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 1881 
 
 
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 If a man's character you wish to find, 
 Look in his face, the mirror of the mind. 
 
 BY PR0F. % E. WIIMg, 
 
 Author, Lecturer and Practical 1'hysing nomist. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 ©Jrap lop# If a 
 
 Sbelf-W.7.3 
 
 LMJ. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
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ILLUSTRATED 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 If a man's character you wish to find, 
 Look in his face, the mirror of the mind. 
 
 Nane ever feared that the truth should be heard, 
 But those whom the truth wad indite. 
 
 — Burns. 
 
 BY PROFESSOR A. E. WILLIS, 
 
 Practical Physiognomist, Author and Lecturer. 
 
 Copyright, 1880, by A. E. Willis. 
 Copyright, 1881, by A. E. Willis. 
 
 
 1881. 
 

LONGFELLOW, the Great American Poet. 
 
 nose 
 
 The mental temperament is predominant, with the motive next. The mouth 
 and eyes are decidedly American in form and expression. The drooping of the septum 
 of the nose shows him to be an original, ingenious thinker, especially in connection with 
 his large intuition and imagination. The short, deep lines running up the forehead from 
 the root of the nose, indicate continuity or concentration of the mind, and mark him as a 
 close and intent thinker; one who brings his thoughts to bear constantly upon the subject 
 before him. With an over-nervous and dyspeptic organization, these lines may also indi- 
 cate a cross, irritable and scowling disposition. I had the pleasure of meeting Mr. Long- 
 fellow in his beautiful home in Cambridge, Mass., one morning, and found him to be a 
 pleasant, unassuming, neighborly man; one who does not try to impress you with his 
 importance like many American make-believe busy-bodies do, of much less brain power 
 and reputation. 
 
CHARLES F. GUNTHER, Confectioner, 
 
 CHICAGO, 
 
 He is a self-made man, and a fair illustration of an evenly balanced head and tem- 
 peraments; he has good business capacity, is active and energetic. He has considerable 
 self-control and the ability to control others; his eyebrows indicate his determination to 
 overcome obstacles. Economy and the disposition to make money by being careful and 
 saving, as well as in general business trading, is strongly expressed in his countenance. 
 Men of wealth are always noted for their economy. It is not what men make so much as 
 what they save that makes them rich. Spendthrifts never get wealthy! There is danger, 
 however, in being too economical, as it leads to stinginess and dries up the liberality of 
 the soul. 
 
A man may be known by his look, and one that hath understanding by his counte- 
 nance. — Ecclesiasticus 19: 30. 
 
 The countenance is a sign of "Changing of the heart. — Ecclesiasticus 27: 17. 
 
 The show of their countenance doth witness against them; and they declare their 
 sin as Sodom, they hide it not. — Isaiah 3: 9. 
 
 And as he prayed (Jesus) the fashion of his countenance was altered. — Luke 9: 29. 
 
 A proud look the Lord hateth. — Proverbs 6: 17. 
 
 The children of Israel could not steadfastly behold the face of Moses for the glory 
 of his countenance. — 2 Corinthians 3: 7. 
 
 Be not as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance; for they disfigure their faces, that 
 they may appear unto men to fast. — Matthew 6: 16. 
 
 Now he was ruddy (David) and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to 
 look to, and the Lord said Arise, anoint him; for this is he. — 1 Samuel 16: 12. 
 
 A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance. — Proverbs 15: 13. 
 
 The cheek 
 Is apter than the tongue to tell an errand. 
 
 — Shakespeare. 
 
 One may smile and smile and be a villain still. — Shakespeare. 
 
 I trow that countenance cannot lie, 
 Whose thoughts are legible in the eye. 
 
 — Spenser. 
 
 Physiognomy is a science founded on observation and ought to be studied in con- 
 nection with Natural History. — Bacon. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 In mystic characters, our features bear the motto of our souls. — Sir Thos. Brown. 
 
HENRY BERGH, 
 
 Founder and President of the American Society for the Prevention of 
 
 Cruelty to Animals. 
 
 Observe the high forehead, or fullness in the top and front part of the head and the 
 long form of the face in proportion to the width of the head. Sympathetic people gener- 
 ally have- the long, narrow face and high forehead. Those destitute of sympathy, or pos- 
 sessing very little, have the broad head, short face, and flat at the top of the forehead. A 
 beautiful young lady in New York, with a round head and comparatively low forehead, is 
 noted for her lack of sympathy for the brute creation. Such persons, when driving, care 
 very little for the poor horse, so long as they have all the pleasure and fun they want, never 
 seeming to think or Care how exhausted or tired a horse may be — they think only of them- 
 selves. The broad head is selfish, and works for itself; but the long, narrow head works 
 for the interest of others. 
 
PHYSIOGNOMY DEFINED. 
 
 Two kinds : Active and Passive — Form and Expression — Use of Physiognomy — Intuitive 
 Perception — Mental Process of Physiognomy — Animal Physiognomy — Can Physi- 
 ognomy be relied upon ? — Types of Character — Principles of Human Nature. 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY may be defined, first, as the revelation of the 
 character or spirit of any living organic being, by and through the 
 form, expression and color of the features ; second, as the art and 
 science of discerning and understanding the character so revealed 
 to the observer. In other words, there are two kinds of physiog- 
 nomy: Active and Passive. 
 
 Everything in the world is stamped with its own peculiar physi- 
 ognomy. Man has his ; the beasts of the field have theirs ; birds, 
 fishes and reptiles have theirs. But I object to the idea of apply- 
 ing the term physiognomy scientifically to anything that has not a 
 medium degree of intelligent or instinctive life. Inanimate things 
 may have form and color, but they lack expression, which is the 
 distinguishing feature of physiognomy. There must be both form 
 and expression. Form reveals the general character, quality or 
 condition, and expression the mind or disposition. 
 
 But, to be more definite, I do not consider that the ability which 
 a person possesses to read and define the various expressions of the 
 human countenance can be properly called physiognomy, any more 
 than the reading and understanding of printed matter can be called 
 printing. 
 
 Physiognomy is a sign which the Divine Being has written in 
 plain characters upon the face of every living being, for the benefit 
 of each other. It is the window of the outer man, through which 
 the observer becomes acquainted with the nature of the inner man. 
 It is also the means by which we can determine the nature of 
 everything around us; rocks and stones do not look like blocks of 
 wood — we distinguish the one from the other by their appearance. 
 
i8 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY DEFINED. 
 
 The talent or ability which men and women possess to read 
 each other, I should prefer to call Intuitive Perception, because it 
 is only through this kind of perception that we can successfully 
 understand the human countenance. 
 
 We first perceive the appearance of one's features by the aid of 
 our perceptive or observing faculties, which are located immediately 
 over the nose and eyes. These impressions are transmitted to the 
 reflective faculties, which occupy the upper portion of the forehead, 
 and through the action of these faculties we conceive the character 
 and nature of the -individual as indicated in the appearances we 
 have just observed ; so that in reading human nature, the opera- 
 tion of the mind is two-fold — first, perceptive, and second, concep- 
 tive ; or, in other words, we first analyze, then synthetize. 
 
 For convenience and general use, however, the term physiog- 
 nomy may be applied to designate either the language of the 
 features or the ability to read them ; and in its broadest meaning 
 may include the recognition of all material and inanimate objects 
 by their size, form* and color. 
 
 Its use or practice is confined by men principally to the human 
 family, as the reading of animals is generally considered of no par- 
 ticular use, except so far as it helps us to discern the character of 
 men and women, who, in their disposition and physiological struc- 
 ture, resemble some animal, bird, fish or reptile. 
 
 A gentleman who had been a farmer and had considerable ex- 
 perience with oxen, told me that when he wanted to buy a good 
 working ox, he selected one with a broad head and prominent eyes, 
 in preference to one with a long head and sunken eyes. 
 
 The study of physiognomy in the animal kingdom might, and 
 ought to be pursued with great interest and benefit. Every horse- 
 jockey and dealer in cattle ought to study and practice animal 
 physiognomy. The spirit, activity and strength of a horse can be 
 determined by its facial expression and physical development, just 
 as easily as we can discover similar conditions in a human being. 
 A mere novice in physiognomy cannot but observe the differ- 
 ence between the noble and somewhat intelligent look of a New- 
 foundland dog, and the savage, threatening appearance of the 
 bull-dog. 
 
 I am inclined to think that animals make use of physiognomy 
 
A CONFIDENCE MAN. 
 
 Note the small, flat, half-shut form of the eye, and that peculiar, palavering, hood- 
 wink, peeping sort of expression accompanying them. Also, the long, sharp nose, which 
 shows him to be long-headed, a planner and schemer; and the prominence in the center 
 of the nose proclaims him to be energetic in his thievish business. The fulness in the 
 upper and center part of the forehead joining the hair, is caused by a large development 
 of the organ of human nature or intuition, and in its perverted condition is what particu- 
 larly marks and makes him a confidence man. The perverted use of a large development 
 of the faculty of intuition is the cause of a vast amount of imposition, trickery, and dis- 
 honest games of all kinds and degrees. 
 
PHYSIOGNOMY DEFINED. 19 
 
 as much, if not more, than men do. They not only read each 
 other, but they minutely observe their master, man. 
 
 Physiognomy and natural history are so closely allied that they 
 should be studied together, and I am not sure but geology should 
 also be included. Bacon once remarked that physiognomy was a 
 science founded on observation, and ought to be studied in connec- 
 tion with natural history. Physiognomy enters very largely into 
 a number of the sciences. When you study the rocks and surface 
 of the earth you are really studying the earth's physiognomy ; and 
 when the astronomer gazes through his telescope on worlds beyond 
 his natural vision, he also is studying the physiognomy of .the 
 heavenly bodies ; in fact, everything in the world around us and 
 above us, has its physiognomy — the very house you live in, the large 
 variety of flowers, trees, fruits, etc., are distinguished from each 
 other like persons by their respective physiognomies, hence, there is 
 no end to the study of this science; it is as far-reaching and varied 
 as the universe itself. Even books have their physiognomies, and 
 those that live in the memories of the people and are handed down 
 from generation to generation are those books that have the most 
 human nature in them. Take the Bible, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Prog- 
 ress and Shakespeare's works, as illustrations, all of them descrip- 
 tive of character from the beginning to the end. 
 
 It is very strange that a science so valuable, so easily acquired 
 and applied, should be so much overlooked and neglected by the 
 great mass of mankind. 
 
 Still I do not wonder much when I remember how much igno- 
 rance and prejudice concerning physiognomy and phrenology 
 exist in the minds of even educated people. I have in my mind a 
 doctor of divinity, who told me he wouldn't want any phrenologist 
 to put his hands on his daughter's head ; and, when I asked him 
 why not, he intimated that he didn't think it would be modest or 
 quite proper. Fortunately, however, greater men than the one I 
 have just referred to have endorsed physiognomy and studied it ; 
 and I believe the day is coming when it will be universally put 
 into practice. 
 
 All mental philosophers recognize the mind to be composed of 
 a number of distinct faculties ; also, that the brain is the organ of 
 the mind. Therefore, the brain, reasoning from analogy, must be 
 composed of a number of distinct organs, which is demonstrated 
 
20 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY DEFINED. 
 
 by the fact that when the mind or brain is tired of one kind of 
 labor or exercise, it will find relief and rest by engaging in some 
 other; that is, by bringing some other faculty and organ into 
 exercise ; for it is really the brain that tires, not the mind. If the 
 brain was not composed of distinct organs, then it could never rest- 
 
 I am aware that every person makes use of physiognomy to a 
 certain extent, because they cannot help doing so. It would be 
 impossible for one person to look at another without forming an 
 opinion, either favorable or unfavorable ; but to study and pursue 
 this science in a systematic manner, so as to be sure that their im- 
 pressions are correct, is something very few are in the habit of doing. 
 
