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 ADDRESS 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE TOE 
 
 VERMONT STATE 
 
 <SD 
 
 griniltiwl fu\t\\ 
 
 WOOL GROWERS' ASSOCIATION, 
 
 AT ITS ANNUAL FAIK, AT BUELDTGTON, 
 
 Tbwsxlag:, Sspt 16th, 1869, 
 
 HON. LUKE P. POLAND. 
 
 MONTPELIER : 
 POLANDS' STEAM PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 Journal Building, State Street. 
 
 1869. 
 

ADDRESS. 
 
 Mr. President: 
 
 People sometimes have the idea, that a man who can speak at 
 all, can discourse upon any and every subject as he may please. 
 
 The ancients, indeed, regarded knowledge as a part of the art 
 of oratory. " The orator," said they, " must know everything." 
 When knowledge was merely speculative, when it could not be 
 put to the severe test of practice, that was comparatively easy. 
 And yet, even then, this theory sometimes involved the orator in 
 the awkward necessity of confronting his speculations with other 
 men's practice. As, for example, when a Greek orator chanced 
 to discourse to a popular assemblage on the art of war, his hear- 
 ers wondered where he could' have picked up so much upon a sub- 
 ject with which he had had no opportunity of becoming conversant ; 
 how he could speak so learnedly of camps and weapons and ma- 
 noeuvres. But there chanced to be " a chiel aniang them takin' 
 notes," one who was something more than an amateur in this 
 department. It was the Carthagenian, Hannibal, who, being 
 asked what he thought of the orator, replied, " that man knows 
 no more of the art of war than a child." 
 
 And I am, to-day, addressing an assembly, not where a single 
 Hannibal will test my knowledge of the subject. 1 am address- 
 ing an assembly of Hannibals ; of men who, upon these hills, and 
 along these valleys of our own Vermont, have been trained to 
 
turn up the furrows of peace, instead of war, to handle the scythe 
 and the sickle, instead of the sword, and to ride the harvest wagon 
 afield, instead of the lumbering cannon ; though many of them, 
 'tis true, have of late been taught familiarity with the husbandry 
 of war, as well as of peace, have left drops of their own life- 
 blood to enrich the soil of the foe, and will wear to their graves 
 an ineffaceable record of " honorable scars." It may be, how- 
 ever, that I shall be permitted to discuss aspects of the subject 
 with reference to which all intelligent citizens have some thoughts, 
 and that what I shall say may lie neither discreditable to myself 
 nor unprofitable to you. 
 
 The subject of my address will be : The relation of Science to 
 Agriculture, and of Agriculture to the State. 
 
 Agriculture, or perhaps more properly speaking, horticulture, 
 is the oldest of all arts ; an art of which it may reverently be 
 said, that it came from heaven, — was in some genuine sense an 
 inspiration. If Adam had had a coat-of-arms, it probably would 
 have embraced implements of husbandry — a shovel, a rake, and ;i 
 hoe. For before the fall, work was held in honor. There were 
 no sinecures, no higher classes, no drones. 
 
 " When Adam delvea and Eve span, 
 Who was then the gentleman ?" 
 
 The tilling of the soil was the only art antecedent to the apos- 
 tasy ; agriculture was the only pursuit. We hear of no profes- 
 sional classes until after the advent of a certain supremacy into 
 Eden — dare we say it ? Thence sprung tailors, doctors, lawyers, 
 and even ministers. They came to mend, the ruin which this 
 interloper had wickedly made. 
 
 By his fall, Adam may have lost all knowledge of the art. At 
 all events he lost the only perfect theatre for applying it which the 
 earth ever produced. For thenceforth it became its office to bring 
 forth, not as Milton has written : 
 
" Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm, 
 Others whose fruit burnished with golden rind, 
 Hung amiable, (Hesperian fables true, 
 If true, here only) , and of delicious taste : 
 Betwixt them lawns, or level downs, and flocks 
 Grazing the tender herb, were interposed, 
 Or palmy hillock ; or the flowery lap 
 Of some irriguous valley spread her store, 
 Flowers of all hue, and without thorn the rose :" 
 
 but thorns and thistles, to be eradicated only with the mattock or 
 the hoe ; it was a soil already preoccupied with products inimical 
 to man and his wants, and to be brought into subjection only by the 
 most diligent and patient exertion " in the sweat of his brow.'' 
 Naturally enough, men sought to evade the pressure of this des- 
 tiny — securing means of livelihood in pursuits on which the primal 
 curse seemed to rest more lightly, but finding their level at last 
 only in the condition and habits of the savage. 
 
