A TREATISE ON THE= i ! Diseases of the Horse Including a Complete System of Taming and Training Wild and Vicious Horses. i By DR. D. A. HOLMES, Columbus, - - - ' - Georgia. i i Copyright, 1903 By Dr. D. A. HOLMES, Columbus, Ga. >—e A TREATISE ON THE Diseases of the Horse Dr. D. A. HOLMES, Columbus, - • - - Georgia. Bunion! fb. Hi-ABcCV COLUMBUS, CiA. PRESS OF C. P. SPRINGER & COMPANY 190K \' ' ' • * ■' AUTHOR'S PREFACE. My only excuse or apology for offering to the public this little volume, is the fact that among all the works upon this subject, I know of none that gives, in a con- densed and comprehensive form, the information that is really of benefit to the masses of horse owners But in this it is the object of the author to give a concise, and, at the same time, authentic and scientific treatise on rte causes, symptoms and treatment of the diseases of the horse-a treatise that will be stripped, as far as possible, of technical terms-a work that will not require the ordinary reader to have a medical dictionary at hand in order to comprehend its meaning, and at the same time it is calculated to be a safeguard to the purchaser of horses, by placing in his hands, the knowledge by which he W1 11 be enabled to detect the fraudulent tricks of the ti avehng cheat-a knowledge that should be in the hands of very citizen who ever deals in horse flesh, either as a buyer or trader. .6 J± TREATISE ON THE Diseases of the Horse. PULSE. In order for the non-professional man to understand the signs of disease, it is necessary to know something of the condition in health, as it is the contrast between t^e normal and the abnormal condition, that points out the nature and extent of the trouble. The beating of the pulse is simply the passing of the blood through the arteries and may be felt anywhere an artery crosses a bone near the surface ; but the one most convenient of access is the submaxillary where it passes around the inner side of the lower jaw-bone. It may be readily found by placing the index finger cross- wise of the bone and giving it a slight movement when the artery will be feit rolling under the finger like a cord, and the pulsation can be easily detected The aver- age number of beats in a minute in the healthy a dill t horse, is about forty, but it differs in individuals. It is faster in the young than the old. In the foal it may be three times as rap-ci as in the adult. Fiom six months to one year, about double, and in the two year old, about one-fourth faster. The pulse is also somewhat affected in its frequency by the disposition of the individual an- imal. It is faster m the nervous, excitable animal than in the one of dull, plethoric, habit. In fact, there may be a latitude in frequency of from thirty-six to forty-five and still be commmensurate with health. By slow pulse we mean the number or beats in a minute are less than nor- mal ; by quick or frequent pulse, the opposite. A full strong or large pulse means that the volume or quantity of blood is greater than usual and imparts a bounding sensation to the ringer and is usually more frequent than normal — will usually be noticed immediately following work or undue exercise or excitement, or it may indicate a diseased condition of the general system, or of the lungs. A small pulse conveys the opposite sensation to the touch; is generally due to exhaustion from disease or work. A wedk pulse is one that is hardly perceptible to the touch and may be due to general depression from -different causes, such as long, continued illness, lack of Proper nourishment, excessive loss of blood, etc.; or it -may indicate organic lesion of the heart. Hard or wiry pulse is tense, vibrating, incompressible, usually indicates acute disease of some serous mem- brane — always present in peritonitis, pleurisy, menenqi- tis, etc.; is alway'5 more frequent than in normal condi- tion. An irregular pirlse is one where the heart beats regularly for several beats and then ceases for a period. It is indicative of disease of the heart or nervous system. When a beat is omitted at regular intervals, it is called an intermittent pulse, and almost invariably points to disease of the heart. When the pulsations may be seen along the sides of the neck along the line of the jugular vein at each beat of the heart, it is called venous pulse, and usuallv denotes some obstruction to the flow of the ■blood within the chest ; due to dropsy or pressure of tumors, or it may be some lesion of the heart. TEMPERATURE. It is also very necessary to know something about the temperature of the horse in health, in order to utilize it as a diagnostic sign in the treatment of disease. The temperature of the horse in health may range from 98 3-5 to 101 degrees F., the average being about 99 degrees F. By long experience and close observation one may be quite adept at ascertaining if fever be present by intro- ducing the finger into the mouth and noticing the differ- ence in the degree of heat in the mouth of the healthy and the one with fever; but the only safe way to arrive at anything like an accurate knowledge of it, is by intro- ducing into :he rectum a registered clinical thermometer. Use a self-registering instrument, as the mercury would be likely to drop down before you could read it accurate- ly. Be sure the mercury is below the normal point (viz., 98 3-5 degrees F.) before introducing. Allow it to remain from three to five minutes, according to the make. A little Practice will enable almost any one to read it, and thus detect the presence, or absence, of fever. There are various circumstances causing a variation in the tempera- ture of the healthy subject. For instance, a high sur- rounding temperature will increase it and a cold one will decrease it. Exercise will increase it ; drinking cold water will decrease it. It is higher during the process of digeston than otherwise. It is higher in the young than in the old. It is higher in the female than in the male. Thus we see there are numerous phases to keep in mind, in our efforts to read the different signs and arrive st a proper solution of the problem. RESPIRATION— BREATHING. Must also be taken into consideration in summing up our evidence of the true condition of our patient. When at perfect rest and in good health, the horse breathes from twelve co fifteen times per minute, but exercise or excitement increases the number, or frequency of respi- rations. The act of respiration is also influenced in dif- ferent ways and degrees by disease, according to its na- ture, but these variations are described under the heads of the diseases which they indicate and need not be men- tioned further here. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH. Tooth Ache.— Is the result of decaying or otherwise defective teeth. Symptoms. — When eating, the horse suddenly stops chewing, holds the head to one side, opens the ja w s as if in great pain. He is also observed to do the same thing when drinking cold water. Treatment. — Consists in extraction of the offending tooth. This requires the services of a Veterinary Sur- geon. PTYLAISM OR SALIVATION. Causes. — Any irritating substances taken into the mouth, as caustics, mercury and some other medicines in too great quantities. Also irregular teeth and some of the grasses, especially white clover or second crop of red clover. Symptoms. — Profuse discharge of saliva from the mouth. Treatment. — If from any irritating matter or from too free use of mercury, syringe out two or three times a day with a solution of chlorate of potash, half ounce to one pint of water, or use the glycerite of tannin with a mop three times a day. If the trouble arises from irreg- ular teeth, they must be floated (an operation that will be explained under the head of surgical operations). If from the pasturage, change it. PHARYNGITIS. Is an inflamation of the mucuous lining of the back part of the mouth. Symptoms. — Are a slight elevation of temperature. The act of swallowing is accomplished with much diffi- culty and is usually attended with a fit of coughing, espe- cially when swallowing liquids — profuse flow of saliva. Treatment. — Same as for Ptyalism, when produced by irrritants. PARALYSIS OF THE PHARYNX. Produces total inability to swallow either food or water. The flow of saliva is excessive. Temperature and circulation nearly normal in the beginning. The animal tries continually to eat or drink, but both food and water return through the nostrils. An examination fails to reveal any ostruction, only a flabby and relaxed con- dition of all the tissues. The victim assumes an anxious and haggard appearance, the eyes are dull; and unless we are enabled to restore tone and vigor to the organ, he wastes rapidly away and death soon relieves the suf- ferer. Treatment.— Is of doubtful utility in the majority of cases ; but should it be attempted we get the best re- sults from sulphate of strychnine in two grain doses', night and morning, the strychnine being decidedly the best anti-paralytic we have in veterinary practice and the best means of adm nistration is by hypodermic in- jection, provided it can be done by a competent veterina- rian. If this can be done, inject deeply into the pharynx;: if not, dissolve the specified dose in an ounce of water by heating, 'then throw well back in throat with an ordi- nary hard rubber syringe. Also use some astringent solution in throat four or five times a day — blister exter- nally. Electricity properly used is also indicated. Abscesses sometimes occur in the Pharynx, often af- fecting the respirat'on. Should we be able to feel the abscess through the mouth it must be lanced by a sur- geon ; but if not, then hasten the process by hot poultices and fomentations. DISEASES OF THE OESOPHAGUS (Gullet). The diseases to which this organ is liable are very few,, except those resulting from forcing down the throat, irri- tating medicmes or from attempts of the animal to swal- low too greedily or some object so large that it becomes, lodged somewhere between the Pharynx and the orifice, opening into the stomach. Symptoms in the former are slight increase of temperature and symptoms of pain in swallowing. Treatment. — Frequently gargle the throat with one pint of water, in which one-half ounce chlorate of potash has been dissolved ; use as drench, being careful not to raise the head too high, as this is liable to produce intense pain. The result of the latter, what is known as choking, is more frequent in horses that are greedy eaters and bolt their food, or, in other words, attempt to swallow it without chewing and mixing thoroughly with the sali- vary secretions. The symptoms depend in a large measure upon the location of the offending body. Should it be in the upper portion of the Oesophagus or near the Pharynx, it is known as Pharyngeal choke, or more commonly high choke. In this the symptoms are indicative of great distress, breathing greatly accelerated, persistent cough- ing, profuse flow of saliva, the body bathed in perspira- tion, trembling and violent stamping of the fore feet, rapid swelling or distention of the abdomen. By outward manipulation of the Oesophagus, especially on the left side, we are generally enabled to feel the obstruction and usually by the introduction of the hand into the mouth we may reach it with the fingers. In Cervical choke the object may be lodged anywhere between the Pharynx and the shoulder, and may be de- termined with certainty by outward manipulation, as it can be plainly felt and usually seen. The abdomen is usually more or less distended, the animal will occasion- ally draw himself up and arch the neck, every muscle and tendon seeming to be drawn to its utmost tension, sometimes uttering a distressing cry, as if in severe pain, although not so intense as in the pharyngeal form. Water poured into the Oesophagus will be seen to dis- IO tend it above the obstruction. Should the obseruction bt still lower it is known as Thoracic Choke, and is known by the food and water being ejected through the nose and mouth. We sometimes hear the cry of distress no- ticed in cervical choke. Also symptoms of distress and tympanitic condition of abdomen, but should we not be fully decided as to the trouble we may determine posi- tively by the introduction of the probang into the Oeso- phagus. Treatment. — If we find Pharyngeal Choke we must first place in the animal's mouth some kind of a gag or speculum to protect the hand and arm of the operator. Then introduce the hand as far back in the mouth as pos- sible, pulling the tongue well out of the mouth, and at the same time an assistant should outwardly manipulate the object, pushing it forward with all his power, and in this way try to bring it within reach of the hand within the mouth, so it may be grasped and withdrawn. Should success not crown our first efforts, we must not be dis- couraged, but persist until we are satisfied further efforts are useless. Failing removal by the mouth, from the fact of the object being too low to be reached, we should di- rect our efforts to move it up and down by manipulation gently applied, and should we be successful in moving either way, if only very little, then introduce into the throat an ounce or two of the' following mixture with a syringe every half hour. We may confidentlv look for its total spontaneous disappearance : R. Cloral Hydrate, Fluid extract of Belladonna and tincture of Gelsemin, of each one ounce, Olive Oil one pint. II This will relax the walls of the Oesophagus and lubricate at the same time. It is well -also to rub externally along- the line of the Oesophagus the same mixture, only substituting Ether or Chloroform for the Oil, applying the whole length. Should these be impos sibles of access, use thick warm soapsuds internally. In ( ervical Choke use the same remedial agents, and should the impaction be of dry food, ilie mass must, if possible, be broken up by gentle outward manipulation and the use of the fluids. If the Oesophagus be filled with water or other fluid, it is likely to produce a violent paroxysm of coughing, which greatly aids in the dissolution of the mass. Sometimes we find choke to be caused by the forcible entry jf an egg (with the shell entire) into the throat by some ignorant groom. In such a case, pierce the shell in Hvo or three places with a needle introduced through the walls of the Oesophagus, then crush it by applying gentle pressure on either side, and it will be at once passed on to the stomach and the symptoms im- mediately subside. In Thoracic Choke, of course we cannot do anything toward the disintegration of the mass by outward ma- nipulation, therefore, have to rely on lubrication and dila- tation very largely, using the same remedies as in the previous cases, but should these means fail we will then have recourse to the probang, which must be done with caution. Also the opertaion of Oesophagotomy, to which we are forced to resort in Cervical Choke when all other means fail ; but this operation should never be resorted to until all other means have been exhausted, 12 as the wound in the Oesophagus is sometimes exceeding- ly difficult to heal, and, in fact, sometimes impossible : and should the process be perfect it is liable to produce stricture of the walls, which generally results in dilata- tion immediately above the stricture. We frequently meet with stricture resulting from the administration of corrosive and irritating medicines, tumors, etc. Ani- mals so affected should never be fed on dry food, but upon sloppy substances, which may be swallowed with little difficulty. Dilatation of the Oesophagus as previ- ously stated is the result of dry food lodging against a stricture. Symptoms. — Are about the same as in choking, appear- ing only when eating dry substances. Treatment. — Is of such doubtful utility as to seldom justify us in the attempt, especially if the stricture and consequent dilatation be in the Thoracic extremity of the Oesophagus, but should the reader deem it expedient -to treat it when Cervical he may do so by opening tissues over the line of the dilatation, then take up enough of the sack the full length of the dilated portion and reduce its diameter to normal size by the use of fine cat-gut, inter- rupted sutures very close, make thoroughly antiseptic, then 1 bring the wound in skin and tissues together by metalic sutures ; treat with antiseptic lotions and Iodo- form for ten days, feeding on gruel or other soft feed in the meantime. At the expiration of this time the parts of the walls of Oesophagus brought in contact by the sutures will have united and the sutures will have been absorbed, but when commencing to give solid food we must support the parts until nature repairs the broken- 13 down tissues, and we can best do this by making- a stiff but soft pad to fit nicely on either side of the neck against the affected parts, and held in place by elastic tape fas- tened to the pad on either side and fastened around the neck. But if more pressure is needed, it may be supplied by a steel spring in the shape of a bull ring with the ends attached to either side of the pad and the round side be- low the neck. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. Indigestion without engorgement results from various causes, such as disease and irregularity of the teeth, and consequent insufficient mastication; unwholesome food, from irregular feeding, also from a predisposed debility of the stomach itself. And in the foal, it is induced by allowing it to suckle when the dam is in a heated and feverish condition. Also by draughts of cold milk. Symptoms. — Loss of appetite, excessive thirst, an in- clination to eat dirt and filth. The skin becomes tight, dry and scurfy; bowels more or less irregular, but in dined to constipation. If caused by imperfect mastica- tion, whole grains of oats or corn will be seen in the excrement. Sometimes a dry cough is present; irregn larity of pulse, symptoms of colic are sometimes man: fested an hour or two after food has been partaken of. And occasionally staggering gait. In the foal diarrhoea is generally present, and is sometimes the result of dentition. Treatment. — If due to diseased or irregular teeth, rem- edy the defect by some of the various dental operations described under their proper heads. And if due to de- 14 bility of the stomach, and diarrhoea be not present, give six or seven drams of aloes for the adult horse, and follow with suitable doses of vegetable bitters and tonics. I find good results are obtained from the administration of tincture of gentian, half ounce, tincture nux vomica, one dram ; and one tablespoonful of bi carbonate of soda twice a day. But should this fail, give one to two drams dilute nitromuriatic acid in one pint water twice a day, being very careful to dilute it well, as it is a corrosve poison. An engorged or impacted condition of the stomach, is due to repletion of the organ with solid food ; usually given when the animal is suffering the pangs of hunger, and he greedily swallows his food without proper mastication. Often this condition of distention continues until the muscular fibres become paralyzed, and some- times ruptured, and are unable to contract upon the contents. Symptoms. — Engorgement, when unaccompanied by tympanitis, or gaseous swelling, occasons but little local pain ; but gives rise to symptoms of cerebral (brain) trou- ble, causing the animal to stagger like a drunken man. And on this account, it is generally known as stomach staggers. Soon after eating, he becomes drowsy. Slight but continual symptoms of colic are manifest, the head is carried extended and near the ground, the dullness in- creases, eyes partially closed, vision affected. He now becomes apparently unconscious of his acts, he presses his nose and head against the wall, or any object with which he comes in contact; he paws or rears, respiration is less than normal, pulse slow. He grows from bad to worse until he becomes frantic or delirious ; cold clammy 15 pcrspira+ion breaks out on him, he tumbles violently, a sour saliva is emitted from the mouth, he plunges wildly, or staggers from side to side until relieved by treatment, or death. We must be very particular to learn the history of the case, or we may confound this disease, with the diseases known as mad or blind staggers. (Meningitis.) Treatment. — Bleed from the jugular vein, three to six quarts, to relieve the cerebral symptoms. Give a ball composed of one ounce of Barbadoes Aloes ; and half ounce of capsicum or Jamaica ginger; repeat the capsi- cum or ginger two or three times a day. When en- gorgement is accompanied by typanitis, or distention by gas, it is usually due to partaking too freely of tender succulent herbage; or by giving an extra allowance of grain immediately prior to starting on a long or fatigu- ing journey. After traveling a short distance, he grows stupid, pays no attention to the whip, perspires freely, is disteneded over the posterior or back ribs, and in the flanks. A hollow sound will be produced, if he be tapped, with the ends of the fingers over the flank. He attempts to lie down. As in the other case, the head is carried low, and nose extended, eructations of fermented food, pain continuous, peculiar metalic sound will be noticed if the ear be placed to the wind pipe. Treatment. — One and one-half, to two grains each jf cserine and pilocarpine, hypodennically, followed twice daily, with one grain pilocarpine administered in the same way. If ths cannot be obtained, give aloes (Bar- badoes), one ounce; carbonate of ammonia, half ounce every two hours. i6 I also advise the early use of the trochar and canula to evacuate the gas or flatus from the intestines, espe> cially from the colons. Care must be exercised that the animal does not throw himself down violently, on hard ground, as there exists great danger of rupture of the stomach. Supply abundance of bedding. Gastritis. — Inflamation of the stomach, seldom occurs in the horse, except by the administration of some very irrirtating or' corrosive poisom Symptoms. — Pawing with fore feet, and more espe- cially the left one; more or less fullness of the abdo- men, attempts at vomition; occasionally, saliva will be discharged rather profusely fro'm the mouth, eructations or belching of gas, symptoms of colic, trembling of the muscles, especially those in the region of the left shoul- der, partial sweats bedew the body. Should inflamat'on be the result of bichloride of mercury (corrosive subli- mate) the symptoms are manifestations of great pain and uneasiness, the animal frequently getting up and lying down, the extremities cold and mouth hot, the abdo- men distended, the excrements mixed with mucus, pro fuse discharge of saliva, nausea and purging, great pros- tration and convulsions, or delirium. When the direct result of arsenic (arsenious acid), the symptoms are about the same, except the discharge of saliva is less profuse, and more foetid. Treatment. — When produced by bichloride of mer- cury; albumen, (white of eggs) opium in full doses, lin- seed oil, flax seed tea, or slippery elm. If by arsenic or any of its compounds — magnesia, chalk, albumen, hy- drated sesquioxide of iron. 17 RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH. Symptoms. — Profuse perspiration, sudden tremor of fore extremities ; in some cases the left fore limb will be extended ; strength failing, resp : ration labored, head turnned round to the flanks. Sometimes symptoms of vomiting, during which the head is depressed, the chin being brought in contact with the sternum or breat by the spasmodic contraction of the inferior or lower cervi acl muscles; and in some cases food is ejected from the mouth and nostrils ; this act of vomiting is of great value to us in diagnosing the trouble ; yet it is not positive in its significance, for the act of vomition is sometimes the result of rupture of the colon, or other inestine, but in such cases the extremities are not so extremely cold. The same thing may occur in dilatation of the oesopha- gus, so we must not be too hasty in our diagnosis, but must acquaint ourselves with the history of the case, if possible ; but should it exist in connection with other symptoms ennumerated, the pulse being small, quick and thready, and growing continually more frequent and feeble, until it becomes imperceptible, then it is of value as a diagnostic symptom. We do not always find disten- tion of the abdomen, in connection with rupture of tin- stomach ; but on the contrary, it appears drawn and smaller, than usual, the abdominal muscles being rigi 1 from tonic spasm; and as we stated before, when vom- iting accompanies these symptoms, rupture undoubtedly exists. Another fact remains that may further enabL- us to come to a correct diagnosis, should we still be in doubt ; all medicines administered for the purpose of alleviating the agony only increases it, due probably i8 to the fact that it .escapes into the peritoneal cavity. The stomachs of very old horses are quite liable to rupture, from degeneration of their walls. Treatment. — Is useless ; and after we are fully satisfied that rupture certainly exists, it becomes our duty to relieve the sufferer by at once ending its existence. BOTS (LARVAE OF THE GAD FLY, OR ESTRUS EQUI.) The gad fly is too well known to need any descrip- tion ; their eggs are deposited on the hair of the horse while at pasture, late in summer and early autumn. In- stinct seeming to lead the insect to deposit its eggs with- in easy access of the mouth of the horse; the points mostly sought being the inner parts of the front legs, and especially about the knees ; the base of the neck and shoulders, and whenever, from any cause, the animal licks these parts, and any of the ova or eggs adhere to the tongue, they are hatched by the moisture and he.it of the tongue, and are carried into the stomach with food and water, where they attach themselves to the cuticular portion of the stomach, by means of two large cephalic, or head hooks, where they remain about eight months, when they voluntarily detach themselves and are carried away with the excrement. They bury them- selves in the ground to