falling into tlie noteh of a hook driven into tlie door-post. The building is lighted by means of two rows of Avmddws, extending quite around tlie house. These are small and angular. The sashes are, m every parti€ular, antiq-iie. The panes of glass are small — tlie old-time " seven by nine." The pulpit IS opposite tlie door. It is un- usually high, and of tliat arelilte^ture peeulTar to tlie ehurelies of one hundred and fifty years ago. Its approaeli is a narrow, winding stiXirs, artisti€ and neat. Beside tlie pulpit is a tablet on whieli is Tns€iibed tlie epltaj^h of Rev. Win. Tennet, and tliat of Rev. John Woodhull, D. D. The seats are peculiar. The backs are ver- tical and very high. They are, in every par- 141 ti€ular, old-time seats ; but tliey are in the best of repair. Upon Mie back ol one of Miese seats, until a few years ago, was plainly seen the print of a man's hand. This print was in blood, and was made by a dying soldier. In his agony, to eliange his position, he placed his bloody hand upon tlie back of tlie seat. The imprint of his hand was formed, and re- mained as a memento of tliose days when our ancestors were struggling for independence. During Hie battle, some of tlie grave stones were broken by cannon balls. The fragments of tliese stones — broken more tlian a hundred years ago — no^v lie where tliey fell. EverytliTng about tiie venerable edifice is m an excellent state of preservation. Indeed, it seems tliat by a wise Providence, this ed- ifice, and its environments, are m tlie hands of tliose who appreciate the' saeredness of the spot, and who delight m keeping tilings as they were. We enjoy tlie visit to tins sa- bred place ; and we admire and respect tliose who so diligently have preserved it m its in- tegrity. As we pliXce our hands upon tliese sa€red lateiies, tliere arises an emotion tliat is known only to those who visit sueh hallowed 142 grounds, and €ontemplate siieli saerSd things. In handling these venerable objeets^^ we seem to be clasping tlie hands of those old wortliies who formed them ; and, by so doing, we seem to link tiie present with Mie past. The ^urt^i edifice that I have just de- scribed Ts very old. Yet, it is not the original First Presbyterian Chureli of Freehold. The primordial edifice stood near where the pres- ent one noM' is. It was built abmit 151 years ago. Mr. R. P. Craig, ^le present sexton of the eliurt^i — a descendant of the Craig family who were most instrumental m building it — informs me that tlie grant to build tlie pri- mordial eliureli was obtained in 17!27 ; tliat the edIfTce was erected in 1730 ; and tliat ^le preat^itng began in it in April, 1731. He also informs us tliat, at present there are, of this eliureli, about four hundred members. This eliureh has been served by some of ^e most distinguTslied men in tlie Presbyte- rian denomination. Here tlie devout Tennets preaelied — tlie filmier and tlie son. Here preaelied the pious David Bi'Sinard, the zeal- ous Whitefield and tlie learned John Wood- hftll. 143 Here, under John Woodhiill, D. D., prior to tiie establisiiment of U\e TheologTc Sem- inary at Princeton, were edueated in tiieology, several di^tingnislied; ^lergjmen. Among tiiese was oiir late vTllager, Hie Rev. Ja€ob KTrkpatriek, D. D. In ^e grave yiird wliTeli environs tlie old building has been interred the bodies of many old worthies. Here Avas deposited Hie body of Gen. David Forman, Rev. John Woodhull, Rev. WTlliain Teiinet and others but little less distinguTsliect. WitliTii six feet of tlie west end of the eliureli is t^ie grave of Colonel Moii€t6n, a Britisli officer, who fell bv a raiisket ball while making a eliiirge upon tlie forces under Gen. Wayne. The spot is mark- ed by a board, — planted Hiere by some Eng- lish gentleman who visited tlie grave m 1876. 144 A— Briar HiU. M— Road to Middletown. S — Road to Shrewsbury. N— Freehold. C— Road to Allentown. E— Wiisbington's Main Body H— Comb's Hill, W — Wayne's Corps. B— Rill and Marsh. P— Parsonage. G — Fence. F— British Main Army. I — British Encampment the night alter the battle. L — I'orest now standing. — Euglishtown. D-Old Church. Plan of the Battlefield of Monmouth. During Hie morning, we visited tlie several sites upon whieh o€€urred tiie main engage- ments during tlie battle. We noted tlie spot at whieli WasliTngton met .Lee in Mie memor- able retreat ; iilso, tlie sp5t where tlie gallant Col. Biinner fell ; also where fell the lamented Major Dickinson ; also the spot where fell the British officer, Col. Moneton, 145 At 7J o'clock, we visited Mie marl-pTt, ou tiie south side of tiie road near Freehold. This pit is iiov\' yielding- niiirl and is in ex- cellent condition for study. Here, tlie stu- dents listened to a sliort leeture on tlie Marl Formation, and on tlie peeulTarlty of Hie stra- tum Tn whieii Hits pit is, and on tlie plan on whieli tills pit is worked. A¥hen Mie students had provided tliemselves with specimens of the marl of tliTs pit, we directed our -eourse towards Freehold, tlie Coiinty seat of MonmtH.itli County. We en- tered Hits beautiful village about 9 o'^lo^k, A. M. Along tlie main avenue tliat leads to tlie publT-e buildings, we -eai-efully and eritieally surveyed eaeli objeet lintil we arrived at tiie Court House. As tliis was an objeet of special interest to us, we disincHinted and be- gan a general survey of its several apartments and its accessories. Our fii'st attention was given to tliose parts that are Tn eliarge of tlie Sheriff. As Hie Sheriff was not Tn, we were escorted tliro by his deputy. EverythTng relatTng to Hie court room 18 elegant, spacious and convenient. The 146 apai'tinents for tiie Sheriff's family are ex- cjiiisTte. .\s we \vT»liect to vie^^ Uie jail and its ac- cessories, the deputy passed us thi'o tlie €ourt house into a back yard, wTtli high fences, m whieh stands the jail building. EverytliTng here presented tlie appearance of seciiri'ty. The jail buTldmg is a massive tliree-story structiire, built of brick. Its architecture is modern. Strengtli, diirability, convenience and secrii'ity are displayed in every part. Altho the IjuTldYng Ts well proportioned, and everytiiTng jiboi^it it Ts neat, yet its appearance alone is enoug=h to terrtfy. At one end Ts a spacious, but gloomy iron ddored hall, from whTeh lead tlie coiridors to the varTous parts of tlie jail. U]xm enterTng tiiTs, a feelTng Ts ex]^)erTenced tliat Ts easTer TmagTned tl^ian de- scribed. Into tliTs hall, tlic deputy escorted us. Here we gazed until we had pretty closely surveyed Tt, and Tts appurtenances. Thence he led us tlu'o tlie gloomy corriddi', whTc4i Ts tiie patli traveled by eveiy culprTt tliat Ts Tncai'cerated Tn thTs prTson. While standTijg at tlie iron gate, he told lis tliat court had jiist adjourned, 147 and, tiiat ^le criminals sentenced to state prison had not yet ])een taken avva}^ ; tiiat twenty-nine enminals were the inmates of ^le jail ; and that at Miat hcHir the cells were open, and tlie prisoners were taking exei'cise in the hall whie^i forms ^le jail room. This jail room is peenliar. ExceptTng tlie hall at tiie entrance, and the space over it, it consists of the first floor of tlie entire build- ing- Of this room, the ceiling is very high, and tiie windows (j4iite narrow. In tlie center of tlie prison is built up a durable structure of brick, high enough for t^iree stories ; and wide enougii for tw() tiers of cells. Arotmd Uie second and tliTrd stories of this structure, on tliree sides is an Iron corridor, reached by a flight of stairs, built of Iron. From ^is cor- ridor, each cell in each stoiy is entered, — as tlie cells of a pTgeon house are entered fi'om the porches tliat skTit its sides. The cells of the first story iire entered from the floor of tlie prison. Indeed, tiiTs is a kind of columbarium. The space between tliTs columbarium and Mie walls of tlie })rTs6n Ts ample, and well xeu- tilated. While looking thro tiie Iron grates, the 148 deputy asked iis whether we wished to go in and view tiie cells, &c., &c. Upon being in- formed tiiat we wYslied to do so, he passed iis thro the iron door into the dismal den in whT^i are turned tiie noted fiends of Mon- moiitli. As he turned iis in, he, of eourse, stayed lipon tiie outside of the door. In- stantly we began to siirvey and scan tiie in- mates. They were neither handsome nor agreeable. Of ^ese twenty-nine convicts, ^ere was not one who had a tolerable counte- nance. Some presented faces as cruel as I ever siirveyed. Some looked as fierce, and as felonoiis as the areli-fiend described in Paradise Lost, while not one had a face more Tnviting yian tlie savages of Australia. As we passed Ynto tlie gl()omy diingeon, we heard the heavy iron door close behind iis and the clang of the heavy bolts. We were now tiirned in and locked iip wTtii the convicted felons. This was a situation new to iis; and, it bi'ought ii[) ti'ains of t^iought never awak- ened before. Over the face of each ©ne a pal- lor came never seen before. Foi', as soon as we realized that we had been tiii'ned into ^Ts jail alone, and without the means of defence, 149 to survey the dismal dens Uiat were Mie hab- itations of Miese fiends, alarm cj4iTckly passed over all ; and Tt was apparent in every face. As we passed in, near l)y tlie door were about twenty, so closely huddled up tliat the deputy had to order- tliem away before he durst open tlie ponderous gate to let us in. It was evident tliat tlie dejiuty dreaded to deal with these eSnvTels. It was also plain that to thTs ])orti6n of tlie prisoners, we were not a wek'ome guest ; and vsurely we were getting a €old and an indignant reee|)ti6n. Upon us, at once were turned tlie stare, or flasli, of tJiose eyes that would almost curdle the blood in tlie veins of a -eat. Indignation and impudence flaslied fi'om every ^wintenance. Some with eyes not more pleasant tlian tliose of a black- snake or an alligator, stepj)ed up to us too close to be agi-eeable. But, to tlieir language and tlieir demonstrations we paid but little attention. The pupils, as tliey had passed thro tlie door, stood €lose together, awaiting orders. It was not difftciilt to see tliat tliey realized where they were, and that they were ill at ease. In the gloom of the back part of the i-oom 150 wgs a bevy of eonvTets seated aroimd an old plank table pljlymg at eards. Onr advent at- tracted tlieir attention. Toward ns, every face was turned. One, wTtli liTs elbow upon the table and cards in his elevated hand, stared at us in amazement. The under jaw of another fell so low that one €ould almost see what he had had for breakfast. Anotlier whose fiendisli visage seemed to almost paralyze any elie who looked at him stared at lis Tn indignant vengeance. Not an agreeable face was to be seen. Hereupon, to the students the order, ''File off," was given, and Tn an instant t^iey were Tn line as orderly as tlio tJiey wei'e Tn a school room. The appearance of CHir piirty was now very dTfterent ; and Tt had Tts Tnfluence upon the jail bTrds, too. At once there wtis a dTf- ferent expression upon the face of tlie prison- ers. Their curTosity seemed aroused, and every one seemed Tn a rj^iandary. The pro- cession of teachers and students moved dl- rectly toward tlie old table ai'wmd whTeh ^e card players were seated. Biit, ere we had reached the table, tliei'e was not one sTttTng there. A cj-uTck scampei'Tng Ironi tlieir seats followed, — each, ene goTng hTs own way as 151 j"a})Tdly as possible. Had we been ui baiid of constables attempting to arrest tiieni for some heinous €rime, tiiere would not have been greater skedaddling. Thro Mie great corridors they ran, or hid tliemselves behind the colum- barium. As supi)le as a monkey, one ascend- ed the Iron frame-work tliat constitutes tlie porehes armind tlie columbarium, and disap- peared In his cell. Others followed (t-ulckly. This part of the scene was amusing, and pro- voked upon some a smile; otliers losing their gravity, laughed right out. It reminded iis of the monkeys ascending the sides of the cage containing tiie happy family at Barnuin's Museum. Surveying eacli part closely, we walked tiiro the broad brick paved cori'Idor and ascended the stairs, to view tlie porelies and tlie cells yiat f(5rm the columbarium. Slowly we mov- ed along ^le porches, entered many of the cells and critically examined cells Tind cell furniture.' Mean Avhile, h'om below ascended tlie voices of those horrid felons. Their comments were by no means [)olIshe(t oi- pious. But, In tiie main the nature of tlieir discoui'se was ratlier jocular. 152 A§ soon as the €l alter of our feet upon tiiS poreh of Uie third story was heard, tiie prison- ers who had so nimbly elimbed the iron frame work to es€ape wir view, now as nimbly threw tliemselves over tlie- banister of the third story poi'eh and descended tiie iron fi'ame work to the floor of tJie prison. So dexterous were their movements, and wiMi siieh earnestness was the descent made, that none of our party failed to enjoy a hearty laugh. Hereupon tilings took a decided ehange. A few huddled togetiier directly below iis, — ap- parently to Tnc(4iire of one of tJie fellows who had descended from tlie third story, who tiie visitors were. He replied : ''' Be God ! its a Sunday sehool witli their prea^^er." So dis- tmetly was tliTs conversation heard, and so iTidicrous did they seem to aet, tliat eaeli one of our party, for tlie time, lost his dignity, and was convulsed with laughter. But, our laughter wjis of sliort dilration. From below, tliro tlie great resounding cor- ridors, in tlie most melodious strains, began to ascend voices so sweet, uttering woi'ds so un- expected, that we were at once enchanted. For 153 a moment we stood in amazement — so still that it was hardly certain that we breatiied. A q-iiartet of these fiends sti'u^k up that piece of music, so well known by tlie title, " Shall we gather at tlie river," and sang it with sueh sweetness, and witli siieh piitlios that one might think they had learned the strain from ^e angels in Heaven. From tiie several windings, off-sets, and corners of ^le corridors and galleries the voices echoed in the sweetest melody ; and when ^ley began the eliorus, apparently, aboiit ten well trained voices join- ed in, and swelled the strain until every mole- crile of the prison was reverberant with the sweetest and most heart stirring music. The piece I have heard siing by many a well trained ehoir ; but, never before had I heard the sen- timent so well brought oiit, nor the nmsic so well rendered. Indeed, one of tlie fellows who so nimbly ascended and descended the balustrade and posts of the columbarium, so far as voice is valued, would grace almost any ehoir. With tliis miisic, we were exceedingly de- lighted. Biit, just here, among tiie students began a train of q-aestions — the leading ones 154 of whieh are : How is it ^lat these f elonous men, with sueh fiendish faces, have ever heard or learned this beautiful song? Ho^^ is it yiat siieh scoundrels have sueh eu2>honi€ voices? How IS it that men whose lives are spent in crime can so appreciate tiie euphonic and the good as to train their voices to the rendering of sueh heart-stirring, sueii Heaven- ward inviting music ? To Mr. T. Y. Ari'owsmtth, the accomplish- ed" clerk of Monmoutrli County, we now paid our I'espects. The courtesy of tins elderly gentleman cj-uTckly attracted liie attention of botii teaciiers and pupils. WTtii dignity and that grace ^lat is developed in an accom- plished gentleman by long continuance in })ublTc service, he sliowed iis tlie various ap- pointments of tlie clerk's office and ^le clerk's library. While in tlie library, Mr. J. C. Arrow^smith, son of tlie clerk, siiowed iis some of the vol- umes containing the records of the earliest courts, and the records of tlie primal deeds. Some of ^le deeds were Indian grants m I 155 whTeh, tlie Indians (being nimble to write) attested by making a eross, or oilier miirk. Among the decisions of the primitive courts, (Kir attention wjis called to a sentence of deatii in the case of a negro who was eharged with the murder of a woman named Mary Wright. It appears from tiie record tJiat the negro, witii the design of getting tiie money that was Tn hei* possession, killed tiie woman wTtii a knife. He was tried Tn a court held at Shrewsbury, on tlie 23d, 24th and 25th of September, 1691 ; convicted and sentenced to death. In order to show how cHir good ancestors dealt wTtii malefactors, I here give a verbatim copy of tiie sentence of deatli, as it stands Tn the volume Tn whTeJi tiie record of tiiTs ancient court Ts made: " Therefore tlie court dot4i adjudge that thoii, the said Caesar, slialt return to tiie place from whence thou camest, and from theHce to the place of execiition, where tliy right hand slialt be cut off and tJirown Tnto the fire and burned before tiiine eyes. Then tiioii shalt be hanged up by the neck untTl thou art dead, dead, dead. Then tiiou slialt be cut down, 156 and burned to aslies m a fire. And so the Lord have mercy on tliy soal, Caesar." In MiTs sentence, it seems to us, tJie lan- guage IS strong enough to strike terror to tiie most obdurate heart ; and Uie method of pun- ishing tiie criminal, severe enough to terrify any malefactor. By Mr. Arrowsmith, we were introdiiced to the SiiiTogate, who kindly showed iis tlie library of the Orphans' Court. The public buildings of Monmoutli County are well located, handsomely built, imposing in appearance, and in all partTcTilars, well ar- ranged. Long will tlie stiidents of the Acad- emy remember the court house of Monmouth, and the philantliropic courtesy of thg county officers. After visiting the court house, we drove Miro all the principal streets of tlie village and viewed critically whatever seemed cilrious, or wortliy of our attention. The place is regii- larly planned, well built, and riehly orna- mented with shade trees. The ehiirelies are large and [tasteful. The stores are spacious 157 and well stocked. The arehiteeture of ^le dwellings is good, and in many €ases exhibits exq^iTsTte taste. The lawns about many oi the residences are large, and arranged a€€'ording to tlie best principles of art. Parterres ai-e numerous, and the window culture of flowers is by no means neglected. Indeed, we can say that Fi-eehold is a place of thrift and of beauty; and Hiat her citizens are enterprising, polite, courteous and philanthro- pic. The population of tlie place is 3500. In it are six churches: St. Peter's Episcopal, M. Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Reformed Duteli and CatliolTc. Here is a conservatory of music of some note; also a good classical Academy, The industries of tlie inhabltiints are mercantile and manufacturing. Freehold IS tlie centre of trade for an extended and wealthy agricultural dTstrTct. Iron Ts exten- sively manufactured here; here, too, Ts made miieh ornamental work. Freehold supports^ two good news-papers — the Monmoiitii Democrat and the Monmouth Republican. 158 ArcHind Freehold, tlie soil is a sandy loam, easy of tillage and veiy fertile. As a riile, it IS divided into large farms. These are well cultivated and produce excellent crops of rye, wheat, coin, oats, hay and potatoes. As a fer- tilizer, miirl is freely used. It is to this soil tiie fertilizer. Where ^iTs fertilizer is used, tiie growfeii of rye is remarkable. In almost any rye-field, a man six feet tall €aii stand erect and tie the rye into a knot over his head. To sliow tlie students the excellency of Hie growtli of this cereal, while upon tiie battle groiind of Monmoiitli, I went into a rye field, and, standing erect, took in eaeh hand a few steins of rye, below Hie ears, and tied tliem in a knot above my head. In Middlesex and in Monmouth, i-ye is much more cultivated than it is in Hunterdon, Warren, Somerset, Morris, Siissex or Essex. As we passed along, the stildcnts counted the fields of wheat and those of rye. From HiTs "cmmt, " we learn tliat in Monmouth and Middlesex, tliere are almost as many fields of rye as of wheat. 159 Camp Baknegat, 5 A. M., Ju.\E 24, 1882. The mdi-ning dawns beautiful. The air is clear and salubrious. The land-wind breezing from tiie great forest of pines and magnolias IS freighted wTtli balmy odors. The song- birds are making Mie welkin ring wTt^i tiieir matin ehorus. The fish hawk, high up in the air, over fehe sea, is gyrating gracefully.' The gull IS plying his lazy wings. The long trains of sliore birds almost griizing Mie sea, send f ortli tlieir shrill ehirp and pass us wiMi astounding rapidity. Meanwhile, old ocean ceases not to send f orfeli his awful moan ; and the heavy plunges of the big waves daslimg ui)6n tiie strand fill tiie air witli noises that awaken emotions of the awful and the sublime. This IS the hour for tlie pensive ; tJiis is tiie season for solemn thought. At tiiis hour whoever can appreciate the beaiitiful, tiie sub- lime, the eiij^honic, tlie solemn, finds his mind active, every emotion aroused and his enjoy- ment at tiie acme. We have jiist returned from the strand to our tents. At dawn, we awoke and proceeded to ^e shore to wateh the rising sun. In a 160 row, upon a ledge of sand ^lat eommands an extended prospect over Hie sea, we were seat- ed. Carefully we surveyed tlie ethereal vault, from Hie horizon to tlie zenith. All was se- rene, excepting ^e east. There, for the space of 60° extended horizontally a dense stratus €loud. This intercepted our view of the emerging sun and €ast a slight gloom over our spirits. But, this gloom was evanescent. Our matin visit was still fraught with riehest prospects. Upon tlie €onvex seheme, near and far were many a sail. Here the breeze wafted gracefully along tlie stately man-of- war; there the long ocean steamer plied her steady way. Here the sloop spreads her sail to eateh the gentle breeze ; yonder tlie full rigged siiip, the waves of tlie ocean oiitrldes. Far over the convex selieme, a gallant ship displays her streamer, but hides her rigging and her hull ; nearer by, floats a bark, that shows her sails, but hides her deck. Jiist beyond the hill of the ocean sails a ship whose deck and rigging are seen. Near- er by, upon Hie briny hill is seen a sail whose hull and rigging alike appear. Thus was dis- played the grandeur, the majesty and the 161 beauty of o^ean barks, and every phase of the eonvexTty of Mie ocean seen, and every feature of a near or distant sliip studied. As tJie air is €lear of haze, the range of vi'sion IS extended. Far do^vn Mie beaeii the pier at Asbury Park is seen. Fartiier on, we des€ry the pier at Long Braneli, and tiie flags that wave over tiie great hotels tliereat. Near- er by, upon tiie strand, appears many a €Ozy €ottage and many a grand hotel. Up the beaeh, as far as ©ne ean see, extends tlie knolly dune. Perehert upon tiiis elevation, far in tlie distance, to eateli tlie breeze from the sea, or the land wind, is seen lines of €ot- tages, embryoiiK' villages and isolated hotels. As w^e faced the west, stretehing out to the limits of vision, extend tlie f oiests of pine and swamps of magnolia. Thus, variety of land- scape entertains and balmy breezes invigorate. While I am writing, all are busy. The ladies are frying fisli, and preparing break- fast ; the bo^^s are writing uj) tlieir note books and completing some sketehes tliat tliey be- gan yesterday ; little Ben and Polly are gath- ering sliells by tlie sea ; the €oa6hman is gToommg the team, and all are ^eerful. All 162 are antic-ipating a good time by tiie sea, and m tiie sea, when breaklast is ended. Camp PJarnegat, 11 A. M., JuxE 24th. Just returned from a ramble up Mie strand. The spirits of all are high. We have walked several miles ; the air is excessively hot and some €omj)lain tliat they are a little tired. Eaeli claims that he has had a good time and tliat there is nofeliTng else so delightful as an eneampment by the strand. . As we strolled do^n the strand, tlie sun slione brightly ; the breeze was bahny ; tlie sea was ealm ; the sand along the dune was parehing hot ; but, tlie sea rocket and tlie sand sword-grass were as green as meadow grass upon a May morning. The spirits of the stiidents were light and tliey were alive to the beaiities of tlie landseape, and to all Mie ©harms that tlie ramble €ould present. Here was an Tntelle^tuial feast. Here was spread before us, Tn brightest €ol6rs, the handiwork of Him who IS tiie Autlior of the beaiitTful and tlie good. And, upon lis, tliese things 163 made a lasting impression. Ob, sueii scenery inspires devotion ! Siieii scenery stirs Mie sonl and leads men's tlionghts oiit irom them- selves, to €ontemi)late the greatness, the good- ness, and tiie wondrousness of tiie Arehlte^t Divine ! Is Miere a stronger incentTve to ado- ration, yian a siinny morning by thS sea? Who €an survey tliat billowy deep, tJiat ceru- lean sky, that beaming sun and tlie verdant strand witliout a feeling of awe, of wonder- ment, of adoration? As I contemplate these tilings I experience an overflow of soul tliat seeks relief in those oft repeated words: "Great and marvelous iire Thy works, oh Lord of hosts ; in wisdom hast Thoi.i made tliein all ! " "Bless Mie Lord, oh my soul!" " Talk ye of all IlTs wondrous works." " I wTU praise Thee, Oh Lord, among tlie people." " One generation sliall praise Tby works to anotlier, and sliall de-elare Thy mighty a-cts.'' " Ob, that men would praise the Loi'd for HTs goodness and for His wonderful works to the ehlldren of men." Upon tlie sliore lay many a beautiful pebble and many a curYous slicU. Here were sea 164 weeds in great profusion ; hei*e were bones of many a marine monster ; here were fragments of many a wreckert sliTp — eaeh and all strewed along in sii^ a way as to make oiir journey €urious and the speetaele awful. Here we admired the slilnmg pebbles ; tliere we viewed the €urious sliell. Here the wind ex€avated ^e sandy diine; there tlie eddying wave piled its wondrous treasures. So, €iiriosity suc- ceeded ciiriosity, m pleasing siiecession, until the ramble was long and the party weary. And yet our ramble was not wi^out inter- ruptions. Many were tlie pleasing incidents that "happened by the way. And, sometimes we halted to view a passing steamer, some- times to view the distant sail. Upon his return, eaeh one seems to be heavily laden witii sea s4iells and sueh curios- ities as are commonly found upon a sea beaeh. The note books are out, and in ^le open air, and Til the blaze of tlie sun, witli pencil in hand, eaeii ene is seated as siiits best his con- venience, or his fancy; some sit upon logs of drTft-wood ; othei's upon hillocks ol sand ; otiiers upon camp chairs. But, in whatever way seated, eaeli ene is faeliioiiTng the records 165 of Mie mornmg, or sketeJung some noteworthy landscape. It is c]-uiet no^v. Excepting the roar of tiie sea, not a sound is to be heard. The sand Ts piu-eliTng hot; and the blades of sand grass are as motionless as if tiiere never had been a wind. Aboi.it tiiree miles sMitii of Bay Head Ts a site at whTeli tlie opportiinTty for studying the subsidence or sinking of tiie ^ew Jersey €oast Ts very favorable. Especially Ts tliTs so when the tide Ts otit. At sueh times, at tliTs place, Til the bottom of the sea may be seen, Tn natiiral posTtion, a sea-kTUed and a sea-pre- sei'ved sod. ThTs sod some years ago, (per- haps centHrTes ago, ) was tlie sward of a salt meadow tliat extended between tlie dunes and Barnegat Bay. ThTs old sod, as seen Tn tlie bottom of the sea, OAvTng to tlie amwint of peat entangled Tn tlie grass roots, Ts almost black. In thTckness, Tt ranges from eight Tnehes to a foot. It Ts very strong or tough ; and wTtli the hands, or wTth a hoe, Tt may be torn up, Tn liirge ^akes, whTeh sometimes are two feet wide, four feet long and a foot thTck. Of the upper surface of these eakes 5f sod, 166 tlie api)eai"ance is very similar to that of tlie salt meadow sod, now growmg behind the dunes less Hi an 200 yards away. The stems of the salt meadow grass are well preserved ; while tiie root and the fibres of the roots not only look like those of a ITvTng sod, but are yet very strong; — indeed, tlie toughness of tliTs ancient sward is entirely owing to the strengtii of tliese roots and fibi'es. During a storm, when tlie force of the weaves IS sufficient, portions of tliTs ancient sod are torn iip, broken to pieces and east upon the strand. As fwmd here, the frag- ments are irregular in size, seldomly more tlian ten Tnelies thick and two feet long, — somewhat rounded at tlie €orners and the edges by the a-etion of tlie waves. They are never found in abundance at any place; but pieces may be picked iip at almost any site upon Hie strand of tlie Sq-iian peninsula. When dry, they burn somewhat as di'y peat biirns, but more ])rTskly. As found upon tlie shore by the non-sclentifie, ^ey are objects tliat elicit tiie wildest €onje€tures, and pro- voke tlie strangest and tlie longest line of 167 questions. The name Ijy vvhT«^i ^i§y fE 26, 1882. Yesterday was the Sabbath. The Aca- demies observed it as Hie Lord's day — not in listless loiinging ; not in parade ; not in idle prating ; not in senstial conversation ; not in sport nor yet in strife to out do eaeh otlier in a display of apparel — but in seriously con- templating the works of tlie Architect Divine; — in looking thro the works of nature iip to natiire's God. And in tliis respect, well did eaeli stildent acq-iiit himself diiring the entire day. The morning dawned beaiitiful. Upon tlie ceriilean vault was seen not a clwid. The balmy breeze from tiie pines blew gently to- 1T7 ward tlie sea. SSve tiie shrill note of ^le f i&h hawk, tiiere was heard not a sound of beast or bird ; and yet there was not stillness. The deep Bound of Mie plung'Tng waves, and that heavy moan of tiie swinding sea, filled the air with noises tiiat were awful, and made tiie morning: solemn. Before the last star had disappeared, we closed our tents and went down to the beaeh to see tlie sun rise. All assembled upon ^e strand and pen- sively awaited the coming- sun. The gull skimmed the briny sea, tlie fish-hawk €leaved tJie air, the snowy sail majestically phnved the i-nffled deep, the foaming wave dashed against tlie sandy sliore. Biit soon, far off over the sea was seen a bright spot. That spot marked tiie direction m which we saw" tlie sun rise. As we gazed, all became attentive. See thei-e beneath that bright spot, — see that speck of fire ! That is the upper limb of the disk of the siin. Larger and larger it grows, llo-vv it glows — ho^v gi-acefully it increases ! 'Now it IS a half disk, now it is a globe lipon a slilnmg pedestal, now the figure has arisen clear of the waves. H2 178 How €uiTous ^18 moriimg sun! How soft his light ! We gaze upon his genial face wTtli a§ little dazzling of tlie eyes, as we would upon an ordinary lamp. But, as he ascends, bi ighter he grows, fiercer are his rays ; more fiery is his face, until high up in the sky he reveals more fully his di8tin€tive q^ialities. Sunrise at sea has always been regarded a delightful scene. And well it may. No one €an adecj-iiately describe it ; no one can pietiire it. It alike defies the painter and the rheto- rician. And, so evanescent are ^le phases that ^ey utterly baffle tlie skill of the photog- rapher. As it is appearing from behind the earth, it seems to emei'ge from the siirface of &e sea. At first, there is seen a mere speck of bright light. Soon appears a crescent of yellow light. This soon becomes a half disk. Next, the half disk seems to be supported upon a cylinder that slowly elongates and brightens, and as it elongates, conti'acts at that part whieli rests upon the sea. This con- tracted part soon appears to be an aerial ped- estal upon whieh rests a hiige globe glowing with heat. But while we are gazing, ^le con- tracted part of the pedestal becomes attenii- 179 ated, grows more and moi'e slender ilntil it ig not visible. Just at tJiTs juncture, there seems to be an ascendinj:; globe of fire, under "whieli IS a most beaiitiful cireiilar area of very bi-ight yellow light. AVhen the sun is just rising, its light does not dazzle the eyes. It €an be viewed with ^le utmost ease. For this }>henomenon we assign this reason : The stratum of atmos- phere directly above the surface of the sea, is densely ehiirged wTfeh moistiire. This moist- Tire, as in the case of fog and cloud, absorbs a large part of the siin's rays, and so soften those that it does not absorb, ^lat they make upon tiie eye ratlier an agreeable impression. But when it has ascended ^le sky but a few de grees, its brightness is intense ; and upou the surface of the watei*, m tiie direction of the siin, is a s})arklTng sheen from whieh the reflected rays dazzle the eyes almost as miieh as do those ^lat emanate directly from the blazing sun. This i>hen6menon is ciirious and beautiful. When we had satiated our minds wTfeh ^le delights of sunrise, and the beauties , ^lat attend a morning landscape by tiie sea, we 180 repaired to wir €amp and prepared breakfast. Craving stomaelis impatiently waited Uie €all. But at lengtli, the call was heard; and ^e Academies assembled around the long table to eat ^ Sunday morning breakfast by the sea. During tlie foi'enoon, q-iiletude prevailed. Hardly a so^md w^s heard. The sky was •eloudless. The sun slione brightly and tlie air was excessively hot. Our tiiermometer indicated 105° at 11.05 o'clock. The air was almost motionless. ISTot a leaf stirred. Even ^le mosq-iuto ceased his lute. To the eyes tlie blazing air was painful. To tlie bare foot, the heat of tlie sand was unbearable. The students passed &e time each m his own way ; some slept, some read the Bible. As a sail upon Barnegat Bay was a part of "the program of tlie tour, and as tlie afternoon of tlie 25th had been set down as &e time for said sail, the stiidents looked forward to tins afternoon witli fond anticipations. We dined rather early — about 11.30 o'clock. At 12 M. we went upon a yacht and set sail. At first tiiere was but little wind, Snd the movement of ^le yacht wis slow, steady and delightfiil. But in a few mmiites a breeze li'om Hie S, W, 181 filled the sails ; and, for a short time, we moved along at ^e rate of seven miles an hour. As tlie breeze was eonstant and Tini- form, the movement of the bark was steady and graceful ; and tiie ride was delightful. Indeed, some were so delighted with tlie sail that tiiey seemed to be almost in a pensive transport. But, suddenly tlie wind became flawy. With tiie first gust, we were not mueli affect- ed. But, soon another -eame, — bigger than tlie first. This made an impression, not only upon the yacht, but also upon the captain and his mate. The riggmg was somewhat sliifted and all seemed to be doing well. But, soon ano^ier and heavier gust struck the sail. This elicited from tlie captain a voliime of nautical words, some of whTe4i were jilst as naughty as they were nautical. Then tiiere was hurry; then tiiere was anxiety. To us, the captain pretended tiiat he feared no danger. But, his pretences hjid not tlie de- sii'ed effect. The case was too transparent. His feelings were too easily read. Yet, tlie students maintained perfect composiire and behaved gallantly. 