 You come to-day from your homes, from the soil that you own, 
 consecrated perhaps by the toil and sweat of your fathers ; where 
 the farm-house shines white by day, and, starlike, beams bright 
 with industry's lamp by night ; and where the great barns cluster, 
 with their yawning doors, and their yards at times populous with 
 flocks and "herds ; over whose broad acres all summer you write 
 out your thoughts and plans as on the pages of a book that you 
 bind up and store away in the autumn for winter's rumination. 
 You arc the landholders of Vermont. You hold your farms in 
 fee simple. They are crown lands, which can not be alienated. 
 You are sovereigns in your own right. These acres are just as 
 much yours as the air that you, and your children, and your cattle 
 breathe, or the light and heat that minister to your crops. And 
 yet, this was not always so. Property in land, possession of land, 
 was once a thing unknown. In the savage state, man hunted and 
 fished for a living. He lived upon the life that hunted through 
 the forest, cut the air upon wing, or darted through the waters. 
 By his agility he took his prey, by his craft he snared it. It be- 
 
came his by right of conquest, by the assertion of his power over 
 it. With him " might made right." He took captives in war, 
 and made them his slaves. His right to them was founded on the 
 same principle as his right in the products of the chase. The 
 idea that land could be owned, seems to have been too abstract 
 for his mind ; wholly inconsistent, too, with his nomadic habits of 
 life. Besides, why should he wish to own what he did not use ? 
 He did not cultivate land, why should he appropriate it? The 
 two ideas, conquest and use, seemed to be the foundation of his 
 conception of property ; and neither of them related to land. 
 His wigwam occupied the land, jnst as his canoe occupied the 
 water. When he went to other hunting grounds, or fishing grounds, 
 he left both as free to new comers as the air around them. He 
 owned only what he had laid his hands on and subjected to his 
 own personal uses — the deer he shot, the fish he caught, the fowl 
 he snared. He had not learned that the land can be subdued, as 
 well as the inferior animals ; that the plow and the spade have 
 their victories, as well as the bow, the arrow, and the tomahawk ; 
 that he could make captives of the elements, make the winds and 
 the waters his ministers, and the earth open her hidden treasure- 
 house for the supply of his necessities. But even in those prolific 
 solitudes, where was needed no modern legislation to protect the 
 winged and finny tribes, where no deer-stalker ever plied his dan- 
 gerous trade, the vicissitudes of the chase sometimes left the wild 
 huntsman without his food. And as the demands of nature were 
 regular and inexorable ; as the hungry man must eat, notwithstand- 
 ing his savage stoicism, it became necessary to provide a regular 
 source of supply. The obvious relief from this dilemma, (there 
 were no soup committees in those days,) was the taming and rais- 
 ing of such wild animals as were found capable of domestication. 
 Thus the savage, the wanderer, the mighty hunter, became the 
 shepherd. This is the first step in the progress of civilization. 
 
And in order to domesticate animals, man must first, in some 
 measure, domesticate himself; have a home, a domicile for the 
 time being ; shifting his domicile with the varying wants of his 
 Hocks and herds. Here is an advanced idea of property ; that 
 authority and right acquired by skill in taming, by care in raising. 
 To his original inventory, the fruits of the chase, the savage 
 now added his herds, the scanty crops, too, that, for their sake* 
 lie begins to teach the reluctant earth to yield to his rude hus- 
 bandry, a few simple implements of household convenience and 
 agricultural use, the weapons that he fashions with his own hand 
 from wood and stone. He thus begins to hold, as his own, what 
 he has not in immediate and constant use. And yet, the tenure 
 of such property was exceedingly slight, for even under the old 
 Roman law, a single year of possession was all that was necessary 
 to complete the prescriptive right to movable property, and the 
 lack of possession for the same time was full evidence of a lack 
 of title. Thus we see that the development of the idea of prop- 
 erty keeps pace with the progress of civilization ; indeed, without 
 it, civilization itself would be impossible. For civilization is 
 founded upon that division of -life and of labor which affords en- 
 couragement and reward to individuals ; that gives every man his 
 own, or proper compensation for it. Thus we see in the savage 
 the germ of that passion which has beautified the earth with cities ; 
 which has beautified cities with works of art ; for it is the posses- 
 sion of property, the pursuit of wealth, which brings men into 
 large towns ; it is success in this pursuit which makes them able 
 to purchase works of art. But as yet, the savage finds no special 
 value in land. Ceres, Earth's daughter, whom the ancient my- 
 thology made the mother of Plutus, the god of wealth, he de- 
 spises. Land has no substantial value — is not an object of desire. 
 Nature's domain is so wide, his habits are so nomadic, that he 
 readily finds forage and pasturage, as he folds up his light tent 
 