 Young people will spend any amount of time over sickly, senti- 
 mental novels or love stories that are descriptive of some highly- 
 colored romance, where a poor, homely, red-headed fellow manages 
 to win the heart and person of the most beautiful woman in the 
 world, after passing through the most trying ordeals, and perhaps 
 hair-breadth escapes from death — stories that picture life as far 
 from reality as black is from white, that ruin the memory, enfeeble 
 the intellect, inflame the passions, and draw so heavily upon the 
 sympathies that body and mind grow tired — books that, when read 
 at evening alone, bring sleepless nights, dreams of death, or make 
 the heart beat as though it must burst at every sigh of the mind. 
 These books excite sympathies for that which has no real existence, 
 and unnerve the heart for the true battle of life. They will shed 
 easy tears over the harrowing tale of a novel, but never see, in real 
 life, the misery that needs sympathy, and cries out to God against 
 them because it is withheld. By feeding on such stuff their senses 
 are blunted, and they see no real poverty or woe in the world, and 
 no heroes or heroines save their own unappreciated selves ; and 
 instead of laying hold, like true men and women, upon the great prob- 
 lems of life, and, by the very force of will, surmounting the obstacles 
 that lie in their way, they pander to this corrupt taste, become 
 feeble-minded, and unfit themselves for the stern realties of life. 
 Such stories create an insatiate thirst for a fictitious life, or a long- 
 ing desire for an indescribable something that a depraved taste and 
 morbid imagination may picture, but which can never be realized. 
 They will read, study and think about a character that is only a 
 myth, rather than in a practical and scientific manner, study the 
 actual characters of the men or women they intend to make their 
 

 
 NN ^ V F^P 
 
 Originator of the Spencerian system of penmanship. He possesses the rare gifts of 
 the artist, poet, and inventor, for such his productions have proved him to be. Penmen 
 require fine and sensitive organizations. The nervous temperament is predominant, and 
 thj motive next. His nose indicates a commercial and enterprising spirit, and together 
 with the high, full forehead, reveals an ingenious and inventive talent. Observe the nose 
 is not only prominent, but long, and slightly drooping at the point. 
 
A son of P. R. Spencer, and a resident of Washington, D. C. He differs from his 
 father in having a broader head betwesn the ears, which imparts more force and executive 
 ability, but less of the poetical and inventive. The vital temperament is predominant in 
 him, with the motive and mental next. 
 
 He possesses more of the practical than sentimental cast of mind. There is only a 
 moderate development of bones or frame work. The absorbents of his system are active, 
 and he is naturally more inclined to brain than muscle work. 
 
PHYSIOGNOMY DEFINED. 2T 
 
 future husbands or wives. They prefer to leave that till the wed- 
 ding knot is tied and the honey-moon has set, and the sad hours of 
 matrimonial darkness have come in upon their blighted and mistaken 
 lives. A romance of a different nature then dawns upon their vision 
 — heroes of a different kind then enter upon the stage, and they 
 play hate instead of love, and must either live in a matrimonial 
 hell, or play the second act, divorce. I do not say that this is the 
 result of married life in general — it is the exception, not the rule — 
 but it is too often the fate of sentimentalists. 
 
 Some may urge the idea that it is impossible to understand 
 human nature with any reasonable degree of accuracy, because it is 
 so varied, each person possessing a distinct character and differing 
 from every other person, just as they differ in their looks. Every- 
 thing in nature is full of variety, and there are many things we do 
 not and cannot comprehend. There are many things concerning 
 the nature and character of the Divine Being we do not understand ; 
 but that is no reason why we should not investigate the works of 
 nature, and study the character of God, so as to understand what 
 is revealed, and find out as much as possible. 
 
 There is this fact to be taken into consideration in the study of 
 human nature, which will lessen the difficulty very much. Although 
 every person has a distinct character, yet there are certain types of 
 character, and every person belongs to one or another, or, at least, 
 partakes more of the qualities of one than another ; so that when 
 you understand a certain type, you have the key that will unlock 
 the door to the general character of every person belonging to that 
 cast or type. In addition to this, there are certain principles which 
 lie at the foundation of human nature, and the existence or mani- 
 festation of these principles will be perceptible, to a greater or less 
 extent, in the formation of individual character. One is, that size 
 and quality are a measure of power ; another, that no faculty or organ 
 can display its full power until fully developed and properly exer- 
 cised; another, that coarseness or fineness, or in other words, the 
 texture of the human body, is indicative of a like condition of the 
 mind; another, that form or shape, such as long, broad, sharp, 
 round, etc., likewise accompanies special conditions of character. 
 
 These principles and these manifestations are the same through- 
 out the entire human race ; so that if we once understand them and 
 carefully apply them, our deductions and conclusions will be correct 
 in every instance. 
 
HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 Two methods: Impressibility and Deductive Reasoning — Personal Conditions necessary 
 for reading Character — Electricity, or Animal Magnetism an agency in reading 
 Character — Eve and Satan — Necessity of adherence to First Impressions — How to 
 know whether one has good Ability to read Character — Method to be pursued in 
 Studying the Face — Outlines of the Face and Features — Circumstances and Condi- 
 tions under which People are to be Studied. 
 
 THERE are two methods or ways of reading character. One is 
 by impressibility — intuitive reasoning; the other, by comparison, 
 aided by the perceptives. Some can read better by the first method, 
 and others by the latter, and some by both, which is the best and 
 most accurate plan. 
 
 I will first describe what conditions are necessary, and then how 
 to apply them, in order to read persons by the first method, which 
 I propose to name Impressibility. 
 
 The principal conditions requisite are two — a large amount of 
 the organic quality, and very large human nature. To be a suc- 
 cessful reader, it is absolutely necessary that you possess the faculty 
 of human nature very large ; and to be a gifted or remarkable 
 reader,, it is likewise necessary to be endowed with a very sensitive 
 nature, which is imparted only by the organic quality. These two 
 qualities combined will render a person extremely sensitive, sus- 
 ceptible and alive to all kinds of mental and nervous impressions 
 and magnetic influences, whether external or internal. 
 
 By mental and nervous impressions, I do not mean ideas pro- 
 duced by the action of the mind, nor sensations produced by a dis- 
 ordered state of the nervous system ; but rather the nature and 
 qualities of the mind, which are more easily impressed upon a per- 
 son having a nervous temperament, so that persons thus organized 
 not only discern, but actually feel, the mental and physical qualities 
 of the subjects before them. 
 
 And here let me say that the ramifications of nerves which ex- 
 
ALLAN PINKERTON, 
 
 The great and perhaps foremost detective in the United States; 
 also author of "The Expressman and the Detective." 
 
 He has a large amount of vitality, good perceptives, and very large secretiveness. 
 He can smell a thief a mile off, and knows how and where to look for him. The width 
 of the head indicates large executive ability, which, together with a strong constitution, 
 r^ive him energy, and enables him to prosecute, follow up and accomplish whatever he 
 undertakes. 
 
HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 23 
 
 tend all over the human body, are acknowledged to be a continua- 
 tion of the brain ; therefore, if the mind acts upon the brain, it 
 must also act upon the nervous system. But the mind cannot act 
 upon the brain without a medium or connecting link, because the 
 brain is material and the mind or spirit is not. Electricity is of such 
 a subtle and imponderable nature that it occupies a place half way 
 between mind and matter, partaking, in all probability, somewhat 
 of the nature and qualities of both ; therefore it readily becomes 
 the medium, in man, through which the mind or soul is brought in 
 contact with matter. 
 
 It is also an acknowledged fact that the body is constantly 
 throwing off a nervous or magnetic fluid — a kind of human elec- 
 tricity, I suppose. How far this extends from the body of a person 
 is not known, but it is to such a distance that when two persons 
 approach each other their circles of electricity come in contact 
 before they meet. This is what I mean by magnetic influence ; so 
 that when two persons of a sensitive nature are brought together, 
 they immediately form or receive favorable or unfavorable impres- 
 sions of each other, and, in many cases, will either like or dislike at 
 first sight. Magnetism is defined to be that agent or force in nature 
 which possesses the power of attraction ; but, call it by whatever 
 name you will, or define it in whatever terms you may, it is nothing 
 more or less than animal electricity. There can be no attraction 
 without two objects or two substances exactly the same in nature, 
 but directly opposite in their qualities — the one to answer as posi- 
 tive, the other as negative. 
 
 Now, there are two kinds of electricity — the one positive and 
 the other negative ; or, in other words, the one male, and the other 
 female ; and wherever there is positive and negative electricity, 
 there will be attraction and unification. Two positives will not 
 attract, neither will two negatives ; two men will not attract each 
 other, nor will two women. There must be male and female to 
 form attraction. 
 
 Wherever there is attraction or repulsion, the easier and quicker 
 do we perceive the character of others, and form favorable or un- 
 favorable opinions. I believe this is one reason, and probably the 
 principal one, why men can read women, and women men, with 
 greater ease and certainty than they can their own sex. In fact, 
 women have a peculiar gift ; they seem to have an inward monitor 
 
24 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 which enables them to jump at their conclusions of men's characters 
 and intentions, especially in times of danger. Providence has prob- 
 ably given it to them (they being the weaker vessels) as a safeguard 
 against evil ; though it is a great pity mother Eve did not make 
 use of it to unravel the cunning devices of the enemy, Satan. And 
 yet, when I reflect on it, I believe that Eve did read Satan to a 
 certain extent, but, not knowing evil or its results, she made a 
 great mistake — just such as we make nearly every day — that is, she 
 didn't stick to her first impressions, which a person should always 
 do, providing their ability to read character is well developed. 
 
 Having explained the conditions necessary to read character by 
 impressibility, a few words will be sufficient to explain how to do it. 
 In the first place, you must place yourself in a negative condition 
 to the person you wish to read — that is, allow them to make im- 
 pressions upon you by the way they look, act and speak ; and do 
 not do or say anything of yourself to interrupt, confuse or prevent 
 them from revealing themselves as they naturally would. In the 
 next place, be sure that the circumstances are favorable for them to 
 make, and you to receive, correct impressions. Neither side should 
 be placed at a disadvantage. For instance, if one or the other 
 should be sick or out of temper, the impressions made on you may 
 be wrong. You must endeavor to meet persons fairly and squarely, 
 and look them calmly and directly in the face ; observe every angle 
 of the face you can — full face, three-quarter face, side face — at the 
 same time studying the different expressions of the face ; and let 
 your impressions be formed from your very first interview. In 
 looking closely at a person, however, never be so bold as to stare 
 them out of countenance, because you would not only make them 
 feel very uneasy, but render yourself repulsive. 
 
 Having taken general observations, do not be in too great a 
 hurry to pronounce your verdict and pass judgment, but wait until 
 the interview is over and the individual has left you. Then analyze 
 your thoughts and feelings as they flashed across your mind while 
 taking observations, and combine them with the impression left 
 upon you, and you will form a correct estimate. 
 
 Should you, in time, become better acquainted with the person 
 or persons, and different impressions are produced upon you, under 
 no circumstances be governed by any other than your first impres- 
 sions — providing, as I have previously stated, your talent for reading 
 
THE LYMPHATIC TEMPERAMENT. 
 