182 In less than three minutes ano^er gust €ame. This struck tlie sail with su©h force ^at it broke the mast off at tiie socket, and swept the entire iTggTng clear ot the deck. Held by the -eordage, the mast and sail lay floating along side of tlie hull. At this juncture, we were indeed m a helpless con- dition. The captain was greatly frightened, but behaved well. His language showed tliat he was so terrified that, for the moment he knew not what he said, nor what he did. But soon his presence of mind was apparent, and he gave the signal for aid. In a short time a number of yachts and skiffs were along side of the wreck. Among these was one sent out by the yacht company to take charge of the ciew. Upon this we went, and the captain of this yficht? to iinTsh the engagement tliat the company had made with us, set sail up y^e bay. Dilring the catastrophe and subsecjiient to it, the stiidents displayed such composiire and siieh prowess that they won the encomiums of all who visited the wreck, or learned the history of it upon the shore. Excepting one, all were less frightened than the captain and 183 his mate. There was no eonsternation. Eaeh ene maintained his or her position as com- posedly as if it was an o€€iirrence that had happened to tiiem eveiy day since ^ey were born." The wi-eck of tiie yacht has been so well de- scribed in an essay by one of the stndents, Miss Jennie Dilts, that I have placed it in the ap- pendix to this volume. For a further and more vivTd description, see the essay, appendix B. Barnegat Bay is picturesq-ue. On the east IS the dune that divides it from the sea ; on yie west, IS tiie great pine forest Miat stretelies away as far as ene can see. Between tiiese and ^e bay is a low, narrow plain, sTniious, indented with coves and estiiaries, and beaii- tifully covered with a sward of green. In the bay are nrimerous small islands. These too, are covered with grass so thick and so even that each presents Mie appearance of a well di-essed lawn. Between tJiese islands the belts of tlie Barnegat extend. In some places they are a mile wide ; in other places biit a hundred feet. Biit whethei* wide or narrow, ^ey are eaeli and all extremely beaii- tiful. Indeed, diiring a calm, there is not a 184 ripple, and the surface of eaeh is like a siieen Wn '"-'1 w oi silver. Upon tills beautiful surface, meandering amid tiiese grass elad Islands, we spent tlie afternoon. Here was a season for tiiolight. Here was a time for tiie enjoyment of tlie beanties of natiire. Free from the bustle and turmoil of prating €OX€ombs, gaudy fops, and clamorous bigots, we gave o-urselves iip to the contemplation of the works of JS^atiire, and of ^le wisdom and goodness of Him who formed ^em. Who €an look upon so beailtTful a landscape and not adore HTm who formed it ? Who can enjoy siieh delights — sueh a feast of tlie beantiful and good — and not look up to Him who IS tlie author of them with thanks- giving and with praise? Who can contem- plate ^le beautiful and the good in the objects that environ us, and not adore tlie Architect who conceived and fasiiioned them. By the niitives, we are told tiiat the weather of tiie forenoon of the 25th was Mie hottest ever known upon tlie Atlantic coast. At ©nee, many of the seafaring men predicted ^at it would be followed by a cyclone — or a " harry cane " as they call it. And tlieir pre- 185 dietions were verified. Before Mie close of Hie day, we were visited by a cyclone the like of wliT-eh 1 had never before seen, and such as I had never read of. It was terrific. To de- scribe it and its eifects would req-ulre a vol- nme. Suffice it to say, while it brought us no loss it afforded us many rich lessons. Some tliought Mie dark day had come, and began to examine their faitli. Biit tlie stiidents are so milred to what some call danger tliat tliey look ujjon tlie wildest play of the elements wTtli composiire and delight. Conseq4iently, to those terrific peals of thunder that made the earth vibrate as if it was suifermg an eartrh- ci4iake, tliey g ave an attentive and stiidious ear. AVhile some sought the innermost recesses of buildings, and tlie most secliided i)laces to sliield their eyes from tlie blinding glare of the fierce lightning, tlie stiidents looked out of tlie windows in studious composiire. To the sweeping wind tliat prostrated trees, tore iip fences and blew do^vn oi- carried away build- ings, they gave stiidious attention. Anticipating a severe gale, about 6 o'clock, our host. Captain Chadwick, had advised us to take down our tents, and j^?k them and 186 our valuables away, and ^en mvited iis to accept tiie lise of Mie hoiise in whieh he lived but a few weeks before. This favor we keen- ly appreciated and heartily accepted. As the building was less than a hundred yai'ds away we easily and q-uickly transjjorted oiir eflects into it. ^or did we a€€ompliBli oi.ir work too soon. When the last articles were brought in, the storm began. At fu'st the rain fell in torrents ; but ^e wind was steady. Soon the wind became flawy and tlie ah* almost as dark as night. Then followed tliunder tliat made the earth vibrate like an earthquake, and light- ning that I feared would cause jDermjinent blindness. The sash of the windows rattled so hard that I thought the glass would be broken out. The house rocked violently, and twice we felt tlie west end of it lifted fi-om the foiindation. Lighted up by the flashes of lightnmg the air seemed to be full of diist, sand, leaves, limbs of trees and tlie like. In- deed, destruction seemed to prevail. Fortunately for us, the buTldmg m whieh we were, was built by the U. S. Government for a life preserviug station. Jt was but one story high, 36x18 feet, built of tlie best of 187 hard pine, filled m wi^i brick and standing with a wmdowless end toward the southwest, — the q^iarter from whieh the cyclone -eame. Altho new, Mie bail dings of Bay Head, a little below us, and wit of tlie central track of ^le cy€lone, suffered severely. So did tiiose at Point Pleasant and Manasc^ian, farther down. At tiiese places, some buildings were entirely demolished. The belt covered by this cyclone was nar- row — not more ^lan ten miles wide, in the widest place ; and in many places less than two miles wide. It began upon the 40° par- allel of latitiide, in Pennsylvania, not far west of the Delaware River. It followed, excepting slight variations, ^iis parallel across N. J., and oiit over the ocean as far as heard from. As it moved, it increased in violence until it reaehed the sea. Fortiinately, miieh of its course extended thro ^le pines of N. J., and disti'icts not much improved. The flawy wind that caused our shipwreck at aboiit 1 o'clock, P. M., was biit an initial movement of this terrific cyclone. 188 Ocea:n^port, ^. J., 2 A. M., June 27, 1882. Upon grounds owned by Mie venerable Ed- mond West, near Uie toll-gate iipon tlie pike, we pitelied our tents last evening at 7 o'€loek. The site is in an ilnf enced" grove — umbrageous and pleasant. At ©nee we proceeded to pre- pare supper, and do tlie evening ehores pecu- liar to tent life. Industry and systematic procedure were everywhere apparent. In due time, voracious appetites were satisfied and the table f urnitilre and the ciilinary apparatus placed away. There seemed to be ac abund- ance of hilmor : and mirtliful conversation > ■' ' ' made the season pass pleasantly. But, almost before the gloaming had merged into darkness upon ouv blankets we extended our limbs, and soon became oblivious of all that had eng aged us during tlie day. To r|4iiet tlie nerves and to insiire sleep, the vocation of tlie day has been more potent tlian poppy, mandragora, chloral, or any dro^vsy syriip in tlie world. And how sweet tliis sleep! Ho^v q-iiiet this repose ! In either tent, not the stir of a limb nor a heavy breath ! As gentle is tlie breatliing as in the repose of sleeping babe§. How 189 felicitous the su€cessi6n, — upon a day of rieh- est viewing follows a night of sweetest sleep. The site upon whieli owv tents are pitted is a place tliat we have often o€€upied before. The gentleman owning it, altho in his 92d year, is not more venerable by reason of his great age, tiian by his unfeigned generosity. Born at Wolf Hill, Monmoutii County, IST. J., A. D., Mar-eh 9th, 1791, this man has so strictly lived in a€€ordance with tlie laws of his being, tliat, to-day his port is ere^t, his gait firm and stately, his countenance full, his face unshrTveled, his eye lustrous, and his voice free from tiiat harsimess so eharacter- istic of the aged. And yet, Miis man does not look young. In his visage may be read the trials, tlie experiences and Mie wisdom tliat €an be possessed only by those who have ITve'd ninety odd years. Cheerful and affable, genial and complaisant, he seems a paragon to whieh may be turned tlie stndious attention of both ^le yoiing and tlie old. For four successive years have I clasped tiie hand of this old gen- tleman. Invariably, warm and cordial has been his grasp, and warmly has he welcomed us to his grove. We venerate ^e old man. 190 May he long live, and may Providence mete oiit to him all the ehanges that may happen to him during these senile years in mercy, and may he, at last, " enter into tliat rest that re- mainetli to the people of God." Monday dawned cloudy and €ool. The du- ties of tlie morning were attended to in proper time and in pi-oper manner. As the time was drawing near when we would break camp, eaeh began to adjust his little effects, and to store ^lem Tn safe places in the carry-all. Bi'eakfast was soon ready, and with AcademT-e piety we assembled arwind the long table to eat our last meal by the sea. We felt somewhat sad at the thought that we must sliortly leave tlie sceneg that had afforded us so many delights. But the " vim " of the stndents was not yet all gone. Wit, mirth, the pensive remark and ^le phTloso|>hT€ observation, eacii Tn tiirn arose irom ^e vai'Toiis parts of tlie circle. Appetites were good and all ate as tho eaeh one was prepai'mg for some arduous task. When our effects were packed Tn tlic carry- all, and we were ready to take a partTng view, all went down to tliS strand. A while, Tn 191 silence we gazed over the deep, — at sail and steamer, at waves and spray, at g-nll and eagle; — and then t-asting ©ne longing, lingering look behind, we started for tiie earry-all and sped away to view the villages by tlie sea. Along the €oast, at sliort intervals, from Barnegat Bay to Shrewsbury RTver, have sprung up, wTtliTn ^e last few years, a num- ber of thrlvTno' vTllag'es. These vTllao:es are far-famed as resorts for sueli as seek, during hot weather, tiie sea breeze. During the Sum- mer, they are visited by thousands. From all jmrts of Ameri€a tliey eome ; nor is it iin- common to find here, with a span of handsome horses, the opulent Englishman and German, the Russian and Austrian. These villages are all tastefully planned and well built. Many of tliem display the best specimens of modern aehiteetiire, and tlie ehoicest work in landscape gardening. In- deed, they all abound in the ornate. What- ever wealtii €an induce tlie arehiteet, the engineer, the meehairc to do, has been done in planning and building tliese villages. Hence, ^ley abound in the rieJiest lessons for 192 the student of iirehitecture, and tliose who €ultivate a taste for the beautifal. To visit the "villages by tlie sea" was a part ot tlie program of our toiir. To this work we devoted tiie entire day of June 26th, 1882. During tiie visit, we drove leisurely tiiro all tiie principal streets, visited all tlie publTe places and conversed freely with siieh as we thought likely to give us siieh informa- tion as we sought. And, as during our visit we viewed and examined eaeh one raMier closely, I venture to submit a deseription of eaeh. First House at Bay Head. Bay Head, the most southern of the villages, is the youngest of tiie sisters. It is loeated upon or about ^le 40° parallel, between Barn- egat Biiy and ^e ocean. Where now ^iTs 193 village stands, in 1879 tliere was biit one house. This was owned and o€€npIed by Captain Elijah Ohadwick, who Uien owned all tlie land now possessed by tlie Bay Head Company. It was a one-story building 18x36 leet, having three rooms upon tlie first floor, — an open loft above. It stands upon tlie meadow far back from tlie dune; or about midway between tlie dune and tlie dock oil Barnegat Bay. It was built m 1874. In the montli of October, 1878, tlie Captain sold 12 a€res of land at f 110 an aere, to a firm eonsTstmo: of Wm. Harris, Edward Howe and D. H. Mount. Ot this company D. H. Mount is President. Cut Showing the Relation op the Dune to the Ocean AND to Barnegat Bay, at Bat Head. D. Dune. 0. Ocean level at high water. B. Barnegat Bay. L. Stratum of turf extending beneath the dune ; grass clad to the west of the dune and west of the Bay, up to the piue forest. 6. Sand of the Miocene Epoch. 194 During Uie winter, Uie members of this firm ei'e€ted two bouses. Gen. Kiirge and Mrs. Yandoren pilreliased lots and built tliere- on. These four hoiises were located upon the dune, and commanded an excellent view of the sea. Thus elevated, tliey were fanned by every breeze. The style of arehitecture is modern and simple, and well adapted for Sum- mer resorts. Indeed, tliey are model-build- mgs, perilled upon exq-aisite sites. The man m quest of a place to build a Summer cottage by tiie sea, was surely in favor of Bay Head, if ©nee he could stand upon tlie piazza of either of these cottages and survey the envir- ons. Liired by such prospects and other Tndiicements, many pureliased lots ; and diir- mg the winter of '80 and '81, tliere were built 8 cottages and a boarding house witli a ca- pacity for 70 guests. Durmg tlie following year, 22 more cottages, a grocery and a drug- store were built; and at tlie present tliey are buildmg or tliere are conti'acted for buTldtng 10 moi'c cottages and a chui'-eli, so tliat in May, 1883, Bay Head will have at least 48 cottages, 2 stores, a ehiireli, and a boarding house, the LUke Cottage, tliat f urnTslies board 195 at $2 per day. And, during the batlimg sea- son, it will probably have a population of not Igss tiian 1,000 souls ; for, during tliat season, every €ottage will take all Uie guests they €an a€€ommodate. The streets of Bay Head have been surveyed upon the reetangular plan. The main avenue extends nearly parallel wTtii tiie strand. Par- allel to tliTs avenue, on either side, extends otJier avenues. These parallel avenues are €r6ssed, at right angles, by streets extendmg from tiie dune to the bay. The most soutliern of tliese, known as ChadwTck street, extends fi'om tlie dune to the dock, on Biirnegat Bay. To tiie regularity of tiiTs survey, the village owes mueh of its beauty. Excepting a few houses that are built upon ^le dune, tlie village stands upon a low plain that gently slopes from tlie dune to the Bay. The dune here is jiboiit twenty feet high. Miieii of Miis plain is but ii few f eet— h'om one to five — above the average water mark of Barnegat Bay. Thus situated, it is €oni- pletely sheltei'ed by tlie dune from tlie driving storms, so often beating from the sea. The arehlteeture of Bay Head, with some 196 exceptions, is recent. I say recent, for, in de- S€iibmg works of iirelilteeture, we must dis- tingTiTsli between tliose baildings tiiat are the result of the well establTslied principles of the art of Arelilteeture as developed by modern progress in the sciences, and as applied to edi- fices built wiMiTn the present century, and those ^lat are the result of various intentional deviations fiom tliese well establTsliect princi- ples. The ar-ehiteets at Bay Head have no seriiples m ignoring ^le usages of the best builders who work no^v, or who worked biit a few years ago. In €onseq-uence, in ^le build- ings here, we see new designs, — a few of whieh are neat and substantial ; but more fre- (j-uently they are odd and flimsy — often gro- tesq;ue and fantastT€ — forms ^lat are destined to be ephemeral. In her batliTng ground, Bay Head has an advantage over all the rest of tlie villages by the sea. There is no other place at wliT^ tlie bathing is so safe. The bottom of ^e sea here slopes away so gently and so iiniformly that with ease and safety one €an wade far out into tlie ocean. At first, the water is very shallow. At twenty yards from the 197 shore, it is often not more than two feet deep and at forty yards away, not more than four feet deep. Indeed, in giving students lessons respeetmg the nature of waves, in order tJiat the water may be iip to tiieh- slioulders, as they stand ereet, I have often fonnd it neces- sary to