and moves from place to place, like the untamed Arab, his per- 
 petual type. Not until that stage of civilization had been reached 
 when he was content to lay aside his wandering habits and pur- 
 suits and become the citizen, was the idea of property in land 
 fully developed ; and even then, the title was for a long time 
 somewhat incomplete. The right to transfer the title in movable 
 property was early recognized. Traffic and commerce depended 
 on it ; necessitated it. And it was an easy step from the right to 
 use and control, to the right to deprive one's self of use and con- 
 trol. But the right to alienate land, immovable property, came 
 more tardily, and still later the right to dispose of it by will. 
 Solon, the great Athenian lawgiver, first recognized this right, but 
 only in the case of persons dying childless. And for a long pe- 
 riod, land which had descended from an ancestor could not be 
 totally alienated by the owner, except to procure the necessities 
 of life, and even then the right of preemption remained in the 
 lawful heir. From this, the step was easy and natural to the 
 unrestricted right, to alienate landed property. Until then, no 
 man was the unconditional proprietor of his own lands. 
 
 I have thus traced man's development from the state of the 
 untutored savage to that of the husbandman, because it is in itself 
 a progress not without instruction and interest ; instructive, since 
 it compels us to recognize the obligations which past ages have 
 placed upon us ; interesting, because it involves the slow develop- 
 ment of the law of property. I say, law of property, for though 
 it is the custom to ridicule law and law's representatives, without 
 it not one of you could have fee simple in your well tilled acres. 
 Without law there would be no government, no society. Industry 
 would be fruitless. Law alone gives you security in the enjoy- 
 ment of the products of your labor. Without it there could be 
 no such thing as wealth ; for who would sow, that another might 
 reap ? Law spreads its aegis of protection over your farms, makes 
 
9 
 
 thrift possible, and accumulation sure. And yet law is not re- 
 sponsible for poverty, as some superficial political economists 
 would have us believe. Poverty is the primitive condition of the 
 race. To use Shakspeare's line, man is " steeped in poverty to 
 the very lips." And although it is beyond the power of law to 
 make an equal distribution of property, to lift up the low and 
 cast down the high, to make the crooked straight and the rough 
 places plain, yet, without law, property itself would be impossible, 
 destitution and misery would be universal, social anarchy would 
 inevitably prevail. 
 
 We have now succeeded in making a farmer of our savage. 
 At the outset, we shall hardly expect him to display any great 
 proficiency or skill in his new field of labor. The wise man of 
 old sent the sluggard to the ant for lessons of industry- And in 
 the same vein, Pope suggests to man : 
 
 " The art of building, from the bee receive, 
 Learn.of the moth to plow, the worm to weave, 
 Learn of the little nautilus to sail, 
 Spread her thin oar, and catch the driving gale." 
 
 To no inconsiderable extent, the tilling of the soil was at the 
 first the work of woman. Man tried to shift his part of the curse 
 of Eden upon feminine shoulders — keeping up the pleasures of 
 the forest, while woman was eating her bread in the sweat of her 
 brow. But this husbandwoman, (if I may be allowed so contra- 
 dictory a compound,) scarcely more than lacerated the soil with 
 the shoulder-blade of the moose, or the knotted stick. And yet, 
 in the course of time, the two best cultivated countries in the 
 world owed their fertility to the labor of women. While Osiris 
 was dictating laws to the Egyptians, Isis, his wife, was giving 
 them precepts in agriculture ; and the highest honor that the 
 Greeks could bestow on the Queen of Sicily, was to make her the 
 goddess of the harvest. Lift the veil of fiction from such names 
 as Flora, Pomona, Ceres, and we should probably find that the 
 
10 
 
 bearers of them had rendered tlieir country distinguished services 
 in the cultivation of the earth. 
 
 Classic literature affords us glimpses of the condition of agri- 
 culture in the best days of Greece and Rome. After the famous 
 retreat of the Ten Thousand, that wonderful captain and histo- 
 rian, Xenophon, returned to the solitude of rural life, and col- 
 lected a volume of maxims on the management of the farm, which 
 furnishes valuable information even to the intelligent farmer of 
 the nineteenth century. Virgil, too, takes no loftier theme than 
 this for the Georgics, throwing the charm of poetry over rural 
 pursuits, and so dignifying the art of agriculture, that, as some 
 one has said, he makes his husbandman toss even the dung with 
 the air of a prince. Horace, too, epicure and tippler as he was, 
 was also an amateur farmer, and writes both elegantly and sensi- 
 bly of the practical duties of his calling. Indeed, these old fel- 
 lows, even in their day and generation, seem to have understood 
 about all the general principles recognized by the practical farmer 
 of to-day ; such as rotation of crops, surface drainage, compost- 
 ing of manures, irrigation, and improvement of stock. In the 
 literal sense, they were practical farmers. They knew nothing 
 indeed of the philosophy of these pursuits. They followed certain 
 rules, because repeated trials had proved their value. It was 
 largely a matter of tradition with them. 
 
 So, until the present century, has it been all over the world. 
 And, with some, it is an open question to-day, whether practical 
 farming, based upon observation and experience, is not the wiser 
 kind ; whether books and schools ever will raise up a generation 
 of farmers superior to the fathers. Into the lips of his " Old 
 Pennsylvania farmer," Bayard Taylor puts these words : 
 
 " If father 'd lived I'd like to know what he would say to these 
 New notions of the younger men who farm by chemistries. 
 There's different stock and other grapes, there's patent plow and cart ; 
 Five hundred dollars for a bull ! it would have broke his heart." 
 
11 , 
 
 Learning, indeed, never can take the place of common sense ; 
 never can be any compensation for lack of brains. Men sometimes 
 find their way to the bar, and into the pulpit, and the practice of 
 medicine, who fail at their business, not from want of book knowl- 
 edge, but from the absence of something more elemental, which 
 schools and colleges can not undertake to impart. And so, doubt- 
 less, the books on science are not to be blamed if the scientific 
 farmer sometimes fails. It is the proper blending of science and 
 practice, of theory and traditional knowledge, that makes the 
 most successful farmer. Speculation alone leads into extravagant 
 vagaries, which experience and observation will avoid. It takes 
 a practical farmer to pick out the science that is valuable to him. 
 Some wise man among the ancients said, " That man is the 
 greatest benefactor of his race, who makes two blades of grass 
 grow where one grew before." And Dean Swift, without hinting 
 at obligations, has put the same sentiment into the mouth of that 
 stupendous figment of his fertile imagination, the King of the Brob- 
 dingnags. But no one suspected that this coming benefactor was 
 the visionary chemist, then at work among his retorts and gallipots 
 in his dingy laboratory. Science was busy with greater problems 
 than this. Should she abandon her search for the philosopher's 
 stone to test the qualities of guano ? Should she desecrate her 
 crucible, never profaned by less royal substances than the sup- 
 posed constituents of gold and precious stones, by admitting the 
 ingredients of composts ? Should she leave her research among 
 the stars, her casting of horoscopes for men and nations, and come 
 down to the discovery of the best methods of tilling mother earth ? 
 It is indeed a singular phenomenon, that man's earliest applica- 
 tion of thought to physical subjects had to do with infinite space ; 
 that astronomy was of earlier birth than geography ; that the 
 heavens were charted and mapped long before the earth and sea. 
 But the unscientific man rejoiced in the light of Arcturus, no less 
 
12 
 
 than he who could locate him in the heavens. Early science 
 tended toward simple speculation ; later science has been occu- 
 pied with more practical questions ; has learned that the husband- 
 man is the divinit) T -called agent through which the world is to be 
 blessed. She has therefore abandoned her old search for tinsel 
 and gewgaws. It is indeed her crowning glory, that by a sort of 
 subtle alchemy she can metamorphose the excrement of tropical 
 birds into heavily waving verdure, the solid rocks into oats, and 
 barley and wheat, and the dry bones of the valleys into esculent 
 roots ; that she can change the sterile plain into the fruitful field ; 
 stagnant fens and miasmatic bog-holes (where the will o' the wisp 
 allures the benighted traveler) into the level lawn and undulating 
 mead. At first view, it does seem strange, that man should have 
 well nigh exhausted the resources of invention in other depart- 
 ments before he turned his attention to the development of the 
 forces of nature, which the God of nature had hidden in the earth 
 all around him ; before he sought to relieve himself of that phys- 
 ical servitude to which the fall had made him subject. It required 
 only a genius for invention, the touch of that Ithuriel spear, to 
 bring nature's secrets to the light. 
 
 Reapers and mowers, threshers and pitchers, were still made 
 up of living human muscle and brawn, only because mind had 
 not yet asserted itself over the department of matter. Now, 
 through the brilliant achievements of modern inventors, through 
 the application of modern science, men make, not simply two, but 
 two score blades of grass grow where one grew before. The 
 muscle of the horse is put in the stead of the muscle of man ; and 
 intellect occupies the seat of the reaper and the mower. But the 
 tillers of the soil were not ordinarily men of disciplined and in- 
 quisitive minds. Invention first confined itself to the mechanic 
 arts. Mechanics felt the necessities and limitations of their own 
 department of labor, and hastened to remove them. But when 
 
13 
 
 inventions became profitable, when the patentee found his lap full 
 of gold, then inventive efforts were stimulated in all directions, 
 and the mechanic felt the limitations and inconveniences of the 
 agriculturalist also. 
 
 It was precisely so, too, with regard to scientific farming. If 
 farming is a science, then the man who prosecutes it the most 
 scientifically, with most of true philosophy, will prosecute it most 
 profitably ; this was the argument. Every intelligent farmer 
 knows that there are certain conditions essential to the growth and 
 maturity of each crop. Science, alone, can precisely determine 
 these conditions. Every intelligent farmer knows that in a high 
 latitude he must select a warm soil for his corn. Science tells 
 him that this plant adds to its growth only three grains daily 
 when the soil is twenty degrees above freezing point, while it adds 
 twelve grains, or four times as much, daily, when the temperature 
 of the soil is twenty degrees higher ; or that the rapidity of its 
 growth is as the square of the increase of the temperature of the 
 soil. The scientific farmer selects the southern slope, because he 
 knows that upon a given area it will receive a greater number of 
 solar rays than the northern, or than a dead level. His philoso- 
 phy teaches him that if he scatter upon the surface of the soil, 
 charcoal dust, or muck, or some other dark substance, he will 
 increase its power of absorption ; or that he may raise the tem- 
 perature of the soil by thorough under-drainage. Science informs 
 him that the vaporization of water requires one thousand times as 
 much heat as would be needed to raise the temperature of soil a 
 single degree ; or, to put the statement into a more concrete form, 
 that the vaporization of one pound of water from one hundred 
 pounds of saturated earth, causes a loss of ten degrees of heat. 
 He learns, too, that wheat will not germinate in a soil below 
 forty-five degrees or above ninety-five degrees, and that corn 
 requires ten degrees more heat than wheat. In the selection of 
 
14 
 
 soils, too, it is a law, as unalterable as that of the Medea and 
 Persians, " which altereth not," that different plants require dif- 
 ferent kinds of food. This requisition is absolute, and can not, 
 as in the demands of annual growth, be replaced by any substi- 
 tute. Lack of phosphoric acid and ammonia insures a shriveled 
 kernel of wheat, and the negligent husbandman finds in autumn 
 that the expected crop " has mocked him with empty ears." If 
 there be lack of silex, the crop will, in popular phrase, be "struck 
 with rust." Clover, pease and beans demand lime, and the in- 
 telligent farmer feeds them with plaster. Raspberries and black- 
 berries have an appetite for potash, and spring up on ground 
 recently burned over, or cling to walls beneath which the earth 
 is fed by the crumbling stone decomposed by the elements. These 
 are instincts of nature which can not safely be neglected or 
 despised. 
 
 Entomology, the natural history of insects, also deserves the 
 husbandman's study. He should know what insects are his 
 friends, and what arc his foes ; which destroy the growing crop, 
 and which wage war against hostile insects. "With respect .to 
 birds, there is also no little misapprehension. They are espe- 
 cially the husbandman's benefactors. The sparrow, though his 
 reputation has suffered somewhat in that rhythmical chronicle of 
 " Mother Goose," whose recital never fails to bring moisture to 
 the eyes of childhood, (I mean the murder of Cock Robin,) main- 
 tains his character for destructiveness by his merciless and unceas- 
 ing onslaught upon caterpillars and the like. It has been found, 
 by the actual count of the curious, that two of these birds have 
 carried to their nests forty caterpillars in a single hour. But the 
 capacity of the robin for this species of warfare is still more 
 marvellous. And by way of parenthesis, may I not suggest this 
 as the probable casus belli which resulted so disastrously to the 
 long mourned and much lamented Cock Robin. A curious in- 
 
15 
 
 quirer caught a robin scarcely half grown, weighing but twenty- 
 four pennyweights, and found, by actual observation, that he ate 
 sixty-eight worms, weighing thirty-four pennyweights, in twelve 
 hours ; thus consuming forty-one per cent, more than his own 
 weight, and came off as brisk as ever, with only four pennyweights 
 added to his own avoirdupois. And it is estimated from these 
 data that a pair of old robins with four birdlings will consume 
 two hundred, and fifty worms per day ; that is, each parent bird 
 procuring a worm every five minutes to supply family necessities. 
 The sage crow, likewise, (upon whose head wise legislators have 
 sometimes, but to so little purpose, set a premium,) is said to eat 
 five hundred grubs to a single kernel of corn. Thus the premiums 
 offered, and the scarecrows set up, are really for the protection of 
 grubs ! I believe in fact that, without exception, birds of our 
 latitude lay mankind under similar obligation, and are really en- 
 titled to gratitude and protection, instead of being ruthlessly 
 robbed by wanton boys or shot by ignorant men. 
 
 But intelligent farming, farming that is really scientific, is also 
 a source of mental culture. From a mere physical drudgery, it 
 is thus converted into a work of intellectual growth and develop- 
 ment. Make the boys feel this, and they will stay at home. It 
 will take the monotony out of farm work. It will ennoble it. 
 If you can not show a lad that there is something to farming 
 beside development of mere brawn and muscle, you need not 
 wonder if he grows restless and wants to escape to the machine- 
 shop, or to the excitement of traffic. But show him that there is 
 philosophy in farming ; that there is scope enough to develop all 
 his faculties, mental and moral, as well as physical, and the gold 
 regions of California and the broad prairies of the "West will have 
 fewer attractions for him. Vermont can not afford to suffer the 
 most enterprising of her sons to desert her green hills, needful 
 as they are to leaven unborn States with the industry, frugality 
 
16 
 
 and independence which here have their native region. It is time 
 that our hillsides should cease to swarm. There is room enough 
 in the old hive. Our half-tilled fields claim our best efforts ; and 
 Vermont boys never can better repay the care of 'their mother 
 than by making her acres a literal garden. 
 
 But it is urged that this once honored calling has lately fallen 
 into discredit among us ; that it is not dignified as it once was. 
 Such prejudice does no dishonor to the vocation itself, but rather 
 to him who cherishes it. Why ! in order that a single grain of 
 wheat may be matured, that its constituent elements, its starch, 
 and gluten, and sugar, may he perfected, God keeps this ponder- 
 ous earth in motion, wheeling along the ecliptic at the rate of 
 sixty-eight thousand miles per hour. But somehow our young 
 men think they want no interest in the operation. It has not dig- 
 nity enough! They are averse to farming. They regard it as an 
 inferior, a subordinate employment. It is only so, as a corner- 
 stone is subordinate in a building. It is only so, as all things 
 else depend upon it. It is the foundation — all the rest is super- 
 struction. Not a dignified calling ':' Jackson, Calhoun, Clay, 
 and greater than all, Webster, recreated their gifted natures in the 
 sweets of rural life. What a touching picture is that of Webster, 
 at Marshfield, who, upon his deathbed, had his splendid cattle 
 driven past his window, that he might take a parting look into 
 their great eyes, and kind, honest faces ! 
 
 There is a close relationship between the earth and man. Man 
 was fashioned out of it. He is composed of exactly the same 
 materials as the solid globe on which he dwells. Contact with 
 earth seems to renew his manhood. There is always a grain of 
 truth to be found in the old mythologies. You remember the fable 
 of Antams contending with Hercules. Whenever Antaeus was 
 nearly suffocated in the iron grasp of his antagonist, if he but 
 touched the earth, his strength was restored. It is ever so with 
 
17 
 
 man and nature. And true as it is in a physical sense, it is still 
 truer in a moral. Whether it be true that nature loves to make 
 return to those that love her, or whether it be true that the em- 
 ployment of her devotees has in it less of temptation, it is the 
 fact, that he who weds her is strengthened by her. 
 
 The salutary influence which a fondness for rural life exerts 
 upon the English is very noticeable. It has stamped itself upon 
 their national character. There is perhaps no completer type of 
 dignified manhood than the English gentleman. This, Washing- 
 ton Irving attributes to his fondness for rural life. It gives a 
 healthful tone to mind and spirit, that neither the dissipations of 
 the town nor the excitements of political life can wholly neutralize 
 or pervert. It brings man face to face with nature. It gives 
 opportunity, nay, creates necessity, for self contemplation, for 
 manly independence of thought, and subjects one to the operation 
 of the purest and most ennoblteg external influences. Rural life 
 is entirely free from the excitement and dissipation incident to 
 traffic and commerce, the influence of which is almost always to 
 lower the moral tone of those who engage in them. The ten- 
 dency of agricultural pursuits is toward simplicity and purity in 
 social, and democracy in civil life. The distinction of classes is 
 less inexorably recognized in rural than in suburban populations. 
 In another sense than the poet intended, 
 
 " One touch of nature makes the whole world kin." 
 The character of a nation is determined by its rural population. 
 We are apt to think otherwise. The favored few indeed enjoy in 
 the city superior facilities— attain a more refined, oftentimes a 
 higher, culture ; but the unfavored many fall far below the aver- 
 age. Our larger cities are fearful illustrations of this truth. It 
 is therefore upon the country people of a nation like ours that the 
 national government must rely. Among them is the strongest 
 spirit of nationality and the readiest submission to just laws. If, 
 
18 
 
 during the recent rebellion, our population had been mainly gath- 
 ered in large cities, the result might have been far different. In 
 our cities were found the largest number of rebel sympathizers. 
 It has been said, that if at the time of the revolution, we had had 
 as many large cities as now, it is doubtful whether Independence 
 ever had been declared. The tories of the revolution were not 
 to be found among the sturdy yeomanry of the land. 
 