 DAVID NAVARRI, 
 
 Aged 17 years; weight, 630 pounds. 
 
 The lymphatics and absorbents of the system are so active that the fattening and 
 building up process goes on faster than the wasting and pulling down process, hence the 
 person not only becomes very fleshy, but sluggish and inactive, physically and even men- 
 tally. Such a person is averse to exercise, lacks toughness and endurance, and therefore 
 soon tires out, and life becomes a burden, especially in warm weather. They can eat lit- 
 tle or much, but are generally small eaters, readily digesting and assimilating what they 
 eat, whereas many slender persons will eat twice as much, but do not digest half as well, 
 hence remain physically poor, or lean. 
 
HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 25 
 
 character is first-class ; if it is not, you must form your opinion 
 gradually and cautiously. 
 
 The reason for adhering to first impressions is obvious. The 
 oftener you meet, the more persons gain on your good will and 
 friendship; and what at first appears conspicuous, gradually lessens, 
 and perhaps disappears. Social intercourse often covers up objec- 
 tionable traits; and, on the other hand, your acquaintance may, 
 through some business transaction or family affair, create some 
 unpleasant feeling that would lessen your appreciation, or cause you 
 to change your mind in regard to good qualities. But if your talent 
 for reading character is poor, then acquaintance may help you to 
 arrive at a proper conclusion. 
 
 Do you ask me how you are to know whether you have first- 
 class ability to read human nature ? I answer, there are only two 
 ways that I know of. The first and best is to get a good phrenolo- 
 gist to tell you. The other way is, to form your opinion of a per- 
 son, and then find out if you are correct, by making inquiries, 
 watching his conduct and investigating his life and character, in a 
 general and constant manner, till you are sure your knowledge is 
 correct. Do this with a sufficient number of persons to make it a 
 fair test, and if your first impressions harmonize invariably with 
 what you learn concerning them, you may conclude you have good 
 talent for that purpose; but if your impressions are different, in 
 most cases, from what you afterwards discover to be their real na- 
 ture, you must, of course, conclude that your ability to read char- 
 acter is only average, or perhaps poor. • 
 
 There is yet another reason why good readers of character 
 should act upon their first impressions. That is, because the nerv- 
 ous fluid, which acts as a telegraphic messenger to the mind, will. 
 conduct impressions correctly, whereas our judgment or ideas of a 
 person may be wrong. Then these impressions may never act upon 
 us the second time in the same way as they do the first; in ,fact, 
 first sensations are always different from those that follow. 
 
 As I have mentioned on a preceding page, it is quite necessary, 
 in reading a person, to study them from a side view of the face, as 
 you are then enabled to observe traits of character you may not see 
 in a front view.. 
 
 If you take two photographs of a person, one full face, the other 
 a side view, you will see how different the same individual looks in 
 
26 
 
 HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 
 
 the two pictures; though it does not follow that the picture that 
 portrays him to the worst advantage represents objectionable traits 
 of character, any more than the one which shows him to the best 
 advantage exhibits the good traits of character. Such may be the 
 case or it may not. 
 
 Form is the basis of beauty, and there is always a certain out- 
 line of the face which will make the face appear more beautiful than 
 any other outline or position — a fact, by the way, which most 
 photographers seem to know nothing about; so that in getting the 
 best outline of the face you get the best-looking portrait. But the 
 object in studying the different angles of the human face, in the 
 reading of character, is not to get the best-looking view, but to 
 watch # for and obtain the different expressions as they come and go, 
 and to observe the flashing, darting, glancing and rapid movement 
 of the eye, so that you see the emotions and almost read the very 
 thoughts of an individual while he is in total ignorance of what you 
 are trying to do. It is not well that the individual should know 
 that you are trying to read him, because that would cause most 
 persons to feel somewhat confused, and present unnatural expres- 
 sions; it would also put him on his guard, and so prevent you from 
 correctly estimating, by presenting his best appearance. I remem- 
 ber a man whose general appearance was that of a plain, unassum- 
 ing, honest and sanctimonious kind of individual, but whose hidden 
 character did not appear till I observed the expression of his face 
 and eye from a side view. It is not sufficient to study or observe ' 
 the face as a*whole; but you must scrutinize every feature, and 
 even parts of a feature. If the nose, observe its length, breadth, 
 prominence; whether concave or convex, sharp or blunt, turned up 
 or turned down at the point. If the mouth, its size, shape; whether 
 straight or curved, open or compressed, thick lips or thin lips, a 
 rosy, healthy color, or pale, scabby, blue-black, dried-up lips; if it is 
 the eye, notice the color, shape, size — whether projecting or sunken, 
 brilliant or dull, fierce or mild, whether it looks you steadily in the 
 face during conversation, or is restless, glancing in all directions ; 
 if the chin, whether prominent or deficient, round or square, pointed 
 or indented; if the eye-brows, whether raised and retiring from, or 
 descending and projecting over the eye — whether they are covered 
 with little or much hair, whether light or dark, whether they almost 
 meet on the nose or are far apart. 
 
HOW TO READ CHARACTER. 2J 
 
 In observing the outline of the face, notice whether it is round, 
 oval, oblong or pyriform. Likewise, notice the color of the hair, 
 its quality — whether straight or curly, soft or stiff, scanty or in 
 abundance. Study the tone and modulation of the voice in speak- 
 ing and singing. Observe the walk, positions in- sitting and stand- 
 ing, mode of shaking hands, the attitude taken while so doing. 
 The manner of laughing, style of dress, whether neat, tasty and 
 clean, or slovenly, whether tightly buttoned up or loose and open. 
 In fact, study a person from head to foot, in every conceivable 
 manner you can think of. 
 
 When a person makes a remark, or acts in a manner not quite 
 clear to your mind, ask yourself the question : Why did that per- 
 son say and do thus ? And do not rest contented till you have 
 found out, if possible; for in so doing you will gain much knowl- 
 edge in regard to the operations of the human mind as forming our 
 every-day life an-d character, and you may likewise discover things 
 you were not seeking to find out. 
 
 Study people in their public life, their social life, their private 
 life, their domestic life, and in their business transactions; then, 
 putting all these together, draw your inference, but never decide 
 on the character of men or women from any one of these condi- 
 tions in life, or you may form a one-sided and contracted idea of 
 their real character. A man may be much censured and abused in 
 public life, and adored in private; and thought little of, yea, even 
 despised in social circles, but a recognized hero in public life or 
 business circles. 
 
 Finally, do not judge of a person so much by his great acts as 
 his little acts. Great acts may be performed for show, public 
 approbation, a name, or some selfish purpose; but the little acts 
 always reveal the true and inner character. People are also cau- 
 tious, wide-awake and guarded in their conspicuous deeds; but in 
 little things they are not, hence they reveal their true nature with- 
 out being aware of it. Especially is this the case with persons of 
 large secretiveness; the more they try to evade and conceal their 
 thoughts, motives, and intentions, the more they show them to a 
 close observer of little things. In fact, it is the act of trying to 
 cover up, that exposes the very things they wish to hide. 
 
SIGNS OF CHARACTER. 
 
 Indications of a Fine Mind — A clear-thinking Mind — An harmonious Character — A Mind 
 that loves and appreciates that which is Beautiful — Is Beauty only skin deep ? — 
 Beautiful Eyes — Large, round, full and projecting Eyes — Excessive Passion — Laxity 
 of the Passions — Pain and Pleasure — Dimples in the Cheek — A Suspicious Nature — 
 Revenge — Sagacity — Necessity of further discovery. 
 
 It is not my intention, in this work, to enter into an elaborate 
 description of the signs of character. Most books on this subject 
 are too extensive and complicated for the public to peruse. My 
 aim is to awaken in the mind of the reader sufficient interest to 
 study for him or herself, by mentioning, in a brief manner, a few 
 unmistakable signs. 
 
 A fine mind is always indicated by a fine organization. As well 
 look for the sun to shine at night, as to see elegance, taste, refine- 
 ment and delicacy of thought in one whose body is rough, coarse 
 and common. The skin of such a person should be pure-looking, 
 soft, even, and of fine texture. The hair should likewise be very 
 fine and soft. Mind molds and rules the body, and not the body 
 the mind; therefore, if the mind is not finely organized, neither is 
 the body. By fineness of mind I mean texture or quality. Every 
 person knows the difference between fine and coarse cloth. The 
 coarse cloth may be the most serviceable for every-day wear, but 
 the fine will be the most valuable, and therefore the most prized 
 and taken care of, and will be used only on extra occasions. So 
 with a fine and coarse mind — the latter may be good and moral, 
 and best adapted for the common duties of life, but the former 
 will be contented only in the higher, loftier and purer pursuits and 
 walks of life. 
 
 A clear-thinking mind is evinced by a dark, sallow complexion. 
 Such persons are generally calm, cool and collected — are definite, 
 precise, systematic and comprehensive in their views and manner 
 of saying and doing things. They seldom get confused in their 
 ideas, and express themselves clearly and positively. A harmo- 
 
SIGNS OF CHARACTER. 2g 
 
 nious character, or one that is evenly balanced in the moral, social, 
 intellectual and executive faculties, is manifested, first, by a general 
 fullness and uniform appearance of the head. The skull should pre- 
 sent an even surface — no bumps, because they indicate that there 
 is a deficiency of some other bumps (or more properly speaking, 
 organs) near by, or else the other organs are too large, and there 
 is an excess of some kind. A head that presents the appearance 
 of hills and valleys will show inconsistencies and contradictions 
 of character, and a liability to extremes. Not only should the 
 head be even, but also equally developed and proportionate. It 
 would be difficult to describe just what shape the head ought to be. 
 A phrenological plaster-of-Paris head, with all the organs marked 
 on it, will give you the best idea. The second sign is proportionate 
 and beautifully or properly-formed features. If the nose is concave 
 or convex, the mouth unpleasant to look at (having a peculiar or 
 objectionable expression around the corners), the chin deficient, 
 and the eyes fixed, staring or evasive, look out for some odd and, 
 mean trait of character. 
 
 A mind that loves and appreciates that which is beautiful must 
 have beautiful features, which consist in fine, delicate and har- 
 monious combinations of form, connected with a pleasing and 
 lovely expression. Form is the basis or frame-work of beauty; 
 and two things or conditions are necessary to produce human 
 beauty. First, the body, which is form; second, the soul or 
 spirit, which gives expression through the form. These two 
 qualities combined constitute what we term beauty. When I speak 
 of beauty I mean the highest type. In some persons we see an 
 excess of mere physical beauty; in others, an excess of mental and 
 moral beauty; and in a third class we see the physical and moral 
 about equally combined. So there are many kinds and combina- 
 tions of beauty, just as there are many kinds and combinations 
 of colors. There are likewise many different tastes in regard to 
 beauty. What one person admires another does not. So in regard 
 to colors; some like red, some blue, some green, some violet, and 
 so on. As a rule, people like colors according to their passions or 
 sentiments, and they appreciate and are fascinated by that kind of 
 beauty which is a reflex of their own mind or soul. 
 