go eighty yiirds, or more, from the sliore. Standing here, biit slight undertow is perceived, even if tiie sea is a little rough. When tiie waves were o feet high, I have stood iip on a site 50 yards from shore, ex- periencing a very slight undertow and in per- fe€t safety. To be srire, m waves of this height, even a good swimmer is lifted with more violence ^an is agreeable; and he has ventOred abmit as mueh as sensible men are willing to risk even for science sake. Undertows, as I have shown, are tlie cur- rents of water that result from waves that have broken upon tlie sliore. The water formii^g the current, called an undertow, was brought landward and pushed far upon the strand by a force that impelled tiie last, or a prior wave. Thus elevated, by its weight and mobility, it inclines to move down tlie sloping beaeh into fee sea. Descending tlie shore, the current 198 formed acq-iiires great velocity. Biit, ere it has descended far, it meets an advancing wave whose velocity is mneli less. Impelled by Mie force gained m the descent of the sloping strand, the seaward current elaims the surface of the bottom of tlie sea, while tiie slower moving body — the advancing wave — rises above it, and moves on over it until it strikes tlie sliore and spends its force in the a€t of pusliTng itself far up tlie strand. At this jun€ture, this said advancing wave, in its return to the sea, becomes anotlier undertow. And so of every other land-wasliTng wave where the water is deep. To form an undertow two tilings are essen- tial: 1st. The water must be several feet deep. 2d. The bottom of the ocean and tiie siiore upon whieh tlie waves break must be steep. A landward moving wave, in sliallow water, overlying a gently sloping sea bottom, by friiition upon tlie bottom, and tiie po^ver need- ed to ascend tlie plain, slowly Expends its force, and loses its velocity, until it is spread in a thin stratum upon ^le strand. In return- ing, Mie water of this wave, descending tlie 199 gently Tnelinmg plain, gains but little force and little velocity. Hence, in €ase it passes beneatli an advancing wave ^le undertow is so feeble tliat it scarcely attra€ts tiie attention of the batliei". But waves su-eceed eaeh other at an approx- imate regularity. That is, tliey follow eaeh o^ier at approximately I'egiilar intervals. These intervals, usually, are siieh tliat upon a gently sloping strand, the advancing wave €6mes in so far that it meets Hie retreating wave upon grounds over wliieh the water is so sliallow tliat tlie two waves collide, or else, in the a€t of passing under tlie advancing wave, tlie retreating wave is so mueh impeded by friction against the bottom of tlie sea upon its tinder surface, and friction against the wave upon tlie upper surface, that its force is rapidly expended, and its velocity so retarded that it becomes an undertow so feeble tliat its transporting ]3ower effects but little. Another advantage peciilTar to Bay Head is its fine facilities for sailing. Barnegat Bay, for beaiity of scenery and fiXcilTty of sailing for pleasiire, is not ec|;ualed along the JN^ew 200 Jersey €oast. The iipper arm of ^iis bay ex- tends between Bay Head and Mie great pine forest. At tlie foot of Chadwick street is a dock at whieli, at all times, parties ean seeure safe yachts, manned by experienced -eaptams. Pleasure sailing will always be a leading feat- ure in Mie rounds of life at MiTs village. 201 740 ^^ c^Jl Map of Long Branch and Vicinity. 1. Long Branch. 2. Oceanport. 3. Eatontown. 4. Asbury Park. 5. Ocean Grove. 6. Ocean Beach. 7. Maiiasfiuaii. 8. Point Pleasant. 9. Bay Head. 10. Lower Squankum. 11. Squankuin. 12. Farniingdale. 13. Blue Ball. 14. Colt's Neck . 15. Tinton Falls. IG. FieolioUl. 17. Shrewslu; vy. 18. Ked Bank. 12 19. West End. 20. Elberon. 21. Oceanville. 22. Deal. 23. Neptune. 24. Spring Lake 25. Sea Girt. 202 From Bay Head to this place, the road, ex- cepting a few hundred yards, is excellent. Indeed, its ecjiial is seldomly found. It is a sand ])!ke, straight, well i-oiinded from side to side; and as level, in its course, as roads ever are. Upon this, our teams moved as rapidly as any ene could desire; and ^le steadiness of the carry-all was remarkable. The scenery along this road is varied. Xow the way is skirted with a peaty marsii, cover- ed witii coarse grass, or tall rustics; now with a dry sandy plain, studded with piteh pine, brambles, dwarf oak, huckleberries, and lieh- ens ; here is a small pond whose surface is bespangled witli tlie most beavitTfiil water lilies ; there is a copse of heath-worts and brambles, as uninviting as Mie swamps of Florida; here stretehes away a beailtTful field of wheat or red clover, there a garden liixiiri- ant with the elioicest vegetables ; here a neatly dressed lawn of the brightest green, there a parterre of excj-iiTsite design; here a village of small, cozy cottages, there a group of palatial mansions ; here a neat unpretentious Tnn with its plain porches and shady walks, to accom- modate tiie frilgal invalid, there tlie cclossal 203 hotel witii its ornate €oliimns, its stupendous piazza, its im])osing verandas and its broad promenades to a€€ommodate the ease-lovTng and pleasure-seeking' opulent. Thus, eontrast sueceds contrast, in sueli a pleasing way, yiat the eye never wearies and tiie mind never satiates. On oiir way, we crossed Manasq-iian River. This stream, or ratlier, this estuary, is nearly a mile wide; but, it is q-uite siiallow. Its deptii IS mueJi influenced by tiie tide. When the tide is in, it is cj-uite deep ; but when the tide IS oiit, it IS so sliallow tliat one ean wade it. Over t^iTs river is an open bridge from whT-eli one commands an extensive view of tiie river, and of tlie surrounding country. Here tlie landscape is beautiful, — especially that part of it that extends westward, or up tlie stream. Far up, — as far as one €an see, — the broad slieet of water gracefully bends. Skirt- ing this, tiie pine €lad banks gracefully wind. In the stream are numerous Islands, — small, circular and €overed with grass ^at is glossy green. The surface of the stream is smooth and silvery, like a polislied mirror. Upon this stream are many a small sail and many 204 smaller grafts. Surely tliis silvery siieen, set W1& tliese beautiful islandg, bordered by tliese graceful banks, and bespaugled witli tiiese snow white sails, form a landscape Miat €an never fail to please. From MiTs bridge eastward, we look out ^iro ^le Manasq-aan Inlet over tlie sea. This prospect 18 sublime. At first, like viewing a mountain vTsta, tlie eyes scan, at your feet, tlie wide spreading estuaiy, tliat so gracefully narrows to be continuous wTtJi tliat beautiful inlet tiiat intersects tlie o-raceful diine. Then, peering out tliro tiiis inlet, we look upon tliat mountain of waters tliat we call tlie sea, — so round, so graceful, so silvery, so majestic, Miat it arouses and expands tlie soul till the spec- tator stands in pensive transport. Upon Mie east side of tlie open bridge, at the distance of a few hundred yards, ^le estii- ary is spanned by Uie railroad bridge — a stii- pendoiis structiire. Over tiiis bridge trains are passing every fe^v miniites. Biit for the grandeiii^ and sublimity of tliat piirt of the landscape above alluded to, this bridge and ^ese passing trains alone would invite any 205 lover of Mie bcantiful, and form a ^leme woi tliy of tlie pen of Mie best rhetorician. MAISTASQUAK. Sq-aan Village, no^v €alled Manasqiian, is the oldest of all tlie villages by tlie sea. In early times, this was the watering place — tlie Summer resort. And it was far famed. Altlio it has not kept abreast witli otlier vil- lages by tlie sea, yet it is a place of beauty. It IS regularly planned Tind well ornamented. The streets are broad, skirted witli trees, and kept neat and €lean ', the houses are ornate, tlie lawns tasteful. Here are large stores, large sliops,- industrious meeliames .and ac- commodating merehants. Here is done a large amount of business. Here dwell not a few men of enterprise. Of tliTs village the population is about six hundred. The Signs of the times mdleate tliat very early in tlie history of this village there settled here families whose respective and distinctive peculiarities are expressed in their significant names — the Sharps, tlie Catchems and Mie Skinners. That ^ley have been pros]3erous 206 families there is no doubt ; and that the traits whieh gave to those families sueh expressive names have been persistent, tliere is an abund- ance of evidence. Wlietlier at any time the place and vicinity has consisted mainly of membei's of these families, tiiere is not decisive evidence. But, be that as it may, we are in- clined to think that in tlieir pi'oereation, tlieir offsprings were mostly — perhaps entirely — girls who, by marrying lost their name so sTg- mf leant of their eharacter, but transmitted to, and Tnter-diffused the family eharacteiTstics ilnallo^^ed, anions; tiie rIsTno; o-enei'ation. To ^Ts notion, wi? are tlie moie inclined because of yie fact that while tliese significant names do not appear upon tlie sign boards of business houses, the traits of character expressed by these said names are patent in so very many proprietors, partners, clerks, meehaiiTcs, and even in the laborer. The descendants of these ancient families seem to be remarkably apt m stamping their impress upon all who do business for them. Indeed, they seem to be very apt, and very suasive teachers — especially in tiie mercantile and tlie mechanic arts. For, from how dis- 207 tant a neighoorhood he €6mes, or of what blood he is bred, the young €lerk, or tlie ap- prentice to tiiese business men, is soon, not only possessed of tlie knowledge of the principles upon whieh tlie progenies of tliese ancient people do business, but also Tmbiied with tliat spirit and zeal that makes his success inferior only to that of his employer and teaeiier. The descendants of tliese worthy families have not all settled dmvn in, or near, tlieir native village. Doubtless, some of them have gone far away, and have given origin to some l>hases of business seen m some houses in dis- tant places. But, m Ae main, it seems they were a bea^i-lovTng dass ; and the most of those In whom the paternal ehara^teristies were most persistent, migrated to sites up and do^vn the beaeh. These seem to have been very prolif i€ and to have been as persistent in transmTttmg the family eharaeteristies as were their great-grandslres. Indeed, in every village by the sea, ^lere seems to be so many of ^iis sort, that one has to piit his imagina- tion, and his erednllty, upon a streteli to believe that tlie population are not all descendants of these three primitive families. 208 At Manasq-uan are boardmg houses m plenty. Indeed, keeping boarders is tiie lead- ing industry. "With notable exceptions, ev- erybody keeps boarders. To this is devoted tlie large house and tlie small ; tiie palace and the €ottage ; the mansion and tlie hut ; the eabm and tlie rookery ; the sty and &e ken- nel. Big trunks are seen m almost every house. And, tliey are often the ornament of the back yard, or the store furniture of tlie out slieds. Indeed, by those who keep board- ers, ^le big trunk €an be seen as far as €an a flock of pigeons by the pigeon trapper. Nor IS tlie big trunk looked iipon wTtli less anxiety ^lan tlie pigeon flock is by tlie net tender. If one wislies to have special respect paid to him, let him g o into one of these boarding villages by the sea wTtli a big trunk. He cannot fail. Upon his advent, caterers will be as numerous as flies. And how polite ! And how a€€om- niodating! And, tlie bigger the trunk, ^le lower the caterers bo\v. One can hardly tell how wortliy of respect he is, until he has gone into some village by tlie sea, with a big trunk. Manasq-uan village is situated upon ^e north bank of the Manasq^an River. It is 209 surrounded by a district of country that is as level as farming land can be. This land is occupied by men who cultivate tlie soil with great skill and care. Cabbage, beets, radtsli- es, lettuce, turnips and tomatoes are planted in the place of corn. They grow luxuriantly, and each field looks like a splendid garden. As tlie soil i^s sandy, it is easy to till ; and it matures tlie crops early. Here notliTng goes to waste. There seems to be a market, and a demand, for everything. This is made by tlie business of boarding so many from the cities. To supply the tables of tliose who keep boarders, tliere is a constant demand for tlie fresliest and tlie best. And tliese farmers seem to give tlieir attention to producing siieh things as they can sell at home. However, I guess that ^le money whieii tlie farmer gets for his produce is kept in Ms pocket. Surely he does not spend it in erecting fine buildings, nor repairing sudi as are not fine. While tliey who keep boarders, or are mechanics, or merchants, have fine houses and nice grounds, these farmers, as a rule, live in poor, small buildings tliat are constructed iipon no prm- 210 ciple of taste; nor are tiie biirns and oiit-bnild- Tngs any better. Most of Uie land, extending from Manas- q-uan to Ocean Grove, is similar to that around Sq-uan Village ; and, to a great extent, it IS tilled with the same erops. Oeeasionally there is a swamp, — a piece of low, wet ground, covered with pines, scrub oaks, brambles, car- rion plants, wild cranberries and tlie like. There is at the least, one peat marsii. This is about a q-uarter of a mile wide. The peat ranges, in deptli, so far as I have examined it, from two to four feet. In c]-uality, it is excel- lent. Above and below this peat marsli there are a few patelies of white sand. These are poor, indeed ; and as a rule, not cultivated. EAST POINT PLEASANT. A mile north of Bay Head is a new village called East Point Pleasant. At this place is a boarding hoiise crilcrilated to accommodate about one hundred boarders. As yet there are only a few cottages. The location of tliis village is favorable, and in a few years, the number of splendid cottages and imposing 211 hotels will so increase that this place will rank witli the oldest villages by the sea. SEA GIRT. Sea Girt is a small village built near the site upon whieh Commodore Stockton's resi- dence by the sea used to stand. It is upon a sandy, or gravelly eminence that overlooks the sea. From all parts of tlie village the prospect IS commanding. Upon tlie most elevated part of the eminence stands a hotel, from tlie piazzas of whieh, over the deep, one's prospect is limited only by the power of vision. From these piazzas is gained a more extended, and a grander view, ol the sea tlian I have had from any otlier place. At tliTs place, the water in tlie wells is ex- cellent, and tlie native groves veiy inylting. Here are excellent drives. Here is tlie place for handsome teams and splendid vehicles. Indeed, Sea Girt is a high toned place. The miiin hotel at Sea Girt is an imposing structure, so located as to command the grandest prospect over the sea. It is arranged to accommodate one hundred and sixty board- .212 ers ; and, altho the price of board T§ $3.00 per day, every room m tlie house is oeeupied. The batiimg ground, at ^is place, is good ; and it IS very popular among Mie farmers of Monmouth and Ocean Counties. Upon a certaYn day, the first Wednesday in August, I believe, Miousands from tlie surrounding country assemble here and have a general wash, and a jolly time. This day is loeally styled " The siieep wjisiiTng day." It has been celebrated, I am told, from the earliest times. SEA PLAIK. Sea Plain consists of a number of beautiful €ottages, IS lo€ated upon a beautiful plain that stretelies awa}^ from the sea, — back to tlie dis- tance of a mile or more. It is laid out with mueli taste, and is destined to be a fHvorite place for ^le opnlent. ocea:n^ beach. Ocean Bea^, nortli of Sea Plam, is a young, tlirifty village, possessed of many elements of beauty. The arehiteeture of ^e 213 residences is tasteful ; the lawns, broad and well tended ; tlie streets, wide and well grad- ed ; and all else presents an appearance of thrift. OCEAN GROYE. Ocean Grove is a place too well known to need a deseription. Its popiilation is about 1500. It IS regularly and tastefully planned, enclosed wTtli a fence, adorned with mueh native forest, €ontains many handsome dwell- ings, several large hotels and a great many tasteful publTe buildings. It is a famous tenting ground. It is owned and managed by the Metliodist people, and is the place at whieli are tlie great €amp meetings. Some- times, as many as 12,000 people attend tliese €amp meetings. Here q-iiietude reigns. Ev- erything IS in order, and the business of ^e place IS like elock work. ASBUEY PARK. Asbury Park is ii village that presents miieh variety and many contrasts. The plain 214 upon whi^li it IS biiilt, stretehes from Deal Lake, on ^le nortli, to Wesley Lake on Mie soiitli — a distance of a mile and a half. The plain on whieh it is built, is beautiful. From tlie lake on either side, it rises up gradually. Its greatest elevation is not far from the cen- ter. It IS well drained ; and, except where cleared for buildings, lawns, &c., &c., it sus- tains a growtli of native pine, oak, maple and the like. The soil is sandy or gravelly, and not well adapted to grass. The beaeh at Asbury Park Ts beautiful and well suited to bathing. Along it are numer- ous €onveniences for tlie pleasure-seeker, and tlie lover of ease and -eomf ort. At two places are pavilions built oiit over the sea to the dis- tance of one hundred and twenty feet. These pavilions are covered with a substantial roof •, are strongly guarded wTtli balustrades, and are ])i'ovided with ehairs, lounges, benelies and siieh other utensils as contribute to the com- fort of sueh as wish to visit them and for awhile remain thereon. Landward of tliese pavTlions iire tlie batliTng rooms, as they are called. But, Miey iire not batliTng rooms. People batlie in tlie sea, and 215 then go into the rooms to wash and ehange tlieir clotJies. They are wasiimg and dressing rooms, eaeh one being a kind of lavatory. They are easy of a€cess, conveniently arranged and snugly kept. Of them there ai'e more than two thousand. Above and below tlie pavilions are the sites at whieh tiie " batlier " goes down into the sea. Tne approaeh to the water is easy and convenient.