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5TERN QUESTION 
 ARMAGEDDON 
 
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 THE CROSS ON WHICH THE^^^E-OF 
 THE WORLD HAS BEEN CRUOlil 
 
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World's Crisis Library 
 
 The World War 
 
 The World's Crisis 
 
 The Shadow of the Bottle 
 
 His Glorious Appearing 
 
 Our Paradise Home 
 
 Armageddon 
 
 The Vatican and the War 
 
 The Other Side of Death 
 
 Paper, each, 25 cents. 
 Cloth, each, 50 cents. 
 
 REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLISHING 
 ASSOCIATION 
 
 Takoma Park, Washington, D. C. 
 
The World War 
 
 It? Relation to the Eastern Question 
 and Armageddon 
 
ARTHUR G. DANIELLS, EVANGELIST 
 A World-wide Traveler and Lecturer 
 
The World War 
 
 Its Relation to the Eastern 
 Question and Armageddon 
 
 By ARTHUR G. DANIELLS 
 
 The Review and Herald Publishing 'Association 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 South Bend, Indiana New York City 
 
J1523 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 The World War ------ 7 
 
 The Cause and the Meaning - - - 19 
 
 The Great Nations Speak for Themselves - 31 
 
 The Eastern Question _ _ _ - 49 
 
 The Fate of the Ottoman Empire - - 59 
 
 Armageddon _-_--- 77 
 
 The Present Outlook ----- 103 
 
 A Kingdom of Righteousness - - - 115 
 
 Copyrlcht; 1917 
 
 Review and Herald Pub. Assn. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 ^CI..A460101 
 
 MAR 30 1917 
 Tvi3 I ^ 
 
Photo, Am. Press Assn. 
 
 The World on Fire 
 
 FOREWORD 
 
 THE story of the world war is familiar to all. Its daily-increasing 
 horrors are heralded morning and evening with startling headlines 
 in every newspaper in every country the world over. It would seem 
 as if civilization were committing suicide — that all the forces of knowl- 
 edge and power in this enlightened age had contributed to a carnival of 
 self-destruction. 
 
 It is plainly evident that an acute crisis in the affairs of the world 
 has set in, and it is more and more clearly dawning upon the conscious- 
 ness of men that this upheaval of the nations may be the prelude of "the 
 war of the great day of God, the Almighty." 
 
 A world-problem challenges attention, and many thoughtful men are 
 searching for a solution. Says the Springfield Republican: — 
 
 " Writers who can tell a stupefied world what this fearful portent 
 means, who can throw light on the great fundamental problems of the 
 race, and give some hint as to its destiny, will have an attentive and 
 even anxious audience." 
 
 In this hour of trouble unparalleled in human history, we turn to 
 the Word of the living God — from the uncertainty of the times to the 
 "sure word of prophecy." Now, as in all past crises, that Word is a light 
 which all men may follow with confidence and hope. 
 
 This book is the outgrowth of sincere convictions, and carries a mes- 
 sage which entitles it to candid and thoughtful consideration. It is sin- 
 cerely hoped that its perusal may lead many to a better understanding 
 of the vital significance of this world war in its relation to the coming 
 kingdom of peace. 
 
 THE PUBLISHERS. 
 
Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 War's Toll has claimed their All 
 
 THE WORLD WAR 
 
 The most gigantic, devastating war recorded in the 
 annals of the human race, suddenly broke upon the world 
 in the summer of 1914. From the very first, several of 
 the most powerful nations of earth were involved, and 
 by the close of 1916 there had been swept into the cata- 
 clysm sixteen nations, representing three fifths of the 
 human family, and a like proportion of the land area of 
 the world. The nations that have not been drawn into 
 this titanic struggle have found it most difficult to keep 
 out. It is not without good reason that this great conflict 
 has been named " The World War." 
 
 A Heavy Toll In Human Life 
 
 The world is staggering under the terrific blows dealt 
 in this great war. The reports of casualties covering 
 only the first two years of unprecedented strife are 
 paralyzing, — more than four million killed, nearly four- 
 
 7 
 
The World War 9 
 
 teen million wounded, and upwards of four million taken 
 prisoners and missing, — a total of more than twenty- 
 two million. And yet, notwithstanding these fearful 
 losses, the third year of warfare was begun with twenty 
 milhon or more men still under arms. These multiplied 
 
 1 
 
 Dates of Declarations of War 
 
 Following is a list of all the formal declarations of war in the 
 present conflict, with their dates ; also the dates of the more im- 
 portant cases in which hostilities began without formal notice. 
 Official announcements of a state of war, as in the case of Russia 
 and Bulgaria, are treated as equivalent to formal declarations of 
 war: — ■ 
 
 1914 1915 
 
 July 28. Austria v. Serbia. May 23. Italy v. Austria. 
 
 Aug. 1. Germany v. Russia. June 3. San Marino v. Austria. 
 
 Aug. 3. Germany v. France. Aug. 20. Italy v. Turkey. 
 
 Aug. 4. Germany v. Belgium. Oct. 7. Russia v. Bulgaria. 
 
 Aug. 4. France v. Germany.' J^'^^. 14. Bulgaria v. Serbia. 
 
 Aug. 4. Great Britain v. Germany. °^*- Ya 2''^''* Britain v. Bulgaria. 
 
 .,,... T3 • Oct. 16. Bulgaria v. Russia. 
 
 Aug. 6. Austria v. Russia. Qct. 16. France v. Bulgaria. 
 
 Aug. 7. Montenegro v. Austria. Oct. 18. Italy v. Bulgaria. 
 
 Aug. 10. France v. Austria. Oct. 18. Montenegro v. Bulgaria. 
 Aug. 10. Austria v. France. lOlG 
 
 Aug. 12. Great Britain v. Austria. m n /-- -r. , . 
 
 Aug. 12. Montenegro v. Germany. ^H' .l Sf^l^t^T "'' P""**"^^'- 
 
 . „„ T /-. Mar. 10. Portugal v. Germany. 
 
 Aug. 23. Japan v. Germany. Mar. 16. Austria v. Portugal.' 
 
 Aug. 25. Austria v. Japan. Aug. 28. Italy v. Germany. 
 
 Aug. 28. Austria v. Belgium. Aug. 28. Rumania v. Austria. 
 
 Oct. 29. Turkey v. Russia.' Aug. 28. Germany v. Rumania. 
 
 Nov. 2. Russia v. Turkey. Aug. 30. Rumania v. Bulgaria. - 
 
 Nov. 5. Great Britain v. Turkey. Aug. 31. Turkey v. Rumania. 
 
 Nov. 5. France v. Turkey. Sept. 1. Bulgaria v. Rumania. 
 Nov. 7. Belgium v. Turkey. i Began hostilities without formal 
 
 Nov. 7. Serbia v. Turkev. declaration. 
 Nov. 10. Montenegro v. Turkey. - Ultimatum. 
 
 — Current History, February, 1917, p. 891. 
 
 millions, when called to the front, were in the vigor of 
 manhood. They were the strength and flower of this 
 generation. 
 
 Never before in the history of the world have such 
 vast armies been assembled on battle fields, never has 
 warfare been so deadly, never has the toll in wounded 
 and dead been so heavy. As Prince Lvoff, president of 
 the All-Russian Zemstvo Union, says : — 
 
10 The World War 
 
 "Millions of strong and noble lives have been swept away; 
 energy has been wasted and forces have been destroyed which would 
 have lasted for decades, perhaps for centuries, of peaceful, indus- 
 trious life. Colossal natural resources have been consumed, precious 
 treasures accumulated by human genius have been demolished, which 
 would have subsisted many generations of humanity. And still there 
 is no end. This merciless destruction has naturally furnished some 
 foundation for calling this callous and monstrous war a ' war of 
 exhaustion.' " i 
 
 The war that began in iyi4 has fihed the world with 
 more sorrowing relatives, fatherless children, and broken- 
 hearted widows than any other war since the world began. 
 
 Total Casualties for the First Two 
 Years of the World War 
 
 From Aug. 1, 1914, to July 31, 1916, as estimated by 
 the Society for the Study of the Social Consequences 
 of the War, of Copenhagen, Denmark (see Washing- 
 ton, D. C, Post, Sept. 22, 1916). 
 
 Country Killed Wounded Prisoners Total 
 
 England 205,447 512,465 109,358 827.240 
 
 France 870,000 2,704,000 400,000 3,974,000 
 
 Germany 893, 211 3,163,334 245,000 4,301,545 
 
 Austria 523,125 1,775,125 591,000 2,889,250 
 
 Bulgaria 7,500 35,000 6,000 48,500 
 
 Turkey 127,000 550,000 70,000 747.000 
 
 Russia 1,360,000 4,720,000 2,420.000 8,500,000 
 
 Italy 105.000 245,000 55,000 405.000 
 
 Serbia 60,000 140 000 200 000 400,000 
 
 Belgium 50,000 110,000 40,000 200,000 
 
 Totals 4,201,283 13,954,924 4,136,358 22,292,535 
 
 It would seem that the terrible destruction already 
 wrought would so appall the rulers of the nations involved 
 that they would find some way to bring this struggle to 
 an end. But it does not. The combatants apparently grow 
 more determined as the war lengthens. One writer de- 
 clares that this war seems " like some infernal dream 
 devised by the imps of hell sitting in an eternity of in- 
 ventive council." Another says : " The rulers of nations 
 
 ^ Current History, May. 1916, p. 344. 
 
The World War 
 
 11 
 
 are stupid. It would seem that they were blinded by the 
 gods. It is as if madness is upon them, a fatuity incur- 
 able; a mania fatal, mali^ant, satanic." 
 
 New Instruments of Destruction 
 
 The editor of the Washington (D. C.) Times - de- 
 clares : — 
 
 " The world was horrified when it was first announced that 
 asphyxiating gases were being used in the present war. It was ap- 
 
 The Principal Battle Fronts, Jan. 1, 1917 
 
 palled, and still is, at the revolution in naval fighting . . . brought 
 with the submarine. The aircraft, dropping deadly missiles upon 
 defenseless and undefended towns, brought another shock. The new 
 British armored car is but one more steel-geared Frankenstein of 
 war. It seems as if the resources and the ingenuity of modern science 
 were never so zealous, so persistent, so coldly, calculatingly, fiend- 
 ishly determined, as they have been in fabricating engines of de- 
 struction." Yet " as we become accustomed to the reports of daily 
 agonies of whole populations, sensibilities are benumbed; civiliza- 
 tion pinches itself, wondering whether it is paralyzed. It has reason 
 to fear." 
 
 2 Sept. 17, 1916. 
 
Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 BRINGING IN THEIR WOUNDED CORPORAL 
 
 12 
 
The World War 13 
 
 The editor of the New York Sun - says : — 
 
 " All the world has been stunned by the concussion of earth- 
 shaking howitzers, dismayed by the rending asunder of the earth 
 itself in the rage and with the dreadful engines of the new war — 
 and the people have said: Nothing remains but brutality and horror; 
 all the glamour and romance are crushed out of life in this hideous 
 catastrophe. Joy is dead, hope is fled, nothing is left on earth but 
 gloom and death." 
 
 More Than Half the Population of the 
 World at War 
 
 ENTENTE 
 
 British Empire 422,000,000 
 
 France and colonies 94,000,000 
 
 Russian Empire 171,000,000 
 
 Italy and colonies 36,800 000 
 
 Belgium and Congo 25,000,000 
 
 Japan 67,000,000 
 
 Portugal ._ 5,958,000 
 
 Serbia 2,900,000 
 
 Montenegro 516,000 
 
 Rumania 7,000 OOP 
 
 Total 830,174,000 
 
 CENTRAL POWERS 
 
 German Empire 78,000,000 
 
 Austria-Hungary 49,500,000 
 
 Turkey 31,580,000 
 
 Bulgaria 4,500,000 
 
 Total 163,580.000 
 
 Population of nations at war 993,754,000 
 
 World's population 1,721,426,000 
 
 Professor Ferrero, the Italian historian, expresses 
 the same thought in these words : — 
 
 " The Europe in which we were born has in great part crumbled 
 away since Aug. 1, 1914. Everything has been upheaved, suspended, 
 overturned, destroyed." 
 
 A Heavy Toll in Money 
 
 Never before has the cost of war in money been so 
 great. In round numbers the first two years' war cost 
 the nations engaged in it fifty billion dollars, — an aver- 
 age cost of about sixty-eight million dollars a day. And 
 
 sjuly 10. 1916. 
 
14 The World War 
 
 at the close of the first two years, the expense of main- 
 taining the conflict had reached the astounding sum of 
 one hundred milHon dollars a day, or about seventy thou- 
 sand dollars a minute, night and day. 
 
 The total expense for operating the government of 
 the United States during 1915 was a little more than 
 seven hundred million dollars — the amount required to 
 finance this great war only one short week. These 
 figures are truly appalling. 
 
 Waste and Ruin 
 
 The war that began in 1914 far exceeds, in magnitude 
 and waste and ruin, any previous war of which we have 
 any record. The statistics of all the great wars of the 
 nineteenth century show that the casualties amounted 
 to about ten million men, and the expenditure to a little 
 more than twenty-five billion dollars. The total cost, in 
 lives and dollars, of all the great wars of the previous 
 century, aggregates scarcely more than half the cost of 
 the World War during the first two years of its progress, 
 from 1914 to 1916. 
 
 But, as Mr. Hamilton Holt editor of the New York 
 Independent, truly says : — 
 
 " It is impossible to compute statistically the grief, misery, and 
 want necessarily involved in these amazing totals. Hunger and suf- 
 fering do not lend themselves to the processes of arithmetic. Blasted 
 homes are not to be expressed in algebraic symbols, and stunted lives 
 are not to be interpreted by mathematics." 
 
 Nothing Like It Since the World Began 
 
 It is becoming more evident, as time passes, that this 
 world-struggle is a far more serious affair than was at 
 first realized. Winston Spencer Churchill, former first 
 Lord of the British Admiralty, writes : — 
 
 " When Armageddon burst over Europe, probably no single brain 
 achieved a complete and rightly proportioned view of the cataract 
 of events. . . . 
 
 " For nearly two years the armies of Europe have dwelt close 
 together in opposing ditches, fed by lavish floods of human life and 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 AN IMPRESSIVE FUNERAL SERVICE 
 For Belgian Officers and Soldiers, conducted immediately behind the Firing Line 
 
 15 
 
16 
 
 The World War 
 
 broadening streams of shot and shell, tormenting each other by ever- 
 growing and improving agencies of death; and behind them their 
 countries have transformed the infinitely varied activities of modern 
 civilization into the three comprehensive institutions of the barracks, 
 the arsenal, and the hospital. . . . 
 
 THE "FORBIDDEN ZONES" 
 The Areas of Unrestricted Operation of Submarines since Feb. 1, 1917 
 
 " Every man, every woman, every workable child, is gradually 
 being fitted into the war machine. 
 
 " A somber mood prevails in Britain," adds Mr. Churchill in clos- 
 ing. " The faculty of wonder has been dulled; . . . death is familiar, 
 and sorrow numb. The world is in twilight; and from beyond dim 
 flickering horizons comes tirelessly the thudding of guns." * 
 ^ Current History, October, 1916, pp. Ill, 112. 
 
The World War 
 
 17 
 
 The editor of Life (Australia) observes : — 
 
 " The great war grows in scale and significance as eacli day 
 passes. It is plainly ' the war of all the centuries.' . . . The war will 
 not only give the world a new map; it will give to civilized history a 
 new date, and perhaps a new form." 
 
 Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler says : — 
 
 " The cataclysm is so awful that it is quite within the bounds of 
 truth to say that on July 31 [1914] the curtain went down upon a 
 world which will never be seen again." 
 
 1,'l.t. l iidt'iuood (t Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 Women responding to Red Cross call for Volunteers 
 
 Prince Lvoff expresses the same thought : — 
 
 " This war has separated the past from the present by a heavy 
 curtain. Whenever and however it may come to an end, it is clear 
 that we are through with the old order of things, and a new one will 
 have to take its place," s 
 
 In a recent address before the Rumanian Chamber 
 of Deputies, Mr. Jonescu, leader of the National Demo- 
 cratic party, said : — 
 
 " We are faced by a catastrophe involving the whole of the hu- 
 man race; we have before our eyes the declining twilight of one 
 world, preceding the dawn of another and a new." o 
 
 B Current History, May, 1916, p, 344. " Id., October, 1916, p. 64. 
 
The Cross en which the Peace of the World has been Crucified 
 
 THE CAUSE AND THE MEANING 
 
 As the months have rolled by and the horrors of the 
 World War have been driven deeper into the hearts of 
 multiplied millions, the questions have been repeated 
 with increasing emphasis: What is the cause of this 
 war? What are these nations fighting about so des- 
 perately? What is the prize for which such heavy tell 
 is being paid? What does it mean? and what will be 
 the end of the struggle? 
 
 Facing these pressing inquiries, the editor of the 
 Springfield Republican says : — 
 
 " Writers who can tell a stupefied world what this fearful portent 
 means, who can throw light on the great fundamental problems of 
 the race, and give some hint as to its destiny, will have an attentive 
 and even anxious audience." 
 
 This " fearful portent " must have both a cause and 
 a meaning. A World War is not being fought without 
 a cause. The rulers, the premiers, the secretaries of 
 
 19 
 
Copyi-ight, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 EMPEROR WILLIAM OF GERMANY 
 Latest photograph taken in his Field Uniform 
 
 20 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 PRINCE VON BISMARCK 
 
 " The Iron Chancellor " who conceived and executed the plan to build a 
 United German Empire 
 
 21 
 
22 The World War 
 
 foreign affairs, the ambassadors, the great generals and 
 admirals of these warring nations, know very well what 
 is at stake in this great conflict. 
 
 Furthermore, a World War must have a great mean- 
 ing as well as a great cause. What this colossal struggle 
 means to the world, how it will leave mankind when it 
 
 Photos, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 German Imperial Chancellor General von Hindenburg. 
 
 von Bethmann-HoUweg Field Marshal of the German Forces 
 
 is over, what will follow, — these are questions of supreme 
 interest to the whole human race. And the meaning 
 concerns us more vitally and seriously than does the 
 cause. 
 