perfect their development of the perfect fly. But we have not the space here to follow their history further; we are of the opinion that they rarely cause any serious trouble, although they may, at times, accumulate, in such vast numbers, as to cause un- thriftiness of coat, causing it to turn forward. They 19 may, also possibly cause other stomach troubles, and should they re-attach themselves to the mucous mem- brane of the intestines in their passage, they might pro- duce intestinal irritation and colic symptoms, but as these are points upon which authorities widely differ, and as we know of no medicine that would kill them without killing- the horse, we had far better allow nature to rid the animal of them in her own way, which she will event- ually do, if we allow her the opportunity. In the mean- time, it is essential to look well to furnishing generous and nutritious diet, and if necessary, give some good tonic and keep the digestive organs in a healthy condi- tion ; and trust nature, the great healer, for the result. DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. Indigestion. — While the stomach, or small intestines are the principal seat of indigestion, we find various causes, such as improper food, defective teeth, bolting the food, inactive liver. Symptoms. — Irregular appetite, sometimes ravenous, then refusing all food; there is a disposition to eat dirt, excrement, soiled bedding, etc. The animal rapidly loses flesh, his skin is drawn, hide bound, coat rough and staring, grain passes whole and undigested, the hay in impacted masses, frequent discharge of flatus of a dis- agreeable or sour smell. Treatment. — Same as laid down under head of indi- gestion without engorgement of the stomach. COLIC— SPASMODIC. A spasmodic contraction of the muscular coats of the intestines; it is due to improper food, irregular feeding, 20 giving full feed after long fasting and overwork, bolting the food, feeding grain, or giving cold water when hot ; driving trrough cold water when in a heated condition. Colicky pains are also frequently the result of abscesses of the mesentery, concretions, or intussusception. Symptoms. — Are sudden pain, pawing, kicking at the belly with the hind feet, looking round at the flanks, lying down, rolling, suddenly jumping up and seeming to be free from pain for a short time, when the attack will return ; sometimes with increased severity, and sometimes the symptoms are more or less abated ; the symptoms recur time after time, until the animal is either relieved, or succumbs to pain and exhaustion, and in some cases enteritis, or inflamation of the intestines is the re- sult, and that usually means death. It may be located either in the small, or larger intestines ; during the spasm of pain, the pulse r'ses in frequency, is full and hard, but upon the subsidence of the paroxysm it resumes its normal condition ; the respiration is also more or less accelerated during the spasm ; at the commencement of the attack there is frequent evacuations of small quanti- ties of faeces, sometimes soft and at others the reverse : there is also frequent attempts to urinate, but owing to spasmodic contraction of the neck of the bladder, the efforts are ineffectual ; but upon any permanent degree of relief, the difficulty is relieved by relaxaton of that organ. as well as others ; and free urination may be considered a good indication of permanent relief. Treatment. — If the spasms be severe, the first care must be to relieve first, and remove the cause later; and the remedies are numerous. Give hypodermically one 21 grain each of eserine and pilocarpine, repeat the pilo- carpine in two hours- if necessary ; sustain the patient by one-fourth grain nitro glycerine every three or four hours; or the mtra trachael injection of fluid extract of lobilia instead of the eserine and pilocarpine. In fact, anything that is anti-spasmodic and anodyne in its action, but I will not perplex the reader with any but the best and surest. I find nothing better or more sure than one ounce chloral hydrate wrapped in soft paper and placed back of the root of the tongue and turned loose ; as the animal cannot get rid of it after it passes that point; be careful that the paper is not broken in the administration, as the chloral is very irritating to the mouth; repeat in one hour, if necessary. Or the following is excellent : Camphorated tincture of opium (paregoric), two ounces, spirits of nitre, one and one-half ounces, tincture of capsi- cum two drachms, tincture of aconite root thirty drops, mix and give at one dose; repeat in one hour if not re- lieved, but leave out the aconite. In miscellaneous form- ulas will b found several, all of which are good ; but there being a strong probability that the trouble arises from the presence of undigested food, or other irritating sub- stance within the intestines, the rational thing to do, is to get rid of it, and for this purpose there is nothing better than, from six to eight drams of Barbadoes aloes, given as as pill or ball ; give in the same way as the chloral. COLIC— FLATULENT. Is the result of indigestion from various causes, among which are change of diet, innutritious and unwholesome food, food given while the animal is exhausted from over- exertion and long fasting, large quantities of green food, 22 new hay, new oats and new corn, too much exertion while the stomach is full, or any other cause that interferes with the digestive process. Symptoms. — Unlike spasmodic colic, the pain is con- tinuous, but at first not so severe as in the former, the horse is dull, paws occasionally, he may, or may not, i it- down, the abdomen is more or less swollen, and by per- cussion, or tapping with the ends of the fingers, high up in the flank, a hollow or drum-like sound will be emii' ted. As the disease progresses, the breathing becomes difficult, the lips retracted, the extremities cold, twitch- ing, or more properly trembling of the muscles of the fore limbs, and if relief be not very prompt, death will soon relieve the sufferer. Treatment. — If the distention be very great, relieve it as soon as possible by the use of the trochar and cannula, then give the same treatment as for spasmodic colic, or give three or fcir drachms carbonate of ammonia wrap- ped in soft paper every half hour until relieved ; the ad- vantage of the chloral in this trouble is, that while it relieves pain, it also acts as an anti- ferment ; should the distention be moderate, I do not advise the use of the trochar. IMPACTION OF THE COLON AND CAECUM. Is the result of abundant feeding of hay and other food containing large quantities of woody fibre, and the over- feeding of dry grain, and especially of rye. Symptoms. — Slight abdominal pain, the abdomen full, but little if any distention by gas ; the pain may disappear for a day, or more, only to return with greater violence; 23 the contents of the bowels are passed more frequently. but the quantity is diminished and is dry and hard; the horse occasionally paws and looks round at his sides, walks about, backs up against the wall and presses hard against it with the tail; he soon lies down and stretche.s out to his full length, he will occasionally raise the head, and look at the flank, he will lie in this position ten or fifteen minutes, when the same maneuvers are repeated, if the attendant attempts to introduce the hand into the rectum, the animal will strain violently to expel it; like- wise, if he attempts the administration of an enema. The 1 towels have now ceased to move at all, and if this con- dition be not soon relieved, the pulse becomes rapid and feeble, which, up to this time, has been but little changed from the first, it then being full and sluggish. Treatment. — Give at one dose, one pound epsom salts, com- mon table salt, half pound, croton oil fifteen drops, mix all together and dissolve in one or two quarts of warm water, and give as a drench. Keep water constantly be- fore him, give half ounce tincture belladonna and two drachms tincture mix vomica every four hours; give an enema of warm water and soap, turpentine or glycerine every hour. CONSTIPATION. In adult horses, is usually the result of long contin- ued diet of dry or innutritions food, lack of water supply, lack of exericse, or deficient intestinal secretions, some- times accompanied with symptoms of colic. When colic symptoms are present, give a cathartic of Barbadoes aloes, six to eight drachms and two to three drachms pul- 24 verized ginger root, made into a ball, and follow twice a day with one drachm tincture capsicum in one pint of water, for two or three days ; if no colic symptoms are present, give bran mashes and other laxative diet for a few days, or until the difficulty is removed; then give generous diet of nutritious, easily digested food should the secretions of the intestines be deficient, give from one to three drachms extract belladonna every four of five hours, with daily doses of four ounces sulphate of magnesia (epsom salts). Should the trouble occur with the sucking foal give frequent enemas of warm soap- suds, and, if necessary, three to four ounces castor oil. GASTRIC CONCRETIONS— STONE (OR CALCU- LI) IN THE STOMACH. Causes. — The accumulation of calcareous and other for- eign substances in the stomach. Symptoms. — Occasional symptoms of colic ; at times the symptoms of engorged stomach, sometimes constipation ; at others the reverse, the animal, at times sits upon the haunches, in fatal cases the symptoms are those of ob- struction, followed by those of inflamation. Treatment. — Is usually of little avail, and should consist of an oleaginous cathartic, and anodyne, such as raw linseed oil one quart and chloral hydrate, one ounce ; but do not be sanguine of relief, for it is extremely doubtful. INTESTINAL CONCRETIONS. . .Causes, Symptoms and Treatment. — Same as for concretions of the stomach; the 25 result is usually, sooner or later, fatal, and furthermore ! am of the opinion that there are no positive diagnostic symptoms of gastric, or intestinal concretion during life; neither for intussusception (or invagination) of the towels or volvulus, twisting, or tieing of the intestines. INTUSSUSCEPTION OR INVAGINATION. Consists of one portion of the intestine becoming in- vaginated, or slipped into the part immediately contigu- c us to it. Causes. — Spasm of the bowel from cole, enteritis, etc.; also from paralysis of a portion of the intestine when the peristaltic action causes the paralyzed portion to be in- vaginated, or swallowed up, by the portion immediately behind it, strangulation of the part is frequent; should the complication exist in the small intestines, the case will invariably terminate fatally; but should the colon, or caecum be involved, recovery is barely possible, in a very small ratio of cases; before recovery from intussus- e< ption is possible, the opposing peritoneal surfaces must become adherent and the strangulated portion be sepa- rated by ulceration or sloughing. Symptoms. — Severe pain, restlessness, in some cases ap- proaching frenzy, rearing, rolling on the back, crouching, sitting on the haunches, profuse perspiration, anxious countenance, abdomen normal size, at first, but usually becomes fuller and sometimes greatly distended, accord- ing to the location of the lesion, pulse feeble, but fre- quent ; as death approaches, the extremities become cold, the animal looks back from side to side, finally, just prior 26 to the culmination, there is freedom from pain, sighing, or snorting, and death has relieved the sufferer. Treatment. — Some authors advocate cathartics, but I am of the opinion that more harm than good is accomplished hy their administration ; I prefer anodyne and antispas- modic treatment — full and frequent doses of opium, sul- phuric ether, chloral hydrate, etc. VOLVULUS— OR GUT TIE. Is often the result of the violent manner in which the animal throws himself upon the ground, when suffering from spasmodic colic. Symptoms and Treatment. — Are the same as for intussusception. ENTERITIS— INFLAMATION OF THE INTES- TINES. An inflamatory disease of the intestines; is confined to no particular portion, but may be present in any portion of the canal ; it is very rapid and almost universally fatal in its action. Causes- It may result from various causes ; among which, are, drinking large draughts of cold water when fatigued and over-heated, driving through cold water, or washing all over when in the same condition ; from the administration of irrritant or corrosive poisons, unwhole- some food — intussusception, volvulus, the presence of calculi, etc. Symptoms.— Are, first, some degree of constitutional dis- 27 turbance, accelerated breathing, frequent but small dis- charges of faeces, rigors and general depression, pulse hard and rapid, often eighty to one hundred and twenty per minute; temperature one hundred and three to one hundred and five degrees F. ; the membranes of the nose mouth and eyes red and congested, the tongue dry and contracted; occasionally of a brownish color; abdominal pains are continuous, the abdomen tender upon pressure ; it no distention be present, will seem to be drawn and smaller than natural. As the symptoms of depression give way to those of excitement and pain, the animal walks about his stall, paws, lies down carefully and gen- erally turns on his back by the side of a wall, or other object, and remains in this position for some time; he turns the eyes anxiously to the flanks, the countenance assumes an anxious expression, he blows and pants with agony, perspiration is profuse, the pain is continuous. He will sometimes stand with the head in a corner and paw for hours at a time, with one or both fore feet alter- nately; as the disease advances; the pulse becomes thready and almost imperceptible ; the animal groans with agony, the perspiration increases, the skin being al- ternately hot and cold, the legs and ears cold, the pupils of the eyes dilated and expressive of dilirium ; he may walk about incessantly, or throw himself about violently. Then he will stand quiet and seem to be balancing him- self ; the legs suddenly give way and he may fall and die after a few struggles, or suddenly all symptoms of pain may subside, the breathing becomes less excited, he stands quietly and evinces a desire to partake of food and drink ; but the haggard expression never for a moment leaves the countenance, the pulse continues thready and 28 almost imperceptible, the abdomen becomes distended, cold sweats bedew the whole body, the mouth and breath are cold, the latter foetid, the lips hang pendulous, the eyes more dilated, the legs and ears become, if possible, more cold than before, he trembles incessantly and death comes to the relief of the sufferer. Treatment. — While I consider the success of treatment very doubtful, of course it is our duty to alleviate the suffering as much as possible. All treatment must be calculated to soothe and quiet the inflamation as much, as possible, and in most cases to prevent movement of the bowels, as there is danger of rupture of the blood vessels of the inflamed portion, or even of the intestine, if we induce extra peristaltic action of the portions in front of it, by the administration of cathartics and the consequent forc- ing of faeces to that part, which cannot be stimulated sufficiently to carry them further. We have nothing better than opium and its compounds for the purpose of allaying intestinal inflamation and irritation ; give the animal three to four drachms powdered opium every three or four hours, in connection with one dram extract belladonna. Or, give hypodermically, forty grains chlo- ral hydrate, and five grains sulphate of morphine every hour; and in addition to the latter, give in the same way one-half grain of atropia every four hours; apply hot fomentations continually to the belly, if possible, but if the animal is so restless that it is not practical, apply one ounce croton oil and four ounces linseed oil mixed; if this cannot be had, rub a paste of mustard well into the skin of the abdomen. Thirty drops carbolic acid 29 made into a ball with linseed meal and mucilage, or creo- lin, one drachm, in one ounce glycerine every three hours, will materially assist in checking the tendency to gangrene and consequent certainty of fatality. Could the true character of the trouble be discovered early, and the pulse be moderately full and there be no depression, the abstraction of a quantity of blood, commensurate with the strength of the vital powers, will sometimes be fol- lowed by abatement of the symptoms ; of course if the trouble be due to the previous existence of concretions, volvulus or intussusception, the treatment must be gov- erned by that fact and circumstance. If there be some abatement of the symptoms within three or four hours trom the commmencement of the attack, if the pulse be- come fuller and soft, if the skin becomes dry, the anxious expression leaves the face, if there be a passage of faeces or platus, we may hope for a favorable termination. Un- fortunately the abatement of symptoms rarely occurs ; but should we be fortunate enough to obtain this result, do not, under the mistaken notion that the bowels should act, give a carthartic ; but give absolute rest, and nature will do all that is necessary. The duration of the disease is usaully very short, from six to twelve hours ; although horses have been known to survive it for several days. DIARRHOEA. Is a condition productive of frequent, watery or semi- fluid, discharge of faeces. Causes — Are numerous, among which are unwhole- some food, changing from dry to green or succulent for- age, impure water, copious draughts of cold water when ! 3° the animal is heated, parasites, derangement of the liver, medicines of a drastic cathartic action ; in fact, any irritat" ing substance that finds lodgement in the alimentary canal, or it may be a spontaneous effort of nature to dis- charge any substance that is offensive, either to the intes- tines or the general system ; it may also exist as a compli- cation of other diseases. Symptoms — Are purging at times with, and at other times without pain, the discharges being watery, and, if clay- colored, are offensive ; but if of a dirty brown, are usually void of odor. If long continued the animal loses appetite, fails in srength and loses flesh ; (ascites) dropsy of the abdomen, farcy and glanders may occasionally result. Treatment — If due to some irrirtant, give a purge of linseed or castor oil, one quart of the former, or one pint of the latter, to an ordinary sized animal ; small ones and colts accordingly. The discharges will usually cease with the action of the cathartic. If necessary, stir one pint wheat flour in a bucket of water and give the animal to drink ; or half dram of sulphuric acid in one pint water, three times a day ; or give one ounce doses of camphorated tincture of opium and sub nitrate of bismuth every three hours, in the proportion of one ounce of bismuth, to six of the tincture. Should an animal be predisposed to the trouble, as some are, always feed and water as long before hitch- ing for a journey as possible ; should the discharges be of- fensive, the administration of shlphite or hypo-sulphite of soda will be attended with advantage ; dissolve and use as a drench. Some authorities recommend half ounce doses of oil of turpentine, and one ounce camphorated 3i tincture of opium, beaten with eggs and given every three or four hours; should there be much depression, one to two ounces nitrous ether are to be given every two hours until relieved. SUPER-PURGATION. Is the result of the action of drastic purges, and should be treated as a case of diarrhoea ; the symptoms have been enumerated in describing the former disease. DYSENTERY OR BLOODY FLUX. (Seldom Seen in the Horse.) An intestinal infiamation, of a specific and gangrenous character. Causes — Are almost identical with the causes of diar- rhoea, and may often result from a long continued case of the former. Symptoms — The first symptom is a chill, but in the major- ity of cases it escapes notice ; the evacuations are charac- terized by a bloody or coffee color, very offensive in odor, mostly liquid, but occasional lumps of solid matter float- ing in the liquid portion ; portions of mucous membrane and blood are passed, or the evacuations may be of a muco purulent character; there is much straining, but rarely any symptoms of pain otherwise. The tempera- ture is elevated, the pulse accelerated, the animal lies down most of the time ; the appetite may be but little impaired, there is much thirst, the animal becomes rap- idly emaciated and the bones may almost be counted. Treatment— . . ■ i * j We must place our dependence mostly on 3 2 good care and food ; place the patient in a comfortable, well-ventilated place, groom well, blanket if necessary, bandage the legs with flannel, give pure fresh water in small' quantities, nutritious, easily digested food. Medi- cinally, give a light oleaginous cathartic, as recommended in diarrhoea, but in half the quantities ; and pursue the same line of treatment otherwise, as recommended in the former trouble. Keep up the strength by stimulants, such as nitrous ether, milk punches, brandy, etc., or oatmeal gruel, beef tea or eggs; starch enemas containing tinc- ture of opium are often of great benefit. Do not neglect the administration of sulphite or hypo-sulphite of soda, or carbolic acid, or creolin, half dram of the former, or one dram of the latter, in four ounces of glycerine, even four hours. HAEMORRHOIDS— PILES. An affliction, fortunately, rare in the horse, but we occasionally meet with it. Causes — Constipation, irritation and super-purgation, especially if aloes be the cathartic employed. Symptoms — _^ Are bright, irregular tumors, usually appear- ing after de iacation ; they are livid and congested and more or less painful. Treatment — Regulate the bowels, have the faeces moder- ately soft, but do not purge; wash the tumors in tepid water, scarify them and press out all the liquid that can. be done safely ; apply the glyceite of tannin, and tincture of opium, in equal parts to the tumors, and replace them 33 as gently as possible ; it they return, repeat the whole pro- ceeding. INTESTINAL WORMS. Are of several varieties, hut the ones that most com- monly infest the intestines of the horse are few, among which, are the long round worm ( Lumhricoid) , usually measuring from four to twelve inches, hut sometimes much loger, varying in size from one-eighth of an inch in thicknesss, down to quite small, being of the greatest diameter 'n the middle, tapering both ways; they gener- ally infest the small intestines in masses, but sometimes singly. The tape worn is white, broad, flat, and pointed, having the head on the small end. Pin worms or asca- rides found mostly in the large intestines, are small, round worms, an inch to two inches in length, pointed at both ends, having a small black head. Worms are most frequently seen in young horses, and those that are fed on unwholesome food, and that are consequently debili- tated, also those that drink stagnant water. Symptoms — At times the animal evinces signs of abdomi- nal pain ; itching of the anus, rubbing the tail against the wall ad continually switching it around; coat staring, appetite capricious, usually ravenous, condition bad, hide hound, pot-bellied; a whitish yellow substance about the anus. If the worms get into the stomach, he will bite the woodwork of his stall, turn up his upper lip, rubs it against the wall, licks the wall, and sometimes bite and lick the hair off from portions of his body. Treatment. — There are numerous vermifuges, but I will 34 give only a few of the most efficient ; any of which, should be administered after a fast of several hours Treatment — For Lumbicoid or round worms, give forty grains santonine, in five or six ounces of mucilage, sweet milk or syrup; follow in twelve hours with one ounce aloes, given as a ball. Or give one ounce turpentine, and three or four of linseed oil twice a day, for three or four days, and follow with the aloes. For tape worm, give two drams etherial oil of male fern, and half ounce areca nut, powdered and made into a ball ; repeat next day and follow with aloes. For ascarides or pin worms, give sulphate of copper, two drams ; and tartar emetic, one dram ; once a day for a week. Give enemas of infusion of quassia chips, or to- bacco, in proportion of half pound, to one gallon water, twice a day, for a few days. Never neglect to give the aloes after the administration of other medicine to expel the worms. The aloes are in themselves an anthelmintic. As I have before stated, worms are usually found in horses in poor condition ; it rationally follows, that we must build them up — the general system — to prevent a return of the parasites. We must improve the digestive condition by the administration of iron and the bitter vegetable tonics, gentian, quinine, foenugreek, etc. ; also stomach stimulants, ginger and capsicum in proper quan- tities. The following is an excellent preparation : Muriated tincture of iron and tincture of gentian, of each four ounces; tincture of nuxvomica, six ounces; tincture of capsicum and sulphate of quinine, of each, one ounce- 35 water to make one quart. Shake well, and give two table- spoonsful (one ounce) three times daily. ABDOMINAL DROPSY (ASCITES.) Usually results from sub-acute, or chronic peritonitis, but may result from disease of the heart, lungs, or liver, and portal blood vessels, or from weakness of the heart in some debilitating diseases, also from the indigestion of foods deficient in nutriment. Symptoms — The animal becomes dull and sluggish, awk- ward and unnatural in the movement of the hind limbs ; abodemen enlarged, slight tenderness and aversion to pressure, occasionally, symptoms of colic are exhibited by striking at the belly with the hind feet and looking around to the seat of the trouble ; although, as a rule, the colic symptoms are not present. The bowels are alter- nately constipated and the reverse ; dropsical effusions appear on the under portion