- The bottom of the sea is smootii, and slopes away gradvially. Hence, these batiiTng grounds are good, mueli I'esorted to, and are ra])Tdly acq-uirmg a wide spread re- nown. Viewed from the pavilion, tliey are delightful. In them, upon ii clear warm day, diiring tiie " bathmg season," may be seen a tiiousand at a time. Parallel to tiie beaeh, and but a few feet to the west of it, extends Ocean Aveniie. It is wide, commands an extensive view over tiie sea, IS well " bedded " and is a sviperb drive. Along tiie west side of this street iire fine cottages and large hotels. Here iire the choicest places for tiiose in cj-iiest of fine scenery, tiie fresliest breeze from ^le sea, and an opportunity to see a daily parade of fine 216 carriages and handsome teams. Here are lodged Mie wealtliy and Mie elite. Parallel to tliis street, otiier thorouofhfares extend from lake to lake. Of tliese, tiiere are seven. Of ^le seven, Main street is ^le most westward, and it is tiie ene on whieh Mie most business is done. On this street are large stores, fine shops, sriitable markets, good ho- tels and the like. Hei'e are obliging mer- ehants, aeeommodatmg hucksters, complaisant landlords and busy meelianics. West of tliTs street are scattered groups of buildings. In these dwell those whose appropriate name would be the Sharps, tlie Cateliems and the Skinners. Here live siieli as thrive by dealing. A little nortli of tlie center of Asbiirv Park IS a beautiful sheet of water called Sunset Lake. Its banks are graceful, and, by tlie hand of tlie artist, iire rendered ornate. Around this lake is a beautiful drive — wide, level and winding. Witlim tlie lake is an island. Upon tliTs, is a very inviting ice cream garden, — mueh freq-uented by tlie epi- cnre and the lovers of " q-uiet," On the south side, ^Ts island is rea-e4ied by a bridge whieh extends from tlie foot of Grand Aveniie; and 217 on Mie norfeli side by a bridge ^at extends from Packard Avenue. The depot at Asbiiry Park is a station at will ell IS done a great deal of business — more Mian at any oilier place along tlie beaeh. The grounds upon wliieli it is, are spacious and €lean. The buildings are large and eoiiven- lent. Around them, at tlie advent of the trains, are gathered in a long, cirelTng range, omnibuses, stages, eoaehes, bretts, phaetons, buggies and vehicles of almost every other style tliat man has invented. Here, at train time, IS hurry ; here is bustle ; here is excite- ment. Here men, women, ehildren, €oaehmen, clerks, €lowns, dandies, fops, servants, resi- dents, guests and strangers move m throngs, and mix thro and ^ro like swarming bees. But, when the train has been gone about fifteen minutes, one €ould hardly muster a corporal's guard. Everytlimg is q-ulet ; there is hardly a man to be found. And, so it remains until time for the next train. The citizens of Asbiiry Park are various. They are divisible into five classes. In tlie first class we may rank all those who own property and live upon it perennially. In Mie K 218 second class, we may place those who own residences here, and are here during ^e warm weafeher only. In the third class, we may piit ^lose who visit tlie place and stay as l^oarders during the hot weather. In the fourtli, we may reckon such as come to the place to do business dui'Tng that season in whieh the town is filled with boarders. The fifth class are such as are employed regularly — such as clerks, meeliantcs, laborers, team- sters and the like, who make ^e place ^eir home. The members of the first class, as a rule, are industrious, enterprising, intelligent, polite and generous. They iire social and i>hilaii- thropTc. They are the salt of the place. Those belonging to the second class, as a rule, are opulent, intelligent, industrious, ur- bane, generous and benevolent. They are siieh as are doing an extensive business m the crowded cities of our nation, and feel that it IS proper that their 1 ainllTes should enj(W, during the hot weatlier, better air and more genial environments than are common to cities during the Summer monttis. They are sueh as, goaded on by Mie pressure of bust- 219 ness dvirmg the season of trade, or, overstock- ect with €ares from professional avo€ati6ns, usually become tired, enervated and relaxed at the advent of ^le hot season and need, for rest and reeuperiition, some c]-u!et place with eheerful environs, pleasant scenery, genial com- pany and €ool, salubrious breezes. During their sojourn at their seaside resi- dences, they are affable and complacent, eheer- ful and gay. They employ tiiemselves at sueh tilings, and in su-eh ways, as best con- duce to a relaxation from business and a freedom from cares. Thus, ^ey favor that condition of the system that is necessary to buoyancy, renovation and TnvTgoration. Those of tiie MiTrd class are usually well to do people who have become tired from sedu- lous attention to business ; or, who have been prostrated l)y disease ; or, who wish to see the ways of the villagers by ^le sea, and can be away from home but for a short season. In ^le social circle, as a rule, they are polite, generous, Tntelllgent and complacent. They are frugal in tlieir boarding economy, mod- erate Til dress, and circumspect in their de- portment. With tiiem, time is spent in sueli 220 amusements, m sueh sports, or in sueh em- ployments, as conduce to a relaxation from •care, a freedom from anxiety, a relief from harassing pains and mental tension, and tend to the renovation of tlie body and tlie mind. In tlie fourth class are those who come to ^e place to traffic, or to work, while Mie place IS filled with visitors and boarders. To tliis class belong tlie Sharps, the Catehems, and the Skmners, and their relatives, the DolTttles. Of ^lese, some are siieh as think it manly to deceive a little, to drive a fraudulent bargain, to cheat m the sale of small tilings, to extort in renting on sliort leases, to detain travellers, to jockey m making purchases, or to get exorbi- tant wages for doing small jobs. Some are fellows who have not a very good reputation at home, — such as tricksters, petty hucksters, jockey liverymen, ^iree-cent sliopkeepers, sev- en-by-nine medianics, cheating contractors, deceiving porters, braggart coachmen, boast- ful hostlers, and third-rate laborers. Of this class, the visitor, iipon entering tiie place, meets a great many. Upon every side he IS beset with crowds of this impHdent class. And, accordingly, at first, he suspects 221 that the village eon.sists entirely of sharpers and s€CRindrels. Indeed, thei'e are in Asbury Park, a plenty of tiiem ; of tiiis kind, we tliTnk ^e place has its full sliare. Asbury Park is a place of rapid growtii. In 18(39, the plain on whi-eli tiie village now stands was a wilderness, — a jungle eonsTsting of trees of pine, oak, maple and ehestniit, so thickly interspersed wTtii an iindergrowtli of brambles, huckleberry buslies, €ali€o busiies, stagger buslies, green briers and sarsaparillas that 111 many places, he who went thro it was obliged to go upon his hands and knees. There were aboiit 500 acres of it, and not a building upon it. During that yeai", it was assessed at $15,000. In the latter part of 1870, James A. Bradley piirehased tiie tract for $90,000. In 1879, it was assessed at $750,000. In 1880, it was estimated at $1,- 000,000; in 1882 Tt was assessed at $1,500,000. Asbury Park has eight ehur^i edifices — Episcopalian, Reformed, Baptist, CatliolTc, Methodist, Presbyterian and two colored. In the place, is a Business College. There are also several excellent private schools. The public school house, in MiTs place, is large and 222 convenient. It €ost nearly .flO,000. The school employs thirteen teachers and has 800 piipils. In ^e place there is a reading room that IS open diirTng ^e entire year. There is a newspapei' ^lat has a cTreulation of 3500 ; a post office that does more business than any o^er post office at any watering place on the continent ; two public halls, and over 1,000 cottages. The permanent pojDulation, as per census of 1880, was 1,685 ; in 1882 it was 4,000. Dur- ing the Summer, the population is greatly in- creased. It IS estimated that not less than 20,000 people sojourn here diirTng tJie hot weather. To accommodate visitors, large boardtng houses are needed. And there are a plenty of them, and of tiie best order. The largest boarding hoiise, the Coleman House, kept by Mrs. Coleman, accommodates 500. There are otliers ranging from 400 down to 200. Besides these, tliere are scores of lesser capacity, tiiat afford eq-iially as good, if not better, advantages. Asbiiry Park is famous for excursions. From ^le beginning of hot weather till Au- tumnal frosts, excursions arrive almost daily. 223 As a rule, the excursion arrives in Mie morn- ing and leaves in the evening. To accommo- date excursionists, the cosmopolitan spirit of the citizens has induced ^lem to make ample and suitable arrangements. Indeed, much of tiie fame and popularity of Asbuiy Park has arisen from the generosity of the citizens m providing for the excursionists who stay only a day. So popnlar are the excursions, and from so many places do they start, tliat, by excursions 25,000 people have come to this famous resort in a single day. Asbury Park is a place in which there are no houses licensed to sell alcoholic intoxicat- ing beverages. Hence we never see stagger- ing or lolling drunkenness here. However large the crowds may grow, ^lere is no chance for drinking and toxic revelry. Asbury Park was incorporated March, 1874. From the beginning, ^e affairs of tlie place have been manipiilated and directed by Mr. James A. Bradley. This shrewd and l>hTlanthropic gentleman foresaw what the times needed ; and, to effect what he con- ceived to be proper, he brought his purse and his intellectiial powers to bear upon the pro- 224 je€t. The result whieh he has aehieved, is unparalleled m history. As we directed our course from Asbiiry Park toward Deal, we passed a site long to be remembered. It is the residence of Mr. Frank OorlTes. Concerning Miis place, while upon a former trip, we wrote as follows : "At half-past six o'clock last evening, June 14th, by the kindness of Mr. Frank Corlies, we pitehed our tents upon a very convenient and a very beautiful spot. This spot is m the grove that environs the cottage of our esteemed host, Mr. Frank Corlies. The kind- ness and generosity of ^is man is sueh ^at when he learned that we were m q-iiest of a site for an encampment, he invited us to en- camp upon his lawn, and extended to us the privilege of using for our comfort whatever we could avail ourselves of. This offer we gladly accepted. " The spot is not only beautiful but well suited to tenting. The grove is dense and shady ; and tlie sward is level, dry and neatly tended. Here we felt at home and passed a comfortable and pleasant night. " Ere we hadj^our tents pitched, the good 225 lady, Mrs. Corlies, extended to iis an invita- tion to use for tlie night, tiie spare rooms in her mansion. This hospitality we keenly ap- preciated; but, owing to certain reg illations, of long standing in the Academy, we were obliged to deeline this generous ofier and abide m o^ir tents. " But, long will we remember Mr. and Mrs. Corlies and their eottage upon the bank of Deal Lake. " The €ottage and environs whieh form one of Mr. Corlies' Summer residences, possess many features of attraetion. This residence IS situated m the north part of Asbiiry Park — somewhat removed from ^le busy part of the place and q-alte seeluded. " The gro^mds slope gradually and gracefully from one of the main avenues northward to the water in Deal Lake. Excepting where €ut away for buTldings and drives, it is beauti- fully wooded with native forest trees. These trees are trimmed to suit tlie exq-uTsTte taste of the landlord. Among tliese, about a hun- dred feet from the lake, upon a slight emi- nence, the cottage stands. It is beautiful — a piece of exq-uisite arehiteetui'e — designed and 226 built by the gentleman who owns it. In it and abwit it, are all Uie conveniences that modern art €an supply. Snugly nestled in a grove of native oak and pine, when viewed from the lake, its ornate gables, spacious piazzas and neat balustrades, form a spot in ^le landscape, ihe most beautiful, the most €Ozy and the most inviting. Even a casual passer, as he sails up the lake, observes that there is the secluded villa of some pensive soul, — there is the c(4iTet resort of some family who love to devote tiieir leisure to thought and peaceful meditation." DEAL. Deal is but a hamlet. So are Oceanville and Elberon. Altho mueh talked of, the traveler passes thro them unconscious that he is going thro a settlement that has a name. lo:n^g branch. Long Braneh is a place of grandeur, — a place of splendor. Here excellent drives, a spacious road, beautiful lawns, excj-uTsite par- 227 terres, neat hedges, ornate fences, artistic €ot- tages, and palatial residences, €onspire to make a lands€ape that is uniq^ie and grand. Here eaeh one seems to vie with the other in the attempt to expend upon his lawns and his mansion, upon his barn and his stables, his €oaehes and his phaetons, his harness and his horses, all the money extravagant €6ntra€t6r8 €an use. The style of arehlte^ture in Long Bran^ IS very various. As a rule, it is tasteful. In every €ase ^e buildings are sueh as to show ^e lavish hand of the over-opulent. The faults, if any there are, consist in an excess of ^e ornate. And yet, m no ease is ^ere an appearance of brilliant show. Nor does the splendor of the edifices depend iipon gay €616rs. Altho eaeh building Is well painted, there is not a gay colored house in this village by the sea. In these buildings, the elements of beauty consist in the conveniences of the arrangements, in the central or essential part of fehe buildings, the adaptation of the site upon which the edifice stands, ^le strong and well projecting roof, the ornate gables, the cozy recesses, the spacious piazzas, ^e artistic 228 verandas, the tasteful windows and tlie invit- ing approaehes. So careful of variety have been the arehi- teets of Long Braneh tJiat, in the entire place, I think tiiere are not two houses alike. This, of itself, is an element of beaiity. Ea^ buildifig relieves the other. Hence that lively and inviting expression everywhere apparent. Here no one wearies with viewing palatial residences. Numerous as they are, every lover of areiiiteetiire is eager to see them all. !Nor does ©nee viewing them satiate. He who has 0nce ^ritieally viewed them, finds his ap- preciation of the ornate in arehiteetiire awak- ened, or fired, and, iipon a seeond viewing, he experiences more pleasure and satisfaction than he did at first. In the arehitectiire at Long Braneh, we see very little of Miose old Grecian styles — the Doric, the Ionic and the Corintliian ; or the old Roman styles — the Tuscan and the Com- posite. However, in some of the large hotels, these old styles — freely modified — are the dominant featilres. Indeed, to the eye of the modern man, tlie orders of the Greeks and Romans are not in good taste in anything, ex- 229 eept a public building. This notion, the arehiteets of Long Bran^i have sedulously guarded. The environs of the edifices of Long Braneh are exq-uisite. For ^le most part they €onsist of lawns, drives and parterres. The drives are elegant, spacious and eonvenient. They are solid and elean. In many eases, there is no partition fence, or partition hedge, to divide one residence from anotlier. So, the drives of one place freq-uently Tnoseulate with those of anotlier. This is a thing of beauty. It gives to tliese neighboring residences a generous, a social, a friendly appearance. It enables one to see that the people of tlie place iire filial, courteous and benevolent. The lawns are large, closely sliorn, very thrifty and very tasteful in pattera. They are, as a rule, quite level. If they were a little more undulating they would appear more pleasing. Ho^vever, there are so many ele- ments of beauty in these lawns that they never fail to please. The parterres are numerous and beautiful. They are seldomly large. To a great extent, Miey consist of foliage plants. As respects 230 pattern, ^ey are tastefiil and elegant. A few more flowering plants, judu-iously arranged, would add greatly to Mie beauty of many of these superb residences. As a rule, ^ere is very little shrubbery at Long Braneli. Shade trees are very s€Srce. Excepting the residence of General Grant, there is searcely any shrubbery or shade trees, upon any of the places. Why this negle€t, I €annot tell. The General's place supports a beautiful growth of pines and of native and f oreign deciduous trees. The residences at Long Branch are built upon a single street, whieh is about four and a half miles long. This extends parallel to ^le strand, and is not more ^laii five hundred feet from the sea. It is broad, not paved, desti- tute of shade, and (j-uite straight. Along this, the buildings on the side next to the ocean are so wide apart as to leave extensive interspaces. Relative to these interspaces, the residences on the other side of tiie street are so lo-t-ated that they command an unobstructed view of the wide spreading sea. Hence ^e buildings on both sides of ^Ts aveniie are so located as to admit, from ^eir porticos and verandas, an 231 extensive view over the sea and over the land. As the shore here is elevated abwit forty feet above mean tide, and as ^le groiind here IS q-iiite level, as one rides over this street, on ^le ene side he looks out over the ocean, as far as the limit of vision ; on ^e ot^ier side, he looks over a beaut ifiil well-tilled agrleiil- tural distriet, as far as ene €an see. This street is perpetually fanned by a breeze. From noon till midnight, there is a breeze from ^e sea ; from midnight till noon a breeze from the land. Hence, in whatever time m the day ene ehooses to ride, he enjo^^s a current of ah*. During the early part of ^le day things at Long Braneli are very q-nlet — especially upon the street. In fa€t, ene passing thro this village by the sea, about tJie middle of the forenoon, might suppose that tlie place was deserted, or else, that in every house tliere was a preparation for a funeral. But, in ^e after part of Ae day, ^le scene ehanges. About 3 o'clock, there begins to be a stir. Fine eoaehes, fine horses, splendid harness and gay dresseg begin to appear. At first, 232 ^ere are biit few — mostly the yoiing — driv- ing at pretty good speed. As ^le evening advances, the number increases ; — soon there IS a €rowd ; — ere long the erowd has thicken- ed into a tlirong. 