 Unquestionably, this World War belongs to a series 
 of epoch-making events which lead toward one great 
 culminating event in the history and destiny of the hu- 
 man race. Only a partial explanation of its meaning 
 can be found in the field of international policies, treaties, 
 commerce, and the like. Not until the realm of the super- 
 
The Cause and the Meaning 
 
 23 
 
 natural is entered, and the high purpose and controlling 
 power of the Supreme Being are recognized, can there 
 be found a full and satisfactory explanation of this great 
 catastrophe that has overtaken us. 
 
 The insistent demand for an explanation of what is 
 felt to be the " greatest crime in all history," has led to 
 
 Photos, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 The German Crown Prince, who led 
 his Forces against Verdun 
 
 Capt. von Papen, former German 
 Attache at Washington 
 
 a most diligent study of the real cause, and to a clean- 
 cut statement of the findings in this investigation. Mem- 
 bers of cabinets, statesmen, and diplomats have taken 
 the world into their confidence, revealing and explaining 
 to them international policies, intrigues, and complica- 
 tions that had previously been labeled " confidential " 
 and " secret." Editors, historians, and veteran war cor- 
 respondents have dug their way into the hidden ramifi- 
 cations of international affairs, and have brought to the 
 public the facts they have found. 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 MONARCHS WITHOUT A COUNTRY 
 King Albert and Queen Elizabeth of Belgium 
 
 24 
 
The Cause and the Meaning 25 
 
 As a result of this thorough research and candid ex- 
 planation, there is a far better understanding now of 
 the cause of the war than there was when it broke upon 
 the world so suddenly during the summer of 1914. And 
 a remarkable unanimity of views regarding the cause 
 has been reached. While it is clearly recognized that 
 there are a number of secondary contributing causes, 
 yet there is a general agreement that one primary out- 
 standing cause looms above all the others. 
 
 " A World Change " 
 
 In an effort to trace the cause of this World War, 
 L. T. Hobhouse, in ''The World in Conflict," says: — 
 
 " It is not in reality one event tliat has changed the world. It 
 is a world-change that has culminated in a great event." — Page 16. 
 
 This is an important discrimination. The devas- 
 tating war into which the world has been plunged is 
 more than an event. It is the culmination of a " world- 
 change " that has been effected by decades of interna- 
 tional expansions, rivalries, and intrigues. 
 
 These world-conditions clash at so many vital points 
 that war is inevitable, unless some of these policies are 
 abandoned. But abandonment would mean serious loss, 
 and the possible elimination of some of the independent 
 kingdoms. This, none are willing to risk. 
 
 Fighting for a World Highway 
 
 Writing from the war zone to the Christian Herald 
 
 of May 31, 1916, Maynard Owen Williams gives some 
 
 very direct statements regarding the primary cause of 
 
 the war. He says : — 
 
 " The war is being fought, not for a European capital, but for a 
 ivorld highivay. . . . Russia is fighting for access to the Mediter- 
 ranean. . . . England, through her fleet, the honeycombed heights of 
 Gibraltar, and the sand ditch at Suez, will maintain control of the 
 inland sea. . . . Germany is fighting to win a commercial triumph 
 over the sea route to the East. . . . Turkey is on the shortest line 
 between the population centers of the world. Germany is fighting for 
 this trade route." 
 
26 
 
 The World War 
 
 Frederic C. Howe, author of "Why War?" presents 
 a similar view. He says : — 
 
 " When the story of the European war comes to be written by an 
 impartial historian, its ultimate causes will be found far back of the 
 murder of the Archduke Ferdinand in Bosnia, the alleged mobiliza- 
 
 Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 The Departure of Count von Bernstorff and his Family from 
 Washington for Germany 
 
 tion of the armies of Russia, or the invasion of Belgium. . . . One 
 of the hidden, unofficial explosives is the struggle for the Medi- 
 terranean." 1 
 
 In his volume, "Why War?" Mr. Howe shows that 
 the Mediterranean has long since been the storm-center 
 of Europe. The colonial policies of England, France, 
 Germany, Italy, and Russia have, in the main, revolved 
 about the control of the lands bordering about it. 
 
 ^ Scribnet-'s Magasine, May, 1916, p. 621. 
 
The Cause and the Meaning 27 
 
 Access to, free passage through, or control of, the 
 Mediterranean is the permanent objective behind the 
 foreign policy of all the greater European powers. It 
 is an objective, however, that lies at the very heart of 
 the industrial and commercial life of Great Britain and 
 Russia, that is bound up with all the ambitions of Ger- 
 many, and that underlies the industrial and financial 
 
 Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 The SS. " Frederick VIII " on which Count von Bernstorff and 
 Party sailed Feb. 13, 1917 
 
 aspirations of Italy and the Balkan States. For the 
 Mediterranean is the greatest trade route in the world. 
 It is the gateway from the Occident to the Orient. 
 
 The shifting of the seat of war from the French and 
 Russian frontiers is a shifting from assumed centers of 
 conflict to the actirnl center of conflict, — a conflict which, 
 under diplomatic conversations and conventions, has been 
 going on for the greater part of twenty years. And 
 it is a struggle almost as old as the world. 
 
 ' Constantinople, the Real Bone of Contention 
 
 The situation outlined in these excerpts has led to the 
 statement by many authorities, that the Near East is the 
 " storm-center " of conflict. Prof. Roland G. Usher, of 
 Washington University, St. Louis, says : — 
 
28 The World War 
 
 " It should now be evident that there is much to be said for the 
 view that the key to the present situation is Constantinople. We are 
 dealing with a World War whose results are not expected to develop 
 in Europe proper. The key to this situation lies in Constantinople, 
 and the Turk holds it." 
 
 This position is corroborated by many other writers, 
 one of whom, Dr. H. H. Powers, says : — 
 
 " Constantinople with its tributary straits is the most strategic 
 site in the world. . . . When Napoleon and the Czar Alexander sat 
 down at Tilsit to divide the world between them, Alexander is said 
 to have plead with Napoleon: 'Give or take what you will, but give 
 us Constantinople. For Constantinople my people are prepared to 
 make any sacrifice.' Napoleon bent long ever the map, and then 
 straightening up with sudden resolution replied: 'Constantinople? 
 Never! That means the rule of the world.' Nothing has happened 
 since to discredit this judgment. Merchant and strategist alike still 
 rank Constantinople as the most valuable of territorial possessions. 
 It is now, as it was a century ago, the center of the world's strategy, 
 and as such it must be accounted the chief issue in the present World 
 War. And this is not the first Vv^ar, nor will it be the last, to be waged 
 for its possession." - 
 
 Soon after the war began, one of Europe's oldest and 
 most experienced diplomatists ventured to tell the world 
 what this great conflict was about. Beginning with 
 Austria's declaration of war on Serbia, he says : — 
 
 " What is the vital, paramount importance of Serbia, that Aus- 
 tria and Germany should have been willing to risk their very exist- 
 ence as nations to conquer her? What is the extraordinary value 
 of Serbia to Russia, that, at the mere threat of war, and before a 
 shot had been fired, the czar's armies were summoned together as 
 hurriedly as troops can be summoned together in Russia? These are 
 the questions that should be asked if the problem of the outbreak of 
 the war is to be properly understood. 
 
 " The answer is this: Serbia, a small but powerful Slav country, 
 is the only buffer state in the Balkans that bars the approach of 
 Austria to the ^gean Sea. Salonika, the chief port to the northern 
 side of the eastern Mediterranean, lies less than three hundred miles 
 from Belgrade, the Serbian capital, which Is itself situated on the very 
 borders of Austria-Hungary. Clearly, it is all to the advantage of 
 any great power which has interests in the .i^gean, in the Balkans 
 generally, or in Asia Minor, that Salonika should be in its possession, 
 and that the way to Salonika should be at all times open without the 
 shadow of a doubt. 
 
 2 " The Things Men Fight For," pp. 76, 77. 
 
The Cause and the Meaning 29 
 
 " Two great powers have vital interests in Asia Minor and the 
 ^gean. They are Russia on the one hand, and Germany plus Austria 
 on the other. Up to 1908 the strength of Turkey rendered the two 
 groups impotent; they could express vain wishes without taking 
 steps to realize them. . . . 
 
 " The long struggle between the Teutons and the Slavs for the 
 possession of the Balkan Peninsula was to be fought out. Serbia's 
 paramountcy meant that Russia would dictate the policy of the pen- 
 irrsula; Serbia's decline would mean the end of Russian prestige 
 in the peninsula, as well as the end of Serbia herself. That — the 
 struggle for Asia Minor — is the sole reason why Europe has been 
 plunged into war." 
 
 The Thread of Fate Breaks 
 
 In his valuable contribution to the literature relat- 
 ing- to the World War, Prof. Charles Seymour, of Yale 
 University, says : — 
 
 " On the one side stood the Entente Powers, unalterably con- 
 vinced that the development of the German world policy spelled their 
 ultimate or their immediate ruin; on the other, Germany, equally 
 determined in the belief that failure to win for herself a position in 
 world affairs comparable to her influence in European matters, meant 
 economic and national disaster. Between such opposite poles there 
 could be no compromise. With each successive crisis the tension 
 increased. Finally, in the summer of 1914, the strain suddenly 
 exerted upon the thread of fate proved too severe, and it snapped." 3 
 
 '"The Diplomatic Background of the War — 1S70-1914," Introduction, p. 4. 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 . 
 
 
 idB^^^B^^Bral^Hir l-fti ii 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 i' 
 
 -...-J 
 
 Boston Photo News Co. 
 
 THE DEUTSCHLAND 
 The first Merchant Submarine to cross the Atlantic 
 
.^n\ ■ 4i-*«*v, 
 
 EMPEROR FRANCIS JOSEPH 
 The ag-ed Ruler of Austria who declared war on Serbia, July 28, 1914 
 
 30 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 The new Emperor of Austria 
 
 Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 Dr. C. T. Dumba 
 
 THE GREAT NATIONS SPEAK FOR THEM- 
 SELVES 
 
 It is evidently the conviction of the leaders of thought 
 in Europe, that one of the fundamental causes under- 
 lying the bitter political struggle for supremacy, is the 
 desire to dominate the commercial and political inter- 
 ests of the Near East, and thus to command a leading 
 position among the nations in the trade markets of the 
 world. This view is very clearly revealed in official 
 statements made by representatives of the various na- 
 tions at war, who have stated their cases for their 
 respective countries. 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 Dr. Dumba, while ambassador from Austria-Hun- 
 gary to the United States of America, said : — 
 
 " The war between Austria-Hungary and Russia may well be 
 said to be the outcome of conflicting civilizations and conflicting 
 aims. The controversy between the Dual Monarchy and the Ser- 
 
 31 
 
32 
 
 The World War 
 
 bian Kingdom, is only an incident in the greater struggle between 
 German civilization as represented by Austria-Hungary, and Russian 
 aspirations as represented by Serbia, the Russian outpost on the 
 southern frontier of the Dual Monarchy, . . . 
 
 " The natural expansion of the Germanic empire of Austria 
 toward the Near East began after the permanent expulsion of the 
 Turkish hordes by the victories of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Parallel 
 
 king Ferdinand of Bulgaria 
 
 The Sultan of Turkey 
 
 with the Austrian expansion southeastward went the Russian ad- 
 vance toward the Black Sea. In an effort to avert a clash in this 
 parallel but gradually concentering expansion, the Emperor Joseph 
 and the Empress Catherine met late in the eighteenth century — 
 1787 — in the Crimea, and reached an agreement for the dismem- 
 berment of Turkey. 
 
 " Under this project of monarchs the western part of the Otto- 
 man Empire, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, now the bone of 
 contention between Austria on the one hand and Russia and Serbia 
 on the other, was apportioned to Austria. To Russia's share were 
 allotted the regions now known as Rumania and Bulgaria. It was 
 at this period that the Russian dream of the possession of Constan- 
 tinople, first broached in a mythical will of Peter the Great, began to 
 assume reality as a governing principle of Russian policy in south- 
 eastern Europe," i 
 
 1 " Why Austria Is at War with Russia," North American Review, Sep- 
 tember, 1914. 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 KING PETER OF SERBIA 
 
 .3 
 
 33 
 
34 The World War 
 
 Count Berchtold, Minister of Foreign Affairs for 
 Austria-Hungary, says : — 
 
 " Austria-Hungary looks upon this war as a purely defensive 
 one, which has been forced on her by the agitation directed by Russia 
 against her very existence. Russian statesmen wish to form an 
 iron ring of enemies around Austria-Hungary and Germany, in order 
 that Russia's grasp on Constantinople and on Asia should never 
 again be meddled with. . . . Germany knows that Austria-Hun- 
 gary's enemies are her enemies, and that the dismemberment of 
 the Hapsburg monarchy would mean the isolation of the German 
 Empire." 
 
 Germany 
 
 Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, special representative of 
 Germany to the United States following the opening of 
 the war, stated the case for Germany : — 
 
 " Germany has been for about thirty-five years the associate of 
 Turkey in developing Turkish territory, commerce, and industry. 
 She has acquired the Oriental railway and built the Anatolian and 
 Bagdad lines. She has established harbors and shipping companies, 
 and engaged in mining and very extensive irrigation works. She 
 must be left with a free hand to go on with this commercial develop- 
 ment as far as she can arrange with the sovereign power of the 
 Porte and without outside interference. This would mean a recog- 
 nized sphere of influence from the Persian Gulf to the Dardanelles." 2 
 
 General von Bernhardi says : — 
 
 " Even if we succeed in guarding our possessions in the East 
 and West, and in preserving the German nationality in its present 
 form throughout the world, we shall not be able to maintain our 
 present position, powerful as it is, in the great competition with 
 the other powers, if we are contented to restrict ourselves in our 
 present sphere of power, while the surrounding countries are busily 
 extending their dominions. If we wish to compete further with them, 
 a policy which our population and our civilization both entitle and 
 compel us to adopt, we must not hold back in the hard struggle 
 for the sovereignty of the world." 
 
 Herr Friedrich Delitzsch, author of " The Moslem 
 World," declares : — 
 
 " It is to Germany's interest that Islam shall come victorious 
 from the present struggle. For should it ever have come to pass 
 that the European and Asiatic possessions of Turkey were to be 
 divided by England, Russia, and France, nothing would prevent 
 Germany from being reduced to the place of a secondary power. 
 
 ' New York Independent, Dec. 7, 1914. 
 
The Great Nations Speak for Themselves 35 
 
 We know how England has strained every nerve to gain the Bag- 
 dad Railway, and thus strike us at the heart where this precious 
 jewel nestles close. 
 
 " It has become our duty for more reasons than one to protect 
 and aid Turkey in every possible way. This we must do by way 
 of commercial and scientific leading. We must help in developing 
 the soil, to extract the treasures from the ground, to build railways, 
 to give physical and spiritual assistance to all Osmanic subjects, 
 and to improve the status of woman. To outline and build from 
 
 Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 King Constantine of Greece King Ferdinand of Rumania 
 
 the ground up will be our chief aim. At present we can barely 
 indicate the direction in which we would proceed, for we are still 
 removed from the desired goal," 
 
 Russia 
 
 In explaining to the Russian Duma the dangers that 
 
 threatened the empire, M. Sazonoff, while premier, 
 
 said : — 
 
 " The plans for the domination of Germany over the Turkish 
 Empire comprised the formation of an enormous German-Mussul- 
 man empire, extending from the Scheldt to the Persian Gulf. Such 
 an empire, which appears in the dreams of Pan-Germanism as a 
 
Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 THE CZAR AND CZAREVITCH OF RUSSIA 
 36 
 
The Great Nations Speak for Themselves 37 
 
 new caliphate, to which by historic analogy the name ' Caliphate 
 of Berlin ' would be adapted, is, according to them, to strike a 
 mortal blow at the historic existence of Russia and Great Britain. 
 It is a terrifying dream, but God is merciful." 
 
 Professor Milyukoff, Liberal leader in the Duma, 
 makes the following statement for Russia : — 
 
 " We fully realize what is the plan of Germany, and for what 
 she is carrying on this war. It is clear to everybody that in the 
 case of victory Germany would create in Europe a central state, 
 and T/ould capture or subjugate Turkey economically, and then 
 politically. 'Berlin-Bagdad,' that is the German idea; and since 
 it has been created, we have no other choice. The question now 
 is not whether the strait shall become Russian or remain Turkish; 
 the question is whether it shall become Russian or remain German. 
 
 " We must make no mistake. The question which is now being 
 decided will probably be decided forever, but there will scarcely 
 ever be such favorable conditions as there are now. The chief of 
 these conditions is the attitude of our allies toward our national 
 problem. * Berlin-Bagdad ' is too real a danger, not only for us, 
 but for Great Britain, with India and Egypt; and for France, with 
 her prospects in Syria. On the basis of this real danger an agree- 
 ment has become possible between powers which for centuries were 
 suspicious of each other. 
 
 "The end of March (O. S.) and the beginning of April (N. S.) 
 in 1915 is a date which is well worthy of remembrance by large 
 masses of the Russian people. This is the date when a definite agree- 
 ment was reached between us and our allies." 3 
 
 In February, 1915, while the Russian Duma was in 
 session, M. Kovalevsky, a member of the Assembly, 
 said in a speech : — 
 
 " The experience of the past has shown that disinterestedness 
 is a virtue which possesses little political value. The time has come 
 for plain speaking. It seems best to declare at once the aims and 
 objects for which Russia is waging this war. Our first aim must 
 be to bring to a conclusion our century-old quarrel with Turkey 
 regarding the possession of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. The 
 whole of the southern part of Russia, the most densely populated, the 
 most industrious, and the richest part of the country, cannot exist 
 unless we control the Black Sea and can pass freely to and fro by 
 way of the Narrows. The straits of Constantinople are at the same 
 time the padlock and the key of our house. They must be in Rus- 
 sian hands, together with the territory on both sides of the channel 
 which controls and commands the waterway. All Russia's former 
 quarrels with the Ottoman Empire have arisen about our access to 
 
 ^Current History, .Tune, 1916, p. 489. 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 KING VICTOR EMMANUEL HI OF ITALY 
 
 38 
 
The Great Nations Speak for- Themselves 39 
 
 the sea. Much blood has been shed for it, and much strength has 
 been wasted. The time has come to bring tlie century-old struggle 
 to an end, and to declare that any attempts made by others, who- 
 ever they may be, to prevent our solving this historical problem in 
 our favor, must be regarded by Russia as attempts upon her inter- 
 ests and upon her national honor. The Russian nation must not 
 be a loser in this war. The vast sacrifices which it has made must 
 be rewarded." ■* 
 
 Italy 
 
 On the first of December, 1915, the Italian Minister 
 for Foreign Affairs, Signer Sonnino, made in the Italian 
 Chamber the following statement for Italy : — 
 
 " Thus have we been persuaded of the necessity of making 
 public and solemn affirmation of the solidarity existing between 
 the Allies, by renewing, as it were, the agreement signed by France, 
 England, and Russia on the fifth of September, 1914, and to which 
 Japan subsequently adhered. Our formal adhesion has just been 
 made in London. . . . 
 