of the belly and on the legs ; by suddenly pushing the abdomen we are enabled to hear the movement of the water, and by percussion, we find the abdominal walls to emit a dull sound up to the same height on either side. Symptoms — In the majorty of cases, when due to organic disease of the heart, lungs, or liver, treatment is of very doubtful utility, but we should always alleviate the surfer ing as much as possible and we usually find temporary relief by the operation of paracentesis—abdominis, or tapping of the abdomen, which operation should only be attempted by a competent veterinarian, and should be fol- lowed by one dram of iodide potash and one ounce nitrate 36 of potash three times a day, in order to prevent, if possi- ble, a recurrence of the dropsical condition ; also give tablespoonful doses of the following mixture three times a day. Muriated tincture of iron, tincture of gentian and fluid extract of ginger, of each four ounces, tincture nux- vom'ca, three ounces. Should the trouble be the result of insufficient or improper food, give the same treatment, but in addition the sulphate of magnesie (Ephom salts), or sulphate of soda (Glauber safts) are indicated in full doses (one to one and onehalf pounds), often enough to insure frequent and copious watery discharges from the bowels, thus eliminating, through the excretory organs, the excess of fluid accumulated in the abdominal cavity. Should the animal have no appetite and the trouble be due to a lack of albumen in the blood, then we may get good results t'rom the administration of eggs in generous quantities; if he will still eat, give generous diet of oil cake and other nutritious food. DISEASES OF THE LARYNX AND TRACHEA. Acute laryngitis is an inflamation of the lining mem- brane of the larynx. Causes — The same as for colds, the swallowing of irri- tating substances, etc. Symptoms. — Considerable rise of temperature, throat usu- ally more or less swollen externally, but sometimes the swelling is confined to the inside. The parts sensitive to the touch, the nose protruded, usually accompanied by a dry painful cough, becoming more moist after two or three days. As the disease advances, the eyes become 37 prominent, the conjunctiva inflamed and red. When the animal attempts to drink, the water it is returned by the nostrils, the breathing now becomes very difficult and harsh, particularly the act of inspiration, being accompa- nied by a harsh rasping sound. The food and water is often returned by the nostrils, on account of inability to swallow. All the visible mucous membranes now as- sume a livid hue, due to an insufficient supply of oxygen in the blood. The countenance appears haggard and care-worn, tears flow profusely over the face, the legs and ears are now very cold, the head and ears droop. Perspiration now bedews the body, he frequently stamps his feet, especially the front ones. His strength and vital- ity are rapidly failing, and unless soon relieved he stag- gers, falls and after a few ineffectual struggles, yields to the common reaper. Treatment — First reduce the temperature by the adminis- tration of forty drops, every two hours, of the following mixture ; tincture aconite root and tincture gelsemim, of each, two drams; tincture belladonna and tincture digi- talis, each, three drams. The inhalation of medicated steam, is also urgently advised, this may be accomplished by putting a quantity of bran or hay into a bag of can vas, or some close material, that will confine steam as much as possible ; then pour one or two teaspoonfuls of carbolic acid and one ounce turpentine over it, then pour boiling water over all of it, and introduce the animal's nose into the opening at the top. As the water cools, pour in more, and compel him to inhale it until relief is obtained, if that be possible. Then inject well back into the throat, by means of a syringe, two tablespoon sful of 38 the following mixture: Glycerite of tannin, six ounces; tincture iodine and chlorate of potash, each, one ounce ; atropia sulphate, six grains, water, six ounces. Dissolve the potash and atropia in the water by heating, then mix all together. Use every four hours, or inject well back in the throat, with syringe, every two hours, the follow- ing: Fluid extract hydrastis canadensis, one teaspoonful, and two table spoonsful of water. Rub the swollen and tender parts, externally, once a day with a mixture of olive oil, six parts ; tincture cantharides, aqua ammonia, and spirits turpentine, each, one part. But should imme- diate danger of suffocation seem probable, the operation of trachaeotomy must be promptly resorted to ; and the tube allowed to remain until the respiratory organs have sufficiently recovered to perform their natural functions. But before inserting, the tube must be thoroughly cleansed by allowing it to remain about thirty minutes in a twenty per cent, solution of cabbolic acid. Remove tube once a day and cleanse in the same way ; dress the wound each time, keeping clean and pure with the same preparation, or strong solution of salicylic acid. After recovery, the tube may be removed and the opening al- lowed to heal and close up. Give generous diet and some of the bitter tonics, such as gentian, fenugreek, quinine, or strychnine. ROARING. Is sometimes the result of laryngitis, in some cases the mucous membranes of the organ become thickened, when such is the case — Treatment — Blisters, or cautery externally, and iodide of 39 potassium internally, in half ounce doses, twice a day, for a week or ten clays. If due to atrophy of the laryngeal muscles, there' is nothing within my knowledge so effect- ual as the administration of graduated closes of the sul- phate of strychnine, dispensed in the following manner: Divide sixty grains into thirty powders, the first to con- tain one grain, the thirtieth to contain four grains, grad- ually increase from number one, up to number thirty ; number each powder 1-2-3, etc -> from smallest to largest, give one on tongue once a day, according to number, commencing with number one. Should any muscular twitchings be observed at any time during the course of treatment, the drug must be discontinued at once, or the animal will die from strychnine poisoning. Redivide the remainder in smaller doses and resume treatment as before, commencing with minimum dose. The treat- ment may be somewhat hastened by the administration of two dram doses of chlorate of potash in solution twice daily, and the application of blisters to the larynx exter- nally, twice a week. In severe cases it may be necessary to persevere w'th the administration of the drugs for sev- eral months to effect a cure, always being careful to have the strychnine dispensed as directed, and should it be practical to use it as an intra tracheal or intra laryngeal injection, it is still more effective, as it comes in direct contact with the diseased muscle, but this is safer if left for the professional man. Should roaring be the result of ulceration of the fissure, between the vocal cords of the larynx, apply a 20 per cent, solution of argenti nitras (nitrate of silver) to the affected parts. If follicular growths be the cause, treat with an eight per cent solu- tion of bichloride of mercury ; these solutions should be 40 applied with a soft sponge, attached firmly to a stick, or rod. This trouble is also frequently the result of other causes, such as fracture and depression of the frontal bones of the face, nasal polypi, tumors of the larynx, or trachea, pressure on or injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerves, et. ; if from depression of bones over the air pass- age of the nostrils, they must be removed either by the saw or trephine, or in some way elevated, in order to leave the air passage free from obstruction ; if from polypi or tumor, remove by surgical operation ; when due to pressure on recurrent nerve, remove the cause, if it can be located. Among other causes may be cited os- seous tumors in the nostril, tumors of the posterior nares, tight reining, causing pressure on and distortion of the larynx, and many other causes of no interest to the non- professional reader; and most important of all, is to be careful to avoid purchasing a horse with any symptoms of the malady; be sure to test him by turning him short about, give a smart gallop, throw the whip suddenly near him and if in any of these tests he grunts of emits any unnatural respiratory sound, by all means avoid him. Be sure to examine his halter to see that there are no springs or other contrivances in the nose-band to compress the nostrils, as it is a trick of jockeys when they have what is called a high blower, to attach a spring in the nose- band of the halter in such a- way as to compress the nos- tril, and as this is usually the result of nasal polypus and the noise is caused by the flapping of the growth as the air rushes past it pressure prevents this, and the unwary trader is swindled, when a little knowledge or forethought would have saved him. Another one of the many dishonest tricks to cover this disease is to intro- 41 dticc up the nostril, a small oiled sponge on each side of the nostril, and as it comes in contact with the growth, it prevents its movement, and being in itself porous, the air passes readily through it, and no apparent inconve- nience is experienced from it. Always look out for this imposition. CHOKING. A trouble designated by horse men as a choker. Is usually the result of paralysis of the nerves of the larynx, especially of the left inferior; but is sometimes due to laryngeal turmor or abscess, and both of these condi- tions are usually preceded by an acute attack of laryn- gitis. Symptoms. — If the animal is forced to trot or gallop, he soon exhibits signs of great distress, emits a wheezing or roaring sound; and if not allowed to stop, will soon fall and seem to be in the throes of death, for some minutes. When the breathing again becomes nearly or quite nor- mal, and he rises and seems as though nothing out of the ordinary had happened. Treatment — The same as laid down for roaring from atro- phy of the laryngeal muscles. BRONCHITIS. Congestion of the bronchial tissues, is the result of in- haling irritating vapors or gases, often supervening colds, sore throat, laryngitis, specific fevers, and the introduc- tion of foreign and irritating substances. It may be con- fined to the large tubes, or may affect only the smaller, or both the large and small ; and it may affect only the mu 42 cous lining of the tube, or it may involve the whole tissue. Symptoms. — Of first stage are dullness of appearance, drooping of the head, loss of appetite, rise of tempera- ture, pulse hard and quick, respiration accelerated, dry barking cough ; but with the progress of the disease, the dry cough gives way to one more moist, the visible mem- branes of the nose are red, the mouth hot, the cough be- comes hoarse and paroxysmal ; the respiration becomes exceedingly rapid, and out of proportion with the pulse; the pulse may be only seventy or eighty per minute and the breathing as many or even more ; in such cases the smaller tubes and alveolar walls are affected and we have a catarrhal pneumonia. There is a discharge from the nostrils of a whitish or gray color ; it is frequently tinged with blood; and sometimes has a red or brown appear- ance, a hissing or wheezing sound may now be detected by placing the ear to the side of the chest; but if it be the large tubes affected, a hoarse snoring sound will be de- tected ; but when the dry stage is succeeded by the moist, the ear will detect a different sound, as the air passes through the exudate of inflamation bubbles are formed, and the bursting of these bubbles, accounts for the rales or rattling sound. While the breathing is short quick and labored, it is not painful. As it is both abdomi- nal and thoracic, the patient persists in standing during the attack, he will sometimes walk about the enclosure if at liberty, but usually stands most of the time with the head to the door or window, in order to secure as much fresh air as possible; the bowels are generally con- 43 stipated and the faeces are covered with slimy mucus ; the urine is darker than usual and deficient in quantity. Considerable thirst is present. Bronchitis of the larger tubes is not usuallya very serious trouble and never fatal except by producing collapse of a large breathing sur- face ; the collapse being due to occlusion of the air pass- ages of that portion of the lung. Treatment — Reduce temperature by dram doses of acetem- llid every hour until a marked improvement is percepti- ble, or if preferable, give tincture aconite root and tinc- ture gelsemium, of each, one ounce ; artopia sulphate five grains; mix, shake and give thirty drops every four hours. Support the animal by stimulants, such as car- bonate of ammonia, two drams, made into a ball, to be given every four hours, or two ounces 01 brandy or whis- key every hour, as long as necessary; give one ounce nitrate potash in drinking water three times a day; have recourse at once to the medicated steam recommended iti laryngitis ; this will mollify the dry and inflamed parts. Clothe the animal according to weather, bandage legs and keep them warm. If necessary to produce sufficient warmth of legs, apply the liniment recommended in laryngitis also; rub in well over the lungs, being sure to cover more space than the area of the lung. Repeat in four or five days; give soft, easily digested food grass it in season ; keep plenty of cold water hi reach. In severe cases, it is advisable to rub well into the sides and front of chest, a good quantity of the liniment -combed for the throat in laryngitis; repeat in three or four day if necessary. When .the fever and acute inflamation have 44 subsided, give two tablespoonsful, three times a day, of the following mixture: Muriated tincture of iron, tinc- ture of gentian, of each, one and one-half ounce ; sulphate of quinine, one ounce; water to make one pint; mix, shake and give as directed. Should recovery seem tardy, give, in addition, one dram doses of iodide of potassium, three times a day, one hour before feeding. BRONCHITIS— (Chronic) . Is often induced by much the same causes as the acute form, and is sometimes the result of an acute attack ; and in a majority of instances is associated with a thickening of the walls of the tubes, and alveola, and often causes chronic cough and thick wind, or quick and labored breathing. It is slower and less severe than the acute pain, there being less fever. In some cases the cough is hard and clear, and in others, soft or smothered, the nos- trils discharge a whitish and at times a curdled sub- stance; in some cases the animal seems to retain its strength and looks tolerably well, while others lose appe- tite and flesh and great debility, by (anscultation) plac- ing the ear to the sides of the chest, the air may be heard passing through the mucus within the ramifications of the lungs. Treatment — Give much the same treatment as in the acute form ; should the case fail to progress satisfactory, give, night and morning^ the following mixture for two weeks : Hydrocyanic acid, twenty or twenty-five drops, nitrate of potassium, three drams; bicarbonate of soda, one ounce; water, one pint. Or give twice a day, arsenious acid and sulphate of strychnine, of each, two grains; sulphate of 45 ne dram- give generous and nutritious Oct copper, one dram , .n . * CHEST f^he to^ or pulmonary appoplexy is Congeston of the lungs, ° J h {mB \ 1S usually the result of JJ^S^-t **■« °< impure air Symptoms— . , ith t i ie head down, legs a -mot over *-^^ ^ - <"■** tfhich may soon dry and lea ^.^ Qne cold, the pnlse ?«*£1*%%?< beats per minnte, a hundred, to one hundred and jlrtj r may be l 0ud murmur, or perhaps a ^J™^ thc c lbow ; *■* " "" Sf MS X«: «oo b d from the nosfrd in some cases a discharge 01 j _ bsent . If the Ugu- w ,„ he observed: f^^J^ ta- '* —* ru-Th^rt^hrUr, due to an indent supply of oxygen to punty it. Treatment The first essentia, is t^e- *£ pKed wit h an ^— !e «edtoo" vesse'is of the to relieve, if possible, the en » and de . lungs of the extra amount of b ood ™J rfcr vo ** " l ° uVhat SSKSSU to eoualize do this, we must have recou ounces; in Ure circulation; we may give alcohol tw one pint water, every two hours. Or sulp 46 two ounces; every hour in pint of water. Whiskey or brandy, four ounces every hour. Tincture arnica, two ounces. ; every two hours. Or carbonate of ammonia, two or three drams; pulverized and wrappped in soft paper and pushed down the throat, as a ball is given. Any of them, are stimulants, and, therefore, indicated; and to assisst in re-establishing general circulation, have the legs and body briskly rubbed with wisps of hay or straw; clothe warmly ; should the legs still be cold, rub well into them the liniment recommended in laryngitis ; also rub well into the sides, over the region of the lungs. Ban- dage the legs from the hoofs to the knees and hock joints with flannel ; should all these fail, after six or seven hours ; then recourse must be had to bleeding ; take from four to six quarts from the neck vein. Should we be successful n relieving the congestion, we must remem- ber that it may be succeeded by inflammation of the lungs (pneumonia), and the case requires careful treat- ment. Keep the animal comfortable, supply pure air; ah abundance of cool fresh water, in each bucketful dis- solve half ounce nitrate of potash; feed on light, nutri- tious, easily digested food. Rempve bandages and cloth- ing by degrees, as convalescence advances. SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGM. Thumps is a spasmodic, jerky, affection of the dia- phragm); it is sometimes confounded with plapitation of the heart. If the ear be placed over the heart, it will at once be seen that there is no connection, as their move- ments are not simultaneous, and, as the diaphragm is the essential muscle of respiration, and thumps, or its spasmodic action, is produced by the same causes which 47 produce congeston of the lungs, and is often seen in con- nection with it and usually when there is failure to re- lieve it. death ensues from congestion of the lungs; as it is impossible for them to receive proper aeration, when the principal muscle of inspiration is failing to perform Its proper frictions. The malady is identical with hic- cough in the human subject. Treatment — Same as for congestion of the lungs. PNEUMONIA, OR LUNG TROUBLE. The causes are usually identical with those of laryn- gitis, bronchitis, etc.; standing in draughts, exposure to wet and cold, improper ventilation, breathing of smoke, noxious gases, being worked or driven when debilitated from a cold ; or it may result from punctured wounds penetrating the thoracic cavity, but the latter does not necessarily <\o *o. It afreets one or both lungs, usually only one, and in the majority of cases il will be the right lung. When both are affected, it is known as double or bilateral ; when only one, as single or unilateral. Symptoms — It is usually preceded by a chill or rigor, res- piration is accelerated, circulation may be anywhere from seventy to one hundred to the minute ; it may be hard or soft and feeble, large or small, and sometimes inter- mitting. Temperature usually 103 degrees F. or 104 de- crees F., or it may even run up to 106 degrees F. Should the ear be placed to the side over the region of the lung, there will be heard an abnormally loud and hoarse murmur, as the air passes through the cells of the in- flamed organ ; there will also be heard a fine crackling 48 sound, that is absenl j »^ ii& ? ""U ill U1U1.1 LU understand these disagnostic symptoms, it will be neces- sary for the novice to acquaint himself with the sound of the healthy organ during the act of respiration. The mucous membrane of the mouth feels hot and sticky to the touch, the head droops, and the general appearance is dull and listless ; there is usually a dry cough from the start; but with the progress of the disease the nature of the cough changes, and becomes more moist, unless pleurisy ensues, when it is abbreviated by an effort to suppresss it, as it now produces excessive pain At times the nasal discharge will be tinged with blood- while m others, it has the appearance of matter or pus • thirst is excesssive, appetite impaired, membrane of nos- trils dry and red at commencement, but later becomes more moist; the legs are cold, urine scant and darker than when in health, bowels usually more or less constipated the faeces flaked with mucus. It will be observed he prefers to stand with the head to the door, window or other opening, where he can obtain the most abudant suppply of fresh air; he persistently stands unless there be a complication of pleurisy; in which case, he appears restless, and will occasionally lie down for a few min- utes; but he soon rises as the recumbent position only increases his trouble by compressing the lungs, and cur- tailing their already insufficient supply of air, as well as increases the pain. When the breathing is very rapid he will stand with the elbows turned out and the toes turned in, as pleurisy is now present and this position is assumed to avoid the pressure against the thoracic walls; how- ever if great prostration ensues, the position of the limbs will be reversed, the feet will be spread apart and the 49 elbows turned inward; he seems to be standing braced, as it to avoid falling. While in pneumonia the breathing is rapid, it is not painful, but difficult ; but if pleurisy also be i .resent, the breathing is accomplished as much as possible by the abdominal muscles, and the ribs kept as still as possible. The duration of the fever is from, five to ten davs, the character of the nasal discharge is also ot great diagnostic importance in catarrhal pneumonia and bronchitis; it is more or less purulent, and when exces- sive indicates a condition of gravity; but in croupous pneumonia it is not so abundant and is viscid and amber colored. Treatment — The first care must be to provide comfortable quarters, with plenty of fresh air, but free from draughts, and be sure, also, that there are no foul odors. It is always safest to sprinkle the premises with lime or other disinfectant. If the temperature be high, give dram doses of acetanilid, every hour, until it begins to fall ; then give it less frequently; or as often as necessary to hold in check. If legs be cold, hand-rub them until warm, and bandage with tlannel bandages, from the hoofs up as high as they are cold ; clothe according to the weather ; rub region of lungs with liniment. Should the animal seem depressed, give quinine sulphate, in dramf doses, every four to six hours; but if this has a tnedency to increase the temperature too much, give spirits nitrous ether and rectified spirits, of each, two ounces. Or six ounces good whiskey or brandy every five or six hours. But if any of these seem to excite the patient, discontinue them ; and if they cause him to have more appetite, con- 50 tinue. Watch the temperature and keep it within rea- sonable bounds, keep a good supply of pure, cold water within reach of the animal at all times; if the kidneys seem inactive, or the fever, excessive, dissolve one ounce nitrate of potash in each bucket of water consumed, as it has a cooling effect on the whole system, as well as a diuretic action. Or substitute bicarb, potash, one ounce ; but if the patient seems much depressed, do not use either ; but use spirits of nitrous ether, as before directed, if the appetite be fairly good, feed mostly on scalded oats, bran mash, and good bright bay ; or grass, if in season ; but if the appetite be poor, try different articles of diet, give anything he will eat, as very much depends on keeping up the strength and vitality, but never force food of any kind. Should the heart becomje very much weakened, give hypodermically, one-half grain sulphate of strychnine; and in four hours administer one-fourth to one-half grain nitro-glycCrine in the same way ; continue this until the heart resumes a better tone. Remember that judicious nursing and sanitary surroundings are more than half the battle in pneumonia ; and that it is better to do too little than too much. When convales- cence begins, give one ounce doses (two tablespoonsful) of the following mixture three times a day: Muriated tincture of iron, and tincture of nuxvomica, of each, five ounces; tincture of gentian, six ounces; sulphate of qui- nine, one ounce. Mix and shake, give three times a day. The safest way to give all liquids is with a hard rubber syringe, holding about one to two ounces ; draw the medi- cine into syringe, place the thumb of one hand in roof of the mouth, elevate the head, and having the syringe 5i in the other hand, throw the medicine well back in mouth and he will generally swallow it with but little trouble If you should be so unfortunate as to strangle him, let the head down at once, as it is better to lose the medicine, than to get any foreign substance into the already in- flamed lung. It is also well to remember that the admin- istration of ammonia and quinine together is not admissi- ble • allow the intervention of one or two hours between t hem We often find forty-drop doses, every four houses of equal parts of tincture aconite root and tincture of crelsemium, to have a very happy effect in lowering tem- perature ; but in the use of these drugs, be sure to watch the action of the heart, and counteract undue depression by stimulants. Should the lung become solidified, or hepa- tized rub well into the sides over the lungs the liniment recommended in larqngitis and bronchitis; if necessary, it may be repeated on alternate days. PLEURISY. Inflammamton of the serous membrane, lining the tho- racic cavity covering the lungs and other organs of the chest Usually results from colds and other causes so prolific of pneumonia; in fact, pleurisy and pneumonia are generally, but not always, associated. In a normal state this membrane is of a smooth, shiny appearance, and excretes a fluid called serum, which keeps the sur- face always moist; thus preventing