LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ®|aitDSjSnpi|ri# f 0. ■ShelfS-Q-S) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. AIDS TO HISTORY. PUPILS' COMPANION BOOK s'VT'iijNrToisr's outliist-eis. I .. '^^ ANNA Fr RUDD, Teacher of History in St. Mary's School, Knoxville, 111. CHICAGO : THE LIVING CHURCH, 162 WashiiifTton St. THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by ANNA F. EUDD, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE HE following papers are the outgrowth of many years of class- work, during several of which Swinton's Outlines was used as a text book. To save time in assigning and explaining each lesson in advance, the teacher began putting on the bulletin board each day a paper indicating which paragraphs were to be learned, which to be read, &c. She also wrote notes on the margin of her class-book, which the pupils were required to copy in their own books. These papers combine questions, directions, and notes, somewhat expanded; they will save the pupils the work of copying, and be useful for future reference, and aid in teaching. Having found this plan to work so well in her own classes, and in those of her pupils who have become teachers and used this method, she has thought that other teachers might find it helpful. Inexperienced teachers, especially, find it difficult to decide and to indicate what is important for pupils to learn and what is not. Some teachers require their pupils to learn every paragraph and date, con- sequently in a few months nearly everything is foi'gotten. The plan here set forth requires only a few leading dates, associating with them as many names and events as possible. Nearly all important characters and events of history may be grouped around a few prominent dates. It is hoped that this Companion Book will be found helpful to those who wish to study history without the advantage of class instruction. They will have, in these papers, the help of a teacher of many years' experience. From the suggestions given here they will learn what books to read, and how to read them, in connection with a text book. The course outlined in these papers will occupy a year, allowing three or four lessons a week. Of course, with the limited time, many things must be omitted which might be dwelt upon with delight and profit. The earnest student, however, will not be content with this brief course, but will go on to a more extensive course of reading for which this has been only a preparation. A. F. R. St. Mary's School, May, 1886. /, - SUE&ESTIDNS FDR USE Leabn no date, even in verses that you learn, unless espe- cially called for in your questions. There are three volumes of Landmarks of History by Miss Yonge— Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern. If a reference is made simply to L. M., it means the volume relating to the same divi- sion of history as the paper in which the reference occurs ; if a different division is meant, it is indicated, e. g., "L. M. Anc." "L. M. Mod." &c. "When the mark -|- is after a reference number, it means that the pupil is to read as far as the subject in hand extends. Ppr. , followed by a number, refers to the daily lesson paper of that number, i. e., "N. 3, ppr. 4, Anc." means Note 3 in paper 4 of Ancient History. When either Smith, Liddell or Hume is referred to, it means the "Student's Edition." The mythology referred to, is "White's Student's Mythol- ogy-" In the lesson papers, the part of history relating to all the Ancient Oriental Monarchies before Greece and Eome, is desig- nated simply as "Ancient History." ABBREVIATIONS USED. Anc Ancient Biog Biographical Chap Chapter Cent Century Diet Dictionary Hist History L. M Landmarks of History Lid . . Liddell's History of Kome Med Medieeval Mod Modern M. .Myers' Outlines of History Myth Mythology n note p page ppr paper S . . . Smith's History of Greece V verse W. Wilson's Outlines of History AIDS TO HISTORY. BOOKS REFERRED TO. Smith's History of Greece. Liddell's History of Kome. Myers' Outlines of History. Wilson's Outlines of History. Hume's History of England. Anderson's History of England White's Student's Mythology. Landmarks of History — An- cient, Medieval and Modern _bv Charlotte Yonge. EXCELLENT BOOKS FOR SIDE READING. Golden Deeds, Yonge. Book of Worthies, Yonge. Leaflets from Motley. Seekers after God, Farrar. Loves of the Poets, Jameson. Queens of Society, Wharton. Plutarch, for Boys and Girls. Celebrated Female Sovereigns, Jameson. Alhambra, Irving. Essav on Frederick the Great, Macauley. Household of Sir Thos. Moore, Manning. Cameos of History, Yonge. GOOD Westward Ho [ ^^^as. Hypatia, ' Last Days of Pompeii Eienzi, Last of the Barons, Harold, J The TaUsman, ] Monastery, i Ivanhoe, ' Fair Maid of Perth, | Kenil worth, Chaplet of Pearls, Stray Pearls, Little Duke, Prince and Page, Lances of Linwood, Caged Lion, [Nest, Dove in the Eagle's "Unknown to History, Armourer's Apprenti- Pigeon Pie. [ces HISTORICAL NOVELS. Kingsley V Bulwer Scott. 1 \ Yonge . Times of Gustaf ) Adolf, V Topelms. Times of Chas. XII. ) Scottish Chiefs, j. porter. Thaddeus of Warsaw, ) Days of Bruce, [ Aguilar. Vale of Cedars, ' Zenobia, Wm. Ware. Bomola, George Elliott. Andred's Weald, j. ^-aik. Edwy the Fair, ' Tale' of Two Cities, Dickens. Conscript of 1813, Erkmann-Chatrian. Carved Cartoon, Austin Ware. St. George and St. Michael, McDonald. Burgomaster's Wife, ^ Uarda, , ^^^^,^_ An Egyptian Prmcess, '| The Emperor, J ANCIENT HISTORY. DAILY LESSON PAPERS. I. Bead pages 1 to 14. What three Sciences have greatly aided our knowledge of history? Define each. v. 3. What is the meaning of philologist, of linguist ? Which is the real historical race? v. 5. Its three chief divisions? V. 6. Which of these has led in the world's progress? Learn verses 7, 8, and 14. To which branch do the Hebrews or Jews belong? v. 9. What is said of the Semites in regard to religion? v. 11. Our relation to the Greeks and Eomans? v. 12. Divisions of the Caucasian race? of the Aryan, and Semitic branches? p. 6, iii. Chronological periods? p. 7, v. Meaning of Arable? of Nomads? What three great Monarchies ruled in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, before Persia became a great Empire ? p. 9, v. 8. Where are the Tigris, Euph- rates, and Indus rivers? Read Myers p. 9. Learn p. 12, V. 15 and 16. II. Read pp. 12 to 27. Learn v. 20, 21, 31, 34, 35 and 36. Give Bible authority showing the fertihty of Egypt ? Gen. xl:46, and xlii. Meaning of cereals? Derivation of the word ? One great cause of prosperity of Egypt ? v. 18. Who was Herodotus? v. 19. Time of building the Pyra- mids? V. 25. What three nations invaded and conquered AIDS TO HISTORY. ' Ecrypt? V. 29. What was the Government of Egypt? v. 30. What class formed the "power behind the throne?" v. 30. Who founded Alexandria? v. 29. To what dynasty did Cleopatra belong? v. 29. Her fate? Read p. 176, v. 135 to 139 Name two most famous cities of Egypt? v. 37. Their situation? Map p. 13. Near which are the Pyra- mids and Sphinx? v. 37. What is the Sphinx?^ Thebes and its ruins? v. 37. Learn 38, 39, 40, and 42. T-An enormous statue (carved ^'\^P^'^^ ^ ""^ ^ ^^^^^.^^^^ head and shoulders of a woman, wmged body of a hon, 12o teet long. Myth. , page 106. III. ■ Read V. 43 to 49. Two chief gods of the Egyptians? V. 43. Learn v. 44, 45, and 48 and^ . In what sciences were the Egyptians skilled ? v. 47. What nation surpassed them in Astronomy? v. 47 and 57. Read pp. 27 to 38. Anti- quity of Chaldean history? v. 49. In what place and near what river, occurred the confusion of tongues? v. 50 and map p. 8. Where was Chaldea? v. 52. Learn v. 53- 4-7-8. Why is Ur of interest to us? v. 60. What nation became, after the Chaldean, the great power in Western Asia? v. 61, 65. Countries included m this Empire'^ v. 65. (Point them out on the map.) Architect- are and sculpture? v. 69. Learn v. 70 and \ Name the most famous characters in Assyrian history ?3 MDambyses, who conquered Egypt 6th Century, B.C. placed before his ranks animals held sacred by the Egyptians, who thus dared not strike a blow. _ ^ Saracus, when his city was taken, shut himself in his palace with his wives, favorites and treasures, then set fire to it, and all were burned in one vast funeral pile. « Tiglath-Pileser I. (Royal records of his reign have been found in a clay cylinder. M. p. 5(^7. Sardanapahis^m Sa^^ racus, Sargon, Sennacherib (the greatest of a/l) and &em la^^^^^^ of whom extravagant stories (now known ^J^ f^ J^ ^^^ Yssvrian told. Hers is the only name of a queen mentioned m Assyrian history. M. pp. 51 to 74. / / 8 AIDS TO HISTOKY. IV. Eead pp. 35 to 43. What king took Jerusalem when Daniel was made captive? v. 73. (Read Daniel i.) His boast? V. 73. His punishment? Daniel iv, 28 to 35. Learn v. 74 — 9. What nation under what leader, took Babylon 6th century, B. C, v. 76—7. How? v. 76 and L. M., p. 23. When was Babylon taken by Alexander the Great, and from whom? v. 77 and^ . Meaning of textile? To what race belong the Hebrews? v. 81. Their father? V. 81. Where born? v. 60. To where removed? v. 81. What is said of the Semitic race? p. 4, v. 11. What is a Theocracy? v. 83. What nation, and at what time, had this form of government? v. 83. Learn first four map questions p. 39. What composed the Kingdom of Israel, and vihat became of it? v. 86-7 and'-. By whom were the inhabitants of Judah taken captive? v. 87 and 73. How long did their captivity last? v. 87. What was it called?^ Read Psalm cxxxvii. By w^iom rl^tored to Jerusalem? V. 87. Who was Cyrus? p. 57, v. 126 to 129. ^ Place everything connected with Alexander about 330 B. C. 2 It is thought that the captives were scattered among the Median Cities; they are spoken of as "the lost tribes." ^ The 70 years captivity. In the 14th Century the Popes were compelled to live at Avignon in France (instead of in Eome), for about 70 vears. This is called '"the seventy vears Papal Captiv- ity." V. Read p. 40, v. 88 to 100. When did Palestine come under the sway of Alexander the Great? Ans. — About 330 B. C. By whom ruled for 100 years after him? v. 88. Who was Euclid ?i Alexandrian Library ?2 What of ^ Euclid, the most celebrated of ancient geometers, flourished in Alexandria, time of Ptolemy I. Ptolemy having asked him if geometry could not be made easier, he answered, "There is no royal road to geometry." His school v»^as the most famous in the AIDS TO HISTORY. » the Greek language? v. 88. The Septiiagiut? v. 88 and Diet. To what three empires was Palestine successively subject, after the return from captivity? v. 87-8 and^. What Roman emperor took Jerusalem and destroyed temple and city? V. -88. (Read L. M., pp. 170-1-2.) How commem- orated? * Learn 90-3-4. Where was Phoenicia? v. 91 and map. Earliest commercial and colonizing people on the Mediterranean Sea? v. 92. Point out, on map, places men- tioned in V. 93-4. Who was Hannibal? v. 93 and^. Through what nations has the alphabet come down to us? v. 96-7. What king was a friend of David and Solomon? v. 98. Read 1st Kings V. to v. 13. Two chief cities of I^ioenicia? V. 99-100. world for mathematics, and for 2,000 years no improvement was made upon his labors. 2 Founded by Ptolemy 1. It contained 400,000 volumes of records, poems, "histories," etc. Was burned when Julius Csesar took the city; was revived, and contained 700,000 volumes, then burned, some say by Mahometrms in seventh century. (See pa- per 3, Med. Hist.") ^ Persians, sixth century, B. C: Alexander the Great, fourth; Eomans, first. * In the reign of Emperor Vespasian, a triumphal arch, the "Arch of Titus," was erected in Rome, to commemorate the vic- tory of Titus. On it is sculptured the seven-branched golden candlestick (carried by a captive Jew) , taken from the temple. (L. M,p. 172.) 5 Famous Carthagenian General; lived about 100 years after Alexander. VI. Read pp, 47 to 60. What can you say of Tyrian purple? V. 100. Learn 101, 102, 112, 113,115. Who were the Brahmins? v. 110. The Pariahs? v. 110. Budd- hism? v. 118. To what branch and race did the Medes and Persians belong? v. 121; also p. 2, v. 6, 7, 8. What monarch began the glory of Persia? v. 124-6-7. The over- throw of what monarch added most of Asia Minor to the 10 . AIDS TO HISTORY. Persian empire? v. 126, and p. 63, note. Where is Lyclia? Its most famous monarch? How did Cyrus take Babylon? p. 36, V. 76. Learn 127-8-131-3. Point out rivers, etc., of V. 127. What did Cambyses add to the Persian Empire? V. 129. His character? v. 129. How did Darius become king? 1 How did Darius divide the empire? v. 132. What was a Satrap? v. 132. ^ Seven nobles agreed to meet at a certain place, and the one whose horse neighed first was to be king. Darius was the fortu- nate one. VII. Read*^Dp. 59 to 69. Learn v. 138-148. Derivation of the word magic? v. 138. In what book, by whom, is given an excellent idea of the fire-worshipers?^ Oldest literary work of the Iranic race? v. 140. Why called the Iranic race? p. 55, V. 121. Who was Zoroaster? v. 140. Learn last di- vision of note, p. 63. The three greatest commercial na- tions of antiquity? v. 141. Situation of each (as favora- ble to commerce) ? Where are Palmyra and Damascus ? map, p. 8. Ancient name of Palmyra? ^ The four great empires before the Christian era? ^ What nations men- tioned in pp. 69-70 were absorbed in the last three of these empires? p. 19, v. 29; p. 41, v. 88, and p. 48, v. 101. About when? ■* ^ Lalla Rookh, by Tom Moore, an Irish poet. - Tadmor in the desert. ^ Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, under Alexander the Great, and Roman. •* Bv the Persians, sixth century B. C; Alexander the Great, fourth B. C; Ptomans, first B. C GRECIAN HISTORY I. Read p. 73, v. 1 to 13. Learn v. 1 to 5, and 6, 7, 9, 10* What State is about the size of all Greece? v. o. Chief State of Central Grreece, and its chief city? v. 8. Point out on map, opposite p. 72, all divisions, islands, etc., men- tioned in V. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Two chief divisions of the Hel- lenes? V. 26. Who were the Pelasgi? v. 11. AVhat and where are the Cyclades and Sporades? v. 10 and map. II. Read v. 13 to 30. What is the "Heroic Age? v. 13. Learn 11, 15, 21-6-7-9. Name chief characters connec- ted with Siege of Troy on each side, v. 14, 15. Read note p. 80; also W., p. 34-5-6, or M., p. 132-3, or L. M., p. 30-1-2. What was the Palladium? Myth., p. 46. What are the Iliad and Odyssey? v. 14, 16, and Diet. Learn notes 1, 2 and 3. From whom did the Greeks receive ' An Olympiad was a Grecian epoch of 4 years, being the in- terval between the celebration of the Olympic Games. 2 The Olympic Games were celebrated at Olympia in Elis, (see map, opp. p. 72) in the Peloponnesus, where was a magnifi- cent temple dedicated to Olympian Jove, and containing a colos- sal statue of the God, 60 feet high, made of ivory and gold: the masterpiece of Phidias, (read p. 127.) ^ Achilles, when a baby w^as dipped in the river Styx, to ren- der him invulnerable; the heel he was held by did not get wet, and there he was wounded. 12 AIDS TO HISTORY. the alphabet, and from whom some knowledge of arts and sciences? v. 17. The three periods of Grecian History with dates? v. 19. III. Eead v. 30 to 48. At the beginning of Grecian His- tory, where were the Spartans predominant? v. 31. To which race did they belong? v. 31 and 26. Learn 32-4-5- 6 (and i), 39, 40, (and 2), 42-4-5 (and s), and 46. Origin of the word laconicJ v. 36. Who were the Helots? v. 33. One peculiarity of the Government of Sparta ?*' From whom was Athens named? Myth. p. 46. What was the Areopagus, and why so called? v. 41 and 2. Ancient name of Athens?^ Its last King? v. 40 When kingly rule was abolished, what was the form of Government? '- ^ The Spartans held it a cdme to use three words where two would suffice. 2 When the Spartans invaded Attica, Codrus having learned that an oracle had assured them of success if they spared the Athenian King, disguised himself, and provoking a Spartan sol- dier, was killed. The grateful Athenians declared that no one could be found worthy to succeed the divine Codrus, ^ The Areopagus received its name from its place of meeting on the hill of Ares or "Mars Hill" (opposite the Acropolis.) It was this Council that condemned Socrates to death (See v. 139, p. 124) and that 600 years afterwards, listened to St. Paul's famous defence of Christianity. Bead Acts xvii:16-24:. * Hippias and Hipparchus were the two sons of Pisistratus. Hippias fled to the Persian Court, and in revenge for his banish- ment, constantly urged Darius to attack the Athenians, thus leading to the great wars between Greece and Persia. See v. 133. ^ Pisistratus was a rich kinsman of Solon. He wounded him- self, then rushed into the public square, saying the nobles had tried to kill him because he was the friend of the people. They gave him a guard of 50 men and he seized the power, and under his mild and. wise rule, Athens prospered greatly. •^ At its head were two Joint kings. ^ Cecropia, from its fabled first King, Cecrops. ^ A republic, at the head of which was an officer called an archon. (See v. 41.) AIDS TO HISTORY. 13 IV. Eeacl V. 48 to 56. To whom were the Grecian Colonies of Asia Minor subject when Cyrus conquered them? v. 48. By what three monarchs was the Persian Empire founded, extended and consohdated? v. 48; also p. 58, v. 127-9, 131. Learn 49, 50, 54 (and 3) 55. Why did Darius send to demand earth and water? v. 52 and 2. Fate of heralds sent to Athens? "- Plan of the Greeks for commanding the army at Marathon? ^ Date and result of battle of Mara- thon? V. 54 and K What became of Miltiades afterwards? ^ 1 He was much honored at first, but soon grossly abused the confidence of the Athenians, who spared him only on account of his former great service to the State. Eead S., p. 177 to 181, or W., p 74, V. 1 to 8, or M., pp. 151, 152. 2 To learn how much resistance he might expect. The Per- sians had inspired such terror by the conquest of Ionia, that most of the Grecian cities comphed, but Athens and Sparta (v. 52) cast the heralds into a well, bidding them get thence the earth and water, " The victory of Marathon must be measured not alone by the great disparity of numbers; the Persians were strong in the terror of their name, having hitherto pursued an almost uninter- rupted career of conquest . * It is one of the "decisive battles of the world." It decided the fate of Greece, and the future of Europe?" The prestige of the Persian name and arms was broken. Henceforth the free- dom of the West, and not the despotism of the East was to prevail. = There were ten generals, each of whom, in turn, was to command the whole army for one day. At Marathon, each gave up his turn to Miltiades, "that the whole power might be invested in one person, and one so tried and vahant as he. 14 AIDS TO HISTOEY. V. Kead v. 56 to 71. Leading men in Athens, between in- vasions of Darius and Xerxes? v. 56. Their respective characters? 56 and M., pp. 163-4-5. What plan of Themis- tocles proved the salvation of Greece? Bywhom opposed? Kesult of the opposition? 56 and i. Learn Note, p. 94. Learn 57 (and 2), 58, 59, (and 3), 60-1-2-3-5. When Xerxes was approaching Greece, where did the Greeks take their stand? v. 58. To whom (and with what troops) was the defense entrusted? v. 58-59. Where is Sardis? v. 49, also p. 57, V. 126. Point out on map route of Xerxes from Sardis to ThermopylaB? Learn Byron's verse about the battle of Salamis. p. 97. What five battles decided the fate of Persia and Greece? v. 54-59-63-64 65. ^ The creation of a navy of 200 ships, which saved the Greeks at Salamis, and afterwards. ^ At Abvdos (see map) a marble throne was erected, on which sat Xerxes, viewing his mighty hosts on sea and land. ^At Thermopylge, the Persians were so terrified by the desper- ate valor of the Spartans, that they had to be driven with whips to face the handful of heroes. Even the "Ten Thousand Immor- tals" (the sacred guard of the "Great King") were hurled back. Such was the rage of Xerxes, at seeing them repulsed that he is said to have leaped thrice from the throne whence he was watch- ing the attack. AIDS TO HISTOEY. 15 VI. Read v. 66 to 86. Learn v. 66 (and i ) and 68 to 73 ; also 77-9 (and ^), 80-81. Main cause of the ascendency of Athens? v. 67. What surrender closed the Peloponnesian war ? V. 76. Time, cause, duration and result of this war? V. 71-2-7. Alcibiades' connection with it? Of whom was he the pupil? V. 74. Learn Note 2. Ruling State of Greece from close of Peloponnesian war to rise of Thebes? v. 78. "What power crushed the pride of Sparta ? v. 79. Through influence of what two men? v. 79, also L. M., pp. 62-3-4; or M., p. 176. What battle made Thebes the leading state in Greece ? v. 79. Where and how did Epaminondas meet his death? v. 80 and 3. Where is Macedonia? p. 76 v. 7 and map. What famous historical event took place between the fall of Athens and the rise of Thebes? Note ^. ^ Aspasia was the beautiful and accomplished wife of Pericles. Their house was a great resort for the literati and philosophers of Athens. Socrates was often there and claimed to derive much benefit from his acquaintance with Aspasia. 2 Alcibiades had a "very pleasing lisp." "His wit, beauty and escapades made him the darling of the Athenian ladies," though he had no morality. He made a great display at the Olympic games. Once entered the unheard of number of seven four- horse chariots, two of which gained prizes, so he was twice crowned with olive, and twice proclaimed victor by the herald. ^ He was pierced in the breast with a javelin early in the day, and would not allow it to be pulled out (fearing excessive bleed- ing might cause his death), till he knew Thebes was victorious. * The enemies of Epaminondas sought to disgrace him by making him "public scavenger." He did his duty faithfully, and uttered the memorable words, "If the oflEice does not honor me, I will honor the office. " ^ The "Ketreat of the Ten Thousand" (the most famous re- treat in all history), led by Xenophon, a pupil of Socrates. Ten thousand hired Greek soldiers were entrapped in the heart of the enemy's country in winter. Xenophon offered to become their leader, and after a most fearful march over the hot plains of the Tigris, and the icy passes of Armenia, they arrived at Byzan- tium, having lost only 1,400 men, Eead L. M., pp. 60-61. 16 AIDS TO HISTORY. VII. Read v. 82 to 99. Learn v. 83--J:-5 and ^ . Who was Aris- totle? p. 125, V. 141. What did Philip write to Aristotle on the birth of his son, afterwards Alexander the Great? ^ Who was the tutor of Alexander? ^ Read Delphi Myth.^ pp. 182-3. What was the Amphictyonic Council? ^ Re- sult of battle of Chc^ronea ? v. 86. Learn v. 87-8-9-90. What was a Macedonian Phalanx? ^ Alexander's famous horse?" Who was CHtus? ^ Read biege of Tyre, S. p. 535-6; or M., p. 181. ^ Demosthenes' orations against Philip were called Philippics, speeches so filled with fierce denunciation, that they have given name to all similar speeches and writings. '^ "Know that a son is born to us. We thank the Gods, not so much for their gift, as for bestowing it when Aristotle lives." ^ When fourteen years old, Alexander became a pupil of Aristotle, and much of his greatness must be ascribed to the teachings of the great philosopher. ^ A body of soldiers, fifty abreast and sixteen feet deep, ; it originated with Phihp, and, for 200 years, was never conquered. ° At the battle of Granicus, he struck off the arm raised to kill Alexander. Afterwards, Alexander, in a passion, and flushed with wine, killed him, but showed his grief and remorse by re- fusing food for three days. S., p. 514. ^ An association composed of deputies from the different Grecian tribes, whose chief duty was to preserve the rights and dignity of the temple of Apollo at Delphi. ^ His name was Bucephalus. He was a magnificent animal, but so high-spirited that no one at Philip's court dared mount him. Alexander, though only thirteen years old, asked permis- sion to try, and, having perceived that the animal's fear was caused by his shadowy he gently turned his head to the sun, then vaulted on his back, sat firm through all his rearings, and at last, though using neither spur nor whip, the horse obeyed his voice and heel. He became a favorite companion of Alexander, carried him in all his campaigns until he ^vas wounded and died. Alexander built a city where the horse died, and called it Bu- cephala. AIDS TO HISTORY. 17 VIII. Eead v. 90 to 103. What Royal Persians became Alex- ander's prisoners, how treated by him? v. 91 and ^ . Alex- ander's admiration for Homer? ^ Who cut the Gordian knot? Some account of it? S., p. 532, or M., p. 180. Give a short account of Porus? v. 95 and ^. What seaport did Alexander found in Egypt? v. 92, also p. 19, v. 29. Learn v. 94-7-8, 100-101-102. Why did not Alexander pur- sue his conquests beyond the Hyphasis? Where is this river? v. 95-96 and map. Two most important kingdoms founded by Alexander's generals? v. 99. Founder of each of these kingdoms? v. 100-103. The capital of the Ptolomies ? V. 102. What famous translation was made there? p. 41, v. 88. What famous mathematician was called here by Ptolemy First, and what did he found? (Paper V., note-', Anc. Hist.) ^ He treated them better than ever Darius had done. The mother became much attached to him, and when she heard of his death, she refused food, and died in a few days. Alexander married the daughter of Darius, and eiglity of his nobles married Persian ladies. him 2 He always carried a copy of the lUiad (see p. 78, v. 14) with 3 When Porus, one of the kings of India, was taken, Alex- ander asked how he wished to be treated. He answered, " Like a Kmg, " Alexander, struck with his reply, and his kingly bear- mg, and the bravery he had shown before his capture, not only restored to him his kingdom, but enlarged it. 18 AIDS TO HISTORY. IX. Eead v. 102 to p. 114. How large was the Kingdom of Seleucus? v. 103. To where did he remove his capital? V. 103. What were the Seleucidae? v. 104. By whom was the remnant of this Kingdom conquered ? It hecame part of what empire ? What century ? v. 104. Nature of the Grecian Leagues? v. 107. Learn v. 109. When, and under what name was Greece made a Roman province? V. 110. Fate of the last King of Macedon and his son? V. 109 and K Effect of Alexander's Oriental conquests? v. 111. Byron's line in regard to the decline of Hellas? v. 111. What was the Dorian Migration? v. 20-1-2. Give a short but connected account of Miltiades. v. 54 and notes 1 and 5, ppr. IV. Of Aristides and Themistocles . v. 56 and M., p. 163 4-5. Of Alcibiades. v. 74 and note 2, ppr. VI. Of Leonidas. v. 59. Of Solon, v. 43 and S., p. 100. ^ Perseus, after gracing the conqueror's triumph, was thrown into a dungeon, and his son and heir, Alexander, supported him- self as a public clerk in Rome. X. Give short account of Draco, v. 42-3. Of Epaminondas. V. 79-80 and notes 3 and 4, ppr. 6. Of Pelopidas. v. 79 and S., p. 460. Of Pisistratus. v. 45 and note 5, ppr. 3. Of Pericles, v. 66-8-9-70-137. Of Aspasia. Note 1, ppr. 6. OfLycurgus. v. 32-4-5. Eead v. 112 to 122. Importance and effect of Grecian History on the World's History, v. 112-113. Learn 114-115-117. Give the Latin names of the twelve Olympian divinities, with chief characteristic of each, p. 115-116 (See W., p. 23.) The two finest statues of Venus? p. 116 (12 and i). * The Yenus de Mile is now supposed to be a Statue of " Victory", inscribing the names of the heroes of Marathon. AIDS TO HISTORY. 19 XI. Who were Bacchus, Cerberus, Hebe, Charon, Eolus?i Read v. 118 to 131. Learu v. 121 and 123 to 128. Learn '' . What were the four great national festivals? V. 122. Where were the Olympian and Pythian games celebrated, and in whose honor? v. 122. Read S., chap, v., V. 1-4-5 6-9. Who was Hesiod? v. 128. What are epics and elegies? v. 129. Who was Tyrtaeus? v. 129. Re- late story of the King of Messenia.- Derivation of the word Eolian, in Eolian harp?i. Learn v. 130 and notes 3 and 6. Byron's hnes in regard to Sappho?^ What was Pegasus?^ 1 Bacchus was the God of wine. Cerberus the three headed dog that guarded the regions of Pluto. Hebe, the cup bearer to the gods. Charon, the boatman over the river Styx. Eolus, the god of the winds. 2 He with 50 followers, was thrown by the Spartans into a pit. His comrades w^ere all killed by the fall, and he, seeing no way of escape, was awaiting death; but seeing a fox gnawing the dead bodies, he grasped its tail, and was dragged to an opening in the rock, whence he escaped. 3 Sappho was called by Plato, "The tenth muse." Solon, on hearing one of her poems, prayed that he might not die till he had learned it. * "Ye Isles of Greece, ye Isles of Greece, Where burning Sappho loved and sung. " ^ Pegasus was the famous winged horse that sprang from the blood of Medusa; he flew to Mt. Helicon, the home of the muses, and with his foot, produced a fountain, which inspired all who drank of its waters. ^ Pindar was so venerated, that when the Spartans destroyed Thebes, they spared his house and family, as did also Alexander the Great. ^ "Seven rival cities claimed great Homer dead. Through which the living Homer begged his bread." 20 AIDS TO HISTORY. XII. Read v. 131 to 139. Learn v. 131 and ^ , and 132 to 136. Where, and from whom did Thucydides receive the im- pulse to become an historian? v. 135 and ^. What event marks the respective ages of the "Tragic Trio" ?^ Who was Xenophon, and what did he write ? v. 136 and^, also ppr.VL, note 5. For whatis Plutarch famous ? V. 136 and 5. Learn V. 137 and^p.|103, V. 84-5, and note 1, ppr. VII. The three most famous Greek historians before the time of Alexander the Great, and chief work of each? v. 134-5-6 and 4. Who was Thales ? v. 138 and 6. The head of the Pythago- rean school of philosophy? v. 138. Two of his most famous doctrines ? "^ . ^ An eagle mistaking the bald head of ^schylus for a stone, let a tortoise fall upon it and killed him. 2 When 15 years old he heard Herodotus recite part of his history at an Olympic festival, and was so charmed that he deter- mined to become an historian. ^ ^schylus, in mature manhood fought in the battle of Sa- lamis; Sophocles, a beautiful boy of fifteen, took part in the chorus that celebrated its victory, and Euripides was born the day of the battle. * The most famous pupil of Socrates, except Plato. He led the "Retreat of the Ten Thousand," and wrote an account of it, called the Anabasis, his most famous work. ^ His "Lives" of famous men "have perhaps been more often translated than any other book, and have been popular in every age and nation. IVLadame Eoland, "the Heroine of the Girondists," is said to have taken the book to church, instead of her prayer- book, when a girl. Plutarch is said to have been the tutor of the Emperor Trajan in Rome. A classical scholar in the 15th Cent- ury said "If all authors but one must be lost, I would save Plu- tarch, for in preserving him, we should secure the best substitute for all other books. " ^ One of the wise men of Greece. ^ The Transmigration of Souls (Metempsychosis), also "The Music of the Spheres" caused by the motion of the heavenly bodies. AIDS TO HISTOEY. 21 XIII. Read v. 139 to 148. Character of Socrates? In what age Hve? Where teach ? Cause and manner of his death? V. 139. His wife, and her character? ^ Some of his most famous pupils? v. 140, 74, 136, and note 4, ppr. XII. Ori- gin of the word academy? v. 140. What school did Plato found? V. 140. What was he sometimes called? 2 What school of philosophy founded by Aristotle? v. 141. From what named? ^ Founder of the Stoics? Why so called ?'^ Founder of Epicureans? Their motto? ^ Most famous representative of the Cynics ? By whom visited ? Relate the anecdote. ^ Of whom was Aristotle the pupil, and of whom the tutor? v. 141 and -. What did Alexander send him?^ From what are derived our words comic and comedy? v. 133. The greatest master of comedy? v. 133. Anecdote * Socrates' wife was Xantippe— a great scold. Once, after a siege of scolding, Socrates went out and sat on the door-steps, where he was soon drenched by water poured from above by his wife. He only said, "After the thunder, comes the rain." 2 "The Attic Bird." ^ From "peripatoi," the shady walks of the Lyceum where Aristotle taught. * Zeno, founder of the Stoics; from Stoa, a porch where he taught. ^ Epicurus. Their motto was, "Pleasure is the highest good," meaning mental pleasure, not sensual gratification, as many igno- rantly think. '^ Diogenes. When 80, he was visited by Alexander the Great, who asked what he could do for him. "Get out of my sunshine," replied the old cynic. ^ Pupil of Plato for twenty years. Plato considered him his best, and called him "the intellect of the school." He is often called the Stagirite, because born at Stagira. ^ Alexander sent him from time to time $2,000,000, to buy books, etc. Sent him also large collections of objects of natural history for a museum. 22 AIDS TO HISTORY. of him and Socrates? ^ Socrates' dream of Plato? ^ ^* What is Aristotle's system of reasoning called, how long predom- inate, by what system displaced? v. 141. When did Lord Bacon (referred to in 141) live?i ^ ^ "In his Comedy of the Clouds," he burlesques Socrates and his teachings. Socrates, who was present once when the comedy was acted, good-naturedly mounted the stage to show the people how excellent the burlesque was. ^° Socrates dreamed that a swan flew to him, nestled in his bosom, then soared upwards, sweetly singing. Next morning Plato's father came leading him to Socrates, who knew that thus his dream was fulfilled. " In reigns of Queen Elizabeth and James I. of England. XIV. Bead v. 142 through v. 152. Learn v. 142-3 andi, and 144. The most ornate of the three orders of architecture? V. 145. Origin of its Capital. ^ What and where is the most famous Doric temple? 146-7 and 3. Erected under whose direction and supervision? In whose time? v 147. Learn note '. What is said of Praxitiles? ^ What is a satyr? Name ^ The column is divided into three parts— base, shaft, capital. It is chiefly the capital that decides the order. Besting horizon- tally upon the capital is the entablature, composed of the archi- trave, frieze and cornice. * Callimachus (a sculptor) saw a basket, covered with a tile, and overgrown with the leaves of an acanthus-plant. (S., p. 145.) This suggested to him the graceful Corinthian capital. ^ Parthenon, 217 feet long; built time of Pericles, under direc- tion of Phidias, who made for it, also, a chryselephantine (ivory and gold) statue of Minerva 40 feet high. The frieze of the tem pie was 3J feet high and 520 feet long. Much of it was taken to England by Lord Elgin, and is now in the British museum. * A famous sculptor in the age succeeding Pericles; famed for his Cupid, Satyr, ("Marble Faun") and Venus of Cnidus. He promised his favorite, Phryne, any one statue she might choose, but would not tell her which he considered his best; so she, wish- ing to ascertain this, sent a message to him that his studio was on fire; whereupon, he rushed out exclaiming, "I am undone if my Satyr or Cupid is destroyed." AIDS TO HISTORY. 23 three famous Grecian painters. ^ Relate the story of the con- test between Zeuxis and Parrhasius.^ What artist was contemporary with Alexander the Great ?^ Relate the story of Apelles and the cobbler. S., p. 583. ^ Zeuxis, Parrhasiiis and Apelles. The two former, trying for a prize, Z. painted a boy carrying a basket of grapes, so nat- ural that birds came to eat the grapes. P. painted a curtain, which Z. told him to draw aside that he might see his work, and when Z. discovered his mistake he said, "/deceived only birds, but yoit deceived an artist. " ^ Apelles was contemporary with Alexander the Great, who would allow no one else to paint his portrait. He painted Alex- ander wielding a thunderbolt, also Alexander mounted on Bu- cephalus. He was the first to employ the pic file. ^ The Acropohs, covered with magnificent temples and statues, and crowned by the Parthenon, the grandest temple of Greece, presented, until 200 years ago, almost the same front of unpar- alleled beauty which it had displayed in the days of Pericles. In the 17th century, when Athens was besieged by the Venetians, the Turkish garrison retired to the Acropolis' The Venetian commander directed his batteries against it, and soon, of this " City of the Gods," which, with the exception of a few blemishes and losses, had stood for 2,000 years in all its splendour, naught was left but ruins. XV. Read v. 148 through chap. Learn v. 151, 152. Origin of the word Sybarite ? i Whence comes the term "Arcadian Simplicity?" ^ Where and what was the Castalian Foun- ^ The inhabitants of Sybaris, a very rich city of Magna Greecia, became so luxurious and effeminate, that their name has become proverbial for a voluptuary in all time. - Arcadia, in the Peloponnesus, was the most picturesque portion of Greece. The inhabitants were quiet and simple in their habits, hospitable and fond of music and dancing. Poets have chosen Arcadia for the scene of many idyls, until its name has become a synonym for a land of untroubled peace and quiet. 24 AIDS TO HISTORY. tain? ^ What is the LaocouD? '^ Learn anal, synopsis, p. 112, 113. Give the 3 periods of Greek history, with dates. What was the Colossus of Rhodes? ^ What are the 7 wonders of the w^orld? '^ 3 A fountain on Mt. Parnassus, near the temple of Apollo at Delphi. It was, like Mt. Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the muses. It was regarded as a source of inspiration for poets, as was also the fountain of Hippocrene on Mt. Helicon. * A famous marble group of the Priest Laocoon and his two sons strangled by serpents, because they advised the Trojans not to admit the wooden horse within the city. This statue is now in the Vatican. ' A gigantic brazen or bronze statue of Apollo, near the har- bor of Khodes. One of the 7 wonders of the world. 6 Statue of Jupiter Olympus by Phidias; Temple of Diana at Ephesus; Walls and hanging gardens of Babylon; Pyramids of Egypt; Pharos or Lighthouse of Alexandria; Tomb of Mausolus, erected by his wife Artemesia; and the Colossus of Khodes. RDMAN HISTORY Bead chap. I. and 11. What was Galha Cisalpina? v. 2. Who were the Etruscans? v, 4. Why was southern Italy called Magna Grtecia? v. 4. What shows that the Itahan race proper was closely allied to the Hellenes? v. 5 Who was the fahled founder of the Latins ? v. 8 and i . Legend of Eomulus and Kemus?v. 8 and ~. "The Kape of the Sab- ines?"3 Story of Tarpeia. W., p. 128. Date of founding of Rome? V. 11. How many kings ruled in Rome? v. 12. How long did the regal period last? v. 12 and 15. Legend of the Horatii and Curiatii? W., p. 130, or L. M., p. 91+. 1 ^neas fled from Troy with his aged father Anchises on his back, and leading his little son lulus. After 7 years' wanderings, much of the time with Queen Dido, in Carthage, he landed on the west coast of Italy, and founded a colony of his countrymen. 2 Romulus and Eemus, the twins mentioned in v. 8, were thrown into the Tiber (when it had overflowed its banks) to perish. The waters receding, left them on dry land, where they were found and suckled by a wolf, until discovered by Faustulus, who took them and brought them up with his own sons till the secret of their birth became known. Then they obtained from their grandfather, permission to build a city on the shores of the Tiber; but quarreled about the situation and the name. The dis- pute being decided in favor of Romulus, he proceeded to mark out the citv, and while building the walls, Remus insultingly leaped over the punv rampart and was slain by his brother. See W. p. 127-f or L. M. p. 89 + 3 The Romans had no wives, so Romulus invited the Sabines, a neighboring tribe, to a great festival. They came with their wives and daughters, and at a certain signal each Roman seized a maiden and carried her off to be his wife. See W., p. 128+. 26 AIDS TO HISTORY. Vestal "Virgins. ^ Into what classes were Koman citizens divided and to which belonged the offices? v. 13. What was Servius TuUius called and why? v. 14. Learn v. 15. Story of Lucretia? W., p. 135+, or L. M., p. 93. How many years was Rome a republic? ^ also v. 16. First two Consuls ? V. 18. Story of the Elder Brutus? p. 137. Bo- ratius Codes? p. 138. Coriolanus? p. 138-9. * The Vestal Virgins served in the temple of Vesta, keeping the sacred lamp always burning. They were not allowed to marry; if they did, they were buried alive. ^ About 500 years; from banishment of the kings to the es- tablishment of Empire under Augustus, II. Story of Cincinnatus? p. 139. Of Mutius Scaevola? W., p. 136, or L. M., p. 94. Learn notes, pp. 138-9. Read pp. 140 to 143. Learn v. 22-4-5. Who were the Decem- virs, and what were they appointed to do? v. 26. Result of their first year's work? v. 26-7. Story of Virginia. Lid., p. 117 -\-, or L. M., p. 101 -f. Direct cause of overthrow of the Decemvirs? ^ Learn note.^ What officers were chosen in place of the Decemvirs, and from what party? v. 28-29. Read about the Gauls and their chief, Brennus, ^ It was the blood of the fair Virginia that overthrew the De- cemvirs, as that of Lucretia had driven out the Tarquins. - The Decemvirs first prepared a code of ten tables, and placed them in the Forum where all might see them and suggest amendments; but the seconcl year they added two more, by which the plebeians were greatly oppressed. The laws of the Twelve Tables were placed in the Forum, and were to Kome what the laws of Solon were to Athens. Every school-boy was re- quired to learn them. Appius Claudius became an absolute des- pot, and the other nine supported his tyranny. Each Decemvir had twelve lictors who carried the fasces (the symbol of absolute power) ; so it was said that Eome had twelve Tarquins instead of one. AIDS TO HISTORY. 27 and relate the story of Bfennus' entry into Rome. W., p. 144, or L. M., pp. 103-4, or M., p. 261. Story of Mar- cus Manlius and the Sacred Geese? (see same references as above.) Who were the Gauls? v. 31 and ^. Story of Marcus Curtius? Lid., p. 168. ^ The Gauls were a tribe of Celts, who peopled nearly all Western Europe, from the heart of Germany to the ocean. III. Read v. 32 to 50. What great change in the nature of the government (with other reforms) ended the long strug- gle of Plebeians against Patricians? ^ Compare this period of Roman history with that of Greece, in v. 46, p. 90. Whose reforms made Rome a democratic republic? v. 33-5. What was the new plan of constitution called, and by whom resisted? v. 34. Learn v. 35-6-7-40. Where is Epirus? map, p. 72. Samnium? map, p. 131. What were the Latin and Samnite wars? The issue of these wars ? v. 39 and 2 . Who was Pyrrhus ? What city first called him to aid them against Rome? (W., p. 148, v. 40 -f ). What did he exclaim after his first victory ?2 After his second? v. 41. Story of Fabricius ^ Soon after the final defeat of Pyrr- 1 That one of the two consuls should be a plebeian, and that all the offices should be thrown open to the commons, v. 33-4-5. - There were three Samnite wars — the first lasting two years, the second twenty-two, and the third fourteen ; and this strug- gle for freedom was as noble as any recorded in history; ^ Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, a relative of Alexander the Great. Tarentum, the richest town of Magna Gra^cia. Pyrrhus came expecting an easy victory over the "barbarians," as he consid- ered the Komans, but was astonished at their valor and military skill. After his tirst hardly won victory, as he looked at the Ro- mans fallen with their faces to the foe, he said, "With what ease could I conquer the world, had I such soldiers, or had they me forking." ^ The physician of Pyrrhus wrote to Fabricius (the Roman commander) that, for a reward, he would poison the king. Fab- 28 AIDS TO HISTORY. bus, how far did Roman rule extend? v. 42. Rome's plan of government in regard to states and nations she con- quered. V. 45. In what had Rome done nothing, and in what did her genius appear? v. 46. When and by whom was Carthage founded? ^ ricius having nobly told Pyrrhus of this treachery, the latter ex- claimed, "It is easier to turn the sun from his course than Fabri- cius from the path of honor. " ^ Carthage was founded in ninth century B. C, by a Ph(Pni- cian colony from Tyre, led by Dido, a Tyrian princess (so says tradition). She purchased as much land as could be covered by a bull's hide, and, by cutting the hide in narrow strips, enclosed a large tract of land, on which she built Carthage, and became its queen. See Note 1. , ppr. I (Rome). In the third century B.C. it was probably the richest city in the world. She was "mistress of the Mediterranean;" was twenty-three miles in circumfer- ence, and had 1,000,000 inhabitants. She was, unliite Eome, very tyrannical to her dependents; so they were ready to revolt as soon as a favorable opportunity occurred. IV. Readv. 47 to GO. Learn v. 48-9-53. Time, duration, seat, and chief leaders of first Panic war? v. 50-51 and Note ^ . Construction of the first Roman Navy and the result? 51 and 2. Learn Note ^. Story of Xantippus ^. Of Regulus. W., p. 153, v. 7-9; or, L. M., p. 113-114; ^ Regulus was the greatest Roman leader, and Hanno and Hamilcar the Carthagenian leaders. 2 A Carthagenian galley was cast on their coast by a storm. This served as a model, and in sixty days, a growing forest was converted by the Romans into a fl^et of 120 ships. The Romans also invented an elevated drawbridge, by which they could board the enemy's ships. 3 Agrigentum was the largest and most magnificent city of Hellas, which, about 150 years before, had been sacked and taken by Carthage. * Regulus was very successful at first, and took seventy-four towns. Carthage sued for peace, but the terms of Regulus were so insolent and cruel, that Carthage refused them. Then ap- peared Xantippus, a Spartan general, with a few troops, and of- AIDS TO HISTORY. 29 or, M., pp. 280-281. Kead L. M., p. 115 to Chap. XI and p. 183, part V. to p. 136; or, W., p. 156, v. 13 to 17; also V. 18 to 22, and v. 26 through chapter. What said Hamilcar in regard to his three sons? ^ Cause of the second Punic war; where did it begin? v. 55-6. How long from beginning to end of the Punic wars? ^ Date of first? V. 50. Learn 56 and ■ ; also, v. 57. When was Temple of Janus closed the second time? -. fered to lead the Carthagenians to victory. He succeeded, de- feated Kegulus, and took him prisoner, and nothing further is known of the brave Spartan. 5 "I have three sons, whom I shall rear like so many lion's whelps against the Romans. " « Over 100 years. 7 At Cannae, the Romans lost 42,000 men. Spear's, heads of lances, etc., continue to be found there. The messenger sent to Carthage by Hannibal with tidings of the victory, gave to the Senate three bushels of gold rings, taken from the fingers of the fallen nobles. ^ After first Punic war. V. Read v. 58 to 67. Learn v. 58-9-62-3-4. When was the Carthagenian territory made the Eoman Province of Africa? v. 64. What other province was made the same year? p. Ill, v. 110. Where is Syracuse? Map, p. 148. By whom captured? Archimedes' connection with it?^. Where is Numantia? Its fall?^ Who was Cato, how end 1 Syracuse was captured by the Roman consul, Marcellus, after a seige of nearly two years. The seige was long pro- tracted bv the skill of" the famous Archimedes. Read W., p. 159, Note A, or L. M., p. 118, or Lid., pp. 328-329. 2 After the fall of Carthage, part of Spain still rebelled against Rome. Scipio iEmilianus beseiged Numantia, garrisoned by 10,000 men, but did not take it, till most of the inhabitants, worn out by toil and famine (having eaten boiled leather and even the bodies of the dead), had killed their women and chil- dren, then fired the city and killed themselves. Read W., p. 167, or Lid., p. 495. 30 AIDS TO HISTORY. each speech and why? v. 62. Kesults of the battles of Cynoscephalae and Pydna? v. 66. To what was the victory of Pydna due? By whom won?^ Treachery of Rome to Epirus?* Fate of last King of Macedon? (Note ^ ppr. IX., Grecian). Triumph of ^Emilius Paulus. Lid., p. 465. ^ Won by iEmilius Paulus. The Macedonians were horror- struck by an eclipse of the moon; they felt that it portended their defeat — but the Koman leader had prepared his soldiers for it. * The Senate ordered J^milius Paulus to announce that all the inhabitants of Epirus should henceforth be free, and to require them to place in certain towns all their gold and silver. Those towns were seized by the Komans, all the treasure was taken, and 150,000 wretched captives were sold into slavery. VI. Eead v. 66 to 86. Learn 67-70-72-4-7-9. What was the kingdom of the Selucidae? p. 109, v. 103-104. Eome's plan for governing conquered territory? v. 68. Who were the Publicans.^ v. 68 and Matthew ix., 9, and x., 3. What led to the beginning of Latin literature? Its best period? v. 73. Ennius? v. 73 and i. Terrence? v. 73. Meaning of Parasite? Its application in. v. 77? To what did Cato ascribe the degeneracy of the Romans? ^ Occu- pation of Roman slaves? L. M., p. 122-3. Story of Mummius and the capture of Corinth? v. 66 and ^. Origin ' Ennius boasted that he was the first to abandon the rude meter of the bards, and study elegance of style. He, by his poem on the Punic Wars, settled the Latin language as Chaucer and Shakespeare settled the Enghsh. He was an excellent Greek scholar and taught that language to many young nobles. He was a great friend of Scipio Africanus, who was also a fine Greek scholar and one of the most cultured of the Komans. 2 To the introduction of Greek customs; but he was wrong; the vices for which Rome was noted were not Hellenic; the Greeks were not gluttons nor sensual, ' Mummius was a Plebeian. He captured and burned Cor- inth (v. 66), and sent to Greece the glorious treasures of art for which the city was famous, telling the masters of the ships that conveyed them to Rome, that if they were lost they must be re- placed by new ones! Lid., p. 479, or L. M., p. 135. AIDS TO HISTORY. 31 of "Coriuthiau brass?" ^ What new division of society dis- placed that of the Patricians and Plebeians? v. 80. Evil effects of so many slaves? v. 80 and ^ . Tell the story of Cor- nelia and her jewels. W., p. 170, note a, or L. M., p. 136. Meaning and derivation of Agrarian/ v. 82 and ^. Fate of Tiberius Gracchus? v. 83. What is meant by the Servile War? - * When Corinth was burned, the metal ornaments of houses, temples, etc., melted and fused, forming anew metal called "Corinthian brass." ^ No employment was left for poor freemen who had before been hired: also v. 80. ^ From the Latin word Ager, a field. ^ In Sicily there were hundreds of thousands of slaves, many of them the peers of their masters. Cruelty and oppres- sion drove them to revolt, and soon after the fall of Carthage, 70,- 000 were in arms, and for" 3 years defied the power of Eome and defeated four large armies sent against them. Read M;, p. o08-9, or Lid., p. 498-9-500. VII. Read v. 86 to 99. Fate of Tiberius and Caius Grac- chus and their followers ? Through influence of what class ? V. 82-3-4-5. What three wars after the fall of the Grac- chi before the first Mithradatic War? v. 86-7. Learn notes 1, 2, 3. Cause of first Mithradatic War? v. 88. Result? ^ The Jugurthine War, a history of which was written by Sallust, one of the most famous of the Roman historians, was. against Jugurtha, king of Numidia, in Africa. He was conquered by Marius, and after gracing his triumph, was starved to death in prison. 2 The Cimbri were a Germanic tribe. The whole nation (300, - 000 fighting men) desolated Gaul and threatened Italy. In one battle they killed 100,000 Romans. The terror in Rome was equalled only by that caused by the Gauls 200 years before. Marius was sent against them, and defeated them in two terrible battles, in one of which 200,000 Cimbri were slain, and in the other 100,000 slain and 60,000 made prisoners and sold as slaves. ReadM., p. 315 and 316. ^ The Social War between the Romans and their Italian allies, lasted three vears and destroved 300,000 lives. 32 AIDS TO HISTOKY. V. 89. WhereisPontus? Mapp. 161. Learn v. 91. Read W. p. 175, V. 4, or L. M. p. 143. How many fell in the civil wars between Marius and Sylla? v. 92. How many Mithradatic wars were there ? Ans. 3. Who won the last? V. 95. Fate of Mithradates? v. 95. Who was Spartacns and what did he do? v. 94 and *. Pompey's conquest of the Pirates?^. What honor was decreed to Pompey? v. 95 and ^. Who had been Pompey's colleague in the con- sulship? V. 94 and 98. * Spartacus belonged to a Gladiatorial training school. He incited his companions to revolt; they were joined by other glad- iators, slaves, etc., and finally had an army of 100,000 men. For three years they defied Kome and conquered five Roman armies sent against them, but were finally defeated by Pompey and Crassus. 5 The Mediterranean and its coast swarmed with ph'ates; they had "400 fortified towns and 1,000 ships. They sacked and captured cities and sold the inhabitants as slaves. Pompey was given men, ships, etc., and in 49 days conquered them. M., p. 329-330. ® Pompey's triumph was the most magnificent Rome had ever seen. He had conquered 21 kings and subjugated 12,000,- 000 people. 324 princes walked before his triumphal car. VIII. Read v. 97 to 117. Who was Crassus? His wealth? V. 94-8 and ^ Rise of Julius Cffisar? v. 99. His two narrow escapes? ^ Who was Cataliue? His followers, rival, fate? V. 100. In what speech occurs the expression, "0 Tem- ^ Crassus gave a feast to the people on 10,000 tables, and gave corn to supply the families for three months. 2 He was on the list of those proscribed by Sulla, but hid till the Vestal virgins and nobles obtained his pardon. He was on the way to Rhodes to study oratory (Rhodes was long a center of literature and art), and was captured by the pirates, but was ran- somed. AIDS TO HISTORY. 33 pora! Mores?" ^ Who formed the first Triumvirate? V. 102. Learn v. 103-5-9-111 to 116. Kesult of Caesar's eight years in Gaul? v. 104-5 and ^. Origin of the expres- sion, "Swift as a Parthian arrow?"'' Where is the Kubicon? One Reason of Cesar's victory at Pharsaha? ^ Where is Pharsaha? Why, how and where did Cato fall? v. 115- 116 and '' . Where are Thapsusand Munda? map, p. 167, and V. 115. Learn notes 8 and 9. 3 In the famous oration of Cicero which compelled Cataline to leave Kome. v, 100. * He completely subdued Gaul, and took 800 cities, defeated nearly 3,000,000 men, and made two invasions of Britain. ^ The Parthian cavalry would pretend to retreat, then, when pursued, would turn and discharge their arrows with unerring accuracy. ^Pompey's cavalry were handsome young nobles. CaBsar told his men to aim at their faces. They fled and lost the battle. So says Plutarch, but Caesar does not mention it. ^ Cato said he saw the republic was passing away, and he would not survive it. ® Caesar said of the battle of Munda: "I have often fought for victory, but in this I fought for life. " ^ Connect Julius Caesar, and everything connected with him, with one date^ 55 B. C, his first invasion of Britain, and the be- ginning of the authentic history of Britain. IX. Read V. 117 to 137. Caesar's honors and triumphs after his great conquests? i How did he use his power? v. 117- 118-127. What do you mean by "Caesar reformed the cal- ^ The senate made him perpetual dictator, conferred upon him the powers of censor, consul and tribune, with the title of Ponti- fex Maximus and Imperator; his statue was to be carried in the procession of the gods, and their fifth month, Quintilis, was to be called, in his honor, Julius (July). He had four triumphs in one month. 34 AIDS TO HISTORY. endar?" ^ Learu v. 119-122-5-6-9. Caesar's physical defect? How hidden? v. 124. Who were the chief s of the conspiracy against C^sar? v. 121. Cc^sar's death? v. 123. "Who was Octavius, and who, with him, formed the second Triumvirate? v. 130-131. Learn v. 132-5-6. Cause, leaders, and result of Battle of Philippi? v. 133. Where is Philippi? V. 183, and map, p. 182. Cause, leaders, and result of hattle of Actium? Where is Actium? v. 136 and map, p. 72. 2 Their year had consisted of only 365 days, instead of about 365|. This, in the course of centuries, made a difference of some months between the civil and solar year. Caesar called in the aid of Greek astronomers, who rectified the error by adding one day in every four years at the end of February (as in our leap-year). There was still a shght error, which was corrected under Pope Gregory XIII, in the sixteenth century. Eussia still keeps the old style, and is twelve days behind the rest of Europe. X. Keadv. 137 to p. 182. Learn v. 137-8-9. Learn last half of synopsis of Regal Period and the two dates, p. 178. Give the important characters and legends of this period? ^ Principal characters and offices connected with Rome when an aristocratic Republic? p. 179 and Note ^. How long was Rome an aristocratic Republic? p. 144, v. 35 to 38. What was the nature of the struggle the first century of the Republic? v. 17-22, also synopsis, p. 179. How long was Rome a republic? (ppr. 1, n. ^.) How is this period divided? v. 17 to 19 (no dates). Learn synopsis ^ Romulus and Remus, and the wolf. Tarpeia, The Horatii and the Curiatii. Rape of the Sabines. Lucre tia. 2 Brutus and Collatinus, Horatius Codes, Porsenna King of the Etruscans, Mutius Scsevola, Coriolanus, Cincinnatus, Virginia, Appius Claudius, Brennus, Marcus Manlius and the Sacred Geese; officers were, consuls, tribunes, decemvirs, censors, dic- tators, senators, lictors. AIDS TO HISTORY. 35 of second epoch, p. 179-180. Important names in Epoch of Foreign Conquest. ^ 3 Hanno, Hamilcar, Regulus, Xanthippus, Hasdrubal, Hanni- bal, Fabius, Marcellus, Scipio Africanus, Archimedes, iEmillius Paulus, Mummius, Cato the Censor, Scipio ^milianus. XI. Learn synopsis of Epoch of Civil Strife and name im- portant characters connected with it. p. 181. Contending parties and results of Battles of Pharsalia, Philippi, Can- nae, Zama, Thapsus, Munda, Actium? Where is each of these places? Name the principal wars in which Pompey was engaged? p. 163, v. 94 to 114. Who were the Gauls? Note 3, ppr. 11., and p. 142, v. 31. Who were the Celts? p. 3, V. 7 and 8. Seven hills of Rome?^ Learn Note 2 Who were the Dictators? p. 139. The Lictors? p. 138. Origin of our word Bostrum! ^ Who were the Augurs ? * 1 Aventine, Palatine, Capitoline, Esquiline, Quirinal,Viminal, Caelian. - "Hesperia," " the land of the evening star," was the old Greek name for Italy. The "Ultima Thule" of the Romans is thought to have been one of the Orkney or Shetland Islands— the most remote northern island known to them. The "Curule chairs" were the ivory chairs of the senators. S. P. Q- R.,on Roman standards, arches, etc., are the initials of Senatus, Pop- ulusque Romanus, which signifies, "The Roman Senate and People."' 2 The prows of war ships were often fashioned like the beak of a bird (in Latin, rostrum ; plural, rostra). The Romans hav- ing captured one of these ships, took its rostrum to Rome as a trophy and placed it in the forum, as a platform for orators. * The Augurs were the interpreters of the auspices or omens by which Jupiter made known his will. No business was entered upon without first consulting them, and they often abused their power for political ends. Read v. 74, p. 157. 36 AIDS TO HISTORY. XII. Read p. 182 to 190. Nature of Augustus' rule? v. 140. Boundaries of his empire? v. 141. What three civilizations in the Roman dominion? v. 144 to 148. What were the Praetorian cohorts ? Their power, v. 148 and 165. Learn V. 149 to 154. Who was Janus? When was his temple closed? What words are derived from his name? i What was the Campus Martins? v. 154 and Note ^. What was the Pantheon? By whom built and in whose reign? v. 154 and Note ^. What were the aqueducts? v. 155. What of the baths? v. 156. The fountains? v. 156. Who was Mae- cenas? V. 157. What can you say of Augustus and his age in regard to literature? v. 157. Name the Latin poets and historians mentioned p. 188. Greatest event in reign of Augustus? V. 160-175. Who was Varus and what disas- ter befel him, and what did Augustus exclaim when he ^ A god of the Romans, unknown to the Greeks. His temple was built by Numa Pompilius, second king of Home, and was closed during his reign. The god is often represented with two faces — one looking to the past, the other to the future. He was the god of the year and of the day, and of doors. January and Janitor both come from Janus. The gates of the temple were closed the second time after the first Punic war, and the third time during the reign of Augustus, when Christ was born. Learn in Milton's Nativity Hymn, verse beginning, "No war nor bat- tles' sound, " and read verse following. ^ Campus Martins means *' Field of Mars" — a place for mili- tary exercises. Our word, martial, comes from Mars, the god of war. ^ Built by Agrippa, a famous and favorite minister of Au- gustus. It has no windows, but is lighted from above by a large aperture, twenty-six feet in diameter. The bronze from its roof was taken to adorn the high altar in St. Peter's church, Rome. The Pantheon is now a Christian church, and Raphael is buried there. AIDS TO HISTORY. 37 heard of it?^. Learn Note 5. When and how was Pom- peii destroyed? What famous writer was killed then? 159. What is said of his industry? M., p. 462. Why was he called "Pliny the Elder?" ^ * A tyrannical Koman commander; he provoked a rebellion of Germans, was entrapped in their forests, and, with almost his entire army of 40,000, was killed. Augustus was frantic with grief and vexation, and often exclaimed: "0, Varus! Varus! restore me my legions!" 5 Among many offices bestowed upon Augustus (read v. 139) was that of "Pontifex Maximus." The college of Pontiffs (from the Latin word, pons, pontis, a bridge), was so called because the members had to keep in order the bridges over which relig- ious processions passed, and it became the most important relig- ious institution of the Komans. In course of time the Pope was called Pontifex Maximus (Pontiff) in imitation of the Eoman em- perors who united civil and religious functions. 6 Because his nephew Pliny (called "Pliny, the Younger"), was also a writer and orator (though not a naturaUst, like the elder Pliny). XIII. Learn notes 1 to 9 ahout some of the Roman Emperors. 1 Tiberius lived at Capri (island) giving himself up to de- bauchery, while Sejanus, his low, corrupt minister ruled in Kome. 2 Caligula (from caUgae, httle boots) was a monster of wicked- ness. Spent 98,000,000 dollars in one year. His horse "Incita- tus" had a stable of marble and ivory; he claimed for him greater reverence than is due to man, and intended to make him consul. 3 Claudius (by some considered almost imbecile) conquered Britain, and took "captive the famous British chief Caractacus. His wife Messahna. a most abandoned woman, ruled him and Kome until he killed her for her shameless immoralities. Then he married Agrippina, mother of Nero, and was poisoned by her that Nero might have the throne. * Nero was the 6th (see list, p. 189) and last of the Julian hne or the true Crosars, JuUus Cc^sar being the first. Of these six, Augustus was the only one who did not die a violent death. Nero built an immense palace, so magnificent that it was called the "Golden House of Nero." He was an inhuman monster, and murdered all whom he hated or whose wealth he coveted. He also killed his mother, his excellent adviser and tutor (the famous morahst Seneca), and his minister Burrhus. M., p. 461. 3S AIDS TO HISTORY. Read carefully v. 164 to 174. Augustus' advice to his successors? v. 166. What addition did Trajan make to the ^ Yitellius spent in four months 35,000,000 dollars on his table. After a hearty meal, he would take an emetic that he might eat more. One costly dish was brains of rare birds, eggs of fishes, nightingales' tongues, etc. ^ Vespasian began the Coliseum or Flavian Amphitheatre. His son Titus, after a most fearful siege (L. M.,p. 170-1-2, or W.. p. 197, V. 26 to 31) took Jerusalem. Learn note 1, 5th ppr. (Anc.) Josephus the famous Jewish historian, accompanied Titus to Eome, and was well treated by Vespasian. Vespasian was the first emperor after Augustus who was not murdered. '' Titus, a most excellent emperor, was called, "The Delight of Mankind. " If any day passed without some kindly deed per- formed, he would exclaim, "I have lost a day!" He finished the Cohseum (read M., p. 420-421). "While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand; when falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall, and when Rome falls, then falls the world." The "Elder Pliny, " the cele- brated natural historian, was killed by the eruption of Vesuvius in this reign, see v. 159. ^ Antoninus Pius and his colleague and successor, Marcus Aurelius, were devoted to the welfare and happiness of their people. The latter is often called the "Philosopher". He was a stoic, and a most thoughtful writer; and his "Meditations approach nearer to the spirit of Christianity than any other writings of Pagan antiquity. " Troubles on the frontier called him from his books to the camp. Once his army was surrounded and his soldiers dying of thirst, when suddenly a thunder-storm brought them relief, in answer, it is said, to the prayers of a Christian legion, which received the name of "The Thundering Legion." (M., p. 376-7.) A terrible plague having broken out, superstitious people thought that it was because the new sect of Christians was tolerated in the empire. Aurelius, therefore, permitted a fear- ful persecution against them, and the saintly Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna, was one of the victims. The death of Aurelius marks the beginning of the "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." ^ Diocletian, after ruling 20 years, resigned the sceptre and devoted himself to rural pursuits. He was so happy in his farm life, that when urged to resume the purple, he would only answer, "Come and see the cabbages that I have planted." In this reign occurred the tenth, last, and greatest general persecution of the Christians. It lasted 10 years, extending into the reign of Gale- lius, Diocletian's successor (v. 181) who being seized with a loath- some, incurable disease, was told that it was sent by the God of the Christians. He ordered the persecutions to cease, and the AIDS TO HISTORY. 39 empire ? v. 166 and 507. How commemorated ?i « One proof that the provinces became Latinized ? v. 168. What do you mean hy Latinized.' v. 168. What new order of government did Diocletian introduce ? v. 169-170. Learn note ^. Under whom was the empire reunited ? v. 170. What great change made by Constantine? v. 171 and 205. Learn 172-3. Christians to rebuild their churches. It was during this and other persecutions, that the Christians sought refuge in the Cata- combs, tliose vast galleries and chambers under the city ofKome. ^'^ There was erected in Kome, Trajan's Column, adorned from base to top with a spiral band of sculptures, containing 2,500 human figures, besides horses, chariots, etc. M., p. 373. XIV. Bead very carefully v. 174 to 188. Notice passage from Tacitus, V. 177. W^hy is this of special interest to us? v. 177. How did the great empires of Alexander and Augustus help to prepare the world for the coming of Christ, and to carry the gospel to "earth's remotest bounds?" ^ Learn v. 177 (coarse print), 178-9 and 2. Mention some of the tortures endured by the early Christians 2. Perse- 1 (a.) That of Alexander, by disseminating the Greek lan- guage, which, better than any other, expresses the truths of Kevelation. (b.) Under Augustus there was peace and intercourse be- tween all parts of his immense empire, and the gospel was carried along Koman roads, over Eoman bridges, on Roman ships throughout Western and Southern Europe, Western Asia and Northern Africa. 2 Trajan was one of Eome's grand emperors. Few others would have dared to say, as he did when giving his sword to a Prefect, "Take this sword and use it; if I have merit, for me; if not, against me. " ^ Some were stretched on racks till their bones were dislo- cated; some had their flesh torn from them with red-hot pincers; some were scourged till the flesh came from the bones, and then the wounds rubbed with salt and vinegar. Indeed, they were tortured in every way that cruelty could devise. 40 AIDS TO HISTORY. cutions?* (See L. M., pp. 179 to 183.) Bead Coliseum, M., p. 420. Who were the father and mother of Constan- tine? V. 183, and L. M., pp. 180-183. Why, where and when was the first Ecumenical Council held? L. M., p. 185. What was the Labarum? Its origin? v. 184-5. What famous church did Constantine build in his new capital ? 5 * There were ten great persecutions — the first in Nero's reign, the last in Diocletian's. Four of the greatest were under Nero, Trajan, Marcus Aureliusand Diocletian. ^ A magnificent church, whose dome was encrusted with mo- saic work and gold. He dedicated it to Sophia (the Greek for "Wisdom of God") ; but the ignorance of succeeding ages changed it to St. Sophia, which it is now called. XV. Bead v. 188 to 203. Who was Julian the Apostate? Why so called? v, 188. How did he attempt to falsify Bible prophecy, and how foiled? W., p. 225, v. 38-9. Learn names of the Christian fathers, pp. 200-201, and v. 190. Who was called the "golden -mouthed," and why? p. 201. What famous translation was made by St. Jer- ome? p. 201. Under what circumstances is the Te Deum said to have been written? ^ Who was Athanasius, and for what especially famous? p. 200. What archbishop re- fused communion to an emperor? The circumstances? L. M., pp, 196-7. Bead about Zenobia, M., p. 385, or, W., p. 216, note 4. The chief garment of a Boman? v. 191. Give an instance in which a famous Boman, at work on his farm, put on this garment before receiving the com- ^ Written by St. Ambrose (see p. 200) , to be sung at the bap- tism of St. Augustine, who, after a youth of dissipation, was at last, by the tears and prayers of his mother, Monica, led to be- come a Christian. He afterwards became Bishop of Hippo (p. 201), and is revered as one of the greatest fathers of the church. AIDS TO HISTORY. 41 mands of the Senate, p. 139. Position of the Komans at their meals? v. 194. Roman baths during the empire? v. 196, and M., p. 428 -f. Learn v. 197. Books of theEomans? V. 198. Origin of our words vohime and style? v. 198. What ruins enable us to see now, the arrangement and dec- orations of Roman towns and houses during the empire? V. 201. What were the floors? v. 201. What was on the thres- hold? V. 201. What were the Lares and Penates? ^ 2 The household gods of the Komans. XVI. Read v. 203 through ch. Learn v. 205-6-13. Where and when was the first great lodgement of the Teutons in the Roman Empire? v. 207-8-9. On what two occasions were Moldavia and Wallachia the cause of war? v. 207; also p. 192, V. 166, and Note 10, paper XIII.; also p. 462, V. 11. Who were the Visigoths and who their king when they sacked Rome? Date? v. 210. Learn v. 172, p. 194. Who was emperor and who his famous minister when Rome was threatened by Alaric? ^ and L. M. p. 198-p also M. p. 399, 400. Where did this emperor hold his court? 2, and L. M , p. 199. Alaric's burial? ^ ^ Honorius was emperor and StiUcho, his famous general. Stilieho called in the legions from the distant provinces, to de- fend the capital, and gained a great victory over Alaric. The latter soon advanced again towards Rome, and Stilieho, the only man capable of saving the empire, having been falsely accused and put to death by Honorius, Alaric arrived before the walls of Rome, which had not seen a hostile army since the time of Han- nibal 600 years before. 2 At Ravenna, near the Rubicon, a place well protected by marshes, where he thought himself and his favorite poultry (to which he devoted most of his time) secure from the barbarians. ^ The Goths turned a river from its course, made a grave in the bed of the river and buried him there with all his treas- ures, then turned back the waters and slew the slaves who had been employed in the work. 42 AIDS TO HISTOKY. What tribes overran the province of Britain soon after the Romans left it? v. 211, and p. 226, v. 38-39. Who were the Huns, and who was Attila and what called? v. 212 and '^. What is said of the Battle of Chalons? v. 212. The Vandals? V. 211, 213 and 5. Who was their chief when they sacked Rome? v. 211, 213. Meaning and origin of our word Vandalism? The last emperor of the west and first king of Italy? v. 214. Date of the fall of Western Empire? v. 214 and p. 194, v. 173. When was the last gladiatorial combat in the Coliseum? ^ * Attila, called the "Scourge of God," was the leader of the Huns, a fierce, savage and warlike tribe who had emigrated from Central Asia. * The Vandals were a Germanic race, who conquered and settled in Southern Spain (called from them Andalusia, and com- prising the Moorish kingdoms of Seville, Cordova and Grenada), then conquered and settled in Northern Africa. The emperor Trajan, and Seneca, the moral philosopher, (tutor of Nero) were natives of this province. •^ In the reign of Honorius during a gladatorial combat, a devout hermit, named Telemachus, hoping to put a stop to these cruel exhibitions, leaped into the arena, and holding up a cross, threw himself between the two gladiators. The people enraged at this interruption, killed him with stones; but he won the vic- tory, for the emperor decj eed that these atrocious sports should cease. M., p. 339+, or L M., p. 198. MEDIAEVAL HISTORY I. Kead p. 212 to p. 222. What do you understand by Medieval History? p. 212, v. 1. What by the Dark Ages? V. 2. Learn v. 3, 4, 5, 7, 20, 21, 22. Order of migration? v. 6. When do the- Teutons begin to affect the course of history? v. 9. Synonymous terms for Teutonic? V. 10. Chief Germanic tribes? v. 11. Meaning of Ostro- goths and Visigoths? v. 12. Origin of the name of Anda- lusia? V. 13. Of France ? v. 14. Why are the low Germans of special interest to us? v. 16. Who were the Norsemen? V. 17. Chief representative of the Slavonians? v. 18. What other nation belongs to this race? v. 18. Who are the Magyars? v. 19. Learn classification of languages, p. 219. How long after the fall of the Western Empire did the Eastern exist? v. 24. By what three names is the Eastern Empire called? v. 21. During whose reign was it in the height of its glory? v. 25. For what two things is this emperor especially famous ? v. 25. Who built the church of St. Sophia? (See Note 4, ppr. XIV., Eome.) II. Read v. 26 to 43. Who was Theodoric, and what did he do in Italy? v. 27. Condition of Italy in reign of The- odoric the Great? v. 28. Behsarius? v. 29 and^. His fate?i ^ Belisarius was the greatest and ablest of Justinian's sub- jects, wlio won for his emperor two kingdoms, then, through jeal- ousy, was recalled from the army, and treated in his old age with cruelty and ingratitude by the master he had so faithfully served. His servants and wealth were taken from him, his eyes put out, 44 AIDS TO HISTOKY. Who were the Exarchs of Ravenna? v. 29. Where is Ra- venna? map, p. 167? Who were the Lombards? v. 30. Cause of the founding of Venice? ^ The cruelty and rav- ages of what nation added to it? v. 30. How was Italy divided during the 200 years preceding Charlemagne? v. 31, By what nation and under what king was the kingdom of France founded? v. 32 and ^ . What was the first Frankish dynasty called, and why? v. 34:. Character of the later Frankish kings? v. 34-5. Learn v. 35-6-7-9-40-42. The second Frankish dynasty? Why so called? v. 37. What were the seven chief Saxon kingdoms called? When united into one, by what king and under what name? v. 40 and^ Who were the Saracens? v. 41. Three other names, mean- about the same as Saracen? ^ Who was Mahomet? ^ and it is said that he used to beg near the door of a church, say- ing, "Give a penn)' to Belisarius, the General." At last Justinian became ashamed of this treatment, and restored to the noble old man a part of his wealth. 2 When Attila was devastating Northern Italy (v. 212, p. 210), many of the people took refuge in the little islands near the mouth of the Po. They built huts, collected such property as they had saved, and thus founded Venice. * Clovis married a Catholic Christian princess, and. through her influence, he, with 3,000 of his followers, was baptized in the Cathedral of Kheims, by the Archbishop; and, as there was at that time no other Catholic prince (the Greek emperor having fallen into heresy), Clovis received the titles of "Eldest Son of the Church," and "Most Christian King," which descended to all his successors, the kings of France. * They were called "The Saxon Heptarchy," and in 827 were united into one kingdom, England, under Egbert. Egbert had learned the art of war with Charlemagne; so connect this one date, 827, with Charlemagne and all people or events near his time, remembering that as Egbert learned from Charlemagne, the latter must have lived some time before the close of Egbert's con- quests. ^ Mohammedan, Musselman, Moslem. ^ Mahomet was a religious impostor, who arose in Arabia in the early part of the seventh century. He taught a belief in one God, wliose prophet he declared himself to be. AIDS TO HISTORY. 45 III. Read v. 41 to 68. What is the Koran ? v. 43 and i . What made of the scattered Arab tribes one great nation? v. 43. What is the Hegira? Date? v. 44. Watchword of the Saracens? 2 The Mohammedan's Paradise?^ Who were the CaHphs? v. 46. Learn note."* One reason of the rapid spread of Mohammedanism? notes 3 and 4. What coun- tries were first converted to this faith? v. 46. What of the famous Alexandrian Library? v. 47 and note 3, ppr. V. (Anc.) From where did they cross into Europe? v. 48. Origin of the word Gibraltar? v. 48. The last of the Goths? By what people defeated? v. 49. What is said of their rapid conquest of Spain? v. 49. Learn v. 50-1-2-3-4-6; also V. 36, p. 225 and date. Read p. 282, v. 186-7. In whose time were the Saracens or Moors of Spain finally conquered? p. 299, v. 239. Where is Bagdad? Capital of the Spanish Caliphate? v. 55. About how long from the Hegira till the defeat of the Saracens by Charles Mar- tel? V. 44 and 51. The grandest figure of the Middle Ages? V. 57. Peculiarity of the name Charlemagne? ^ Learn v. 58, 59 and 37. To whom did Charlemagne commit the 1 The Koran is the Mohammedan Bible. 2 There is but one God, and Mahomet is his prophet. ^ Mahomet promised to all those who fell in battle immediate admission to the joys of Paradise, which was all that an Arab im- agination could paint of sensual felicity— everything to charm the senses. Even the humblest of the faithful was to be served by seventy- two damsels of immortal youth and dazzling beauty. ^ The Saracens believed in absolute predestination, which taught that the hour of death is determined beforehand. This, of course, made them indiffei ent to danger, and willing to go to war. * It is the only name in history in which the Latin word mag- nu8, meaning great, is incorporated in the name. 46 AIDS TO HISTORY. care of bis German dominions, and why? v. 64-5 and*^. Who was Eoland? His fate? v. 67 and '. •^ He placed bishops over his domains in Germany (making them equal in temporal power to his dukes), thinking them more likely to soften and civilize the fierce heathen than his ambitious nobles would be. ' Eoland was a favorite nephew of Charlemagne. He is said to have possessed a marvelous horn, on which no one but himself could produce a sound; and it was a blast from this horn, blown with his last breath, that made known to Charlemagne the fate of his rear guard. Roland was one of the favorite heroes of the mediaeval legends. IV. Bead v. 68 to 96. Learn v. 68-72 3-5 6. What gifts were made by Pepin to the Pope, and of what was this the beginning? v. 98. Extent of Charlemagne's empire ?i His dress? v. 74 and- What division was made of his great empire not long after his death ? v. 76. Who was Alcuin ?3 What historic facts were common to all Europe during the Middle Ages ? v. 77. What do you mean by ''Feudal Tenure/'' V. 79-80. Learn v. 81-8-6 7-90-94. Name two cases in which kings were vassals to other kings ? v. 82 and ^ . What do you mean by serfs? v. 84-5. Origin of the word villain? v. 85. When, how and by whom was Feudahsm introduced into England? v. 86. How did Eoyalty undermine 1 It comprised the modern Kingdoms of France, Germany and Italy, and part of Spain, (See v. 69.) - His dress was generally very simple. He liked to play his fine courtiers a trick by making them follow him through rough muddy fields till their fine clothes were ruined, and then show them his plain sheepskin garment unhurt. ^ Alcuin, an English monk, was perhaps the most learned of all the learned men invited by Charlemagne to his court, to teach himself, his children, his nobles, and his clergy. * Edward I. of England as Duke of Guienne was vassal to the King of France, and as such was summoned by Phihp to answer for offenses committed by his (Edward's) subjects in Guienne. AIDS TO HISTORY. 47 Feudalism ? V. 91. Meaning of Municipalities? v. 92 and Diet. V. •- Bead v. 93 to 107. Two chief things which gave the Bishop of Eome great power and influence ? v. 97. How be- gan the temporal power of the Popes ? v. 98. Learn notes p. 248. Who was Gregory VII? v. 100-101-102. Learn V. 102-103-105. Read L. M. (Med.), p. 26 to 29. Origin of our word condare.' L. M., p. 27. Whose influence led to the celibacy of the clergy? L. M., p. 26. What was in- vestiture? V. 102. What is an Interdict^ L. M., p. 79. Learn note.i Read v. 107 to 114. What were the Crus- ades 9^ Distinction between Saracens and Turks ?3 i~When Henry IV. of Germany beseigeclKome, Gregory VII. took refuge in the strongly fortified Castle St. Angelo (formerly the tomb of the emperor Hadrian) which is connected by a covered passagewith the Vatican; afterwards he escaped from the city. (V. 105.) 2 The Crusades were Holy Wars, undertaken by the western nations of Europe to recover the Holy Land from the Turks, who were cruelly oppressing the resident Christians, and also the Pilgrims, (v. 108.) 3 The Saracens were Arabians and Mohammedans, and while they (under the Caliphs of Bagdad) held Jerusalem, pilgrims were unmolested, but when the Turks, a Tartar tribe (also Moham- medans) seized Palestine, their cruelties to Pilgrims aroused. Christian Europe. VI. Read v. 107 to 127. Learn v. 107-9-125 and note ^ . Who was "Peter the Hermit," and what led him to preach the first Crusade? v. 109-10-11. What symbol did all Crusaders wear? v. 113. Who led the vanguard of the first Crusade? V. 114-115. Fate of this vanguard ? v. 115-117. Two chief ' Godfrey de Bouillon took the oath of a sovereign, but would not take the title of King, nor wear a crown; saying it was not for him to wear a crown of gold where his Lord had worn a crown of thorns. 48 AIDS TO HISTORY. leaders of the first Crusade ? v. 116. Who composed the Mailed Cavalry? v. 118. Siege of Antioch? v. 120 1-2. With how many cavalry did the Crusaders set out, and how many were left after the Siege of Antioch? v. 118-122. Their first sight of Jerusalem? v. 123. Who possessed Jerusalem at that time? V. 124. Kead L. M , p. 51, chapter iv. to p. 58. What Norman Duke went on the first Crusade, and how did he get means to go ?2 2 Kobert, Duke of Normandy, in order to go on the Crusades, mortgaged his duchy for five years to his brother William II. of England. VII. What two orders of knighthood arose about the time of the first Crusade and became the chief bulwarks of the Christians in Palestine while the Kingdom of Jerusalem lasted? L. M., p. 57-8. Eead v. 127 to 145. About how long between the first and second Crusades? v. 127. What caused the second Crusade? Who preached it and how was the appeal received? v. 128. Result of the first and second Crusades ? v. 125-131. What called forth the third Crusade ? V. 132-3. Learn v. 133-5-6-7-8 and also seventh and eighth Crusades p., 2&4-5. Fate of Frederick Barbarossa. v. 134. What happened to Richard on his way from Palestine? Note p. 263 and E. H., p. 77, v. 15 to 20. Eead L. M., p. 61-2-3 about St. Bernard. VIII. Eead v. 139 to 162. Learn v. 139 to 146. Read Chevalier Bayard L. M. p. 30, or Biog. Diet. Eead L. M., p. 38 to part v., p. 43. What says Hallam of chivalry? v. 147. Learn v. 148-9-155. What were Tournaments ? v. 151. From what comes the gentleman of modern days? v. 156. Deriva- AIDS TO HISTORY. 49 tion of our word courtesy H Cause of cessation of literature? V. 159 . Bead v. 20, p. 218. Learn v. 159-160. ^ The castle court was the place where the pages were chiefly instructed in chivalry, and such manners as became a true knight acquired the name of courtesy. IX. Bead v. 160 to 189. Learn v. 159 160-162-6-8-180-2-4- 6-Q. Four eminent for learning in the Dark Ages ? v. 163. At what court was Alcuin? Note 3, ppr. IV, How did many charters begin in the Dark Ages, and why? v. 164. What were palimpsests? N., p. 274. What was the Han- seatic League? v. 170-171. Woolen manufactures of Flanders? v. 173 andi. Who was the "Royal Wool Mer- chant? His wife ? v. 174 and2. Thomas Blanket?^ Chief commercial cities of Southern Europe ? v. 175. What led to their rapid growth? v. 175. What of the Mediaeval universities? p. 281. Who were the "Schoolmen?" The two most famous ones? v. 183 and notes ^ and ^. Who was Abelard?^ ^ In Flanders were woven tapestries from cartoons of famous artists — Raphael's cartoons (from which were woven tapestries for the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican) were found a century after- wards in some garret; they were bought by Charles I. of Eng- land, repaired, and are now among the greatest treasures of Hampton Court Museum. 2 Edward III. , called the "Royal Wool Merchant," married Philippa of Hainan] t, who took over to England many Flemish weavers, among others Thomas Blanket; hence our word blanket. 2 Thomas Aquinas was allied to several royal houses ol Europe. When very young he became a Dominican friar, though opposed in this by his family. He afterwards taught theology at Paris, and crowds thronged to his teachings and preachings. He is called the "Angelic Doctor." * Duns Scotus was educated at Oxford, became a Franciscan monk, and taught at Oxford and afterwards at Paris. In the great controversies between T. Aquinas and D. Scotus, the dis- ciples of the former called those of the latter dunses, hence our word dunce. ^ Abelard was a very famous French scholastic philosopher. When only 22 he opened a school of philosophy near Paris. His 50 AIDS TO HISTORY. love for the beautiful and accomplished Heloise (whose tutor he was) and the troubles and misfortunes it brought upon them both, are almost universally known. Abelard became a monk, and Heloise, a nun, but in death they Avere united and were buried side by side. Their remains were several times moved, and at last were placed in the famous cemetery of "Pere la Chaise," Paris. X. Read v. 186 to 200. Learn v. 187 (except last 8 lines). The 3 most famous collections of the poetry of the middle ages? V. 188. Who were the Troubadours? v. 188 and K The Minnesnigers? V. 188 and ^ Learn v. 189, 191-2. When were works first written in Romance tongues? v. 188. Origin of the word romance? i The great art of the middle ages?v. 190. What is the Decameron? ^ England's 5 greatest poets? v. 189 and ^. Who were Petrarch and his Laura? ^ Who was Dante and his love? his most famous ^ The Troubadours were poets and singers belonging chiefly to Provence in Southern France, where the language preserved much of the Latin, and was very soft and flowing. The Trouba- dours (meaning in their tongue, inventors) wandered in great numbers into other countries, composing and singing tales of love, chivalry, war, etc., which, from being chiefly in the old Ko- man tongue, were called Romances. ^ The Minnesingers were poets and singers in Germany, generally of noble descent, and like the Troubadours, sang bal- lads of their own composition. They were everywhere welcome, in castle and in camp, and were untouched by the numerous ma- rauders of those times. ^ A collection of 100 tales by Boccaccio, a most famous Italian novelist of the 14th century. The tales are supposed to be told by a party of young nobles and ladies while staying at a country villa near Florence, to escape the plague then raging in that city. Chaucer and Shakespeare each borrowed ideas from the Decameron. Boccaccio was a friend of Petrarch. * Shakespeare, Chaucer, Spencer, Milton, Pope. ^ Petrarch was a very learned Italian poet of the 14th cen- tury. He lived some time at Avignon, when the Papal court was there, and there first met Laura, the object of his life long admi- ration and devotion, who cherished his homage without requiting his love. He has immortalized her in some of his famous sonnets, AIDS TO HISTORY. 51 work? V. 189 and ^ Who was the Cid? Over what nation often victorious ? How were his family escorted back to Christian Spain after his death? L. M. p., 24-5. Three Enghsh writers contemporary with Chaucer? ' Name 4 famous Gothic Cathedrals. ^ Learn v. 193. How did Germany come to be an elective kingdom ? v. 194. Who was Henry the Fowler? v. 195. 6 Dante was Italy's greatest poet; Petrarch, Tasso and Ariosto being the only other ones really famous. His love (whom he never married) was Beatrice, whom he has immortalized in his works. His greatest work, the Divina Commedia, is an epic poem, consisting of three parts: Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. ^ Gower, a poet, Sir John Mandeville, traveler and writer, and John Wickliffe, a very learned priest called the "Morning Star of the Reformation." ^ Milan, (on wliich are 4,500 marble statues), Cologne, (be- gun over 500 years ago and not yet finished), Strasburg, (which has perhaps the most famous clock in the world), and Notre Dame, of Paris. XI. Read v. 193 to 212. Who was Otho the Great? What triple coronation did every German Emperor receive from this time? v. 196. Learn note 1. Who was Ru- dolph of Hapsburg? v. 199 and 2 Who was Hugh Capet? v. 201-3-4. Learn v. 202 and ^. What do you mean by the ^ Conrad III. (see v. 198) besieged Weinsburg, permitting the women to leave, and take all they could carry with them. His surprise was great as each woman came out with her hus- ■ band on her back. He admired their fidelity and would allow neither them nor their burdens to be molested. 2 Rudolph, Count of Hapsburg, was one of the bravest, ablest and most pious men in Germany. He made his son Albert Duke of Austria; and the present Emperor of Austria traces his descent from him. Maria Theresa and her daughter Marie An- toinette, both belonged to the house of Hapsburg. ^ Charles promised the Norsemen the province (called from them Normandy) on condition that RoUo would become his vas- sal, that all should become Christians and protect the rest of France from the Northern pirates. They accepted the condi- tions, and soon the Norman nation became the best and noblest 52 AIDS TO HISTORY. Norman Conquest? Date? v. 205, 214. Learn v. 206-7. Philip's treachery to Richard Coeur de Lion? E. H. p. 78, V. 17. Cause of 'Hundred Years War?" v. 208-9. Mo- ther of Ed. III. ? E. H. p. 95, V. 55. Famous battles of the Hundred Years War during reign of Ed. HI. ? E. H. p. 95, V. 56-61. For what are the battles of Crecy and Poi- tiers famous? ^ Famous siege in Ed. III.' s reign? What act of cruelty did Queen Philippa, prevent ? E. H. p. 96, v. 57-8. When was Calais lost by the English? ^ in France. Hollo the Ganger, or walker (so called because he was too tall for any horse to carry him), had to do homage to Charles the Simple. He took the oaths of a vassal, but would not kneel and kiss the king's foot, but instead appointed one of his followers to do it. The latter, instead of stooping to the foot, lifted it to his mouth, thus upsetting king and throne. EoUo and his followers were so powerful that none dared to avenge the insult. * Crecy, because cannon were used for the first time, and because the Black Prince here began his miUtary career and won his spurs when only 16. Poitiers, because the Black Prince took prisoner King John of France, whom he treated with the great- est courtesy, refusing to sit in his presence, and serving him at table. When they entered London, the Black Prince rode on a small black pony, while his royal prisoner rode on a magnificent white charger, richly caparisoned. * Calais was lost in reign of Mary Tudor, who grieved so at the loss that she declared the word Calais would be found written on her heart after her death. XII. Condition of France when Henry V. resolved to attack it? Battle of Agincourt? E. H., p. 100, v. 6. Who were kings of England and France when Joan of Arc became famous? Her fate? E. H., p. 112, v. 10, 11, 12. Eead V. 212 through 239. Learn note 4, paper II. What na- tion greatly troubled Egbert and his successors? v. 213. The first Danish king of England? v. 213. Learn v. 214-15. Near what time was the first crusade? v. 214- 317, and note 2, ppr. XI. First and last of Plantagenet AIDS TO HISTORY. 53 line? V. 218. When did the English lose Normandy? v. 207 and 219. The two great steps toward freedom in En- gland? V. 220-221. Date of the first? v. 220. Name in order the lines or houses of EngUsh kings (not the kings), v. 216- 218-223-225. What were the "Wars of the Koses?" Con- tending houses? V. 224. Learn note 1, paper 1 (Mod.) What were the wars between the Guelphs and Ghibelhnes? Which party did each of the two factions favor? v. 227 and 1. The circumstances that led to these troubles? p. 249, V. 99. Name five places of interest in Venice. ^ Five in Florence. ^ What said Michael Angelo of the doors of the Baptistry? 3 Name four artists of Venetian school. When did they flourish? ^ Who were the De Medici? The most famous of them, and what did he do for Florence? v. 235. What famous pope was of this family? What fa- mous church did he complete, and how did he raise much of the money for it? ^ When was Spain won by the Sar- acens? V. 237. About when and by whom were they driven from Spain? v. 239. Who was with the court at this time, and for what purpose? v. 239. 1 They were contests between the civil and spiritual powers, which began in the eleventh century and disturbed Italy for about 300 years. 2 Doge's or Ducal Palace, Bridge of Sighs, the Kialto, St. Mark's Square and St. Mark's Church. 3 Pitti Palace, Uffizi Gallery, Cathedral, Bell Tower and Baptistry. The latter has two bronze doors on which the sculp- tor Ghiberti spent forty years, and which Michael Angelo said were "worthy to be the gates of Paradise. " * Titian, Gorgione, Paul Veronese, and Tintoretto, all flour- ished in the sixteenth century. 5 The handsome, literary but irreligious son of Lorenzo be- came Pope Leo X. He finished St. Peter's, Rome, procuring much money for it by authorizing the sale of "Bulls of Indulg- ence" which promised freedom from all penance, and instant ad- mission to Paradise without pains of Purgatory. MODERN HISTORY, I. Bead carefully p. 305 through ch. 1. What events mark transition from medieval to modern history? v. 2, 8. To what was Eastern Empire reduced before its final fall? Its last emperor? v. 4, 5, 6. What nation led in maritime discovery? v. 9. Prince Henry's great desire? v. 9. What led to the discovery of America? v. 12, 13, 14. England's share in maritime discoveries? In whose reign? v. 17. Learn v. 19. Earliest printed book? p. 313, note. First book printed in England? by whom? in whose reign? p. 314, note, and Eng. Hist., p. 118, v. 27. Who were among England's last Feudal barons? v. 23 and ^ Read Eng. Hist., p. 114, V. 16 to 25. Why was gunpowder so destruc- tive to feudalism? v. 24. Effect of standing armies? v. 28. What is meant by the Balance of Power, and the States' System of Europe? v. 31. During most of the sixteenth century, what was the greatest power in Europe? v. 32. Two most important States of Spain? What marriage united them? About when? v. 32. Famous grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella? v. 32. 1 The vassals of Kichard Neville, Earl of Warwick, formed a vast army. When he favored the Yorkists, during the "wars of the Koses, " the Lancastrians were driven from the throne; aud when he deserted the cause of Edward and joined the Lancastri- ans, Henry was taken from the tower and again became king; hence Warwick was called the "king-maker. " He is said to have fed daily at his various castles more than 30,000 persons. AIDS TO HISTORY. 55 II. Eead v. 32 to 46. Famous daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella? ^ Dominion of Charles V before he was elected emperor? v. 33. Learn v. 34-35. Who were the Albigen- ses? V. 36. What Pope used severe measures to extermi- nate them? ^ What was the Inquisition? ^ Name three in fourteenth and fifteenth centuries who preached against the corruptions of the church, v. 36 and ^ What was Wickliffe called? Of what nation was he? His followers?* What was the flame that kindled the Reformation? What were indulgences? who was the agent for the sale of them? and what did Luther write against them? v. 38-9-41. When Leo X. condemned Luther's writings as heretical, what did Luther dare to do? v. 40. What do you under- stand by the Diet of Worms? Why and by whom sum- moned? V. 42. What said Luther when urged not to go there? ^ What did Tetzel promise to those who bought ^ Katharine of Aragon, who married, first, Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII of England. After his death she married her brother-in-law, Henry, afterwards Henry VIII, and became the mother of Mary Tudor, often called "Bloody Mary." 2 Innocent III, in thirteenth century, was the first Pope to stain the church with persecutions. He established a body of clergy, chiefly Dominicans, to seek out all suspected of heresy, to try and convince them, and, if they were obstinate, to have them put to torture and death. This tribunal was called the In- quisition, and was introduced into Spain officially in the time of Ferdinand and Isabella. Eead L. M. (Med.), pp". 200, 201. ^ John Huss and his friend, Jerome of Prague, accepted the doctrines taught by Wickliffe (whose writings had been carried to Bohemia), and proceeded to preach them, adding more of their own. Both were tried and burnt as heretics. * Wickliffe was an Enghsh priest, and was called the "Morn- ing Star of the Kef ormation , " because he first began to preach and write against the corruptions of the church. His followers were called Lollards, and many were persecuted and burnt as heretics. ^ "I would go, were there as many devils as there are tiles on the roof." 56 AIDS TO HISTORY. indulgences? ^ Read L. M., pp. 24-5-7-8. What book did Henry VIII. write, to whom dedicate it, and what title did he receive for it? v. 58 and ". Object of the wars caused by the rivalry of Charles V. and Francis I. ? v. 45. What monarchs met at the "Field of the Cloth of Gold," and who arranged the gorgeous display? E. H., p. 131, v. 14, 15. " He promised to those who bought them for deceased friends that, as soon as the money tinkled in the chest, their souls should fly from purgatory to heaven. « ^ Henry dedicated his book to Pope Leo X. , who rewarded him with the title of "Defender of the Faith" — a title ever since borne by England's sovereigns. III. Readv. 45 to 76. Result to Francis I. of battle of Pavia? his hostages? v. 46, 47 and i. Some of the church reforms desired at the Council of Trent? 2 Was it a true Council of the whole Church? its numbers as compared with the Nicene Council ?2 Who was Henry II. of France? v. 50 ^ As Francis landed on the French side of the boundary stream between France and Spain, he waved his sword and shouted "I am yet a king. " 2 That the communion in both kinds should be granted to the laity, (the Koman church allows only the wafer to be given to the laity, the priests alone receiving in both kinds) that the clergy should be allowed to marry, that the Psalms and liturgy should be read in the vernacular tongue, and that the authority of the Popes should be subordinate to that of a General Council. None of these reforms were decreed. 3 In the infancy of the Church, the Creed of Nicea was signed by 318 bishops in Council, from all parts of the Christian world, and it has since been received by the entire Church, East and West; while at the Council of Trent, in the 16th century, only 255 bishops signed its decrees, and these came from only four European nations. It was no true Ecumenical Council, and has never been recognized by the Anglican or the Greek Church. AIDS TO HISTORY. 57 and 4. Learn V. 53-5 (andnotel,ppr.II.),7-9-60-61-4-5-6.8. Henry's measures in regard to Monasteries, chantries, etc., and their revenues? v. 67. Meaning of Chantries? "^ Learn 5 and 6. What two kingdoms were formerly called the Netherlands? v. 72. What aroused Philip against the Netherlanders? v. 73-4. What measure did he take that drove them to revolt? v. 75. * He was father of Francis II. (husband of Mary, Queen of Scots) and husband of the infamous Catherine de Medicis, the in- stigator of the Massacre of St. Bartholomew. See p. 337, v. 91 and 92. 5 "Born of a butcher, but by bishops bred. How high his highness holds his haughty head." (Said of Cardinal Woolsey). '^ The Archbishop mentioned in v. 61, was Thomas Cranmer, one of the chief leaders of the Keformation in England. He compiled the Prayer Book in the reign of Edward VI., was one of the many victims of the persecutions in Bloody Mary's reign, and was burnt as a heretic. Having been induced in a moment of weakness to sign a recantation, he afterwards expressed the deepest contrition, and when led to the stake, he thrust his right hand into the fire, exclaiming, "This hand has offended," and held it there till it was consumed. ^ Chantries were endowed chapels, in which priests prayed and sang masses for the souls of the donors. IV. Bead p. 72 to 98. Who was the first President of the Dutch RepuhHc? v. 76-78. His fate? 79. How was the town of Leyden saved? v. 77 and L. M., p. 107. What famous queen aided the Dutch? What gallant courtier was killed at Zutphen? His last words? What did Eliza- beth call him, and what did she say when she heard of his death? v. 79 and ^ Read carefully note, p. 334. Learn ^ Elizabeth called Sir PhiUp Sidney the Jewel of her domin- ions. He was a most accomplished scholar and writer, and a knightly gentleman. To him might well be applied Chaucer's description of a Knight, "He was a very parfit, true and gentil Knight." When Ehzabeth heard of his death, she exclaimed, "I 58 AIDS TO HISTORY. last half of it and ^^ also note bottom'of p. 340, also v. 83-7- 91-3-5 (and note) and 97. Who was Eegent of France during the minority of Charles IX. ? p. 334 note. Read L. M. p. 113 to 117. With whom ended the house of Valois, and what line then began ? v. 93-4-5. Famous Minister of Henry IV.? v. 96. What was the Edict of Nantes? v. 95 and note. What family was very powerful during the reign of Francis II.? v. 85 and note p. 334. Who took up arms against them? v. 85. Learn ^ and ^. would rather lose the half of my Kingdom, than my Sidney." While dying on the battle field, water was brought to him to re- lieve his thirst; but seeing a wounded soldier look longingly at the bottle, he ordered it to be given to him saying, "Friend, thy necessities are greater than mine." 2 Catherine was told by a fortune teller that her three sons should be kings. The prediction was fulfilled, though not as she expected; for all three, Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III., were successively kings of France, all dying young. Charles and Henry were suitors to Queen Bess. ^ Admiral Cohgni was the chief leader of tha Huguenots under Henry of Bourbon, and a very noble minded old man. "When he came to Paris with Henry, Charles IX. became attached to him, which was very displeasing to the wicked Catherine. She therefore persuaded Charles that Coligni was the head of a conspiracy against him, and forced him to consent to Coligni's death. The murderers entered his room at night, killed him and threw his corpse out of the window, that the Duke de Guise who was waiting below, might know that the bloody deed was done. * Ehzabeth and her Court received the news of the massacre of St. Bartholomew in mourning, but the Papal Court, with great rejoicing. The Pope ordered services of thanksgiving to be chanted, and medals to be struck off in commemoration of it as i^ for a great victory. V. Read v. 98 to p. 347. Learn v. 98 and notes on pp. 339- 340-341 and -\ also v. 100-101-102. When Mary of Scot- ^ Lady Jane Grey, the "Nine Days Queen," was very remark- able for her learning. When only fifteen, she wrote Latin and Greek, and could speak fluently Italian, French and Spanish. AIDS TO HISTORY. 59 land was driven from her throne, who was made king of Scotland? and in whose hands did Mary place herself? the result? V. 103-4-5. Learn 3. Whose daughter was "Queen Bess?" V. 99-61. What was the "Invincible Armada"? Sent by whom, against whom? Its fate? The effect of its destruction? v. 107-108 and 'K Learn v. 113-114-115. What was Elizabeth's constant object? v. 116. Name some of the writers who made the reign of EHzabeth the most famous in all EngHsh history, for literature?* Some who made it famous in maritime enterprise ?5 Ealeigh's famous work? His fate? p. 848. Sir Philip Sidney's best works? p. 348. Spenser's chief work? p. 847. She received the news of her elevation to the throne with sorrow, and consented to accept it, only when compelled to by her father- in-law- The darkest stain on the reign of Mary Tudor, (often called "Bloody Mary") is the execution of this gifted and inno- cent girl. 2 The "Invincible Armada," was an immense fleet, sent by Philip II. of Spain against Queen Ehzabeth. It was blest by the Pope, who was confident that with this fleet Philip would crush the "Island Queen," and sweep heresy from the face of the earth. Every part of Philip's vast empire was called upon to aid in this great enterprise, and afl Europe felt sure that England would be overwhelmed. Still Elizabeth was not dismayed. She rode on horseback through her camps, and declared that she herself would lead the army against the enemy, and would rather perish in battle than survive the ruin of her people. The destruction of the fleet was terrible. Scarcely was there a family in Spam that had not lost one member. Her leadership of Europe was ended, and her slow decay began. 3 Mary of Scotland, had, when Queen of France, given great offense to Elizabeth, by assuming with Francis II., the arms and titles of King and Queen of England, and by quartering these arms on all their equipages, etc., so Elizabeth plainly saw that they intended to dispute her title to the crown. * Shakespeare, Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Francis Bacon and Ben Johnson. 6 Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Kaleigh, Martin Frobisher, and Sir John Hawkins. 60 AIDS TO HISTORY. VI. Eead p. 347 to 350. Learn Michael Angelo, p. 347 and note 1 . Learn Kaphael, p. 347 and note ^ ; also, note ^ , Name the artists mentioned p. 347. Who was Cervantes? His famous work? p 348. Who were Tasso and Arios, to p. 349. Learn Galileo, p. 349 and note *. Who were Tycho-Brahe and Copernicus? p. 349. Read v. 117 to 139. Learn v. 117 (and note), 118-121, and note s. In whose reign was the ''Long Parliament"? Why so called? V. 125. What two of Charles' advisers were im- peached by this parliament, and afterwards brought to the block? V. 125 and note *^. Learn note ^. What war and ^ His greatest frescoes are the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, in the Vatican, and "The Last Day of Judgment," on one end of the same chapel. ^ Kaphael's masterpiece, and the world's masterpiece of painting, is "The Transfiguration," in the Vatican, and his "Sistine Madonna," in Dresden, is considered the most wonderful repre- sentation of the subject in the world. 3 Leonardo da Vinci (a contemporary of Michael Angelo and Kaphael) was architect, engineer, sculptor, painter, inventor and poet — "the miracle of that age of miracles." His masterpiece in painting is " The Last Supper, " in the refectory of a convent in IVCilan. When Napoleon held Milan he stabled his horses in this convent, and, for convenience, cut a door through the lower part of this grand picture. * Galileo was imprisoned by the Inquisition. While in prison, and blind, he was visited by the poet Milton, Cromwell's foreign secretary. Kead John Milton, p. 388. ^ In James' reign occurred the famous "Gunpowder Plot," a conspiracy planned by the Koman CathoHcs to destroy the king and both houses of Parliament, but which was discovered just in time to prevent its execution. In this reign also. Sir Walter Raleigh was imprisoned, and finally put to death— an act reflecting last- ing disgrace upon James. ^ Religious agitation was an important element in the troubles of the times. The great movement in the preceding century, called the Reformation, had left the people divided: there were Churchmen, Dissenters, and Papists, all acting in the spirit of intolerance wiiich characterized the age. Archbishop Laud, as a consistent Churchman, opposed the Puritan assaults upon the AIDS TO HISTORY. 61 between what parties in the reign of Charles I. ? v. 128-9. Learn v. 129 and note. Which set of Puritans was most hostile to monarchy and church ?«. Which party was generally successful at first? After what battle did the tables turn? v. 130. Through whose skill was this battle won?9. Church, and endeavored to maintain the lawful ritual. His accusers proved not a single charge against him. Strafford was hated by the Puritans because they felt that he had deserted their cause, he having been chosen by the king from their party and made his chief minister. He was the first to be executed, and on his way to the block stopped under the window of Laud's prison to receive his blessing. The archbishop raised his hand to pro- nounce it, but grief choked his utterance, and he fell senseless. ^ Charles had the misfortune to rule at a time when the nation had outgrown its dependence upon kings and nobles. With the increase of intelligence, "the divinity that doth hedge a king" diminished. Neither James nor Charles perceived the change that was going on, and they attempted to exercise the arbitrary power that their predecessors had done. 8 The Independents, who advocated the entire abolition of the monarchy, and even of the aristocracy, and the establishment of a republic. They also held that every congregation formed a church by itself, independent of all general assemblies, having a right to elect its own pastor and make rules for its own govern- ment. " Marston Moor was gained by the Koundheads, chiefly through the skill of Oliver Cromwell. VII. Read V. 131 to 152. Learn v. 133-4 and i, 143-4. Fate of Charles I? v. 136 and 2. What do you understand by the 1 The fifty members left in the House of Commons (after the 300 whom Cromwell feared would not vote for the death of Charles had been driven out, and many of them imprisoned by Pride and his soldiers), with about forty others chosen by the Cromwellians, composed the infamous: ' ' High Court of Justice " that condemned Charles. It was no parliament, it was not the voice of the people. The disgraceful levity of this Court cul- minated when Cromwell and another member amused the crowd, by inking each other's faces with the pen with which they were signing away the life of their king. 2 Lest the people should interfere to prevent Charles' execu- tion, a covered way was erected between Whitehall and the scaf- 62 AIDS TO HISTORY, Commonwealth? When begin and end? v. 138 and 3. What famous war ended the same year as the Commonwealth began? v. 160. Whom did Scotland proclaim king after the death of Charles I? In what battle did Cromwell de- feat him? V. 139. How did Cromwell get a ParHament en- tirely subservient to his views? v. 140 and ■*. W^hat was it called and why? Names of some of its members? v. 140- 141 and ^. What title did it confer on Cromwell? v. 141. What did he say to the artist who painted him? v. 145. His last days? Note ^. Learn v. 146-150-151. By what term is the return and accession of Charles II. known in history? 146-7. fold, and the scaffold was so surrounded with Cromwell's soldiers that the king's voice could be heard only by them; but when he appeared, the multitude broke out into sobs and groans, women faulted, and men wrung their hands in helpless despair, says Eve- lyn. All London was in mourning, save the fanatical soldiers who went about preaching on the duty of exterminating tyrants. 3 It lasted twelve years, from 1648 to 1660 (the date of the " Eestoration "). * When, at Cromwell's signal, his 300 soldiers entered the Parliament House, he began to load the members with vio- lent reproaches, calling them drunkards and gluttons and worse. Never had Charles performed any act approaching this in des- potic power. Cromwell and his followers inflicted upon England a more absolute despotism than any king ever attempted. ^"Barebones Parliament" was not a parliament, it was merely an assembly of Cromwell's most fanatical adherents, chosen by him. After a short session, not finding all as obse- quious as he wished, part of them were ejected; the rest bes- towed upon Cromwell the title of " His Highness, the Lord Pro- tector," and resigned their power into his hands. The name of one member was "Praise God Barebones," another, "Through much Tribulation we enter into the Kingdom of Heaven Jones," another, "Fight the good fight of Faith White," and another, "Kill Sin Pimple." ^ He never moved a step without strong body guards, _ wore armour under his clothes, and always carried pistols, being in constant fear of assassination. He never returned from a place by the same road by which he went to it, nor slept above three nights in succession in the same chamber. AIDS TO HISTORY. 63 VIII. Kead v. 151 to 166. Learn Notes i and 2. What year is known as the "Year of Horrors?"^ By whom was Charles II. succeeded; his great desire? v. 153. His second wife?^ When disgusted with the rule of James II., for whom did the English send to deliver the nation ? v. 153-4. His relationship to James II? v. 153. What is known as "The Glorious Eevolution of 1688?" v. 155-6. Its benefits to England? v. 156. Relate the story of "Est il Possible?"^ Who was the Pretender? The young Pretender? ^ Who were the Jacobites? ^ and v. 242. In whose reign, and ^ The Stuarts were great patrons of art and learning. Charles I. invited to his Court the two most famous artists of the "Flem- ish School, " Eubens and Vandyck, who painted the royal family and many others. When, after the death of Charles I., his great collection of works of art was sold, it took eighteen mules to carry to Madrid those bought by Philip IV., of Spain. Among them was a Holy Family, by Eaphael, on seeing which, Philip exclaimed, "This is my Pearl," and by this name, this famous picture is still known . 2 The celebrated architect. Sir Christopher Wren, rebuilt St. Paul's and several other of the finest churches in London, after the "Great Fire," in reign of Charles II. Inigo Jones was another famous architect at this time. 8 The year 1666, in reign of Charles II., on account of the "Great Plague" and the "Great Fire." The former destroyed, in London, 100,000 persons. The fire raged three days and nights, and destroyed 13,000 houses. * James II. 's second wife was Mary of Modena, often called the " Queen of Tears. " ^ James II. 's daughter Anne, married Prince George of Den- mark, who, when couriers kept arriving with accounts of deser- tions from James to William, his son-in-law (see v. 153-4), ex- claimed, at each fresh desertion, "Est il possible" (is it possible). When Prince George himself deserted, James exclaimed, "What, Est il Possible, gone too." ^ The "Pretender" was James, the son of James II. He was proclaimed in Scotland, under the title of James VIII. The "Young Pretender," was Charles Edward, the son of the Pre- tender. ^ The adherents of the Stuarts. 64 AIDS TO HISTORY. what battle closed the long struggle of the Stuarts to re- gain their throne? ^ Who succeeded William III? What was the period of her reign called and why? Some writ- ers who made this period famous? Whom did Anne marry? E. H., p. 205, v. 100-106. Learn v. 160. Condi- tion of Germany when Charles V. abdicated? v. 161. What was the determination of the Emperor Ferdinand II. ? His great general? v. 164. What famous hero came against them? V. 164-6. His character, and his reason for joining in the war? v. 165. ^ In the reign of George II., the battle of Culloden (the last fought on English soil) in which the "Young Pretender" (see note 6) was entirely defeated. The most dreadful atrocities were com- mitted by the victorious party after the battle. Soldiers went over the battle field and butchered the wounded and dying. The fugitives were hunted down, and fifty miles of country laid waste with fire and sword, so that neither house, nor cottage, nor beast was to be seen. IX. Eead v. 166 to 182. Why did the Swedes despair of their cause when Gustavus was killed? v. 168-5. To whom was entrusted the management of the war? v. 168. Eead L. M., p. 164 to 170. Of what king was Eichelieu Prime Minis- ter? V. 176-7. Who succeeded him in power and position? V. 171-184. Of what King was he Prime Minister till his death? v. 182-7. During the latter part of the "Thirty Years' War" who led the French armies? v. 172. What treaty closed the war? Give the date? v 172. Learn v. 173- 4. What is the war (referred to in v. 174) that two cen- turies after the "Thirty Years' War," restored unity and strength to the German Empire. ^ Eead in L. M., p. 205- ^ The Franco -Prussian war in 1870, when William I., of Prussia, became Emperor of Germany (its present Emperor — 1886), and when Napoleon III. was defeated and driven from the French throne. AIDS TO HISTORY. 65 6-7 about Christina. About when was the "Thirty Years' War?" 2 Difference in purpose between Gustavus and Eicheheu in entering on this war? v. 165-6. Condition of France under Henry IV., how changed under Louis XIII? Who was the latter's queen-mother? v. 175 and s. How long did Eicheheu control the King, and what did he say of him? V. 176. Richeheu's chief domestic object? v. 178. The stronghold of the Huguenots? v. 178. Learn v 179.. 2 It closed in 1648, the year the "Commonwealth" began; therefore, it was during the first half of the seventeenth centary. 3 Henry IV. divorced Margaret of Valois, the daughter of Catharine de Medicis, and married Marie de Medicis, who became the mother of Louis XIII. . and of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., of England. X. Read v. 180 to 209. Learn v. 181-2-4-7. State of the Treasury under Eicheheu and Mazarin? i What was the Fronde? v. 186 and 2. Who was Vauban? v. 189. To whom did the Hollanders appeal for aid v/hen' Louis made war against them? v. 189-190-191 and ^. How were the French defeated? v. 193. What was the "Edict of Nantes;" by whom granted, by whom revoked, through whose influ- ence? p. 338, V. 95 and note, also v. 198 and K Result ' Kichelieu left a well filled treasury. Mazarin soon emptied it, and, at his death, left a fortune of $40,000,000. 2 Great sums were re(iuircd to meet the expenses of the ex- travagant court, and the war in Germany. Tiie queen-mother (Anne of Austria) and Cardinal Mazarin,* raised these sums bv levying taxes without regard to the rights of the people or the will of the Padiament. This was the direct cause of the civil war waged by the Fronde. 3 Orange was, until the death of William III, an independent principality (less than twelve miles square), in southeastern France. Since that time it belongs to France. * Through the influence of Madame de Maintenon. Her career was a strange and wonderful one. She was born in a 66 AIDS TO HISTORY. of theRevocatioD?v. 198. Leariav. 199-201-202. Whom did the Duke of Marlborough marry? her influence over Queen Anne? ^ Cause and result of the "War of the Spanish Succession?" v. 201-2-3. Marlborough's most famous vic- tories? V. 203; Learn Note ^. Why did Philip of Anjou finally come to the Spanish throne? v. 204. Of what line was he the first? v. 204. Louis' domestic sorrows? v. 203 and '. What have some called the period of Louis XIV.? V. 205. Learn Note K prison. During a voyage to America, when a cliild, she was once supposed to be dead, and was about to be buried in tiie sea, wlien her mother, liissing her. found her still ahve. When sixteen, she married the witty, but deformed and coarse poet, Scarron. After his deatli she became governess to the children of Madame de Montespan, and there met Louis XIV. He shunned her at first as being too learned and pious, but at last became attracted by her superiority, and her influence over him was always for good. His wife was less neglected and more happy than she had ever been, but did not live long. After her death, Louis secretly mar- ried the widow Scarron, upom whom he had bestowed the title of Madame de Maintenon. '" Marlborough; when John Churchill, married the beautiful Sarah Jennings, an intimate friend and favorite of Queen Anne, over whom she had such influence, that she and her husband (Marlborough) were said to be virtually England's sovereigns. She was often called "Queen Sarah." « A magnificent feudal castle was given to Marlborough, which he named "Blenheim Castle," in honor of his great victory. He and "Queen Sarah" modernized it, to the great disgust of the ancient nobility. ^ The elder of Louis' two grandsons, the Duke of Burgundy, had, for tutor, the famous and exceUent Fenelon, Archbishop of Cambray, who wrote (for the instruction of his pupil), Telemaque, hoping it might help to malvc him abetter king than Louis XIV. He gave promise of being a most excellent sovereign, but died before the throne was vacant. ^ Louis XIV. built, about ten miles from Paris, the palace of Versailles (which cost nearly $200,000,000), and filled it with works of art. AIDS TO HISTORY. 67 XI. Read v. 206 to 222. The manners of the age of Louis Quatorze? v. 206. What was under all its polish and bril- liancy? V. 207. Louis' favorite saying in regard to himself? V. 207. What said Bolingbroke of him? v. 208. For last years of Louis, read L. M., p. 276-7. Change in philo- sophy in seventeenth century? v. 209-10. What is the new philosophy often called, and why? v. 210 and p. 387. From whose time and for how long had the Deductive System held sway? V. 210 and p. 125, v. 141. Who was Descartes? v. 211. Who were Galileo, Kepler, Newton? v. 213-214; also p. 349 and 387. What is said of Harvey? v. 215. Learn v. 217 and ^ and -. Name four famous among the clergy of the age of Louis XIV.? v. 218. Pascal? v. 218 and 3. Who is called the "Modern ^Esop," and why? v. 218. Who was Murillo? v. 221, also p. 388. Sir Francis Bacon?' v. 210 and. p. 387. Learn v. 220, also read about these artists, p. 388. ^ Madame de Sevigne must be mentioned among the famous ones of the age of Louis XIV. She is celebrated for her wit and beauty, and her great love for her daughter, but, more than all, as being the most brilliant of letter writers. 2 Madame de Maintenon (see note 4, ppr. X) established at St. Cyr a school for the orphan daughters of the nobles, and, at her request, Kacine wrote his tragedies of Esther and Athalie, as most of the French plays at that time were unfit to put into the hands of her pupils. ^ Pascal, before twelve years of age, worked out propositions of Euclid, though he had never heard his name, and never been taught geometry. He was a man of marvellous talent and made many scientific discoveries; but, when twenty-five, he began to devote himself entirely to religion. So holy was his life, that his example was said to be worth a hundred sermons. 68 AIDS TO HISTORY. XII. Bead v. 222 to 247. The character of Hndibras? its author? v. 219 and p. 389. Name six EngHsh writers of seventeenth century, pp. 388-9. Learn Milton, p. 388, and note 4, paper VI.; Bunyan, p. 389. Who wrote Telc- maque, and for whom? Note 7, paper X. Whose reign begins, and whose ends, the Stuart hne? v. 117 and 232. Learn v. 233-6-8-9-240. What was Queen Anoe's time called, and why? i Who was the "Pretender," and what were his supporters called? v. 241-2. Who was Sir Rob- ert Walpole, and by what means did he so long hold the position of Premier? v. 245. Cause of the "War of the Austrian Succession?" Which side did England take? note 2, p. 394. What of the battle of Dettingen? ^ With what shout did the Hungarian nobles respond to Maria Teresa's appeal for aid? L. M., p. 822-3. Character of the court of Maria Theresa? her home life? L. M., p. 345. ^ The "Augustan Age of England," because it waste England in its famous writers, what the the time of Augustus was to Rome. See p. 188, v. 157-8. * It was gained by EngHsh troops for Maria Theresa— George II. and his son both fighting in it. It is the last battle in which an English sovereign commanded an array in person. XIII. Read v. 247 to 270. Who was the "Great Commoner?" V. 217. Learn V. 248-251-2-5-8. Trial of Warren Hast- ings?! Frederick the Great? L. M., p. 316-317-329-330. ^ Hastings was connected with the East India Company, and was charged with obtaining unjustly the large remittances ex- pected by the company. His trial is one of the most memorable mentioned in history; it lasted seven years, and resulted in his acquittal. Burke, Sheridan, Fox, and other men of brilliant tal- ents, were engaged in it. AIDS TO HISTORY. 69 His treatment from his father, his favorite sister, rehgion? With what French infidel intimate? From whom did Fred- erick the Great sieze Silesia? v. 259. Cause of Seven Years' War? v. 261, p. 398? Result? v. 261, p. 399. Learn V. 262-9. Frederick's fixed ohject? v. 263. Who was the first Czar to give Russia a place in the States' System of Europe? v. 266. Why was Russia so behind other Eu- ropean States in civilization? v. 265. With what Enghsh king was Peter contemporary? What gifts did they ex- change? L. M., 280-281. XIV. Read v. 270 to 286. Learn v. 270-272-4-9-283-4. What said Peter when he received news of the first defeat of his forces by Charles XII? v. 273. What strategy did Peter adopt to prevent Charles XII reaching Moscow? v. 275. Where did Charles meet his great defeat? v. 276. Result to his army? v. 276. What is Charles called? note, p. 406. Result to Russia of her wars with Charles XII? v. 278. What says Voltaire of Peter the Great? v. 280. Read L. M., pp. 282 to 295. Peter's wife? L. M., p. 285. Name four empresses of Russia, v. 281. Learn note K ' Empress Anne built an ice-palace, and shut up in it, all one night, a noble who had deserted the Greek for the Eoman Church. XV. Read v. 286 to 316. What said Louis XV to his cour- tiers on his death-bed? v. 286. Condition of France under him? his favorites? v. 287-9, and note 4, and L. M., pp. 327-363-4. Learn v. 288-299. Who was Neckar? v. 291 and 1 . On what class fell the burden of taxation? v. 292. 1 Neckar was the father of Madame De Stael, one of the most brilliant and gifted women of France. She lived at Coppet, on Lake Geneva. Napoleon hated and feared her, and banished her from France. 70 AIDS TO HISTORY. What was "The Assembly of the Notables? v. 294. What was a "States' General?" in whose time last called? v. 295 and 2. What was the "Tiers Etat," and what were the other two classes? v. 297 and note, p. 413. Who formed the National Assembly? v. 297-8. What was theBastile? V. 301-2. What was done by the mob after they took it? V. 302. To what reform did the nobles agree, hoping to pacify the revolutionists? v. 304-5. The respective em- blems of the revolutionists and the royalists? v. 306. Learn v. 307-8-11-12. What three parties were there in France during the revolution? v. 315 and ^. Leaders of the Jacobins? v. 315. Why were armies raised by different nations to aid the royalists? v. 316. 2 The States General was not called together during the reigns of Louis XIII, XIV, XV, and gradually all the power cen- tered in the king, ^ Constitutionalists, those who adhered to the law and Con- stitution; Girondists, or moderate republicans, and tha Jacobins, mostly composed of the low, ferocious, blood-thirsty mob, who wanted to kill the king and all who could be called aristocrats. * AVh'en Louis saw the funeral procession of Madame de Pom- padour pass the palace in a heavy rain, his only remark was, "The Marchioness has a wet day for journey." XVL Bead v. 316 to 342. Learn v. 318 and^ and 323. What reign followed the imprisonment of the royal family? v. 319. Meaning of Sans Culotte? ^ Determination of the Jacobins or Mountain? v. 321 and note 3, paper XV. Fate of Louis XVL? V. 323-4-5-6. Energy and success of the Republic against the allies of the royalists? v. 327-334. ^ To commemorate the fidelity of the Swiss Guards, the fa- mous Danish sculptor, Thorwaldsen, cut in the solid rock on Lake Lucerne, a lion, dying while guarding the fleur-de-lis. L. M., p. 380-381. 2 Sans-culottes means hterally without pantaloons. The or- dinary meaning is tatterdemalions — the rabble. AIDS TO HISTORY. 71 Derivation of the word guillotine? note, p. 423. What was the "Committee of PubHc Safety?" v. 329. Fate of Ma- rat and Charlotte Corday? v. 329 and ^. Fate of Dan ton? V. 330. Of Robespierre? v. 331-2, and -K Of Louis XVII?' What was the government called after the Reign of Terror was over till the consulate was established? v. 335 and 363. What and who put an end to the French Revolution? v. 336-7. What position did the Directory confer on the young Corsican? v. 340. Whom did he first marry? v. 340, and '. Whom afterwards, and why? v. 384. One great cause of the French Revolution? v. 345-6. Ameri- can Ambassador to Louis XVI? *^ Influence of the French Revolution? v. 347. What is said of Napoleon's despotism in V. 341? ^ Charlotte Corday, without impartmg her plans, left her home and traveled to Paris, thinking to deliver her country by killing the hated tyrant, though she knew her own death must follow. She was guillotined the next day, her beautiful face glow- ing with the inspiration that had prompted the deed. L. M., p. 385. * When Robespierre was killed, the women went to the prison windows, pointed to their dresses (robes), then to the stones (pierres,), then drew their hands across their throats, to show the prisoners that the monster was killed. 5 The Little Dauphin, Louis XVII (only eight years old), whose only reign was the Reign of Terror, pined for a year in prison, most cruelly neglected and maltreated, and then died. He was flrugged, and made to sign his beloved mother's death-war- rant, but, from the time he knew what use they made of his sig- nature, neither threats nor blows could make him utter another word. Read L. M., pp 389 to 394. ^ Benjamin Franklin. His plain dress became the rage; the wigs and absurdities of the "old regime" (that ended with Louis XY) were ridiculed, and it w^as the mark of a philosopher to wear his own hair cut short, and unpowdered. ^ Josephine's husband, the Vicomte de Beauharnais, was guillotined, and she herself was long in prison, but was released after the "Reign of Terror," and sent her son to ask for his fa- ther's sword. This led to an acquaintance between her and Na- poleon, which resulted in their marriage. 72 AIDS TO HISTORY. XVII. Read v. 342 to 877. What is said of the Hteratnre of the 18th century? v. 348. Learn v. 350. What sciences made very great progress in this century? v. 351-2-3. What acci- dent led to the discovery of Galvanism? v. 352. In what science did Benjamin Franklin make remarkable discover- ies? V. 352. Who first systematized Botany? v. 353. Sir William Herschel and his sister? v. 353 and ^ The crown- ing invention of the age? v. 354. For what are we indebted to Edward Jenner? v. 355 and ^ . To John Howard? v. 356. Who was Swift? His chief work? p. 437. Pope's chief works? p. 437. Hume's chief work? p. 437-8, Learn Goldsmith, p. 438. Gibbon's chief work ? p. 438. Name three famous artists and three famous musicians of the 18th century, p. 438-9. Learn Canova, p. 439 and ^. What was the Government of France after the Directory, and who was its head? v. 863, Why did Napoleon propose to invade Egypt? p. 444. Result to Napoleon of the "Battle of the Pyramids?" p. 445. Who defeated Napoleon at Acre, and what did he say of the one who defeated him? p. 445 and ^ What three defeats did Napoleon or his forces 1 While Sir William was making his observations with his "Monster Telescope," his sister Caroline patiently worked out long and complicated calculations. Her contributions to as- tronomy are very valuable. - He gave to the world the discovery of vaccination. Such was his faith in his discovery, that several of his experiments were made upon his own little son. For j^ears his work was opposed and condemned, but at last his discovery was hailed as an incalculable benefit to mankind. ^ Canova was, next to Thorwaldsen, the finest of modern sculptors. He was invited by Napoleon to Paris, and made models for statues of several of the Bonaparte family. One of his famous statues of Venus, is Napoleon's sister Pauline (Princess Borghese) reclining on a couch. * Napoleon said of Sir Sidney Smith, "That man made me miss my destiny." "Before that defeat he had hoped to make himself master of Asia, as Alexander the Great had done. AIDS TO HISTORY. 73 sufiPer through Lord Nelson? p. 445 and p. 448, v. 370 and V. 376 and K ^ In commemoration of Nelson's victory off Cape Trafalgar, a monument surmounted by his statue, was erected to him in Lon- don, in Trafalgar Square. For his victory at the "Battle of the Nile," he was given the title of "Baron Nelson of the Nile," and a large annuity. XVIII. Read v. 371 to 398. Where was England supreme ? "What did Napoleon unite against her? how foiled? v. 370. Learn v. 373. How was Napoleon's plan of invading Eng- land baffled? v. 374-6. Whom did Napoleon place on the throne of Holland? This King's wife and child, v. 378 and note, also ^ To whom was the throne of Westphalia given? his previous history? v. 381 and -. To whom the Spanish throne? v. 382. Whom did Napoleon's general Murat marry, and what kingdom was given him? v. 382 and 2. Learn v. 385-7. What is said of the retreat from Moscow? V. 388 and *. Who was defeating Napoleon's forces in Spain? v. 389. Result of the battle of Leipzig? V. 389. What was Napoleon forced to accept when deposed by the Senate? v. 390. Learn v. 391-2. Napoleon's several titles ?5 His one child, v. 384 and note on p. 468. ^ Napoleon's brother Louis married Hortense de Beauhar- nais, the daughter of Josephine. ^ Jerome had married in America, a Miss Patterson, a Balti- more belle, and their descendants still live in that city. At Na- poleon's command he procured a divorce and married Princess Catherine of Wurtemberg. Although Jerome's American marriage was never recognized by the Bonaparte family, and his wife never allowed to land in France, yet their son, Jerome, several times visited Paris by invitation of Napoleon III., by whom he was well received. ^ Murat married Napoleon's sister Carohne. * Of the 500,000 that went to Moscow, only about 50,000 lived to return. ^ Little Corporal, Little Corsican, First Consul, Emperor of France, King of Italy, Sovereign of Elba, Exile of St. Helena. 74 AIDS TO HISTORY. XIX. Where is Waterloo? Result of the battle there? date? three chief leaders? v. 393-4-5-6. Napoleon's downfall and last days? v. 395-6. His most famous victories?^ Read v. 398 to 426. Who was king of England during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars? His con- dition towards the end of his life? Character of George IV. V. 398. Learn '^. What do you understand by "Catholic Emancipation?" Whose influence greatly aided in the passage of the bill? v. 400-401. Who succeeded George IV.? V. 402. Ooe of the most important events in the reign of WiUiam IV. ? v. 406. Learn v. 407. What were the Corn Laws? Chief of the Anti-Corn Law League? V. 408. Cause and result of the Crimean War? In whose reign? What two nations assisted Turkey in this War? v. 411 and ^ ^ Bridge of Lodi, Battle of the Pyramids, Marengo (v. 369), Austeiiitz (v. 375), Jena (v. 379). 2 After Grreece was made a Eoman Province, 146 B.C. (see v. 66, p. 154) , it was devastated by the Mithridatic War, by the pirates, by the Civil Wars of the Koman Republic, by hordes of Gauls, and by the Crusaders; was taken and cruelly oppressed by the Turks, taken from them by the Venetians, then retaken by the Turks. During the reign of George IV. this afflicted country struggled for years to tlirow off the Turkish yoke, and at last England, France and Russia came to her aid, and her in- dependence was achieved, and the crown conferred upon Prince Otho of Bavaria. It was during this contest that Lord Byron, who had alwaj^s been interested in Greece, went there, and, both by his influence, and by giving largely of his means, aided them in their struggle for independance. It was also during tliis struggle that Marco Bozzaris fell in the arms of victory, leaving a name ever since classed with that of Leonidas, "One of the few, the immortal names That were not born to die." ^ The battle of Balaklava occurred during this war. It is chiefly memorable for the brilliant but useless "Charge of the Light Brigade." (Read Tennyson's poem). It was also during this war that the gifted and accomplished Florence Nightingale, AIDS TO HISTORY. 75 Where is Sebastopol? Who was Louis XVII.? his fate? Note, p. 463, and note 5, ppr. XVI. Difference in character between Louis XVIII. and Charles X.? v. 414-415. Who reigned after the revoUition that drove Charles X. from the throne? v. 416. Learn v. 417. Who was Louis Napoleon? who his mother? to what position did he attain? v. 419- 425. Motto of the Working Classes in the Eevolution of 1848? V. 420. What became of Louis Phillippe? v. 420. Who is called the "Prisoner of Ham," and why? v. 419. Who was President of the second French Republic, and by what plan did he make himself master of France? v. 422-3. Learn v. 425. so famous for her noble self-sacrifice, devoted herself, with her band of trained nurses, to the care of the sick and wounded soldiers, by whom she was regarded as a ministering angel. XX. Read v. 426 to 456. Last of Napoleon Ill's wars? his real reason for entering upon it? v. 429. Learn v. 430. Condition of France under the Second Empire? v. 431. Who was Napoleon II? Note, p. 468. Who was II Re Galantuomo? v. 434-5. Who were the three most instru- mental in making Italy free and united, with Rome as her capital? V. 436-8-9-440. The withdrawal of what troops enabled Victor Emanuel to enter Rome? v. 434-440. Give the circumstances attending the beginning and end of the temporal power of the Popes? p. 248, v. 98, and p. 473, v. 440 and ^ . What causes led to the weakening and separa- ^ With the entrance of Victor Emanuel into Rome, ended the temporal power of the Popes. The Pope is permitted to enjoy the rank of a Sovereign, and to occupy the palace and Basilica of the Vatican, and to receive yearly from the Italian treasury over half a million dollars. He vainly protested against Victor Eman- uel's assuming the title of King of Italy, and resisted with 76 AIDS TO HISTOKY. tion of Germany and Austria? the final step? p. 368, v. 173-4; p. 451, v. 377, and p. 474, v. 441. What pre- vented the restoration of the German Empire, after Napo- leon's fall? V. 442. What was the effect upon Germany of the French Kevolution of 1848? v. 443-4-5-6. What is said of the Hungarians and Kossuth? v. 448. What hin- dered the unification of Germany? v. 450. What was the great question in German politics? v. 450-455. To what high position did King William I. of Prussia afterwards attain? v. 452 and 465. Who was his famous prime min- ister? V. 452. What was Bismarck's desire? v. 452-4. all his power his entrance into Kome. His Holiness refuses to accept the revenue assigned to him, and is supported by gifts collected among his adherents in all countries. XXI. Kead v. 456 to the end of the book. Eesult of the Aus- tro-Prussian or Six Weeks War? v. 456-7-8 and v. 468. What was the desire of the National Liberal party in Ger- many? V. 458-9. What war caused the union of the Northern and Southern German States ? What caused this war, and what great Empire was the result of it? Its first Emperor? v. 458 to 468. How was Napoleon HI. dis- appointed in the war he declared against Prussia? v. 461. Learn v. 462-4-5. Where is Versailles? Note 8, ppr. X. Result to Napoleon HI. of his war against Prussia? p. 481. Result to Paris? p. 481-482. Learn v. 468. How many states form the German Empire? v. 467. How is the first (and present, 1886) German Emperor related to England's Queen (Victoria)? i His most famous minister ^ His eldest son, the Crown Prince, married Victoria's eldest daughter, the Princess Eoyal, and they now have grand-children. AIDS TO HISTORY. 77 and greatest general? v. 452-462 and 2. (The answers to the remaining questions are found on pp. 483-4-5-6-7.) Learn notes on Sir Humphrey Davy, Liebig, Beranger, Guizot, Prescott, Thiers, Turner, Landseer, Dore. Who were Humboldt, Cuvier, Agassiz, Goethe, Kaulbach, Da- guerre, Leverrier? Who was the "Sage of Concord?" - The Franco-Prussian war lasted less than six months, and was a series of prodigious victories for Germany. The Emperor, Bismarclv and Von Moltlie, were with the army from the begin- ning to the end of the contest. t \