'Now splendor is at its height. The finest horses the nation €an sup- ply, dressed in harness mounted in silver and gold, draw carriages m whieh ride nabobs and nafs dressed m bro€ade and adorned with diamonds and gold. In the gaudy throng, here a Wall Street prince backs his prancing steed; there a pair of ^le youths of fortune ride ill an open ehaise ; here a lordlTng family drives a splendid span; there a millionaire ranges his mated four. On &e drive at Long Braneli, it is not un^- €ommon to see, to a light wagon, a neap or tong as large as that usually belonging to a tru€k wagon witli neap ehains as heavy as those used by wood-€arters. These neap ehains are sometimes made of solid silver; biit more freq^iently they are forged of Iron and then heavily plated with silver or gold. To a handsome team, tliese shining ehains give a gay appearance as well as an appear- ance of wealth. 233 The harness usually seen upon the horses, during tlie gala part of the day, are very showy — often so miieh so as to detract from the beauties of the horses. The straps com- posing tiie harness are usually wide — not for strengtli, but to afford places for large showy buckles, and for extensive ornate niMintTngs. Indeed, whatever €an be done for displa}^ and the sliow of an expenditure of an enormous sum of money is done here. In this display, it seems tliat the effort is not to show who €an exhibit tlie finest, tlie most beautiful, the most ornate ; but rather, who €an show that iipon whi#h has been lavTslied the greatest €ost. Indeed, it seems that the owners of these "fine tilings" have a low grade of what artists €all "taste for tlie beaiitiful." Cer- tainly, if "the beantiful" were the desider- atum, ene-tenth of the €ost would make a display tiiat would entirely eclipse any^mg that has ever been seen at Long Braneh, even upon tlie most celebrated of her gala days. Biit we must remember that this display is not made to please artists, nor yet the lovers of Mie beaiitTful ; biit rather to please ^le lovers of wealth and the votaries of fasliion. 234 Nor do we see artists here ; nor yet ^lose who love art. Nor is anyMimg displayed, in all ^iTs vast yirong" of splendor-adorned people, horses and ^oaehes, the work of art. No, not a thing. Whatever is here is bnt ^le work of ^e artisan — the work of the mere nieehanic — the work of men whose eyes are blind to the elements of the beavitifnl, but, open wide to the discernment of gold, and to the aveniies thro whieh €6me siims of "filthy lii€re." Indeed, most of what we here see is entirely ont of taste, out of proportion and out of symmetry; and notJimg else (at least noth- ing in keeping with taste) would siiit these nabobs and nafs. For the beautiful, for sym- metry, they have not even the shadow of taste ; with symmetry their whole lives are at vari- ance. Of one side of a subjeet they take a view. This side is the one upon whieli gold IS. This side is examined, scrutinized and valTled. All other sides of the article in q-uestion are scarcely wortii their considera- tion. Such people are easy to please. Show them ^le golden side of an object, and let ^em see that ^ere is gold in it, then all is well. Whatever may be the appearance of the 235 o^er side ; however grotescj^ie and ugly ; how- ever disproportioned and unseemly ; if Hiere IS an abundant sliow upon Mie side tliat is set to view, especially if the thing €an l^e said to be ill tlie latest style, — it is fixed. It satisfies. Nor IS tlie j>hys'iq-ue of tiiese votaries of wealth and fashion more in aeeordance with the elements of the beaiitTful. The ugliest specimens of humanity that I have ever no- ticed, I have seen at Long Bran^i. 0€€as ion- ally there is a €oa6h-driver whose appearance IS passable, or even good. And, sometimes there are seen waitmg-maids whose })}iysif|4ies are paragons. But, among ^le elite — dear me! To give yoil some idea, I will instance a few specimens. Here is a fellow twenty-five years old. lie IS four feet ten Tnelies tall ; he is hum[)- backed, high shouldered, bow-kneed, "parrot toed," — wTtii a €orn on every toe ; head up- pish, nose enormous, moutii awful, ehiii sliiirp, high eheek bones, forehead reti'eating, 0€cTput prominent. He ajDpears best when sitting — covered witli a large cloak or sliawl, — under a broad brimmed hat, well drawn down over his 236 face, late m that period of the day whi^ the Seoteh €§11 the gloaming. He is ^le son of a Wall Streeter; and he has "^le dimes." Here is a lady aged twenty-ene, — height five feet eleven Tnehes, hiimp shoulders, €on- traeted ehest, knock-kneed, "durham" ankled, dwarf feet, "corned toes," head iippTsh, nose long and prominent, and a little knobbisli at the end ; ehin a f ailiire, eheek bones wide, ears large, forehead narrow and retreating ; brow dark and heavy, oecTpiit enormously projeetmg, eyes little, round and black, and almost as sliarp as a gimlet ; nostrils wide, and moutli openTsli. She walks like a frozen footed pullet — one up and one down. She ap- pears best at that time of Mie dHy when twi- light IS verging into total darkness. She has good lineage — is said to be Ae daughter of a Wall Streeter. Here is ^abob B., a large fellow — six feet four, with deep ^est and full round body, stands so straight that he leans a little back- ward ; broad, full, rounded hips ; too mueh thigh for tight pants, an enormous foot wTth spreading toes, head high, nose strong, eheek bones broad, eheeks well rounded, ears small — 237 hardly perceptible, ^m broad and strong, mouth wide and horizontal, forehead high and broad, brow heavy, an eye for looking thro the stock market ; steps high, looks higher, and woe to tlie small fellow Miat happens in his way. He steps around with that grace and dignity peeulTar to tlie Shanghai rooster. His speeeli €an be understood — biit not easily des€rlbed — it is something between ^lat of a stork and ^lat of a gander. He is one of tlie 8U€cessful Wall Streeters. He has coined it, and he has his €oaeh and four. This nabob mounts his coaeh. Beside him sits his wife — as dear a little toady as ever watelied flies from beneatli a plantain leaf. From side to side she is wide enough, but m ^e other' direetion she is woefully wanting — too flat. From her ehm down, she is essentially straight, save the bulging out above the hips at ^at place where otiier women are usually slender. Toad necked, toad footed, toad nose, toad eyes, toad moutli, toad forehead. She sits iipon the -carriage seat somewhat as a frog sits upon a stone m tlie edge of a spring wall. As tlie carriage moves along, you see her leaning a little forward to get the fresh air, — 238 perhaps to ease her back, or to show her bro- cade and exhibit her diamonds. And these diamonds ! and that heavy gold eham! How well they adorn that alabaster toad neck ! And tJiat gold lace! How gracefully it man- tles that flat bosom ! And that brocade ! How fittingly Tt flows over those stubby, half akimbo wed alabaster arms! And then when she alig'hts from the €ar- riage, — bless me! What a pose! Biped (Quadruped! Hexapod! One leg, no legs,— pei'haps a tetradecapod! But. legs enough, slirely ! Biit, can she lise them ? Aye, siie can! Srire enough. There she goes! And that gait! Well, its sometiiTng between a waddle and a canter. But it's beyond descrip- tion ! And she is sueh a loving little creature — you can see that in her eyes. Aye, yoii can see it all over her. Even her very gait shows tliat she IS an affectionate little creature ! Just the one to love that great Leviatlian, ^lat suc- cessful Wall Streeter ! And how closely she "sticks'' to htm, and how lovmg they are ; and how^ complacent tiiey are; and wTtii what satisfaction ^ley 239 gaze upon ea^^i other! And how delightedly they look eaeh oyier in the face ! Bless me ! How €an sueli tilings be? How €an sueh affe€ti6n dwell in the breast of mortals? Siirely, this is beyond the ken of ]>iiiloso]>hy. And she is the mother of them ! — And he is the father of them! — "Them" two descend- ants of the Wall Streetei-s. Perhaps some one Tnc^ilres whether they have any more. Well, I don't know, — guess not — thmk it's hardly possible there should b5 any more in that family. Those who have studied tiie laws of procreation state ^lat the best specimens of hiimanity are the least prolific. And well it IS so. For, were Mie offsprings of siieli par- ents very niimerous, we would be obliged to have this place enlarged, or else another Long Braneh. And, where in the w^orld would we have Tt ? Siirely, it would never do to have siieh specimens running at liii-ge. No, no ! Not in the country anyhow! They would scare otir young ones out of tiieir senses. Well, the people at Long Braneh are not all alike. They do not all come iip to the specimens above described. Nor do ^ey all come from Wall Street. Some are from Cin- 240 cinnati; some are from Chicago; some from St. Loirs ; some from J^ew Orleans ; some from — well, I am not obliged to tell where tiiey are from. ]S^ow, the environs of tiie place h'om whieh eaeh nabob €6mes, develop in him certain pe- culiarities. These pecullaiities, when set to work, give very great variety to the society at Long Bran^. And sueh varl ety ! Well ! Well ! Matehless ! Iiieif able ! But, notwiMistanding this great variety, there are certain prominent fa-etors common to all. These factors are the ability to get gold, and the love for a display of it; or of what it will buy. These factors are common to all, and are the cementTiig- elements of tlie .... 5 , — & society at Long Braneli. The conversation of this society is gold and display, rielies and f ashion. SEA BRIGHT. Sea Bright is a place of splendor located upon the Sandy Hook peninsula. It is rap- idly growing, and is, parexcellence, the home of the fast — tlie resort of sports. It Is well 241 laid (Hit, pleasantly Ideated, has pleasant di'ives, €ostly buTldTngs, and a })leasant sea front. Soon, it will be one of Hie foremost of liie villages by Uie sea. The people here are opulent and enterprising. As tiie boys say, " they are tip to siiiiti'" and mean to keep so. Map of Central New Jersey. Ringoes, a. Flemington, b. Woodsville, d. Hopewell, c. Rocky Hill, «. Kiii.u;st(iii, f. Miuiiuiiutli .luiic-tion, g. Daytiin, //. 1. BanicKiit Bay. 2. Meteclecouck. 3. Maiiasqiian. 4. Shark River. Jaiiio.sliurg', /. Englislitowii, /. Freelidld, /.-. Bluel.all. Farmingdali', /. Manas(|uaM, in. Bay head, v. Long Branch, / TOWNS. AslmryPark, ) Ocean Grove, J (_)ccanport, q. EatoMtiiwn, T. Tinton Falls, t. Leedsville. Holnidale, s. Matawan, v. Keyport, «. .Jacksonville, ic. Old Bridge, .r. Washington, j-r. New Brn IIS wick. Millstone, zz. SnnKMville. (in. RIVERS, CREEKS AND HIL,I.S. .'■.. Shrewsbury. '••. Jlilistone Kaiitan. (J. Navesink. " 10. South Brancli of VI. Neshauic. 7 South Kiver. Karitan. IH. Malard Brook. 8 Raritau. 11, North Branch d 14. IMail HilU. 243 Camp 'Nfay Bkiinswick, 3 A. M., Jink 28, 1882. About 7 o'c'lock, we piteliect our tents, scKitlieast of ]N"ew Brunswick, lipon an emi- nence tiiat overlooks tiie city, tlie Karitan KTver and liie surronnding €<)iintry, for many a mile. From UiTs site tlie prospect is de- lightful. From tiie foot of Mie liTIl on wliTeh our camp is, tiie i)lain of tiie Rarltan extends nortrhward to tlie base of First Mountain. Our elevation is sueli tliat tJie plan of tiie city, and everytliing- of interest in it, or about, is taken in at a single view. Eastward, tiie broad flood plain of Mie Kiiritan stretelies away as far as we €an see. The silvery sheen of the meandering river extends eastward un- til it widens into the Bay. Upon her waters glide large steamers, heavy sloops and lesser sails. Til great numbers, while, far away upon her banks, we descry beaiitiful to-wns and thriving villages. We broke camp ^iis morning at (3 o'clock. We directed our course thro Eatontown, TTnton Falls, Leadsville, Holmdel, over Bea- con Hill, tliro Manasc|4ian, Jacksonville, Old BrTdge, MYUtown, to thTs place. 244 EATONTOWN. Eatoiitowii IS a vTllao^e tJiat bej^an to be a place of note very early Tn^Mie bistory of our €Ountry. It Ts an "old time vTllage," cj^iiet and staid. It abo^mds in eliurelies and Tn pious people. An old BaptYst minister ITvYng Tn the pliicc, tells me tliat Hiere are entirely too many ehiirehes — makes the congregations too small and tlie salary too tliTn for tlie preaehers. TINTO:Nr FALLS. This, too, IS an old time village. It is, as it long has been, a center for milling, storing, and the like. It is bnilt upon the banks of the Hockhockson, a braneh of the ^avesink River. It derives its name from ^le Falls that are in tlie stream at this place. WiUiin tills village are two points of inter- est of whieli I sliall speak at lengfeli — as Miese points of interest were the determining ele- ments of our course homeward. 1st. The Falls. At ^iTs site ^e water pours ovei' a ledge of rock al^out 20 feet high. The rock is «a conglomerate, abounding in 245 Ferri€ Suli>hlde. In some places, the Ferrie Suli>hide forms a large per cent, of tlie rock. As UiLs sii]]>liurous €ompoiind is more easily a€ted upon by tiie water than tlie othei' ele- ments of Ihe rock, tlie places abo-undmg most in it, are Hie most c(4iTclliur. It has a faint smell pe-ciiluir to Hydrogen Sul- ]>hide. As seen Tn the sprTng or I'Tll whTeli flows fi-om Tt, Tt Ts entirely c-lear and transpar- ent. Biit tile trougli tJu'o wliT-eh Tt Tssues, Ts densely €oated wTth sulj)li[uroiis ^ompwuids, so mu-eh so, tiiat one might yiTnk that Tt had he^n artifTcially plastered over wTtii sueh ma- 246 tenal. And, as it flows in the rill, eaeh pebble upon its bottom, and eaeh blade of grass tiiat ehanees to bend over into its current, is ^iTekly enerusted with yellowish sul}>liiirous compounds. This water is palatable, and, I believe, healtrliful. Locally, it has the reputation of possessing medicmal properties. The ground on whieh the spring is, Ts an Indian reserva- tion. It no^v belongs to the State. It is fenced, snugly walled lip witli brick and cov- ered wTMi boards. Fi"om Long Braiieh to Tiiiton Falls, tiie surface of tiie country is almost level ; yet, the soil 18, for tiie most part, well drained, fertile and well tilled. Garden farming is ex- tensively practiced. Vegetables, for tlie sea- side villages and for 'New York city, are pro- duced 111 abundance. There lire many or- ehards here and mueli fruit. The small fruits here receive special attention. The buildings are spacious, tasteful and well located. The fences are good and the roads excellent. In- deed, this IS a fruitful and a delightful section of country. 247 LEADSVILLE. JjeadsvTlle is a hamlet iipon U\e hiUy pai't of Moninoutii. It is surrcHiiided by a fertile district tiiat IS under excellent tiltrli. HORSE STOCK EAKM. Between Leads vTlle and Hoinidel is tlie farm owned by J. D. Williers, of horse-race notoriety. This fiirm, €ontamTng 450 aeres, IS under excellent tTlfeli. Upon it is a race- €Ourse. Here, too, are tlie stables in whieli iire kept the stallions, mlires, €olts and race horses of tills noted horseman. From afar, tlie stabes are seen. They are very extensive, and very €onveniently arranhospiiorTc acTd, potassa and mag- nesia. It Ts an excellent fertTiizer. When applied to tlie land at tlie rate of a hundred loads to the acre the soil becomes very fertTle, and sustains a luxurTant growth of tlie cereals, vegetables, tlie small fruits and tlie like. ThTs Ts yie fertTiizer wTth whTeli tlie farmers of MonmoiiA have so greatly enrTehed the soil of ^eir farms. 253 As ii rule, the soil of the hills of Monmouth IS a sandy loam, is easy to till and is devoted to garden farming. And, to this kind of tilth, it IS well adai)ted. Here iire eiiltlvated strawber- ries, raspberries, blackberries, grapes, peaehes, plums, aprl€ots, pears and api)les ; radislies, beets, onions, turnips and parsnips ; celery, lettuce and asparagus ; peas and beans ; early eoi'ii ; pumpkins, sq-uaslies, watermelons, musk- melons, &c., &c. From Mie farms, several hundred thousand dollars wort^i of garden produce go to Isew York annually. And, to tliousands of laborers, tliese farms give em- plcH^nient. The strawberry erop is no^v lij^e ; and the farmers are busy. It is not unusual to see, in a single field, fifteen laborers — men, women and eliTldren. Many of tiiese are fresli from the cities or from large villages, and will stay here only during the fruit-gatliering season. When tJie fruit is gatliered, tliey will return to then- homes, or find emplo^^ment some- where else. Indeed, in Monmoutli, the Spring and Summer are lively. Everybody tliat will work IS employed. Good wages are paid, and everybody seems to have money. 254 Besides the garden farniYng, many of the general field erops are eiiltlvated. Here grow luxuriantly, wheat, rye, €orn and grass. And, biit for the cireumstance tliat garden farinino: pays better ^laii the eiilture of the cereals, Monmouth would eq-ual, if it did not excel, any €Minty in the State — or in tlie Union — in yie produ€ts of rye, wheat and €orn. Upon tJie plains of Monmoutli, there is less garden farming and more attention is given to the culture of the cereals. Of tJie cereals, Monmouth, aere for acre, produces hei' siiare. During the afternoon, while we were pass- ing tiiro tiiat part of MonmoutJi in whieh grows the strawbei'iy, there occurred a very severe sliower. Thereupon ^lere occurred a panic among the strawberry pickers. This we witnessed. It was lively. In many re- spects it was laughable. We fail to see why a man should run to get CH.it of the rain after he has become soaked with water. After the slio^ver, along the road, were not a few strawberiy pickers. All of them had tongues ; all of tliem could talk. And, in case one did not want a tart reply, it was best to ask no cj-uestions, nor to make any remarks. 255 Among tiiemselves, there was ceaseles.s jab- bering. Generally, the subje€t of conversa- tion related to tlie number of baskets of berries he or slie €oiild pick in a specilied time, and tiie wages tiiey should, or could, get for Mieir labor. In general, this talk wjis pretty large. The styles of dress worn by tiiese berry pickers were numerous — sometimes attractive — often fantastic. For variety of styles, they exceeded anything we have met. Among the men the styles ran — high hats, low hats, fur hats, silk hats, wool hats, straw hats, no- crowned hats, no-rimmed hats ; tight pants, loose pants, sliort pants, almost no pants; heavy shoes, light shoes, high siioes, low slioes, no heeled shoes, no slioes at all ; dress coat, sack coat, sailor coat, roundabout, monkeytail, swallowtail, no tail ; white siiTrt, elieck sliirt, red sliirt, dirty shirt ; gloved hands, bare hands ; bare arms, bare backs, bare breasts, bare feet and bare legs. Among the women, the styles were — long skirts, sliort skirts, loose skirts, tight skirts, make believe skirts ; large flounce, small flounce, ruflled flounce, fringed flwmce. 256 floiiiice before, flcKince behind, flounced off; basq-Lie tight, basq-ae loose, wT^ long sleeves, short sleeves, no sleeves ; hats slapped iip be- fore, hats slapped up behind, hats slapped up at the side, hats wTtliaut slaps ; straw hats, velvet hats, broad rimmed hats, no rimmed hats, rag hats, no hats. The faces of these ladies were as various as their dresses. There were lono^ faces, short — — — o , — ^ faces, straight faces, erooked faces, hideous faces, dirty faces, smutty faces, and very many impudent faces. MATAWAN^. Matawan, formerly ealled MTddletown Point, IS a village that began to be a place of busi- ness long ago. In many respe€ts, it is an " old-time " village. It has a population of about 2500. It is quite compact. The streets are broad, well piked, and well supplied Avith shade trees. The buildings, in many eases, are old-time structures — plain, substantial, convenient and inviting. As a rule, the en- virons of the dwellings are tasteful and ample. A social, generous, enterprising people live here. 257 The elmrehes are plain, isiibstantial and spa- cious. The stores are large and well supplied wTyi mereliandlse. The slio])S are attractive. The hotels are clean, and seem to be properly kept. The bnsTness of Matawan Ts commei'ce, or \oeh\ trade. OLD BRIDGE. Old Bridge Ts a small village on tJie banks of Swith River. Here are two ehurehes — Baptist and MeyiodTst. The dwellings of this village are small and scattered. The land aroiuid U^q village is sandy and not well suit- ed to agi-Iculture. Yet, Tn some ])laces, Tt is tilled wTtli some degree of success. Along t4ie streams are flats. These, Tn some cases, are adapted to cranberiy culture. A beautiful mars^i of cranbei'i-Tes Ts tTlled along Tenant's Creek, near the road. In tiie uncultivated marslies, cranberrTes grow wild. In some places along tiie sides of the road, we saw tiie vines growTng luxiirTantly. The valley, or basTn of Soiifeli RTver, where we crossed Tt, Ts several miles wide, The soil 258 of this basm is, for the most part, sandy and wooded wT^i pine and an undergrowtli of huckleberry, stagger busiies, €almTa, mosses and liehen — excepting along the streams. Along the streams the soil is peaty, wet and marsliy. Upon it grow pines and swamp oak, wTtli an undergrowtli of black alder, brambles, smilax, ferns and wild cranberries. Here thrives the mosq-uTto ; and, here exists malaria. At MTlltown, iipon the banks of Lawrence Brook, are the water works that supply ISTew Brunswick wTtii water. Across this rivulet IS a substantial dam about twenty feet high, and perfectly level iipon the top. Over the edge of this dam from side to side, the water was pouring in a slieet about two inehes deep. The spectacle was grand and tlie noise awful, yet delightful. So liniforni was ^le stratum of falling water, and so level the bed of the stream into which it fell, that the sound pro- duced was a tone — a musical note — sustained with wonderful precYsion. This was a ^Tng that delighted and edified. 259 Academy of Science and Aet, RiNGOs, :N^. J., June 29, 1882. We arrived home this eveiiTng about 5 o'clock. All seemed joyous — glad ^lat tiie trip was completed. We broke €amp this morning at six o'clock. The sky was elear and the air salubrious. All were m good health and in good spirits. All complained of the mosq-aitos. Swollen faces, swollen eyes, swollen lips, swollen hands €Ould be seen anywhere in tlie party. Indeed, some of the faces are so swollen that tlie j>iiysiog- nomy appears hideous. I have seldomly known mosq4iTtos to be so voracious — so troublesome. At ]N^ew Brunswick, we visited Uie museum of Rutgers College. In tliTs museum, ai"e several rare specimens of minerals, many rare fossils and not a few rare animals. Notable amou"- the fossils are several liiro-e slabs of rock from White Hall, MontvTlle Townsliip, Morris Co., N. J. Upon these, are tlie tracks of animals of the reptilian age, as vTvTd as if made but yesterday. Notable among the stuffed sknis of animals, is tiie Ornitlioryn- 260 €hus — a €nrious ac|-uati€ animal, native of Anstralia. For study, tlie miiseum at Rutgers is won- derfully well arranged. We know of no mu- seum yiat IS better fitted up for study purposeg. The minerals are well classified, the fossils are arranged according to age, period and epoch, and Mie ornTMiologTcal col- lection consists of ^lose specimens siiited to the illustration of types. At Rutgers, tlie stiidents had a good time — prof itiible and pleasing. From N^ew Brunswick, we hastened home. The da}^ was favorable, the sky was clear, the air salubrious and the roads good. The stii- dents were eheerful and tlie time passed very pleasantly. The trip has been successful. We have sustained no accidents, l^o one has become sick. No one has become discouraged. From the dawn of tliat beaiitTfiil morning lipon whieh we left tlie Academy, until tlic twilight of this serene and saliibrToiis evening, there has been ceaseless eheerfulness, untiring in- dustry and ardent zeal. In every piirticiilar, the students h^v^e so nobly acq^-iitted them- 261 selves, ^lat I shall i-emember this trip to the sea as one of the best of nil my efforts at teaehiiig Tii tlie field. Nor less €ommendably €an I s))eak of my €olleagnes. Fi-om the f Trst to tlie last, lintlrTiigly, tliey have labored for tlie general €omfort of tlie party, and for the siiecess of the enterprise. APPENDIX A. Expenses Incurred in Making the Tour of Central New Jersey. In preparmg foi* a Toiii", Tt has been Mie eustom Uiat Mrs. Larlson — who is the direetor of yie €iiTsi]ie, — has stated to tlie students what amo^mt of provTsion is necessaiy for the trip, what amount of eaeli kind of provTsion will l)e needed, how Tt must be prepared and when Tt sliall be prepared or pro€iired ; — and when and how Tt slirdl be packed Tn the carry- all. Many of the students lire tiie daughters or sons of farmers. Hence, from home, can be taken many artTcles of tJie best of food, and at cost that Ts not felt. Those who are boardTng wTtii strangers, Tn or near tlie vTllage, and would have to piirehase whatever tiiey con- trT])uted towards tiie stock of provTsion, are 263 advised to invest tlie ammint tliat tliey iire expected to contribute in siicli things, as are of necessity or convenience, piireliased by the way. Sugar, coffee, milk, berries, fisii and the like can be bought by tiie wil}', as tliey are needed. And, by so doing, tlie load is made less. That it may appear ho^v tlie arrangement tor the provYsion for tliTs tour was made, I append the following talkie, — prepared by Mrs. Larison : Lambert Reed, fuhnished 15 lbs. sugar, (7;' lie $1 65 Mary Rudebock, *1 65 7 fts. sausage 87 2 loaves bread 20 86 eggs, @ .02 72 8 ibs. cheese, @ 15 1 20 2 tumblers jelly, @, 10 , 20 1 cake 30 3 49 Bknnte L. Johnson, 12 fts. clieese. @ 16 1 92 24 eggs 48 2 loaves bread 20 1 cake BO 2 90 Orviij.e Dilts, 5 fts coffee 1 25 30 light cake 30 bread 20 14 lbs. ham, (rt; 14 1 96 1 cake 30 4 01 264 Sarah, Mary and George Prali., 14 fts. ham, @ 14 1 96 (i loaves breaa 60 ')6 eiii>» 72 1 cake aO 3 o8 Jennie Dilts, 2 loaves biead 20 1 cake 30 1 doz. eggs 24 1 qt. salt 04 i It), pepper 16 6 tbs. crackers 75 1 doz. candles 18 1 87 Lizzie Larue, 8 ft)s. butter, @, 20 1 GO 14 eggs 28 2 cakes ; . . 60 28 jumbles 30 8^ lbs. dried beef, @ 25 2 12 2 cans of plums 40 3 loaves biead 30 5 60 C. W. Larison, 1 cak e 30 4 loaves bread 40 30 fts. ice 10 8 qts. strawberries, (aj .08 64 25 lb?, fisb, @ .06 1 50 6 qts. strawberries, @ 10 60 3| lbs. crackers 40 1 doz. lemons 23 3 beads cabbage 18 8 ttis. fisb, @. 08 64 4 99 Whole cost of provisions |28 09 Whole cost of provisions for each 1 76 Yacht hire 3 00 Tax of each for yacht hire 15 From the above, it appeal's that the entire €ost of provisions consumed while upon this toiir of 7 days, was |28.09 ; tiiat of tiiTs sum, eaeh was req-nired to pay $1.76 ; and ^lat eaeh 265 ©ne was taxed 15 cts. for liie hire of the yacht foi" tiie sail lipon liie Bay, making it -e-ost eaeli person for tiie entire trip, (excepting- team hire,) only fl.91, whieli Is abo-iit half of t^ie •e'ost of 7 days board In tlie village of KIngos. AVhen we had arrived home, tiie entire €ost of pi'ovisions and sileii oliier tilings (not re- lating to team or vehicle) as were lised by tiie party Avas ascertained, a dividend striick, and to tiiose who had €oiitrIbuted Tin amoiint more tlian tiiat Indleated hy tiie dividend was re- funded tiie amoiuit diie tlieni, while those who had not contributed ^le aincHint re(j4ilred were Informed ho^v niueli tliey were In arreai's, set- tled witii and tiie party disbanded. To show an approximate €ost of teams and vehicle while making a toiir, J ap[)eiid tiie bill of €0st for provender and for otlier expenses Ineiirred by tiie wily, In making tiie tour of Central ^^ J. 2 bn. oats $ 1)0 " '^ 1 20 1 bii. corn 50 1 b-.. oats 60 4 bu. oats, (ffj 75 .3 00 1 bale hay 1 60 2^ bu. oals 1 75 2| bu. oats 1 83 Sundry hardware 1 63 New tools 1 40 Land rent at the ocean 2 00 Kerosene 20 Rope 1 00—117 61 M APPENDIX B. OUR SAIL ON BARNEGAT BAY. AN ESSAY BY J AXE DTLTS. Read at the Sixfli Anmvermry of the Acarlemy of Scievcc and Art at Bitigos, N. J., Jidt/ 12th, 1882. WitJiTn liie eastern ITmTts of New Jersey, extends ^lat cj4ilet and beautTful Tnl)reakTno- of tile ocean €alled Barnegat Bay. On tlie west, it Ys bmmded by the inain land of ISTew Jer- sey ; on Mie east, by Sq-iian Peiiinsnla and a few small Islands. ThTs liay dTseliiirges Tts water Mirg several small inlets into tlie At- lantic Ocean. In lengtli, tliTs Bay Ts abwit twenty-eight miles, and Tts wTdtli ranges from 267 ©ne to ten miles. Tt is navigable, Mirooat its whole lengt4i, for small crafts, sueli as row- boats, sebooners, yachts and tiie like. For i)leasnrTng, wT^i a yacht, tliis bay is far famed. As we were desirous of knowing sometliYng of sailing, and of tiie pleasures at- tending an excursion upon water, it was de- termined tiiat we sliould ehai'ter a yacht and enjoy a sail. Almost everyone who has ever been sailing, feliTnks Tt pleasant ; and, to me, Tt Ts an exq-aisTte delight. My attention was so taken up wTlh tlie prospeet of a pleasant sail, that even before we left RTngos, I thought of Tt, talked of Tt, and almost dreamed of ^e pleasure we siiould have when we go sailTng. We believe Miat no small part of piety €on- sTsts Tn lookTng Tnto tlie works of the Creator, and Tn makTng an honest endeavor to appre- cTate and enj(W those thTngs, tJiat a wise Creator has foi'ined, to siiow mortal man the great €are ti^at hTs Maker has manTfested Tn €onstru€tTno: the elements of nature on the prTncIple of tlie beautTful and tlie good. In obedTence to tliTs fiiitli, we decided to praetTce piety, on Sunday, June 25th, 1882, by so dTs- posTng ourselves tJiat we €ould apprecTate the 268 beauties of the landscape of Bai'negat Bay and Its environs, and enjo^' that q-uiet, pensive condition of mind tliat attends tiie tJioughtfiil student when passively bronght into tiie sight of tlie beautiful, and under the influence of tiiose elements of I^^atTire ^at conduce to healtii and comfort, and leads him to render fit homage to the Divine Arelilteet. A€€ordmgly, we determined to arrange for a yacht, and fixed upon twelve o'clock, noon, as the time to set sail. At Bahed is a yacht ^-ompany owning four splendid yachts. These are kept to a€- 4tommodate sileli parties as may wisii to sail upon tlie bay. Eaeii yacht is manned by ii ^aptam and his mate. Of his yacht, ea^i €aptaTii IS very proud. And, of its "smart- ness," he IS evei' ready to tell extravagant stories. Of tiie affairs of this fleet of yachts, Elijah Chadwick, a warm friend of our Principal, is Commodoi-e. So, to secure a yacht, there was no difficulty. Indeed, when we were making arrangements for the yacht, tlie Commodoi'e manifested great ]Dleasure Tii having an oppor- tunity to f uriiTsli us wTtii an outfit. He said 269 we sliould have Ihe best yacht m Uie fleet, and he would send with it, the most expert and the most a€€omplTslied eaptain he had in his emplcH^ A€€ordTngly, the yacht named ]S[. W. Morris, was assigned to us for the day. Of tilts yacht Mr. Lewis Crane was the cap- tain. He seemed to be a man about tiiirty years old, — an individual of great experience and very polite. WTtli him, we were all mueii l)leased. In his vTsage, we €ould see he had determined to afford iis a fine sail, and a pleasant time. Indeed, it was very apparent yiat tlie €aptain felt pi-etty prMid of his yacht, of himself, and of liavTng the opportunity of taking the pai'tT^iilar friends of liTs emplcn^er out n})on sue4i an o€-easi6n. A€€or/lTngly, he had carefully dressed himself Tn liTs sailor siiit, whieli, to lis, was very attractive. Upon the band of hTs hat, and upon the belt with whidi he was girded, was the name of the yacht whTeh he commanded, as well as tlie nauic of himself. Thiis dressed and adorned, he made a fine appearance; and, I am not srire that some of us were not a little proud tc) be sent out wTtii a captain of sileh style and siieh capabilities 270 But, what was in tiie futui'c, was rj^ilte as un- known to us, as it was to hini. From the siibllme to Mie rldi^Tilous, there is but one short step. And, tJiis step is often taken when we are least prepared to bear its -eoiise- cj-uences. Our party consisted of sixteen persons. The yacht was manned by the captain and his mate. Hence, in all there were on board eighteen j^ersons. While the captain and hTs mate were get- ting tiie yacht out into tlie ehaimel, and all UiTngs seemed to be Avorking admirably, we asked him when slie was built. With this fj-uestion he seemed to be very mueh pleased, and with a considerable of pomposity, and a deal of complacency, he replied: "In the year 187G; but, she is just as good as new." With this statement and with his attention, he evidently saw we were very miich jjleased. While he was 3^et speaking, he ran tlie sail up to its fiill height, and we began to move rapidly, and oh! how delightfully. Every heart seemed glad. Delighted eyes looked into smiling faces, and happy voices greeted j(H^ful 271 ears. Indeed, we were as happy and as jhrases peeulTar to sailors when danger is nigh. The attention of all was now directed to the yacht and the wind. All was anxl ety ; but, sooner tJian tlie sails could be sliTfted, another gale swelled tlie canvas. This struck with such force that it broke the mast ofl" down short to its socket, and swept it and tlie sails clear of Mie deck. Held by tiie cordage, the mast with the canvas lay extended iipon the water by the side of the yacht. We were now in the middle of tJie bay completely wrecked and at ^e mercy of the wind and the waves. Biit, none of the party was hurt ; and, excepting the captain and M2 274 mate, only ene was frightened. Indeed, not a few of us langhect. It IS an old saying that tiiose who know nothing, fear notliTng. ThTs must have been the €ase with us. For, tlie captain was dumbfounded. Speeehless, for a moment he stood, surveying the wreck in amazement. The people on the shore, and those who were sailing at a distance were terribly excited ; so mueh so that as many of them as €ould, hast- ened to our relief. As soon as tlie captain was entirely satis- fied respecting tiie helpless -condition he was in, he siiouted for assistance. And, in tliTs effort, I don't believe an Indian could have made a louder or a more frightful noise. To tiie ends of the bay it flew, and, almost as soon as the echo from the high dunes and ^le distant pine forest was heard, we saw yachts and lesser barks sliTfting sail and heading toward our wreck. Hereupon, the captain, crestfallen and dis- mayed, m a kind of soliloquy, as he lookect up- on ^e sail and cordage floating upon tlie bay, shouted : " Every^iTng is overboard, but ^e mast and sail* and that is overboard too." 275 But, we were not long alone. In ten mm- lites, time, six boats were along side of Mie wreck, leady to render any aid we might need. In every €ase, the first Tncj^.i!i'y was : "Is any one hurt ? Is any one overboard '? " As soon as tiiey learned that no one had been Injured, they began to inq-uire the eause of yie disaster. To ^le first one Tnq-uirmg, the €aptam made this reply: "All is right now ; but, there €ame a heavy puff of wind that tried our sail. The boat stood still, while the mast took a knock down. All who €ame to oiir assistance, expressed gratification tliat we escaped harm, and so well maintained composiire. They told us Miat a yacht had already been sent out to take us from the wreck, and soon would be at hand. So, our anxiety was ended. The yacht whieh was sent expressly to re- lieve the wreck, and to take iis to complete the sail of tlie afternoon, was soon along side of our disabled bark. As soon as the invita- tion was given, we went on board. Her course was directed do^vn Mie bay. As we departed, we bade adieu to Captain Crane and his mate. The captain tried to keep up a 276 eheerfiil front ; l)iit it was too transparent. HTs feelings were too easily read. A sadder countenance was never seen npon a -crestfallen bravo, than tiie captatn presented when he stepped OTit of his wrecked yacht, into the little boat ^lat had been sent to convey him home. The name of tlie yacht tliat was sent to ouv relief is Anna. She is not q-iiite so large as the ]S^. W. Morris ; nor was there so inueh style about her. But, she was commodious and nicely arranged ; and we tried to persuade ourselves tliat slie was safer tlian the one on which we were wrecked. And tlien, we be- gan to say to each otlier : "After all, it is better to go in safety, even if our yacht does not look so stylTsii." Our new captain was an elderly man who had been 12 years upon tlie broad ocean. HTs countenance sliow^ed that he was stern, and he seemed to be very careful. WTtli him was his mate and an assistant. Conseq-iiently aboard of this boat were 19 persons. Fearing the unsteadiness of the wind, before starting, he took in a reef. Biit ^le wind soon l)ecame so 6tr5ng that we went q-iilte rapidly — just fast 277 enough to ride smoothly and givii us a good view of yie landscape. Quickly we became oblivious of our disaster, and became absorbed m the beauties of our environs and the plea- sure of the sail. As we w^ere sailino- down the head of the — — o bay, we passed the estuary of tlie Metede€onk liTver. Viewed from our yacht, it looked iTke a slieen of silver, stretehing far away thro the bright glistening green of the Salt Meadows. We soon passed tliro a narrow eiiaimel call- ed the GuniiTno- DTteh. Below this, the bay is wider and the prospect more grand. Here the shore is sinuous and curves gracefully, forming beautiful inlets, delightful €Oves, pT-etriresc[ue eapes and pleasing pemnsiilas. Farther switli, Kettle Creek empties into the bay. Here too, a silvery slieen stretehes far away and becomes lost to view in the great pine forest. Farther soiith, is Mosq-uTto Cove. At this place, near STlvei'ton, we made a landmg. At this place, we let off ene of the sailors who came to our relief. From this point, we sailed south-eastward around a beaiitTful cape, or headland, into Goose Bay. As it was then a quarter before 278 four o'€l6€k, we headed uorfeliward and aailed toward home. While dIre€tTiig oiir course southward, we went aboiit ten miles down the bay. As the wind was against us, ouv course was very crooked — so miieh so tiiat the path traversed was not less tlian 25 miles. Altho we sailed swiftly, it rec|^.iired three hours and a c|4iarter to go out. But, as the wind wjis with us while returning, we came baek m about an hoiir and five miniites. Thiis it is seen that we sailed at tlie rate of more than nine knots an hour. We arrived home at five o'clock, P. M., — a party of happy stiidents. As we landed, one of the girls said slie was glad, once more, to set foot on solid land. But, this feeling did not pervade the breasts of many in tlie party ; and, as for me, I would have liked it better, had we reached home not q-uite so early. APPENDIX C. THE VILLAGES BY THE SEA. BY MAKY li, IIUDEBOCK. An Essay Read at the Sixth Anniversary of the Academy of Science and Art at Rinr/os, N. J., July 12, 1882. Upon tlie eastern eoast of JSTew Jersey, be- tween the noi-yiern portion of Barnegat Bay, and the southern shore of the estuary of Shrewsbury Kiver, are lo€ated the " Tillages by the Sea." These villages are far famed, and are more generally noted than any other ones up- on Ae American continent. This happens from the peculiarity of situation, salubrious- 280 ness of atmoH|:>here, beauty of arehitecture, and pi€turesc|-iieness of scenery. To tlie vTsitmg of these villages, and to the surveying of their constituents, and environs, we devoted the entire day of the 26th of June, 1882. A deseription of eaeh, I beg leave to submit. Where the parallel of forty de grees and five minutes north latitude crosses the meridian of seventy-four degrees and two minutes, west longitude, stands that yoiing and growing village called Bahed. It is built upon a low, sandy plain, that skirts the nortliern shore of Barnegat Bay. Its site is neither beautiful nor pleasant. And yet, it seems destined to grow to larger proportions. At present it contains about thirty cottages and two hotels. These buildings have all been erected witiim three years. So rapidly is the village growing, that twenty-two houses have been built this year. Altho ^Ts village is built upon a low sandy plain, and is supplied wT^i very poor water, and is terribly infested with mosfj-uitos, it has one advantage that is especially wor^iy of note. It is the advantage for bathing. Here 281 t4ie natural facTlTties for Ijathiiio- are excellent. > — — c5 ) Indeed, ol all U^e places we saw upon Hie beaeli, this is Mie best. Here the slope of tlie bottom of the sea is very gentle, and the waves €6me in wTtli less force tlian tiiey do where it is steeper. From tins place we started to return home from our tour to ^e sea, J line 26th, at q-iiarter past seven, A. M. It was a bright and beau- tiful morning. The iiir was bracing and balmy. The neighboring foi'cst was vo-cal w^Ttli songs of tlie robin and tiirusli. S-earcely a cloud €ould be seen. All were eheerful. Altho we had had a pleasant time at Bii- hed, I did not hear anyone express a regret in leavTng tlie place, so anxious were we to visit the other villages by tlie sea. From Balled, we went to Manasc^ian. Our course was almost directly nortli. On our way, we passed" tliro East Point Pleasant, a new and growTng place. Farther on is Manasfj-iian River. At the place at whieh we crossed" tliTs stream, it is nearly a mile wide, and over it Ts an open bridge that affords a delightful prospect. Here we had a splendid view. On tlie west- 282 ern side, far lip, the silvery sheen was border- ed wTlh €urving banks. And, on Hie water, was many a sail ; and, emerging from tlie water, was many an Island, verdant with grass, and bnslies, and forests of pine. This land- scape, lighted up by the morning sun, was grand. Upon tliTs, for a while, we gazed, and here we meditated. Beyond tlie river is Manasq-uan village. Here are several very handsome residences, and very many cozy houses. Here is a splen- did and commodious hotel, and several large stores. Here are numerous workshops, and many industrious meehanics. EverytliTng here looks active and neat. Indeed, Maiia- sc|-uan IS a beautiful town, and does a consid- erable of business. In tills town tlie walks are not paved or planked, like those of the towns in oi.ir county. Instead of bi'Tcks and plank, tliey use sand for making walks. But, these sand-made walks are good and substantial, and answer all tiie purposes demanded for comfort and ease. ^ortlieast of Manascj-uan is Sea Girt. This village has been lately built. There are but few buildings here ; biit tliey are specimens of 283 excellent iirehlteeture. Here is a splendid hotel, built upon an eminence but a little way from the sliore. It is arranged to a€€ommo- date one hundred and sixty boarders. And, altho the terms for board are three dollars per day, every room is o€€upied. The hotel is so loeated ^lat from its piazzas one has an extensive prospeet of the sea. Around this hotel, and sotitli of tiie main €ot- tages, are excedent drives, and beautiful groves. Here is a place for good teams and splendid vehicles. In every respect Sea Girt is a high toned place. North of Sea Girt is Spring Lake. This is another new place tiiat is growing rapidly. Nortli of Spring Lake Ts Sea Plain, another small village by the sea. Between Sea Plain and Shark PTver, tlie ground is low and marsliy. Here iire exten- sive peat bogs. Here llie eranberiy grows wild ; and here are dense ^iTckets of brambles, smilacena, magnolia, and a(j^iatT€ plants. Ocean Beaeh Ts a growing town on the south bank of tliat body of water known as Shark Piver', It Ts destined to be a large town, Tf not a cTty. It Ts buTlt upon an eleva- 284 ted plain, and commands a good view of the ocean. Here are fine houses, and large, €6m- modioiis hotels, large stores and bnsy work- shops. Here are broad streets, and excellent drives, wide pavements, and convenient prom- enades, spacious dooryards, and neat parterres. Indeed, Ocean Beaeli contains the cottages of the elite. Contmviing on our way, we crossed the brTdge over ^e estnary of Shark KTver. The estiiary of tliYs river is broad. From . the bridge tiie prospect is grand. In the estiiary we saw niimerous people engaged in crab- fishing, and clam catching, — bianehes of business ^lat aifoi-d a living for many a water faring fellow, and many a water-farer's family. I^orfeli of Shark River, is a small village called Neptilne. It is a new place, and con- sists of a few scattered hwises. Nort4i of this place, in a willow grove, we stopped to dine. The grove is by Mic side of a much travelled road. Conseq-aently while here, many people passed. As they observed our outdoor mode of dining, we caused a great deal of inq-uiry. Some of this was very amus- ing, and some very ridiciilous, As they were 285 • passing 111 loads, some remarked" : " I wonder whetiier ^lat is a pi€-nT€, or a band of gypsies." Another said : " Well, they look €ozy, don't tiiey ? " Another remaiked : " They are a happy set." While tlie more boisterous shouted : "I hope you jii-e enjoy- ing yourselves." While one load, evidently a little too mueh laden wTtii lager beer, shouted: •'Good bye, I hope we will see you again." The first place we reaehed after dinner, was Ocean Park. ThTs village is built upon tiie land adjoining Ocean Grove. The place is small, biit regularly laid out, beautiful and prosperous. Ocean Grove is a religious eorporation, founded by, and under tlie direction of, tiie Methodist Epis€opal C'hureli. The govern- ment of tlie village is very rigtd, and tliTngs here ai'e very c|-iilet. Here every year Metlio- dist €amp meeting is held. These meetings usually begin in August. At these meetmgs, tluHisands of people assemble; and yet, not- withstanding this great €on€Ourse of people, ^ey maintain perfe€t order. The village is fenced in, and eaeii street is guarded by a gate. When we had arrived at a gate open- 286 mg into a main avenue, we drove in, and be- gan a survey of Mie vTllage, and its environs. Driving slow^ly up Broadway we had a good eliance to look at tiie buildings. Here, on eiMier side of tlie street, are cottages built in Uie most siiowy and attractive styles. Nar- row facades, and siiiirp gables, drooping €or- nices, wTlJi long pendants, long, slender columns supporting narrow verandas, and spacious porticos, and commodious piazzas, are leading factors in arehitectiire here. A favorite color for tiie cottages seemed to be green and red. But. some of the porticos were faced with a delicate shade of bine ; others wTUi a delicate sliade of green. But, Tn all cases tlie aim seemed to be gaudy. Between the cottJXges, and upon some open places, were tents. Invariably, they wei-e as clean and white, as if tliey had been brought from ^le bleaeliTng sward. This gives to tlie place i-ather a pTctiiresct-iie appearance. Many of these tents were really beailtiful ; and as dwellTng places, they looked cozy and com- f(~)rtable. vSome of them were provided witJi ])iazzas and windows, whieli, perhaps, added as muBli to Hieir beauty as to Mieir utility. 287 These tents are for rent, and iire o€€upied by those who have not tJie means to hire a €ottage. The rent of a tent is always lower tiian tliat of a cottage. In Ocean Grove are many large and hand- some hotels. And yet, tiie hotels here iire not so pretentious as those at many otiier places. Here too, iire liirge stores, and excellent miirkets. Coming up to tiie Pavilion over the sea, at the termtnus of Broad way, we all dismounted and went out upon it, in order to get an idea how a favihon is €onstru€ted, and how the dressing rooms, near it, iire arranged. In building this pavilion, timbers of tiiat shape called piles, iire driven into tlie ground, at the bottom of the sea. Upon these piles iire €ross-timbers, upon whieh are laid boards, making -k ])latform. This platform becomes the floor ; and, over it, by means of columns, is constructed a roof, converting the whole into a ])rivili6n. This i)avili6n is liirge enou^jfh to accommodate 1,000 people, and is abundant- ly provided wiMi seats. Here sit tiie people to wateli tiie biitiiers flmindering in tiie briny 288 siirf, or to look at the billows of the restless ocean. I*^ear by ^le pavilion, on eitiier side, iire the dressing rooms. These iiie bnilt in rows, like houses along a stieet. Eaeh one Ts provided wTtJi all tlie -t'onveniences necessary to the bathe)'. ISt-deh person wh() is a€€ust6med to l)atiie has a room. To eaeh room tiiere Ts a key; and, ^e batlier holds thTs dressing-room, or batiiTng room, as it Ts sometimes called, as sa€red as tiie room Tn whTeli he sleeps, or the ehamber Tn whTeh he performs liTs devotions. Ocean Grove Ts not so good a place for batliTng as Bahed. At Ocean Grove Uie slope of the bottom of tlic sea Ts so steep tliat the waves break, wTtli great violence, and form a strong undertow. Tins makes bathTng very laborTous, and very dangei'ous. At tins place, it Ts necessary to have batiiTng masters, whose business Tt Ts to see ^lat no cme Ts Tn tJie sea except at proper times, and to render assist- ance Tn case one becomes disabled, or -earrled (Hit Into tiie deep by the under current. Having viewed the pavilion and Its en- virons, we mounted tlie carry-all and resiime