friction between the lungs and wall of the chest, during expansion and con- traction of the lungs, in the act of respiration. It may be affected, also, by wounds penetrating the chest, a frac- tured rib or in connection with bronchitis, influenza and 52 often rheumatism. It may affect one or both si Symptoms — When existing independent of other diseases, it is preceded by a chill, which usually escapes notice. The animal, as will be observed, is very averse to turn short, or move about; and when compelled to do so, evinces great pain, evidenced by a groan or grunt. The respiration is rapid and incomplete, the ribs move very little, but the abdominal muscles are brought more into use than natural. He may, at the commencement of the attack, appear to have a slight colic; may be restless, and even lie down, but as he finds no relief, he soon rises, every movement of the chest causes intense pain. The cough is short and suppressed, as the animal endeavors to suppress it altogether. The temperature ranges from 102 degrees F. to 105 degrees F. Bowels usually constipated. Urine scant nd dark in color; pulse hard and wiry, beating seventy to eighty per minute; legs and ears cold. If the sides, over the region of the lungs, be tapped with the knuckles of the hand, or pressure be made with the ends of the fingers between the ribs, com- mencing just back of the elbow and extending over con- siderable space, the point of trouble may be located, by the amount of pain evinced. Or if the ear be placed over the lung at different points ; it mjay also be detected by the sharp, rasping sound emitted by the contact of the dry surfaces of the lung and pleura, during the act of respiration. Within two or three days, the violent symptoms will probably be somewhat abated, owing to the exudation of fluid into the lung cavity. This stage of the disease is known as hydrothorax, or dropsy of the. 53 chest. Should there be gradual absorption of the exu- date, the case will probably terminate in recovery, in from ten to fifteen days ; but, should the quantity of effu- sion be great, the process of absorption will necessarily be slow, and convalescence retarded. Treatment — In the early or acute stge, when the pain is severe, the administration of opium is indicated ; give one ounce of the tincture, in one pint of raw linsee oil. If the pain continues, repeat the opium, in three or four hours. Appply hot fomentations over the lungs ; if the pulse remain hard, give tr. aconite root, in ten-drop doses, every hour. The general treatment varies but little from that of pneumonia and bronchitis, but do not fail to continue the hot fomentations to the sides, until the pain subsides. After a few days the liniment, recommended in the treat- ment of pneumonia, should be rubbed well into the sides over the lungs, but covering much more space, as it will promote obsorption of effusion, and has a tendency to obviate hydrothorax. If in ten or twelve days, the case is not progressing satisfactorily, the trouble is due to failure of the system to absord the effusion or fluid in the cavity, and we have a case of hydrothorax. We must now put forth our best efforts to assist nature in the task of absorption ; give three times daily, one-half ounce tincture of perchloride of iron ; and one ounce of tincture of gentian ; with half pint of water. It may be given as a drench, if care is taken to avoid strangling the patient. One or two hours previous to feeding, night and morn- ing, give one dram of iodide of potassium. Should we i our efforts to effect absorption, of the exudate, we must resort to the operation of paracentesis thoracis, or more plainly speaking, tapping the chest and drawing off the fluid ; but this requires the service of the veterinary surgeon. It should not be delayed until the animal is so much prostrated as to be beyond recovery. ASTHMA, HEAVES, OR BROKEN WIND. Causes — From which this trouble arises seem to be somewhat obscure, different authorities differ in opinion regarding it ; therefore, I shall give only the most proba- ble causes ; among which, are, dusty and unwholesome food, especially, dusty hay and fodder, over driving, etc. Asthma is generally thought to be the result of spasm of the circular muscles surrounding the bronchial tubes, the continuance of this affection results in paralysis of the muscles. Some authors say there is rupture and en- largement of some of the air cells of the lungs. I am personally inclined to this view. Some are of the opin- ion it is due to a lesion of the pneumogastric nerve ; however that may be, all the organs supplied by branches of these nerves, are liable sooner or later to become in- volvd, viz. : the heart, bronchial tubes, lungs and stom- ach, and it is certain that the trouble is accompanied by some serious digestive trouble. Symptoms — The act of inspiration, or of drawing the air into the lungs, seems to be normal, or nearly so, perhaps a little quicker than in health, but scarcely enough to be noticeable. But the act of expiration, or expelling, the air from the lungs, is accomplished by two distinct ef- 55 foits, at the conclusion of which the muscles relax and the flanks fall with peculiar force. The malady is at- tended with a short cough, more -ike a grunt, if the case is of recent origin, or the affection slight, it m|ay not be noticeable, except after a certain amount of exertion. But the symptoms are so well known, they need no ex- tensive description. Treatment — I am of the opinion that when the disease is once established, there is no permanent cure for it ; but it may, in most cases, be greatly alleviated. Being aware that deleterious, unwholesome and bulky food aggravates the symptoms, it should be our first care to remedy this; give water before feeding always, and give but little hay and that but once a day; plenty of sound corn or oats three times a day; dampen all food with salt v^ater, this answers the two-fold purpose, of getting rid of any dust in the food and stimulating the flow of gastric juices, thus assisting digestion. Give the horse the following treatment : Two grains sulphate strychnine in feed, night and morning; also give calomel, digitatis, opium and camphor, of each, one ounce; divide into eight powders and give one powder each day, until all are given ; then repeat, leaving out the calomel. Allow the animal to wear his bridle with about half a dram solid extract of stramonium, wrapped on the bit, it gives great relief. The horse shark, knowing the animal breathes reason- ably well when the stomach is empty, keeps him short of food and water for the purpose of fleecing the unwary. They even resort to pouring shot down his throat, giving large doses of stramonium, belladonna, opium, etc. All 56 of which seem to temporarily relieve the difficulty; but it is only for a short time. The most dangerous one with which the unsuspecting is liable to be swindled, is the trick of pouring one quart of melted lard down the heaver, the effect lasts from twelve to twenty-four hours ; but it is always safest when dealing with a man in whose honor you have not the utmost confidence, to require him to allow you twenty-four hours in which to try the horse, and in the meantime give an abuahdance of hay, and water him after he has eaten all he will, and if any- thing s wrong it will then show up. , CHRONIC COUGH. In a majority of instances results from indigestion, in other words, it is a liver cough. Treatment — Give Barbadoes aloes, from six to eight drams ; powdered ginger, three drams; make into a ball and give at once. When the cathartic effect has passed off, give the treatment recommended for heaves, and in addition, give tablespoonful oil of tar, three times a day, for eight or ten days. DISEASES OF THE HEART AND ITS MEM- BRANES. PERICARDITIS. Inflammamtion of the pericardium or membrane envel- oping the heart Causes — The causes are similar to those from which pulmonary or lung troubles arise; rheumatism,, etc. It $7 may also result from traumatism or wounds especially from a broken rib. Symptoms — Excessive fever, pulse hard and irritable, indi- cating irritability of the heart, the action of which is often irregular, at times, full, bounding, and violent ; breathing quick, extremities cold ; we often notice cramps or spasms of the superficial muscles, especially of the neck and the pectoral region, the muscles of the hind extremities are occasionally violently affected. Fever is highest in the evening, and lowest in the morning; pulse corresponding to temperature; by placing the ear to the left side, over the region of the heart, a rasping sound may be detected in unison with the heart beats, and is known to practi- tioners as the to and fro sound, but somewhere from the second to the fourth day this sound may disappear, from the same reason that the friction sound in pleurisy dis- appears, viz. : that the envelope is disteneded by an effu- sion or euxdate, and the contact of heart and envelope is prevented. In some cases a distinct sound as of water being displaced by some violent movement, and then rushing back to its former place; this is due to the vio- lent contraction and expansion of the organ, surrounded as it is by the undue amount of fluid. The disease may always be regarded as of serious import. Treatment — If the pain be severe, give two ounces tincture opium, every six hours, until some abatement of symp- toms takes place; also give, every hour, twenty-five or thirty drops of tincture of digitalis, and tincture of aco- nite root, mixed in equal quantities ; until pulse and tern- 58 perature are reduced. Keep the bowels regular with moderate doses of raw linseed oil ; should the limbs be cold, rub them/ well with some stimulating liniment, or tincture of capsicum, then bandage ; keep the body warm- ly clothed ; give, half ounce doses, nitrate of potash in drinking water, three times a day; after the lapse of three or four days, give iodide of potash, in two-dram doses, in- stead of the nitrate of potash. Apply the liniment (rec- ommended in bronchitis) to the sides of the chest in the early stages, rub in well. Should the disease becom,* chronic, give two tablespoonsful of the following mix- ture, three times daily: Iodide of iron, one ounce; tinc- ture of gentian, eight ounces ; water, eight ounces ; dis- solve the iodide of iron in the water and add the gentian, shake before using. Continue the iodide of potassium three times a day,for two or three weeks. When the effusion into the envelope is sufficient to endanger life, then the operation of tapping or paracentesis, must be performed; but only the competent veterinary surgeon should attempt this. ENDOCARDITIS. Is an inflammation of the membrane lining the cavities of the heart. Causes — It is a very frequent result of articular rheu- matism. Symptoms — Similar to those of pericarditis ; the most no- ticeable difference being that by auscultation we find, instead of the to and fro friction sound noticed in pericar- ditis, a blowing or cooing sound. Treatment — 59 If the pulse is irregular or irrirtable, give tonic treatment, as recommended in pericarditis; in fact, the treatment should be much the same, with the excep- tion, that any heart sedative must be administered with extreme caution. Tincture of aconite is particularly use- ful in quieting an irritable condition, but it must be given with an equal quantity of tincture of digitalis, to counter- act the depressing influence on the heart; for anything calculated to lower the heart's action promotes fibrinous coagulation. Or twenty to thirty drops tincture vera- trum veride and same amount of tincture of digitalis may be given every hour, until the symptoms abate. If much debility be present, give stimulants; carbonate of ammo- nia, in two or three dram doses, until the depression is less marked ; avoid all blisters, or other so-called counter irritants, they only increase the trouble. But should the animal survive, the chances of being of much value are very remote, as they seldom recover sufficiently to be of much service. There are many other affections of the heart, but symptoms are so common to all; that it would be impossible for the ordinary reader to distinguish one from the other and I will not take the space to describe them here. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND ITS MEM- BRANES. V CEREBRITIS. Inflammamtion of the brain substance. Causes — Causes are many. The most common are cys- tic and calcareous tumors, exposure to extreme heat or 6o cold; direct injury to the brain, as concussion, fracture of the cranium, rupture of meningeal blood vessels ; or it may result from influenza, or a poison that has a direct influence on the brain substance. Symptoms — Are as varied as the causes, and when unac- companied by other disease is seldom recognized dur- ing life. The symptoms usually develop slowly, but persistently; vertigo or giddiness is continuously pres- ent; he stops , staggers and shakes the head, seeming to be uncertain in which direction to go ; muscles of side of face and neck drawn and tense ; the pupils of the eyes contracted ; pulse small, hard, sometimes fast, and somje- times slower than normal; slight increase of tempera- ture ; respiration or breathing slow, and de*ep ; appetite uncertain, bowels constitpated, loses flesh rapidly. These symptoms may continue for a period of from seven to fourteen days, when he may become comatose ; the pulse becomes intermittent, the pupils of the eyes dilate, the muscles which were rigid are now relaxed and paralyzed ; he finds it difficult to swallow, the urine may be involun- tarily discharged, or it may be retained; he may linger in this condition for several days and then die in a paralyzed and unconscous condition. But more frequent- ly the paralysis is sudden and complete, from extensive brain lesions ; and it is only a matter of a few hours. Treatment — Is of little avail except to keep the bowels open by the use of cathartics, and prevent the animal from injuring itself. 6i CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN-MEGRIMS. Is due to engorgement of the blood vessels of the brain; it may result from hypertrophy of the left ventri- cle of the heart, undue exertion, sudden fear or other ex- citement, extreme heat, etc. This is known as the active form, the passive form may be due to any mechanical obstruction of the blood in its return to the heart such as turriors, abscesses, or it may be from organic lesion of the heart ; tight fitting collars, etc. Animals of plethoric condition, with short thick necks, are particularly subject to this trouble. Symptoms — Usually manifest themselves very suddenly ami are of short duration; the animal may stop suddenly,' shake his head, or he may stand quietly, but appears to stand bracing himself for a moment; then stagger or P-tch forward and fall ; the eyes are staring, nostrils di- lated, respiration hurried and stertorous. Generally the symptoms disappear in a short time, or coma and death quickly follow; should the symptoms abate, he may be weak and staggering for several days. If it be the result of diseased blood vessels in the brain, or organic lesion of the heart, then the symptoms may be slow of develop- ment and are manifested by stupor, dimness of vision imperfect control of voluntary movements, diminished ^nsibility of the skin, unconsciousness, delirium and death. In the milder cases partial recovery may ensue, and be followed by paralysis and other complications Treatment — Should the trouble arise from mechanical ob- struction, remove it, as speedily as possible. If from ;,',"'" 62 tight collar, loosen it; if from tumor or abscess, it will require the services of a veterinary surgeon. Should the animal be partially or wholly unconscious, apply cold compresses to the head, should this fail to give relief; bleed, to lessen arterial tension. Give tincture aconite root, or Norwood's tincture veratrum, every hour, in 20 drop doses, until consciousness is restored. Should the lmibs be cold, rub them well with some stimulating lini- ment. After two or three days give Barbadoes aloes, as directed in the treatment of menengitis. Also give iodide of potassium, night and morning, in dram doses. SUN-STROKE, OR EXHAUSTION FROM HEAT. Causes — Excessive heat and consequent exhaustion, either from the rays of the sun, or long continued and violent work. Symptoms — The animal stops suddednly, drops the head, staggers and falls in an unconscious heap ; pulse slow and irregular ; breathing stertorous or snoring, portions of the body breaks out in a cold perspiration. If the trouble arises from heat, he usually shows signs of slug- gishness ; perspiration ceases sometime previous to the more noticeable symptoms, he becomes weak and stag- gering in his movements ; breathing quick, eyes blood- shot, nostrils dilated, the mucous linings assuming a deep red or purplish hue ; pulse very rapid, but weak r unconsciousness soon follows, and unless soon relieved, death is inevitable from active congestion of the brain. Treatment — Consists in the application of heat to the head 63 and along the spine, either in the form of hot water cloths or dry heat ; stimulants, carbonate of ammonia, three to four drams ; wrap in tissue paper and shove down the throat. Or give four ounces alcohol, or half pint of whis- key, in half pint water, every hour; rub the limbs briskly, apply some stimulating liniment to them, continue the stimulants until the circulaton is nearer normal — both in frequency and tone . Should the trouble be due to other causes than heat, the treatment should be the same except cold applications to the head and spine should take the place of hot ones. But, under no circum- stances, should blood letting be resorted to ; and when reaction occurs, administer iron and bitter tonics; give three times daily, two tablespoonsful of the following mixture : Muriated tincture of iron, tincture gentian, tincture nuxvomica, each, five ounces ; sulphate of qui- nine, one ounce. Mix all together, shake well, and give as directed. MENENGITIS— MAD STAGGERS. Causes — Excess of heat or cold, wounds of the head, rupture of meningeal blood vessels, influenza, rheuma- tism, deleterious food, etc. Symptoms — In acute menengitis, appear very suddenly. The animal flies back in the halter, runs or plunges for- ward, paying no attention to obstacles; pulse rapid, res- piration hurried, temperature from 103 degrees F. to 107 degrees F., according to severity; muscles quivering. Pupils of eyes contracted, head elevated; muscles of sides of head and neck rigid; eyes retract in their sockets* 64 twitching of eyelids ; furious delirium or convulsions, coma and death unless soon relieved. The least noise or excitement is apt to produce symptoms of the most vio- lent nature ; but during the intervening periods, the ani- mal appears dull and drowsy ; there is volent effort to expel the contents of the rectum; the urine is ejected in spurts, or by convulsive efforts. In the sub-acute form, the symptoms develop more slowly ; it may be distin- guished from encephalitis or cerebritis, from the fact that there are no symptoms of coma or of localized paral- ysis, until the near approach of death, but on the con- trary the animal shows increased sensibility, delirium and violence. Treatment — In the initial or early stage of menengitis, when the pulse is full and the blood vessels engorged, the danger to life is from the rapid accumulation of inflammatory products; the first object then is the early and rapid unloading of the engorged vessel, thus re- lieve the pressure on the brain in all inflammatory at- tacks of the brain and its membranes, including menen- gitis, encephalitis, cerebritis, etc. Another most expedi- tious means at our disposal, is the abstraction of blood from the jugular or neck vein, and in the acute form of menengitis, it is imperative ; keep the finger on the pulse and when there is a marked softening or fluttering dis- continue, and give a smart purge, composed of six or eight drams of Barbadoes aloes; and one-half dram of calomel, made into a ball. Control the temperature by an occasional dose of 20 to 30 drops of tincture of aco- nite root, place the ftniirial in a quiet place, as free from 65 noise as possible. Give from twenty to twenty-five drops Norwood's tincture of veratrum every hour; place cloths wrung out of hot water on his head and renew them frequently for twelve or fourteen hours. If the symlp- toms do not abate, give one and one-half, to two grains ot atropine sulphate, twice a day, hypodermically. Or instead of all other medicine, give two grains, each, of eserine and pilocarpine ; repeat the pilocarpine in one grain doses, twice daily, by intra-tracheal injection. Keep plenty of cool water in his reach, in which has been dis- solved one-half to one ounce nitrate of potash. Should this treatment fail to give relief in twelve hours, we must resort to the hypodermic injection or ergotin, in five grain doses, every six hours, add one dram of water to each dose of ergotin. Cover the animal warmly, un- less there be excessive perspiration. Hand-rub the legs to promote free circulation, or rub them with some stim- ulating liniment, or with strong mustard water. Cold water to the head now, in place of the hot. Should it pass into the chronic form, give twice a day, two drams of iodide of potassium; and two drams :alomel, once a day. If there is no fever present, give iodide of iron, one dram ; and two drams of powdered hyprastis, three times daily. Apply cantharidal collodion or fly blisters back of the poll. Should there be paralysis of any of the parts, give two tablespoonsful of the following tonic, three times daily : Equal parts tincture of iron muriate ; tincture of gentian, and tincture hydrastis canadensis. And in acldi- '.ion, give two grains sulphate of strychnine, on tongue, night and morning, until muscular twitchings are de- tected, when the strychnine must be discontinued. ■ 66 : ; SLEEPY STAGGERS— COMA. Is a disease resulting from a variety of brain af- fections ; such as chronic menengitis, accompanied with effusion ; atrophy, tumors in the lateral ventricles, etc, ; a mild form of congestion, and is attributed to engorge- ment of the stomach with bulky and innutritious food and lack of proper exercise. Symptoms — Drowsiness, sluggish and often staggering gait, partial insensibility, the animal may be eatng, when he suddenly drops the head in the box, or manger ; usu- ally with the mouth full ; you may place his feet in any position you choose, and he will remain as you place him, for a long time. He seems perfectly insensible of all that is passing. The pulse is slow and soft, temperature normal ; he may remain in this condition for weeks, or even months, without any apparent change, or he may lose consciousness entirely, or he may become delirious and die in convulsions. Treatment — Bleeding froni the neck vein, one to two gal- lons, according to the size of the horse ; give at once, Barbadoes aloes, seven drams ; croton oil, five to ten drops ; powdered capsicum, one to two drams ; made into a ball. After the effect of the ball has passed off, give, three times a day, one tablespoonful of the following mixture : Powdered ginger, powdered hydrastis, cana- densis, ground cloves and bicarbonate of soda, of each, four parts, and powdered capsicum, one part ; mix thor- oughly. Or give the iodide of potassium, and calomel, as directed in menengitis. Should there be deep coma, or 67 almost continuous unconsciousness, apply cold water; or ice to the head. PARALYSIS. Paralysis is a malady usually resulting from some dis- order of the brain, injury to the spinal cord, tumors, dis- ease of the blood vessels of the brain, etc. Treatment — When due to tumors, or pressure on a nerve, treatment consists in removing the cause by surgical in- terference, and if from other causes, any agent that will impart tone and vigor to the general nervous sytem, is indicated ; among which remedies strychnine and elec- tricity are the most prominent anti-paralytics. Strych- nine may be given in two-grain doses, twice a day, until muscular twitchings are observed ; it must then be dis- continued for a few days (as its effect is cumulative) ; it may then be resumed, but be careful to watch for the physiological effect or muscular twitching. DISEASES OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. Inflammamtton of the lymph glands usually occurs in connection with some inllammntory process in the region from which its lymph is drawn; in cases of strangles, nasal catarrh, ulcerated teeth, etc. The lymph glands, situated beneath the lower jaw, almost invariably be- come involved, and abscessses form, unless preventive treatment be promptly employed. Symptoms — The glands swell, are painful to the touch, ab- scesses usually form ; temperature high. 68 Treatment — Foment with hot water, after which apply camphorated oil, or camphorated soap liniment, to pre- vent suppuration, if possible. But if there is indication of an abscess apply, over the swollen part, a blistering ointment, composed of two ounces of vaseline, one-half ounce powdered cantharides, and three dram(s of binio- dide of mercury ; or the liniment used in bronchitis ; or hot flax seed poultices instead ; as soon as fluctuation can be felt, open freely with the lancet, and allow the pus to escape ; dress the wound with a solution of one dram each of chloride of zinc and two drams borolyptol, in one pint water ; wash out the cavity with syringe, two or three times daily, or use dioxogen in the same manner. Hypertrophried, or enlarged lymphatic glands in the re- gion of the larynx sometimes produces wheezing, or roar- ing, by pressing on the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Treatment consists in blistering, with sweating and ab- sorbent blisters ; vaseline, two ounces ; powdered cantha- rides, six dram's ; bin-iodide of mercury, three drams ; mix well and apply every fourth day. Should -this fail, it will b necessary to remove it with the knife. LYMPHANGITIS— ELEPHANTIASIS. Causes — Horses of a lymphatic, or sluggish tempera- ment, are especially predisposed to this ailment; well fed animals are more subject to it than leaner ones; in such cases, it is probably due to an excess of nutritive elements in the blood, or it may be the result of sudden changes in the work, or habits of the animal ; or he may be ridden, or driven, until exhausted, then over-fed and 6q not given the proper attention ; this is a prolific source of the malady. Symptoms — It is usually ushered in with a chill, but this is seldom noticed and is followed by high fever and un- easiness, lameness in one or both hind legs, soon follows ; swelling appears on the inside of thigh, gradually ex- tending around the whole limb and extending to the foot; the limb is very hot and sensitive to the touch; the breathing is accelerated; temperature high, some- times reaching 105 degrees F. or 106 degrees F. ; pulse hard and rapid; bowels soon become constipated; urine scanty. Symptoms usually increase in severity for two or three days. When the condition remains unchanged for several days; the fever then begins to abate; the swelling subsides, and the limib is less painful to the touch. It is very seldom that all the swelling leaves the limb, but generally leaves some permanent enlargement and the animal is very subject to a recurrence of the trouble. Treatment — Give fifteen drops, each, of tincture of aconite root and tincture of digitalis, every hour, until the pulse and temperature are considerably lessened. Foment the affected limb with hot vinegar, in fhich salt has been dissolved, in porportion of one-half pint, to one gallon of vinegar; also dissolve two ounces nitrate of potash in the •same mixture ; keep this up almost continually for six or eight hours, when the limb should be rubbed perfectlv dry with flannel cloths; then rubbed well with cam- phorated soap liniment; give half ounce doses of nitrate of potash in drinking water, three times a day also 7° give him iodide of potassium in two-dram doses, three times a day, for two or three weeeks. Give perfect rest and green food, if in season ; if not, keep bowels open by bran mashes. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. DIABETES— INSIPIDUS. Usually resulting from feeding deleterious and un- wholesome food, either directly or indirectly ; but in some cases it ma}'- be due to indigestion, and disappears with the restoration of the digestive organs to their normal condition. Symptoms — Great thirst and excessive discharge of pale, odorless urine ; in fact it is almost as white as pure water (in health it is of a deep amber color, and of strong odor) ; there is a rapid wasting of tissue, and extreme emaciation, failing of the appetite, the skin becomes tense, the hair erect and lusterless, the eyes dull and withdrawn into their sockets ; he has no power of endur- ance, and perspires with the least exertion. Treatment — First remove the cause, if known, then give two tablespoonsful doses of a solution, one ounce of iodide of iron; to one pint of water; three times daily. Tablespoonful of bicarbonate of soda, in drinking water, two or three times a day. Or give two dram doses of iodine, twice a day, until the thirst disappears. AZOTURIA— CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS. Is due to too much nitrogenous food, without proper exercise; and is confined almost invariably to horses of short, blocky build. He is allowed to stand in the stable for several days with no exercise; is fed high, the blood becomes charged with an excess of nitrogen, and on coming- from the stable seems to possess more than his usual amount of vitality; but after going a short dis- tance, he suddenly goes lamie in one hind leg; he pers- pires profusely, soon goes lame in the other hind limb, and in a few minutes he generally comes down in a heap, and when down, he usually struggles violently, but is utterly unable to regain his feet. The membranes of the eyes and nose assume a brownish tinge, the pulse and respiration are much accelerated, the urine is of a dark- brown or red, and sometimes almjost black. In the milder form, the animal may not fall, but the malady may only appear as a sudden lameness, upon being put to work after an unusual period of rest and high feeding. Treatment — The more severe cases should receive a smart purge, of from six to eight drams pulverized aloes; and should the kidneys seem inactive, give one ounce sweet spirits nitre ; or one-half to one dram of powdered Col- chicum seed, twice daily. Should he seem particularly restless, give half ounce doses of bromide of potassium, every four of five hours, as long as necessary. Do not apply irritating liniments or hot applications to the loins, as it only renders him more restless, and causes him to struggle and do enough harm to counteract the good that might otherwise result. Provide good shelter and bed ; keep him as comfortable as possible; turn him from side to side, two or three times daily. After two or three days, try to assist him to his feet ; if necessary, put him in the slings, have the limbs briskly hand-rubbed to get up good circulation, and as soon as he is able to walk, give him very gentle exercise. Should there be any in- dication of remaining weakness or paralysis, give two grains sulphate of strychnine, twice daily ; he may re- cover almost as suddenly as he was taken, or it may end fatally in a few days, or even in a few hours. In some sudden cases, if the animal be stopped immediately, kept perfctly quit, and given three or four drams bromide of potassium, all symptoms of the malady subside, and no further trouble is experienced. ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. Causes — The causes are many and varied, but we will only enumerate such as may be understood and pre- vented. The most prolific among which is a dsordered liver, it fails to perform its work of eliminating poison- ous and effete material, and the kidneys attempt this part of the work of both organs, and the cosequence is the overwork and inevitable lesion of the kidneys. Or it may be the result of irritating diuretic plants in the forage ; njudicious administration of diuretics, the infliction of blows or sprains on the loins ; the application of can- tharidal, or Spanish fly blisters to large surface, the drip- ping of cold water on the loins, etc. Symptoms — Accelerated pulse, rise of temperature, back or loins arched, straddling gait, flanks tucked or drawn up, stiffness of the back, seeming difficulty in lying down and getting up, looking back at the abdomen, apparent signs of colic, tenderness of the loins to pressure ; fre- quent attempts at urination, but small quantity is voided 73 at a time, and is of a high color and at times, mixed with blood or pus. Treatment — Remove the cause if known, throw the work of elimination on the liver, and thus relieve the kidneys by giving one pint of castor oil; as this arouses the liver, and does not irritate the kidneys. Place in warm stall, if possible, and clothe well to promote perspiration ; should this he impracticable, give dram doses of dovers powders, every hour, until the severity of the symptoms has sub- sided. Hot fomentations should be persistently applied over the region of the kidneys, wring- blankets out of water as hot as can be borne by the hands, place over the loins and cover with dry ones; if not possible to do this, make a thin paste with the white of eggs and mus- tard, and rub in well over loins and cover with paper, and blanket to retain the fumes of the mustard and keep the body warm; leave on three or four clays, as it will not actually blister when mixed in this way. Keep the bowels open by the use of one to two drams of aloes daily ; after the commencement of recovery, give him two tablespoonsful doses of a mixture of tincture of nux vomica, tincture gentian ; and muriated tincture of iron, each, five ounces ; and one ounce sulphate of quinine ; mix and shake before giving. Keep the patient comfortable, do not allow any exertion for some days or even weeks after all symptoms have disappeared. CHRONIC INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. Causes — May be from sprains or other injuries to the loins, exposure, indigestion, diseases of the heart, lungs 74 or liver, faulty assimilation of the blood, and many other circumstances too obscure to the non-professonal to be of any value. Symptoms — Stiffness, weakness, extreme sensibility to pressure in the region of the kidneys; the flow of urine may be less or it may be more than in health, or alto- gether suppressed, or again it may be normal in quantity; swelling of the limbs, dropsy may also manifest itself along the under surface of the chest and abdomen, the hair is lusterless, the skin scurfy, appetite poor, no vital- ity, inability to stand continued exerton, emaciation, flabby muscles, membranes of the eyes and nose pallid, sometimes there are eruptions of the skin, the urine, if tested, will be found to contain casts and albumen. Treatment — Is frequently very unsatisfactory, from the fact that the cause of the trouble is contained in the dis- orders of other important organs. Should this fact be ascertained, the evil must be treated at the same time, or previous to the treatment of the inflamed kidney. Be sure the liver is in condition to perform its office; buih up the general system by giving the tonic recommended in the convalescence of acute inflammation of the kid- neys, give one-half to one dram nitro muriatic acid in drinking water, once a day. Apply hot fomentations and the mustard paste as in the acute form; should there be suppression of the urine, apply an infusion of digitalis leaves to the loins. Be chary of diuretics. '75 DISEASES OF THE BLADDER. Causes — Arc numerous, among- which are long, hard drives without opportunity to void the urine, colic, im- paction of the colon, standing in cold rain, cold draughts when fatigued, or wet with perspiration, the injudicous administration of diuretics, extensive fly blisters, diuretic plants in the provender, stone in the bladdder, etc. Symptoms — Frequent stretching with efforts to void the urine, the effort is ineffectual, there may be a slight drib- bling but nothing more; in the effort, he evinces pain by his groans; he paws uneasily, shakes the tail, kicks at the abdomen with the hind feet, looks back at the flanks, lies down but soon rises, and likely attempts again to urinate. Treatment — First, by enemas of warm water, into which tincture of opium in proportion of one ounce to half gal- lon of water, has been mixed ; if this fails, the horse catheter must be used to draw off the urine. The cathe- ter used for this purpose is about three and one-half feet long; draw the penis out of its sheath, have an. assistant to bold it and to introduce the catheter, now have one hand well oiled and introduce it into the rectum, have the assistant to push the catheter up, until it reaches tin; ischial arch, just beneath the anus, where it can be felt from the outside, as it moves along the urethra, and can also be felt by the hand within the rectum, and must be guided by the hand, into the bladder as the assistant pushes it forward. The catheter for the mare is more seldom; needed, as the easily introduced, and moreover oiled hand may be introduced i mouth of the bladdder, and allow the escape of the urine. INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. Causes — Abuse of diuretics, stone in the bladder, reten tion of urine, irritation of the inner lining and the de- struction of epithelial cells by ammonia generated by decomposing urine, the application of Spanish flies or turpentine over large areas, the eating of irritating plants in the provender, exposure to cold when tired and warm. Symptoms — Colic pains, uneasy movement of the hind limbs, kicking at the abdomen, looking around at the flank, frequently lies down, but soon gets up ; frequent efforts to void the urine; the passage of small quantities of clear, red, or flocculent urine, it is always voided in spurts or jets, and accompanied by signs of pain ; aft^r the discharge he continues straining and groaning; the penis hangs from the sheath, in the mare the vulva is frequently opened and closed; should pressure be made in the region of the sheath, or udder, severe pain is evinced. Treatment — Remove the cause, if known. If from reten- tion and decomposition of urine, it must be drawn off by the catheter, and the bladder thoroughly washed out with a solution of one tcaspoOnful of borolyptol, and one-half teaspoonful of carbolic acid, to one galloon of tepid water, twice a day. Give light diet and mucilagin- ous drinks ; after acute symptoms have subsided, give le. 77 daily doses of fluid extract of buchu, half ounce. Also give the tonic recommended in other cases, consisting; of tincture gentian; tincture nuxvomca; muriated tincture of iron; of each, five ounces; and one ounce of quinine. Shake and give two tablespoonsful three times daily. DISEASES OF THE EYE AND ITS MEMBRANES. The lids of the eye are subject to many accidents and diseases; in fact, too many to be mentioned separately; hut most of them consist of lacerations or slight inflam- mations, and where the trouble is strictly local, may be successsfully treated by cooling and astringent lotions, such as one grain, each, of sulphate of berberine and morphine, to an ounce of water; apply to the affected parts, three or four times daily. Or use chloride of zinc, two grains ; to an ounce of water. Lint when due to some constitutional disturbance, treatment will have to be in accord with the trouble. OBSTRUCTION OF THE LACHRYMAL DUCT. The lachrymal ducts are openings situated at the inner angle of the eye, and terminating in the lower extremity of the nostril, and are intended for the escape of the tears or lachrymal fluid. Causes — Swelling from inflammation of the eye, colds, closing of the extremity by mucous or dust. Symptoms — An overflow of tears over the outside of the face, sometimes fever. Treatment — Open them by steaming the head, by the in- 78 ' traduction of a small silver probe, the forcing of liquid through them from the lower extremity by suitable syringe, the introduction of the solution recommended for inflamed lids into the eye and through the duct by means of the syringe. CONJUNCTIVITIS— EXTERNAL OPTHALMIA. An acute inflammation of the conjunctiva, or mem- * brane covering the outer portion of the ball, and the in- ner portion of the lids. Causes — Are generally local in character; such as blows, or the introduction of any irritating substance into the eyes, sometimes it is an accompaniment of catarrhal fever or pink eye. Symptoms — Redness of the eye and membranes, copious flow of tears, the cornea is of a bluish opacpie appear- ance ; usually the temperature is somewhat elevated, but not always. Treatment — Remove all local causes, as fas as possible, Have stables clean to prevent the accumulation of ammonia. Have the stall partially darkened, bathe the eyes in some cooling lotion or simple cold water, then treat with the following: Two grains, each. of morphine, berbenine, and atropine in one ounce of water; a few drops in the eyes three or four times daily. Should opacity of the cornea result from the disease, drop into the eyes, once or twice daily, a few drops of a solution of three grains of nitrate of silver, in an ounce of water. 79 INTERNAL OPHTHALMIA. Causes- - Are usually the same as for external ophthal- mia except they are intensified; and in addition may be those of digestive troubles, disordered liver, exposure to extremes of weather, getting wet when perspiring, or plunging into cold streams, brain troubles. Also to the persistent irritation of the jaws during dentition; and while the animal may become affected with the mjalady at any time during life, if he passes unaffected through this stage, to that of the fully matured horse, he is not nearly so susceptible to it; and it is for this reason that most men have the idea that a horse will never go blind after a certain age. Symptoms — Vary according to the cause, if the trouble be due to local or physical injury, the conjunctiva may show as severe inflammation as do the inner structures ; but if from constitutional disorders, it may be confined to the inner eye, and the inflammation of the superficial mem- branes will be less noticeable. There will be a whitish ring around the cornea, if the inflammation be sereve, and of some days' standing; there may be seen in the lower portion of the chamber of the eye, a deposit which has the appearance of pus ; there is extreme snsitiveness to a strong light ; the lids are usually closed, but if opened it will be observed that the pupil is much contracted, even though having been kept in a dark stall, although there are exceptions to this. When the retina has become par- alyzed by excessive inflammatory exudation into the -lobe of the eye, or into the substance of the retina it- So self, then the pupil m;ay be dilated and the ball become hard and tense. Treatment — Remove any local cause, keep in darkened quarters, avoid exposure, open the bowels by the admin- istration of six or eight drams powdered aloes. If due to rheumatism, give half ounce salicylate of soda, three times daily; and same amount nitrate of potash in drink- ing water, three times a day. Use the lotion advised in conjunctivitis, blister beneath the eyes, or beneath the ears; in severe cases puncture of the eyeball is advisable, but should only be attempted by the competent surgeon. Inject into the eye, three times daily, a few drops of a solution of atropia; four or five grains in one ounce of water; this should be continued for a month or more after the subsidence of all active inflammation. Although the solution of atropia causes the pupil to have the appear- ance of a case of blindness from glaucoma, and is often resorted to by the horse jockey to cause his neighbor's horse to be virtually blind for several days, it is in no way injurious; and the effect will pass off in a few days, if let alone, or, it may be counteracted in a very short time by the hypodermic administration of from one-half to one grain of hydro-chlorate of pilocarpine. PERIODIC OPHTHALMIA— MOON BLINDNESS. Is an inflammation of the internal structures of the eye. Causes — Are attributed to damp soils, marshy grounds, soils that are frequently inundated by the overflow of rivers. It is very prevalent in the Southern United States, 81 but in the high lands of the northwest it is seldom met with. The period of dentition also has a tendency to pro- duce it ; local irritation must also be considered as one of the primary causes, unwholesome food, intestinal worms, debilitating' disease, over work ; in fact, anything that weakens the general system, renders it more suscep- tible to an attack of this kind. But the most potent cause is heredity, and an animal that has once been afflicted, should under no circumstances be used for breeding pur- poses, whether it be mare or stallion. Symptoms — In some cases there is high fever, while in others it is scarcely perceptible, but there is always de- pression and lack of energy. The local symptoms vary but little from those of internal ophthalmia; six or seven days after the attack the floculi will be seen to have drop- ped into the lower part of the chamber, at which time the process of absorption begins, and the eye begins to clear up, and in two weeks or soon after from the begin- ning of the attack the eye is (to the mind of the casual observer) as good as ever ; but not so, for it will recur again and again, until the eye is totally blind. The ears are generally carried very erect ; the affected eye looks smaller than the other, the upper eye lid presents a pe- culiar appearance, instead of representing a continuous arch, there is an abrupt bend about one-third of its length from the inner angle, caused by the contraction of its levator muscle. Treatment — Is far from satisfactory, but if attempted, dif- fers very little from that of internal ophthalmia. During 82 recovery, give two grains powdered sulphate of strych- nine on the tongue, night and morning, after feeding; continue until muscular twitchings are noticed, when it should be discontinued for a week or ten days; then begin the administration of the drug again, and continue until the same physiological effect has again been pro- duced. AMAUROSIS— PARALYSIS OF THE OPTIC NERVE. Causes — Are tumors or other diseases of the brain, in- jury to the nerve from disease of the eye, pressure of the nerve from dropsical effusion, profuse haemorrhage, over distenton of the stomach from pressure of the foal in the uterus. Symptoms — Pupils widely dilated, showing no dilatation or contraction from different degrees of light and darkness Treatment — Is of no avail, except when the malady is only symptomatic of some removable cause, as congestion of the brain, over loaded stomach, pregnancy, etc. Should the termination of these conditions be not followed by recovery, apply blisters behind the ears, and give two grains powdered sulphate of strychnine on tongue ; twice daily. LAMENESS. Causes — The causes are legion, and we will mention only the most common ones, as we come to them, by far 83 the most prolific cause is corns, they being generally sit- uated on the inner quarters of the front feet, and are most frequently the result of throwing too much weight on the sole of the quarter by improper paring when shoeing; sometimes they are the result of contraction of the feet. Symptoms — Vary in degree, according to the extent of affected tissue; lameness is slight at the start, hut rapidly increases from day to day; if the foot be tapped with the hammer, he will evince pain when the blow is near the affected part, or if pressure be used over the sensitive portion he quickly jerks away from it. If he has corns in both feet, he will point first one then the other; should they be slight, he may warm out of the lameness after traveling some distance; but if they be severe, and espe- cially if they be suppurating corns, he will continue very lame. Exercise does not diminish it ; he refuses to put his weight on the affected member, he barely touches the toe to the ground, increased heat will be felt by the hand in the lame foot. Treatment — Remove the shoes, pare out the sole down to the bottom of the corn, into the quick, if necessary; pare off the wall sufficiently to relieve all pressure of the shoe to the affected part. Replace the shoe, soak the foot in hot water for half an hour, and drop a few drops of muri- atic acid in the corn (being careful not to touch the skin with it), then pack under the shoe with oakum sat- urated with coal tar, remove the oakum once a day and apply the acid, and replace the oakum; continue until it is well. 84 CONTRACTION OF THE WALLS OF THE FEET. Causes — Fever, laminitis, thrush sprained tendous, nav- icular disease, corns, standing on plank floors, wearing the shoes too long without resetting; in fact, any lame- ness that causes the horse to favor the foot, he does not throw sufficient weight on it to spread it naturally, some- time both feet contract from the same cause, or causes. Treatment — Remove the cause, if possible, take off the shoes, pare the feet down to the proper dimensions, pare the sole as thin as it will bear, or until it will give under the pressure of the thumb, leave the frog as full as pos- sible. Take the ordinary hoof knife and cut a crease from the coronet to the toe, directly in the front of the hoof; then cut two on each side in the same manner, leaving a space of one to two inches between the creases ; now concave the foot from the heel to the quar- ter. Make the shoe to slope from the inner edge to the outer edge, from the quarter to the heel, make it fit per- fectly; then nail on, being careful to get no nail back of the quarter. Anoint the hoof and sole twice a day, with a mixture of equal parts of boiled linseed oil and glyce- rine ; this will soften as well as toughen the horny sub- stance, and when the weight is brought to bear on the sloping surface of the shoe, the foot easily expands. Blis- ter once a week around the coronet with the fly bliste\. GRAVEL. May work up between the wall and lamina of the foot and cause serious lameness. Symptoms — Severe lameness, increased heat in the part, 85 sooner or later swelling at the coronet, and subsequent suppuration. Treatment — Pare away the hoof and sole in the vicinity of its entrance; probe the wound to see if the offending matter still remains, if so, remove it; syringe the wound (»uee a- day with dioxogen ; then with a solution of one dram of iodoform, in one ounce of sulphuric ether. Do this night and morning, after soaking in hot water half an hour; keep the wound covered, to prevent the introduction of dirt or a second gravel. Should there be .in inclination to exuberant granulation or proud flesh, dress twice a day with a solution of one ounce of chloride of /.inc ; to one quart of water. CANKER. Canker sometimes results from badly treated cases of wounds of the feet, unsanitary conditions, etc. It is really due to a vegetable parasite. The development of ranker is dependent upon moisture, or in othr words, the parasite cannot exist without moisture; thus filthy sta- bles and muddy roads are favorable to the setting up of the disease ; it is very seldom seen in high, dry districts, and then, only in rainy seasons; thus we readily see that wounds of the feet, thrush, etc., which expose the soft l issues, renders the animal more susceptible to the trou- ble by furnishing free ingress to the parasite. The odor is exceedingly offensive. Symptoms — The disease may affect all of the feet at once, or attack first one then anothr, until all are affected; but it is in the majority of cases confined to one foot, when 86 resulting from a wound it is always so. It usually com- mences in the frog, and spreads rapidly to the sole and sometimes to the sensitive lamina of the foot; it is most prevalent in heavy draught horses of lymphatic tempera- ment. Treatment — Is tedious and often very unsatisfactory. The first step should be the removal by a competent surgeon of all