 History teaches us that there is no stability to that government 
 which does not rest upon the rural population. Traffic tends to 
 make men material. The poet has said : 
 
 " That trade's proud empire hastes to swift decay, 
 As ocean sweeps the labored mole away." 
 
 The decline of the great Roman Empire dates from the time when 
 the patricians and nobles had acquired large estates in the prov- 
 inces ; when Italian soil was neglected by those born upon it, and 
 the peasant became the mere menial employed about the villas 
 and in the gardens of the great. That nation is doomed which 
 is deserted by the genius of agriculture. In their palmiest days, 
 it is said that Carthage and Alexandria set in motion fifty plows 
 to a single keel. The poet Goldsmith had studied Roman history 
 to good purpose, else he had never written the oft-quoted lines : 
 
 " Princes and kings may flourish or may fade, 
 A breath can make them, as a breath has made ; 
 But a bold yeomanry, their country's pride, 
 When once destroyed, can never be supplied." 
 
 This strong natural affinity between man and mother Earth, of 
 which I have spoken, there is not a man among us but experi- 
 ences. Through all the sharp strife of our life-struggle, in our 
 competition for the world's honor, for riches, for fame, there are 
 always twilight pauses — breathing times — when we look longingly 
 to the day in which, all our distinctions won, and worn, and laid 
 aside, we may escape to some rural retreat beneath clustering 
 maples or graceful elms among our native hills. Who of us all 
 
19 
 
 that has thus occupied himself with other pursuits, has not, with 
 the poet, sighed for the time again 
 
 " When the reapers at morn 
 Came down from the hill, at the sound of the horn, 
 Or when dragging the rake he followed them out 
 While they tossed the light sheaves with their laughter about ; 
 Through the fields, with boy-daring, barefooted we ran 
 Where the stubble foreshadowed the path of the man." 
 
 In spite of our very selves we are drawn back to those boyhood 
 days, " when in the rude dusky barn we tumbled on the odorous 
 hay, or watched the sunlight struggling through crevices in 
 the roof, or the swallow-hole in the gable ; where the shadow 
 and sunlight strove together, making it both solemn and cheerful." 
 We Americans are said to be a self-conceited race ; and we 
 must confess that the charge is at least as true of us as of other 
 nations. We attribute the rapid growth and prosperity of our 
 young republic somewhat to the genius of our free institutions, 
 somewhat to the superiority of our original stock. We need to 
 be reminded that much of it is also due to physical causes. The 
 God of nations planted us amid conditions essential to our growth 
 and development as a great people. Had our territory been land- 
 locked, instead of opening to us an area bounded only by the 
 great oceans that kneel begging at our feet for our commerce ; had 
 we been surrounded by powerful governments hostile to our free 
 institutions, we might, ere this, have fulfilled the prognostications 
 of monarchs and monarchies, and gone to wreck, as did the repub- 
 lics of the old world, while we were yet undeveloped and in our 
 youth. It was our territorial oneness and isolation that protected 
 us in the late rebellion. We must remain one and alone. This 
 was the decree of Him who has appointed the nations their hab- 
 itations upon the face of the earth. I would not underrate the 
 original character and energy of the American people. I am not 
 unmindful of that sturdy, indomitable, granitic, puritan element 
 which has come down to us and courses like iron in our veins. 
 
20 
 
 But under less auspicious, physical conditions, this would have 
 proved far less efficient. 
 
 Humboldt has said that our facility for internal communication, 
 our extensive and unparalleled river systems, is the life-giving 
 element which is big with future consequences ; that it holds us 
 and must continue to hold us together by community of interest. 
 The valley of the Mississippi, the Father of Waters, which 
 branches backward to its original sources, like a great tree bear- 
 ing fruit for the nations, could not be cut off from the ocean. It 
 was ordained by Him " who stretcheth out the north over the 
 empty places, and hangeth the earth upon nothing," when he- 
 modelled the outline of the continent, that its ultimate inhabitants 
 should constitute a nation, one and undivided. If it be true, as 
 an intelligent German writer has said, that Europe has held the 
 sceptre of the old world because of the superiority in internal and 
 external commercial facilities afforded by her indented coasts, 
 peninsulas, bays, seas, and interior river systems, what may we 
 not predict for America, with natural advantages far more remark- 
 able ? We often hear men talk of the striking assimilative power 
 of the Anglo-American races. But the unparalleled assimilation 
 of distinct races here is in no small degree the result of physical 
 causes. 
 
 But these special advantages carry with them the burden 
 of special responsibility. One of the dangers is, that our own 
 people — planted upon a continent with such facilities for locomo- 
 tion — a continent whose every side is washed by great oceans, and 
 across which there is now an iron pathway for travel and trans- 
 portation ; so that " deep calleth unto deep," and the Atlantic 
 answers to the Pacific as each lifts up the voice of it waters : 
 one of the dangers is, that our own people shall grow too restless 
 for the sober, monotonous pursuits of agricultural life. Our 
 young men are tempted from the farm to engage in the more ex- 
 
21 
 
 citing and enterprising pursuits of traffic and commerce, foreign 
 and domestic, while the deserted lands are falling into the pos- 
 session of the alien-born, whose blood leaps less hotly in his veins. 
 I believe that history teaches this uniform lesson, that the tillers 
 of the soil ultimately become the owners of the soil ; and also this 
 lesson, that the owners of the soil ultimately become the rulers of 
 the nation. 
 
 This continent was kept veiled in its virgin obscurity until the 
 fifteenth century, that the experience of the past might demon- 
 strate the weakness of the old order of things, so that its settlers 
 might come hither and build up a new system adapted to a new 
 continent ; a great political fabric which should be for the " shel- 
 ter of the nations ;" a very Bethesda, where they might be healed 
 of their longtime civil and political maladies. Our fathers began 
 the work well, laid the corner-stone of empire in prayer and tears 
 and blood. Their children have entered into their labors in a 
 kindred spirit. The existing order of things is a natural outgrowth 
 of our past. The recent struggle has broken the bands in which the 
 young giant found himself bound, and now he goes forth, chastened 
 but strong, to meet his future. "We can read our perils in the his- 
 tory of the past. The ghosts of past nations visit us, as Hamlet's 
 father came back to his son, to tell us how they died. Through 
 ambition, pride, luxury, and political corruption, they per- 
 ished. Extended territory does not make a great nation, neither 
 does wealth itself. Montesquieu says, that " even the yield of land 
 depends less upon the fertility of the soil than upon the intelli- 
 gence and freedom of its inhabitants." Nor do wars necessarily 
 destroy nations. Schiller says " that the thirty years war made 
 Germany a nation." Plutarch says that the civil wars which were 
 waged by Alexander introduced the civility, the language, and the 
 arts of Greece into the savage East ; introduced marriage ; built 
 seven cities, and united hostile nations under one government. 
 
22 
 
 Emerson says, " the frosts that kill the harvests of a year save the 
 harvests of a century, by destroying the weevil and the locust." 
 Wars break up the old order of things and open a fair field for 
 what is new. The god of arms does, indeed, insist upon personal 
 sacrifices, and the sacrifice of property and of life. But what he 
 takes from individuals and families, he gives back to the life of the 
 State. The best generation of men this century has produced, 
 were developed by the urgencies of the revolutionary period ; and 
 it will doubtless be found that many of our future law-makers 
 and defenders of our institutions had their training during the 
 period of the rebellion. 
 
 Liberty, founded on Christian morals, interpreted by intelligence, 
 regulated by law, stimulated and protected by favorable physical 
 conditions, is the secret of our American success and progress. 
 We have the collected experience of the centuries to guide ua ; 
 the example of the fathers to inspire us ; their God to protect and 
 guide us ; our children and children's children to rise up and call 
 us blessed. Let us never forget that we can not be defended by 
 a population which has been degraded and oppressed, even by 
 law. No restraints are to be put upon intelligent freemen, but what 
 are essential to the security of society. Each citizen must feel 
 that he is a unit in the grand sum total of national existence ; that 
 he has political value and consequence. This will make him fit 
 to exercise a freeman's prerogative ; will foster the feeling of 
 personal responsibility. 
 
 De Tocqueville says: "Men are not corrupted by the exercise 
 of power, nor debased by submission ; but by the exercise of a 
 power they think illegal, and submission to a rule they think 
 oppressive." 
 
 If we are true to the guardianship of the individual citizen, he 
 will always prove true to us ; in peace, he will be our pride ; in 
 war, our defence. Then will be realized that vision, seen afar off 
 
23 
 
 by a great orator and statesman, who yet died without the sight, 
 and which he thus apostrophizes: "Happy and free, empress- 
 mother of States, who watchest the rights and fame of all ; and 
 reposing secure and serene among the mountain summits of thy 
 freedom, holdest in one hand the fair olive-branch of peace, and 
 in the other the thunder-bolt and meteor-flag of reluctant and 
 rightful war. There mayest thou sit forever, the star of Union 
 upon thy brow, the rock of independence beneath thy feet !" 
 
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