 " The political and economic independence of Serbia is one of 
 the corner-stones of Italian policy in the Balkans. It responds to a 
 vital necessity of the very existence of Italy as a Great Power. The 
 political and economic subjection of Serbia by Austria-Hungary 
 would be tantamount to a grave and constant peril for Italy. It 
 would be the construction of an insuperable barrier to our economic 
 expansion on the opposite shores of the Adriatic. . . . 
 
 " The strategic defense of the Adriatic constitutes, indeed, one 
 of the principal bases of our political action. It is for Italy a vital 
 necessity, an absolute necessity of legitimate defense, to aim in 
 the Adriatic at a balance of power which will compensate us for 
 the unfavorable configuration of our eastern shore line." s 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 The editor of the London Saturday Review " states 
 
 the situation from the British viewpoint. He says : — 
 
 " The cause of the reversal of the British policy in the Near 
 East, which has passed almost without comment here as on the 
 Continent, is bound up with, but plainly lies far deeper than, the 
 Austrian ultimatum to Belgrade. The threat to Serbia was a cul- 
 mination of a steady German thrust toward the East. The main 
 difficulty in the German path in the Near East, the little kingdom 
 of Serbia, was to be got out of the way by Austria; and, that 'ne- 
 cessity ' accomplished, Germany would have had the clear road 
 which she desired to Turkey, where her ambitions have grown 
 since the visit of William II to the late sultan with a grandiose 
 
 * Fortnightly Review, April, 1915, p. 611. '^World's Work, May, 1916. 
 
 « March 6, 1915, pp. 241, 242. 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 KING GEORGE V OF ENGLAND 
 40 
 
The Great Nations Speak for Themselves 41 
 
 project of financial, commercial, and ultimately political dominance 
 on the Golden Horn, and eventually through Asia Minor. 
 
 " The first had been completely attained, and Germany's abso- 
 lute control of Constantinople has been demonstrated to the whole 
 world. 
 
 "The second had yet to be fulfilled; but it was on the road to 
 fulfilment. The tortuous and intricate history of the Anatolian 
 and Bagdad Railways during the last fifteen years is sufficient evi- 
 
 Photos, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 Sir Edward Grey- 
 
 David Lloyd-George 
 
 dence of the gradual penetration of German infiuence through Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 " The B. B. B. line — Berlin-Byzantium-Bagdad — was an instru- 
 ment of German policy in which millions of German money had 
 been invested, and in whose success the Deutsche Bank in particular 
 was deeply involved — how deeply is still a matter of conjecture. 
 This huge scheme, which had made considerable progress, had 
 added enormously to the already great influence of Germany in 
 Asia Minor. . . . 
 
 " British opinion no longer has any misgiving concerning the 
 approach of Russian influence toward Constantinople. Disraeli's 
 policy was constructed before the first steps had been taken in 
 Egypt. It was conservative, and the times are now revolutionary. 
 Germany's action has revealed to us the menace of a Near East 
 
The Great Nations Speak for Themselves 43 
 
 under Teuton rule, a menace which would have been far more for- 
 midable than anything which the past generation of British states- 
 men imagined from Russia, . . . 
 
 " Since its foundation 'sixteen centuries ago, Constantinople, 
 by position and natural destiny, has been one of the key cities of 
 the earth. It has been many times attacked and twice conquered. 
 Its second conquest, like its foundation, marked the end of an epoch 
 and changed the history of the world. Its third conquest can do no 
 less" (italics supplied). 
 
 These National Viewpoints Summarized 
 
 Thus it is clear that through territorial expansion, 
 increase of populations, agricultural, manufacturing. 
 
 Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 David Lloyifl-George of Eng-land in Conference with Premier Briand of France 
 
 and commercial development, and international alliances, 
 a world-change has been effected which presents many 
 vitally conflicting interests. These clashing interests 
 have finally culminated in the most serious clash of 
 nations the world has ever seen. No satisfactory adjust- 
 ment seems possible. Great Britain does not consent to 
 surrender any of the great over-seas possessions of her 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 GENERAL JOFFRE 
 The Idol of the French Army 
 44 
 
The Great Nations Speak for Themselves 
 
 45 
 
 far-stretching empire. As long as she holds Egypt, 
 India, and Australia, she must control the Mediterra- 
 nean highway. She must continue to hold such strategic 
 positions as Gibraltar, Suez, the Persian Gulf, and 
 Singapore. To surrender these would be to invite the 
 dismemberment of her empire. 
 
 Russia's situation and policy seem equally vital to 
 her existence. She has extended her conquests over 
 
 Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 President Poincare and General Joffre on the Battle Line 
 
 a vast area and many peoples. Today the land area 
 of her empire is equal to one seventh of the land area 
 of the world, while her population is about one eighth of 
 the world's population. Her natural resources are very 
 great, but she requires an adequate highway to the 
 world's markets in order to reap full benefit from them. 
 She has been struggling for that highway for centu- 
 ries. It was to secure a road through the Baltic that 
 Peter the Great moved the capital from Moscow to the 
 Baltic marshes and began the building of Petrograd. 
 
46 The World War 
 
 But Germany established her naval base in the Baltic 
 between Petrograd and the ocean, thus placing an ef- 
 fectual menace in Russia's road. 
 
 Then Russian statesmen turned their eyes toward 
 the Pacific. At great expense and toil and patience 
 they built a steel road across the plains of Siberia to 
 Vladivostok and Port Arthur. Here they were met by 
 the Japanese, and cut off from the ocean highway. 
 
 Again Russia turned to her natural highway, the 
 Bosporus and the Dardanelles, which she had been en- 
 deavoring to secure for more than a century. But here 
 she found that Germany had all but succeeded in throw- 
 ing a bridge across the Bosporus at Constantinople, 
 which would effectually block her road through the 
 Bosporus and the Dardanelles to the ^gean and on to 
 the world's markets. Believing that the German road 
 threatened her very existence, Russia decided to stake 
 all in the endeavor to prevent its completion. 
 
 This brings us to Germany's interests. She found 
 herself an inclosed empire without what she considered 
 suitable access to the markets of the world. Her only 
 outlet was through the North Sea. But this was con- 
 trolled by England. Thus she found herself in exactly 
 the same position in which she had placed Russia in 
 the Baltic. Eventually she turned eastward, and began 
 a vast enterprise to secure possession of the Persian 
 Gulf. If she could establish a highway from Berlin to 
 the Persian Gulf, she would not only secure an open 
 road to the world, but she would place herself in a 
 position to completely dominate Russia, and seriously 
 threaten England's vast empire at any time it might 
 seem necessary to her own interests. She claimed that 
 with England's highway already established, and 
 Russia's about to be driven through from the Black 
 Sea to the Mediterranean, her own existence was im- 
 periled. It was for these reasons that she planned " to 
 
The GreM Nations Speak for Themselves 47 
 
 mow a swath as wide as Germany itself across two 
 continents, from the Baltic to the confines of India." ^ 
 
 Austria's situation was similar to that of Russia and 
 Germany. Her only outlet was down the Adriatic, the 
 lower part of which was guarded by the forts and war- 
 ships of Italy. For this reason Austria has always 
 looked to the ^gean Sea as her only safe, adequate 
 road to the oceans. With this in view her steady policy 
 has been to hew out a clear path to Salonika. But the 
 Turks and the Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula have al- 
 ways stood in her way. This has been true of Serbia 
 especially. 
 
 Serbia, being supported by Russia, effectually blocked 
 Austria in her drive to the ^gean, and also Germany 
 in her drive to Constantinople and on to the Persian 
 Gulf. It appeared to both Austria-Hungary and Ger- 
 many that this ring drawn around their eastern and 
 southeastern boundaries meant their ruin. For this 
 reason they decided to break it at any cost. 
 
 As for France and Italy, they both feared the re- 
 sults of a Teutonic victory. Their position in the Medi- 
 terranean was such that they felt safer under the para- 
 mountcy of England and Russia, and therefore joined 
 them against the Central Powers. 
 
 These conditions are so vital to the very existence 
 of these different powers, that they see no way of sur- 
 rendering their ground. Yet the conditions clash so 
 violently that it seems impossible to maintain their poli- 
 cies without war. They have unsheathed their swords 
 to reach a settlement. The price being paid is stag- 
 gering. 
 
 T Powers. " The Things Men Fight For," p. 230. 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 A Group of the Turkish Red Crescent (Red Cross) about their Evening Meal 
 
 THE EASTERN QUESTION 
 
 The evidence is abundant and conclusive that the 
 storm-center of the World War which began in 1914, 
 is the Near East. But this is not a new storm-center. 
 It has been the center of stormy conflicts for centuries. 
 The World War raging around this center is one more 
 added to the many that have been fought by the Euro- 
 pean powers over the long-standing dispute as to who 
 shall possess Constantinople, the Bosporus, and the Dar- 
 danelles. This dispute has been known during the past 
 century as " The Eastern Question." 
 
 Of this, one writer has said : — 
 
 " In its strict and narrow sense, the Eastern Question is the 
 question. What is to be done with the southeast of Europe and the 
 contiguous portion of Asia? " " From the point of view of European 
 politics, the Eastern Question has come to include the complications 
 arising out of the possession by the Turks of the east of Europe 
 and the possibility of Russian predominance in the ^gean Sea." i 
 
 1 Daniel Seelye Gregory, " The Crime of Christendom," pp. 8, 9. 
 
 4 49 
 
50 The World War 
 
 Another writer makes a similar statement : — 
 
 " During the last decade the international aspect of the East- 
 ern Question has been the struggle of the forces of Pan-Slavism 
 and Pan-Germanism." 2 
 
 Thus it is evident that the present clash of nations 
 in Europe is a continuation of the conflict growing out 
 of the old, complicated, never-ending Eastern Question. 
 
 The coveted control of the great natural highway 
 — the Bosporus and the Dardanelles — connecting the 
 Black Sea with the Mediterranean, seems about to slip 
 from Turkey's grasp; and this fact makes acute the 
 problem as to what power or powers shall henceforth 
 control where Turkey has so long exercised absolute 
 sway. The northern end of this waterway is called the 
 Bosporus; the middle section, the Sea of Marmora; and 
 the southern end, the Dardanelles. On the eastern side 
 is Asia Minor; on the western, the Balkan Peninsula. 
 Since 1453, when the Turks took Constantinople and 
 made that historic city the capital of their empire, they 
 have been in possession of this waterway linking the 
 Black Sea with the Mediterranean, and thus have been 
 able to exercise a dominant influence all out of pro- 
 portion to their position among the nations of earth. 
 
 Of the fierce struggle that has arisen over this ques- 
 tion, the editor of the Washington Post ^ has said : — 
 
 " As diplomatic and military activity increases in the neigh- 
 borhood of Constantinople, the world's attention is directed more 
 and more to the momentous events that are impending in that 
 quarter. , . . Constantinople is the bone of contention between 
 Christian and infidel, between Teuton and Slav. It is a stupendous 
 drama that is being unrolled at the Golden Horn, — a modern scene 
 of the most vivid nature, with a background crowded with mem- 
 orable figures and historic events. Whatever the climax, the tu- 
 multuous happenings of these current months stir the imagination 
 cf the world, and will powerfully affect its future." 
 
 - Charles Seymour, " The Diplomatic Background of the War," p. 197. 
 8 Aug. IS, 1915. 
 
The Eastern Question 51 
 
 The Struggle Foretold by Prophets 
 
 It is interesting to note that this complicated problem 
 with which statesmen have struggled for a century, and 
 which in its latest form has been convulsing all Europe, 
 was foretold in the writings of the prophets many cen- 
 turies ago. 
 
 Students of the Bible and of Bible commentaries are 
 familiar with the prophecies which outline the rise, 
 history, and downfall of many of the great nations of 
 earth. The overthrow of Egypt, Assyria, and Babylonia 
 was foretold by the prophets long before their down- 
 fall. The place, power, and final destruction of the 
 Medo-Persian, Grecian, Roman, and Turkish Empires, 
 also, are definitely set forth in the prophetic outlines. 
 
 The eleventh chapter of Daniel gives a wonderful 
 forecast of the history of the world from the time of 
 the Persian Empire, 538 B. c, to the downfall of all 
 earthly kingdoms. The prophecy opens with Persian 
 and Grecian conflicts, and closes with the overthrow 
 and utter ruin of a power which many expositors claim 
 represents Turkey. 
 
 It is of the greatest importance that the world should 
 
 know the meaning of the last specification in Daniel's 
 
 prophecy referring to the Turkish Empire. It is as 
 
 follows : — 
 
 " He shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in 
 the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none 
 shall help him." Dan. 11: 45. 
 
 The reason it is so important that the meaning of 
 this event be understood when it is about to take place, 
 is because it is the prelude to the coming of the Prince 
 of Peace, the greatest of all events in the history of 
 the world. 
 
 By the words " at that time," the fall of the Otto- 
 man Empire and the second coming of Christ are in- 
 
52 The World War 
 
 separably connected. The first event is given as the 
 herald of the second. When the first is taking place, 
 the vv^orld is to know that the other is soon to follow. 
 
 These two events unite the present and the future. 
 The first relates to the kingdoms of this world; the 
 second, to the kingdom of Christ. The first is the sig- 
 nal for the close of the history of this world ; the second 
 marks the establishment of the glorious, eternal king- 
 dom of our Lord and Saviour. 
 
 The second coming of Christ is an event of supreme 
 interest and importance to all the world; and as the 
 final overthrow of the Ottoman Empire is set forth in 
 the Scriptures as a warning that the advent of Christ 
 is about to take place, the destruction of the Turkish 
 power becomes an event of marked significance. 
 
 Starts with Persia 
 
 The long chain of prophecy given in the eleventh 
 chapter of Daniel, opens as follows : — 
 
 " Now will I show thee the truth. Behold, there shall stand 
 up yet three kings in Persia; and the fourth shall be far richer 
 than they all: and by his strength through his riches he shall stir 
 up all against the realm of Grecia." Dan. 11: 2. 
 
 From this statement it is plain that Persia is the 
 kingdom with which this prophecy starts. Persia was 
 to " stir up all against the realm of Grecia," but was to 
 meet in Grecia " a mighty king " who should " rule with 
 great dominion, and do according to his will." Verse 3. 
 
 This mighty king of Grecia, as all know, was Alex- 
 ander the Great. Of him, and of the vast dominion 
 over which he extended his conquests, the prophecy 
 declared : — 
 
 " When he shall stand up, his kingdom shall be broken, and 
 shall be divided toward the four winds of heaven; and not to his 
 posterity, nor according to his dominion which he ruled: for his 
 kingdom shall be plucked up, even for others beside those." Verse 4. 
 
Copyright, Boston Photo News Co. 
 
 THE OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS 
 And the Famons Mosque of St. Sophia in Constantinople 
 
 53 
 
54 The World War 
 
 Note these specifications: (1) When he shall stand 
 up, his kingdom shall be broken; (2) it shall be divided 
 toward the four winds of heaven; (3) not to his pos- 
 terity, but for others. 
 
 These predictions are all clearly met in the history of 
 Alexander's conquests, and in the division of his empire 
 after his death. Note the following historical facts : — 
 
 1. Immediately after his return to Babylon from his 
 triumphant march through Asia as far east as India, 
 Alexander died, while still young, and at the pinnacle of 
 his glory and power. As he left no heir to the throne, 
 his generals made his weak-minded half-brother Arrhi- 
 dseus king. It was also arranged that if the expected 
 child of Roxana, Alexander's wife, should be a son, 
 he should succeed to the throne. Perdiccas, one of the 
 generals, was appointed regent; and other leading gen- 
 erals were appointed governors of various provinces and 
 divisions of the empire. Roxana's child proved to be a 
 son, but in a short time both mother and child were 
 murdered. 
 
 2. " With the death of Alexander's son, the empire 
 of Alexander the Great became only a geographical con- 
 ception. In fact, it was split into separate parts, and 
 the central power, continually weakened since Alexan- 
 der's death, had completely vanished. The generals now 
 regarded the provinces, which had been originally as- 
 signed to them by the higher power merely for admin- 
 istration, as their own dominion. It was therefore only 
 natural that after 306 B. C. they styled themselves 
 * kings,' for kings they had been for years." * 
 
 3. "The battle of Ipsus (301 B. c.) resulted in a 
 permanent division of the vast empire founded by Alex- 
 ander the Great, after twenty-two years of sanguinary 
 wars among his generals, during which the whole of 
 
 *"The World's History," Vol. Ill, p. 134. 
 
The Eastern Question 55 
 
 Alexander's family and all his relatives perished. The 
 triumphant Seleucus and Lysimachus divided the do- 
 minion of Asia between them; Seleucus received the 
 Euphrates Valley, north of Syria, Cappadocia, and part 
 of Phrygia; while Lysimachus obtained the remainder 
 of Asia Minor, in addition to Thrace, which extended 
 along the western shores of the Euxine as far north as 
 the mouth of the Danube. Ptolemy was allowed to hold 
 
 Photo, Am. Press Assn. 
 
 Croup of Armenian Women and Children Refugees in Caucasia 
 
 Egypt, along with Palestine, Phcenicia, and Coele-Syria; 
 while Cassander was allowed to reign in Macedonia and 
 Greece until his death." ^ 
 
 These brief historical statements record the fulfil- 
 ment of every specification given in Dan. 11 : 4. Within 
 two hundred and thirty-five years after this prophecy 
 
 6 "Library of Universal History," Vol. Ill, p. 799. 
 
56 The World War 
 
 was written, Persia had been overthrown by Grecia; 
 Alexander, the " mighty king," had been broken by the 
 hand of death, and his kingdom had been divided 
 toward the four winds of heaven, "not to his posterity," 
 but " for others." 
 
 The King of the North, and the King of the South 
 
 At this point, two of the four divisions, the east and 
 the west, drop out of sight, while the other two, the 
 north and the south, attain greater prominence. The 
 situation in the year 281 b. c. exactly meets the state- 
 ment of the prophecy. There were then but two divi- 
 sions of the Grecian Empire. One was Egypt, in the 
 south, a strong kingdom; the other was the kingdom 
 of the Selucidse, in the north, a greater and stronger 
 kingdom, stretching from Persia in the east to Mace- 
 donia in the west. These are the two kingdoms desig- 
 nated in verses 5-15 as " the king of the south " and 
 " the king of the north." These two kingdoms, founded 
 by Ptolemy and Seleucus, for more than one hundred 
 years very clearly fill in the outline given in the ten 
 verses that follow their introduction into the prophecy. 
 
 There can be no difficulty in determining which is 
 the kingdom of the south, and which is the kingdom of 
 the north. The location of their territory makes this 
 unmistakably plain. One is in the south, the other in 
 the north. It matters not whether their boundaries re- 
 main precisely the same at all times. Sometimes the 
 kingdom of the south extended farther north into Pales- 
 tine than at other times. Seleucus and his successors 
 did not always retain all their territory at the extreme 
 limits east and west. Syria and all of Asia Minor in 
 the north remained intact, and continued to be the 
 " king of the north " without a break, to the time when 
 a new power is introduced by the prophecy, as noted in 
 verse 16. 
 
The Eastern Question 57 
 
 These plain facts of history as related to the proph- 
 ecy, show us where to look for the king of the south 
 and the king of the north. We are to look to the south- 
 ern division of Alexander's empire for the king of 
 the south, and to the northern division for the king 
 of the north. It is not the particular king nor dynasty, 
 but the particular locality, that constitutes one the king 
 of the south and the other the king of the north. Kings 
 may die, and dynasties may change; yet the locations 
 remain, and whatever nation may be ruling in either 
 of these divisions at any time is the king of that divi- 
 sion, whether south or north. 
 
 At the close of Dan. 11 : 15, the prophecy, having 
 given the plainest information regarding the place, the 
 order of development, and the history of the two king- 
 doms of Ptolemy and Seleucus for nearly two centuries, 
 now drops these kingdoms, while it traces the history of 
 events that were to follow to the close of time. It fore- 
 tells briefly the history of the Roman Empire, the great 
 apostasy of the church during the Dark Ages, the Ref- 
 ormation of the sixteenth century, and the French Rev- 
 olution which occurred near the close of the eighteenth 
 century. After passing over this long period of about 
 two thousand years, the prophecy, in a very direct, posi- 
 tive way, brings " the king of the south " and " the king 
 of the north " back to the prominent place which they 
 occupied in the early portion of the prophecy, showing 
 the part they are to play in the closing acts of earth's 
 drama. 
 
o 
 
 S in 
 O ^ 
 
 fa :S 
 
 o . 
 
 ^ S 
 
Pilot.). Lliidorwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 A Turkish Military Headquarters near Jerusalem 
 
 THE FATE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 
 
 In the closing part of the outline of the history of 
 the world recorded by Daniel in the eleventh chapter of 
 his prophecy, is foretold a bitter conflict between the 
 king of the north and the king of the south, and another 
 power that was to make war against them. The proph- 
 ecy reads : — 
 
 " At the time of the end shall the king of the south push at him: 
 and the king of the north shall come against him." 
 
 " The Time of the End " 
 
 The expression, " the time of the end," is repeatedly 
 used by the prophet to point out a definite period of 
 time. There is good ground for believing that this 
 period must date from the year 1798, the final limit of 
 the period in which the Papacy exercised its supremacy. 
 This prophetic period of twelve hundred and sixty years 
 is to be reckoned from the issuance, in 533, of Justin- 
 ian's decree recognizing the Pope as " the head of all 
 the churches," and the events culminating in 538, when 
 Vigilius " ascended the papal chair under the military 
 
 59 
 
60 The World War 
 
 protection of Belisarius," It would accordingly extend 
 to 1798, when the Pope was taken prisoner, marking the 
 close of that series of events which constituted the giv- 
 ing of the deadly wound to the Papacy and the bring- 
 ing to an end the allotted period of supremacy over the 
 souls and bodies of men. 
 
 At the beginning of " the time of the end " (1798, 
 as determined by the events of history in fulfilment of 
 the prophetic outlines) Egypt, the old kingdom of the 
 south, was under the rule of the Mamelukes; while 
 
 A. D. 538 A. D. 1798 
 I The 1260 years j 
 
 Syria, Asia Minor, Thrace, and Macedonia, constituting 
 the original kingdom of the north, had been for cen- 
 turies the Turkish Empire. 
 
 Thus in 1798, if the exposition of the prophecy de- 
 termining the beginning of " the time of the end " be 
 correct, " the king of the south " and " the king of the 
 north " will be found engaged in war with a third 
 power, which in Daniel's prophecy is designated by the 
 pronoun " him." The fact that just such a conflict as 
 this prophecy foretells was begun in the year 1798, 
 by Egypt and Turkey and France, leads clearly to the 
 conclusion that France is the power referred to by 
 the undeniable facts of history, which meet the speci- 
 fications of this prophecy. 
 
 In the year 1798 France began the conquest of 
 Egypt and Turkey, thus precipitating a war attended 
 by results most pathetic and terrible. Egypt resisted, 
 — pushed at him, — but was conquered. Turkey's fate, 
 however, was different. Turkey triumphed over the 
 armies of France, and overflowed and passed over, just 
 as the prophecy said would be done. The full history 
 of the invasions, the resistances, the victories, and the 
 
Copyright. Underwood & Underwood. N. Y. 
 
 A STREET SCENE IN MODERN JERUSALEM 
 
 61 
 
62 The World War 
 
 defeats of that war which began in 1798, meets every 
 specification of the prophecy, and this is the only his- 
 tory of nations that answers to these predictions. 
 
 The French Invasion of Egypt and Turkey 
 
 The following brief statements record the facts of 
 the opening events : — 
 
 " Bonaparte's expedition, consisting of forty thousand land 
 troops and ten thousand seamen, sailed from Toulon for Egypt on 
 the nineteenth of May, 1798." i 
 
 " Bonaparte . . . landed safely at Marabout, in Egypt, July 1. 
 The Mamelukes, who then ruled Egypt, were unprepared for defense. 
 Alexandria was immediately taken [July 2] and occupied, and the 
 march was then resumed for Cairo [July 6]. . . . 
 
 " Ascending the Nile to the apex of the delta, Bonaparte learned 
 that the Mamelukes under their beys, with Arabs and fellahs, amount- 
 ing in all to thirty thousand men, were intrenched between Embabeh 
 and Gizeh, in the plain of the Pyramids, opposite Cairo. . . . 
 
 " In spite of the desperate valor displayed by the Mamelukes 
 led by Murad Bey, the French gained a complete victory (July 21). 
 This battle, called the Battle of the Pyramids, overthrew the gov- 
 ernment of the Mamelukes, and opened Cairo to the French, who 
 entered it the following day." - 
 
 " The Porte [government of Turkey] solemnly declaimed war 
 against France, Sept. 4, 1798, and coalesced with Russia and Eng- 
 land. The sultan ordered the formation of an army for the con- 
 quest of Egypt. This event rendered the situation of the French 
 extremely critical." 3 
 
 These statements show plainly that at the time of 
 the end, in 1798, a war was begun in Egypt in which 
 France, Turkey, and Egypt were severally engaged, each 
 with a separate object in view. 
 
 " ' In the year 1213 a. h.' (or 1798 of our era), says Adberrahman, 
 ' was the beginning of the wars, the calamities, the interruption of 
 the ordinary course of events, in short, the general ruin.' " s 
 
 Of this period another has written : — 
 
 " It is at this position that historians open a new and important 
 epoch of European annals. Practically the whole continent begins 
 
 1 " Library of Universal H'story," Vol. VIII. p. 2637. 
 
 2 Dryer and Hassell, " History of Modern Europe," Vol. V, chap. 60, pp. 
 276, 277. 
 
 * A. A. Paton, " History of the Egyptian Revolution," Vol. I, p. 98. 
 
The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 63 
 
 to see in Constantinople a valuable acquisition. Here the greatest 
 struggle of naval, military, and diplomatic powers during the ages 
 began." 
 
 The French Lay Siege to Saint Jean d'Acre 
 
 As soon as the Turkish government at Constantino- 
 ple had declared war on France, preparations were be- 
 gun to meet Napoleon and his forces. An army was 
 assembled at Damascus, to march southward to attack 
 Napoleon on the borders of Egypt; while plans were 
 laid for the gathering of another army of thirty thou- 
 sand at Rhodes, to be transported by the fleet to Alex- 
 andria. At the same time, Turkey formed naval al- 
 hances with Russia and England, by which she secured 
 the help of their ships. 
 
 Learning of Turkey's declaration of war. Napoleon, 
 with his accustomed promptness to act, began his march 
 from Cairo to Constantinople. Everything along the 
 route was taken by the French until they arrived at 
 Saint Jean d'Acre. Here he met a stubborn resistance 
 by the Turkish forces, who were assisted by the British 
 ships under the command of Sir Sydney Smith. With 
 a grim determination which only a Napoleon could mus- 
 ter, the French laid siege to the town. The struggle 
 was desperate and long. 
 
 Saint Jean d'Acre " was the only fortress in Syria 
 which could stop him," says a French historian. " Its 
 subjugation would make him the undisputed master of 
 Syria. . . . The garrison defended the town with a vigor 
 which astonished our troops, who had not been accus- 
 tomed to meet with strong resistance from the Turks, 
 and the greater part of our soldiers who penetrated into 
 the town were slain." ■* 
 
 The French Forces Threatened by a Turkish Army 
 
 " The Turks were not idle. By vast exertions they had roused 
 the whole Mussulman population to march, in the name of the 
 prophet, for the destruction of the ' Christian dogs.' An enormous 
 
 * Lanfrey, " The History of Napoleon," Vol. I, chap. 11, p. 293. 
 
Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 ON THE SUEZ CANAL 
 64 
 
The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 65 
 
 army was marshaled, and was on its way for the relief of the 
 beleaguered city. Damascus had furnished its thousands. The 
 scattered remnants of the fierce Mamelukes, and the mounted 
 Bedouins of the desert had congregated to rush, with resistless 
 numbers, upon their bold antagonist. . . . 
 
 " Napoleon had been engaged for ten days in an almost inces- 
 sant assault upon the works of Acre when the approach of the great 
 Turkish army was announced. It consisted of about thirty thou- 
 sand troops, twelve thousand of whom were the fiercest and best- 
 trained horsemen in the world. Napoleon had but eight thousand 
 effective men with whom to encounter the well-trained army of 
 Europeans and Turks within the walls of Acre, and the numerous 
 host rushing to its rescue." s 
 
 Kleber was sent forward with three thousand men 
 to meet the Turkish army, which he encountered on the 
 eastern border of the plain of Esdraelon. The Turks 
 outnumbered Kleber's forces ten to one. 
 
 " Twelve thousand horsemen, decorated with the most gorgeous 
 trappings of military show, and mounted on the fleetest Arabian 
 chargers, were prancing and curvetting in all directions. A loud 
 and exultant shout of vengeance and joy, rising like the roar of 
 the ocean, burst from the Turkish ranks as soon as they perceived 
 their victims enter the plain. . . . The whole cavalcade of horse- 
 men, with gleaming sabers and hideous yells, and like the sweep 
 of the wind, came rushing down upon them. Every man in the 
 French squares knew that his life depended upon his immobility, 
 and each one stood, shoulder to shoulder with his comrades, like a 
 rock. ... 
 
 " At one o'clock, Napoleon, with three thousand men, arrived 
 on the heights which overlooked the field of battle. . . . With that 
 Instinctive judgment which enabled him, with the rapidity of light- 
 ning, to adopt the most important decisions. Napoleon instantly 
 took his resolution. He formed his little band into two squares, 
 and advanced in such a manner as to compose, with the square of 
 Kleber, a triangle, inclosing the Turks. Thus, with unparalleled 
 audacity, with six thousand men he undertook to surround thirty 
 thousand of as fierce and desperate soldiers as the world has ever 
 seen. . . , 
 
 " The Turks were assailed by a murderous fire instantaneously 
 discharged from the three points of this triangle. Discouraged by 
 the indomitable resolution with which they had been repulsed, and 
 bewildered by the triple assault, they broke and fled. . . . 
 
 " The victory was complete. The Turkish army was not merely 
 conquered — it was destroyed. As that day's sun, veiled in smoke, 
 
 ■ ^ .John S. C. Abbott, "Tbe Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," Vol. I, chap. 12, 
 p. 217. 
 
The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 67 
 
 solemnly descended, like a ball of fire, behind the hills of Lebanon, 
 the whole majestic array, assembled for the invasion of Egypt, and 
 who had boasted that they were ' innumerable as the sands of the 
 sea, or the stars of heaven,' had disappeared to be seen no more. 
 The Turkish camp with four hundred camels and an immense booty, 
 fell into the hands of the victors." e 
 
 The victory of the French confirmed Napoleon and 
 his generals in their assurance of victory, not only in 
 the siege of Acre, but over the whole empire of Turkey. 
 Although they had thus far made little headway in the 
 siege. Napoleon was resolutely bent on taking the town. 
 
 Pressing the Siege of Acre 
 
 " No pen can describe the desperate conflicts and the scenes of 
 carnage which ensued. Day after day, night after night, and week 
 after week, the horrible slaughter, without intermission, continued." ^ 
 
 " Column after column of the French advanced to the assault, 
 but all were repulsed with dreadful slaughter. Every hour the 
 strength of the enemy was increasing; every hour the forces of 
 Napoleon were melting away before the awful storm sweeping from 
 the battlements." s 
 
 Failure and Retreat 
 
 " Success was now hopeless. Sadly Napoleon made preparations 
 to relinquish the enterprise." '■> While " the baggage, sick, and field 
 artillery were silently defiling to the rear, the heavy cannon were 
 buried in the sand, and on the twentieth of May, Napoleon, for the 
 first time in his life, ordered a retreat." lo 
 
 The victorious Turks pursued him, retaking southern 
 Palestine, wresting from the French the whole of Egypt, 
 and adding Libya and Ethiopia to their African posses- 
 sions." 
 
 How clearly Turkey's victories over the French, and 
 her conquests in Egypt, Libya, and Ethiopia, meet the 
 predictions of the prophet! Daniel had foretold that 
 " the king of the north " would come against the invader 
 " like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, 
 and with many ships." Dan. 11 : 40. Wind and ivhirl- 
 
 * John S. C. Abbott, " The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," Vol. I, chap. 12, 
 pp. 218-220. 
 
 'Id., p. 220. 8 Id., chap. 13, p. 224. "Id., chap. 13, p. 224. 
 
 ^ Sir Archibald Alison. " History of Europe," Vol. Ill, chap. 25, p. 484. 
 "See "Egypt in the Nineteenth Century," p. 114, by Cameron. 
 
68 
 
 The World War 
 
 wind, when used as symbols in prophecy, represent 
 strife, war, bloodshed. Dan. 7:2; Jer. 25 : 31-33. In 
 this conflict, Turkey was to make more than a frantic 
 dash at her enemy. She was to plunge into war, — 
 resolute, prolonged, bloody war. Turkey did this. She 
 made everj^ preparation for well-sustained, destructive 
 
 Photo, Unilt'i v\ 
 
 " The Latest German Capture in Serbia " 
 
 battle with her powerful enemy. The horrors of the 
 different engagements may well be represented by a 
 devastating whirlwind. 
 
 Again Turkey was to come " with chariots, and with 
 horsemen." Abbott says that there was formed at 
 Damascus a Turkish army of " about thirty thousand 
 troops, twelve thousand of whom were the fiercest and 
 best-trained horsemen in the world." And he adds: 
 " Twelve thousand horsemen, . . . mounted on the fleet- 
 est Arabian chargers, . . . like the sweep of the wind, 
 
The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 
 
 69 
 
 came rushing down upon " the enemy. Turkey was 
 also to come " with many ships." In addition to its 
 own fleet, Turkey was supported by the combined fleets 
 of Russia and England. 
 
 In describing the great struggle between France and 
 Turkey, the historians have used the exact words in 
 
 Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 A Soldier's Bomb-proof Shelter 
 
 which the prophet foretold the conflict. And the result 
 of the engagement was just what was predicted. The 
 king of the north was to " overflow and pass over." 
 He was to be the victor. 
 
 Napoleon and his hitherto invincible and always vic- 
 torious forces had invaded Turkish territory with the 
 fullest expectation of taking the empire. They had 
 never known defeat; surely Turkey would go down as 
 
70 The World War 
 
 Egypt, Italy, and other countries had fallen under their 
 terrible onslaughts. 
 
 But Turkey did not go down. The prophet had pre- 
 dicted her triumph, and the prediction was fully met. 
 The defeat of the French was a surprise to all Europe, 
 and ever remained a mystery to Napoleon. Of this ex- 
 perience, Lanf rey says : — 
 
 " Many times during ttie deadly delays of this fatal siege, in 
 which he experienced his first check, he was heard to inveigh against 
 ' this miserable little hole which came against him and his destiny.' 
 And many times later, when dwelling on the vicissitudes of his past 
 life, and the different chances which had been open to him, he re- 
 peated ' that if Saint Jean d'Acre had fallen, he would have changed 
 the face of the world, and been emperor of the East.' And he gen- 
 erally added, that it was a grain of sand tJiat had undone all his 
 projects." 12 
 
 An Overruling Providence 
 
 But it was more than the defeat at Acre that de- 
 cided the issues of Napoleon's conflict with Turkey. 
 The mighty hand of Providence was controlling affairs. 
 The time had not come for the king of the north to 
 come to his end, which would no doubt have been the 
 result if the colossal designs of Napoleon had been car- 
 ried out. This explains why everything in connection 
 with the invasion of Turkey seemed to conspire against 
 the invader. It explains the mystery of this strange 
 defeat of the French. It was the fulfilment of the un- 
 failing word of prophecy. 
 
 " He shall enter also into the glorious land, . . . and the land 
 of Egypt shall not escape. But he shall have power over the 
 treasures of gold and of silver, and over all the precious things of 
 Egypt: and the Libyans and the Ethiopians shall be at his steps." 
 Dan. 11: 41-43. 
 
 All this was fulfilled. The "glorious land," Pales- 
 tine, was brought under more complete control of the 
 Porte. Egypt was wrested from the French. Libya 
 and Ethiopia, with their various dependencies, wers 
 
 ^ " The History of Napoleon," Vol. I, p. 296. 
 
The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 71 
 
 conquered and annexed to Turkey as Egyptian prov- 
 inces. And the " treasures ... of Egypt " passed al- 
 most entirely into the hands of the Turkish rulers, 
 Mehemet Ali, Turkey's governor of Egypt, effected a 
 " revolutionary transfer of landed property in Egypt " 
 by which he secured and destroyed nearly all the title 
 deeds of the country, making himself " sole possessor of 
 Egypt. . . . Not a clod of earth, not an ear of corn, 
 not a piaster profit from sale of grain, belonged to any 
 one but himself." ^^ 
 
 Turkey's history in Palestine, Egypt, Libya, and 
 Ethiopia, from 1798 to 1825, meets the predictions of 
 the prophecy concerning her triumphs. 
 
 The Dismemberment of Turkey Foretold In Prophecy 
 
 But after foretelling these splendid victories for this 
 power, the prophet predicts trouble, and reverses, and 
 utter ruin. He says : — 
 
 " But tidings out of the east and out of the north shall trouble 
 him. ... He shall come to his end, and none shall help him." 
 Dan. 11: 44, 45. 
 
 Turkey had no sooner completed her conquests in 
 the south (1825) than serious troubles arose in the 
 north — troubles that have continued to this day. Rus- 
 sia declared war on Turkey in 1827, and extended her 
 invasion and conquests as far as Adrianople in the Bal- 
 kan Peninsula, and Erzerum in Armenia. Turkey sued 
 for peace, and signed the Treaty of Constantinople, 
 losing heavily. Here began a perceptible disintegration 
 and dismemberment of Turkey, which has gone steadily 
 on until she has lost every foot of her possessions in 
 Africa, and nearly all her territory in Europe. These 
 losses have been so great that, as the North American 
 Review says, — 
 
 M Cameron, " Egypt In the Nineteeuth Century," pp. 83-87. 
 
Copyright, Underwouti & TTnilt-rwuoil, N. Y. 
 
 BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER 
 
 One of the Strange Vicissitudes of War in which a Soldier 
 Captures his own Brother 
 
The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 73 
 
 " There is no longer a Turkish Empire in Europe. A strip of 
 country around Constantinople is still held by the sultan's troops; 
 but all the other provinces of the Turkish Empire are in the hands 
 of the Balkan confederation." 
 
 The Death Knell of Turkey 
 
 And now the Entente Allies have announced that one 
 of their conditions of peace is the expulsion of the Turk 
 from Europe. The decision was made when Turkey 
 joined the Teutonic Powers in their conflict with the 
 Allied Powers. It was then that Mr. Asquith, at that 
 time premier of Great Britain, made the following 
 declaration for the British Cabinet : — 
 
 " It is not the Turkish people, it is the Turkish government, 
 that has drawn the sword, and I do not hesitate to predict that 
 that government will perish by the sword. It is they, and not we, 
 who have rung the death knell of the Ottoman dominions, not only 
 in Europe, but in Asia." 
 
 Following this statement by the British premier, 
 M. Sazonoff, then premier of Russia, in announcing cer- 
 tain Russian victories over the Turks, said, — 
 
 " The radiant future of Russia on the Black Sea is beginning to 
 dawn near the walls of Constantinople." 
 
 About the same time, Sir Edward Grey, who was 
 then British foreign secretary, stated in the House of 
 Commons that England was " in entire sympathy " with 
 Russia's plans for the settlement of the " politico-eco- 
 nomic problem bound up with her access to the sea." 
 And he added, " What form their realization will take, 
 will no doubt be settled in the terms of peace." 
 
 The Program of Russia 
 
 The plainly expressed policy of Russia was well 
 understood by both the premier and the foreign secre- 
 tary of Great Britain when they made their significant 
 utterances. 
 
74 The World War 
 
 Writing of these important political announcements 
 made in the capitals of England and Russia, Mr. Joseph 
 Edgar Chamberlin says : — 
 
 " That the program of Russia and her allies will be carried out, 
 and that Constantinople will become Russian, admits of little doubt. 
 Sir Edward Grey did not name Constantinople in his remarks in 
 the House of Commons expressing England's sympathy with Rus- 
 sia's aspirations, but the Duma pronouncement to which he referred 
 did name it, and his declaration has no other meaning. It is ar- 
 ranged that Russia shall take the great city on the Bosporus." i* 
 
 England's Policy Reversed 
 
 Students of world-wide politics are amazed at the 
 great changes now taking place. As Mr. Frank H. 
 Simonds says : — 
 
 " Thus in a single hour the Eastern Question changed its whole 
 appearance. Thus England, at last, and unmistakably, however 
 guarded the diplomatic phrase, renounced the policy of Beaconsfield, 
 the policy which had provoked the Crimean War, and sent the 
 British fleet to the Sea of Marmora to destroy the Treaty of San 
 Stefano." is 
 
 Mr. Chamberlin adds : — 
 
 " This news points to a step in history which the world has 
 awaited with a sort of chill of horror for two hundred years; which 
 England and France together fought one great war to prevent; and 
 to discourage which, England has been more than once on the 
 brink of other wars. After laying down millions in treasure and 
 many thousands of lives in the Crimean War in 1853-56, and after 
 the immense and costly coups of Disraeli's statesmanship in 1878, 
 it is now England herself who batters down the gates of Constan- 
 tinople, in order that Russia may come in and possess it. Has 
 there ever been so strange a right-about-face in the history of the 
 nations? " is 
 
 Now all this is serious for Turkey. It is the climax 
 of the trouble she has been passing through since 1827, 
 when Russia, her powerful enemy in the north, declared 
 war upon her, pushed Russian victories almost to the 
 walls of Constantinople, and compelled Turkey to sign 
 
 ^* Evening Mail, London, Feb. 26, 1015. 
 
 " Review of Reviews, New York, April, 1915. 
 
 ^Evening Mail, London, Feb. 26, 1915. 
 
The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 75 
 
 a humiliating treaty. This was the beginning of a series 
 of Turkish reverses which has continued to the present 
 time, and brought the empire to the brink of ruin. 
 
 The trouble growing out of Turkey's reverses and 
 disintegration is not confined to the Turkish nation. It 
 has extended to other nations, until nearly all are 
 involved. 
 
 And there is nothing in sight that gives promise of 
 relief. The roads of the European nations cross at Con- 
 stantinople ; and on that cross, as one has said, " the 
 peace of Europe was crucified." The sword had been 
 drawn; and, judging from the avowed purpose of the 
 nations, it looks as if it will never be sheathed until Con- 
 stantinople, the Bosporus, and the Dardanelles pass from 
 Turkey into the hands of some other great power or com- 
 bination of powers. 
 
 Will There Be Lasting Peace? 
 
 But will that end the trouble, and establish lasting 
 peace? How will peace be possible under the conditions 
 that are sure to be created ? According to the claims of 
 all the powers for a hundred years, the strong nation 
 that possesses the strategic position of Constantinople 
 will dictate terms to the rest of Europe, and that surely 
 will not promote the peace of the world. It requires no 
 stretch of the imagination to see great trouble ahead of 
 the powers in their attempts to arrange terms of peace 
 after the present war closes. 
 
 Discussing the question of remapping Europe at the 
 conclusion of the war, Mr. H. G. Wells says : — 
 
 " To the redrawing of that map a thousand complex forces will 
 come. There will be much attempted overreaching in the business, 
 and much greed. Few will come to negotiations with simple inten- 
 tions. In a wrangle, all sorts of ugly and stupid things may happen. 
 . . . Europe will blunder into a new set of ugly complications, and 
 prepare a still more colossal Armageddon than this that is now 
 going on." 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 Armored Train used for Reconnoiterins 
 
 ARMAGEDDON 
 
 The word " Armageddon " is used by public speak- 
 ers and writers the world over to describe and name the 
 great World War that began in Europe in the summer 
 of 1914. One editor remarks that although " we hear 
 the word ' Armageddon ' used on all sides these days in 
 connection with the European war, ... it is exceed- 
 ingly probable that nine men out of ten do not know 
 why it is employed to describe a great conflict or 
 slaughter." 
 
 Although the word is new to the masses, and its 
 meaning is not very clear, yet to many it seems sug- 
 gestive of something very serious, and an earnest desire 
 is manifested everywhere to know its full significance. 
 
 Those who use the word " Armageddon," either to 
 describe or to name the great struggle now going on, 
 evidently understand that it means a tremendous clash 
 of the nations of earth — a World War. 
 
 Note the following statement by the editor of the 
 Washington Post: — 
 
 77 
 
Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 A MODERN BATTLESHIP ON FIRE 
 
 78 
 
Armageddon 
 
 79 
 
 " This coming retribution is tlie battle of Armageddon. All 
 the world is moving to the conflict. War and justice joined issue 
 when Cain slew his brother, and the quarrel is not yet composed, 
 and perhaps the final adjudication will not come until Armageddon." 
 
 To this editor, Armageddon means a great battle — 
 all the world moving to the conflict — the ending of tlie 
 quarrels of the human race. 
 
 Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 Gunners of the " Emden," the famous German Raider 
 
 The editor of the North American Review ^ says : — 
 
 "Europe stands today at Armageddon. On every hand, its 
 proud peoples are rising in their virile strength, and are rushing 
 with earth-shaking tread to that frightful holocaust which may 
 check our civilization — giants grappling to the death in a modern 
 'twilight of the gods.' . . . The great conflagration has come at 
 last, and today all Europe is wrapped in flames. . . . ' Europe in 
 arms,' — the greatest tragedy in all recorded history. At the utter- 
 most ends of the earth men prepare today for the fight." 
 
 1 September, 1914. 
 
80 The World War 
 
 Note the significance of these impressive statements, 
 — peoples " rushing with earth-shaking tread " to a 
 " frightful holocaust ; " " all Europe is wrapped in 
 flames ; " " at the uttermost ends of the earth men pre- 
 pare today for the fight; " "the greatest tragedy in all 
 recorded history," — this great conflict, says the editor, 
 is " Europe ... at Armageddon." 
 
 Shortly after the present World War began, a writer 
 in Collier's Weekly said : — 
 
 " Now Armageddon has a real meaning. Now we have roar- 
 ing in our ears the thunder of the cannons and the shouting of a 
 continent in conflict. If this be not Armageddon, we shall never 
 suffer that final death grip of the nations." 
 
 Why This War Has Been Named Armageddon 
 
 This is the first war in the history of the world that 
 has so generally been named Armageddon. In the rec- 
 ords of all the wars preceding the titanic struggle now 
 going on, there is scarcely any use of this word. What 
 is the significance of this? Why the general conviction 
 that this war is Armageddon? 
 
 The answer is very clearly given by Dr. Courtney, 
 editor of the Fcrtnightly Review. In the September 
 (1914) number he began a series of editorials entitled 
 " Armageddon — and After." In the first article he 
 said: — 
 
 " In the clash of the two great European organizations, the 
 Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente, toe have all those wild fea- 
 tures of universal chaos lohich the writer of the Apocalypse saw with 
 prophetic eye as ushering in the great day of the Lord, and paving 
 the way for a new heaven and a neio earth. It is a colossal upheaval. 
 But what sort of a new heaven and a neio earth is it likely to 
 usher in? " 
 
 This is a truly significant statement. In the use of 
 the word " Armageddon " the writer borrows the main 
 part of the title of his editorial from the apostle John, 
 who wrote the book of Revelation. He then states in 
 most impressive language that in this World War we 
 
Boston Photo News Co. 
 
 BRITISH SUPERDREADNAUGHT "IRON DUKE" 
 
 have a fulfilment of that prophecy which foretold Ar- 
 mageddon. 
 
 A Striking Similarity 
 
 These statements from prominent writers in differ- 
 ent parts of the world are not adduced as proof that 
 this great devastating war is the Armageddon of the 
 Scriptures. They are given to show that the feeling 
 prevails that Armageddon is here, and to explain why 
 6 81 
 
82 The World War 
 
 this impression obtains. The points of similarity be- 
 tween the prophecy regarding Armageddon and this 
 gigantic struggle are so striking that it is easy to con- 
 clude that this war is either Armageddon or its prelude. 
 If it is not the real event, it would seem that it must 
 be its immediate precursor. 
 
 The Armageddon of the Bible is to be so great an 
 event, so terrible in character, and so full of serious 
 meaning to all the world, that it ought to be given the 
 most earnest, painstaking study. This will require a 
 careful investigation of Bible prophecies and of inter- 
 national problems. 
 
 The Scriptures the Source of Information Regarding Armageddon 
 
 It is an interesting and significant fact that the Bible 
 is the original source of information regarding the Ar- 
 mageddon to which so many speakers and writers are 
 now calling attention. The Encyclopedia Britannica 
 says : — 
 
 " From the application of the word ' Armageddon ' to the great 
 battle at the end of time, comes the use of the phrase ' an Armaged- 
 don ' to express any great slaughter or final conflict." " 
 
 In the writings of the apostle John is given the first 
 published statement in regard to Armageddon, as fol- 
 lows : — 
 
 " The sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river 
 Euphrates; and the water thereof was dried up, that the way of the 
 kings of the East might be prepared." Rev. IG: 12. 
 
 " And I saw coming out of the mouth of the dragon, and out 
 of the mouth of the beat, and out of the mouth of the false 
 prophet, three unclean spirits, as it were frogs: 
 
 "For they are spirits of demons, working signs; which go 
 forth unto the kings of the whole world, to gather them together 
 unto the war of the great day of God, the Almighty. . . . 
 
 " And they gathered them together into the place which is called 
 in Hebrew Har-Magedcn." Rev. 16: 13-16, A. R. V. 
 
 " Eleventh edition, article "Armageddon." 
 
Armageddon 83 
 
 A Well-Defined Outline 
 
 This prophecy presents the following clearly defined 
 outline : — 
 
 1. The drying up of the waters of the Euphrates, to 
 prepare or clear the way for the gathering of the kings 
 of the East. Verse 12. 
 
 2. The deceptive working of demon spirits on the 
 minds and hearts of all the kings and nations of the 
 earth, inciting them to war and bloodshed. Verses 
 13, 14. 
 
 3. The gathering of the misled, war-maddened na- 
 tions of the whole world to fight '' the battle of the great 
 day of God, the Almighty." Verse 14. 
 
 4. The place of this great battle — Armageddon, or 
 the plain of Esdraelon, in Palestine. Verse 16. 
 
 5. The time when all this is to take place; namely, 
 when Christ, the Saviour and Deliverer, is about to 
 come. Verse 15. 
 
 Happily, the Scriptures furnish data for a clear, 
 rational interpretation of the prophecy which presents 
 this momentous program of events. 
 
 The Drying Up of the River Euphrates 
 
 The first specification in the prophetic outline is the 
 following : — 
 
 " The sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river Eu- 
 phrates; and the water thereof was dried up." Rev. 16: 12. 
 
 The river Euphrates is mentioned many times in the 
 Scriptures. It first appears in Gen. 2: 14, as one of the 
 four rivers of the Garden of Eden. The Euphrates of to- 
 day rises in the mountains of Armenia, and flows down 
 the Mesopotamian valley to the Persian Gulf. On its 
 banks once stood the great city of Babylon, " the beauty 
 of the Chaldees' excellency." Isa. 13: 19. At present the 
 Euphrates is a Turkish river, because the land through 
 which it flows is Turkish territory. 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 A WOMAN WORKER IN AN ENGLISH SHELL FACTORY 
 
 84 
 
Armageddon 85 
 
 The prophecy foretells the drying up of the water 
 of the Euphrates. This is not to be understood to mean 
 the drying up of the literal water of the river. Water, 
 when used in prophecy, stands for people. This is the 
 interpretation given to John, as follows : " The waters 
 which thou sawest . . . are peoples, and multitudes, and 
 nations, and tongues." Rev. 17 : 15. The prophet Isaiah 
 uses the term " waters " to symbolize the Assyrian hosts 
 that came against the inhabitants of Palestine. " The 
 waters of the river, strong and many, even the king of 
 Assyria, and all his glory," the prophet declares, " shall 
 come up over all his channels, and go over all his 
 banks." Isa. 8 : 7. These scriptures establish the fact 
 that water, whether rivers or seas, is used symbolically 
 to represent peoples and nations. When so used, a 
 river would naturally represent the people through 
 whose land it flows. 
 
 On this principle of interpretation, it is claimed that 
 the river Euphrates, being a Turkish river, would at 
 the present time represent Turkey. The language used, 
 then, very appropriately describes- the drying up, shrink- 
 ing, disintegrating process that Turkey has been under- 
 going during the past century. The prediction will be 
 fully met when Turkey comes " to his end," as expressed 
 by the prophet Daniel in chapter 11, verse 45. 
 
 This is the view of Guinness, who says : — 
 
 " The drying up of the Euphrates . . . has long been understood 
 to refer to the wasting away of the Turkish power." 
 
 Deceived and Maddened by Demons 
 
 " I saw . . . spirits of demons, working signs ; which 
 go forth unto the kings of the whole world, to gather 
 them together unto the war." Rev. 16 : 13, 14, A. R. V. 
 
 The war of Armageddon will have in it and back 
 of it more than men. It will have men deceived and 
 maddened by satanic agencies. It is not here claimed 
 
86 The World War 
 
 that the war now devastating Europe and staggering 
 the whole world is the entire fulfilment of the predic- 
 tion of that deceptive work of demons by which rulers 
 and people will be blinded and crazed, and led into 
 wanton, devastating war. But if ever warring nations 
 seemed to be under the control of satanic powers, get- 
 ting ready for Armageddon, it is at this time. 
 
 Boston Photo News Co. 
 
 Belgian Girls working in a German Coal Yard 
 
 Before this clash of nations began, the British For- 
 eign Secretary said in the House of Commons : " It is 
 really as if, in the atmosphere of the world, there were 
 some mischievous influence at work which troubles and 
 excites every part of it." Then came this war, which 
 the editor of the North American Revieiv calls " the 
 greatest tragedy in all recorded history." 
 
 Prof. Edgar Lucien Larkin, in charge of the Lick 
 Astronomical Observatory on the summit of Mt, Ham- 
 
Armageddon 
 
 87 
 
 ilton, California, makes the following startling state- 
 ment : — 
 
 " The mind of the human race is now in a dangerous state. 
 How do I linow this? — By reading my simply amazing letters re- 
 ceived daily from so many parts of the world, and by conversing 
 with travelers here from nearly every nation on the planet. Human 
 thought is in an abnormal paranoiac condition. A paranoiac is liable 
 to become violent at any moment. So is the human race, now as 
 
 Boston Photo News Co. 
 
 A School for Female Street Car Conductors in Germany 
 
 I write. I would not have the reader see the letters received here; 
 I burn them. They reveal an awful state of mentation. But I am in 
 correspondence with scientific researchers in mind in many parts 
 of the world. They write me of unusual mental states. Some fear- 
 ful influence is agitating the lower faculties of the mind of man. 
 My books have elicited thousands of replies, and I am alarmed over 
 the thoughts therein. I assert and state and send forth from this 
 mountain summit this day, Feb. 21, 1916, that the mind of the 
 human race is in a dreadful condition." 3 
 
 Under the title, " War Madness," the editor of the 
 Springfield Republican says : — 
 
 ^ San Francisco Examiner, Feb. 25, 1916. 
 
Armageddon 89 
 
 " Is war a craze which periodically sweeps over people? . . . 
 It certainly seems so. Such popular fury for fighting as appears to 
 pervade Europe just now has the aspect of demoniacal possession." 
 
 Principal L. P. Jacks, dean of Manchester College, 
 Oxford, and editor of the Hibbert Journal, declares : — 
 
 " In the two years during which the war has been in progress 
 a number of men, women, and children, roughly equal to the total 
 population of London, have been killed. Perhaps five times as many 
 have been wounded, making with the killed a total not far short 
 of the population of Great Britain. What it has cost in material 
 wealth to accomplish this result would be hard to say; probably 
 $75,000,000,000 is well within the mark. . . . 
 
 " We are in the presence of something essentially irrational. 
 Reason is said to be the prerogative of man. The war — not the 
 word, not the idea, but the thing in its concrete horror — is a 
 strange comment on the prerogative. 
 
 " Suppose we were to cut the war out as a single chapter in the 
 history of man's doings on this planet, and set ourselves to deduce 
 from this chapter a theory as to the nature of the beings who did 
 these things. . . . Should we not come to the conclusion that man 
 is thoroughly and hopelessly insane? Should we not warn the 
 angels against having anything to do with a race of lunatics so 
 dangerous? 
 
 "We have come to this, — that about three hundred million hu- 
 man beings on this side and two hundred million on that are now 
 engaged in trying to inflict upon each other the greatest possible 
 amount of death, mutilation, and material loss, and have so far 
 succeeded as to kill or wound forty millions and to destroy $75,000,- 
 000,000 worth of wealth at the very least. As a test case of what 
 man is, and what he is capable of, we shall look in vain for any 
 single episode or revealing action that will tell a more eloquent 
 tale about man — that is, if we are to judge him by what he does 
 rather than by what he says, as surely we ought to do. We could 
 not hesitate as to the conclusion to be drawn from such premise3. 
 To conclude that human nature is brutal, or wicked, or selfish, or 
 cruel, would not be enough. Human nature, we should have to say, 
 is plainly mad. Insanity, and not reason, is the prerogative of 
 man. . . . 
 
 " A proposal has been made to insure perpetual peace by a new 
 piece of machinery — a federation of all the states controlled by a 
 World Parliament. It is a proposal which leaves me cold. . . . 
 
 " The federation of the world would be a cockpit of civil war. 
 Before any such form of internationalism can be successfully at- 
 tempted, a preliminary step must be a complete change of nature 
 in each of the combining states." •* 
 
 * Quoted in Current History, October, 191G, pp. 113-115. 
 
90 
 
 The World War 
 
 The statements of these editors and scholars regard- 
 ing the present situation are true to the facts, and rep- 
 resent the opinions of many men of keen vision and 
 great opportunities for observation. 
 
 The Whole World to be Involved 
 
 In the war of Armageddon the whole world will be 
 represented and involved, for with prophetic eye John 
 
 Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 A German Paper Factory used for a huge Army Bakery 
 
 saw demon spirits going " forth unto the kings of the 
 whole world, to gather them together unto the war." 
 
 Fifty years ago it would hardly have been passible 
 to suggest international complications that would drag 
 the whole world into the vortex of war. But the na- 
 tions have been making history, and today it is not 
 difficult to outline a tangle that would involve every 
 nation in the world. In fact, the tangle is well in sight, 
 and it is now very difficult to see how the causes of the 
 present great war can possibly be prevented from even- 
 
Armageddon 
 
 91 
 
 tually leading the whole world into the battle of Ar- 
 mageddon. 
 
 Where the Battle of Armageddon Will be Fought 
 
 " They gathered them together into the place which 
 is called in Hebrew Har-Magedon." Rev. 16 : 16, A. R. V. 
 
 From this reading it is evident that Armageddon is 
 a place — the place where " the battle of that great day 
 
 Boston Photo News Co. 
 
 A German Trooper Buying Bread from a Wayside Bakery in Poland 
 
 of God " is to be fought. That battle may be called 
 the " Battle of Armageddon," the same as Napoleon's 
 battle with the Mamelukes near the pyramids of Egypt 
 is called the " Battle of the Pyramids." Nelson's naval 
 battle with the French at the mouth of the Nile has 
 come down in history as the " Battle of the Nile." 
 
 The storm center of the last great clash of the na- 
 tions, the place where the decisive battle of the last 
 
92 
 
 The World War 
 
 world-struggle is to be fought, will be Armageddon. 
 
 Of this place the Encyclopedia Americana says: — 
 
 "Armageddon, the great battle field where occurred the chief 
 conflicts between the Israelites and their enemies. The name was 
 applied to the table-land of Esdraelon in Galilee and Samaria, in 
 the center of which stood the town of Megiddo, on the site of the 
 modern Lejjun." 
 
 Armageddon Also Named Esdraelon 
 
 From this statement it appears that the place called 
 Armageddon was also called Esdraelon. 
 
 Boston Photo News Co. 
 
 Dinner Time for French Prisoners in Germany 
 
 " This name is given to the great plain of central Palestine, 
 which extends from the Mediterranean to the Jordan, separating 
 the mountain ranges of Carmel and Samaria from those of Galilee. 
 ... It is the ancient plain of Megiddo, the Armageddon of Reve- 
 lation 16: 16." 5 
 
 By a glance at the map of Palestine it will be easy 
 to locate this plain called Armageddon and Esdraelon. 
 Starting at the base of Mt. Carmel on the Mediterra- 
 nean Sea, its southern line runs in a southeasterly di- 
 rection along the Samaria ranges to Mt. Ebal near the 
 
 '' Abbott, " Dictionary of Religions Knowledge." 
 
Armageddon 93 
 
 Jordan. Here the plain turns to the northeast as far 
 as Mt. Tabor, not far from the Sea of Galilee. From 
 that point the northern boundary extends westward to 
 the plain of Acre on the Mediterranean Sea. The most 
 southern point of this plain is about forty miles north 
 of Jerusalem. 
 
 Although the apostle John is the only Bible writer 
 who uses the word " Armageddon " in foretelling world- 
 struggles, he is not the only prophet who foretells the 
 great war of Armageddon. His prophecy agrees with 
 the prophecies given by other inspired writers centu- 
 ries before his time. The prophet Daniel, in foretelling 
 the clash that will take place among the nations at the 
 time of Turkey's downfall, describes this as " a time of 
 trouble, such as never was since there was a nation." '^ 
 
 From Constantinople to Jerusalem 
 
 In his prophetic outline of the nations, Daniel fore- 
 tells the transfer of the Turkish capital from Constan- 
 tinople to Jerusalem. Of Turkey he says : — 
 
 " He shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas 
 in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and 
 none shall help him." 
 
 Two things are here foretold of the Turk : First, he 
 shall establish his palace in the " glorious holy moun- 
 tain;" second, he shall then "come to his end." 
 
 The palace, it is fair to assume, stands for the dwell- 
 ing place of the sovereign — the capital. " The glorious 
 holy mountain " to which this capital is to be removed, 
 is Mt. Zion, where Jerusalem stands. This is made 
 plain by Daniel, who says : — 
 
 " Lord, according to all Thy righteousness, I beseech Thee, 
 let Thine anger and Thy fury be turned away from Thy city Jeru- 
 salem, Thy holy mountain." Dan. 9:16. 
 
 The prophet Zechariah corroborates this statement: 
 
 8 See Dan. 11:40-45; 12: 1. 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 HOW " TOMMY ATKINS " TAKES HIS DINNER IN THE TRENCHES 
 
 94 
 
Armageddon 
 
 95 
 
 "Thus saith the Lord: I am returned unto Zion, and will dwell 
 in the midst of Jerusalem: and Jerusalem shall be called a city of 
 truth; and the mountain of the Lord of hosts the holy mountain." 
 Zeeh. 8: 3. 
 
 Thus is plainly foretold the transfer of Turkey's 
 capital from Constantinople to Jeiusalem. Everything 
 
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 German Trench Building 
 
 in sight at this time indicates that the Turk must soon 
 leave Constantinople. Turkey's victories in Egypt from 
 1798 to 1825 were among her last. From that time 
 until the present, Turkey has been going to pieces. She 
 has lost all her possessions in Africa, and all in Europe 
 save a small portion of the Balkan Peninsula surround- 
 ing Constantinople. And now this small fraction seems 
 destined to be wrested from her. As the editor of the 
 Los Angeles Times says : — 
 
 " The day of the Turk in Europe is practically at an end. . . . 
 Constantinople, a position of wonderful advantage, must fall into 
 •new hands, and all are wide open to catch the prize." 
 
96 The World War 
 
 A Drying-up Process ' 
 
 Describing' the gradual decay of Turkey, Lord Bryce 
 
 says : — 
 
 " The high-water mark of Turkish conquest had been reached 
 when Vienna was saved by the Polish Iting, John Sobieslti, in a. d. 
 1683. Ever since then the recession of the water has been unin- 
 terrupted. . . . 
 
 " One by one its European provinces have been stripped away. 
 Hungary was lost, and then in succession Transylvania and Bes- 
 sarabia, and the two Danubian principalities which now constitute 
 the Rumanian kingdom, and Greece, and Serbia, and Bosnia, and 
 Thessaly, and Eastern Rumelia, and Crete. . . . 
 
 " It would, indeed, have before now been torn to pieces by 
 revolt or absorbed by rapacious neighbors had not the mutual jeal- 
 ousies of the European states interposed a check. . . . 
 
 " If, during the last hundred years, the Turkish Empire had 
 stood alone and unbefriended, as the east Roman Empire had stood 
 alone in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, it would before 
 now have perished from the earth. The process of decay goes 
 steadily on for the most obvious of all reasons. . . . 
 
 " The conditions are such that, even if by some amazing chance 
 such a man as Solyman the Magnificent or Akbar the Great were 
 to come to the throne, there is little probability that the process of 
 decline could be arrested. It advances with the steady march of a 
 law of nature. Every European statesman knows this. Every 
 thinking man in Turkey itself knows it. That hopefulness must 
 be blind indeed which does not recognize that the problem now is 
 not how to keep the Turkish Empire permanently in being, but how 
 to minimize the shock of its fall and what to substitute for it." 
 
 A Tragic Event 
 
 The tragic character of what is now taking place in 
 Turkey is expressed by Albert Bushnell Hart, professor 
 of history in Harvard University, as follows : — 
 
 " Tragic as are the obsequies of a soldier, how much more 
 tragic are the obsequies of a nation, the last ceremonies over a 
 proud empire which for half a millennium has caused its people 
 to rejoice and its enemies to tremble. 
 
 " That is what the world is witnessing now. The sick man of 
 Turkey is dying at last. The government offices are open; Con- 
 stantinople is there; twenty millions of Turkish subjects still live; 
 hundreds of thousands of men are called soldiers, and a score of 
 vessels name themselves a navy. Nevertheless Turkey is seeing its 
 last days. It may live weeks, months, perhaps a few years; but 
 the end is in sight; the country is dying." 
 
Armageddon 97 
 
 And this is precisely what the prophets foretold. 
 Daniel said : " He shall come to his end, and none shall 
 help him." Dan. 11:45. John said this nation would 
 be " dried up." And both of these prophets declared 
 that its end would be accompanied by the greatest trou- 
 ble the world had ever known. Said Daniel, " There 
 shall be a time of trouble, such as never was since there 
 was a nation even to that same time." Dan. 12: 1. 
 John declared that when the Turkish Empire should be 
 " dried up," the way would " be prepared " — made 
 ready — for the nations to gather at Armageddon for 
 " the war of the great day of God, the Almighty." See 
 Rev. 16 : 13-16. 
 
 These predictions, written many centuries ago, are 
 now in process of rapid fulfilment. Though the great 
 Armageddon is not yet being fought, nor has that awful 
 " time of trouble " gripped the world, these events are 
 approaching with alarming rapidity. The generation 
 now living is watching the fulfilment as it is told almost 
 hourly in the daily papers. How serious are these great 
 events! How full of meaning to the world! 
 
 Joel's Prophecy of War 
 
 The prophet Joel foresaw this time and the tremen- 
 dously serious events now occurring. He saw the mani- 
 festation of the war spirit and the anger of the nations. 
 He heard the universal proclamation of war. He saw 
 such colossal preparations for war that it appeared as 
 if the nations were turning their implements of agri- 
 culture into instruments of warfare and destruction. 
 He saw the nations — awakened, aroused, maddened — 
 gathering in the land of Palestine for battle. And there 
 he saw their overthrow and utter destruction. His 
 prophecy should be read with the greatest care by all 
 the world j ust now. Here is his graphic description : — 
 7 
 
Armageddon 
 
 99 
 
 "Proclaim ye this among the Gentiles: Prepare war, wake 
 up the mighty men, let all the men of war draw near; let them 
 come up: beat your plowshares into swords, and your pruning 
 hooks into spears: let the weak say, I am strong. Assemble your- 
 selves, and come, all ye heathen, and gather yourselves together 
 round about: thither cause thy mighty ones to come down, O Lord. 
 Let the heathen be wakened, and come up to the valley of Jehosha- 
 phat: for there will I sit to judge all the heathen round about. 
 Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe: come, get you down; 
 
 " Prepare war, 
 
 beat your plowshares into swords " 
 
 for the press is full, the fats overflow; for their wickedness is great. 
 Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision: for the day of 
 the Lord is near in the valley of decision." Joel 3: 9-14. 
 
 All Pointed to the Same Events 
 
 That Daniel, Joel, and John were all foretelling' the 
 same great events, seems evident. They all located 
 them at the same time in the v^orld's history; namely, 
 at its close. Daniel said they would take place at the 
 time when Michael, the Prince of Peace, should arise 
 and take the government upon His shoulders. Dan. 
 12 : 1. Joel said they would be when " the day of the 
 Lord is near." John said they would occur when Christ 
 should declare, " Behold, I come." Rev. 16 : 15. 
 
100 The Woiid War 
 
 Furthermore, these prophets all predicted a war that 
 would bring upon the world " a time of trouble, such 
 as never was since there was a nation, even to that 
 same time." 
 
 These prophets all pointed to the same source for 
 deliverance; namely, to the world's Redeemer, the Son 
 of the Most High. He, they all united in declaring, 
 will be " the hope of His people." Joel 3 : 16. 
 
 Why should it be thought incredible that the great 
 war of today may be the beginning of the end — the 
 prelude of a war that will end in the extermination of 
 all the nations of the earth? 
 
 World's History Outlined in Prophecy 
 
 Centuries ago, the prophecies of the Bible foretold 
 the overthrow of the great world kingdoms that have 
 been established in the earth. Standing in the presence 
 of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the prophet Dan- 
 iel traced the rise and fall of one kingdom after an- 
 other down to the close of time, when the Prince of 
 Peace will establish His universal and everlasting king- 
 dom on the earth. 
 
 To Nebuchadnezzar, who represented the kingdom 
 over which he ruled, Daniel said : — 
 
 " After thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and 
 another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the 
 earth. And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron. . . . The 
 [this] kingdom shall be divided " into a number of kingdoms. 
 " They shall not cleave one to another. . . . And in the days of 
 these kings [kingdoms] shall the God of heaven set up a king- 
 dom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not 
 be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all 
 these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever." Dan. 2: 39-44. 
 
 Stormy Conflicts Foretold 
 
 This is a very brief but truly accurate forecast of 
 the succession of the great kingdoms that have come and 
 gone since Babylon flourished. In subsequent prophe- 
 cies, Daniel foretold the stormy conflicts that would 
 
Armageddon 101 
 
 sweep these kingdoms away one after another^ The 
 history that fulfils these prophecies is full of interest 
 and importance, even though it be the history of dev- 
 astating wars. 
 
 Now the prophecies that foretell the war of Arma- 
 geddon, predict a universal war, a war of all the nations, 
 a war that will sweep away all the kingdoms of the 
 world. These prophecies are just as clear and definite 
 and positive as are those which foretell the overthrow 
 of single kingdoms that have gone down in ruin during 
 the past centuries. They give the cause, the place, and 
 the results of the war of Armageddon. 
 
 Armageddon Closes the World's History 
 
 The prophecies are very plain and definite regard- 
 ing the time of the Armageddon conflict. John tells us 
 it is " the battle of that great day of God." When it 
 is about to break, the Saviour says, " Behold, I come." 
 When it is over, there will be heard " a great voice out 
 of the temple of heaven," saying, " It is done." Rev. 
 16 : 15, 17. The angel Gabriel said to Daniel : " At that 
 time shall Michael [Christ] stand up, the great Prince 
 which standeth for the children of thy people: . . . and 
 at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one 
 that shall be found written in the book." Dan. 12: 1. 
 The prophet Joel says it will come when " the day of 
 the Lord is near," and that then " the Lord will be the 
 hope of His people." Joel 3: 14, 16. 
 
 Language could not be clearer. Armageddon will 
 be a last-day event. It will come at the close of the 
 sad, tragic history of this world. 
 
 Armageddon is to be the last cruel, devastating war 
 of the human race. The nations will then do what they 
 now declare to be their purpose, " fight this controversy 
 out to a finish." That was the outlook given by the 
 prophets, and it is the situation as it exists today. 
 
 ^ See Daniel 7. 
 
Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 A 12-INCH SKODA SIEGE GUN OF THE GERMAN ARMY 
 
 102 
 
Copyright, Undeivvood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 Latest Type of Armored Motor Car 
 
 THE PRESENT OUTLOOK 
 
 The achievements of this age have increased the op- 
 portunities of the human race beyond the wildest imag- 
 ination of men in former generations. These oppor- 
 tunities are placed alike v^^ithin the grasp of single 
 individuals, of combinations of individuals, and of na- 
 tions. 
 
 There are single men today who wield greater power 
 than a whole nation did a few centuries ago. And this 
 power is multiplied as men center their interests and 
 endeavors in commercial, political, and national organi- 
 zations. 
 
 Realizing the value and the advantages of these in- 
 creased opportunities, nations have become possessed of 
 boundless ambitions to extend their boundaries, their 
 commerce, and their power. It is these ambitions, so 
 possible of realization, that multiply the probabilities 
 and dangers of international competition, and strife, 
 and war. 
 
 103 
 
104 The World War 
 
 As ocean traffic has developed, the great nations 
 have been in sharp, determined competition to establish 
 themselves in advantageous and strategic positions in 
 all parts of the world. To this end they have built 
 navies and merchant fleets, they have secured extensive 
 colonial possessions, and developed far-reaching com- 
 mercial enterprises. 
 
 A Race for Advantages 
 
 But with all this extension of boundary lines, in- 
 crease of population, and growth of commerce, no nation 
 seems to be satisfied. Russia's determination to gain 
 greater advantages by securing free, safe, permanent 
 access to the oceans, through the Bosporus and the Dar- 
 danelles, has always been loaked upon by the other na- 
 tions as a great menace to their interests and welfare. 
 On the other hand, the nations claim that Germany's 
 determination to establish a route, under German con- 
 trol, from the North Sea to the Persian Gulf, imperils 
 their very existence. 
 
 Surveying the whole field, it is difficult to see any- 
 thing ahead but war as long as the nations have power 
 to fight. The victory of the Allies would wreck the 
 Teutonic policy of expansion and commercial suprem- 
 acy. It would hold Germany in England's grip in the 
 North Sea. It would continue the possibility of France's 
 recovering Alsace and Lorraine. It would give Russia 
 the waterway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. 
 It would fortify England in the Mediterranean, at the 
 Suez Canal, and in her overseas possessions. And it 
 would strengthen France and Italy. All this would cut 
 off Germany's road to the Persian Gulf, and Austria's 
 route to the ^gean Sea. This would give Russia a 
 dominant position in the Balkan Peninsula, which the 
 Teutonic Powers believe would threaten their existence. 
 
 On the other hand, the triumph of the Teutonic 
 Powers would reverse all this. It would add to Ger- 
 
The Present Outlook 105 
 
 many's territory, commerce, power, and security. It 
 would make Germany's influence supreme in Constanti- 
 nople, and German trade and industry dominant in 
 Syria, Arabia, and the valley of the Euphrates. It 
 would establish Austria-Hungary's control over the 
 northern part of the Balkan Peninsula, and give her a 
 naval base at Salonika, on the ^gean, — a position 
 which she has long sought. It would also give her a 
 dominant position in the Adriatic. 
 
 This issue was clearly understood before the war be- 
 gan. Each side knew full well what defeat would mean, 
 and all parties went into the struggle to fight to the 
 death for victory. With such tremendous interests at 
 stake, and in such violent conflict, what are the proba- 
 bilities before us? Do they presage peace, or war? 
 
 A Dark Outlook 
 
 With the horrors of the great war growing more 
 terrible at each new turn of affairs, alarm regarding 
 the future is deepening. So far, the developments of 
 the conflict have disappointed everybody. Things have 
 not gone as was expected. The situation seems to be- 
 come more complicated and puzzling. The hope of a set- 
 tlement of the differences, and of general, permanent 
 peace, is growing smaller as the struggle continues. 
 Some of the men of largest vision are openly predicting 
 that this war will not bring peace. It may cease for a 
 time; but after a lull, a storm greater in its sweep and 
 more devastating in its effects is likely to burst upon the 
 world. 
 
 In a careful and extended review of conditions now 
 existing, Prof. Edward Alsworth Ross, head of the de- 
 partment of sociology in the University of Wisconsin, 
 states his conclusion as follows : — 
 
 " A cool, relentless analysis of the situation discloses little 
 ground for hopeful anticipation. On the contrary, the prospect is 
 
The Present Outlook 107 
 
 one of the blackest humanity has ever faced. Such is tho appalling 
 outlook if we continue on the national line." 
 
 Conflict Not Ended by Expulsion of Turkey 
 
 The taking of Constantinople will not end the con- 
 flict. The waterway from the Black Sea to the Medi- 
 terranean must go with Constantinople. And it would 
 seem that the territory along this waterway must go 
 with it. That would involve a struggle for the eastern 
 part of the Balkan Peninsula, and at least the western 
 part of Asia Minor. Thus the Turk would be forced 
 back into Syria and Palestine, into the very region 
 where the prophet saw him established, — " the glorious 
 holy mountain," Jerusalem. 
 
 But the prophet saw beyond the establishment of the 
 Turkish capital at Jerusalem. He saw and foretold the 
 overthrow, the utter ruin, of the government of Turkey 
 after it had planted its capital in Jerusalem. From 
 the conditions that have developed in recent times, and 
 from the complex and wholly unsolved problem of the 
 disposal of Asiatic Turkey, it is easy to see how quickly 
 there could arise fiery complications regarding the di- 
 vision of Asiatic Turkey and the possession of the city 
 of Jerusalem, that would lead to another devastating 
 war, which would blot the Turkish government out of 
 existence. 
 
 This danger is clearly foreseen by close students of 
 conditions in the Near East. Referring to the recent 
 agreement of the Allies, that if they are victorious, 
 Russia shall have Constantinople and the Dardanelles, 
 J. Ellis Barker says : — 
 
 " While we may rejoice that the ever-threatening problem of 
 Constantinople has at last been eliminated, it is possible that an- 
 other may arise in its place. The question of Asiatic Turkey may 
 convulse the world in a series of devastating wars unless it be 
 solved together with the other great questions which will come 
 up for settlement at the Peace Congress. 
 
 " Innumerable great and small problems will have to be con- 
 sidered at the Peace. Not only the map of Europe, but that of the 
 
108 The World War 
 
 world, will have to be redrawn. The coming settlement will be 
 greater, and may be far more diflBcult, than that made at Vienna a 
 hundred years ago. , . . 
 
 " The question of Asiatic Turkey is undoubtedly a far more 
 difficult question than that of Constantinople. . . . The impor- 
 tance and value of Asiatic Turkey . . . can scarcely be over- 
 exaggerated, for it occupies undoubtedly the most important stra- 
 tegical position in the world. It forms the nucleus and center of 
 the Old World. It separates, and at the same time connects, Eu- 
 rope, Asia, and Africa, three continents which are inhabited by ap- 
 proximately nine tenths of the human race. . . . 
 
 " A powerful Asiatic Turkey can obviously dominate not only 
 the Bosporus, the Dardanelles, and the Suez Canal, but the very 
 narrow entrance of the Red Sea near Aden, and that of the Persian 
 Gulf near Muscat as well. It must not be forgotten that only a 
 comparatively short distance, a stretch of country under the nom- 
 inal rule of weak and decadent Persia, separates Asiatic Turkey from 
 the Indian frontier. It is clear that Asiatic Turkey, lying in the 
 center of the Old World, is at the same time a natural fortress of 
 the greatest defensive strength and an ideal base for a surprise 
 attack upon southern Russia, Constantinople, the M^ean Islands, 
 Greece, the Suez Canal, Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan, and India." 
 
 Mr. Baker quotes Prof. Dr. A. Sprenger, former di- 
 rector of the Mohammedan College of Calcutta, who 
 wrote in his book, " Babylonia, the Richest Land of 
 Antiquity, and the Most Valuable Field of Colonization 
 at the Present Time," published in 1886 : — 
 
 " ' The Orient is the only territory of the earth which has not 
 yet been seized by the expanding nations. It is the most valuable 
 field of colonization. If Germany does not miss its opportunity, and 
 seizes it before the Cossacks have put their hands upon it, the 
 whole German nation will gain by the colonization of the East. As 
 soon as several hundred thousand German soldier-colonists are at 
 work in that glorious country, the German emperor can control 
 the fate of Western Asia and the peace of all Asia.' . . . 
 
 " It seems necessary for the peace of the world," Mr. Barker 
 comments in conclusion, " that Asiatic Turkey in its entiret.^ should 
 be neutralized . . . under the auspices of a strong but non-military 
 and unaggressive State. . . . ^f the powers should not be able to 
 agree, ... it would become necessary to divide Asiatic Turkey 
 into zones of influence. . . . However, it seems very doubtful whether 
 the partition of Asiatic Turkey would prove a final one. It is much 
 to be feared that it would lead to a disaster perhaps as great as 
 the present war." i 
 
 ' The 'S'inetecnih Cenliiri! and After, June, 1916. 
 
The Present Outlook 
 
 109 
 
 Thus it appears that the more carefully we study the 
 situation in the Near East, the more clearly it is seen 
 that the storm-center of the world-conflicts is to be 
 Asiatic Turkey. For a hundred years Constantinople 
 has been the storm-center of European powers. That 
 city is about to pass from Turkey into other hands, and 
 
 Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
 
 Plowing Trenches in France 
 
 as soon as the transfer is made, the storm-center, it 
 seems evident, will move to Asiatic Turkey. 
 
 Future Possession of Jerusalem 
 
 From the first days of the fiery Crusades to the 
 present hour the possession of Jerusalem has been a 
 question of contention among the nations and religious 
 bodies of both Europe and Asia. Elements of danger 
 still lurk in this contention. 
 
 It is significant that already, on the eve of Turkey's 
 expulsion from Constantinople, claims to the future pos- 
 
110 
 
 The World War 
 
 session of Jerusalem are being set up. Herr A. Kirch- 
 enheim, in the Deutsche Revue, under the significant 
 question, "Who is to have Jerusalem?" says: — 
 
 " The solution of this question is an important part of the 
 so-called Eastern Question. Constantinople, of course, is the brilliant 
 on the possession of which everything will turn — from the military. 
 
 Photo, u I 
 
 a, M. Y. 
 
 Krupp Aerial Gun 
 
 the political, and the economic side the most important; Jerusalem 
 is the other precious stone for the possession of which men fought 
 in the times of the Crusades, and which again some seventy years 
 ago became the cause of feuds and war. The question of the future 
 of Jerusalem and of Palestine may not be exactly a burning one, 
 but it is certainly one which the politician will have to consider 
 very soon, . . . From the German standpoint, the powers could not 
 now do anything better or wiser than give Germany the preference 
 in Jerusalem. The question is, Will the powers consider Germany 
 the most suitable country to take over the administration of this 
 part of Asia Minor? " - 
 
 "Quoted in Review of licviews, Marcli, 1914. 
 
The Present Outlook 111 
 
 It is certainly true that the solution of the question 
 as to who is to have Jerusalem, is an important part 
 of the Eastern Question. While Constantinople is the 
 great " brilliant " in the Near East, Jerusalem is the 
 other " precious stone " coveted by all. The question of 
 the future of Jerusalem and Palestine, as Mr. Kirchen- 
 heim says, " may not be exactly a burning one, but it 
 is certainly one which the politician will have to con- 
 sider very soon." He then asserts Germany's claim, and 
 asks if the powers will " consider Germany the most 
 suitable country to take over the administration of this 
 part of Asia Minor." The war now devastating Europe 
 is an expression of the refusal of the powers to allow 
 Germany to take over the administration of either Con- 
 stantinople or any part of Asia Minor. 
 
 Unholy War in Palestine 
 
 Already men have the conviction that the present 
 World War is going to be carried into Palestine and 
 finished there. " That millions are concerned about what 
 is to become of Palestine and Jerusalem," observes the 
 editor of Current Opinion,^ " is more than evident from 
 the many discussions of this theme found in leading 
 periodicals." 
 
 Prof. L. Schneller, a resident of Jerusalem, tells us 
 that — 
 
 " Jerusalem has now become a great military center. The 
 town and the public highways are crowded with soldiers and their 
 equipment. . . . The citadel of the city, with its two mighty towers 
 dating back to the times of King Herod, is the scene of great things. 
 Not since the days of the Crusader have such things been wit- 
 nessed in this sacred territory. The government has by compul- 
 sory purchase secured from the French owners the railroads of 
 the land, especially that from Joppa to Jerusalem. The Holy Land 
 has again become what it was in the days of the great world powers 
 of antiquity, — Babylon, Assyria, and Egypt, — the military and 
 commercial gateway between Asia and Africa." ^ 
 
 8 June, 191G. ■'Idem. 
 
112 The World War 
 
 The editor of the Sun declares : — 
 
 " As the war develops, we may look for early news of clashes 
 in Bible lands. At best the Latins and Greeks are normally in a 
 state of armed truce there. Even the fear of the Moslem does not 
 drive them together. In Constantinople, Jerusalem, Beirut, Alex- 
 andria, and elsewhere in the region of the Mediterranean, each of 
 these faiths has a section of the city to itself. Religion means more 
 politically than It does spiritually to the people of the Balkans and 
 of the lands which were the scene of Bible history. 
 
 " One of the likeliest effects of the war will be the realization 
 by certain powers of their dreams for possession of Palestine. 
 Russia is thirsty for the warm waters of the Mediterranean, and 
 Austria has long been resolute to possess a seaport on the ^gean 
 Sea. 
 
 " These contending and intricate international aspirations are 
 likely to brush aside the sultan's throne, and to result in the division 
 of the Turkish Empire. Land and oil fields down in the storied 
 region of the Garden of Eden are coveted by both Germany and 
 Britain; and we may hear strange news from the Persian Gulf ere 
 peace pacts are signed." ^ 
 
 Under the title, "Will the War End in Palestine?" 
 Mr. Maynard Owen Williams makes the following sig- 
 nificant statements : — 
 
 " The present war is bringing into new prominence a land that 
 has been the battlefield of history. Once again the attention of the 
 world is being turned to the land of Syria. The battle fields of 
 antiquity may be the battle fields of tomorrow. Geography has laid 
 its impress on the land, and history repeats itself along geographical 
 lines. . . . 
 
 " Another battle may drench Esdraelon in blood. Jerusalem, 
 formerly sheltered by its aloofness from the plains, now holds a 
 prominent place in the thoughts of the governments whose mag- 
 nificent hospices have almost hidden the little city which lies on 
 the direct line of the advance toward Egypt. Unholy war threat- 
 ens to bring sorrow and suffering once more to the land of Cal- 
 vary. . . . 
 
 " Thus it will be seen that it is by no means an improbable 
 thing that tiny Judea, the birthplace of Christ, may be stirred by 
 the rumble of troop trains, and even quiet Bethlehem may feel the 
 ominous throb of a land stirred by the throes of war. The Holy 
 Land may be the turning-point. 
 
 " The citizens of Nazareth may gaze down upon the great battle 
 field of the centuries, and see there the final confiict." 
 
 ^ New York Evening Sun, Aug. 8, 1914. 
 
The Preseyit Outlook 113 
 
 Misguided by Demons 
 
 The apostle John saw the nations deceived, mis- 
 guided, inflamed, and crazed by demon spirits. He saw 
 these nations locked in deadly combat that ended in the 
 extermination of the race. Then he heard the voice of 
 God saying, " It is done." Then there came '' a great 
 earthquake, such as was not since men were upon the 
 earth, so mighty an earthquake, and so great. . . . And 
 every island fled away, and the mountains were not 
 found." Rev. 16 : 18-20. 
 
 This account agrees with all the others of the Bible 
 which tell of the end of all things earthly. It is the 
 same as that given by Joel, in which he tells of the 
 universal proclamation of war, the beating of the im- 
 plements of agriculture into instruments of destruction; 
 of the aroused, awakened heathen nations gathering in 
 great multitudes about the valley of Jehoshaphat in 
 Palestine. Then he adds : — 
 
 " Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. . . . The Lord also 
 shall roar out of Zion, and utter his voice from Jerusalem; and 
 the heavens and the earth shall shake: but the Lord will be the hope 
 of his people." Joel 3: 13-16. 
 
 These seers must surely have had a view of the same 
 great world-conflict and the same terrible consequences. 
 They saw the warring nations hushed in death, and the 
 bloody strife forever past. 
 
 Thus the real Armageddon, the Armageddon of the 
 Bible, is a most serious affair. It is under satanic lead- 
 ership. It is backed by boundless ambition for con- 
 quest, and insatiable thirst for power. It comes at the 
 close of human history, setting at naught the highest 
 ideals of both civilization and Christianity. 
 
 Armageddon is the last act in the drama of human 
 history. It ends with the extermination of the human 
 race, except those who have before found refuge in God, 
 and it leaves the world in utter ruin. 
 
MOSES VIEWING THE PROMISED LAND 
 
 114 
 
King of Kings and Lord of Lords " 
 
 A KINGDOM OF RIGHTEOUSNESS 
 
 When the great war of Armageddon closes, the cur- 
 tain will go down on a world that will never reappear. 
 That war will close an age — an age of conflict between 
 the forces of good and of evil, an age made terrible 
 by enmity, strife, war, bloodshed, and by indescribable 
 sorrow and suffering. 
 
 But that will not be the end of the human race. 
 Another and a better age will follow. In the purpose 
 of the Creator there is something for mankind infinitely 
 better than anything that has been experienced during 
 the present age of mixed good and evil, with the evil 
 apparently triumphant. As surely as there is a Supreme 
 Being, so surely is there to be " a new heaven and a 
 new earth." The day is coming when the reign of sin 
 will be broken, and its very existence ended. Then the 
 knowledge of the glory and righteousness of God will 
 cover the earth " as the waters cover the sea." Hab. 
 2: 14. Then the kingdom of God will be established 
 among men, and he will cause " wars to cease unto the 
 end of the earth." Ps, 46 : 9, 
 
116 The World War 
 
 This is the hope that inspires and sustains every be- 
 liever in the Word of the living God. As another^ has 
 said : — 
 
 " In the midst of wars and rumors of wars, of national changes 
 and the uncertainty which attends all human planning, this kingdom 
 is the refuge of faith. Wearied as we may be with the rising and 
 falling, the waxing and waning, the uplifting and the destroying, 
 which are the successive developments of man's wisdom and power, 
 we may give glory to God that we stand near a throne that can 
 shelter us always, and belong to a kingdom that cannot be moved. 
 And as the noise of the conflict between the good and the evil is 
 heard all around us, importing a terrible crisis " for the nations 
 of earth, " shaking the foundations of fortune, rending the fondest 
 associations of life, and casting a veil of uncertainty on all the 
 prospect before us, it is an unspeakable privilege to see that our 
 Lord's throne stands unshaken, and the light of His glory still 
 beams on Mount Zion. For the judgments v/hich confound the 
 nations with terror, reveal Christ to the church as He rides on 
 the storm; and, amid the upheavings of kingdoms, rises to Him 
 the ascription: 'Thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, 
 forever.' " 
 
 There is no dimness in the vision of the prophets 
 concerning God's everlasting kingdom. 
 
 " The word of God is pledged. The power of Satan shall be 
 broken; death is to be destroyed; the earth shall be redeemed; the 
 stains of sin shall be effaced from the abodes of men. . . . All proph- 
 ecy is burdened with this pledge of a future triumph so complete 
 that nothing can be desired to be added to it; and the last prayer of 
 the Bible is for the speedy coming of the Lord, to assume His king- 
 dom and complete His work." 2 
 
 The plan of redemption provides for both a gospel 
 of righteousness and a kingdom of righteousness. The 
 gospel is preparing subjects for the kingdom. The gos- 
 pel belongs to this age, the kingdom to the future age. 
 When the gospel work is finished, this age will end, and 
 there will follow a new age, in which the kingdom of 
 righteousness will be established. This is the clearly- 
 announced purpose of God for mankind. When His Son 
 
 iRev. Robert R. Booth. Mdem. 
 
A Kingdom of Righteousness 117 
 
 came to this world as the Saviour of men, it was de- 
 clared that this was preparatory to His kingship. Of 
 Him the heavenly messenger said : — 
 
 "He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: 
 and the Lord God shall give unto Him the throne of His Father 
 David: and He shall reign over the house of Jacob forever; and 
 of His kingdom there shall be no end." Luke 1: 32, 33. 
 
 Centuries before the first advent of Christ, the 
 prophet Isaiah had been instructed to announce : — 
 
 "Unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given: and the 
 government shall be upon His shoulder: and His name shall be 
 called Wonderful, Counselor, The mighty God, The everlasting 
 Father, The Prince of Peace. Of the increase of His government 
 and peace there shall be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon 
 His kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with 
 justice from henceforth even forever." Isa. 9: -7, 8. 
 
 He shall be called " The Prince of Peace," and " the 
 government shall be upon His shoulder." In the ful- 
 ness of time He will take control of affairs. The gov- 
 ernment of this world will then pass from the hands of 
 men to the Son of God. It is then that " the kingdoms 
 of this world " will become " the kingdoms of our Lord, 
 and of His Christ; and He shall reign forever and 
 ever." Rev. 11:15. Then will be fulfilled the proph- 
 ecy of Daniel, that to the Son of God there was given 
 " dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, 
 nations, and languages, should serve Him: His dominion 
 is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, 
 and His kingdom that which shall not be destroyed." 
 Dan. 7 : 14. 
 
 The subjects of this kingdom will be the redeemed, 
 the saints of the Most High ; for " the kingdom and do- 
 minion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the 
 whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints 
 of the Most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting 
 kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey Him." 
 Dan. 7 : 27. 
 
lis 
 
 The World War 
 
 These subjects are now being prepared by the gospel 
 of salvation. Thus it is that throughout this age there 
 has been a sharp conflict between the forces of good 
 and of evil. As the culmination of the controversy ap- 
 proaches, the conflict will grow more fierce, and the 
 visible agencies ranged on opposite sides will become 
 more active under their opposing leaders. This is the 
 divine program as set forth in the Scriptures of truth. 
 
 The Great World-Movements 
 
 The prophecies of the Bible foretell two great world- 
 movements which are to be signs, heralds, of the ap- 
 
 " Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature " 
 
 proaching end of human history and of the setting up 
 of the glorious and everlasting kingdom of our Lord and 
 Saviour. One of these signs is a movement resulting in 
 the world-wide proclamation of the gospel of peace on 
 earth and good will to men. The other sign is a move- 
 ment that will result in universal war among the na- 
 tions of the world. 
 
A Kingdom of Righteousness 119 
 
 These two movements are direct opposites. One is 
 for peace; the other is for conflict. One brings life; the 
 other brings death. One is for restoration; the other is 
 for destruction. 
 
 These movements are both world wide in their oper- 
 ations. The gospel is to be " preached in all the world 
 for a witness unto all nations." Matt. 24 : 14. The war 
 is to be carried on by " the kings of the earth and of 
 the whole world." Rev. 16 : 14. 
 
 Both movements are to be in operation at the same 
 time. While the heralds of the cross will be proclaim- 
 ing the gospel of peace on earth, good will to men, sal- 
 vation from sin, and life everlasting, the war-maddened 
 nations will be preaching war, beating their plowshares 
 into swords, and preparing for the mightiest conflict of 
 all the long, bloody history of the human race. 
 
 Both of these world-movements are declared to be 
 signs of the " day of God " and of the " end of the 
 world." They are active, impressive, ever-present signs. 
 
 These movements are led by two different forces: 
 The unseen, heavenly agencies that work for righteous- 
 ness, life, and everlasting happiness, are in charge of 
 the great gospel movement ; the unseen forces that stand 
 for sin, death, and eternal ruin, are marshaling the 
 nations of earth for universal war and devastation. 
 
 To Every Nation, Tongue, and People 
 
 The universality of the movement that results in the 
 proclamation of the gospel throughout the world, is one 
 of the great outstanding facts of Biblical prophecy. 
 From first to last, the gospel is set forth as a world- 
 movement — " world wide in its adaptation, its intention, 
 and its power." 
 
 Of the far-reaching extent of Christ's life and death 
 and ministry for men, Jehovah has declared through 
 Isaiah : — 
 
120 The World War 
 
 " It is a light thing that Thou shouldst be My servant to raise 
 up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved of Israel: I will 
 also give Thee for a light to the Gentiles [heathen], that Thou mayest 
 be My salvation unto the end of the earth." Isa 49: 6. 
 
 And Malachi, the last of the Old Testament proph- 
 ets, declared that " from the rising of the sun even unto 
 the going down of the same " the name of Christ would 
 be " great among the Gentiles." Mai. 1 : 11. 
 
 During His life on earth, Christ confined His jour- 
 neys and labors to the little land of Palestine, but He 
 boldly declared that the message He there proclaimed 
 would eventually go to the ends of the earth. He 
 said : — 
 
 " This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world 
 for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come." Matt. 
 24: 14. 
 
 What a daring prediction! At the time He made it, 
 Jesus stood almost alone in the world. He was not rec- 
 ognized by any of the world's great and influential lead- 
 ers. The Roman government was against Him. His 
 own nation had rejected Him. His followers were few, 
 and of the most common sort. He had been born in the 
 stable of an inn. During His public ministry. He was 
 so poor that He had no regular home, and He made no 
 provision for food. When not entertained by others, He 
 slept in the open ; and oftentimes He gathered such fruits 
 and grains from the land as the customs of the times 
 permitted. He knew that at the close of His career as 
 a man among men, He was to be crucified with crim- 
 inals, and to be buried in a borrowed tomb. 
 
 But notwithstanding these untoward conditions, and 
 in the face of them all, He calmly, confidently, boldly 
 declared to all men, through all time, that His message 
 would be proclaimed to all the people of the world. 
 The movement He had set on foot would. He gave assur- 
 ance, spread over the face of the earth, taking perma- 
 nent root and bearing glorious fruit in every nation. 
 
A Kingdom of Righteousness 121 
 
 How wonderfully have the centuries worked out the 
 forecast of this lone Man of Galilee! Today the possi- 
 bilities for the fulfilment of His bold prediction are 
 all that could be desired. Today His gospel is being 
 "preached in all the world." This prophecy of the 
 Master furnishes the explanation of the marvelous de- 
 velopments of the past century. 
 
 Explorers the Pathfinders for Missionaries 
 
 Much that pertains to exploration, discovery, inven- 
 tion, education, and the world's progress generally, has 
 surely been stimulated and controlled by an overrul- 
 ing Providence for the proclamation of Christ's gospel 
 throughout the world. 
 
 Exploration and discovery have given civilized na- 
 tions clear, well-defined knowledge of all the habitable 
 parts of the world. This is the first time in the history 
 of man when the whole earth, with its many peoples, 
 has become universally known. As late as the opening 
 of the nineteenth century, nearly one third of the globe 
 was absolutely unknown to civilized people. 
 
 " At the beginning of Queen Victoria's reign, practically nothing 
 was known of the interior of China and Japan, central Asia, Tibet, 
 and Afghanistan. As late as 1880 the interior of Africa was al- 
 most a blank." 
 
 How different the conditions today ! During the past 
 century, explorers, navigators, and discoverers have 
 found every land, ascended every navigable river, and 
 penetrated to the very heart of nearly every nation and 
 tribe on the face of the earth. This has opened India, 
 China, Japan, Africa, the island groups of the Pacific, 
 South America, and all other lands, to Western civili- 
 zation and Christian missionary endeavor. 
 
 Marvelous Transportation Facilities 
 
 While explorers have been bringing to the knowledge 
 of the world the location, distribution, and conditions of 
 
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A Kingdom of Righteousness 123 
 
 the races, inventors and capitalists have at the same 
 time been hard at work providing transportation fa- 
 cilities for safely yet quickly reaching any and every 
 part of the world. 
 
 When the nineteenth century opened, there was not 
 an ocean steamer afloat, nor was there a mile of rail- 
 road on the planet. Now there are steamship lines 
 traversing the seas to every important port on the globe, 
 while the railway lines reach the enormous total of 
 nearly one million miles — enough to belt the globe forty 
 times. These railway lines open continents, cross sandy 
 deserts, bridge rivers, and scale and tunnel mountain 
 ranges. By means of these transportation facilities, a 
 journey can be made around the world in a little more 
 than a month, and almost the remotest mission station 
 in a heathen land can be reached within two months 
 from an administrative center in a Christian land. 
 
 The captains of industry who have provided these 
 transportation facilities at the expense of untold mil- 
 lions of dollars, have had uppermost in their plans the 
 world's commerce; but the great Ruler of men and 
 nations has had in view the m^angelization of the world 
 in this generation, and has thus controlled their ambi- 
 tions and directed their energies. 
 
 The Transmission of Knowledge 
 
 By means of the printing press, the telegraph and 
 cable and telephone lines, the public school systems, the 
 public libraries, and the scientific, historical, and geo- 
 graphical societies, information can now be easily and 
 speedily conveyed to the great masses throughout the 
 world. Sixty thousand newspapers are being published 
 and widely distributed in all lands. As Henry Ward 
 Beecher once said : — 
 
 " Knowledge may be said, almost literally, to be without money 
 and without price, when for a penny a man, every day, may have 
 newspapers that cover the contemporaneous history of the globe. 
 
124 The World War 
 
 Books are cheaper than bread. None are so poor that they cannot 
 have the reading of the record of events transpiring in every nation 
 on the globe. And while we multiply the means of knowledge at 
 home, the facility of transportation makes it easier to send them to 
 the uttermost parts of the earth than in our fathers' days it was to 
 supply the near districts of our own land," 
 
 How wonderfully have been developed the material 
 instruments by which the knowledge of truth may be 
 multiplied and diffused! It is literally true, as Dr. 
 Leonard has observed, that " steamships, railroads, and 
 international postal systems, telegraph and cable lines, 
 are all placed under tribute that the way of the king- 
 dom of God may be established in all the earth." " 
 
 The Rule of Protestant Nations 
 
 One great change that has taken place in the inter- 
 ests of foreign mission conquests, has been the trans- 
 fer of a large proportion of the territory of the world 
 from non-Christian nations to nations favoring Chris- 
 tianity. In 1600, " only seven per cent of the territory 
 of the world was controlled by Christian nations, but 
 today eighty-two per cent, so that the growth of Chris- 
 tian control has passed, in three hundred years, from 
 seven to eighty-two per cent, while the control of non- 
 Christian nations has decreased from ninety-three per 
 cent to eighteen per cent." 
 
 There are more millions of people under the rule of 
 Protestant nations today than there are under the rule 
 of all the heathen nations combined. There is great 
 significance in this change of population from the con- 
 trol of non-Christian to Protestant nations. It is alto- 
 gether in favor of the efforts of the Christian church to 
 make Christ known to all ,men. 
 
 The Bible and World Evangelism 
 
 The Bible is Christ's message in written form, and 
 today it is in greater demand than at any previous time 
 
 3 " The Way of the Lord Prepared," p. 86. 
 
A Kingdom of Righteousness 125 
 
 in its centuries of existence. For a hundred years, the 
 Bible societies have been printing and circulating great 
 numbers of this book. The average yearly circulation 
 of the Bible and portions thereof at the present time is 
 more than fifteen millions of copies. It is now printed 
 in more than five hundred languages and dialects. The 
 American Bible Society, in its annual report for 1913, 
 declared that the requests which came to the society 
 during that year for more copies of the Bible were so 
 pressing and insistent as to be in the nature of de- 
 mands, and this after a hundred years of great activity, 
 during which this one society distributed a hundred mil- 
 lion copies and parts of copies! 
 
 During the same century the British and Foreign 
 Bible Society distributed two hundred and twenty-seven 
 million copies. And still that book is the best seller in 
 the world. Having survived hundreds of bitter attacks 
 from its enemies, it is now the most potent book in the 
 hands of the human race. It lives in the hearts of men, 
 influencing them more and more as the years go by. 
 This marvelous fact is a mighty challenge to every man. 
 All hail the power of Jesus' word! 
 
 Closed Doors Have Opened 
 
 The growth, the power, and the achievements of the 
 foreign missions movement during the past century are 
 truly marvelous. One hundred years ago there were less 
 than one hundred Protestant missionaries at work in 
 non-Christian lands. These were confined to a very few 
 places. In fact, most of the heathen world was closed 
 against them. Now all but a very few lands are wide 
 open to Christian missionaries. 
 
 And these open doors in all parts of the world are 
 being entered. Today there are twenty-five thousand 
 foreign missionaries stationed in non-Christian and non- 
 Protestant lands. These foreign workers are assisted by 
 
THE PROMISED KINGDOM 
 ' They shall not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain,'' 
 
 126 
 
A Kingdom of Righteoitsness 127 
 
 one hundred and twenty-five thousand native Christians 
 who have accepted the gospel. Thus by preaching and 
 teaching, by circulating the Scriptures and Christian lit- 
 erature, and by living Christian lives, the missionaries 
 are making known the gospel to multiplied millions who 
 had never heard of it a few decades ago. All that is now 
 done is in unlocking and throwing wide open other doors, 
 and making louder the call to the church for more mis- 
 sionaries. John R. Mott says : — 
 
 " There never was a time when simultaneously in so many sec- 
 tions of the world the opportunities for the extension of the Chris- 
 tian religion were so numerous and so extensive as at the present 
 time. This is true in the Far East and the Near East, in southern 
 Asia, in the Pacific island world, in nearly all parts of Africa, and 
 of Latin America. Moreover, so far as one can forecast the future, 
 there is not likely to come a time when the opportunities will be 
 greater than those with which the Christian church must deal today." 
 
 The Approaching End of the Ages 
 
 Thus, while the World War that involved so many 
 of the great powers in 1914, presages the rapid ap- 
 proach of universal war and universal ruin, — even the 
 Armageddon of prophetic Scripture that is to result in 
 the utter destruction of the kingdoms of this world, — 
 God is bringing into operation special providences for 
 the furtherance of the gospel movement which will re- 
 sult in the establishment of the everlasting kingdom of 
 our Lord and Saviour. The great outstanding world- 
 movements now in progress can have no other meaning. 
 They are divinely appointed signs of the approaching 
 end. Soon will be heard a voice from heaven declaring, 
 " The former things are passed away. . . . Behold, I 
 make all things new." Rev. 21:4, 5. Thus, and only 
 thus, will be realized the hopes of those who today are 
 looking for a new and better world following the ces- 
 sation of hostilities among the nations. The predictions 
 of the Bible prophets are declared to be " true and 
 faithful" (Rev. 21: 5) ; they will surely come to pass. 
 
128 The World War 
 
 The Gospel Invitation 
 
 In the marvelous missionary movement of the pres- 
 ent generation may be read the compassionate purpose 
 of God in behalf of the entire human race. Today is 
 sounding in every land the message : — 
 
 "Fear God, and give glory to Him; for the hour of His judgment 
 is come: and worship Him that made heaven, and earth, and the 
 sea, and the fountains of waters." Rev. 14: 7. 
 
 In connection with this are given solemn warnings 
 against becoming entangled with any world-movements 
 the outcome of which will be utter destruction. (See 
 verses 8-12.) This message of warning and entreaty is 
 the everlasting gospel now sounding in all the earth. 
 And with the proclamation of this message is given the 
 warning of our Saviour Himself, " Behold, I come 
 quickly. . . , Blessed are they that do His command- 
 ments, that they may have right to the tree of life, 
 and may enter in through the gates into the city," — 
 even the New Jerusalem, where God is to tabernacle 
 with men. 
 
 Then the world's Redeemer and King will take this 
 sin-cursed, storm-tossed, blood-drenched world into His 
 own control for its full and complete reconstruction. 
 This present world, with all its sin and misery, will 
 pass away. Every trace of sin and its terrible effects 
 will be removed. All things will be made new. And 
 this earth, thus renewed and restored to its Eden beauty, 
 will be given to those who have accepted Christ as their 
 Saviour and King. 
 
 What a world that will be! What an age in which 
 to live! Of that life and that kingdom there will be 
 no end. 
 
 "The Spirit and the bride say. Come. And let him 
 that heareth say, Come. And let him that is athirst 
 come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of 
 life freely." Rev. 22: 17. 
 
 'I 73 ?9| 
 
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