the diseased parts, but if one cannot be had, the best treatment is, first, to soak the foot in not water, to which has been added carbolic acid, in proportion of one ounce to one gallon of water; then cover the affected part with charcoal that has been corbolized ; dress in this way once a day. Or, apply powdered sulphate of copper; or strong solution of chloride of zinc; or carbolic acid, one part, and glycerine, five parts. Keep as dry as possi- ble, when one of these remedies seems to lose its salutary effect, try another; be persistent and success may crown your efforts. RINGBONE. Is an exotasis or bony growth on the pastern, and may embrace the upper or lower joint, or both. Causes — Sprains, blows, or other causes that produce an inflammation of the periosteum, (or covering of the bone), thus causing it to throw out plastic matter. It may also be hereditary, Symptoms — When the exostosis begins to form, the animal starts off lame but warms out of it ; rqore or less heat in 8? the ankle of the affected limb. If in the front limb, the heel strikes the ground first ; and if in the hind limb, the toe strikes it first, unless the growth is under the front tendon, or involves the navicular bone; in which case, the heel strikes the ground first. ' Treatment — If in the front, apply a thin-heeled bar shoe ; if behind, apply a high-heeled shoe with short toe ; ex- cept in cases where for reasons already mentioned, the heel strikes the ground first, then apply a thin-he'led shoe. Fire with the heated points ; and apply every fourth day the blistering ointment compose of two ounces of vaseline ; one-half ounce powdered cantharides ; and three drams of bin-iodide of mercury ; it may be necessa- ry to repeat the firing in three or four weeks. Give aDso- lute rest. SIDE BONE. Causes — The causes are much the same as for ring bone. Symptoms and Treatment — Same as cases of ring bone. In cases that are incurable by any of these methods of treatment, either in ring bone or side bone, the operation of neurotomy may be performed as a last resort, but this must be per- formed by a competent veterinary surgeon. SPLINTS. Causes — Splints are of the same nature as the ring bone, but are situated on the cannon bone below the knee ; usually on the inside. Causes — Splints are usually the the result of bruises of the bone, concussion from fast driving on hard roads, and it may be on the surface, or it may be under the perios- teum ; if the former, it seldom causes serious lameness ; but otherwise, it is extremely painful. Symptoms — In the early stage the animal goes sound in a walk, but goes lame if made to trot, especially if the trouble be near the knee joint ; in the later stage, an exostosus or bony lump is plainly visible ; and if one inch or more below the knee, and well" forward on the can- non bone, it is not likely to do much harm ; but if near the joint, or far enough back on the cannon bone to press on the metacarpal nerves, it will be a source of severe lameness. Treatment — Fire and blister as for ring bone. Or, open the skin over the enlargement at the lower extremity and pass a small blade of a knife, flat ways, up under the skin and turn the edge toward the growth, and press hard and draw the knife back ; repeat this on different portions of the enlargement, until the surface is well marked by the knife ; thus allowing free egress to the inflammatory exudate. This operation is called perios- teotomy. BONE SPAVIN. Is an exostosis or bony tumor usually on the lower and inner part of the hock joint, is a result of an inflamma- tion of the cuniform and metatarsal bones ; or, it may be *9 occult or unseen. Causes — Are concussions applied to the parts, or exten- sion of inflammation of the interosseous ligaments, and in the occult form the space between the cuniform and metatarsal bones may be fdled up with ossific matter; but there is no visible outward formation of bone. It is also undoubtedly hereditary in many cases. Symptoms — In its incipiency there is lameness, more or less severe, according to the extent of the lesion ; ther.e is a peculiar stiffness of the limb exhibited in backing, or moving from side to side; he goes off on the toe, but as he progresses the lameness gradually becomes less until it almost entirely disappears, from the fact that move- ment of the limb causes the synovial or joint oil to be secreted in greater abundance, and the joint is thor- oughly lubricated and the pain is remjoved. When stand- ing the secretion ceases, and the parts become dry and there is frictoin and consequent lameness ; the parts show heat and tenderness to pressure. By standing about a yard from the shoulder, the enlargement may be more readily discerned just above the upper end of the can- non bone. Treatment — Is not always successful, failure is generally due to ignorance ; or failure to persist long enough ; espe- cially if the animal be young. In the majority of young horses affected, a cure may be accomplished ; the gen- eral treatment is the same as for ring bone and splint. There are other operations to which recourse may be 90 iiad when tUese means fail, viz.: Tenotomy and neuroto- my, but they must be left to the surgeon or some one acquainted with the anatomy of the parts. It is a com- mon practice among unscrupulous dealers to inject a four per cent solution Of cocaine, hypodermically, over the point of lameness; and he goes sound for an hour or more, in which time he may be shown without danger of the lameness being detected; but if anything of the kind be suspected, keep the animal under your eye for two hours, and if he has been cocained it will die out by that length of time, and he will go as lame as ever. The same trick is resorted to in cases of ring bone and splint, and may be detected in the same way. It is also a common practice among the same class of traders, when they have a horse with a bone spavin, to produce on the opposte joint an enlargement of about the same dimensions, and in this way render the trouble less noticeable ; it is done by puncturing the skin at the top of the place they wish to enlarge and introducing a small stick of nitrate of silver, which causes a thickening of the tissues and skin, and gives it the same appearance as the other side. They will say, if it is detected, that it is natural ; the animal was foaled that way ; but if you examine it you will dis- cover at once that it is simply thickened tissue, for it will move about with a little manipulation, while the genu- ine spavin is hard and immovable; it is known as caus- ticking*. QUITTOR, OR FISTULA OF THE FOOT. Usually results from nail wounds, gravel, suppurating corns, etc. Generally appears on the inner quarter, but may be on the outside. OT Symptoms — The horse goes lame for some time before any swelling appears; when the foot swells at the coronet and in the course of two or three days the pus breaks through at the point of greatest prominence, the escape oi tlu- pus somewhat relieves the pain which has been in- tense, so much so, that he will scarcely allow the member to touch the ground; after two or three days of discharge the tissues around the opening assume a purplish hue become soft, pus spreads each way, but more towards the' front, the fistulous sinuses or pipes extend in all direc- tions; and it allowed to go without treatment, the walls of the pipes become much thickened and hardened and the enlargement at the coronet grows rapidly ; there is a tendency to walk on the heel with the toe turned up Treatment — Poultice with hot flax seed, carbolized • open at the sole to allow the escape of pus, introduce nitrate oi silver, or chloride of zinc well down into the opening at the top, and plug the opening to keep the caustic in the wound, allow it to remain for forty-eight hours then syringe out with dioxogen as recommended for gravel and same treatment, otherwise; if necessary repeat the' caustic application, should it not yield to this treatment remove a portion of the wall to allow free escape of pus and treat as before. P SAND, OR QUARTER CRACK Causes — The hoof is hard and inelastic on account of poor assimilation and insufficient nutrition of the hoof and in this condition they are unable to withstand the heavy concusson to wheh they are subjected, consequent- gz ly they crack. Sometimes only the outside of the wall cracks, it does not reach the sensitive portion and He is not apt to go lame ; but in other cases the wali cracks right through, when severe lameness ensues ; he points or extends the injured member. Treatment — Remove the shoe ; remove the bearing from the injured quarter, and if cracked through into the quick, pare out the edges so they do not meet and pinch the sensitive portion with every step ; then either cut or burn a narrow crease above and crossways of the crack', clear through the wall. Keep the foot well anointed with the softening mixture recommended in contrac- tion of the hoofs, and use the blistering ointment in the same way. Allow the animal to wear a bar shoe. SEEDY TOE. Is due to some injury to the toe, and is characterized by a dry, easily broken substance between the wall and the sensitive portion of the foot at the toe ; this sub- stance consists of the decayed lamina of the hoof. Treatment — I Remove all decayed matter, pare the wall and sole away until there is no pressure from shoe at that point ; pour the space full of hot pitch, and fill with oak- um ; apply the shoe. Dress once a week in samle way and apply blister to coronet. NAIL WOUNDS. Are received in various ways, sometimes they are pricked in shoeing. Symptoms — Sudden lameness; and if in the hind foot, he 93 usually walks on the toe, regardless of the location of the wound; if severe the temperature will be high, excessive pain, especially if in hind foot, or if the tendon or navicu- lar joint is wounded; in such cases there will be a dis- charge of synovia or joint oil. In some cases loss of ap- petite, continual holding up of the foot, the leg usually swells, there is great heat and tenderness in the leg and foot ; thre is a hard, hot swelling in the pit of the heel. Treatment — Pare out the sole until the wound is located ; then pare out well to the quick, and well around it to remove pressure as much as possible, soak the foot for half an hour in carbolized water, as hot as can be borne by the hand, then treat the wound as for gravel. Give at once a pill of powdered aloes, one ounce; and of ginger, three drams; should the pain be excessive, cover the wound with solid extract of belladonna, after having made the other applications. If there seems to be a probability of tetanus, give internally, one to two drams solid extract of canabis indica, every four hours, until the severity of the symptoms abates. LAMINITIS— INFLAMMATION OF THE LAMINA OF THE FEET, COMMONLY CALLED FOUNDER. Causes — Are many, the most common arc hard driving, exhaustion, concussion of the feet, sudden changes of temperature, superpurgation, metastasis, or moving of fever from some other part of the body to the feet; drink- 94 ing large draughts of cold water when in a heated condi- tion, driving through streams or ponds, or washing the feet and legs in cold water while the animal is hot, thus producing a congestion of the foot, by preventing the return of the blood from the feet. Symptoms — Pulse full, hard and much accelerated. Temperature perature anywhere from 102 degrees F. to 106 degrees F., uusally ranging from 102 degrees F. to 106 degrees F. Respiration rapid and panting, the facial expression indi- cates acute suffering ; the nostrils dilated, the mucous membranes highly injected, more or less perspiration, urine scant and high colored, great thirst, appetite usu- ally impaired. The affected members dry and hot to the hand, very sensitive to tapping or jarring, the pulsation of the metacarpal artery (if in the front feet, and the metatarsal, if in the hind feet) mlay be distinctly felt by the finger. The fore feet are more likely to become affected than the hind ones, from the fact that they bear the greater part of the animal's weight, and are there- fore more subject to concussion ; it may affect one foot, or all of them ; when both fore feet are affected, the peculiar mode of progression is very marked; he keeps the front feet extended as far in front as possible, in order that the heels may receive the weight instead of throwing it on the toe, for the inflammation seems to be mostly in the toe ; the hind feet are brought well forward under the body, in order to relieve the affected members of the weight of the body as much as possible. If he be com- pelled to move the lameness is extreme ; but after mov- ing a short distance the pain seems to decrase, and he 95 walks better, he usually retains the standing position until nearly recovered. But in some cases he will lie down nearly all the time; when down, he usually stretch- es out the head Hal on the -round, the feet and legs ex- tended; if the trouble be in the hind feet, the. front ones will be set well back to receive all the weight possible; the hind feet assume the same position they did when the affection was in the front feet, but for a different purpose, it is for the same reason that the front ones were extended when they were affected, viz.: to throw the weight on the heels instead of the toe. He seldom stands long at a time. Treatment — Clothe the body warmly, place the feet in hot water for an hour, then replace the warm with cold water; reduce his temperature by giving fifteen drops ot tincture of aconite root, every two hours. Give one ounce, nitrate of potash, in drinking water, three times a day. If the bowels are constipated, give from two to tour drams aloes. If the animal is lying down the feet may be kept damp by the use of cloths wrapped about them, and kept continually wet. After five or six days, if the symptoms have not greatly decreased, apply a can- fharidal blister to the coronet, and omit the nitrate of potash; repeat the blister in two or three days if the soreness is not relieved. If the case has become chronic; 3 find he may be greatly benefited, by hollowing the foot in front in such a manner as to take all pressure from the toe (when the shoe is on) for a space of half the width of the foot. Keep the feet well aunointed with the glycerine and oil used in contraction. 9 6 PUMICED FEET. Is the result of delayed or improper treatment of acute laminitis, the sensitive and the insensitive lamina are sep- arated by the infiltration of serum and the consequent soaking apart; thus allowing the bones to rest on the sole and push t down in the center. Symptoms — The sole is convex instead of concave, in other words, it bulges downward. Treatment — May palliate but never cures. If it is not too bad, shoeing with shoes well concaved on the bearing surface, to keep all pressure from the sole, will alleviate the trouble. THRUSH. Is an ulceration of the frog. Causes- - ~ Filthy stalls, failure to keep feet clean. Symptoms — There is a discharge of black offensive matter from the cleft between the heels, animal sometimes lame, but not often. Treatment — Pare off all dead or ragged tissue, cleanse and insert chloride of zinc in solution, one ounce chlo- ride, to four ounces water ; saturate cotton and pack the opening. Or drop a few drops muriatic acid in them once a day, being careful not to touch the skin. NAVICULAR LAMENESS. Is caused by an inflammation of the tendon, known as the flexor pedis or the navicular bone itself; it is situ- 97 ated within the walls just above the f rog ; this inflamma- tion may he the result of nail wound, or by contraction of the wall. Causes — When at rest he points with the affected foot, if but one be affected ; but if he suffers in both, he points first with one and then with the other. He goes out very lame, but as he goes farther, the lameness decreases ; but does not go entirely sound ; the toes strike the ground first, and he is liable to stumble on that account. If the fool be examined, the pit of the heel will show tender- ness on pressure, and usually some swelling. Treatment — Prepare the foot and shoe in exactly the same way as for contraction, except to pare down the frog as much as possible, ami raise the heels of the shoe to rpevent the frog from striking the ground; and to re- lieve tension on the tendon. Keep in hot poultices or hot water for ten days or two weeks ; if at the end of that time there be swelling in the hollow of the pastern, apply a fly blister; but if there be no swelling, do not blister. Keep foot soft with oil and glycerine. When a bogus trader owns a horse lame in only one foot from navicu- lar or other trouble, he sometimes has the other foot pared so thin at the toe as to cause the pressure of the shoe to render him slightly lame in that one; thus giving him the appearance of having what is known as a rolling gait, and he passes with the unsophisticated as a sound horse. BOG SPAVIN. Is an enlargement situated on the front part of the 98 hock joint, caused by an inflammation of the joint, which extends to the synovia bursa, or sack containing the syno- vial fluid, joint oil ; it is soft and fluctuating to the touch, it very seldom causes lameness. Treatment — It may be removed by persistent use of blis- ters, the same as used in ring bone and spavin ; but the best ad most humane treatment, is by the application of the bog spavin truss, which can be obtained from any veterinary instrument maker. THOROUGH PIN. Is of the same nature as bog spavin, and what is usually designated as wind galls, and is produced by the same causes ; but is situated at the top part of the joint, forming an enlargement directly between the oscalcis or point of the hock, and the rest of the joint. Treatment — Same as for bog spavin, and in the majority of cases where one exists, the other is likely to be present ; if so, and it is desired to use the truss, ther is a combi- nation of the bog spavin and thorough pin truss, that may also be obtained from the same source. BLOOD SPAVIN. Is an enlargement of the front and inner part of the hock joint, and is due to the distention of the saphena vein as it passes over the region of the bone spavin ; it is soft and easily rubbed down; it seldom causes lame- ness. Treatment — 99 Should be the same as for bog spavin and thorough pin. CURB. Is an enlargement on the back part of the hock, below the cap or point. Causes — Sprains and consequent inflammation of the calcaneocuboid ligament; usually caused by running, jumping, rearing, etc. Symptoms — If of recent origin, there is heat and tender- ness to the touch, lameness, which does not decrease, but seems to grow worse with exercise. Stand to one side of the animal and opposite the hocks, and you will perceive, just below the hock, a fullness, which destroys the straight line observed in the normal limb, from the point of the hock, to the fetlock joint. Treatment — Bathe the parts well with the following, three times a day, for a week, or until all inflammation has subsided : Two ounces, each, spirits camphor, spirits nitre, tincture arnica, tincture of opium, and one ounce of tincture of iodine, and seven ounces extract of Witch I lazel. After each application, bandage with flannel ban- dage, wet in boiling water, and run on as hot as the hand can bear; when all inflammation has subsided, fire and apply the blister used for ring bone and spavin. SPRAIN OF THE BACK TENDON. Is a very common occurrence; its causes are numer- LcfC 100 / ous, among which are running, jumping, slipping, step- ping on some small object with the toe, allowing no support for the heel ; one, or all, of the tendons and liga- ments may be inplicated in the lesion. Symptoms — Severe lameness, heat and tenderness of the parts, usually more or less swelling; if pressed hard the annual will rear up, in his effort to release the sensi- tve member from your grasp ; if at rest, he puts the foot forward with the ankle joint flexed. Treatment — Apply a high heeled shoe to relieve the ten- sion, and give subsequent treatment as for curb. Admin- ister a purge of aloes, seven or eight drams ; allow perfect rest. This is another injury which is simulated by the trickery of the rogue ; he will take a small hair from the mane or tail, place it in a straight surgeon's needle and slip it through the limb immediately in front of the large tendon, about naif way between the knee and fetlock, cut the ends just a lttle shorter than the hair on the leg and leave it there, it soon produces an inflammation and swelling and being in such close proxim(ity to the met- acarpal nerve, the animal soon becomes very lame ; and if the perpetrator of the outrage has been careful to select hair of the same color as that on the limb, it is a 'matter of impossibility to relieve it, unless there be a knowl- edge of the trick, in which case it is very easy to shave off the hair and see the point of entrance or exit and remove it, and the animal soon recovers his usual condi- tion, with little or no treatment, and the object of the rascal is defeated. Should your animal become suddenly tot lame in this region, and does not respond co treatment, look out for the fraud. CAPPED HOCK. Is an enlargement at the point of the hock, usually re- sulting from a bruise and subsequent infiltration of an in- flammatory exudate ; they do not usually cause lameness. Treatment — If recent, give same treatment as that of curb, remove all chance of continued bruising. Should the tumor become filled with pus, it must be evacuated by the use of a narrow bistoury, inserted at its lower ex- tremity. If its contents are of a serous nature, draw off with a small trochar and canula; cleanse well by syring- ing out with dioxogen, and, if the thickening continues, inject pure carbolic acid, one part, and 'glycerine, two parts. Or pure tincture of iodine or sanurated solution of iodide of potash ; apply tincture of iodine to the ex- terior, once or twice daily. CAPPED ELBOW OR SHOE BOIL. Causes — Bruises from the heel of the front foot while lying down, or bruising on hard floor. Symptoms — An enlargement at the elbow joint, hot and painful. Treatment — Same as for capped hock ; except that when all else fails, it must be removed either by the knife, ligature or cautery; dress subsequent to excision with oxide of zinc, twice daily. 