 It is an old saying that beauty is only skin-keep. I do not con- 
 sider that true" beauty in which the moral and social faculties do 
 
30 
 
 SIGNS OF CHARACTER. 
 
 not lend their molding influence. Snakes have pretty skins, but 
 we shudder at the very sight of them. A pretty face, therefore, 
 that, on close inspection, reveals deceit, cunning, or any kind of 
 wickedness, cannot be called beautiful. Addison has justly said 
 that no woman can be handsome by the force of features alone, 
 any more than she can be witty by the help of speech only. It is 
 by the force of thought that the expression of virtue or vice is writ- 
 ten upon the countenance, and the features improved or degraded. 
 Beauty of mind and beautiful features are therefore inseparably 
 connected; for as a man thinketh so he will appear, and his face 
 will be a mirror in which a skilled physiognomist can discern the 
 ruling passions of the soul. 
 
 Be careful as to how far you trust or place confidence in persons 
 who are very forward and bold, especially if they are anxious to pry 
 into your secrets and private affairs. They are apt to be thievish 
 or tainted with immorality. Loud talkers are also subjects of sus- 
 picion, as far as their morals are concerned. Small secretiveness and 
 an emotional nature will naturally incline a person to speak louder 
 than one possessing large secretiveness and a cool disposition. 
 But the class I particularly refer to are persons who always aim to 
 attract the attention of every person in the room, or on a steamboat 
 or railway car, on the streets and other public places, by talking loud 
 enough to be heard above everybody else. When a woman does 
 it you may know she is either vain and crazy to be taken notice of, 
 and be the center of observation, or else she is fast; rest assured 
 either modesty or virtue are wanting in such a woman. And when 
 a man does it you may at once conclude he has more gab than 
 sense, more blow and brag about him than genuine talent. Young 
 women who snicker and laugh out loud at theaters or any public 
 place of entertainment, and bore men to take them to such places, 
 are, as a rule, bold, cheeky, saucy, impudent and immodest in their 
 behavior; and the less young men have to do with such girls or 
 women the better for them financially as well as morally. 
 
 There is great necessity of being guarded and cautious in read- 
 ing persons from mere appearance, or their assumed, affected and 
 dignified mode of conversation and actions. Persons that are reti- 
 cent, reserved, evasive and mysterious in their ways of acting and 
 general conduct, are subjects of suspicion, and are to be mistrusted 
 more than those who are just the opposite. 
 
A Specimen of Mulberry street, near the Five Points of New York. 
 
 A good illustration of what the human face looks like without education. And by 
 education, I do not mean mere text-book knowledge or school discipline, but that kind of 
 intellectual and moral culture which refines and elevates the entire man. Education is 
 the best means of improving and beautifying the face : even the formation of the lips and 
 expression of the mouth, is fine and beautiful or the reverse, according to the amount of 
 culture in the individual or his parents. Let those who want nice mouths and lips improve 
 and develop their minds, and avoid bad habits. The above subject is also low in Organic 
 Quality. - • 
 
SIGNS OF CHARACTER. 3 1 
 
 When men and women get drunk and quarrelsome they show 
 and act out their real animal natures — that is, whatever animal, 
 fish, bird or reptile a person resembles in his disposition, he will 
 show to perfection when intoxicated or enraged. If he has a low, 
 vicious, mean or savage nature, he will manifest it; or if he resem- 
 bles an animal or reptile of that nature, he will act like the brute he 
 takes after. If a man has a mild, docile and harmless nature, like 
 a sheep, deer or dove, for instance, he will never hurt anybody or 
 be quarrelsome, whether drunk or angry. 
 
 Beautiful eyes, having finely arched and dark eyebrows, are not 
 common in men, and they indicate, in the man who is fortunate 
 enough to be so divinely blest, a genuine, natural-born artist — one 
 who has the soul to appreciate that which is beautiful and lovely. 
 In woman they denote a love and desire for pleasure, beauty and 
 the opposite sex, combined very often with a good deal of deviltry. 
 The characteristics of this eye may likewise be found the same in 
 both sexes. Wherever a lovely eye is seen, whether in man, woman 
 or beast, there you will find some admirable trait of character; and 
 wherever a mean-looking eye is to be seen, rest assured there is a 
 mean disposition of some kind behind it. 
 
 A person with large, round, full and projecting eyes, that in 
 appearance resemble those of an owl or a cat, has a disposition that 
 is either timid, stupid, foolish, double-dealing or two-faced, and 
 generally acts as though he were half-frightened, half-scared and 
 afraid of you. 
 
 Excessive passion or abuse of the sexual organs shows itself in 
 and around the eyes — gives a sort of dull, heavy, striking and 
 sometimes fascinating look. When the lips have a deep red, almost 
 crimson color, it indicates immorality or a strong passional nature, 
 one that is liable to yield to temptation. 
 
 Laxity of the passions causes the lips to separate, open, and 
 imparts to the lower lip a drooping, hanging appearance; while self- 
 control and stringency cause them to close and present a tight, com- 
 pressed appearance. When both conditions are equal — that is, the 
 passions strong, but under control, the lips will have a full, curving, 
 but closed and natural appearance, neither open nor compressed. 
 
 Pain is objectionable, though not injurious; pleasure is agreeable, 
 hence the love of it, like money, knows no bounds, and has a tendency 
 
32 SIGNS OF CHARACTER. 
 
 to lead one into excess. Therefore, those most fond of pleasure 
 are in the greatest danger of being led astray and finally ruined. 
 
 The more people develop their selfish natures the more they 
 cramp their souls and the smaller they become; on the same prin- 
 ciple that women cramp their waists by tight lacing, injuring their 
 health and spoiling the natural shape of their bodies. Thus selfish- 
 ness injures the character of the soul and mars its facial expression, 
 whereas generosity expands the soul and makes it beautiful. 
 
 Excess of reason and calculation may lead a man to stinginess, 
 avarice or extreme economy, especially if the lips are thin and cau- 
 tiousness large. 
 
 In men of genius the convolutions of the brain are deeper than 
 in persons of ordinary talent; hence there is a greater amount and 
 surface of neurine or gray matter, which is the thinking part of the 
 brain, and is indicated by the uneven or hilly appearance of the 
 skull. In sluggish persons, and those of common minds, the skull 
 is much smoother. 
 
 Sharp, bony knuckles, indicate persons who are fond of physical 
 exercise, hence are good walkers and workers; but fleshy hands, 
 that scarcely show any knuckles, belong to lazy persons, and if the 
 flesh is soft and flabby, they are simply useless individuals in the 
 world — almost too lazy to exist. They prefer to sit down and 
 take things easy, or ride everywhere they want to go, and are per- 
 fectly contented in doing nothing, except to eat, drink, sleep and 
 lie around the house. 
 
 A person of taste and refinement may be known by fine, soft 
 and neat hair, while a dirty, slovenly person, will have coarse hair 
 and an untidy, slouchy appearance of the whole head. The fine 
 hair of the rabbit, in contrast with that of the hog, will serve as an 
 illustration. 
 
 With the nervous temperament excessive, the affections are 
 often inconstant, fictitious and sickly rather than firm, hearty and 
 real, and the judgment not trustworthy. There is, also, a great 
 desire for novelty and change, with a ready capacity to learn and 
 forget, and extreme or abnormal sensitiveness. 
 
 Goethe says nothing is more significant of a man's character than 
 what he finds laughable, and I may add, also, the kind of laugh. 
 Rowdies may be known by their laugh on the street as far as they 
 can be heard. Wise men and fools do not laugh alike, nor do 
 
The dreamy eye. Full of pleasure and 
 animal enjoyment; but good-natured and 
 Can love more than one. 
 
 thoughtful. 
 
 Submissive, mild, discerning, penetrat- 
 ing, and clear perception, but rather 
 coquettish. 
 
 The wanton eye. Inclined to desire and 'submit to licentious gratification. Lack of 
 resistance to obstacles or opposing circumstances. Deficient in force of character and 
 controlling influence. Observe the flatness of the eye and the distance between the eye- 
 lid and eyebrow. 
 
 The monogamic eye. Wide-awake, 
 eager, active, very susceptible to sur- 
 rounding impressions. Readily observe. 
 Such eyes generally have much feminine 
 expression in them. 
 
 Expressive, speaking eye when ani- 
 mated. Large language. Studious, in- 
 quiring and watchful; but artful, mean, 
 trickish and treacherous. The color is 
 almost or quite black. 
 
SIGNS OF CHARACTER. 33 
 
 rough, ignorant people laugh the same as the refined and intelli- 
 gent. There is the suppressed, secretive laugh, in contrast to the 
 loud and open. The giggling laugh, and the hearty, whole-souled 
 laugh, are easily distinguished and recognized by observation and 
 attention. There are few things more depressing to the mind and 
 injurious to the body than grief, fretting and turning one's self into 
 a sort of living sepulchre; and nothing more healthful than hearty, 
 whole-souled laughter and a cheerful, contented mind. 
 
 There is a time to laugh, however, and a time when it is im- 
 proper. There are things worth laughing at, and things that are 
 not. Sensible, intelligent people do not laugh unless they see or 
 hear something worth laughing at; but silly, nonsensical people 
 laugh at things that are not worth noticing — laugh when they 
 should not, when there is nothing to laugh at, and even on sacred 
 or serious occasions. 
 
 Dimples in the cheek indicate a good-natured, lovable and 
 merry disposition, fond of being petted, and susceptible to the 
 charms of music. They are found only in round and full forms and 
 with blonde or light complexions, not in the dark and angular faces. 
 When seen in the chin, they are said to indicate a desire to be 
 loved, love of society and a warm nature. 
 
 Sagacity is indicated by a short, round neck, which seems set 
 in the shoulders, as Dr. Simms, the physiognomist, justly observes. 
 Napoleon Bonaparte, General Grant and D. L. Moody, the evangel- 
 ist, are good illustrations. 
 
 On general principles, large-boned people are more honest, solid 
 and reliable than small-boned persons, and have more enduring 
 constitutions and stronger characters, — like Lincoln, Jackson and 
 the Duke of Wellington, the first and last being made up of 
 more bone than any other material. The most useful animals to 
 man, such as the horse, ox and camel, are large-boned, and have 
 wonderful physical endurance; whereas some of the most useless 
 and deceptive animals have small bones, though plenty of muscle, 
 such as the fox, skunk, porcupine, panther, and animals of the cat 
 tribe. Small-boned people, however, have more of the warm and 
 social nature and are inclined more to music. 
 
 All savage and destructive animals have heads formed on the 
 broad and flat, or round principle, such as lions, {igers, leopards and 
 rattlesnakes. All timid, docile and inoffensive animals have narrow 
 
34 SIGNS OF CHARACTER. 
 
 heads between the ears, an J are generally long-faced, like the horse, 
 deer, hare and rabbit. So men, as a rule, with wide heads from ear 
 to ear, have more force, management and executive ability than 
 men with thin heads. If the head is very broad and deficient in 
 moral and intellectual faculties, then the possessor of such a head 
 may, on provocation, become rough and brutal in his treatment of 
 animals or other persons. But when a wide head is well balanced 
 with the intellectual and moral organs, you have talent, worth and 
 power combined. A person with such a head will try and develop, 
 put into execution or carry out any new or general idea he may 
 have — in other words, thoughts become actions. Hence, force, 
 energy, policy, push, management and business ability or tact is 
 generally found in such heads, though a man may have large energy, 
 will-power, enterprise, ambition and business ability, where the 
 head is long and of only natural width, as also a man with a wide 
 head may be so constituted as to lack executive ability; the reader 
 must take observations in order to discriminate for himself. 
 
 There are three- distinct forms of faces in the Caucasian race: 
 the round, oblong, and pyriform or egg shape; each form having a 
 character peculiar to itself. With the round, plump face we find 
 contentment, ease, pleasing natures, willing to accommodate them- 
 selves to others; they are yielding, pliable and easily pleased. Oblong 
 form — strength of character, power, greatness, success, clear judg- 
 ment and business talent. Pyriform — sensitive, brilliant, intense; 
 inclined to be fickle or changeable, imaginative, quick, sharp and 
 keen rather than powerful. 
 
 Whenever a man aspires and claims to know or do something, 
 or advocates any new truths or doctrines that are not fashionable 
 or popular to the public mind, their prejudice will at once be 
 aroused, and they will denounce him as a quack or humbug. On 
 the same principle, when an individual assumes to know more on a 
 given subject, and attempts or offers to give instruction to a con- 
 ceited person, he will turn up his nose, despise and reject not only 
 the information, however valuable it may be, but also the individual, 
 and most likely, if in his power, hold the person up to ridicule and 
 scorn, or when the opportunity is afforded, make all sorts of fun out 
 of the subject and person. Such is generally the course of action 
 oufsutd hy people (of whom there are not a few) who are altogether 
 too wise in their own cenc^r 
 
 

 Sternness, commanding, ability, au- 
 thority, discernment, reflection, resist- 
 ance, determination. Observe the pro- 
 jecting, overhanging eyebrows. 
 
 Love, modesty, tenderness. Repre- 
 sents a character almost perfect as far as 
 good, amiable and moral traits are con- 
 cerned. 
 
 l ---«g=ttt«t»tttaffitto^.-. 
 
 
 Sound, mature understanding; full of plans and schemes; shrewd, thoughtful; policy 
 and management of human nature; observe the drooping over the eyelid at the outer corner. 
 Are apt to lie or evade the truth. 
 
 
 Quick to perceive, wide-awake; im- 
 pressibility; observe rapidly, but do not 
 retain impressions long, or think intently. 
 Good eyesight. 
 
 
 The amorous, sensual, talkative and 
 unprincipled eye. Apt to lead a fast life. 
 Observe the fullness of the under eyelid. 
 In the living eye the expression is wicked 
 and insinuating. 
 
SIGNS OF CHARACTER. 35 
 
 A suspicious nature is generally found with a long, hooking 
 nose and large human nature, a faculty located in the center and 
 top of the forehead. If large secretiveness be added, you may be 
 sure to find suspicion with such a nose. Such persons suspect, 
 surmise or imagine the existence of something without any reason 
 for so doing. Suspicion, therefore, is the opposite of faith, the 
 nature of which is to believe a thing without evidence. Jealousy, 
 the mind's toothache, that gnawing worm that eats out the happi- 
 ness of thousands, arises from a mixture of suspicion and a desire 
 to be loved. The latter condition being indicated by the indented 
 or dimpled chin. Many husbands and wives keep themselves and 
 their companions in a state of mental torture through their un- 
 founded and cruel suspicions. 
 
 Revenge, or retaliation, will generally be found in persons hav- 
 ing a hollow in the center of the forehead; also in dark races, or 
 individuals of dark hair and complexion. The dark races are cer- 
 tainly more inclined to revenge than the light. An implacable 
 disposition may be read in the protruding under lip. 
 
 A strong social nature is shown in open, protruding, red lips, 
 especially when the cheeks are full, the abdomen large, and the eyes 
 bright, large and expressive. The individual may be quite sociable 
 without all these conditions, but rest assured where you see small 
 eyes and compressed and thin lips you will find a lack of real social 
 nature, that kind of nature that is spontaneous, warm and demon- 
 strative. You must make a distinction between a friendly, sympa- 
 thetic nature, that can be warmed up on certain occasions, and 
 manifest friendship toward those they become thoroughly ac- 
 quainted with, and that Christ-like, outgoing nature that has a 
 kind word and hearty shake of the hand for the stranger as well as 
 the friend. Cats and dogs are sociable when they become ac- 
 quainted, and human beings ought to be a step in advance, a de- 
 gree above animals, and be sociable without friendship acquaint- 
 ance. 
 
 The largest and most active organ or organs of the brain will 
 determine the general tone or character of conversation. Thus, if 
 approbativeness is the ruling faculty, the social conversation of 
 those possessing it will be chiefly about themselves, their own busi- 
 ness and social affairs, or those relatives, friends and acquaintances 
 they may feel it to be a credit or benefit to themselves to speak of. 
 
36 
 
 SIGNS OF CHARACTER. 
 
 If amativeness and conjugality are the largest they will talk much 
 about the opposite sex, courtship, marriage and love affairs in all 
 their various phases. What people think about the most, they 
 like to talk about when they have the opportunity. If they are 
 intelligent they will talk intellectually. If really pious they will 
 love to talk on religious subjects. If very social they will talk 
 about social topics. If wicked and licentious they will say wicked 
 things, and their conversation will be too dirty, filthy and foul to 
 listen to. I have known even Christian men to tell some of the 
 most licentious and corrupting stories I ever heard. Who can cal- 
 culate the number of young minds that are poisoned and may be 
 ruined by evil communications? One smutty story will do more 
 harm than a dozen sermons, will do good, and will cling to the 
 memory longer than anything that is good. Men are punished for 
 writing, publishing and selling obscene literature; and ought not 
 any man or woman to be arrested and punished in some way for 
 giving vent to vile ideas in verbal language? Men who curse and 
 swear, and write smut on the walls and doors of public and private 
 places should be severely punished; it is degrading to the lowest 
 degree, and springs from a corrupt mind. The perverted condition 
 of the love propensity is the cause of all moral filth, swearing in- 
 cluded. 
 
 Although much has been done to enable us to perceive the 
 character and disposition of the mind from external signs in the 
 body, there is need of other discoveries. The same faculties mani- 
 fest themselves in various ways in different persons. It is the 
 education of the faculties, or lack of it, that makes up the diversity 
 of their manifestations as much or more than the faculties them- 
 selves. Hence the phrenologist, before he can be perfect, must 
 discover a method by which he can determine or read in what 
 manner and under what influence each faculty has been developed. 
 I believe that these conditions, and the peculiar disposition of each 
 person imparted by the animal propensities (or the organs lying 
 at the base and interior of the brain), must be observed from the 
 expression of the countenance. 
 
 Persons with a long spine will be found somewhat repulsive in 
 character. Serpents have long spines and are repulsive. 
 
The Celestial or Baby nose; mild, 
 docile and amiable disposition; likewise 
 indicative of female character. The op- 
 posite of the Jewish or Roman nose. 
 Observe its concave shape. 
 
 The Jewish nose; commercial, trad- 
 ing, speculating; love of money, property, 
 etc. Slow to act, suspicious and reserved. 
 Observe the width of the lower part of the 
 nose, where it joins the nostril; also the 
 convex outline. 
 
 A well formed nose, indicating strength and development of character; long-headed. 
 Observe the sign of originality, as seen in the drooping septum. It renders a person 
 rather odd, and unlike any one else in their way of saying and doing things. Are partic- 
 ularly interested* in anything new — new theories, plans, sciences, etc. Quite i-eformatory 
 in character. 
 
EXPRESSION. 
 
 How it is caused or produced — Perfection of Character — What the Organic Quality does — 
 Lines and Expression around the Mouth — Fine Features — What gives the Eyes 
 their individual and peculiar look — Fascinating Power of the Eye — What Persons 
 notice most in others — What the Face, as a whole, reveals — Language of the Chin 
 — Formation of the Jaws in relation to Will Power — The Mouth, the Nose, the 
 Eyes — Meaning of the words Mind, Spirit and Soul — What the Eyes express — 
 Black Eyes — Light Eyes — Round Eyes — Flat Eyes — What the Hair indicates — The 
 different Colors and Quality — A properly developed Character — How to Think right 
 — The Lips, and what they indicate — Signs of Character in the Walk — Restless, 
 craving, passionate Natures — Gum-chewing Women. 
 
 It is the exercise of the faculties that gives expression to the 
 face; and as no two persons have exactly a corresponding combina- 
 tion of faculties and temperaments, so there are no two persons pos- 
 sessing the same look, appearance or likeness. Each faculty stamps 
 its own peculiar language upon the countenance. A dormant 
 faculty makes little or no impression upon the face. It leaves a 
 vacancy; the language of that faculty is not there. Active benev- 
 olence gives a beaming, urbane look; agreeableness imparts a win- 
 ning, pleasing look; amativeness, a fascinating look, but if perverted, 
 a lascivious, tempting and wicked look; resistance and firmness, a 
 set, stern look; language, an expressive appearance around the eye; 
 ideality, a beautiful look; self-esteem, a dignified look; causality, a 
 thoughtful look; and so on. The larger and more active the faculty, 
 the more marked will be its character upon the face. But it is the 
 combination of all the faculties that gives the identical, definite look 
 to each individual. Hence, the secret of reading a person by the 
 face is in the ability to discern, by mere expression, what faculties 
 or qualities of mind are pictured on the countenance, and to dis- 
 cover whether they are used in a proper direction or in a perverted 
 manner. We are attracted or repelled according to the language 
 of the faculties we most admire; and I suppose we like to see in 
 others the same qualities of mind we possess ourselves. Is not this 
 the theory and secret of love ? 
 
38 EXPRESSION. 
 
 Perfection of character depends on the perfection and harmonious 
 development of all the organs of the mind and body. They must 
 all be of equal size and strength. The temperaments and the or- 
 ganic quality must also be equally combined. 
 
 The greater any given organ or faculty, the greater will be its 
 power, its capacity of enjoyment, and the more will it require to 
 receive satisfaction. 
 
 It is the organic quality that gives tone, grade and value to one's 
 character, talents, feelings and thoughts. If that condition is large, 
 the whole nature, physical and mental, is of a high type and stand- 
 ard; but if deficient, then it is altogether low and common, and the 
 mind is more of an animal and earthly nature, no matter what may 
 be the size of the organs. The faculty of conscientiousness cannot 
 be relied upon, as it may be led by the selfish propensities and animal 
 desires. Mirthfulness, with such an organization, would manifest 
 itself in foolish jesting, and, if destructiveness was also prominent, 
 would delight in tormenting other persons or dumb animals, just 
 for fun; but in a higher nature, mirthfulness would be intelligent 
 wit. Amativeness and conjugality, with a high and finely-developed 
 organism, would be pure, true, exalted and spiritual love; but with 
 the opposite condition, would be common, tending to a mere animal 
 feeling, even if moral — and if not moral, would be low, base and 
 degrading in its influence; and so with all the faculties of the 
 human mind. In observing character, therefore, the organic quality 
 is the first thing to be observed, as that is the foundation upon 
 which the whole man is built, and the key that unlocks the entire 
 character. 
 
 The lines and expression around the mouth betray and reveal 
 the state of the heart, as to whether it is good-natured, mean, sar- 
 castic, sensual, refined, peaceful, happy, disappointed, sour, etc. 
 
 The finer the features, the smoother and more delicate the hair, 
 and, also, the same condition of the mind and feelings. A rough 
 face, a rough mind or character. There are different kinds of rough- 
 ness, however; the reader must learn to distinguish between that 
 kind of roughness which indicates power or strength, and that 
 which reveals simply a coarse or low mind. One thing necessary 
 in reading character is the ability to discern the size and relative 
 proportions of all the faculties, and to tell the kind of feeling and 
 talent different combinations of faculties will produce — just the 
 
The turned-up nose. Pert; quick to 
 feel, think and act. Easily offended over 
 trivial things. Not much force of charac- 
 ter. If the point is sharp, have a scolding 
 disposition and fiery temper. 
 
 The Roman nose; generalship, long, 
 headed, far-seeing; combative; great force 
 of mind; argumentative, opposing, resist- 
 ing, conquering and subduing. Observe 
 the convea shape, which is always indica- 
 tive of a combative spirit in some form. 
 
 The peculiarity of this nose is that it all seems to be crowded down to the point. It 
 projects far out from the lip, but does not turn up or down. It is an uncommon nose; 
 and after considerable study, I noticed and concluded that it belonged only to persons 
 having a clear, natural insight into business affairs, being able to see what will pay, and 
 make it a success, imparting what I propose to call business scent, for such a man can 
 smell business as easily as a dog can smell and trace his master. 
 
EXPRESSION. 39 
 
 same as an artist can tell what color a combination of other colors 
 will. produce; or the chemist what will be the effect of a mixture of 
 different chemicals, or of the same colors and chemicals in different 
 proportions. 
 
 The round, smooth, baby-looking faces have not the force and 
 strength of character that the rough, angular and uneven face has; 
 and when the lines are deep and the features or prominences of the 
 face strongly marked, you may expect to find originality of thought 
 and profundity of mind, with distinguished character of some kind; 
 but in the smooth, unwrinkled face, look out for a feeble mind. By 
 feeble I do not mean idiotic, but rather weak, lacking depth and 
 power. There are a great many baby-looking faces in the world, 
 and such persons rarely amount to anything beyond a common- 
 place life and character — are too fickle and childish in their tastes 
 and sentiments. 
 
 In the mental process of reading a person, we first perceive the 
 expression, and from that conceive the character. Perception 
 arises from the action of the perceptive faculties, located immedi- 
 ately over the eyes and nose; conception, from the reflective facul- 
 ties, located in the upper part of the forehead. In the central part 
 of the forehead are located most of the literary faculties. 
 
 It is the largest and most predominating trait of character that 
 gives to the eyes their peculiar look — that expressive cast, that 
 which we most notice and are influenced by; hence, the expression 
 of the eye changes as fast as our thoughts change and the different 
 faculties are brought into action. The eyes, therefore, become a 
 mirror in which are pictured, as they come and go, all the thoughts, 
 feelings, emotions and passions of the soul. How easy it is to see 
 the presence of anger, joy, sadness ! So, in like manner, if we study 
 until we become familiar with the different kinds of expression, we 
 can observe the language of every change and condition of the mind. 
 
 What a magnetic or fascinating appearance is imparted to the 
 eye when lit up by active amativeness, agreeableness and approba- 
 tiveness ! Secretiveness and mirthfulness are likewise conspicu- 
 ously manifested in the eye. 
 
 Whatever persons notice most in others clearly indicates the 
 ruling trait of character in themselves. If they notice dress in 
 preference to anything else, then dress is their chief desire. If 
 words and actions are criticised, then it is character and quality of 
 
40 EXPRESSION. 
 
 mind that is predominant in the observer. Artists notice features, 
 expressions and beauty; fashionable and amative persons notice 
 the style and physique of individuals, and so on; each one trying 
 to find in others what is a reflex of his own mind. 
 
 The face, as a whole, with its accompanying expression, reveals 
 one's nature and animal propensities. It likewise shows whether 
 the faculties are active or passive, while the head shows their size 
 and proportion to each other. Every feature of the face has its 
 appropriate manifestation. The forehead portrays the amount of 
 intellect. The chin tells us how much virility, ardor, intensity and 
 the kind of affectionate desire one possesses. The mouth shows 
 how much affection one has — whether friendly, sociable, warm- 
 hearted or the reverse. The nose represents the selfish traits and 
 propensities — those qualities of mind that make men bold, fearless, 
 aggressive, far-seeing, defensive, determined and accumulative. 
 But the eyes — those two magnetic stars — what do they mean? 
 That is a question, reader, easier asked than answered. There seems 
 to be a mystery about the eyes which has never yet been explained. 
 What a depth of meaning, what a mine, what a store-house, in 
 which seem to be deposited things good and bad ! How anxiously 
 we look into them and try to discover what is behind ! If we 
 could only read the thoughts they convey! And what a mental 
 effort we sometimes make to do so ! But, after all, we have to give 
 it up; they are too much like a policeman's lantern — the longer we 
 look, the more blinded and confused we become. To see through 
 a thing and discover what is behind, is not so easy as to get behind 
 and see what is ahead. 
 
 Two things, however, are evident: First, all eyes are not alike; 
 second, they do not affect us in the same manner nor exercise the 
 same power over us, neither do any two individuals. I therefore 
 conclude that the eyes reveal (or are an index of) the kind, quality 
 and nature of the mind, spirit and soul. These three words are 
 sometimes used to express one and the same thing, yet each word 
 has its peculiar, specific meaning. 
 
 Mind is used to designate the intellect or understanding — the 
 mental process of thinking, willing and choosing; also, inclination, 
 desire, intent, purpose. Mind may likewise be termed the opera- 
 tion of the spirit upon the faculties, bringing them into activity. 
 
 The word spirit means life, ardor, vivacity; great activity or 
 
The upper lip is projecting over the under lip. Such mouths represent a disposition 
 in their owners to impress themselves strongly upon others; are advancing in manner and 
 behavior, and have generally considerable conceit, egotism or vanity. 
 
 Immodest, indelicate, fond of a gay and fast life, luxurious living; high glee. 
 
 ^=55=s;£s????; 
 
 Sportive, somewhat cynical; passive affection denoted in 
 the lower lip. Liable to be fast. 
 
 Mirthful and slightly sarcastic; upper lip too thin in proportion to the lower, hence 
 the affections are not well balanced. May receive caresses or kisses, but care little about 
 giving them. Turned up corners indicate a laughing disposition. 
 
 . 
 

EXPRESSION. 41 
 
 peculiar characteristics of mind and temper; disposition of mind, 
 intellectual or moral state, cheerfulness, enterprise. It may also be 
 used to indicate the highest principle in man. 
 
 By soul, we mean any noble manifestation of the heart or moral 
 nature; the seat of life and action; the rational and emotional part 
 of man's nature. Of course, these definitions are intended to rep- 
 resent the spirit as connected with the body. In my chapter on 
 Modern Christianity, I shall give a new and more thorough descrip- 
 tion of the differences between mind, spirit and soul. 
 
 From the above definitions, I presume it will be clear to the 
 reader what is meant by the mind, spirit, soul, or whatever you 
 choose to name that part of man manifested in the eye. And here 
 let me say that the quality or nature of the soul, as to whether it is 
 pure and exalted, or gross and low, can be determined by the 
 organic quality. 
 
 The eyes, therefore, express every emotion of the soul, the 
 quality of the soul and its present moral condition. They seem to 
 be the window through which every faculty peeps out. Eyes differ 
 in color, form, size and rapidity of motion. 
 
 Black eyes are deep as the ocean, artful, crafty, treacherous, re- 
 vengeful — a smoldering fire that may burst into a full blaze at a 
 moment's notice. They are generally retiring and reserved, and 
 sometimes full of deviltry. The ways of a wicked person with 
 black eyes are past finding out. So much - for the bad qualities. 
 The good qualities belonging to black or dark eyes are frankness, a 
 confiding disposition, affection, plain-speaking, truthfulness, and a 
 good degree of power, determination and force of character. Many 
 black eyes are beautiful, magnetic in their effect, and indicative of 
 a true, noble character. But, reader, never trifle with such, nor play 
 any mean tricks with them, or they may take fearful revenge; you 
 can go just so far, but no farther; and once aroused, they give no 
 quarter and know no such thing as mercy. I remember a small, 
 handsome-looking woman, with large, black eyes, who put on con- 
 siderable style, and presented the appearance of a delicate, lady-like 
 woman. Those black full moons of' hers had captivated four or five 
 young men, to whom she had promised her hand in marriage. One 
 of them did not exactly like that kind of fun, and so followed her up, 
 causing her to apprehend danger. While talking with her upon 
 the subject, she declared if he came near her she would shoot him # 
 
42 EXPRESSION. 
 
 I replied, she certainly would not have the courage to shoot a man, 
 when she coolly walked over to her bureau and took out a pistol, 
 remarking, in an emphatic manner, "Wouldn't I?" I concluded 
 she would. ' Another black-eyed woman told me that if she ever 
 found out her husband was not true to her, she would certainly 
 shoot him. 
 
 Small, flat, light eyes are cunning, evasive, sly, maneuvering, 
 'deceitful; apt to lie, cheat, and with acquisitiveness, steal. Their 
 deceitfulness is different from that of black eyes. Light eyes resort 
 to a good deal of device, contrivance and stratagem. They are full 
 of tactics, policy and management, and can keep things to them- 
 selves, with little or no desire to impart them to others, unless it is 
 something that weighs terribly upon the mind. Black eyes are not 
 good at keeping secrets. They may, through conscientiousness or 
 friendship, keep things committed to them as a secret trust; but 
 should enmity ever arise, they may betray you. 
 
 Light eyes would not speak a thing right out, but work to your 
 disadvantage in an underhanded way — at the same time pretending 
 probably to be your friend, and making themselves quite agreeable; 
 but the black eye would come right out, declare war and open fire. 
 Light-eyed enemies are snakes in the grass; black-eyed ones will 
 show their enmity, and fight in the open field, though they may 
 have a very treacherous way of doing it — something like the Indian, 
 for instance. The fact that Indians fight behind trees as much as 
 possible, or some other defensive place, is because that is their mode 
 of life and warfare, and their only means of protection against a 
 trained and armed military company. What I wish to impress 
 upon the reader is, that they do not conceal their feelings, and pre- 
 tend to be friendly when they are not. Light eyes conceal their 
 character, their feelings, emotions, intentions and purposes, and, 
 though they may hate and despise a person, will seldom manifest 
 it unless in some manner compelled to do so. There are, however, 
 many amiable, devoted women among this class, as well as men, 
 having strong, silent love, with tenderness and sympathy. The 
 conditions peculiar to both kinds of eyes are all right if governed 
 by the intellect and moral faculties; but, when perverted, then look 
 out for their evil manifestations, as already described. In the full, 
 open blue eye, you may expect to find a mild and good character. 
 
 The more round the eye, the easier will it receive impressions, 
 
Ascerbity, moroseness; crusty, stringent, self-important; not easily imposed upon. 
 Lack sociability and affection. Have much self-control, and not inclined to dissipation. 
 Observe the lips are thin and compressed. Generally very economical, or stingy and 
 
 mean. 
 
 
 Dissatisfaction; sour; over-particular; more nice than wise. Poor lips for 
 kissing, and the form scarcely human. 
 
 
 Coarseness; common mind; the affections more passive than 
 active; given to sensual thoughts. 
 
 
 Sedate, serio^us turn of mind; lack of mirthfulness; deficient in character; common, 
 mean, with a little vanity; sarcastic. Mouths that droop 
 at the corners never laugh much. 
 
EXPRESSION. 43 
 
 observe and gather ideas; and the sooner, also, will such impres- 
 sions be lost or forgotten. The narrower the eye, the slower will 
 it be in gathering facts, receiving ideas, or coming to a conclusion; 
 but its possessor will retain knowledge much longer after it is 
 acquired, and such persons are slower but more deliberate in judg- 
 ment. Small eyes, especially in children, are dull and slow to learn; 
 while large are quick to perceive, full of life and vivacity. The 
 brighter the eye, the more will the individual resemble his or her 
 mother. Eyes that are slow to move, are slow in thought and act; 
 while eyes that move rapidly belong to minds that are wide-awake 
 and quick as lightning. 
 
 The hair indicates fineness or coarseness of temperament and 
 feeling, also tone and strength of character and constitution. 
 Auburn hair denotes quick susceptibilities. Black hair is accom- 
 panied with the bilious temperament, which gives power, strength 
 and endurance. Light hair means delicacy, fineness and lighter 
 tone of character — almost the opposite of black hair. Red hair 
 belongs to the sanguine temperament, gives intense feelings, and a 
 fiery, ardent, hot-blooded and passionate nature. If curly, emo- 
 tional and impulsive. Straight hair denotes mildness or tameness 
 of nature. 
 
 Red-haired persons should pursue out-door employment, as they 
 need all the pure air they can get. Fine, light-haired persons can 
 pursue any light or in-door business, but are not adapted for heavy 
 work. Dark-haired persons can endure a considerable amount of 
 labor of almost any kind. The coarser the hair, the more so the 
 individual in thought, feeling and manner, and vice versa. 
 
 Men of properly developed and prominent character are so 
 marked in their appearance, that, once seen, they can be easily 
 recognized anywhere; whereas common-place persons are more 
 difficult to distinguish and remember. 
 
 He who does not vary the intonation of the voice in speaking 
 lacks self-control. There is a vast difference in the voice of per- 
 sons, and a wonderful amount of character is revealed in its tones. 
 We can distinguish an adult from a child, and a male from a female, 
 simply by the voice. I shall never forget a lady I heard trying to 
 awaken her sleeping husband, one morning, in a room adjoining 
 mine. There was so much tenderness, sweetness and music in her 
 voice, that the tones seem to be fixed in my memory. The voice 
 
44 EXPRESSION. 
 
 needs cultivation, as well as the muscles, and organs of the brain. 
 The development of character will modify the voice, and the study 
 of vocal music and elocution will improve it. 
 
 Men cannot think and act rightly on any subject, or have clear 
 and proper ideas, unless all their faculties are brought into active 
 and equal use. 
 
 It is the mental, passional and emotional temperaments com- 
 bined, that give energy, go-aheadativeness, impulsiveness and in- 
 tensity of feeling and action. They cause a person to throw the 
 whole soul into whatever is to be done, especially in speaking, 
 acting or writing. 
 
 A person with a healthy and equally-balanced condition of 
 faculties and vital organs attracts (or causes people, things and 
 circumstances to succumb or place themselves under his influence 
 or at his command) without any special effort; while an individual 
 having an organization which is the reverse, could not, with special 
 effort, secure the same results and power. 
 
 When the lips have a pure, fresh, cherry-red appearance, the 
 blood is in the same condition, and the health good; but if they 
 look dry, scabby, blue and sickly, the blood is in a very bad state. 
 
 Lips that are full and red, having a cushioned appearance, indi- 
 cate a strong social nature, or a great amount of affection, and fond- 
 ness for caressing and kissing. When the red part of both lips is 
 fully and evenly developed, that is, tolerably thick and well rounded 
 out, the affections will be more harmonious and evenly developed, 
 and the person will love to kiss and be kissed; but if the lower lip 
 only is full, and the upper lip comparatively thin, the individual may 
 enjoy and submit to being kissed, especially if a lady, but care little 
 about kissing others (babies excepted). 
 
 Lips that are thin and compressed are wanting in affection, and 
 indicate their possessor to be cold-hearted, deficient in sociability, 
 and stringent, but having much self-control. 
 
 Lips that are naturally open, exposing the upper teeth, may mean 
 laxity of the passions, or a desire to be praised, or both. 
 
 Be on your guard with the individual whose mouth has a dis- 
 gusting appearance, a sarcastic expression, objectionable lines 
 around it, or one corner drawn up more than the other, unless 
 by injury. 
 
Common, vulgar, lack of refinement, and neither voluptuous nor affectionate. 
 
 The sesthetical nature deficient. 
 
 Cold as an iceberg. Stiff, set, precise; 
 considerable self-control, but not much 
 affection. Observe the thinness of the 
 lower lip, also a lack of curvature and 
 fullness in the middle, so essential as the 
 sign of an affectionate and sociable dis- 
 position. 
 
 The perfect mouth. Love for that 
 which is beautiful and tasty. Indicative 
 of a whole-souled and generous nature. 
 Good disposition, strong affection; desire 
 for caressing and kissing. The affections 
 both active and passive. A sociable and 
 warm nature. 
 
 
 
 
 Showing the under lip protruding beyond the upper. The fullness of the lower lip 
 represents strong, active affections; but its protruding condition signifies a tendency in the 
 disposition of such persons to draw others to them, to cause them to succumb to their 
 terms, desires and requirements; a kind of holding back on their part, keeping in reserve; 
 though, at the same time, aggressive in spirit. 
 
EXPRESSION. 45 
 
 A very large mouth denotes animalism, coarseness or vulgarity; 
 a straight mouth, a common or undeveloped character — nothing of 
 the beautiful and artistic. Large mouths, however, are essential to 
 good speakers, giving flexibility, so that they can express them- 
 selves easily. 
 
 With the large mouth we frequently find strength of character 
 and talent; whereas, in the small* mouth, there is generally over- 
 much modesty and shallow sentiment; are apt to carry their civil- 
 ized ideas of nicety and delicacy too far; seem to live in their minds 
 more than in their bodies. Some one has said that a "blue and thin- 
 lipped woman will bore you to death with literature or woman's 
 rights theories, while you want your dinner, or spoil your temper 
 by their red-hot, scolding tongues;" but that will depend somewhat 
 on other combinations: if she has a masculine temperament, such 
 may be the case, because there would not be much congeniality 
 in her nature. If the mouth is coarse as well as large, there will 
 either be much sensuality or strong, coarse points of character that 
 will render life with such a person anything but pleasant. 
 
 There is considerable character manifested in the chin, as it in- 
 dicates the force and strength of the mind in connection with the 
 nature and peculiarities of the affections. The connection between 
 the Latin word mentum for chin, and mens for mind, is certainly 
 suggestive, especially as mindless animals have no chin. Search 
 the entire animal kingdom and you cannot find a perfect or well- 
 formed chin as seen in the human family; and, though animals un- 
 doubtedly have understanding and a certain amount or kind of 
 reason, they evidently have not the power or capacity for compara- 
 tive, deductive and logical reasoning. The less chin a person has, 
 or the more it recedes toward the neck, the less persistence and 
 mind force there is; the more it advances or projects from the level 
 of the face, the more persistence and tenacity of mind there will be. 
 A sharp, narrow, round, pointed chin belongs to persons of very 
 tender but intense affections, who keenly feel the loss of loved 
 friends, take things to heart easily, and are possessed of a weak 
 heart physically as well as mentally. But in the broad, full chin 
 you will find a stronger heart, more vigorous and powerful circula- 
 tion of blood, and, therefore, a much stronger and less easily affected 
 love nature. The affections are less sensitive and not so easily bro- 
 ken or crushed in the broad, round, full chin as they are in the small, 
 
46 EXPRESSION. 
 
 round, pointed chin. In fact there is more vigor and power to the 
 affections and will in a large or broad, full, prominent chin than 
 there is to a small one, no matter what the shape may be, whether 
 round or square at the point. The narrow, round, pointed chin 
 means desire for affinity and congeniality; gives much intensity 
 of feeling, but less power and consistency. The broad, round, 
 pointed chin is perhaps the most perfect form, as it indicates good 
 heart power, and strong, constant, enduring love for the object of 
 its affections. The narrow, square chin, means a desire to love or 
 bestow the affections on some other person. The broad, square 
 chin, a more violent, erratic, and powerful state of the affections, 
 which needs controlling. In the indented chin there is a longing 
 desire on the part of its possessor to be loved, are unhappy unless 
 they have the affections of some person; and, when they have not, 
 are apt to make love themselves in order to secure a lover, even if 
 the individual with such a chin should be a lady. 
 
 A prominent, pointed chin signifies ardor and impulsiveness in 
 regard to the affections. A deficient or receding chin denotes a 
 lack of virility. 
 
 The lower jaw taken as a whole indicates the various states of 
 will power. There seem to be three elements or parts that 
 constitute the entire will, viz.: persistence or perseverance, obsti- 
 nacy and contrariness. It is possible, however, that the two last 
 elements of will may be one and the same thing manifested in a 
 different way; nevertheless, we find three conditions of the will 
 manifested in three well known animals, and their jaws are all dif- 
 ferently formed. First, there is the hog kind of will, shown by the 
 width of the jaw in the back part; secondly, the mule and jackass 
 will, shown by the drooping of the jaw in the rear part, in contrast 
 to the jaw of the horse and other animals the opposite in will power; 
 and thirdly, the bulldog will, shown in the long, forward-projecting 
 chin, in contrast to that of the wolf. When a bulldog gets hold of 
 a person or thing, he means business and persists in hanging on. 
 So in human life; we find some people who are persistent and per- 
 severing in their efforts to accomplish success or gain an object; 
 while others, wolf-like, snap at a thing and instantly let go; others, 
 again, are as headstrong, unyielding and stubborn as any mule or 
 jackass, especially when they cannot have their own way. This is a 
 good trait of character, however, when properly used and not per- 
 
MR. SHOREY, a Baltimore Photographer. 
 
 A plain, unassuming, common-sense man. He is one of the most neighborly, liberal, 
 social and good-natured men I have met in my travels. Some people are honey and 
 smiles to your face for a few moments, but in reality glad when they see you make your 
 exit from the door. This man is not one of that kind, and though the face shows a serious 
 and somewhat harsh expression, there is an honest, earnest, always-the-same, kind of look 
 mingled with it, hence he never pretends to be what he is not. 
 
EXPRESSION. 47 
 
 verted, as it gives stability and unflinching principle to the character; 
 but in domestic and business life it is too frequently used in the 
 wrong way. Another class of people are just like, or as contrary and 
 perverse as the hog. The moment they discover you want them to 
 do a certain thing or pursue a certain course, they are sure to do or 
 take the opposite. They seem to delight in thwarting others in 
 their plans and purposes. All three conditions of the will can be 
 properly and improperly used, and if each person used his will to 
 control himself as much as he does others, the world, or the people 
 in it, would be a good deal better physically, intellectually and 
 morally. 
 
 Many persons think the nose of very little importance in read- 
 ing character, but it is just the opposite. It represents masculine 
 and feminine qualities more than any other feature — shows how 
 much power and force of mind one has, and how much of the com- 
 mercial, aggressive and martial spirit — shows whether one is long- 
 headed enough to see into a mill-stone, or no farther than the point 
 of his nose. It shows whether the character is weak or strong, 
 whether the disposition is of a turn-up or turn-down nature. If the 
 nose is concave and turned up a little at the point, whenever such 
 persons become offended (and such individuals take offense easily) 
 they will manifest a sort of turn-up, go-off, get-away, leave-you- 
 alone sort of spirit, and act as if they were afraid to have anything 
 more to say or do with the offender. Certain animals will act in a 
 similar manner. Take pussy, for instance. Do something she does 
 not like, and she goes off to another part of the room, and looks at 
 you in a half- frightened, suspicious manner, as much as to say, "You 
 contemptible thing, what do you mean ? and why do you do that ?" 
 For the turned-up nose has likewise an inquisitive disposition; but 
 pussy never seeks revenge by making any attack upon you at any 
 future time, nor has she just the kind of nose I have been describ- 
 ing; nor do human beings with this kind of nose seek retaliation or 
 revenge in the future — they are generally contented to leave one 
 severely alone. But the convex nose, turning down at the point, 
 in eagle fashion, is just the opposite. Do them an injury or an 
 imaginary evil, and they will wait for an opportunity to pounce upon 
 you like an eagle upon its prey — not physically, perhaps, but in 
 some manner they will take the advantage of you; it may be in a 
 business transaction, or in the way of an injury to your character. 
 
48 EXPRESSION. 
 
 The story of the tailor and the elephant somewhat illustrates this 
 shade of character. A tailor was in the habit of tormenting an 
 elephant by pricking him with his needle. The elephant did not 
 resent it at the time, but went away to a pool of the dirtiest water 
 he could find, and sucking up all he could carry in his proboscis, 
 returned to the tailor and gave him the benefit of a good ducking. 
 While examining a person having a nose of this description, I re- 
 marked that, if a person took any advantage of him or did him an 
 injury, he would try to get even with him some time, if it was fifty 
 years afterwards. The subject replied that he would if it were a 
 hundred years afterwards. Such persons never forget an injury. 
 
 So significant a feature has the nose been that persons have fre- 
 quently been noted and even named from peculiarities of the nose. 
 For instance, Cicero was a nick-name; the real name of the great 
 Roman orator was Marcus Tullius, to which was added the agnomen, 
 Cicero, from the word Cicer, a vetch or kind of chick-pea, on ac- 
 count of the shape or some other peculiarity of his nose, or the 
 noses of his progenitors. So also the poet Ovid, or Publius Ovidius, 
 was called JVaso, from his prominent nose. 
 
 Moral courage is indicated by a long nose that stands well out 
 from the face in the upper part joining the forehead; also giving a 
 wide space between the eye-brows, as seen in the picture of Luther. 
 Such persons will stand firm and uphold any moral truth or prin- 
 ciple though all the world oppose, and such a character had Luther, 
 the great reformer. 
 
 The desire to climb and ascend high places, such as hills, mount- 
 ains, towers and steeples, may be known by a nose that stands well 
 out from the face in its lower part, and inclines slightly upward at 
 the point. The mind of such a person will also have a progressive 
 and upward tendency, will desire to rise in the scale of humanity, 
 will, in short, be lofty-minded. Especially will the latter be true 
 if the individual is endowed with a large amount of the organic 
 quality. 
 
 The convex nose also indicates combativeness — the opposing, 
 resisting, fighting and energetic spirit. 
 
 When the central part of the nose, where it joins the face, is 
 wide, it indicates a commercial spirit, love of money or property, 
 and desire to accumulate. When narrow, it means deficiency in 
 that respect. When the nose is broad at the wings and sharp at 
 
E. D. ORMSBY, Photographer, 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 This head is a good illustration of the masculine and feminine temperaments about 
 equally combined; hence he possesses the characteristics of both sexes. He has the in- 
 tuition, penetration, susceptibility, and gentleness of a woman, and the power, strength, 
 energy, perseverance of a man. Has a well balanced head, and is well adapted for the 
 finer pursuits of life. He has a rare combination of business ability and the artistic, and 
 is therefore likely to be successful in almost anything he undertakes. The drooping of 
 one corner of the eyelid over the eye indicates natural shrewdness, policy, and the ability 
 to handle customers in a business way. His physiological condition is splendid, and his 
 appearance is a picture of almost perfect health, though not so much of that iron consti- 
 tution that some possess. He is a natural reader of human nature, and knows just how 
 to take people, because he understands their peculiarities. Is liberal minded, whole- 
 souled and genial, but careful and economical in business matters, as moderately thin 
 and prim lips indicate. The whole expression represents a mind bright, active, wide- 
 awake and intelligent. 
 
 
EXPRESSION. 49 
 
 the point, there is also a love of money, with a tendency to be close, 
 or make by saving and cutting down expenses. When broad at the 
 wings and hooked at the point, there is a desire to make money by 
 speculation or unfair means. 
 
 The nose that stands well out from the face and of the Grecian 
 type, indicates a love of the beautiful, or the aesthetic nature. A 
 long nose indicates a long-headed, far-seeing, shrewd, scheming, 
 planning mind. Are generally quick to read human nature, and are 
 cautious but not always the most reliable or trustworthy. 
 
 Whenever you see a bump or prominence in the center of a per- 
 son's nose, you may know they are inclined to argue, combat, resist, 
 oppose or defend in some way or other; will also manifest much 
 energy in business or any enterprise they may be engaged in. 
 When the prominence is high up on the nose, near the frontal sinus 
 or forehead, it indicates an aggressive spirit. When it is near the 
 point of the nose, it means personal defense, protection of one's 
 rights, property and person, and also betrays considerable selfish- 
 ness, especially in business affairs. Such a nose* will always look 
 out for self. 
 
 Where the nostrils are wide open it is a sign of good lung and 
 breathing power; when narrow, a deficiency. 
 
 The manner of walking corresponds and ha"monizes with the 
 habits and disposition. A slouch and a sloven hang out their signs 
 as they walk. A man of ambition, energy and hope will walk 
 rapidly, briskly and take long steps. 
 
 The man who has much firmness and precision in his character 
 will have just that kind of a walk. 
 
 Those who have an easy, graceful walk, will do things in like 
 manner; while those who seem to make an effort to walk, work and 
 labor as if it were a task. 
 
 Beware of persons who, when viewed from behind, have a sort 
 of mean, shuffling, secretive kind of walk. They move along as 
 though they were afraid to use their legs. 
 
 Those who step heavily on the heel generally have much solidity 
 and firmness of character. Those who walk tip-toe fashion are 
 fond of dancing and prone to the sentimental side of life. Those 
 who have a springy, up-and-down step, are happy, hopeful natures, 
 but apt to be unbalanced mentally; in other words, have rooms to 
 rent in the upper story. 
 
50 EXPRESSION. 
 
 Those who walk very lightly may have a light, mirthful, senti- 
 mental kind of character, or possess secretiveness or cautiousness, 
 or all combined. 
 
 A person who is overflowing with conceit, egotism and vanity, 
 will not only show it in the face and eyes, but in the dignified, self- 
 complacent, pompous, I-don't-care kind of a walk. The head will 
 also be erect or slightly elevated. A man who is brim-full of bus- 
 iness, walks in a hurried and somewhat excited manner; while one 
 ,vho has made a fortune and retired, walks along cool, easy, leis- 
 urely and indifferent. 
 
 Large self-esteem and firmness will not only cause their possess- 
 or to walk erect and stand straight, but also to sit erect, scarcely 
 bending the body in any position. Sitting or lounging in a careless 
 manner generally denotes deficient self-esteem. 
 
 Carnivorous animals have savage-looking eyes, but the herbiv- 
 orous have mild and soft eyes. Contrast the eyes of the lion, tiger 
 and hyena with the deer, gazelle, cow and horse. Mild, harmless, 
 inoffensive people will have eyes that are mild and soft in expres- 
 sion, but stern, severe, cruel and dangerous persons will have hard, 
 savage, unkind and somewhat repulsive-looking eyes. 
 
 The difference in the phrenological and physiognomical mani- 
 festations of the same faculties is simply this: phrenology, or an 
 examination of the head, reveals the latent power, or original 
 strength of the faculties, while physiognomy or the expression 
 of the face, shows the activity of the faculties and the manner in 
 which they have been exercised, or the kind of education they 
 have received, whether good or bad. The face, however, is much 
 more expressive of feeling than it is of thought, especially that 
 part of the face from the eyebrows downward. 
 
 Persons who have a restless, craving, passionate nature, are 
 never contented unless witnessing or taking part in something 
 exciting, such as gambling, horse-racing, or any of the sporting 
 games, attending some sensational play or fashionable ball — will 
 indulge in stimulants of some kind, such as wines, liquors and to- 
 bacco. A woman who chews gum and has little ambition for any- 
 thing else than to dress and attend fashionable, showy places of 
 amusement, and visit drinking restaurants, has generally the same 
 elements of character; and if she conveniently could, would go 
 anywhere and everywhere that a man does. The common habit of 
 
M. M. POMEROY, Editor. 
 
 The lower lip indicates considerable affection and whole-souled nature. The upper 
 lip shows his ability to control the affections, being expressive of large firmness. The 
 high forehead shows him to be kind and generous. His perceptives are good; and the 
 forehead indicates him to be an observer and thinker. He has large conscientiousness 
 and approbativeness; but his chief characteristic is indomitable perseverance, persistence, 
 determination, will-power — a disposition to fight and overcome every opposing difficulty, 
 to firmly adhere to whatever he conscientiously believes is right. The form and expression 
 of his face indicates good vitality. 
 
EXPRESSION. 5 1 
 
 picking the teeth indicates a sort of craving, uneasy nature, one 
 fond of some kind of excitement. The constant practice of many 
 in picking their teeth for half an hour after eating, and even be- 
 tween meals, and swallowing all of the corrupt matter instead of 
 ejecting it, is just about as dirty and irritating a practice as picking 
 one's nose. Tooth-picking, gum-chewing, tobacco-chewing, and 
 even smoking, are all exciting and injurious habits. No one of 
 them beautify or lend any charm to the face or character. 
 
 v 
 
The Book of the Age. 
 
 ^7}ROF. WILLIS' great work on Human Nature and Physiognomy 
 has been revised and enlarged to more than double the size of 
 }K the last edition; and is elaborately illustrated. The many inci- 
 dents and stories it contains make it as fascinating to read as any novel. 
 Its description of human character and life excels any work of the kind 
 hitherto published, and for practical instruction adapted to every-day 
 life, in business, professions and trades, surpasses any work now before 
 the public. Bound in cloth, with beveled edges, and printed on finely- 
 finished tinted paper. 
 
 NOTE THE CONTENTS OF THE BOOK. 
 
 Physiognomy Defined. 
 
 How to Read Character — Signs of Char- 
 acter — Expression. 
 
 Blondes and Brunettes- 
 istics and Differences. 
 
 -their Character- 
 
 The American Head and Character. 
 
 Honesty and Dishonesty — Signs and 
 Method of Reading it. 
 
 Theory and Practice. 
 
 Fast Men and Women — The various Class- 
 es and Tendencies to that Life. 
 
 Confidence Men and Blackmailers — 
 How they Operate. 
 
 High Life and Low Life, or Rich and 
 Poor. 
 
 Modern Christianity and Religious 
 Character— The Mental Heart, Con- 
 version, etc. 
 
 Flattery, Conceit and Vanity. 
 
 It is Nice to be a Stranger — Personal 
 Experiences and Observations in my 
 Travels. 
 
 Infidelity and Skepticism — The Cause 
 and Remedy. 
 
 Facial Beauty — How to Develop it — 
 Beautiful Forms. 
 
 How to Live, or the Way to Health 
 and Old Age. 
 
 Business Success and Failure — Reasons 
 why some succeed and others do not. 
 
 Human Spirits — Good and Bad — Psycho- 
 logically considered. 
 
 Flirtation and Mock Modesty — Its 
 Causes, and Effects upon Society. 
 
 Definition of Phrenological Organs 
 and Temperaments. 
 
 PRICE, $4-00- 
 Extra Binding with Gilt Edge, $5.00. 
 
 Address, 
 
 Prof. A. K WILLIS, 
 
 73 Lake Street, Chicago. 
 
 To insure safety send post office order. Those wishing it sent by 
 express, C. *C D., please forward fifty cents with the order, which will be 
 credited on the amount for collection. 
 

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