102 CAPPED KNEE. Is a swollen oedematous condition of the front of the knee. Causes — Bruising the parts in various ways. Symptoms — The swelling is hot and painful. Treatment — Same as for capped hock, except the tumor should always be evacuated by small trochar and canula. Sometimes the skin of the knee is broken, if such be the case, thoroughly cleanse by first opening at the lower ex- tremity the sack or pocket, almost universally existing below the break in the skin ; and syringe out, first with warm carbolized water, then with dioxogen. Carefully close the wound with interrupted sutures; have him shod with a shoe reaching well back of the heels, have a hole through the heel of shoe on each side, now have a steel brace made long enough to reach from the shoe to a point just below the elbow, with the lower end forked to fit into the holes in the shoe to prevent turning ; at the top of the brace fasten crossways a piece of strap iron, two inches wide, and bend in such a manner as to form a half circle, or to fit the leg at the point designated ; pad the circle to prevent injury to the leg, now fasten the lower, or forked end, of the brace to the heels of the shoe with the shaft of the brace directly behind the limb ; place two bandages around the brace and leg together, one above and one below the knee, thus holding the knee straight and preventing the breaking of the sutures, tie the head up so he cannot bite the wound; cover the wound with absorbent cotton, fasten with roller bandage, io 3 then keep damp with solution of one ounce, each, of chlo- ride of zinc, and carbolic acid, in two quarts of water. KNEE SPRUNG. Is too well known to call for description ; it is a peculiar flexion of the knee, giving it a bowed appearance; it is caused by sprain or injury to the suspensory ligaments, causing contraction, and makes the animal unsteady on the feet, often causing him to stumble and fall to his knees ; it seldom causes lameness. Treatment — Is of no avail except in very recent cases, and not often then ; but if attempted, rub in well the blister used in spavin and ring bone, over the back tendons and side, or suspensory ligaments; apply once a week, turn out to a long rest in pasture. COCKED ANKLES. A nuckling forward of the ankle joints, results from sprains of the suspensory ligaments, lameness in the synovia bursa of the perforans tendon, thrush, corns, <|tiittor, navicular disease, nail wounds, etc. Anything that causes the horse to rest the heels, in such manner as to allow the inflamed tendon and ligaments to con- tract, the knuckling is not a disease in itself, only a symp- tom of disease. Treatment — Remove the cause, and the symptos will usu- ally disappear and leave the ankle in a normal condition ; in some cases of long standing, the contraction is so great that it is impossible to affect a cure, except by surgical interference; in which cases the operation of 104 tenotomy, should be performed, but this requires the services of the veterinary surgeon. SHOULDER LAMENESS. Causes — Sprain of the muscles or ligaments around the joint. Symptoms — Lameness, the shoulder and leg carried for- ward altogether, the leg carried with an outward swing- ing motion, no knee action ; it is impossible to raise the leg over any object of considerable height, but the limb is dragged over; there is heat and tenderness, usually some swelling. Treatment — Foment with hot water three or four times daily, for half or three-quarters of an hour, and when thoroughly dried, rub well with the linament recom- mended for sprain of the back tendon ; or with campho- rated soap liniment. After the inflammation subsides, apply the blistering ointment used in spavin and ring- bone; or still better insert a seton over the seat of lame- ness ; let it go just beneath the skin, smear the with a little fly blister, or fluid extract of poke root, twice a week ; allow the seton to remain two or three weeks in slight cases ; and from three to six weeks in bad cases, use clean strips of muslin for setons, wash the shoul- der once a day with hot water, to keep as clean as possi- ble. STIFLE LAMENESS. Is caused by sprains of the ligaments of the joint; Symptoms — A peculiar lameness, being more severe in io5 going up hill than elsewhere, and a leaning from the affected side in going down grade, it seems to be an effort to bring the limb forward and the line of motion forms a segment or semi-circle; it is carried further for- ward than when in a normal condition; he rests the limb when at rest, there is tenderness on pressure. Treatment — Appply high heeled shoe, raise heels one and one-half inches; apply hot water continuously for half an hour, three times daily; rub dry, and then rub well with the liniment used for sprained tendons. As soon as the inflammation subsides, blister thoroughly all round and over the joint, with the blister used in spavin. Give absolute rest, and repeat the blister once a week until a cure is affected. Is known by the position of the limb; it; protrudes as far backward as possible, the front of the foot resting on the ground, he is utterly powerless to bring- it for- ward. Treatment — Have a shoe made with an eye in the toe, large enough to admit a half inch rope; have it nailed on the toot of the affected limb, tie the end of the rope Into the eye of the shoe; have an assistant to take hold of the rope and pull the foot forward, while the operator presses the joint toward the flank with power enough to force it into its place; this accomplished, put a collar and hames on the animal and tie the rope to the name in such man- ner as to hold the foot as far forward as if he were stand- ing natura u y now apply the b'ister as for stifle lameness; leave the rope and shoe on for five or six days, when it io6 niay be removed ; but the animal must be kept quiet and the bister repeated once a week for four or five weeks . Hip Joint Lameness — Is of very rare occurrence in the otherwise heal- thy animal, it is an inflammation of the head of tro- chanter, hip bone. Symptoms — There is a hopping motion, with an apparent catch in the affected limb, the whole quarter is moved with but little motion or flexion of the hip joint; when standing he wi 11 be observed to often e^vate the foot as if in great pain; there is a distinct swelling of the region, heat, pain caused by pressure or percussion, c- tro- phy or shrinking of the hip soon ensues. Treatment — Is essentially that of shoulder joint lameness persistency used ; high heeled shoe, with absohite rest for an indefinite period. ELBOW JOINT LAMENESS. Causes — Disease of the joint, sprains of the lateral liga- ments, laceration of the triceps, extensor brachii muscle,, and giving way of the muscles of the olecranon or elbow joint. Symptoms — Extreme lameness, the knee and lower part of leg flexed, the toe resting on the ground with the heel raised when standing; when in motion there is an entire dropping of the who'e front part of the body, no weight being carried on the disabled member ; often swelling" heat and pain in the muscles of the elbow, or there may io7 t appear a depression near the back or posterior border of the scapula, or shoulder b'ade. Treatment — Consists in giving perfect and absolute quiet and rest, allowing- as little exercise as possible; bathe fre- quently with some cooling or anodyne application. Any srnal' wound or puncture on or near the joint will pro- duce a peculiar result, when the animal is in motion, even though the wound be so sma 11 as to escape attention, the motion causes air to be drawn through the opening into the subcutaneous tissue, and if the movements be long continued, the inflation will extend over the whole body until he hardly bears any resemblance to a horse; tTie knowledge of this fact has led the unscrupulous jockey to puncture his neighbor's horse to produce the symp- toms. Shouhl such symptoms exist, do not be alarmed, but examine the region of the elbow joint carefully, and you will find the wound, and if you wi 1 ! dose the opening and keep the animal quiet a short time the air will be absorbed, and he wi 11 again assume his normal appear- ance ; should the nostrils be so much inflated as to in- terfere with his breathing, simply puncture the skin in a few places and press out the air. SCRATCHES, CRACKED HEELS. Causes — Overfeeding, unwholesome food, illy ventilated stables, standing in filth, mud and cold draught, snow, the use of strong soap when washing, failure to dry the limbs after washing, disease of the heart, liver or kidneys, ♦etc. Symptoms — Swelling, heat and tenderness of the hollow of the. ioS heel, lameness, cracks, supuration, an exudation of a yel- low, viscid matter, the same conditions may exist behind the knee and in front of the hock, the former known as maunders, and the latter as sa^anders. Treatment — Administer a purge of one ounce of a^es. Give nitrate of potash, ha}i an ounce in drinking water three times a day ; wash the affected parts we 11 with hot water and castle soap, rub until perfectly dry, and rub well with a mixture of one part carboMc acid and five parts glycerine; repeat the washing and loca 1 appHcation once a day; furnish good sanitary surroundings. GREASE HEEL. Is due to a parasitic fungus, a^hough the j ire- disposing causes are the same as for scratches, and whi^e the fungus is essential to the disease, it remains dormant unless the predisposing factors exist. Symptoms — Legs are swollen to the knees and hocks, there is an oozing from the pores, both above and below the fetlock, of a greasy, offensive matter. If bad there is lameness ; if neglected, proud flesh appears through the places of exit made by the pus. Treatment — Remove the cause, give aloetic purge; nitrate of potash in drinking water; give same treatment as for scratches. FISTULA OF THE WITHERS. Is caused by bruises or punctured wounds. Symptoms — At first a hard tumefaction, hot and usually ten- lop der, later pus forms, running sores and pipes or fistulous sinuses from which there is a constant dis- charge. Treatment — If in the first stage, or before the formation of pus, open the skin at the point of greatest prominence and insert twenty or thirty grains each of arsenious acid and morphine wrapped in tissue paper or in a capsule, plug up the opening and let alone for two weeks or more, when there will he a deep s'ough ; dress twice daily with a solution of one ounce each of chloride of zinc and car- ho'ic acid in three quarts of water; the result is generally complete recovery. If pus and pipes have formed, open at the top and evacuate as completely a s possible by sy- ringing out with dioxogen, then putting in a quantity of pure chloride of zinc in the opening, also put in morphine to allay or counteract the painful effect of the caustic ; stop the opening at the top, grease the shoulder wcM on each side to prevent excoriation of the skin from any overflow of the caustic, in two days open and sy*. ingc out well with warm carbolized water, grease well inside and out with carbonized vaseHne; m a few days the. whole interior pipes, and all mav be removed with the forceps, dress twice daily with th solution recommended for the first stage; occasionally alternate with iodoform. Some prefer to remove them with the knife, but this re- quires the services of the veterinary surgeon. POLL EVIL. Pol 1 evil i s an affection of the po 11 , or top of the head, identical with fistula of the withers, except in point of location. no Causes, symptoms and treatment are the same as for fistula of the withers . SITFASTS. Are hard, callous excrescences, and are due to continued pressure, either from the harness or saddle. Treatment — . Removal with the knife is the only rational xmca- od, then treat as an ordinary wound; prevent the ani- mal from biting or irritating the wound. WARTS. Are morbid exercrescences and should be re- moved with the knife, or by strangulation ; the latter may be accomplished by wrapping a small ru bber band several times about the base of the wart, and allowing it to remain until t h wart drops off; it cuts off the circu- lation by its elastic force, thus causing it to be deprived of its vitality ; treat as an ordinary wound after it *s re- moved whether it be by one method or the other. It may also be accomplished, though not so quickly, by the in- troduction into the body of the wart a small quantity of arsenious acid, which kills any tissue with which it comes in contact ; in the course of ten days or two weeks it will drop off. MELANOTIC TUMORS. Melanosis usually appears as a rounded tumor, small at first but gradually increasing in size in every di- rection. They are generally, but not always, cancerous m their nature, and are sometimes designated as black cancer. They are almost entirely confined to white or gray horses; notwithstanding this fact, the tumor is a*- Ill most universally black on the surface, as well as in its internal structure They usually appear on the hairless portions of the body, around the root of the tail, on the anus, boll, inside and out, on the penis, and in the mare about the udder; in cases that are malignant or cancer- ous, they will usual l y be fQUnd Qn pogt mortem ^ am . nation to exist on the vital and other internal organs and membranes. Treatment — i The treatment of the malignant tvpe is of litfe avail, but upon the first appearance of the excrescence ■t >s well to remove it with the knife, and treat as an or- dinary wound. SURFEIT. NETTLERASH. Is an eruption of the skin in the form of nodules appearing mostly in the well fed, fleshy youn? animal' more frequently in the spring of the year than at other seasons; sometimes attended by colic pains, diarrhoea, or constipation; the swellings appear very suddenly and usually disappear just as rapidly, or il may cnotintie fcr many days. It is very annoying to the animal, render- ing him at times almost frantic. Treatment — Deplete the system by cathartic and cooling agents. Give one ounce of Barbadoes aloes made into a ball ; also give one ounce of nil. ale of potash in bucket of water three times dai'y. If the animal be excessively fat, the abstraction of four to six quarts of blood from the neck vein will greatly assist in relieving the patient. Fol- low any depleting treatment with some of the bitter ton- ics. 112 PERITONITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE PERI- TONEUM. Is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen, and covering the viscera of the cavity. Causes — Wounds from severe blows or kicks, puncture of the wa n s of the abdomen, any severe lesion of the intestines, rupture of the stomach, intussusception of the bowe 1 , strangi^ated hernia, or it may, and often does, re- sult from; the operation of castration . Symptoms — The first symptom of peritonitis is a chill, stiffness or soreness in movement, he paws and some- times strikes at the belly with the hind feet ; he lies down vry carefu^y, but as the recumbent position on 1 ;/ augments the pain, he soon rises and remains standing most of the time. He walks about in an uneasy manner, the bowe*s are usua^y constipated, pressure on the belly causes extreme pain, the abdomen draws, the legs, ears and nose cold; temperature ranges from 102 F to 104 F.i pulse hard and fast, breathing from 70 to 90 beats per minute. Treatment- Is essentially the same as for cntritis, very much depending on the thorough apphcafion of counter irritants to the surface of the abdomen ; avoid cathartics as a rock at sea. DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN. ASCITES. Causes — i Indigestion, insufficient or unwbx^csome food, H3 disease of the liver, the heart, or the portal blood vessels. It may also result, in rare instances, from chronic peri- tonitis or pericarditis. Symptoms — SweU*ng of the legs, sheath and beUy, due to infiltration of fluid into the tissues, the mucous mem- branes arc pale, appetite generally poor, the animal weak and emacatea Treatment — If possible, remove the cause; should indiges- tion be due to faulty teeth, remedy it by having them pul in proper con iiiion ; if the Hver is nor performing its functons, give one- our^ce of aloes, follow tins by the ad- ministration of half a drachm of calomel once a day for one week, at the end of which time the calomel should be discontinued and give night and morning two drachms iodide of potassium and one ounce nitrate of potash in each bucket of water consumed. Also give two table spoons full f the following mixture three times dd'y: Tincture of iron, tincture of gentian and tincture of nux- vomica, equal parts; continue as lorn;- as necessary. Give generous diet of nutritious, easily digested food. Should the treatment fail to give the desired results and the accu- mulation of fluid in the cavity be not absorbed, the op eiation of paracentesis abdominis, or tapping of the beUy m ay be resorted to, but the prognosis is generally unfavorable, regardless of all our efforts. CHRONIC CATARRH. NASAL GLEET. Is a chronic inflammation of the mucous mem- branes of the nasal organs. I Causes — The causes of chronic nasal catarrh are. neglect- ii4 ed colds, fracture of the bones of the face, especially those that involve the membranes of the sinuses, rupture of b'ood vessels, and- the consequent escape of the blood into the sinuses, where it sets up an inflammation, de- caying teeth mad also involve a sinus and cause a discharge from the nostras . Symptoms — An offensive discharge from the nostril, usual 1 )'' from one nostri 1 o^y; the bones of the face seem fu 11 , and in severe cases the facial bones on each side may be bulged from the accumulation of pus within the nasal cavity ; when tapped with the ends of the ringers they give out a dul 1 sound, and the anima 1 evinces severe pain. Treatment — Syringe out the nostril with dioxogen once a day, and once a day with a solution of one ounce of liste- rine and twenty drops carbolic acid in one pint of water. Give night and morning in feed, two drachms each of sulphate of copper and sulphate of iron, continue for two weeks ; then substitute the same amount of pow- dered gentian root and powdered blood root (Sanguina- ria Canadensis) for two weeks; when the iron and cop- per salts should again be given instead ; continue these medicines aHernatety in this way until recovery is ef- fected. In some cases where the pus has accumulated in the cavity in such qauntity as to prevent the entire evac- utiaon, it is necessary to trephine the facial bones in or- der to reach the affected part and property treat it ; if the trouble results from decaying teeth, it will be nec- essary to extract thm ; if from fracture of the bones of the face they will also require special surgical attention. "5 in each of these operations the services of a veterinary surgeon will be required. PARALYSIS. Is a condition of complete or partial muscular relaxation, due to diminution of contractile power of the musdes. Causes — Are numerous, among the most prolific being acute affection of the brain and spinal cord, wounds, tu- mors, etc. Treatment — The treatment of paralysis will depend largely on the cause; if the cause is known, remove it if possi- ble; the most reliable antiparalytics arc strychnine and electricity judiciously administered. TETANUS. USUALLY CALLED LOCKJAW. Causes — Tetanus usually results from a wound of some kind, nail wounds in the feet being- the most common cause. It is stated on .good authority that it may be cither idiopathic or traumatic, and by others that there is no such thing- as tetanus without traumatism or wound. However that may be, the form is immaterial to our pur- pose. Symptoms— The first symptom noticeable, general 1 }, is stiff- ness of the musdes of the jaw, some difficu'ty in chewing and swallowing, the head more or less extended, the haw of the eye (the nictitans) drawn back over the eye; if the head be elevated or moved quickly, the slightest noise n6 or excitement produces increased alarm. The bowels soon become constipated ; the symptoms rapidly increase in severity, until all the muscles are rigid, the tail ele- vated and rigid, the ears erect and stiff, temperature, and pulse not much changed. A tremor of the muscles is noticed, cold sweats now break out on the body, owing to spasm of the respiratory muscles, the breathing be- comes painful ; the jaws set, the eyes retract, the nostrils dilated and tense; he has a haggard and frightened look; the prdse is now quick and hard on account of spasms af- fecting the heart. In s ub-acute cases, the symptoms are not so severe. Treatment — Place the animal in a darkened stall, where he will be free from annoyance by other stock or curious spectators. Give Barbadoes aloes, one ounce; solid ex- tract of belladonna or solid extract cannabis indica, two drachms, made into a ball; if it be impossible to admin- ister the ball, give two grains of esersine hypodermically. Locate the wound if possible and keep thoroughly anti- septisized. If the anti-tetanic serum can be obtained with- in a reasonabie time, I prefer that mode of treatment, but it makes no difference what mode of treatment is pursued, remember that much depends on quiet and ab- sence of exciting noise, or intrusion by the morbid'y cu- rious. RHEUMATISM. ACUTE. Rheumatism is due to uric acid in excessive quantities in the blood, or it may result from other dis- eases, epizootic, pleurisy, etc. Symptoms — Sudden lameness, either with or without swell- it; ing of the joints. The lameness may be preceded b;, some fever. It is likely to leave one joint or limb suddenly, and appear in another; the bowels generally costive, an ab- normal amount of fibrin in the blood. When not pre- ceded by some epizootic disease the fever is acute and ex- cessive, ranging 104 F to 106 F. Should it run higher than 105 F, the case is serious. Treatment — Free administration of nitrate of potash in the drinking water, give an aloetic purge; blister the affected joints well ; give tablespoon full doses of salicylate oi so- da every four hours till the system becomes thoroughly charged. Keep in comfortable quarters, feed well on light, easily digested, nutritious food. In the chronic form the symptoms are much the same as in the acute, except they are modified in severity, and the elevation of temperature may be entirely absent. INFLUENZA. TYPHOID FEVER. PINK EYE. CA- TARRHAL FEVER, ETC. Causes — The causes of influenza are very obscure, but the concensus of opinion is that it is atmospheric, though just what the specific cause, is not known. It usually ap- pears in a community spontaneously, although there arc- undoubted circumstances indicating its contagion and in- fectious tendency. The predisposing causes are tin crowding of animals into unsanitary quarters, neglect, unwholesome diet, debility, etc., all of which render the animal more susceptible to this, as well as other diseases. The fact that the fever may have various complications, n8 renders it more serious, and makes the successful treat- ment a very difficult and doubtful matter. The fever may be without complication, in which case it seldom proves fatal, or any, or even all, of the organs may be involved. Symptoms — The animal first appears dull and sluggish, ex- treme weakness, perspires freely, failure of appetite, the eyes are very red and eyelids swollen, sometimes so much as to entirely close the eyes; pulse 70 to 80 beats in a minute, respiration hurried, temperature may be 105 F, or even 107 F. This condition may be reached in the course of ten or twelve hours, the next few hours may be marked by symptoms of colic ; there is constipation, the excrement is dry and hard and covered with a white mucous or slime, indicating an inflamed condition of the bowels; the legs are hot and swollen, very sore to the touch, mouth hot and generally dry, the eyes running water, the eyelids swollen until the eye is often entirely closed ; there is excessive thirst, swelling of the carotid and submaxillary glands, usually there is a cough, a wa- tery discharge from the nostrils, should there be no com- plication, he lies down a great deal of the time, but if the lungs become involved he persists in standing. Complications: — As stated before, all the organs of the system may become involved, but the ones more commonly implicated are the brain, lungs, intestines and sensitive lamina of the feet. Should there be a compli- cation of the brain, the animal suddenly becomes rest- less, commences to walk, generally in a circle, owing to the fact that there is a greater degree of congestion 01 one side of the brain than of the other. Should he be in ii 9 an inclosure he walks until his head comes in contact with some object of sufficient resistance to stop him, when he continues his efforts to move forward until the head is released from its contact with the opposing ob- ject, when the walk is resumed, following the wall, rub- bing the nose and head against it, until he again conies in contact with some other object that compels him to stop again, he may become violent, rear, plunge, stamp with his feet, etc. Complications of the lungs: — May be due to cold draughts of air and other circumsctances that would pro- duce congestion of the organ where influenza did not exist yet, in from three to five days after the com- mencement of the fever, the complications may be estab- lishd without any apparent cause, the breathing heavy and labored, heaving of the flanks, the nostrils dilated, often a swaying or staggering gait, no appetite, the tem- perature, pulse and respiration each accelerated. Complication of the intestines: — The animal paws unasily with the front feet, he looks from side to side, the belly very sensitive to pressure, he may lie down carfully; there is constipation, excrement being mixed with mucous, and even false membranes; this is soon followed by diarrhoea; he rapidly loses vitality, the pulse becomes more soft and weaker, the respiration fas ter, the temperature higher. Complications of the feet : — The symptoms of this complication are those of a severe case of laminitis. Treatment — The main object in the treatment of an un- complicated case of influenza is to sustain the vital en- 120 ergies and control the temperature, always bearing in mind that in the horse, as well as in the human sub- ject, typhoid fever runs a definite course, and can hardly be cut short by any treatment ; therefore, the relief of distressing symptoms, the allaying of irritability and sup- porting the patient is all we may hope to accomplish. Our first care must be, good sanitary surroundings, comfortable clothing to the body and limbs, nourish- ing and easily digested food (scalded oats and bran, good, bright hay, etc.), fresh water continuously within his reach in which has been dissolved one-half ounce ni- trate of potash in every bucket of water consumed. Con- trol the fever by ten drops, each, of tincture of aconite root and tincture of gelsemium every hour. The inhala- tion of medicated steam for an hour, two or three times daily ; blister the throat with cantharides ointment . Should there be great prostration, give one and one-half to two ounces spirit nitrous ether, or carbonate of am- monia three times daily. One to two drachms iodide of potash night and morning. Should brain complications exist, give aconite in large doses; should the heart be weak, give digitalis in teaspoonful doses every three or four hours. If the lungs are involved, treat as for pneu- monia; also give night and morning two drachms iodide of potash, and in intestinal complication, give one to two ounces every four hours, of the following mixture: Camphorated tincture of opium, eight ounces; sub-ni- trate of bismuth, two ounces; shake well before using. Should laminitis be present, bleed from the coronary plexus, blister around the coronet, or poultice the feet. 121 GLANDERS. ACUTE. This is a mfalignant, contagious and fatal dis- ease of the horse, mule, dog, sheep, goat, hare, mouse, guinea pig, also communicable to, and fatal to man, tmt not to horned cattle or fowls. Causes — The causes are obscure, but the animal is more susceptible to its influence when crowded together in gnat numbers, especially if the sanitary surroundings are not good. It often arises as a sequel to debilitating diseases, old age, etc., as well as by the introduction of the virus of the affected animal into the system by ac- tual contact with the tissues. There is a difference of opinion regarding its contagion in any other way. The period of incubation is variable, from one week to two months, and sometimes even more. Symptoms — Extreme elevation of temperature, rigors, tem- perature often 106 F, and in extreme cases as high as 109 F, pulse feeble and rapid, breathing quickened, fail- ure of appetite, urine pale and excessive in quantity, en- larged submaxillary glands, eyes weak and red, the schneiderian membrane of the nostril ulccratec, at first a watery discharge from the nose which soon becomes yellowish and has a sticky tendency. The odor is now -tfery offensive; sometimes bleeding of the nose. In pri- mary glanders or farcy there is swelling of the hind h-gs and along the under portion of the abdomen. These lat- ter symptoms are also sometimes produced artificially by the unscrupulous, viz: The ulceration of the mem- brane of the nose by the application of caustics, especial- 122 ly of the nitrate of silver, and the nasal discharge by the introduction into the nostrils of small sponges charged with some foul smelling substance. The swelling and ulceration of the limbs and abdomen by touching with fine points which have been dipped in croton oil. These artificial symptoms may be easily known from the gen- uine by the absence of all the other characteristic signs of the malady, and no one need be deceived. The symp- toms of chronic glanders are a modified form of those in the acute form, the appetite is not usually impaired until near the culmination. Acute glanders is a rapidly fatal disease ; in the chronic form it is no less fatal in its ten- dency, but the animal in rare instances may live and work comfortably for many months, and even years, and may then die from other causes ; but during all this time the disease is as actively contagious as it is in the acute form, and the animal should be destroyed at once, as treatment is utterly futile. Should the owner wish to be positive about the correctness of diagnosis, he may inocu- late the guinea pig (the male preferred) with some of the vrus, and if it be glanders about the twelfth day there will be redness and tumefaction of the testicles, rapidly followed by glanderous ulcers on different portions of the body, and the pig will die from the fifteenth to the thirtieth day; or have a veterinary surgeon to make the test with a preparation known as mallein. This will de- termine the matter much sooner. Treatment — Primary glanders or farcy, may be treated with general success. Give internally two grains sulphate of strychnine and five grains asscnious acid twice a day. i2 3 The treatment should be essentially tonic. Give sulphate of copper and sulphate of iron, each, two drachms, twice a day, or some of the fluid tonics given in miscellaneous formulas, especially those containing iron, gentian, mix- vomica, quinine, etc. Apply to the ulcers every four or five days the blister used on ringbone, spavin, etc. Give tablespoonful doses sulphate of soda, three times daily- feed liberally. In any case of glanders or farcy, isolate the animal. RABIES. HYDROPHOBIA. A contagious disease.. Is invariably fatal in its effect . Causes — The introduction into the system of the virus contained in the saliva of an affected animal, usually through the medium of the teeth; the period of tone elapsing from the moment of inoculation to the develop- ment of any symptoms, may vary greatly in different casts, the variation being from eight days to several months; usually from three to four weeks. Symptoms — The horse becomes wild and frenzied with pain and fever; he bites anything within his reach, paw- ing, stamping, usually biting and tearing its own flesh wheaever he can reach it with the teeth ; craves water but is unable to swallow. Treatment — Is of no avail. Should any symptoms of this ter- rible malady manifest themselves, isolate and securely confine the animal and as soon as there is a reasonable 124 certainty that he is affected by rabies, destroy him at once. STRANGLES— DISTEMPER. Is an infectious disease, more prevalent among young* horses and colts than oHer animals. Causes — It may arise spontaneously among young stock, or it may be from contact with an affected ani- mal, or from eating and drinking from the troughs from which an affected animal has been fed or watered. Symptoms — Are elevation of temperature, acceleration of pulse and respiration, mouth hot, extremities cold, swell- ing of the throat, usually a cough, which causes much distress on account of the swollen and inflamed condition of the larynx; he usually evinces a desire for food, but is unable to swallow it ; at first, a mucous discharge from the nose, which sooon becomes purulent, the eyes in- flamed and running water. Treatment — Control the fever by teaspoonful doses, every three hours, of the following mixture : Fluid extract of belladonna, tincture aconite, and tincture gelsemium, of each, one ounce; tincture of digitalis, two ounces. Keep up the strength by some of the bitter tonics in combina- tion with iron. Supply comfortable quarters, protect from storms and sudden changes of temperature ; apply hot flax seed poultices to the throat and as soon as the swelling exhibits any signs of containing pus, open it and allow the pus to escape, syringe out Idie abscess twice daily with dioxogen. ; 125 OSTEO— POROSIS. Commonly known as big head, is a disease of the osse- ous or bony structure ; there is much speculation as to its origin, but the general opinion of authority favors the theory that it is due to a deficiency, either in the food or water, of some of the elements necessary for the normal support of the bone, also an excess of other elements. Symptoms — Usually the bones of the head, especially of the lower jaw, are enlarged and thickened; there is stiff- ness of gait; ilanks tucked up, mucous membranes pale, urine scant, bowels usually constipated, weak in the loins, sometimes swelling of the joints, symptoms of rheumatism, soreness of the bones upon pressure. Treatment — While I do not consider the disease suscepti- ble of a radical cure, it may often be alleviated by re- lieving the rheumatic symptoms, for which the adminis- tration of stramonium seed, or the extract, seems to exert a good effect. Our next'object should be to supply to the bones the elements in which we know them to be defi- cient, and as all experiments seem to indicate a deficiency of the lime salts, the indications are for the administra- tion of calcium phosphate ; commence treatment by the administration of one large tablespooonful of ground stramonium seed in wet wheat bran on alternate days, for ten days, on the intervening days give two large tablespooonfuls of sulphur in bran; this will make five doses, each of stramonium seed and sulphur; then change the medicine and give one-half ounce, each, of hyposul- 126 phite of soda and calcium phosphate in bran ; continue this for ten days, then return to the first treatment ; and so continue each for ten days, until the animal shows marked improvement. Always remember to keep the animal protected from rain and storms; give no grain, but about six or eight quarts of wheat bran daily, if grass is not in season give good bright hay or fodder; if in sum- mer, give nothing in the way of food but bran and grass ; keep a supply of salt always in reach of the animal ; after the patient is taken off the treatment, he should be given lime water to drink for an indefinite period. The diseasfe is seldom, if ever, known in limestone districts. THE HORSE'S AGE. We may, with considerable certainty, approximate the age of the horse, from his early colt hood. ., up to twenty- nine years ; but we must take into consideration that pas- turage, and manner of feeding, makes a vast difference in Ihe marks of the teeth, by which we must be guided in determining the age. The horse that runs on short, sandy pasturage, wears the teeth much faster than if kept on luxuriant growth, on clay lands, br if not allowed to run at pacture at all. We must also take into consideration the irregularities sometimes met with, such as parrot mouth, when the front teeth of one jaw, overlap those of the other jaw, and by this unusual condition, prevent the wearing surface, or crown of the teeth, coming in contact. There is, also, what is known as shell teeth, viz. : teeth, in which the cup is simply a groove, manning down the inside, or back portion of the incisor teeth ; thus making it a mattter of impossibility to eradicate it by wear. Then, we have the crib biter; his teeth may also deceive 127 us in his age. But to the critical observer, the rounded appearance of the outer edge of the incisor teeth, espe- cially of the upper jaw, will leave no doubt that he is a victim of this pernicious habit. In from two, t^ three weeeks after birth, the two middle incisors, or mpppers) appear ; in from four to six weeks the teeC on each side of the nippers (called middle teeth) make their appear- ance; in from six to eight months ,the corner teeth; the colt now has a full set of milk teeth, all of which, have cups, or depressions, in te cutting - surface, from the top downward, leaving a sharp edge all round the cavity, the outer edge always being a little higher than the innner, thus bringing them in contact sooner. At the age of one year, the cups have disappeared from the lower nippers, the outer edges of the middle teeth much worn and the inner cdi^c slightly worn; the outer edge of the corner teeth considerably worn. At two years, the cups have disappeared from the middle teeth, and the innner edges of the corner teeth begin to show wear. At two and one- half years, the cups have disappeared from the corner teeth and he has shed the center milk teeth (nippers), and the horse nippers are beginning to push through the gums. At three years old, the permanent, or horse nip- pers, are full. At three and one-half, the middle colt teeth are shed, the permanent teeth begin to show in their stead ; the outer edges of the nippers begin to show wear. At four years, the middle, permanent teeth are full and the inner v(\'j;c of nippers, show wear. At four and one-half years, cornr colt teeth are shed, and perma- nent teeth begin to show ; the outer edges of middle teeth show wear. At five years, the corner teeth are full, the 128 nippers are worn down, until the cups have almost dis- appeared, and the outer edges of the middle teeth are down even with the inner edges. At six yars, the nip- pers are worn down even, with the middle teeth ; which, latter, still retain the cups, and the outer edges of the corner teeth are worn down even with the inner edges. At seven, the middle teeth have lost their cups, and both edges of the corner teeth are worn smooth, but still re- tain a small cup. At eight years, the incisors are all smooth, and only a trace of the cavity remains in the corner teeth. At nine years, the cups of the upper nip- pers have disappeared, but are still visible in the middle teeth, and are comparatively well defined in the corner teeth. At ten years, the cups have disappeared from the upper middle teeth. At eleven years, the cups have dis- appeared from the upper corner teeth. At twelve years, the lower nippers are nearly round, or as thick as they are broad. At thirteen, the lower middle teeth are nearly round. At fourteen, the lower corner teeth are nearly round. At fifteen, the upper nipppers are round. Al sixteen, the upper middle teeth are round. At seven- teen, the upper corner teeth are round. At eighteen, the lower nippers are triangular. At nineteen, the lower middle teeth are triangular. At twenty, the lower cor- ner teeth are triangular. At twenty-one, the upper nip- pers are triangular. At twenty-two, the upper middle teeth are triangular. At twenty-three, the upper corner teeth are triangular. At twenty-four, the lower nippers are twice as thick, as they are broad. At twenty-five, the lower middle teeth are twice as thick, as they are broad. At twenty-six, the lower corner teeth are twice as thick, 129 as they arc broad. At twenty-seven, the upper nippers are twice as thick, as they are broad. At twenty-eight, the upper middle teeth are twice as thick, as they are bruad. At twenty-nine, the upper corner teeth are twice as thick, as they are broad. There is another "nark by which we may closely approximate the age from the tenth to the twenty-first year, viz. : at ten years a groove may be seen, starting from the gum in the middle of the upper corner teeth, and at fifteen, it has reached the middle of the tooth from the top downward, and at twen- ty one, it has reached the end of the tooth; now to ascer- tain the age between the tenth and twenty-first years, we must approximate it, by the ratio of distance, from the gum to the bottom of groove, as compared with full length of the tooth. MISCELLANEOUS FORMULAS. FEVER MIXTURE. No. i— Tincture aconite root and tincture gelsemium, of each, i oz. ; tincture digitalis, 2 ozs. Mix and give 30 drops every two hours. No. 2 — Tincture aconite root and tincture gelsemium, of each, r oz. ; nitrous ether, 8 ozs. Mix, shake and give two teaspoonfuls in tabic tablespoonful of water every hour. No 3— Sulphate of quinine, half oz. ; tr. chloride iron, 3 drams ; nitrous ether and alcohol, of each, 3 ozs. ; monox- 130 ide of hydrogen, sufficient to make one point. Mix and give 2 tablespoonfuls every 2 hours. No 4. — Acetanilid, 1 oz. ; powdered digitalis, 2 drams. Mix thoroughly and divide into 8 powders ; give one every hour. COLIC MIXTURE. No. 1— Camphorated tincture of opium, 2 ozs. ; nitrous ether, 1 1-2 ozs.; tincture of capsicum, 2 drams; tincture aco- nite root, 30 drops. Mix and give at once ; if necessary, repeat in one hour, leaving out the aconite. No. 2 — Creolin, 1 dram, in 2 ozs. glycerine, every hour. No 3— Chloral hydrate, I oz., every hour. No 4. — Carbonate of ammonia, 4 drams, every hour. No. 5— Solid extract cannabis indica, 1 dram, every hour. No. 6 Chloroform, 1 oz. ; linseed, oil, 1 pint. Mix, shake and give at once. No. 7 — Sulphuric ether and tincture opium, of each, 8 ozs. ; fluid extract of belladonna, 1 oz. ; tincture aconite root. 1 dram. Mix and give* 2 ozs. every half hour until re- lieved. No. 8— Eserine and pilocarpine, of each, I grain, hypoderm- ically, repeat the pilocarpine in 2 hours, if necessary. i3i LINIMENTS— ANODYNE. No. i— Tincture of opium, tincture of arnica, spirits of cam- phor and nitrous ether, of each, 2 ozs. ; tincture of iodine and tincture of aconite root, of each, I 1-2 ozs.; extract of Witch Hazel, 16 ozs. Mix, shake and use 3 or 4 times daily. No. 2 — Soap liniment and tincture aconite root, of each, 2 ozs. ; veratria, 3 drams. Mix, shake and apply every 2 or 3 hours. No 3— Chloral hydrate and gum camphor, of each, 1 oz. ; tincture of iodine, 8 ozs. Mix and apply as often as nec- essary. No 4.— Tincture of arnica, tincture of opium, sulphuric ether and spirits camphor, of each, 3 ozs.; tincture aconte root, 2 ozs. Mix and apply every 3 or 4 hours. No. 5— Equal parts sulphuric ether, spirits of ammonia and tincture opium. Mix and apply as often as necessary. No. 6— Spirits camphor, 4 ozs. ; oil of cloves, oil of sassafras. oil of turpentine and chloroform, of each, 3 ozs.; tinc- ture opium, 5 ozs.; alcohol, 11 ozs. Mix, shake and use internally, or externally; good for colic. No. 7 — Gum camphor, chloral hydrate, chloroform, sulphu- ric ether, tincture of opium, oil of origanum, oil of sassa- fras, oil caryophylis and oil peppermint, of each, 3 ozs. ; 132 alcohol sufficient to make one gallon. Shake and use either externally or internally; good for colic in 2-oz. doses, every hour ; if used for this purpose, add io drops tincture aconite root to each dose. BLISTERING LINIMENTS. No. i — Bichloride of mercury and gum camphor, of each, I oz. ; alcohol, 4 ozs. ; dissolve the mercury and camphor in the alcohol and add olive oil to make one pint. Mix, shake and apply once in 4 to 7 days. No. 2 — Oil sassafras, oil origanum, stronger ammonia and tincture cantharides, of each, 2 ozs. ; bichloride of mer- cury, 3 drams ; gum champhor, 1 oz. ; oil turpentine, 8 ozs. Mix, shake and apply. No 3— Stronger ammonia, tincture cantharides, oil sassa- fras and oil of spike, of each, 2 ozs. ; oil turpentine and olive oil, of each, 4 ozs. Mix and appply daily. No 4. — Tincture cantharides and stronger ammonia, of each, 1 oz. ; oil turpentine, 1 1-2 ozs.; oil sassafras, oil origanum and gum camphor, of each, 1-2 oz. ; olive oil to make one pint. Mix, shake and apply once daily. CAMPHORATED SOAP LINIMENT. Dissolve 5 ozs. white castile soap, in 8 ozs. water, then dissolve 2 1-2 ozs. camphor gum and 4 1-2 drams oil rosemary, in 41 ozs. alcohol. Mix the solutions and add water enough to make 56 ozs. or 3 1-2 pints; filter and it is ready for use. 133 BLISTERING OINTMENTS. Vaseline, 2 ozs. ; powdered cantharides, 4 drams ; bin- iodide of mercury, 3 drams. Mix and apply every fourth to seventh day. FLY BLISTER. Vaseline, 2 ozs. ; powdered cantharides, 4 drams. Mix nnd apply every two or three days. ABSORBENT OINTMENT. Vaseline, 3 ozs.; iodide of potash, 4 drams. Mix and rub in well twice daily. EYE LOTIONS. No. 1— Sulphate of morphine, sulphate hydrastine, sulphate zinc, of each, 2 grains; water, 1 oz. Mix; a few drops in eye three or four times daily. No. 2 — 3 grains, each, of morphine and chloride of zinc, to 1 oz. water. Drop in eye 3 times daily. No 3— Nitrate of silver, 5 grains; morphine, 2 grains; water, 1 oz. Mix, drop in eye 3 times daily. No 4. — Atropia sulphate, morphine sulphate, and berberine, of each, 2 grains; water, 1 oz. Mix, drop in eye 3 or 4 times daily. HEALING LOTIONS. No. 1— Chloride of zinc, I oz. ; water 3 quarts. Mix, shake and apply 3 times daily. No. 2 — 134 Carbolic acid, I oz. ; borolyptol, 2 ozs. ; water, one gallon. Apply 3 times daily. No 3— Bichloride of mercury, 8 grains; water, 1 pint;. Mix, a PPty 3 or 4 times daily. No 4.— Acelate of of lead and sulphate of zinc, of each, \ oz. ; water, 1 quart. Shake and apply 3 or 4 times daily. No. 5— Compound tincture benzoin. Apply 3 times daily. HEALING POWDERS. No. 1— Acetanilid and oxide of zinc, of each, 1 oz. ; carbolic acid, 15 drops. Mix in a mortar until the acid s thor- oughly incorporated with the powder. Apply 2 to 4 times daily. No. 2 — Iodoform, acetanilid and oxide of zinc, of each, 1 oz. ; carbolic acid, 10 drops. Appply 3 or 4 times daily. CONDITION POWDERS. No. 1— Sulphur, nitrate of potash, bicarbonate of soda and sulphate of iron, of each 4 ozs. ; powdered gentian root and foenugreek seed, of each, 3 ozs. ; caryophylis pow- dered, 2 oz. Mix ad give large tablespoonful 3 times a day. No. 2 — I Sulphate of iron and bicarbonate of soda, of each, 4 ozs. ; foenugreek seed, ginger, nitrate of potash and nuxvomica, of each, 2 ozs. Mix and give tablespooonful 135 3 times a day. Should the animal be very feeble, the ad- dition of quinine in proportion of I dram to each dose is good. COUGH MIXTURE. No. i— Calomel, digitalis, opium and camphor, of each, I oz. ; powdered belladonnna leaves, 2 drams. Mix and divide into 8 powders; give one every day. Should it be necessary to continue longer than 8 days, leave off the calomel. No. 2 — Tincture aconite root and tincture gelsemium, of each, 1 oz. ; tincture digitalis and tincture belladonna, of each, 2 ozs. ; camphorated tincture of opium, 4 ozs. Mix, give tablespoonful 3 times daily. No 3— Oil tar, tablespoonful 3 times daily. DIARRHOEA MIXTURE. No. 1— Camphorated tincture opium, 8 ozs. ; subgallate of bismuth, 1 oz. Mix, shake and give 3 tablespoonfuls every hour until checked. No. 2 — 1 Substitute subnitrate of bismuth for the subgallate and give the same way. FOR SCRATCHES AND GREASE HEEL. No. 1— Glycerine, 8 ozs. ; carbolic acid, 1 oz. Mix, shake and apply once a day. No. 2 — Pure white lead, mixed with oil. Apply once daily. 136 PURGATIVE BALL. Barbadoes aloes, 6 to 8 drams ; ginger powdered, 3 drams. Make into a ball, give at once. FOR MENENGITIS AND OTHER BRAIN AFFEC- TIONS. 2 grains each of pilocarpine and e*serirte, hypoderrri- ically ; give by mouth, 1 oz. aloes and 30 grains calomel, made in to a ball. COMBINATION SYSTEM OF HCRSE TRAINING. A system by which we readily break, tame or train the wildest or most vicious horse or mule and subject them to the will of man through the medium of the reasoning factulties. A system by which we may cure the most vicious horses of the habits of balking or kicking; also the habit of shying, running away, pulling at the halter, jumping fences, or pitching under the saddle; it will en- able any one to ride any horse or mule without saddle or bridle with perfect safety ; also to drive without bridle or lines. But we will first consider the management of colts, as we think it advisable to learn the colt that there is some restraint upon him; take him and learn him the performance of his duties as he grows up, learn him strict obedience to your commands and by the time he is old enough to ride or work, he has become familiar with you and you have gradually familiarized him with the halter, bridle, saddle, and harness and he is ready to be put to work without trouble. When he is five or six months old, he should be learned to lead and to stand tied with a halter and to submit to being: handled and 137 to be quiet and gentle, and if we properly manage him the task is very easy. How to Manage the Colt. Turn him into an enclosure fifteen or twenty feet wide and twenty-five or thirty long, have him loose; it is now necessary to have his strict attention in order to learn him what we expect him to do, and if we fail to do this we will tad to learn him the lesson we wish, just as we fail to learn the child, when we are unable to keep his mind upon the matter we wish to impress upon him- and in order to get his attention the operator now goes into the enclosure with the animal and if it has never been handled it will at once try to get as far away from the trainer as possible; he must be provided with "a long keen whip and when the colt turns the heels to him use the whip sharply about the hind legs, this will cause the colt to turn his head to his trainer to investigate the cause, then it is the duty of the trainer to approach him quietly with the hand extended, should the colt turn away from him, he should use the whip as before, then again attempt to approach him. Continue this until you can get your hand upon him, then rub and caress him until he looses his fear, then step quietly back from him (keeping the face to him) and tell him to come on and if he does not do so, reach back and tap him lightly on the hind parts with the whip, this will cause him to start toward you, then approach him and caress him to make him un- derstand that he has done what you wished him to do; re- peat this a few timtes and he will follow after you wher- ever you go, and you have him virtually halter broke before you put a halter on him, but now have a good i 3 8 leather halter that will fit his head nicely and comfort- ably, put it on him and lead him about, turning him first one way and then another until he becomes used to the halter, then tie him and walk away, leaving him alone for a while and he, by having become used to yield- ing to the pressure of the halter while you were leading him, will hardly ever try to pull loose; he may now be handled a little every day, lead him to water each day until he becomes thoroughly acquainted with you and your mode of handling him. Keep him gentle by fre- quent handling and when he is old enough to work he will have becom/e so accustomed to being handled he will very seldom resist you if he understands your wishes. How to Manage the Wild or Vicious Horse. This is a question of much import to people generally, as there are such vast numbers of horses sold throughout the United States that have been raised on the western ranges; they are, many of them, getting quite old before they are ever handled and they are, of course, very wild, and unless properly handled they exhibit such a - degree of viciousness that they are seldom made trustworthy ; but if properly managed are perfectly kind and tractable. If we have such an animal to contend with, we place him in an enclosure the same as we would the colt and of course when we enter it with him he is almost wild with fright, and we must be very quiet with him, tap him gently around the hind legs with your whip and when he turns the head to you step gently toward him with one hand extended, always remembering to keep the hand perfectly quiet, so as to avoid frightening him any more than you are compelled to do ; if he turns '39 away - d0 "<**>« to use the wh i p as d - . . «» <»ms hack; ,„ m . attempt to ' !K ' VC, ' y and "he, V o„ onee «i , ffa '" aPpr0ach '"'"'• ■»*» «":;" *;: n on hi :- rubhimuntii ,,„„ (o com ■ Now t away from h . n] aad %htly with the whip bind , e . Tu*™ tOUCh him ""™< von, connnan d ; t :':° l " d he m ake « move a "« «Peaf your caresses T P ' g ° " P '° him l^y """' he win b.how "Tin 1 " r^' "" ° pcratio " very careful to avoid Jn Y f' rt:CUo "- Always be -a, as that wou^^Si^, ^ ab ° Ut "" ~7 r ehe„d your wishes toward m " VZ ""f """ to 'earn him/ the mean.™ „* ., e next s 'ep is a' the same time to arn t th \ Com ' n < u "' *> stop, Ll command; the tatter™, ' hat " e mUst ob ey that " dh »o other , h ;rt T h " im in ma " y «">» g° either ahead or s Td ewa ° r ^'^ aS he ca n have a mechanical advfn^' , COnse . Dysentery— Bloody Flux 31 Enteritis 26 Intussusception 25- Piles— Haemorrhoids 32 Volvulus 2<; Worms 32 BRAIN, Diseases of 59f Blind Staggers 63 Coma, Sleepy Staggers 66 Congestion of Megrims 61 Meningitis 03 Paralysis 67-115 Sunstroke 62 CHEST, Diseases of 45 Asthma 54 Cough 56 Dropsy 53 Heaves 54 Thumps— Spasm of the Diaphragm 46 156 Pleurisy 51 Pneumonia 47 )IAGNOSTlC SIGNS— Breathing 6 Pulse 3 Temperature 5 DISTEMPER 124 EYE, Diseases of the 77 Amaurosis 82 Conjunctivitis 78 Lachrymal Duct 77 Ophthalmia, External 78 Ophthalmia. Internal 79 Ophthalmia, Periodic 80 FEVER, Catarrhal or Typhoid— Influenza 117 Fever, Lung or Pneumonia 47 Fistula, or Quittor of the Foot 90 Fistula of the Withers 108 . Glanders, Acute ... 121 TE ART, Diseases of the 50 ^Endocarditis , , - , 58 Pericarditis ,.. 50 i- Influenza. Typhoid or Catarrhal Fever 117 % Lameness ( 82 \% 'Blood Spavin „ . ., ... 98 Bog Spavin., ... . , 97 Bone Spavin 88 Oanteer of Feet * 85 Capped Elbow . 101 Capped Hock 101 Capped Knee. . ( 102 Cocked Ankles 103 Contracted Feete 93 Curb .'. .. .. 99 Elbow Joint 100 Founder , 93 Gravel in Foot 84 Grease Heel 108 157 Hip Joint 106 Knee Spring 103 Nail Wounds 93 Navicular 96 Pumiced Feet 96 Quarter Crack 91 Quitter or Fistula of the Foot 90 Ringbone 86 Rheumatism 116 Scratches 107 Seedy Toe -. .- 92 Sidebone 97 Shoulder Joint 104 Splints 87 Sprained Tendon 99 Stifle Joint 104 Stifle Joint, Dislocation of 105 Thoroughpiu 98 Thrush 96 LARYNX and Trachea. Diseases of the 36 Bronchitis 31 'Bronchitis, Chronic 44 Choking 41 Roaring- 38 Lockjaw or Tetanus lfo Lymphangitis i 67-68 .Melanotic Tumors 110 .Miscellaneous Formulas 129 MOUTH, Diseases of the 6 Paraylsis of the Pharynx 7 Pharyngitis 7 Ptyalism 6 Salivation <> Nasal (Jleete. Catarrh 113 OESOPHAGUS, Diseases of the 8 Osteo Porosis or Big Head 125 Poll Evil 109 158 Rabies, Hydrophobia 123 Rheumatic Fever 116 Sitfast 110 Spavin Blood , 98 Spavin, Bog 97 Spavin. Hon* 88 Strangles 124 STOMACH. Diseases of the 13 Bots . . 19 Calculi 24 Rupture of 7 17 Surfeit.. .. Ill System of Training 136-154 URINARY ORIGANS, Diseases of the 70 Congestion of the Kidneys 70 Inflammation of the Kidneys. . . 72 Chronic Inflammation of the Kidneys 73 Watts 110 FEB 19 1903 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS