^Twentieth (Century SENFTNER Class lEA^Ol Book._ J S^C__ Copyright^? ^ol COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT; n9r THE TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK FOR REGENTS' SCHOOLS, HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES BY ALEXIS E. SENFTNER, A.M., B.D. ROBERT E. h C. SENFTNER, Ph.B. HERMAN F. SENFTNER, A.B..M.D. ■j > j . . > > > * ; ■ > ' > ■ j i > CLINTON HALL, i 3 ASTOR PLACE New York, N. Y. A*1 d / * Copyright, 1903, BY ALEXIS E. SENFTNER, ROBERT E. C. SENFTNER AND HERMAN F. SENFTNER. All Rights Reserved. .... , i . * • • « , , ' « * • t t 4 [ » « < I » • * •« c ' ' . ' ' * > - . < • PREFACE. In submitting The Twentieth Century Latin-Book to the attention of the public, the aim of the authors has been to edit a work of practical utility, representative of the latest and most approved methods of teaching the first year of Latin. This text book is the outcome of fifteen years of practical experience in teaching Latin. ' During these fifteen years the authors have prepared nearly three thousand students for the entrance examinations in Latin held by the various Universities — -Columbia, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, New York University, etc., — and for the examinations in Latin held under the auspices of the Regents of the University of the State of New York. The time intervening between the completion of a course in English Grammar and the beginning of a course in Latin has made it desirable to incorporate in the book a brief summary of the essentials of English Grammar necessary to the study of the first year of Latin. This feature of the book will prove to be of value to the student. As a beginner's progress is measured by the rapidity with which he acquires a sufficiently large vocabulary, and also by the facility with which he is able to analyze sentence-con- struction, a large and varied vocabulary has been used through- out the book, together with sentences calling for a generous use of these vocabularies. The vocabularies, as well as the sentences based thereon, have been made to conform as closely as possible to the text of Caesar. For the convenience of the teacher and for the further improve- ment of the student, many review exercises both on vocabulary and sentence-construction have been inserted. It is well known to teachers that the third declension presents many difficulties to the student. For this reason, the authors have given unusual time and care to its presentation and arrangement. The manner in which nouns of the third declen- sion may change from the nominative to the genitive case is PREFACE shown in tabular form (page 70). With this table as a basis, the declension of the nouns is given in four groups according to their nominative endings (pages 72, 76, 80, 84). The vocabularies of third-declension nouns are systematically arranged so that each group contains only those nouns which are declined in a similar manner. Each conjugation, regular or irregular, is followed by two pages of practice on verb forms. This will be especially helpful to the teacher. In connection with each of the five regular conjugations, there is also one page giving a list of the most important verbs of that conjugation, together with their principal parts. A list of the prepositions has been inserted at an early stage of the book to enable the student to handle a greater variety of sentences and to make more frequent use of the different cases. Furthermore, for the saving of time and for easier reference the rules of syntactical construction have been grouped together under one head (page 32). and throughout the book will be found special exercises based on some one or other of these rules. The chief uses of the subjunctive mood have been tabulated and have been made the basis for the practice work on the subjunctive mood. The index at the end of the book has been drawn up as com- pletely as possible, and will serve as a ready reference to any and all parts of the book. In conclusion, attention is directed to the series of questions placed toward the end of the book. The authors believe that these questions will prove an excellent test of the student's progress from time to time. The Authors. New York, June 25, 1903. CONTENTS. pa<;k English Grammar i-v Introduction 1-6 First Declension (feminine nouns) 7-11 Second Declension (nouns in us and urn) 12-15 Second Declension (nouns in er) 16-19 Adjectives (First and Second Declension) 20-21 First Declension (masculine nouns) 22 The Verb Sum „ 23-27 Prepositions 28-29 Review Vocabularies, 30-31 Rules of Syntax 32-39 Introduction to the Verbs 40-41 First Conjugation 42-53 Second Conjugation 54-65 Review Vocabularies 66-67 Third Declension (nouns) 68-87 Review Vocabularies 88-89 Third Declension (adjectives) 90-93 Third Conjugation 94_105 Fourth Conjugation 106-115 Fourth Declension 116-117 Fifth Declension 118-119 Third Conjugation (io verbs) 120-129 Review Vocabularies 130-131 Irregular Adjectives 132-133 CONTENTS. Comparison of Adjectives 134-136 Formation and Comparison of Adverbs 137-139 Pronouns, personal 140-141 possessive 142-143 sui, ipse, hie 144-145 !' iste, ille, is 146-147 rel., interrog., indef 148-149 Deponent Verbs = 150-153 Numerals 154-156 Review Vocabularies 157-158 The Verb Fero 159-163 The Verbs Eo .and Fio 164-167 The Infinitive 168-169 Volo, Nolo, Malo 170-173 Possum, Prosum 174-179 Participles 180-181 Ablative Absolute 182-183 The Gerund and the Gerundive 184-185 The Periphrastic Conjugations 186-187 Impersonal Verbs 188-189 Review Vocabularies 190-191 The Supines 192 The Subjunctive Mood 193-206 Selections for Translation . . : 207-214 Questions : 215-228 Vocabularies 229-288 Index 289-296 A Brief Review of the Essentials of Elementary English Grammar Nec- essary to the Study of the First Year of Latin. There are Eight Parts of Speech : 1. Nouns. 5. Adverbs. 2. Pronouns. 6. Prepositions. 3. Adjectives. 7. Conjunctions. 4. Verbs. S. Interjections. NOUNS. A noun is a word used as the name of something : tree, book, house, Henry, apples. A noun may be of the 1 . Singular number : tree, book, etc. or Plural number: trees, books, etc. 2. Masculine gender : boy, James, etc. or Feminine gender: girl, Edith, etc. or Neuter gender: tabic, book, etc. A noun may be used : 1. As the Subject of a verb: The boy has a book. 2. As the Direct Object of a verb: The man struck the boy. 3. As the Indirect Object of a verb: The man gives [to] the girl an apple. 4. After a preposition : The boy placed the book upon the table. 11 ENGLISH GRAMMAR PRONOUNS. A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun: /, he, we, you, etc. PRONOUNS HAVE THE SAME USES AS NOUNS. Pronouns are divided into five classes : 1. Personal — /, thou, he, we, you, they, etc. 2. Demonstrative — this, that, these, those, etc. 3. Relative — who, which, what, that. 4. Interrogative — who? which? what? 5. Indefinite — anyone, someone, each, etc. ADJECTIVES. An Adjective is a word used to limit or to qualify the meaning of a noun or pronoun : A beautiful horse. An adjective has three degrees of comparison. Positive Comparative Superlative rich richer richest old older oldest VERBS. A Verb is a word that denotes " to be," ' to act," or " to be acted upon." to be — / am, I was, etc. to act — / strike, I eat, etc. to be acted upon — I was thrown, etc. Verbs are classified as follows : 1 . Active Transitive. 3. Passive. 2. Active Intransitive. 4, Neuter. ENGLISH GRAMMAR 111 An Active Transitive Verb is a verb whose action passes over from the subject to the object. The man struck the boy. An Active Intransitive Verb is a verb whose action does not pass over from the subject to an object. The man laughed. A Passive Verb is a verb whose action passes back upon the subject. The boy is taught by the teacher. A Neuter Verb is a verb which expresses simply " being." / am , thou art, he is, etc. To express various relations of condition, time and person, a verb is inflected. A Verb has mood, tense, voice, number and person. Moods : The Indicative mood states a fact. The boy buys a large book. The Subjunctive mood expresses doubt. // the boy bought a large book, etc. The Imperative mood expresses command: Give the boy a large book. The Infinitive mood expresses an abstract idea. to give, to have, etc. Tenses (Indicative mood) : Present: / work, I am ivorking, I do work. Imperfect: / worked, I was working, I did work. Future: / shall work, (thou wilt work, etc.) Perfect : / have worked (or I worked) . Pluperfect: / had worked, etc. Future Perfect: / shall have worked, etc. IV ENGLISH GRAMMAR Voices: The Active Voice denotes that the subject does the act : He loves. The Passive Voice denotes that the subject is being acted upon: He is loved. Numbers : The Singular number denotes one : / love, thou lovest, he loves. The Plural number denotes more than one: We love, you love, they love. Persons : The First Person denotes the speaker: I, we. The Second Person denotes the person spoken to: thou, you. . The Third Person denotes the person spoken of: he, they, ADVERBS. An Adverb is a word used to limit or to qualify a verb, a participle, an adjective or another adverb. The boy runs quickly. An adverb has three degrees of comparison. Positive Comparative Superlative quickly more quickly most quickly pleasantly more pleasantly most pleasantly ENGLISH GRAMMAR V PREPOSITIONS. A Preposition is a word placed before a noun (or a pronoun) to show the latter's connection with some other word: There are children in the street. CONJUNCTIONS. A Conjunction is a word used to connect or to separate words, ideas or sentences: William and Henry are in the room but John is not there. INTERJECTIONS. An Interjection is a word used to express a strong or sudden emotion of the mind : Oh! Ah! Hurrah! A Phrase is a brief expression not containing a subject and a predicate: They are in the street. A Clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate : I shall go when he comes home. By Inflection is meant any change in the form of a word to indicate a change in meaning or use. DECLENSION means all the changes that a noun or an adjective may undergo. CONJUGATION means all the changes that a verb may undergo. The Twentieth Century Latin-Book. THE LATIN ALPHABET. i. The Latin alphabet contains the same letters as the English alphabet, but has no w. 2. The vowels are : a, e, i, o, u. They may be long a e I 6 u (indicated thus — ) They may be short a 8 1 6 u. (indicated thus — ) 3. The long vowels are pronounced just like the short vowels but take twice as long to pronounce. 4. The other letters of the alphabet are consonants. 5. Two vowels pronounced as one make a diphthong. The diphthongs are : ae, au, ei, eu, oe, ui. PRONUNCIATION 6. Vowels: PRONUNCIATION. (Following the Roman method). Pronounce a as ; in father a idea. e ' obey. e error. I machine 1 6 ' prettiest, bowl. u ' open . rude. u ' put. Diphthongs : Pronounce ae as in aye. au " out. ei sleigh eu " feud. oe " coil. ui " suite. Consonants : Pronounce c as in cake. . - - g " go- J " yet. s '" so. t take. V " well. ch " chasm. Other consonants are pronounced as in English. PRONUNCIATION 3 7. QUANTITY. Rules.* 1. A diphthong is long. 2. A vowel representing a diphthong is long. 3. A vowel standing for two vowels contracted is long. 4. A vowel before nf, ns, j, or gn is long. 5. A vowel before another vowel is short. 6. A vowel before h is short. 7. A vowel before nt or nd is short. 8. EXERCISES. As far as possible the student quantity of the vowels and of the following words: 1. contra 2. gentem 3. gratiam 4. patienter 5. excludo 6. frondosus 7. iniquum 8. ignis 9. tenendus 10. consul 11. magnus 12. deinde 13. nihil 14. servant 15. frumentum 16. poema 17. via 18. amant 19. foedus 20. mensa 21. fili 22. cogit 23. educo 24. praesentem should mark the diphthongs in the 25. fuerunt 26. aedes 27. amandus 28. contentus 29. confero 30. ignoro 31. nil 32. hujus 33. filia 34. proelium 35. evenio 36. sapiens ♦There arc exceptions to rules I and 7 PRONUNCIATION 9. SYLLABLES. 1. A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs: au-ge-ban-tur. 2. A single consonant between two vowels belongs with the second vowel : re-gi-na. 3. When two or more consonants occur between two vowels, join as many consonants with the second vowel as can be pronounced : a-gri-co-la-rum, gen-tem. 4. In a compound word first separate the component parts and then divide the parts according to rules: abibam,(ab, away; ibam, / went) ab-i-bam. 10. ACCENT. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima; the second from the end, the penult; the third from the end, the antepenult. 1. The ultima is never accented. 2. The penult is accented when long. 3. The antepenult is accented when the penult is short. Hence words of two syllables are accented on the first syllable. Note : — A vowel in the penult followed by two conso- nants (except a mute followed by 1 or r) constitutes a long syllable and is accented. 4. A word having an enclitic* at the end is accented on the syllable preceding the enclitic: monetne, does he advise? * An enclitic is a word that cannot stand by itself, but is joined to the word preceding: e. g. que, and ; ne, the sign of a question. PRONUN'CIATION. GENDER 5 ii. PRACTICE. Divide into syllables and 1. neglego 2. sinister 3. mitissime 4. nequaquam 5. egestatem 6. controversia 7. negotium 8. significatio 9. infidelis 10. proficiscor 11. aderamus 12. omnis 13. indulgentia 14. conventus 15. urbanus 16. gracilis 17. stultitia 18. occasus accent the following words 19. paenitentia 20. traicio 21. deturbatus 22. clamor 23. oppidum 24. proicio 25. innocentia 26. omnino 27. noster 28. clausus 29. proelium 30. copia 31. singuli 32. creatorum 33. usque 34. indutiae 35. exercitus 36. gladiator 12. GENERAL RULES OF GENDER. 1. Nouns denoting males are masculine: rex, king; Brutus, Brutus; nauta, sailor. 2. Nouns denoting females are feminine: regina, queen; Cornelia, Conelia; puella, girl. 3. Names of rivers, winds and months are masculine: Rhenus, Rhine; Auster, South-wind; Martius, March. 4. Names of countries, towns, islands and trees are feminine: Italia, Italy; Roma, Rome; Samos, Santos; abies, fir-tree . 5. Indeclinable nouns are neuter: nihil, nothing; opus, necessity, 6 NUMBER, CASE 13. NUMBER AND CASE. Nouns and adjectives may be singular or plural. Pronouns arH participles may be singular or plural. The Six Cases Are as Follows: Latin. English. . Nominative equals subject. Genitive of Dative ( to or for Accusative direct object. Ablative (used after many prepositions). Vocative equals case of address. ORDER OF WORDS in a Latin Sentence. 1. Place the Subject first. 2. Place the. Verb last. (The verb, sum, / am, in any of its forms, takes the same position as in English.) 3. Place the Direct Object before the verb. 4. Place the Indirect Object before a direct object. 5. Place Adjectives after their nouns. Note : These rules may be disregarded when,' for the sake of emphasis, a word takes some other position. FIRST DECLENSION 7 FIRST DECLENSION. 14. The stem ends in a. 15. Gender — Feminine. 16. Note. — To decline a word add the case endings to the base of that word. The base is the stem minus its final vowel. 17. DECLENSION. Case Endings Example Singular '. Singular N.V a pugna a battle G ae pugnae of a battle D ae pugnae to, for a battle Ac am pugnam a battle Ab a pugna Plural Plural N.V ae pugnae battles G arum pugnarum of battles D is pugnis to, for battles Ac as pugnas battles Ab is pugnis" 18. RULES OF SYNTAX. Before attempting to translate the exercises the student should learn the following rules of syntax. 1. The Subject of a Verb. See Rule 1, page 32. 2. A Noun in the Predicate. See Rule 3, page 32. 3. Possession. See Rule 5, page 33. 4. Direct Object of a Verb. See Rule 17, page 35. 5. Adjectives (agreement). See Rule 34, page 39. 6. Verbs (agreement). See Rule 35, page 39. FIRST DECLENSION IQ. VOCABULARY. Nouns. aqua, water. Aqultania Aquitar coldnia, colony. cdpia, supply. esseda, war -chariot. fSmina, woman. f ilia,* daughter. Gallia, Gaul. materia, wood. porta, gate. praeda, booty. prdvincia, province. pugna, battle. Roma, Rome. sagitta, arrow. terra, earth. tuba, trumpet. via, road. 11a. Adjectives . (Feminine form.) alta, high. bona, good. longa, long. magna, large. multa, many. nova, new. parva, small. plana, level. Verbs. est, (he, she, it) is. sunt, (they) are. habet, (he, she, it) has. habent, (they) have. portat, (he, she, it) carries. portant, (they) carry. et, and; non, not. 20. AIDS FOR THE STUDENT. 1. Put the subject in the nominative case. 2. Put the direct object in the accusative case. 3. Put of + a noun in the genitive case. 4. Put to + a noun (indirect object) in the dative case. 5. Put for + a noun (indirect object) in the dative case. 21. The words the and a cannot be translated into Latin * Filia, daughter, sometimes has a dative and ablative plural in - abus. FIRST DECLENSION 9 EXERCISES. 22. 1. Aquitania est provincia. 2. Filia sagittas habet. 3. Essedae praedam habent. 4. Terra aquam habet. 5. Roma portas habet. 6. Pugna est. 7. Coloniae vias habent. 8. Filiae materiam habent. 9. Gallia provincias habet. 10. Sunt tubae. 23. 1. The women have daughters. 2. Gaul has the booty. 3. Aquitania has war-chariots. 4. The daugh- ters have arrows. 5. It is a trumpet. 6. The land has wood. 7. Rome has colonies. 8. It is a war-chariot. 9. The colonies have gates. 10. Gaul has roads. EXERCISES. 24. 1. Aquitania est provincia Galliae. 2. Filia fcminae sagittas port at. 3. Essedae Romae praedam provinciae port ant. 4. Terra Aquitaniae aquam habet. 5. Coloniae Romae portas habent. 6. Feminae praedam pugnae portant. 7. Provincia Aquitaniae vias habet. 8. Filiae aquam provinciae Galliae portant. 9. Pro- vinciae Galliae praedam habent. 10. Praeda coloniae est copia tubarum. 25. 1. The women of Gaul have daughters. 2. The provinces of Gaul have booty. 3. The province of Aquitania has the war-chariots of Gaul. 4. The daughters of the women have a supply of arrows. 5. The women of Rome carry the water. 6. The colonies of Rome have supplies of water. 7. The land of Gaul has roads. 8. The war-chariots of Rome carry the trumpets of the women. 9. The booty of the battle is a supply of war-chariots. 10. The colonies of Gaul have gates. 10 FIRST DECLENSION EXERCISES. 26. 1. Aquitania est provincia parva Galliae. 2. Filia bona feminae sagittas longas portat. 3. Essedae magnae Romae praedam provinciarum novarum portant. 4. Terra plana Aquitaniae aquam bonam habet. 5. Coloniae novae Romae portas altas habent. 6. Feminae bonae praedam magnam pugnae portant. 7. Provincia parva Aquitaniae vias longas habet. 8. Filiae bonae aquam provinciarum magnarum Galliae portant. 9. Provinciae magnae Galliae praedam multam habent. 10. Praeda coloniae parvae est copia tubarum longarum. 11. Provinciae multae Romae copiam magnam esseda- rum habent. 12. Sagittae longae sunt praeda provinciae. EXERCISES. 27. 1. The good women of Gaul have many daughters. 2. The large provinces of Rome have a supply of long arrows. 3. The new colonies of Gaul have many war- chariots. 4. The large war-chariots of Aquitania carry the women of the new province. 5. The small land of Rome has a large supply of water. 6. The level land of Gaul has many roads. 7. The daughters of the good women carry a large supply of arrows. 8. The small colonies of Gaul have high gates. 9. The booty of the large province of Gaul is a new supply of trumpets. 10. Rome has many colonies. 11. They carry the good water of the provinces of Gaul. 12. The women of the large colony of Rome carry long trumpets. FIRST DECLENSION 11 REVIEW EXERCISES. 28. 1. Coloniae Romae sunt multae et magnae. 2. Gallia est colonia magna Romae. 3. Gallia provincias multas et novas habet. 4. Aquitania est provincia magna Galliae. 5. Aquitania feminas multas et bonas habet. 6. Filiae feminarum praedam magnam pugnae portant. 7. Praeda est copia magna tubarum multarum et longarum. 8. Aquitania copiam Romae tubarum longarum habet. 9. Aquitania multas portas altas non habet. 10. Roma portas altas et copiam magnam aquae bonae habet. 11. Terra plana Galliae copiam bonam aquae non habet. 12. Gallia multas essedas magnas et longas vias planas habet. 13. Provinciae Galliae copiam essedarum novarum et sagittarum longarum habent. 14. Sunt praeda pugnae magnae. REVIEW EXERCISES. 29. 1. Aquitania is a province of Gaul and Gaul is a large new colony of Rome. 2. The good women of Aquitania have many daughters. 3. The daughters of the women of Aquitania have the long trumpets of Rome. 4. The long trumpets are the booty of the great battle. 5. The large new war-chariots of Gaul carry the long trumpets. 6. Rome has high gates. 7. The land of Rome has much good water and many level roads. S. Rome has a large supply of small trumpets. 9. She has not many war-chariots. 10. She has no supply of arrows. 11. Aquitania has Rome's supply of arrows. 12. The arrows are long. 12 SECOND DECLENSION SECOND DECLENSION. 30. The stem ends in o. 31. Gender. — Nouns ending in um are neuter, most others are masculine.* 32. Case Endings. Example. Singular. Singular. N.V us, e servus, e a slave G 1 servi of a slave D 6 servo to, for a slave Ac . um servum a slave Ab 6 servo Plural. Plural. N.V 1 servi slaves G drum servdrum of slaves D. . is servis to, for slaves Ac. 6s serv6s slaves Ab is servis 33. Case Endings. Example. Singular. Singula?'. N.V um bellum a war G. i belli of a war D 6 bello to, for a war Ac um bellum a war Ab 6 bell6 Plural. Plural. N.V a bella wars G. orum bellorum of wars D. . is bell is to, for wars Ac a bella wars Ab is bellis *The following nouns are exceptions: alvus F. — coins F. — humus F. — pelagus N. — vannus F. — virus N. — vulgus N. SECOND DECLENSION 13 34- VOCABULARY. Masculine Nouns. amicus, friend. annus, year. « Brutus, Brutus. carrus, wagon. cibus, food. equus, horse. filius, son. gladius, sword. legatus, ambassador. murus, wall. numerus, number. servus, slave. Neuter Nouns. bellum, war. castrum, fort. oppidum, town. pilum, javelin. regnum, kingdom. saxum, stone. scutum, shield. signum, signal. tectum, roof. telum, weapon. vallum, wall. verbum, word. Adjectives. Masculine and Neuter forms. altus-um, high. bonus-um, good. longus-um, long. magnus-um, large. dat, {he, she, it) gives. Verbs. multus-um, many. novus-um, new. parvus-um, small. planus-um, level. dant, (they) give. 35- RULES OF SYNTAX. Before attempting to translate the exercises the student should learn the following rules of syntax : 1. Indirect Object. See Rule 9, page 33. 2. The Dative of the Possessor. See Rule 10, page 34. 3. The Dative of Service. See Rule 13, page 34. 4. The Ethical Dative. See Rule 15, page 35, 14 SECOND DECLENSION EXERCISES. 36. 1. Brutus amicos habet. 2. Legatus servos habet. 3. Equuscibumportat. 4. Signumest verbum. 5. Filii* pila portant. 6. Tela sunt gladii. 7. Regnum castra habet. 8. Amicus scutum portat. 9. Servi equos habent. 10. Castrum vallum habet. 37. 1. The ambassador is a friend. 2. The towns have forts. 3. The kingdom has towns. 4. Brutus has friends. 5. The slaves carry javelins. 6. The ambas- sadors have sons. 7. The horses carry the food. 8. The friends have swords. 9. The fort has a roof. 10. The friends carry shields. EXERCISES. 38. 1. Filius Bruti amicos habet. 2. Amici legati servos habent. 3. Equi amicorum Bruto cibum portant. 4. Signum belli est verbum. 5. Servi pila legatorum portant. 6. Tela sunt numerus gladiorum. 7. Oppida regni castra habent. 8. Amicus scutum legati habet. 9. Servi cibum filiorum portant. 10. Castra oppi- dorum valla habent. 39. 1. The friends of Brutus have swords and shields. 2. The sons of the ambassador are Brutus' friends. 3. The horses of the slaves carry the food of the fort. 4. He gives a number of shields to the slaves. 5. The slaves carry the weapons of the sons. 6. The signal of war is a word. 7. They carry javelins and swords. 8. The forts of the towns have walls. 9. The ambassador gives Brutus a sword. 10. The friends of Brutus carry weapons. ♦When two i'-s come together they unite to form T. SECOND DECLENSION 15 REVIEW EXERCISES. 40. 1. Filius bonus Bruti amicos multos habet. 2. Legati regni parvi servos bonos habent. 3. Equi amicorum bonorum cibum multum portant. 4. Signum belli longi est verbum parvum. 5. Numerus servo- rum bonorum Bruto pila longa dat. 6. Telum amici est gladius novus. 7. Oppida parva regni magni castra multa habent. 8. Amicus bonus legati scutum novum portat. 9. Equi servorum multorum pila longa portant. 10. Castra alta oppidi saxa plana habent. 11. Filii legatorum bonorum servis gladios multos dant. 12. Castrum altum oppidi testum planum habet. 41. 1. The large towns of the kingdom have many weapons. 2. Brutus is a good friend. 3. Many slaves of the ambassador of the kingdom carry food. 4. The good son of the ambassador gives long swords to the slaves. 5. The new weapons of the town are a large number of javelins. 6. The high walls of the towns have large stones. 7. They give many large weapons to the friends. 8. The high roofs of the forts are level. 9. The good horses of the slaves carry the food of the friends, 10. He gives a large number of good shields to the sons of the new ambassador. 11. The level roofs of the high forts are large. 12. They give many new javelins to the new friends of Brutus' son. 16 SECOND DECLENSION SECOND DECLENSION. 42. Nouns in er. Case Endings. Example. Si ngu lar . Sin g u la r . N.V puer a boy G 1 pueri of a boy D 6 puero to, for a boy Ac um puerum a boy Ab 6 puero Plural. Plural. N.V 1 pueri boys G orum puerorum of boys D is puer is to, for boys Ac 6s piieros boys Ab Is pueris 43. Case Endings. Example. Singular. Singular. N.V ager a field G 1 agri of a field D 6 agro to, for a field Ac um agrum a field Ab. 6 agro Plural. Plural. N.V 1 agri fields G orum agrorum of fields D is agris to, for fields Ac 6s agros fields Ab. . is agris 44. Note. — Ager has an e only in the nominative singular. Puer has the e throughout. Most nouns in er are declined like ager. SECOND DECLENSION 17 45. VOCABULARY. Nouns. (Declined like puer.) (Declined like ager.) aquilifer, eagle-bearer. arbiter, judge. gener, son-in-law. ager, field. puer, boy, child. caper, goat. signifer, standard-bearer. culter, knife. socer, father-in-law. faber, carpenter. vesper, evening. liber, book. vir, man. magister, master. liber 1, (plur. only) children, minister, servant. EXERCISES. 46. 1. Vir est arbiter. 2. Magister ministroshabet. 3. Vesper est. 4. Soceri agros habent. 5. Viri sunt ge- neri. 6. Capros habet. 7. Liberi cultros habent. 8. Signifer est faber. 9. Pueri libros habent. 10. Aquilifer liberos habet. 47. 1. The men have servants. 2. They have fields. 3. The masters have fields. 4. It is evening. 5. The servants have knives. 6. The boy has a goat. 7. The carpenters are standard-bearers. 8. The children have books. 9. The men are fathers-in-law. 10. They are judges. 47a. Decline together, giving singular and plural. 1. feminabona. 6. pilum longum. 2: porta alta. 7. puer bonus. 3. legatus novus. 8. vir magnus 4. carrus magnus. 9. ager parvus. 5. saxum planum. 10. culter bonus. 18 SECOND DECLENSION EXERCISES. 48. 1. Ager novus arbitri est longus et planus. 2. Liberi virorum libros novos habent. 3. Viri ministris capros multos dant. 4. Socer viri novos libros libe- rorum parvorum portat. 5. Generi viri capros multos et magnos habent. 6. Signiferi boni liberis magistri libros multos dant. 7. Vesperi multi sunt longi. 8. Liberi parvi arbitrorum sunt boni. 9. Ministri boni fabrorum magnos libros puerorum portant. 10. Aqui- liferi ministris no vis cultros multos dant. 11. Magistri multos agros magnos et multos capros bonos habent. 12. Libri liberorum arbitri sunt magni et novi. EXERCISES. 49. 1. The good children of the carpenter carry large books. 2. The judge has many level fields and many good goats. 3. The boy gives new books to the children of the standard-bearer. 4. The master's children have large new knives. 5. They carry the small children of the eagle-bearer. 6. The good fathers-in-law give many goats to the sons-in-law. 7. The eagle-bearer is a son-in-law of the good judge. 8. The men give many large books and many new knives to the boys. 8. The goats of the master are large. 10. The small children of the good men give small new books to the boys. 11. The goats carry the small children of the good judge's son-in-law. 12. The large level fields of the good car- penter have many goats. SECOND DECLENSION 10 REVIEW EXERCISES. 50. 1. Servi amicis arbitri aquam bonam dant. 2. Viri oppidi magnum numerum servorum et ministros multos habent. 3. Liberi boni legati libros arbitri portant. 4. Filii signiferi multas sagittas longas por- tant. 5. Pueri fabro magnam copiam materiae por- tant. 6. Verba magistri sunt bona. 7. Magna saxa agrorum vallo oppidi portant. 8. Femina filio Bruti scutum magnum dat. 9. Ministri legatorum gladios virorum portant. 10. Parva filia arbitri magnam copiam librorum habet. 11. Liberis viri multos libros novos dat. 12. Provincia plana agros multos habet. REVIEW EXERCISES. 51. 1. The judges give the booty of the province to the men of Rome. 2. The woman's children carry the shield and the weapons of Brutus. 3. The boys have the long trumpets of the son-in-law of the man. 4. The large war-chariots of the men are not new. 5. The fields of Rome have a large supply of water. 6. The horses of the master carry the good children of the women. 7. The wood of the large war-chariots of Rome is new. 8. The ambassador of Rome gives a large number of weapons to the men of the town. 9. The standard-bearers are carrying the long trumpets. 10. Many towns of Gaul have not a large number of men 11. Brutus' servants carry the large books of the chiL dren. 12. The arrows are not long. 20 ADJECTIVES 52. ADJECTIVES. FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION. Bonus, good. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sing. N.V. bonus, e bona bonum G. boni bonae boni D. bono bonae bono Ac. bonum bonam bonum Ab. bono bona bono Plur. N.V. boni bonae bona G. bonorum bonarum bon6rum D. bonis bonis bonis Ac. bonds bonas bona Ab. bonis bon is bonis 53. Decline altus, parvus, magnus, longus, multus, etc. 54. 1. The good man gives a large trumpet to the small boy. 2. Many men have large shields. 3. The high gates of the town are new. 4. Gaul has level roads. 5. The new books are for the good children. 6. Many horses carry water for the men. 7. The boy gives much water to the good horse. 8. The new wagons carry food for many men. 9. The slaves of the good men have water. 10. Has the good ambassador many sons? 55. M iser, wretched. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. Sing. N.V. miser misera miserum G. miser 1 miserae miserl D. misero miserae misero Ac. miserum miseram miserum Ab. misero misera misero Plur. N.V. miserl miserae misera G. miserdrum miserarum miser6rum D. miserls miserls miserls Ac. miserOs miseras misera Ab. miserls miserls miserls ADJECTIVES 21 56. Decline liber, tener, asper, dexter. 57. I . The good woman gives water to the wretched man. 2. The wretched slaves of the master are free. .'). The right-hand chariot is large. 4. The tender daughter of the woman gives food to the boy. 5. The rough roads are not good. 6. The women are free. 7. The right-hand wagon belongs to the ambassador's son. 8. The boys have rough shields. 9. They give the right-hand boys long javelins. 10. The road is long and rough. 58. Niger, black. Masculine. Feminine. Ne liter. Sing. N.V. niger nigra nigrum G. nigri nigrae nigri D. nigro nigrae nigro Ac. nigrum nigram nigrum Ab. nigro nigra nigro Plur. N.V. nigri nigrae nigra G. nigrdrum nigrarum nigrdrum D. nigris nigris nigris Ac. nigrds nigras nigra Ab. nigris nigris nigris 59. Decline — pulcher, ruber, aeger, piger, noster, vester. 60. 1. Our ambassador has a beautiful chariot. 2. The children's books are red. 3. The daughter of our friend is sick. 4. A boy gives the sick man water. 5. Many men are lazy. 6. The horses carry our weapons. 7. The beautiful arrows belong to the Romans. S. Your friends are not sick. 9. The red chariot belongs to our ambassador. 10. The messenger has^a beautiful horse. 22 FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION 61. FIVE NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. agricola, farmer. nauta, sailor. collega, associate. poeta, poet. scriba, scribe. 62. The above nouns of the first declension are mascu- line in gender, hence an adjective, when modifying any one of them, must take the masculine ending. Example : Agricola bonus est amicus nautae miseri. The good farmer is a friend of the wretched sailor. EXERCISES. 63. 1. Agricolae boni multos liberos habent. 2. Puer nautae misero aquam dat. 3. Liberi nautarum- multorum sunt aegri. 4. Servus nostro collegae gla- dium dat. 5. Oppidum poetas multos non habet. 6. Tela nautarum asperorum non sunt parva. 7. Liber scribae nostri est magnus. 8. Provincia agricolas multos et bonos habet. 9. Libri poetae pigri non sunt magni. 10. Legatus scribas multos habet. 64. 1. The good farmer has many children. 2. The books of many poets are beautiful. 3. The daughter of the good farmer gives water to the sick sailor. 4. Brutus' new associate is lazy. 5. There are many friends for the good poet. 6. The scribes are giving books to the children. 7. The ambassador has many good scribes. 8. Your associate is not a good man. 9. The good poet has many friends. 10. The good farmers are giving food to our sailors. THE VERB Sum 23 65. • THE VERB SUM. Sum (roots es, fu), / am. PRINCIPAL PARTS: sum, esse, fui, (futurus.) sum, / am. es, thou art. est, he is. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present. sumus, we arc. estis, you arc. sunt, they arc. eram, / was. eras, thou wast. erat, he was. ero, / shall be. eris, thou wilt be. erit, he will be. Imperfect. eramus, we were. eratis, you were. erant, they were. Future. erimus, we shall be. eritis, you will be. erunt, they will be. fui, / have been. fuisti, thou hast been. fuit, he has been. Perfect. fuimus, we have been. fuistis, you have been. fuerunt (ere) they have been. Pluperfect. fueram, / had been. fueramus, we had been. fueiras, thou hadst been._ fueratis, you had been. fuerat, he had been. fuerant, they had been. Future Perfect. fuero, / shall have been. fuerimus, we shall have been. fueris, thou wilt have becv . fueritis, you will have been. fuerit, he will have been. fuerint, they will have been. 24 THE VERB Sum SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.* Present. Imperfect. sim simus essem essemus sis sitis esses essitis sit sint esset essent Perfect. Pluperfect. fuerim fuerimus fuissem fuissemus fueris fueritis fuisses fuissetis fuerit fuerint fuisset fuissent IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present. es, be thou. este, be ye. Future. esto, thou shalt be. estdte, ye shall be. esto, he shall be. sunto, they shall be. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, esse, to be. Perfect, fuisse, to have been. Future, futurus esse, to be about to be. PARTICIPLE, futurus, a, um, about to be. 66. STUDY RULE OF SYNTAX 10, ON PAGE 34 ^Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. THE VKKB Sum 25 67. Practice on SUM. Give the mood, tense, number and person of each of the following forms and translate wherever possible.* 1. erant 2. fuerat 3. erit 4. sunt 5. fuistis 6. eram 7. esset 8. erimus 9. fuisset 10. fui 11. sim 12. essent 13. fuerimus 14. estis 15. esto 16. fuero 17. simus 18. ero 19. essem 20. fuimus 21. eritis 22. fuerim 23. erat 24. fueritis 25. erunt 26. sit 27. fueris 28. eras 29. fuisse 30. fueram 31. eramus 32. fuerint 33. sunto 34. fuistl 35. esses 36. est 37. fueras 38. sint 39. fuissem 40. sumus 41 fuerit 42. esse 43. eratis 44. fuerunt 45- sis 46. fuissent 47. fuerant 48. este 49. sum 50. fueramus 51. estote 52. eris 53- sltis 54. es 55. essemus 56. fuit 57. fuissetis 58. erit 59. fueratis 60. essetis *Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context and for this reason the student should not attempt to translate them at this time. 26 THE VERB Sum 68. Practice on SUM. Translate the folowing forms i. he was 2. you are 3. thou wilt have been 4. we have been 5. to be 6. be ye • 7. thou shalt be 8. we were 9. they had been 10. you had been 11. thou wilt be 12. I shall be 13. I have been 14. be thou 15. they will have been 16. you will be 17. he is 18. they were 19. thou hast been 20. we had been 21. he had been 22. you will have been. 23. we are 24. I am 25. he has been 26. I have been 27. I shall be 28. you had been 29. they are 30. we shall be into Latin. 31. he will have been 32. be thou 33. he has been 34. you were 35. he had been 36. they were 37. they will be 38. I shall have been 39. they shall be 40. I am 41. to have been 42. thou wast 43. he has been 44. we shall be 45. thou hadst been 46. they have been 47. thou art 48. he shall be 49. I shall be 50. you had been 51. ye shall be 52. we shall have been 53. I was 54. he is 55. you have been 56. thou wilt have been 57. they have been 58. you will be 59. he will be 60. I had been THE VERB Sum 27 EXERCISES. 69. 1. Vir erat nauta. *2. Estis in carro agricolae. 3. Sumus amici boni. 4. Liberi fuerant in castro oppidi. 5. Este amici servorum. 6. Viae Italiae erant planae. 7. Praeda pugnae est numerus magnus telorum. 8. Brutus fuerat legatus. 9. Vir erit agricola. 10. Multae essedae sunt viro. 11. Pugna fuit longa. 12. Signum belli fuerat verbum. 13. Culter est puero. 14. Vir esto nauta. 15. Copia aquae fuit bona. 16. Novae portae sunt oppido. 17. Fuerimus in terra Romanorum. 18. Agricolae Romae erant viri boni. 19. Portae oppidi erunt altae. 20. Vesperi sunt longi. 21. Multae tubae fuerant in carro. 22. Estis fabri boni. 70. 1. Brutus' son is an ambassador. 2. The boy will be a standard-bearer. .3. They had been in the wagon of the farmer. 4. The daughter of the woman was good. 5. We shall be friends of the slaves. 6. The man is a sailor. 7. I am wretched. 8. The chil- dren are wretched. 9. A small word will be the signal of the battle. 10. The supply of arrows has been small. 11. The new gate is high. 12. You had been in the large fort. 13. The slaves have many weapons. 14. The evenings are long.. 15. There is much booty in the town. 16. The men have been farmers. 17. It was a sailor. 18. She will be a good friend. 19. The boys had many large knives. 20. Be ye good men. *See Rule 32, Page 38. 28 PREPOSITIONS PREPOSITIONS. 71. The following prepositions always take the accusative case. ad, to, toward. adversus, against. adversum, towards. ante, before. apud, at, near. circa, about. circum, around. circiter, round about. cis, citra, this side of. contra, against. erga, towards. extra, outside. infra, below. inter, among. intra, inside. juxta, near. ob, on account of. per, through. pone, behind. post, after. praeter, beyond. prope, near. propter, on account of. secundum, next to. supra, above. trans, across. ultra, beyond. versus, toward. 72. The following prepositions take the ablative case. a, ab, abs, away from, by. e, ex, out of. absque, outside of. c6ram, in the presence of. cum, with. dS, from, concerning. prae, in comparison with. pro, in front of, for. sine, without. tenus, up to, as far as. 73. After the following prepositions Use the accusative to express place to or into which. Use the ablative to express place where. in, to, into, in, on. sub, under. subter, beneath, super, above. PREPOSITIONS 29 The student should hereafter consult the general vocabulary at the end of the book for the meaning and the use of any word with which he is not familiar. EXERCISES. 74. 1. Equi feminas ad castrum portant. 2. Ante portas Romae sunt legati Galliae. 3. Circum oppidum est via. 4. Inter amicos Bruti sunt legati. 5. Amici virum trans agros portant. 6. Essedae praedam per provinciam novam portant. 7. Propter pugnam fe- minae sunt in castro. 8. In oppidum viros portant. 9. Liberi cum servis sunt. 10. Ex oppido viris cibum portat. 11. Ex castro pueros portant. 12. Amici Bruti prae populo oppidi sunt multi. 13. Sunt subter muris oppidi. 14. In oppido sunt equi. 15. Super muris oppidi saxa portant. 75. 1. In-comparison-with the men of Gaul the Romans are small. 2. They are carrying the weapons out of the fort. 3. The friends of the ambassador are in the town. 4. The men carry the booty through the province. 5. There are swords among the weapons. 6. There are walls around the town. 7. The horses carry the men toward the fort. 8. The war-chariots are before the gates of Rome. 9. The men carry the water across the field. 10. There are not many men on account of the war. 11. He is with a servant. 12. There are stones on the roof of the fort. 13. The slaves carry the children from the flames. 14. The weapons are in the town. 15. He carries the children on his shoulders. 30 REVIEW 76. VOCABULARY REVIEW. Give the meaning of each of the following words. Give the declension and gender of each noun. 31 via 61. castrum 1. aqua 2. amicus 3. per 4. novus 5. provincia 6. longa 7. trans 8. oppidum 9. ab 10. porta 11. Roma 12. agricola 13. pilum 14. niger 15. praeda ' 16. socer 17. culter 18. in 19. nauta 20. cum 21. inter 22. servus 23. tectum 24. dant 25. Brutus 26. pulcher 27. gladius 28. faber 29. magister 30. scutum 32. ad 33. collega 34. colonia 35- n on 36. tuba 37. multus 38. gener 39. materia 40. annus 41. bona 42. ante 43. sagitta 44. ex 45. legatus 46. scriba 47. vesper 48. filia ,49. bellum 50. propter 51. liberi 52. prope 53. arbiter 54. filius 55. ruber 56. regnum 57. liber 58. asper 59. signum 60. habet 62. femina 63. Gallia 64. alta 65. miser 66. pugna 67. murus 68. circum 69. copia 70. puer 71. poeta 72. terra 73. parvus 74. contra 75. esseda 76. numerus 77. signifer 78. plana 79. sine 80. socer 81. vallum 82. tener 83. caper 84. equus 85. verbum 86. vir 87. saxum 88. carrus 89. minister 90. telum REVIEW 31 77- VOCABULARY REVIEW. Give the Latin form for each of the following words. I. booty 31. fort 61. good 2. supply 3. knife 4. woman 5. province 6. new 7. around 8. long 9. high 10. in 11. out of 12. among 13. ambassador 14. across 15. on account of 16. roof 17. sailor 18. master 19. children 20. with 21. road 32. town 33. black 34- hoy 35. water 36. wood 37. battle 38. friend 39. arrow 40. by 41. they give 42. through 43. carpenter 44. Gaul 45. evening 46. gate 47. son 48. poet 49. near 50. judge 51. man 62. sword 63. wretched 64. war 65. beautiful 66. year 67. daughter 68. father-in-law 69. Brutus 70. red 71. before 72. kingdom 73. Rome 74. scribe 75. book 76. farmer 77. signal 78. javelin 79. rough 80. he has 81. stone 22. standard-bearer 52. war-chariot 82. colleague 23. level 24. servant 25. land 26. trumpet 27. not 28. to be 29. weapon 30. against 53- goat 54. toward 55. number 56. without 57. small 58. colony 59. horse 60. wagon 83. wall 84. servant 85. many 86. ambassador 87. son-in-law 88. delicate 89. wood 90. level 32 RULES OF SYNTAX 78. RULES OF SYNTAX. The chief uses of the six cases. (The student should make use of the following rules whenever translating.) 1. Subject of a finite verb, (nominative.) RULE — The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case. Ex. — Femina tubam habet. The woman has a trumpet. 2. Noun in apposition. RULE — A noun in apposition with another noun is in the same case. Ex. — Vir, agricola, multos liberos habet. The man, a farmer, has many children. Ex.- — Dicit virum, agricolam, esse aegrum. He says that the man, a farmer, is sick. 3. Noun in the predicate. RULE — A noun in the predicate referring back and naming the same person or thing as the subject is in the same case. Ex. — Brutus est legatus. Brutus is an ambassa- dor. Ex. — Dicit Brutum esse legatum. He says that Brutus is an ambassador. 4. Address, (vocative.) RULE — The vocative case is the case of direct address. Ex. — Serve! Bruto gladium da! Slave! give Brutus a sword! RULES O^ SYNTAX 33 5. Possession, (genitive.) RULE. — A noun modifying another noun, not denoting the same person or thing, is in the genitive case. Ex. — Gladius legati est magnus. The sword of the ambassador is large. 6. Material. (Sometimes called Genitive of Source.) RULE. — The genitive may denote the material of which a thing consists. Ex. — Talentum auri habet. He has a talent of gold. 7. Partitive (genitive). RULE — A noun denoting that of which a part has been taken is in the genitive case. Ex. — Unus militum gladium habet. One of the soldiers has a sword. 8. Remembering, verbs of, (genitive). Forgetting, verbs of, (genitive). RULE— Verbs of remembering and forgetting, when they express a continued state of mind, take the genitive case. Ex. — Consul amicorum meminit. The consul remembers his friends. Ex. — Pugnae illius nunquam obliviscar. / shall never forget that battle. 9. Indirect Object, (dative.) RULE — The indirect object of a verb is in the dative case. Ex. — Poeta puero librum dat. The poet gives the book to the boy. 34 RULES OP SYNTAX 10. Possessor, (dative.) RULE — The person to whom something belongs, when used with the verb sum, is in the dative case. Ex. — Essedae sunt legato. Chariots are [belong] to the ambassador. ii. Agent, with the gerundive, (dative.) RULE — The person by whom something must or ought to be done is in the dative case. Ex. — Urbs nobis delenda est. The city must be destroyed by us. 12. Compound Verbs, (dative.) RULE — Most verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub and super take the dative case. Ex. — Brutus Romanis praefuit. Brutus com- manded the Romans. 13. Service, (dative.) RULE — A noun denoting for what purpose a thing is to be used is in the dative case. Ex. — Milites auxilio misit. He sent soldiers as an aid. 14. Fitness, adjectives of, (dative.) RULE — The dative is used after adjectives of nearness, fitness, likeness, etc., and their oppo- sites. Ex. — Locus castris erat idoneus. The place was suitable for a camp. RULES OF SYNTAX 35 15. Ethical, (dative.) RULE — The person to whose advantage or dis- advantage something is done is in the dative case. Ex. — Milites civibus oppidum tenuerunt. The soldiers held the town for the citizens. 16. Special Verbs, (dative.) RULE — Most verbs meaning to benefit or injure, please or displease, command or obey, serve or resist, indulge, spare, threaten, pardon, believe, persuade, etc., take the dative case. Ex. — Responsum legato placuit. The response pleased the ambassador. 17. Direct Object, (accusative.) RULE — The direct object of a verb is in the accusative case. Ex. — Puer tubam habet. The boy has a trumpet. 18. Cognate Accusative. RULE — A noun used after an intransitive verb and denoting an idea similar to that of the verb is called a cognate accusative. Ex. — Milites pugnam pugnabant. The soldiers fought a battle. 19. Predicate Accusative. RULE — Verbs of naming, choosing, making, esteeming, appointing, etc., may take two accusatives. Ex. — Virum legatum fecerunt. They made the man an ambassador. 36 RULES OF SYNTAX 20. Subject of an Infinitive, (accusative.) RULE — The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative case. Ex. — Dicit legatum esse Romanum. He says that the ambassador is a Roman. 21. Time, (extent or duration.) Space, (extent.) RULE — Extent of time or of space is expressed by the accusative. Ex. — Sex horas pugnabant. They j ought six hours. Ex. — Pons erat quinquaginta pedes longus. The bridge was fifty feet long. 22. Separation, (ablative.) RULE — A noun denoting that from which some- thing is taken is in the ablative case after simple verbs meaning to set free, deprive or want, but is preceded by the preposition a, (ab), de or e, (ex), after verbs compounded with these prepositions. Ex. — Cives metu liberati sunt. The citizens have been freed from fear. Ex. — Legatus ex urbe exeessit. The ambassador departed from the city. 23. Agent, (ablative.) RULE — With a passive verb the agent is ex- pressed by a or ab with the ablative case. Ex.— Argentum a Bruto celabatur. The money was concealed by Brutus, RULES OF SYNTAX 37 24. Comparison. RULE — When quam (than) is omitted, the second noun compared is in the ablative case Ex. — Equus est validior viro. The horse is stronger than the man. 25. Manner, (ablative.) RULE — Manner is expressed by the ablative with cum; but cum is omitted when an adjec- tive modifies the noun. Ex. — Eques cum celeritate venit. The horseman came with speed. Ex. — Eques magna celeritate venit. The horse- man came with great speed. 26. Means or Instrument, (ablative.) RULE — The means or the instrument with which something is done is in the ablative case. Ex. — Vir saxo vulneratus est. The man has been wounded with a stone. 27. Cause, (ablative.) RULE — A noun denoting the reason for an act is in the ablative case. Ex. — Femina laetitia exsultat. The woman exults with joy. 28. Accompaniment, (ablative.) RULE — Accompaniment is expressed by cum with the ablative case. Ex. — Dux cum militibus venit. The leader came with soldiers. 38 RULES OF SYNTAX 29. Degree of Difference, (ablative.) RULE — The degree in which one thing differs from another is expressed by the ablative case. Ex. — Puer erat paulo altior. The boy was a little [by a little] taller. 30. Specification, (ablative.) RULE — A word denoting in what respect a thing is or is not true is in the ablative case. Ex. — Romani virtute praecedunt. The Romans excel in courage. 31. Time (when or within which), (ablative.) RULE — A noun denoting time when or within which is in the ablative case. Ex. — Tertia die milites venerunt. On the third day the soldiers came. {Time within which may = in with the ablative.) 32. Place (where), (ablative.) RULE — A noun denoting place where, is in the ablative case, preceded by in. Names of towns omit the preposition. Ex. — Milites in castris remanserunt. The soldiers remained in camp. 33. Domus, Rus and Names of Towns. RULES — Express place from which by the abla- tive. Express place where by the locative. Express place to which by the accusa- tive. Note. — Use no preposition. RULES OF SYNTAX 39 Ex. — Legatus Roma venit. The ambassador came from Rome. Ex. — Consul Cypri est. The consul is at Cyprus. Ex. — Dux Romam rediit. The leader has re- turned to Rome. 34. Adjectives, (agreement.) RULE — An adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in Gender, Number and Case. Ex. — Legatus bonus filiam parvam habet. The good ambassador has a little daughter. 35. Verbs, (agreement.) RULE — A verb agrees with its subject in Number and Person. Ex. — Legati gladios habent. The ambassadors have swords. 36. Relative Pronoun. RULE — A Relative Pronoun agrees with its ante- cedent in Gender and Number, but its Case depends upon the syntax of the Pronoun in the clause in which it stands. Ex. — Ille est vir quern misi. That is the man whom / sent. 37. Deponent Verbs. RULE — The Deponent Verbs utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor and their compounds take the ablative case. Ex. — Romani in bello sociis utebantur. The Romans used the allies in the war. 40 INTRODUCTION TO THE VERBS INTRODUCTION TO THE VERBS. CONJUGATIONS. By Conjugation is meant the Inflection of a verb. There are five* regular conjugations. i st Conjugation has its Present Infinitive in are (seepage 42) 2nd " " " " " " ere ( " " 54) 3rd " " " " " " fire ( " " 94) 4th " " " " " " ire ( " " 106) 5th " " " " " " fire ( " " 124) MOODS, TENSES, etc. In Latin there aref 1. FOUR MOODS: Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Infinitive. 2. SIX TENSES : Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect. 3. TWO VOICES: Active and Passive. 4. TWO NUMBERS: Singular and Plural. 5. THREE PERSONS: First, Second, Third. Note: The Gerund and the Supines are Verbal-Nouns. The Participles are Adjectives. Note: The Perfect and the Imperfect tenses both denote past time: the Perfect is used of a single act at a single time, the Imperfect denotes continuation or repetition. PRINCIPAL PARTS. There are usually four Principal Parts to a verb : Present Indie. Present Infin. Perf. Ind. Act. Perf. Pass. Part. 1st C. amo am are amavi amatum 2nd C. moneo monere monui monitum 3rd C. rego regere rexi rectum 4 th C. audio audire audivi auditum These are called Principal Parts because they contain all the stems necessary to the complete conjugation of a verb. The Second Principal Part always shows to which conjugation a verb belongs. *The fifth conjugation is usually classified as "io*' verbs of the third conjuga- tion. tFor definitions of the terms that follow see the first pages of this book. INTRODUCTION TO THE VERBS 41 The First Principal Part (if we drop the final vowel) always gives us the stem for the Present, the Imperfect and the Future tenses. The Third Principal Part (if we drop the final vowel) always gives us the stem for the Perfect, the Pluperfect, and the Future Perfect tenses, in the Active Voice. The Fourth Principal Part always gives us the stem for the Perfect, the Pluperfect, and the Future Perfect tenses, in the Passive Voice. TENSES: PRESENT SYSTEM AND PERFECT SYSTEM. The Present tense f Constitute the Present System, because " Imperfect " \ they use the Present stem {i.e., the first " Future " I Principal Part of the verb). The Perfect tense " Pluperf. " Future Perf. " Constitute the Perfect System, because they use the Perfect stems (i. e., the 3rd and 4th Principal Parts of the verb) . PERSONAL ENDINGS. In English the Person is represented by a pronoun; I love, thou lovest, etc. In Latin the Person is represented by an ending. Active Voice Passive Voice. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur m (0) mus r mur s tis ris (re) mini t nt tur ntur 1 st Pers. 2nd Pers. 3rd Pers. The Perf. Indie, and the Imperative have special personal endings. FORMATION OF THE TENSES. Indicative: PRESENT: Pres. stem + characteristic vowel + Personal Endings. IMPERFECT: Pres. stem + characteristic vowel + ba + Personal Endings. Note: The student should be able, with a little help, to complete this table. 42 FIRST CONJUGATION 79- FIRST CONJUGATION. A— VERBS. Amo (root am), to love. Principal Parts: Amo, amare, amavi, am a turn. INDICATIVE. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. PRESENT. amo, / love, {am loving, do love) . amor, / am loved, {am being loved) . amas, thou lovest. amaris (-re) , thou art loved. amat, he {she, it) loves. amatur. he is loved. amamus, we love. amamur, we are loved. amatis, you love. amamini, you are loved. amant, they love. amantur, they are loved. IMPERFECT. amabam, / loved, {was loving) . amabar, / was loved. amabas, thou lovedst. amabat, he loved. amabamus, we loved. am abatis, you loved. amabant, they loved. amabo, I shall love. amabis, thou wilt love. amabit, he will love. amabimus, we shall love. amabitis, you will love. amabunt, they will love. amabaris (-re), thou wast loved. amabatur, he was loved. amabamur, we were loved. amabamini, you were loved. amabantur, they were loved. FUTURE. amabor, I shall be loved. amaberis (-re), thou wilt be loved. amabitur, he will be loved. amabimur, we shall be loved. amabimini, you will be loved. amabuntur, they will be loved. am a vi, / have loved. amavisti, thou hast loved. amavit, he has loved. amavimus, we have loved. amavistis, you have loved. amaverunt (-ere), they have loved. PERFECT. amatus, -a, -urn amati, -ae, -a isum, / have been I. es, thou hast been I. v est, he has been loved. { sumuSyWe have been I. -' estis, you have been I. ' sunt, they have been I. FIRST CONJUGATION 43 ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. PLUPERFECT. amaveram, I had loved. amaveras, thou hadst loved. amaverat, he had loved. amaveramus, we had loved. amaveratis, you had loved. amaverant, they had loved. am at us, amati, -ae, -a eram, / had been I. ersiSythou hadst been I . erat, he had been I. eramus,w had been I. eratis, you had been I. erant, they had been I. FUTURE PERFECT. amavero, I shall have loved. amaveris, thou wilt have loved. amaverit, he will have loved. amaverimus, we shall have loved. amaveritis, you will have loved. amaverint, they will have loved. amatus, / ero ,7 shall have been I. -a, -um -j eris, thou wilt h., etc. i erit, he will have, etc. amati, / erim\is,we shall h, etc. -ae, -a -| eritis, you will h. , etc. ( erunt, they will h, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE.* PRESENT. amem amemus amer amemur ames ametis ameris (-re) amemini amet ament ametur amentur IMPERFECT. amarem am ares amaret amaremus amaretis amarent amavenm amaverimus amaveris amaveritis amaverit amaverint amarer amareris (-re) amaretur PERFECT. amatus r sim -a, -um \ sis I sit amaremur amaremini amarentur amati r simus -ae, -a { sitis l sint amavissem amavisses amavisset PLUPERFECT, amavissemus amatus f essem amati r essemus -a -11m -i PccBc _oq _o I Ann^4.:» amavissetis amavissent -a, -um \ esses I esset -ae,-a •{ essetis I essent *Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the clauses in which they appear 44 FIRST CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. ama, love thou. am ate, love ye. amato, thou shall love. amato, he shall love. amatdte, you shall love. amanto, they shall love. IMPERATIVE. PRESENT am are, be thou loved. amaminl, be ye loved. FUTURE. amator, thou shall be loved. amator, he shall be loved \ amantor, they shall be loved. INFINITIVE. PRES. am arc, to love. amari, to be loved. PERF. amavisse, to have loved, amatus esse, to have been loved. FUT. amaturus esse, to be about amatum Iri, to be about to be to love. loved. PARTICIPLES. PRES. amans, -antis, loving. FUT. amaturus, -a, -urn, about GER. amandus, -a, -um, to be to love. loved. PERF. amatus, -a, -um, hav- ing been loved. G. amandl, of loving. D. amand6, for loving. Ac. amandum, loving. Ab. amand6, by loving. GERUND. 1 I \ These forms are used as nouns. J Ac. amatum, to love. SUPINE. Ab. amatu, to be loved. FIRST CONJUGATION 45 80. SOME VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. Principal Parts. Pres. hid. Pres. Inf. Perf. hid. P. P.P.N * Meaning. accelero accelerare acceleravi acceleratum to hasten accuso accusare accusavi accusatum to accuse aedifico aedificare aedificavi aedificatum to build agito agitare agitavi agitatum to agitate armo arm are armavi arm a turn to arm celo celare cglavi celatum to conceal cogito cogitare cogitavi cogitatum to plan conloco conlocare conlocavi conlocatum to place consulto consultare consultavi consultatum to consult convoco convocare convocavi convocatum to call together creo ere are ere a vi creatum to create decerto decertare decertavi decertatum to fight enuntio enuntiare enuntiavi enuntiatum to announce excito excitare excitavi excitatum to rouse fugo fugare fugavi fug a turn to rout invito in vi tare invitavi in vita turn to invite laboro labor are laboravi laboratum to work laudo laud are laudavi laudatum to praise oppugno oppugnare oppugnavi oppugnatum^o storm probS probare probavi probatum to approve pugno pugnare pugnavi pugnatum to fight {battle) specto spectare spectavi spectatum to look at supero superare superavi superatum to conquer voco vocare vocavi vocatum to call vulnero vulnerare vulneravi vulneratum to wound crepo crepare crepui crepitum to resound do dare dedi datum to give * Perfect Passive Participle, neuter. 46 FIRST CONJUGATION juvo juvare juvi jutum to help seco secare secui sectum to cut sto stare steti statum to stand veto vetare vetui vetitum to forbid 81. PRACTICE ON AMO. Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each form and translate wherever possible.* 21. amabit 41. amati sitis 22. amati sumus 42. amabimini 23. amaveritis 43. ames 1. amo 2. amabunt 3. amati essent 4. ama 5. amaremini 6. amatus es 7. amor 8. ament 9. amatus ero 10. amatus sit 11. amabant 12. amamini 13. amaverint 14. amarer 15. am aver as 16. amabimus 17. amate 18. am a turn 19. amati erunt 20. amavisse 24. amaberis 25. amans 26. amatur 27. amati estis 28. amem 29. amator 30. amabantur 31. ametur 44. amavissem 45. amati eramus 46. amato 47. amabaris 48. amati sunt 49. amari 50. amemur 51. amabo 32. amavissemus 52. amatu 33. amatus erat 53. amaverunt 34. amemur 54. amas 35. amatumiri 55. amaverimus 36. amatus esses 56. amatus esse 37. amabamur 57. amabas 38. amanto 58. amaveratis 39. amare 59. amatus eris 40. amatis 60. amavi ^Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. FIRST CONJUGATION 47 82. PRACTICE ON AMO. Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each form and translate. 1. he has been loved. 2. thou art loved. 3. you have been loved. 4. they shall love. 5. you are loved. 6. I shall have loved. 7. love thou. 8. they will love. 9. to have loved. 10. you were loved. 11. he had been loved. 12. thou hast loved. 13. I love. 31. thoulovedst. 32. thou wilt have been loved 33. he shall love. 34. they are loved. 35. he has loved. 36. being about to love. 37. we shall love. 38. they will have loved. 39. he was loved. 40. you loved. 41. be thou loved. 42. I have been loved. 43. we had loved. 14. they will have been loved. 44. they loved. 15. you had loved. 16. I was loved. 17. I shall beloved. 18. we shall be loved. 19. we have loved. 20. I had loved. 21. he had loved. 22. to have been loved. 23. love ye. 24. he will have been loved. 25. I shall love. 26. you had been loved. 27. to love. 28. he loves. 29. they have been loved. 30. be ye loved. 45. he shall be loved. 46. he will be loved. 47. loving. 48. I had been loved. 49. we love. 50. they have loved. 51. he will love. 52. to be loved. 53. they were loved. 54. he will have loved. 55. we had been loved. 56. we shall have been loved. 57. they love. 58. of loving. 59. they will be loved. 60. we shall have loved. 48 FIRST CONJUGATION EXERCISES.* armo, fugo, pugno, supero, vulnero. 83. 1. Signiferi Romae in oppido pugnant. 2. Mag- num numerum virorum sagittis vulnerabunt. 3. Servi a viris gladiis scutisque armati .sunt. 4. Barbari viros oppidi fugaverunt. 5. Liberi feminae gladio vulnerati erant. 6. Servi pro magistris pugnabunt. 7. Dominus telis servos armaverit. 8. Viri in agris provinciae pugnabant. 9. Filia Bruti a legato vulnerata est. 10. Pugnabitne contra viros Galliae? 84. 1. The friends of Brutus will fight against the slaves. 2. They will have been armed with a sword and a javelin. 3. Brutus and the ambassadors had wounded the men. 4. The slave has been armed with a sword and a javelin. 5. They have routed the friends of the ambas- sador. 6. A great number of boys were wounded by the men. 7. The horse of the ambassador has been wounded in the town. 8. I shall conquer the friends and the slaves of Brutus. 9. Has he wounded the boy? 10. They will have fought in behalf of their friends. EXERCISES, cogito, creo, laboro, laudo, voco. 85. 1. Deus mundum creavit. 2. Populus Romae legatos laudat. 3. Barbari de bello cogitabunt. 4. Brutus ad castrum viros vocaverat. 5. Servi pro magistris laborant. 6. Viri a legato ad conloquium vocabantur. 7. Praesidium ex castro vocatum est. 8. Equi Barbarorum in oppido laboraverant. 9. Modestia servi ab arbitro laudatur. 10. Natura insulas creavit. *The student should first study Rules of Syntax 23, 26, 27, a8, on pages 36 and 37. FIRST CONJUGATION 49 86. 1. The ambassadors are working in behalf of the men. 2. God has created the eyes of men. 3. The modesty of the girl had been praised by the master. 4. They have called the fugitives into the fort. 5. The Barbarians will plan war. 6. The boys have been praised by the men. 7. He will plan a conference in the town. 8. Brutus had called the fugitives to a confer- ence. 9. Through the nature of the place an island has been created. 10. The Barbarians will have worked for the men of Rome. EXERCISES, accelero, convoco, excito, probo, specto. 87. 1. Feminae provinciae ad locum acceleraverunt. 2. Barbari arma fugitivorum spectant. 3. Romani fugitivos Galliae convocaverant. 4. Viri sub castro flammas excitabunt. 5. Consilium feminarum a Bar- baris probatum erat. 6. Fugitivos contra populum excitaverit. 7. Numerus equorum a viris spectatus erat. 8. Ad essedam viri accelerabat. 9. Legati ob dolum excitati erant. 10. Equum Romani spectat. 88. 1 . The fugitive was looking at the sword of Brutus. 2. They will call together the women of Gaul. 3. Brutus hastened to the town with the fugitives. 4. The Barbarians will be roused by the ambassadors. 5. Brutus has been called to a conference. 6. The good fortune of the battle has roused the Romans. 7. The judge will approve the punishment of the boys. 8. He hastens to a conference in the town. 9. The ambassador looked toward the fort of the town. 10. Will he approve the plan? 50 FIRST CONJUGATION EXERCISES, accuso, agito, conloco, enuntio, oppugno. 89. 1. Consilium Helvetiis per indicium enuntiatum est. 2. Brutus prope oppidum Barbarorum castra conlocavit. 3. Fugitivos accusabo. 4. Roma a fugitivis oppugnata erat. 5. Responsum feminae Bruto enun- tiabitur. 6. Oppidum Barbarorum oppugnant. 7. Legatus fatum virorum enuntiabit. 8. Castra Bar- barorum in foro conlocata erant. 9. Praesidium popu- lum agitabit. 10. Nuntii Bruti praemium enuntiaverint. 90. 1. The Romans are placing the camp in the town. 2. The plan of the war has been announced by Brutus. 3. He will storm the town. 4. The people are agitated on account of the war. 5. Brutus was accused by the fugitives. 6. The response of Brutus will be announced to the people. 7. The women are rousing the men of Gaul. 8. The men of Rome had stormed the fort of the ambassador. 9. Will he accuse Brutus? 10. The woman announced to the people the fate of the man. EXERCISES, aedifico, celo, consulto, decerto, invito. 91. 1. Romani in oppido forum aedificabunt. 2. Legatus cum Bruto de bello consultavit. 3. Ad con- loquium invitata erat. 4. Fugitivi contra viros decerta- verint. 5. Arma in carris celabantur. 6. Nuntii in castro oppidi celati sunt. 7. Cum Bruto in pugna decertabo. 8. Essedae Romanis aedificabantur. 9. De viris cum nostris sociis consultamus. 10. Argentum celatur. FIRST CONJUGATION 51 92. 1. They have concealed the wagons behind the fort. 2. The messenger of Rome will be invited to a conference. 3. He is building a fort near the town of the Barbarians. 4. The women were consulted bv the men. J 5. Brutus had fought with the men in the camp. 6. A number of men are concealed in the town. 7. The mes- sengers had not invited the friends of Brutus. 8. A wall had been built around the camp. 9. They will have taken counsel concerning war. 10. The fugitives fought with swords in the forum. EXERCISES, crepo, do, juvo, seco, sto, veto. 93. 1. Brutus legato filiam in matrimonium dedit. 2. Vir fugitivos juvabit. 3. Digitus viri gladio sectus est. 4. Nuntii cum gladiis in foro steterant. 5. Numerus scutorum fugitivis datus erit. 6. Vetabo conatum. 7. Populus a Romanis juvatur. 8. Consilium vetitum est. 9. Fugitivos argento juvat. • 10. Poculum avo dabatur. 94. 1. She has given a shield to the man. 2. The women will not aid the men of Gaul. 3. The wood has been cut by the men. 4. The ambassador is standing before the gate of the town. 5. A number of trumpets had been given to the standard-bearers. 6. The people are standing in the forum. 7. The words of the people helped the ambassador. 8. They had placed the stones into the wall of the town. 9. The arms of the men have been cut with knives. 10. I shall give a horse to Brutus. 52 FIRST CONJUGATION REVIEW EXERCISES. 95. 1. Viri oppidi sagittis pilisque vulnerabantur. 2. Amici nuntii extra port am alt am oppidi magni steterant. 3. Responsum dignum viri captivi populo Romano enuntiatum est. 4. Amici mali Bruti bonos viros Galliae superant. 5. Legati captivi a Romanis in castro novo conlocabuntur. 6. In oppido parvo prope Romam magnum numerum virorum celabimus. 7. Gener viri gladio novo contra nuntium pugnavit. 8. Oppida multa et magna Italiae a Romanis oppugnata erant. 9. Fugitivi pilis longis servos multos armaverunt. 10. Viri multi amicos legati novi non juvabunt. 11. Puella parva a magistro bono laudatur. 12. Populus amicus oppidi legato bono dona grata dat. 96. 1. Skilful men have hastened to the new fort of the town. 2. The captive men have been armed with many new weapons by friends. 3. Many large war- chariots are being built for the Romans. 4. I shall call together to a conference the captive ambassadors of Rome. 5. The bad messengers will rouse the slaves with their words. 6. The friendly Barbarians had been accused by the bad men. 7. They were helping many worthy men of the provinces of Gaul. 8. The men of the ancient town of Gaul have been conquered by the Romans. 9. The good master gives a large new book to the dear child. 10. We shall aid the captive slaves with money and weapons. 11. Has he accused the boy? 12. The Romans were concealing the silver and the gold in a new place. FIRST CONJUGATION 53 REVIEW EXERCISES. 97. 1. Magnus numerus fugitivonm ad castrum novum oppidi accelerat. 2. Viri Romae gladiis longis servos amicos armaverunt. 3. Barbari propter peri- culum amicorum agitabantur. 4. Romani in foro Romae statuam Minervae conlocabunt. 5. Nuntii amici a Romanis ad conloquium secundum convocati sunt. 6. Fatum Bruti viris enuntiaveram. 7. Viri captivi gla- diis contra Romanos pugnaverant. 8. Vallum longum circum oppidum aedificabunt. 9. Servi defessi a pueris bonis legati laudabantur. 10. Praemia magna a Bruto nuntiis data sunt. 11. Vir in magno numero locorum argentum celaverat. 12. Responsum gratum datum est. 98. 1. The bad men are armed with many long swords and javelins. 2. The Romans will not conquer the men of the ancient town of Gaul. 3. He has aided the good friends of Brutus with gifts of money. 4. The dear child of the Roman had been wounded with a broad sword. 5. Labienus is storming a large town in the new province. 6. The men contended with swords and knives. 7. The women were standing under the high wall of the large town. 8. I shall look at the beautiful gifts of the famous ambassador of Rome. 9. The people had accused the bad messengers of the Barbarians. 10. The new war-chariots have been placed together in a level place. 11. He is calling together the men of the new province to a conference. 12. He stood on the high wall of the town. 54 SECOND CONJUGATION 99. SECOND CONJUGATION. E— VERBS. Moned (root mon), to warn. Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitum. INDICATIVE. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. PRESENT. moneo, / warn {am warning, do) moneor,/ am warned {am being w. mones, thou warnest. moneris (-re), thou art warned. monet, he warns. monStur, he is warned. monemus, we warn. monemur, we are warned. monetis, you warn. moneminl, you are warned. monent, they warn. monentur, they are warned. IMPERFECT. monebam, I warned {was iv'ing) monebar, / was warned. mongbas, thou warnedst. monebaris, (-re) thou wast w. monSbat, he warned. monSbatur, he was warned. monfibamus, we wanted. monSbamur, we were warned. monSbatis, you warned. monfibaminl, you were warned. monSbant, they warned. monSbantur, tJtey were warned. FUTURE. monebo, / shall warn. monebor, / shall be warned. monfcbis, thou wilt ivarn. monfiberis (-re), thou wilt be w. monSbit, he will warn. monebitur, he will be warned. monSbimus, we shall warn. monebimur, we shall be warned. monSbitis, you will warn. monSbiminl, you will be warned. mongbunt, they will warn. monSbuntur, they will be warned. PERFECT. monui, / have warned. monitus / sum, / have been warned. monuisti, thou hast warned. -a, -um, -j es, thou hast been wanted. monuit, he has warned. ' est, he has been warned. monuimus, we have warned', moniti 1 sumus, we have been w. monuistis, you have warned, -ae, -a. \ estis, you have been w. monufcrunt (re) ,they have w. ' sunt, they have been iv. SECOND CONJUGATION 55 ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. PLUPERFECT. monueram, / had warned. monueras, tlwu hadst warned. monuerat, he had warned. monueramus, we had warned. monueratis, you had warned. monuerant, they had warned. monitus L eram, / had been w. -a,-um i eras, thou hadst been ic. [ erat, he had been w. monitl, [ eramus, wehadbcenw. -ae, - a \ eratis, you had been w. [ erant, they had been w. FUTURE PERFECT. monuero, / shall have warned. monitus { eio,/ shall have been w. monueris, thou will I have warned. -a,-um. \ eris, thou wilt h. b. w. monuerit, he will have warned. [ erit, he will have h. b. w. monuerimus, we shall have w. monitl [ erimus, we shall h.b. w. monueritis, you will have warned, -ae, -a. *! eritis, you will h. b. w. monuerint, they will have warned. [ erunt, they will h.b. w. SUBJUNCTIVE.* PRESENT. moneam moneamus monear moneamur moneas moneatis monearis (- ■re) moneamini moneat moneant moneatur IMPERFECT. moneantur monerem moneremus monerer moneremur monfcrfcs moneretis monereris ( -re) monerSmini mon§ret mongrent moneretur PERFECT. monerentur monuerim monuerimus monitus r sim monitl r simi monueris monueritis -a,-um \ sis -ae, -a •{ sitis monuerit monuerint I sit I sint PLUPERFECT, monuissem monuissemus monitus f essem monitl r essemus monuiss€s monuiss€tis -a, um -j esses -ae, -a <{ essStis ^ esset monuisset monuissent I essent * Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the clauses in which th- v stand. 56 SECOND CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. mone, warn thou. monete, warn ye. PASSIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE. PRESENT. monere, be thou warned. monemini, be ye warned. FUTURE. moneto, thou shalt warn. monetor, thou shalt be warned. moneto, he shall warn. monetor, he shall be warned. monetote, you shall warn. monento, they shall warn. monentcr, they shall be warned. INFINITIVE. PRES. monere, to ivarn. moneri, to be warned. PERF. monuisse, to have warned. monitus esse, to have been ivarned. FUT. moniturus esse, to be monitum in, to be about to be about to warn. warned. PARTICIPLES. PRES. monens, -entis, warning. FUT. moniturus, -a, -um, about to warn. GER. monendus, -a, -um, to be warned. PERF. monitus, -a,-um, hav- ing been warned. GERUND. G. monendi, of warning. D. monendo, for warning. Ac. monendum, warning. Ab. monendo, by warning. These forms are used as nouns. Ac. monitum, to warn. SUPINE. Ab. monitu, to be warned. SECOND CONJUGATION 57 ioo. SOME VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. Principal Parts. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind . P.P.P.N.* Meaning coerceo coercere coercui coercitum — to check debeo debere debui debitnm — to owe exerceo exercere exercuT exercitum — to exercise habeo habere habui habitum — to have moneo monere monuT monitum —to warn placeo placere placui placitum — to please prohibeo prohibere prohibui prohibitum — to keep from praebeo praebere praebuT praebitum — to furnish taceo tacere tacui taciturn — to keep silent terreo terrere terrui territum — to frighten augeo augere auxT auctum — to increase commoveo commovere commovT commotum — to arouse deleo delere delevi deletum — to destroy detineo detinere detinuT detentum —to detain dissuadeo dissuadere dissuasi dissuasum — to dissuade doceo docere docui doctum — to teach faveo favere favi fautum — to favor fleo flere flevi fietum — to weep jubeo jubere jussT jussum — to order maneo manere mans! mansum — to stay obsideo obsidere obsedi obsessum — to besiege obtineo obtinere obtimri obtentum — to obtain persuadeo persuadere persuasi persuasum — to persuade possideo possidere possedi possessum — to occupy pro video providere providi pro visum — to provide remaneo remanere remans! remansum — to remain removeo removere removT remotum — to remove teneo tenere tenuT tentum — to hold timeo timere timui — to fear video videre vidT visum — to see * Perfect Passive Participle, neuter. 58 SECOND CONJUGATION IOI. PRACTICE ON MONEO. Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each form and translate wherever possible.* i. monet 2. monSbant 3. moneam 4. mone 5. monuissem 6. monere 7. monuerat 8. moneri 9. monuerim 10. moneo 11. moneant 12. moneto 13. monuerunt 14. monerent 15. monitum 16. monitus 17. monebor 18. monebamus 19. monuisse 20. monebitis 21. monuissetis 41. monento 22. moneremim 42. monebar 23. monuimus 43. moniti eratis 24. moneamini 44. monuisset 25. moneberis 45. monetis 26. monebaris 46. moneretis 27. moniturusesse47. monueramus 28. monitus sim 48. monerem 29. monent 49. monebo 30. monuerimus 50. monitus esses 31. monebimim 51. monemini 32. moniti essent 52. monitus esse 33. monitus eram 53. moniti sunt 34. monitu 54. monereris 35. monebantur 55. monuerint 36. monueris 56. mones 37. monitus 38. monitus sit 39. monui 40. moneamur 57. monemur 58. moniti essetis 59. monuistis 60. moniti simus *Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. SECOND CONJUGATION 59 102. PRACTICE ON MONEO. Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each form and translate. be ye warned. he is warned. you were warned. he has warned. you were warning. they shall warn. he shall be warned. you will be warned. they have warned. we had been warned. they will warn. thou wilt warn. I was warned. he warns. they were warning. he has been warned. thou dost warn. warning. warn thou. we had warned. they will have warned. I am warned. they were warned. we have warned. he had been warned. by warning. be ye warned. we warn . we shall have been warned, to be warned. i. I have warned. 3i. 2. you have been warned. 32. 3. I shall have warned. 33- 4. he was warned. 34- 5. to have warned. 35- 6. you had warned. 36. 7. we shall be warned. 37. 8. he had warned. 38. 9. you warn. 39- 10. 1 was warned. 40. 11. to warn. 41. 12. for warning. 42. 13. thou wast warned. 43- 14. he shall warn. 44. 15. you have warned. 45- 16. being about to warn. 46. 17. we are warned. 47- 18. he was warned. 48. 19. I have been warned. 49. 20. they sltall be warned. 50. 21. I had been warned. 51. 22. he will warn. 52. 23. he will have warned. 53. 24. they warn. 54- 25. he was warning. 55- 26. we shall have warned. 56. 27. you are warned. 57- 28. I had warned. 58. 29. you will warn. 59- 30. I shall warn. 60. 60 SECOND CONJUGATION EXERCISES. coerceo, debeo, exerceo, habeo, moneo. 103. 1. Amicos viri gladiis coercebant. 2. Vir scu- tum magnum et novum habet. 3. Equi in agris a servis exercebantur. 4. Vitas validis viris oppidi debemus. 5. Legati Galliae a populo Romae moniti erant. 6. Nuntii cum viris conloquium habuerint. 7. Servi periti equos Barbarorum coercuerunt. 8. Populus oppidi a nuntio monebitur. 9. Habetne in carro argentum? 10, Equus legati in foro exercitus est. 104. 1. He has much silver in the large wagon. 2. The women of the town will be warned by the messenger. 3. You were exercising the horse of the man in the field. 4. The children had had many books. 5. The people of the town owe their lives to the good messengers. 6. The men of Rome had been exercised in the large forum. 7. The women will be warned of the danger by the men. 8. He will have had a great number of long arrows. 9. The men were held in check through the man's words. 10. I shall warn the fugitives. EXERCISES, prohibeo, taceo, terreo, augeo, commoveo. 105. 1. Servi feminam injuria Barbarorum prohibe- bant. 2. Legatus populum oppidi commovebit. 3. Fugitivi fato virorum territi sunt. 4. Filia viri in oppido Barbarorum tacuerat. 5. Viri Romae verbis nuntii ter- rebuntur. 6. Legatus numerum equorum auget. 7. Nuntius oppido a servis Bruti prohibetur. 8. Fugitivos Galliae verbis commoverit. 9. Socii a Barbaris telis territi erunt. 10. Odium Romanorum verbis legati augebatur. SECOND CONJUGATION 61 106. i. The Romans will terrify the men in the new colony of Gaul. 2. They had kept silent on account of the response of the messenger. 3. They protected the man from the injury of the Romans. 4. The fate of the man frightened the fugitives. 5. The number of horses was increased by the allies. 6. The men will be roused by the treachery of the Romans. 7. The woman had been kept out of the camp of Brutus. 8. The ambas- sadors have been frightened by the Romans with harsh words. 9. The friends of the man are alarmed on ac- count of the danger. 10. The son of the ambassador has increased the number of wagons. EXERCISES, deleo, detineo, dissuadeo, doceo, faveo. 107. 1. Fugitivi essedam nuntii delent. 2. Pueri a genero legati docebantur. 3. Consilium feminae a viris favebitur. 4. Oppida Italiae bello deleta sunt. 5. Gener legati a conato dissuadetur. 6. Favebit genero legati Romani. 7. Magistri Alias Romanorum docue- runt. 8. Viri nuntios Romanos detinuerunt. 9. Flam- mae portas oppidi deleverant. 10. Nuntii Barbarorum a fugitivis detenti erant. 108. 1. The plan was favored by many Barbarians. 2. The people were destroying the chariots and arms of the messenger. 3. He has been dissuaded by the words of the men. 4. The eyes of the man had been destroyed with arrows. 5. The son of the Roman was favored by the people. 6. The daughter of the farmer will be taught by a man of the town. 7. The men had been de- tained on the road. 8. I shall destroy with war the small towns of the colony. 9. He has been detained in the camp of the Romans. 10. The children are being taught by friends. 62 SECOND CONJUGATION EXERCISES. fleo, jubeo, maneo, obsideo, obtineo. 109. i. Esseda legati in foro remansit. 2. Oppidum telis a fugitivis obsidetur. 3. In regno Gallorum viri remanserunt. 4. Vicus a sociis Romae possidebitur. 5. Feminae propter fatum virorum flebant. 6. Nuntius magnum numerum carrorum obtinuerat. 7. Barbari templa oppidi obsederant. 8. Films legati Romam obsidebit. 9. Filiae feminarum in carro manserant. 10. Populus propter socios flebat. no. 1. The Romans besieged the place with many weapons. 2. The townsmen had remained in the fields outside the town. 3. The messenger has given orders to the slaves. 4. The fort of the place is held by the townsmen. 5. Brutus was weeping on account of the fate of his friends. 6. The gates of Rome will be be- sieged by the men of the colony. 7. The women will remain in the place with the slaves. 8. They were be- sieged in the high place by the townsmen. 9. They had wept on account of the words of the messenger. 10. The place has been held by the friends of the man. in. STUDY RULE OF SYNTAX 16, PAGE 35. EXERCISES. persuadeo, placeo, possideo, praebeo, provideo. 112. 1. Viri oppidi fugitivis cibum praebuerunt. 2. Feminae verbis nuntii placebuntur. 3. Provinciae a Gallis possidebantur. 4. Liberi a magistro persuasi erant. 5. Praebebant servis gladios scutaque. 6. Arma fugitivis provisa erunt. 7. Victoria viris femi- nisque Romae placuit. 8. Nuntius oppidanis persuasit. 9. Romani prope oppidum latum locum planum possi- debant. 10. Providebant fatum virorum. SECOND CONJUGATION 6' a 113. i. The allies of Rome were persuaded by the words of the messenger. 2. The messenger will be pleased with the response of the people. 3. The Bar- barians had occupied a place near the town. 4. Arms have been furnished to the fugitives. 5. The men of the province provided war-chariots. 6. The swords and the shields were pleasing to the men of Aquitania. 7. The women will furnish water for the wounded men. 8. The town in the new colony has been occupied by the fugitives. 9. I shall persuade the children of the am- bassador. 10. The people are providing food and arms. EXERCISES, remaneo, removeo, teneo, timeo, video. 114. 1. Praesidium Romanum oppida et vicos Aqui- taniae tenebat. 2. Oppidani odium virorum Romae timent. 3. Legatus in castris Bruti remanebit. 4. Magnus numerus fugitivorum a vallis oppidi videbatur. 5. Nuntius fatum sociorum in memoria tenuit. 6. Tela ex carris a servis remota erant. 7. Romani insidium Barbarorum timuerunt. 8. Oppidani intra portas op- pidi remanent. 9. Magnus numerus equorum in loco visus erat. 10. Romani vicos Galliae tenebunt. 115. 1. The crowd feared the Romans and their arms. 2. The money was seen by the Barbarians. 3. The women of Rome have kept in memory the fate of the men. 4. The fugitives and the children will remain in the village. 5. I had seen a great number of horses near the town. 6. Do the Romans fear the garrison of the town? 7. The fort was held by the townsmen. 8. The fugitives had seen the war-chariots of the Romans. 9. The allies will have remained in the camp of the Ro- mans. 10. The arms were removed from the villages of Italy. 64 SECOND CONJUGATION REVIEW EXERCISES. 116. i. Amici virorum in carro magno tela multa habuerunt. 2. Odium populi Romae verbis nuntii augebatur. 3. Monebo legatum contra insidium Gal- lorum. 4. Magnus numerus fugitivorum tacet. 5. Conatum Barbarorum a bonis sociis Romae coercebitur. 6. Magna oppida coloniae bello deleta erunt. 7. Magnus numerus servorum ab amicis viri commovetur. 8. Romani in foro Romae amicos Barbarorum detinuerunt. 9. Filiae f eminarum Romanarum in oppido amici reman - serint. 10. Liberi ex colonia a bonis magistris Romae docti erant. 11. Equus Romani a servo exercitus est. 12. Filius legati multas sagittas longas et scuta magna obtinuerat. 117. 1. The men will have seen the large supply of weapons in the town. 2. The town is being held by the allies of Rome on account of the war. 3. The victory pleased the Romans on account of the large supply of booty. 4. The townsmen were persuaded by the words of the allies. 5. Water and food had been furnished to the children of the fugitives. 6. Brutus is removing his chariots from the road to the forum of the town. 7. The hatred of the Barbarians will have been feared by the allies of Rome. 8. The towns of the province had been besieged by the men of Gaul. 9. The danger of the men in the fields will frighten the women in the town. 10. The camp of the Barbarians will be occupied by the allies of Rome. 11. The victory of the Romans has increased the danger of the allies of Gaul. 12. The friends of Brutus have been warned by the slaves in the town. SECOND CONJUGATION 65 REVIEW EXERCISES. 118. i. Legatus Romae verbis amicorum monebatur. 2. Responsum sociorum odium Romanorum auxit. 3. Liberi agricolarum a feminis periculo prohibebuntur. 4. Pueri magnum numerum scutorum atque sagittas longas habuerant. 5. Castra sociorum ab oppidanis a vallo oppidi videntur. 6. Romanus propter fatum liberorum servos tenet. 7. Nova copia carrorum a nuntio obtenta erat. 8. Oppida coloniae insidio sociorum delebantur. 9. Praebebo fugitivis servisque cibum et tela. 10. Li- beri agricolarum in oppido a magistro docti erunt. 11. Amici legati Romani tacuerunt. 12. Victoria Romano- rum oppidanos terruerit. 119. 1. The Romans will provide horses and chariots for the allies. 2. The silver was removed from the wagon into the fort of the town. 3. The men of the colony had silver and gold in the forum. 4. I shall keep in memory the response of the Roman allies. 5. A large number of the villages of Gaul will have been occupied by the fugitives. 6. The people of Rome see the chariots of the allies in the forum. 7. The children of the allies have been taught by men of Rome. 8. They have checked the Barbarians by a victory in the province. 9. The women of the village will be persuaded by the words of the men. 10. The man had increased the supply of food with the aid of the woman. 11. A large number of books had been provided for the children. 12. Swords and shields are being furnished to the slaves by the townsmen. 66 REVIEW 120. VOCABULARY REVIEW. Give the meaning of each of the following words. Give the declension and gender of each noun. i. lauds 3i. prohibeS 61. socius 2. praebeS 32. accuso 62. arma 3. fugS 33- debeS 63. captivus 4. places 34. enuntiS 64. conloquium 5. taceS 35- secS 65. periculum 6. invito 36. coerceo 66. oculus 7. decertS 37- excitS 67. bracchium 8. exerceo 38. deleS 68. clarus 9. vulnerS 39- accelerS 69. fa turn 10. agitS 40. labSrS 70. Deus 11. augeS 41. habeS 7i. puella 12. do 42. terreS 72. aurum 13. oppugns 43- probS 73. asper 14. removes 44. moneS 74- injuria 15. crepS 45- vets 75- vita 16. remaneo 46. aedincS 76. nuntius 17. arms 47- possideS 77. argentum 18. times 48. stS 78. natura 19. juvS 49. teneS 79- locus 20. provideo 50. videS 80. consilium 21. maneS 5i. conlocS 81. respSnsum 22. celS 52. voco 82. peritus 23. supers 53- doceS 83. dolus 24. cSgitS 54. jubeS 84. antiquus 25. fleS 55- cSnsultS 85. castra 26. obsideS 56. faveS 86. carus 27. pugnS 57- spectS 87. fortuna 28. persuades 58. convocS 88. dSnum 29. dissuades 59- detineo 89. insula 30. obtineS 60. creS 90. modestia REVIEW 67 121. VOCABULARY REVIEW. Give the Latin form for each of the i. to 2. tO 3- to 4. to 5. to 6. to 7. to 8. to 9. to 10. to 11. to 12. tO 13. to 14. to 15. to 16. to 17. to 18. to 19. to 20. tO 21. tO 22. tO 23. to 24. to 25. to 26. to 27. to 28. to 29. to 30. to owe. stay. fight. order. create. keep silent. build. warn. plan. announce. please. destroy. agitate. dissuade. have. conceal. detain. invite. work. teach. provide. look at. persuade. resound. fear. besiege. give. help. obtain. cut. 31. to 32. to 33- to 34. to 35- to 36. to 37. to 38. to 39- to 40. to 41. to 42. to 43. to 44. to 45- to 46. to 47. to 48. to 49. to 50. to 5i- to 52. to 53- to 54- to 55- to 56. to 57. to 58. to 59. to 60v to weep. battle. frighten. hasten call together. check. accuse. arouse. increase. consult. favor. rouse. exercise. arm rout. storm. keep from. praise. furnish. approve. wound. remain. see. stand. remove. forbid. hold. conquer. call. occupy. following words. 61. arms. 62. child. 63. island. 64. eye. 65. God. 66. ally. 67. danger. 68. famous. 69. treachery. 70. broad. 71. captive. 72. ancient. 73. fate. 74. skilful. 75. camp. 76. girl. 77. messenger. 78. fortune. 79. response. 80. injury. 81. friendly. 82. money. 83. conference. 84. plan. 85. life. 86. fugitive. 87. forum. 88. nature. 89. people. 90. gold. 68 THIRD DECLENSION THE THIRD DECLENSION. 122. Nouns of the Third Declension do not all have the same ending in the nominative singular. A noun may end in a, e, i, o, y, c, 1, n, r, s, t, or x. RULES OF GENDER. [According to the nominative endings.] 123. Masculine — Nouns ending in 6, or, 6s, er, and es (genitive idis, ltis). EXCEPTIONS — Nouns in do and go are feminine. Abstract nouns in io are feminine. Collective nouns in io are feminine. 124. Feminine — Nouns ending in as, aus, is; also es (not increasing in the genitive), s after a consonant, and us (genitive udis or utis). 125. Neuter — Nouns ending in a, c, 1, i, e, n, t, us, ur, y, ar. 126. CASE ENDINGS. For Masc. and Fern, nouns. SING. PLUR. N.V. es(is) G. . .is . .urn or ium D. . .1 . .ibus Ac. . .em (im) . .es (is) Ab. . .e or 1 . .ibus The endings in parentheses are not commonly used. Concerning the double endings see articles 130, 133. For Neuter nouns. SING. PLUR. . .aoria . .is . .urn or ium . .1 . .ibus . .aoria . .e or 1 . ibus THIRD DECLENSION 69 THE THIRD DECLENSION. 127. Nouns of the Third Declension are usually classified according to their stems. Class I . — i Stems Class II. — Mixed Stems Class III. — Consonant Stems CLASS I. 128. The stem ends in i (nubes, stem nubi; mare, stem mari.) The stem may be found by dropping the s of the genitive singular. 129. To this class belong : 1. Nouns ending in es, is (not increasing in the gen.) 2. Neuters ending in e, al, ar. 130. Nouns of this class have i in the abl. sing, and ium in the gen. plur. ; also ia in the nom. and ace. plur. if the noun is neuter, (canis and juvenis have urn in the gen. plur.) CLASS II. 131. The stem ends in i (or a consonant.) The stem may be found by taking s [or is] from the gen. sing. 132. To this class belong: 1. Monosyllables in s and x after a consonant. 2. Nouns in ns and rs (except parens.) Also os, ossis, bone. mus, muris, mouse. nix, nivis, snow. nox, noctis, night. 133- Nouns of this class have e in the abl. sing, but ium in the gen. plur. and, if the noun is neuter, ia in the nom. and ace. plur. CLASS III. 134. The stem ends in a consonant. The stem may be found by taking is from the gen. sing. I 35- To this class belong all nouns not in Class I or Class II. 136. Nouns of this class have e in the abl. sing., um in the gen. plur., and, if the noun is neuter, a in the nom. and ace. plur. 70 THIRD DECLENSION THIRD DECLENSION. 137. Giving a table of endings and showing the more common changes from the nominative form to the genitive form. Nom. Gen. Gender. Model. Case. Case. (Usually) . .as . . .atis F. aestas aestatis . .es . . .is F. nubes nubis . . . idis M. obses obsidis . . . itis M. miles militis . . . edis M. pes pedis . . .etis M. aries arietis . .is . . .is F. hostis hostis . . .eris M. pulvis pulveris . . idis M. lapis lapidis . .OS . . .oris M. mos moris . . .otis M. sacerdos sacerdotis . .us . . .eris N. latus lateris . . oris N. corpus corporis . . . udis F. laus laudis . . . uris N. jus juris . . .utis F. A-irtus virtutis . ut . . .itis N. caput capitis . .ax . . . acis F. fax facis . .ex . . .ids M. judex judicis . .ox . . .ocis F. vox vocis . .XIX . . .ucis F. dux ducis . .0 . . . onis M. sermo sermonis . do . . . dinis F. multitudo multitudinis •go . . . ginis F. virgo virginis . en . . . inis N. nomen nominis . .ns . . .ntis M, pons pontis . .rs . . . rtis F. cohors cohortis . . s \ droj 3 and F. hiems hiemis . e 1 add is N. mare maris . .ar | N. calcar calcaris . .er 1 merely M. agger aggeris . . or \ add M. auctor auctoris . .ur ! is X. fur furis . .1 I N\ animal an i ma lis THIRD DECLENSION 71 138. CHIEF EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULES, Pg. 70. 1. aes, aeris, aerl, aes, acre, N., copper. 2 ApollO, Apollinis, ApollinI, Apollinem, Apolline, M., Apollo (a god). 3. bos, bovis, bovi, bovem, bove, C, an ox or a cow. boves,bovum(boum) , bobus (bubus) , boves, bobus (bubus) 4. card, carnis, carni, carnem, came, etc., F., flesh, meat. 5. CerSs, Cereris, Cereri, Cere rem, Cerere, F., Ceres (a goddess) 6. conjunx, conjugis, conjugi, conjugem, conjuge, C., hus- band, wife. 7. cor, cordis, cordl, cor, corde, etc., N., the heart. 8. cust6s, custodis, cust6dl, custOdem, custftde, etc., C, a guard. 9. ebur, eboris, ebori, ebur, ebore, N., ivory. 10. femur, femoris, femorl, femur, femore, etc., N., the thigh. 11. frSns, frOndis, frondi, frondem, fronde, etc., F., the brow. 12. frux, frugis, frugi, frugem, fruge, etc., F., fruit. 13. glans, glandis, glandi, glandem, glande, etc., F., an acorn. 14. grex, gregis, gregi, gregem, grege, etc., F., flock, herd. 15. harpago, harpagonis, harpagoni, (abl. e), etc., M., a grap- pling-hook . 16. hSros, herois, heroi, heroem, heroe, etc., M., a hero. 17. homd, hominis, homini, hominem, homine, etc., M., man. 18. iter, itineris, itineri, iter, itinere, etc., N., a journey, way. 19. Juppiter, Jovis, Jovl, Jovem, Jove, M., Jupiter (king of the gods.) 20. lSx, legis, legl, legem, lege, etc., F., law. 21. Iig6, ligonis, ligOni, ligonem, ligone, etc., M., a hoe. 22. mel, mellis, melli, mel, melle, etc., N., honey. 23. Minos, Minois, Minoi, Minoem, Minoe, M., Minos (a king). 24. nem6, neminis, nemini, neminem, nemine, etc., C, no one. 25. nex, necis, neci, necem, nece, etc., F., a violent death. 26. nox, noctis, nocti, noctem, nocte, etc., F., night. 27. os, ossis, ossi, os, osse, etc., N., a bone. 28. pater, patris, patri, patrem, patre, etc., M., father. 29. praedS, praedonis, praedoni, praedonem, praedone, etc., M., a plunderer. 30. rSmex, remigis, remigi, remigem, remige, etc., M., an oarsman. 31. r&x, regis, regi, regem, rege, etc., M., a king. 32. r6bur, roboris, robori, robur, robore, etc., N., an oak. 33. sanguis, sanguinis, sanguinl, sanguinem, sanguine, etc., M., blood. 34. senex, senis, seni, senem, sene, etc., M., old man. 35. September, Septembris, Septembn, Septembrem, Septem- bre, etc., M. September. So also with other months in er. 36. Tr6s, Trois, Tr6i, Tr6em, Troe, etc., M., a Trojan. 37. venter, ventris, ventri, ventrem, ventre, etc., M., the belly. 38. vfir, vSris, veri, ver, vere, etc., N., Spring. 3Q. vis, vis, vl, vim, vi; vires, vlrium, etc., F., strength. 72 THIRD DECLENSION THIRD DECLENSION. 139. Nouns ending in as, es, ^s. Aestas, F. Nubes, F. Aries, M. Miles, M. summer. cloud. battering-ram. soldier. SINGULAR. N.V. aestas niibes aries miles G. aestatis nubis arietis mllitis D. aestati nubi ariet 1 militi Ac. aestatem nubem arietem militem Ab. aestate nube ariete milite PLURAL. N.V. aestates niibes arietes milites G. aestatum niibium arietum militum D. aestatibus nubibus arietibus militibus Ac. aestates niibes (is) arietes milites Ab.. aestatibus nubibus arietibus militibus Pes, M. Hostis, C. Pulvis, M. Lapis, M. foot. enemy. dust. stone. SINGULAR. N.V. pes hostis pulvis lapis G. pedis hostis pulveris lapidis D. pedi hosti pulveri lapidi Ac. pedem hostem pulverem lapidem Ab. pede hoste pulvere lapide PLURAL. N.V. pedes hostes pulveres lapides G. pedum hostium pulverum lapidum D. pedibus hostibus pulveribus lapidibus Ac. pedes hostes (is) pulveres lapides Ab. pedibus hostibus pulveribus lapidibus 140. STUDY RULES OF SYNTAX 13, 25, 31, 32. REVIEW RULES OF SYNTAX 16, 23, 26. THIRD DECLENSION 73 141. VOCABULARY. DECLINE LIKE aestas. [Consonant stems; sec Art. 134 aetas F. age. auctoritas, P. influence bonitas, F. goodness. brevitas, F. shortness. calamitas, F. disaster. celeritas, F. swiftness. civitas, F. state. crudelitas, F. cruelty. cupiditas, F. eagerness. difficult as, F. difficulty. dignitas, F. worthiness. egestas, F. poverty. facultas, F. opportunity. gra vitas, F. importance. humilitas, F. humility. lenitas, F. gentleness. levitas, F. lightness. liber alit as, F. generosity. libertas, F. freedom. necessitas, F. necessity. nobilitas, F. nobility. no vitas, F. strangeness. pietas, F. affection. potestas, F. power. se Veritas, F. severity. temeritas, F. recklessness. tempestas, F. storm. utilitas, F. advantage. voluntas, F. willingness. voluptas, F. pleasure. DECLINE LIKE miles. [Consonant stems ; see Art. 134 comes, C. companion. eques, M. horseman. hospes, M. guest. pedes, C. foot-soldier. stipes, M. trunk (of a tree). DECLINE LIKE nubes. [i stems; see Art. 128.] alces, F. elk, caedes, F slaughter. cautes, F. rock. crates, F. hurdle. fames, F. hunger. moles, F. mass. rtipes, F. cliff. saepes, F. hedge. sedes, F. abode. valles, F. valley. DECLINE LIKE hostis [i stems; see Art. 128.] collis, (abl. i, e), M. hill. finis, (abl. i, e), M. end. ignis, (abl. i, e), M. fire. mensis, (abl. e), M. month. orbis, (abl. e), M. circle. sentis, (abl. e), M. briar. avis, (abl. i, e), F. bird. classis, (abl. e, i)F. fleet. navis, (ace. im, em), (abl. i, e), F. ship. pellis, (abl. e), F. hide puppis, (ace. im, em), (abl. i), F. stem. ratis, (abl. e), F. raft. turris, (ace. im, em), (abl. i, e), F. tower. vestis, (abl. e), F. clothing. civis, (abl. i, e), C. citizen. testis, (abl. e), C. witness. .] DECLINE LIKE pulvis. [Consonant stems; see Art. 134.] cinis, M. ashes. cucumis, M. cucumber. vomis, M. plough-share. 74 THIRD DECLENSION DECLINE LIKE aries. [Consonant stems; see Art. 134.] abies, F. fir-tree. interpres, C. mediator. paries, M. {house-) wall. quies, F. rest. seges, F. crop {of grain). EXERCISES. 142. 1. Equites per vallem magna celeritate accele- raverunt. 2. Segetes tempestate delebantur. 3. Lega- tus in esseda comitem habet. 4. Cupiditas comitum a viro laudatur. 5. Nonne abietes sunt in valle? 6. Ignis magnum numerum navium deleverat. 7. Viri in puppi navis milites viderunt. 8. Quies pedites defessos recreabit. 9. Classis nostrum ab oppidanis videtur. 10. Oppidum arietibus magnis oppugnabimus. 143. 1. The storm has destroyed the ships of the enemy. 2. The citizens will hold the town against the enemy. 3. The generosity of the horseman has been praised by his companions. 4. The slaughter of the foot-soldiers will be checked by the horsemen. 5. The soldiers stood on a hill near the town. 6. The trunk of the fir-tree had been destroyed by fire. 7. The state is furnishing many soldiers for the war. 8. A mass of ashes remained after the fire. 9. The horsemen had given great pleasure to the children. 10. The fleet will have been built with great difficulty. 144. 1. Oppidum non obsidebimus propter bonitatem civium. 2. Equites in nube pulveris celabantur. 3. Vi- desne tempestatem in valle? 4. Cives cum difficul- tate militibus persuadent. 5. Lenitas militum a civibus laudata est. 6. Stabimus in rupe atque pugnam specta- bimus. 7. In aestate valles est pulchra. 8. Cives necessitatem classis viderunt. 9. Miles ignem in colle- spectabat. 10. Segetes ex vallibus in oppidum re- moventur. THIRD DECLENSION. 75 EXERCISES. 145. 1. The power of the enemy was seen by the citi- zens. 2. The nobility of the state had invited the men. 3. Fire is destroying the hedges and the crops. 4. Will not rest refresh the tired horsemen? 5. The swiftness of the horsemen will be feared by the messenger. 6. We shall give clothing to the companion of the man. 7. In the valley were many soldiers. 8. The man held the power in the state. 9. The eagerness of the soldiers has been praised by the citizens. 10. The willingness of the boys gave pleasure to the guest. 146. 1. Miles ariete vulneratus erat. 2. Nonne turris est magna altaque? 3. Servi in oppido a civibus armabantur. 4. Vir avi libertatem dabit. 5. Teme- ritas amicorum militibus non placuit. 6. Servusin colle prope turrim stat. 7. Classis Romanorum hostes supe- rabit. 8. Agricolae ignem propter segetes timent. 9. Cives cum difficultate oppidum tenent. 10. Dabimus cibum vestesque militibus miseris. 147. 1. The sailors are standing on the stern of the ship. 2. Has not the man great influence in the town? 3. The crops will be removed from the fields. 4. The men in the town fear fire. 5. The townsmen owe their lives to the swiftness cf the horsemen. 6. The town had been besieged with battering-rams. 7. The tower had been destroyed by fire. 8. Are there good crops on the hills? 9. They are concealing the food under the cliff. 10. The soldiers had been detained by a great disaster. 76 THIRD DECLENSION I48. THIRD DECLENSION. Nouns ending in os, us, ut. Mos, M. Sacerdos, 0. Latus, N. Corpus, N. custom. priest. side. body. SINGULAR. N.V. mos sacerdos latus corpus G. moris sacerdotis lateris corporis D. mori sacerdoti later! corpori Ac. morem sacerdotem latus corpus Ab. more sacerdote latere corpore PLURAL. N.V. mores sacerdotes latera corpora G. morum sacerdotum laterum corporum D. moribus sacerdotibus lateribus corporibus Ac. mores sacerdotes latera corpora Ab. moribus sacerdotibus lateribus corporibus Laus, F: Virtus, F. Jus, N. Caput, N. praise. virtue. right. head. SINGULAR. N.V. laus virtus jus caput G. laudis virtutis juris capitis D. laudi virtuti juri capiti Ac. laudem virtutem jus caput Ab. laude virtute jure capite PLURAL. N.V. laudes virtutes jura capita G. laudum virtutum jurum capitum D. laudibus virtutibus juribus capitibus Ac. laudes virtutes jura capita Ab. laudibus virtutibus juribus capitibus 149. REVIEW RULES OF SYNTAX 10, 15, 28. THIRD DECLENSION 77 150- VOCABULARY. DECLINE LIKE latus. DECLINE LIKE corpus. [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] foedus, N. treaty. corpus, N. body. funus, N. funeral. decus. N. glory. genus, N. tribe. facimus, N. deed. latus, N. side. frigus, N. cold. munus, N. share. lepus, M. hare. onus, N. burden. litus N. shore. opus, N. work. pectus, N. breast. pondus, N. weight. pecus, N. cattle. scelus, N. wickedness. tempus, N. time. sidus, N. star. DECLINE LIKE laus. vulnus, N. wound. [Consonant fraus, Stems; see Art. 134.] F deceit. DECLINE LIKE virtus laus, F. praise. [Consonant Stems ; see Art. 134] palus, F. marsh. juventiis, F. youth. salus, F. safety. servitus, F. slavery. virtus, F. courage. DECLINE LIKE mos. DECLINE LIKE sacerdos. [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] dos, F. dowry. sarcerdos, C. priest. DECLINE LIKE jus. [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134] [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] flos, M. flower. CrUS, N. leg. mos, M. custom. jus, N. justice. 6s, M. face. jus jurandum,N. juris jiirandi, etc., etc. oath. bos, bo vis, etc., C, cow, ox. PLURAL: boves, bovum (bourn), bobus (bubus), boves, bobus (bubus) . cor, cordis, etc., N., heart. custos, custodis, etc., C, guard. 78 THIRD DECLENSION EXERCISES. 151. 1. Milites liberos in locum salutis removebant. 2. Custos pilo vulneratus est. 3. Dabiirms viro munus cibi. 4. Sacerdotes milites propter virtutem lauda- verunt. 5. Nonne custodes civibus turrem tenent? 6. Magnus numerus bovum est in agris. 7. Equites cum telis ad litus accelerabunt. 8. Pueri propter periculum in turrim conlocati erant. 9. Hostes fraude a Romanis superati sunt. 10. Eques pro patria pugnabat. 152. 1. The boy is keeping the cattle from the marshes. 2. The priests had been aroused by the evil deed of the man. 3. The soldiers have placed the camp on the shore. 4. The face of the priest was wounded by an arrow. 5. The horsemen will fight for glory. 6. The children have many beautiful flowers. 7. A share of the booty will be given to the guards. 8. The priests kept silent on account of their oath. 9. The boy has wounded the hare with a stone. 10. The courage of the guards pleases the men. 153. 1. Debemus salutem virtuti equitis. 2. Sacer- dotes telis custodum vulnerabantur. 3. Prope litus sunt multae paludes. 4. Corpora militum pone vallum celabuntur. 5. Sacerdos custodem contra scelus viri monet. 6. Equi multa onera portabant. 7. Vir liberis multos flores dederat. 8. Liberi in litore cum sacerdote remanserunt. 9. Populus propter fraudem legati com- movetur. 10. Flores in paludibus tempore delebuntur. THIRD DECLENSION 79 EXERCISES. 154. 1. The body of the soldier was removed from the camp. 2. Did you not see the deceit of the man? 3. The priest will obtain justice for the tribe. 4. We have seen the great work of the men. 5. The guard was wounded in the breast. 6. The courage of the priest will check the wickedness of the citizens. 7. The flowers will be destroyed by the cold. 8. The cattle are carrying the burdens. 9. The priests owe safety to the quickness of the guard. 10. The courage of the boy was roused by the priest's words. 155. 1. Laus sacerdotis puero placet. 2. Equites sine fraude custodes superabunt. 3. Vulnera custodis erant multa magnaque. 4. Nonne sunt flores in litore? 5. Vir miser dono riorum placitus est. 6. Verba sacer- dotis virtutem custodum excitaverant. 7. Onera atque opus servis remanebant. 8. Vir in pectore crureque vulneratus erat. 9. Agricolae boves atque equos in agris habent. 10. Munus praedae sacerdotibus dabitur. 156. 1. We shall watch the soldiers on the shore. 2. The boy was wounded in the head with a javelin. 3. The words of the priest have roused the courage of the citizens. 4. Is there not work for both the men and the boys? 5. The children had been removed to a place of safety. 6. The flowers were cut and placed on the table. 7. A share of the burdens will be carried by the horses. 8. The enemy feared the guards on the shore. 9. The cows are standing in the marshes. 10. The soldier had been wounded in the head and the body. 80 THIRD DECLENSION 157. THIRD DECLENSION. Nouns ending in ux, ex, ox, o, do, go, en. Dux, C. leader. Rex, M. king. Judex, M. judge. SINGULAR. N.V. dux G. ducis D. duel rex regis regi judex judicis jtidici Ac. ducem regem judicem Ab. duce rege judice PLURAL. N.V. duces G. ducum D. ducibus reges regum regibus judices judicum judicibus Ac. duces Ab. ducibus reges regibus judices judicibus Legio, F. legion. N.V. legio G. legionis D. legion! Ac. legionem Ab. legione N.V. legiones G. legionum D. legionibus Ac. legiones Ab. legionibus Multitudo, F. Virgo, F. multitude. maiden. Sermo, M. conversation. sermo sermonis sermon 1 sermonem sermone sermones sermonum sermonibus sermones sermonibus Nomen, N. name. SINGULAR. multitudo virgo multitudinis virginis multitudini virgin! multitudinem virginem multitudine virgine PLURAL. multitiidines virgines multitudinum virginum multitiidinibus virginibus multitiidines virgines multitiidinibus virginibus nomen nominis nomin! nomen nomine nomina nominum nominibus nSmina nominibus 158. REVIEW RULES OF SYNTAX 9, 16, 28, 31. THIRD DECLENSION SI 159. VOCABULARY. DECLINE LIKE dux. DECLINE LIKE rex. [See Arts. 131 and 134.] [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] arx (Gen. Plur. ium), F., fortress conjunx, F. wife. falx (Gen. Plur. ium), F.houk. frux, F. fruit. fax, F. torch. lex, F. law. lux, F. light. phalanx, F. phalanx. nex, F. death. remex, M. rower. pax, F. peace. DECLINE LIKE judex, pix, F. pitch. [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] prex, F. prayer. cortex M. bark (of a tree) . radix, F. root. supplex, C. suppliant. vox, F. voice. DECLINE LIKE nomen. DECLINE LIKE sermo. [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134. 1 [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] agmen, N. line (of march). calo, M. camp-follower, cacumen, Cicero, M. Cicero. certamen, latro, M. robber. crimen, culmen, DECLINE LIKE legio. discrimen, [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] flumen, centurio M. centurion. nomen, conditio, F. condition. numen, conjuratio, F. conspiracy. vimen, F. dispute. F. surrender. F. a pleading. F. doubt. F. sally. F. embassy. F. nation. F. opinion. F. oration. F. plan. F. return. F. region. care, carnis, etc., F., flesh, meat. harpago, harpagonis, etc., M., grappling iron homo, hominis, etc., C, man. nemo, neminis, etc., C, no one. nix, nivis, etc, (Gen. Plur. ium), F., snow. nox, noctis, etc., (Gen. Plur. ium), F., night. senex senis, etc., M., old man. contentio, deditio, dictio, dubitatio, eruptio, legatio, natio, opinio, oratio, ratio, reditio, regie, N. top. N. struggle. N. crime. N. summit. N. crisis. N. river. N. name. N. will. N. twig. DECLINE LIKE multitude [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] altitudo, F. height, depth. F. custom. F . bravery. F. width. F. length. F. great size. M. order. F. loneliness. F. testudo. F. baseness. consuetudo, fortitiido, latitiido, longitudo, magnitudd, ordo, solitiido, testudo, turpitude, 82 THIRD DECLENSION EXERCISES. 1 60. 1. Legiones centurionis in foro stabant. 2. Latrones praedam mult am ultra flumen celaverant. 3. Lux facis a milite videbatur. 4. Rex de legibus judicem consultavit. 5. Cert amen longum legionum cum ho- stibus a duce spectatur. 6. Nemo senem prope arcem viderat. 7. Solitudo regionis latrones terruit. 8. Multa nix in cacumine montis remanet. 9. Cicero in foro Romano orationem longam habuit. 10. Deditio hostium ducibus legionum Romanarum placuit. 161. 1. The man will remain with the soldiers across the river. 2. The townsmen obtained peace through the prayers of the women. 3. The snow was not re- moved from the top of the fortress. 4. The old man has frightened the robbers. 5. The voice of the centu- rion resounded through the camp. 6. The bravery of the camp-followers pleased the general. 7. In the night the leader had stayed with the men at the summit of the hill. 8. The people had a good opinion concerning Cicero. 9. The phalanx is standing behind the fortress. 10. The laws of the king forbid crime. 162. 1. Oppidum numine regis delebitur. 2. Timeo solitudinem loci atque magnitudinem montis. 3. Nocte portae oppidi a rege oppugnabantur. 4. Senes cibum per conjuges obtinebunt. 5. Milites calonibus frugem multam dederunt. 6. Opinio judicis boni ho- mini placet. 7. Dux cum legionibus regionem ultra flumen possidet. 8. Hostes propter magnitudinem arcis terrebantur. 9. Magna voce nuntius responsum regis enuntiabit. 10. Rex cum ducibus sermonem longum habuerat. •> THIRD DECLENSION 8.' EXERCISES. 163. 1. Are there many old men in the town? 2. No one warned the leader about the conspiracy. 3. The condition of the surrender will be approved by the enemy. 4. A large number of torches had been given to the camp-followers. 5. The river had great width but little depth. 6. The torches are not giving much light to the men. 7. No one had been wounded in the struggle. 8. The centurion had hastened to the fortress with the old men. 9. The baseness of the man roused the people. 10. The centurion had a long conversation with the old man. 164. 1. Homines magnis cultris corticem secuerunt. 2. Legatio a rege in arce detinetur. 3. Nonne faces armaque sunt in castris? 4. Conjuratio a centurionibus atque legionibus regis cogitatur. 5. Calones propter necem senis flebant. 6. Dux hostes in conditione servitutis tenebit. 7. Senesne centurionem atque legi- ones videbant? 8. Dux legiones extra arcem exercibit. 9. Homo prope flumen stabat atque remiges spectabat. 10. Homines in litore fluminis certamen spectant. 165. I. On account of the width of the river the legion was detained. 2. The ship has many rowers. 3. We shall remain near the summit of the hill. 4. The name of the old man was announced. 5. In a long conversa- tion the leader had praised the legions. 6. We shall wound a multitude of the enemy. 7. The name of the ambassador was announced to the centurion. 8. The people of the town were helped by the laws. 9. The soldiers had their wives in the camp. 10. Many soldiers of Caesar's legion were wounded with arrows. 84 THIRD DECLENSION 166. THIRD DECLENSION. Nouns ending in ns, rs, s, e, ar, er, ir, or, ur, 1. Orator, M. < honors, F. Hiems, F. Mare, N. < orator. cohort. winter. sea. SINGULAR. N.V. orator cohors hiems mare G. oratoris cohortis hiemis maris D. orator! cohort! hiemi mar! Ac. oratorem cohortem hiemem mare Ab. oratore cohorte hieme mar! PLURAL. N.V. oratores cohortes hiemes maria G. oratorum cohortium hiemum marium D. oratoribus cohortibus hiemibus maribus Ac. oratores cohortes hiemes maria Ab. oratoribus cohortibus hiemibus maribus Calcar, N. i Consul, M. Pater, M. Mulier, F. spur. consul. father. woman. SINGULAR. N.V. calcar consul pater mulier G. calcaris consulis patris mulieris D. calcari consul! patr! mulier! Ac. calcar consulem pat rem mulierem Ab. calcari consule patre muliere PLURAL. N.V. calcaria consules patres mulieres G. calcarium consulum pat rum mulierum D. calcaribus consulibus patribus mulieribus Ac. calcaria consules patres mulieres Ab. calcaribus consulibus patribus mulieribus 167. REVIEW RULES OF SYNTAX 13, 23, 32. THIRD DECLENSION 85 168. VOCABULARY. DECLINE LIKE orator. [Consonant Stems ; see Art. 134 arbor, F. tree. clamor, M. outcry. defensor, M. defender. desertor. M. deserter. explorator, M. scout. furor, M. rage. honor, M. honor. imperator, M. general. labor, M. work. mercator, M. merchant. orator, M. orator. praetor, M. praetor. rumor, M. rumor. senator, M. senator terror, M. terror. timor, M. fear. uxor, F. wife. victor, M. victor. DECLINE LIKE hiems. hiems, F. winter. plebs, F. populace. stirps (Gen. Plur. ium), F. stock (race). trabs, F. timber. urbs (Gen. Plur. ium) , F. city. DECLINE LIKE consul, animal (see Art. 129), N. animal. exsul, C. exile. proconsul, M. proconsul. sol, M. sun. vectigal (see Art. 129.) N. revenue. DECLINE LIKE cohors. ] [Mixed Stems see Art. 131] adulescens, M. youth. ars, F. skill. cliens, C. vassal. cohors, F. cohort. dens, M. tooth. fons, M. fountain. fors, F. chance. frons, F. broiv. gens, F. tribe. Infans, C. infant. Mars, M. Mars. mens, F. mind. mons, M. mountain. mors, F. death. parens (Gen. Plur. um), C. parent. pars, F. part. pons, M. bridge. sors, F. lot. DECLINE LIKE pater, f rater, M. brother. imber,(i stem), M. storm (rain). linter (i stem) F. skiff. mater, F. mother. pater, M. father. DECLINE LIKE mulier. [Consonant Stems; see Art. 134.] a Sg er - M. mound. anser, M. goose. cadaver, N. corpse. mulier, F. ivoman. ver, N Spring. moenia, moenium, etc., N. Caesar, Caesaris, etc., M., Caesar. femur, femoris, etc., N., thigh. (Plur.) fortifications. glans, glandis, etc., F., gland. princeps,prmcipis,etc.,M.,c/«>/. Juppiter, Jovis, etc., M., Jupiter, robur, roboris, etc., N., oak. 86 THIRD DECLENSION EXERCISES. 169. 1. Principes gentium contra imperatorem Roma- nian pugnant. 2. In vere pons flumine deletus est. 3. Pars legionis erat in latere mentis. 4. Consul magnum furorem plebis spectabat. 5. Clamore magno def en- sores cohortes terrebant. 6. Pulchrae arbores urbis tempestate delebuntur. 7. Cadaver praetoris ex urbe removetur. 8. Mulieres propter mortem hominum flent. 9. Nonne adulescentes a hostibus vulnerati sunt? 10. Fontes urbis civibus aquam praebebunt. 170. 1. They have built a large bridge over the river. 2. In Spring the trees have many leaves. 3. The defenders had held the city of the king. 4. The chief of the state was planning a conspiracy. 5. The exiles have been called together by the deserters. 6. The father of the youth will be persuaded. 7. The victor had conquered on account of his great skill. 8. The people of the city have been frightened by rumors of war. 9. Are not the fortifications large and high? 10. A part of the cohort is destroying the bridge. 171. 1. Mercatores consuli senatoribusque honorem magnum dabunt. 2. Vere lux solis avibus placet. 3. Defensores urbis a victore superati erant. 4. Pater puero equum dedit. 5. Mens parentis propter peri- culum fllii commovebatur. 6. Urbs fuit labor multi- tudinis hominum. 7. Caesar exploratoribus victoriam debuit. 8. Cum auxilio Jovis Romani fuerunt victores. 9. Imperator cum cohortibus in urbe erat. 10. Terror mulierum clamoribus militum augetur. THIRD DECLENSION 87 EXERCISES. 172. 1. The general was praised by the consul. 2. The brother of the man had seen many animals in the mountains. 3. The senators will be called together by Caesar. * 4. Caesar's cohorts are storming the city. 5. We shall fight against the cohorts of the Roman general. 6. By chance a part of the legion was detained in the town. 7. The general has held the revenues of the province. 8. The merchants in the ship were aroused by the storm. 9. Was not the oak destroyed by the wind? 10. The soldiers had frightened the scouts with the outcry. 173. 1. Exploratores inter arbores silvae videbantur. 2. Mors consulis plebem commovit. 3. Mentes militum contra ducem verbis consulis agitabuntur. 4. Animalia in litore fluminis decertabant. 5. Cives in nova parte urbis fontem conlocabunt. 6. Clamor hostium cohortes imperatoris Romani terruit. 7. Cives regi vectigalia magna debent. 8. Argentum multum militibus a uxore regis datum erat. 9. Sol arboribus floribusque lucem praebet. 10. Pontem longum trans flumen aedificabunt. 174. 1. The trees in the city do not have fruit. 2. The timber of the bridge was good and strong. 3. The light of the sun will be pleasing to the sick woman. 4. The mountains behind the city are high and beautiful. 5. The woman wept on account of the death of the consul. 6. A rumor of war agitated the populace. 7. The exiles had been helped by the scout. 8. A skiff has been built by the boy's father. 9. In winter the storms de- stroyed the trees and the bridges. 10. The cohorts of the Roman general did not fear death. 88 REVIEW 175. VOCABULARY REVIEW. Give the meaning of each of the following words. Give the declension and gender of each noun. 1. legio 2. tempus 3. prmceps 4. homo 5. eques 6. crus 7. centurio 8. imperator 9. pahls 10. pons 11. difficult as 12. regio 13. corpus 14. seges 15. cupiditas 16. fons 17. judex 18. pedes 19. vectlgal 20. miles 21. puppis 22. clamor 23. culmen 24. sacerdos 25. senex 26. ignis 27. fl6s 28. remex 29. magnitudo 30. iter 31. aries 32. cohors 33. bonitas 34. lux 35. uxor 36. litus 37. nubes 38. numen 39. pulvis 40. nix 41. scelus 42. tempestas 43- pars 44. turris 45. celeritas 46. avis 47. abies 48. certamen 49. mulier 50. civis 51. sermo 52. salus 53. comes 54. nox 55. aestas 56. custos 57. navis 58. oratio 59. frux 60. mens 61. classis 62. fax 63. mors 64. hostis 65. pectus 66. collis 67. servitus 68. fraus 69. nex 70. opus 71. latro 72. bos 73. lenitas 74. latus 75. onus 76. rupes 77. rex 78. arbor 79. urbs 80. libertas 81. munus 82. vox 83. valles 84. explorator 85. necessitas 86. dux 87. mercator 88. virtus 89. numen 90. sol REVIEW 80 176. VOCABULARY REVIEW. Give the Latin form for each of the following words. 1. rower 2. region 3. fire 4. cow 5. flower 6. gentleness 7. foot-man 8. burden 31. body 32. citizen 33. populace 34. crop 35. death 36. fraud 37. judge 38. side 9. battering-ram 39. river 10. king 40. cohort 11. leader 12. fountain 13. woman 14. night 15. top 16. light 17. consul 18. struggle 19. will 20. difficulty 21. torch 22. legion 23. liberty 24. tower 25. centurion 26. fruit 27. crime 28. hill 29. general 30. slavery 41. 42. revenue 43- spy 44. wife 45. merchant 46. quickness 47. virtue 48. sun 49. fir-tree 50. chief 51. guard 52. death 53. time 54. share 55. dust 56. city 57. swamp 58. voice 59. mind 60. snow 61. magnitude 62. conversation 63. way 64. priest 65. companion 66. old man 67. robber 68. eagerness 69. work 70. goodness 71. tree 72. soldier 73. shore 74. cloud 75. outcry 76. bird 77. summer 78. necessity 79. ship 80. man 81. fleet 82. enemy 83. horseman 84. storm 85. part 86. leg 87. oration 88. breast 89. bridge 90. valley 90 adjectives: third declension ADJECTIVES. 177. Many adjectives are declined with the endings of the third declension. 178. Acer, keen, eager. (STEM acri-) SINGULAR. PLURAL. MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. N.V. acer acris acre acres acres acria G. acris acris acris acrium acrium acrium D. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus Ac. acrem acrem acre acres, (Is) acres, (Is) acria Ab. acri acri acri acribus acribus acribus 179. Adjectives like acer have three distinct forms in the nominative siiigular and are, therefore, called adjectives of three terminations. 180. SINGULAR. M. & F. NEUT. N.V. levis leve G. levis levis D. levl levl Ac. levem leve Ab. levl . levl Levis, light, nimble. (STEM levi-) PLURAL. M. & F. leves levium levibus leves, (Is) levibus NEUT. levia levium levibus levia levibus 181. Adjectives like levis have the nominative singular, mascu- line and feminine alike [and are alike throughout]. Therefore they are called adjectives of two terminations. 182. Audax, bold. (STEM audac-) SINGULAR. PLURAL. M . & F. NEUT. M. & F. NEUT. N.V. audax audax audaces audacia G. audacis audacis audacium audacium D. audacl audacl audacibus audacibus Ac. audacem audax audaces, (is) audacia Ab. audacl, (e) audacl, (e) audacibus audacibus 183. Adjectives like audax have the nominative singular, masculine, feminine and neuter alike. Hence they are called adjectives of one termination. adjectives: third declension 91 184. VOCABULARY. DECLINE LIKE acer. [i Stems.] acer (acr-)*, keen. alacer, (alacr-) , eager. campester, (campestr-) , level. celeber (celebr-) , celebrated. equester (equestr-), equestrian. palflster (palustr-) , marshy. pedester (pedestr-) , infantry. Silvester (silvestr-) , woody. volucer (volucr-) , rapid. celer (retains e) , swift. DECLINE LIKE audax. [Consonant Stems.] audax (audac-), bold. clSmens (clement-), merciful. dives (divit-), rich. ingens (ingent-) , huge. innocens (innocent-) , innocent. insciens (inscient-) , unaware. potSns (potent-) , powerful. recens (recent-) , recent. velox (veloc-) , swift. vetus (veter-), old. DECLINE LIKE levis. [i Stems.] brevis, short. communis, common. crQdelis, cruel. difficilis, difficult. facilis, easy. fidelis, faithful. fortis, brave. grandis, large. gravis, heavy. humilis, low. insignis, memorable. lenis, gentle. militaris, military. navalis, naval. nobills, noble. omnis, all. similis, similar. singularis, extraordinary. tristis, sad. turpis, base. utilis, uselful. ' vectigalis, tributary. 185. REMARKS. Adjectives like acer and levis are i stems. Adjectives like audax are consonant stems, but they have i, e (ahl. sing.) ia (neut. plur. N. Ace. and Voc.) and ium (gen. plur.) Dives, rich, has the i only in the neuter, plur. ace. Vetus, old, is entirely a consonant stem.f * The base of the adjective. f The following adjectives are consonant stems: compos [corn- pot-] controlling; particeps [particip-] sharing; pauper [pauper-] poor; princeps [princip-] chief; sospes [sospit^] safe; superstes [susperstit-] surviving. 92 adjectives: third declension EXERCISES. 186. i. Audaces latrones oppidum vetus prope flumen obsederunt. 2. Arbor ingens in recenti tempestate deleta est. 3. Magnus numerus civium divum regi dona dabit. 4. Multi nautae in navali pugna vulne- rabantur. 5. Turpes desertores in silvestribus locis remanent. 6. Omnes naves sociorum Romanos in pugna difficili juvabunt. 7. Liberi innocentes a magistro bono moniti erant. 8. Hominesne sunt tristes propter mortem imperatoris fidelis? 9. Caesar cum hostibus fortibus proelium breve pugnavit. 10. Rex omnibus senatoribus nobilibus dona dederat. 11. Equites celeres tela hostium crudelium non timent. 12. Tectum arcis veteris est humile. 13. Exploratores in locis palu- stribus arma celeverunt. 14. Fons celeber erat in oppido veteris provinciae. 187. 1. The powerful king will increase the number of his equestrian soldiers. 2. Many rich men were praised by the general on account of their liberality. 3. A naval battle has been fought with a brave and bold enemy. 4. The ships of all the allies will besiege the old town. 5. The noble general has exercised all the soldiers. 6. The gift of the faithful citizens was pleasing to the old king. 7. The sad messenger is announcing the cruel death of the spy. 8. The birds flew with rapid wings into the woody region. 9. In a short time the quick soldiers had concealed the arms. 10. The pow- erful chiefs of the state were cruel men. 11. The base deserters will not be helped by the faithful allies. 12. Have the recent storms detained the Roman soldiers? 13. They are giving food and water to all the sick men. 14. The king will arm the faithful guards with swords. adjectives: third declension 93 EXERCISES. 188. i. Fortis dux equitum a populo Romano lau- datus est. 2. Imperator clemens principes hostium convocabit. 3. Homo innocens a mercatore turpi accusatur. 4. Aestate pugna insignis cum Romanis pugnata erat. 5. Omnes civitates vectigales Romae remanserunt. 6. Oppidani omnia communia habebant. 7. Potens lux solis pulchros flores juvat. 8. Tempestas recens difficultates itineris auxit. 9. Nocte insigni hostes audaces urbem oppugnaverant. 10. Trans flu- men latum pontem grandem aedificabimus. 11. Nonne hostes a victore dementi pacem obtinuerunt? 12. Pugnam navalem in volucri flumine pugnabant. 13. Regis comes fidelis essedam similem habet. 14. Socii fideles Romanis naves veloces providebunt. 189. 1. The brave horsemen have routed the fierce enemy. 2. We shall fight a naval battle with the- pow- erful Barbarians. 3. All the ships had been destroyed by the great storm. 4. There is an old fortress on the bank of the swift river. 5. The base judge fears the anger of the noble man. 6. A great multitude of innocent children was wounded in the cruel war. 7. The rich citizens of the city will be faithful to the king. 8. Well-known trees have been destroyed in the recent tempest. 9. The noble senators are influential in the city. 10. The boys are carrying light burdens. 11. There remained an old bridge across the wide river. 12. The men fought a keen battle with the bold robbers. 13. The messenger of the king has invited the faithful citi- zens. 14. The leader is sad on account of the death of a useful companion. 94 THIRD CONJUGATION 190. THIRD CONJUGATION. E-VERBS. Rego (root reg), to rule. PRINCIPAL PARTS: Rego, regere, rexl, rectum. ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE. PASSIVE VOICE. PRESENT. rego, 1 rule (am ruling, do rule) . regor,/ am ruled (am being ruled) regis, thou rulest. regit, he rules. regimus, we rule. regitis, you rule. regunt, they rule. regeris (-re), thou art ruled. regitur, he is ruled. regimur, we are ruled. regiminl, you are ruled. reguntur, they are ruled. IMPERFECT. regebam, 7 ruled (was ruling). regebas, thou ruledst. regfibat, he rided. regebamus, we ruled. reggbatis, you ruled. regSbant, they rided. regebar, I was ruled. regebaris (-re), thou wast ruled. regebatur, he ivas ruled. regSbamur, we were ruled. reg&bamini, you were ruled. regebantur, they were ruled. FUTURE. regam, I shall ride. regfcs, thou wilt ride. reget, he will rule. regemus, we shall ride. reg§tis, you will rule. regent, they will rule. regar, I shall be ruled. regeris (-re) , thou wilt be ruled. regetur, he will be ruled. regemur, we shall be rided. regemini, you will be ruled. regentur, they will be ruled. PERFECT. rexl, I have ruled. rexistl, thou hast ruled. rexit, he has rided. rgximus, we have ruled. rgxistis, you have ruled. rexerunt (-re) , they have ruled rectus r sum, I have been ruled. -a, -urn, ■< es, thou hast been ruled. ( est, he has been ruled. recti ( sumus, we have been ruled. -ae, -a, -j estis, you have been ruled. ( sunt, they have been ruled. THIRD CONJUGATION 95 ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. PLUPERFECT. -urn, rexeram, / had ruled. rectus rexeras, thou hadst ruled. rexerat, he had rided. rexeramus, we had ruled. recti rexeratis, you had ruled. -ae, - rexerant, they had ruled. i eram, / had been ruled. \ eras, thou hadst been ruled. ' erat, he had been ruled. ieramus, we had been ruled. eratis, you had been ruled. erant, they had been rided. FUTURE PERFECT. rexerd, / shall have ruled. .rectus rexeris, thou wilt have ruled, -a, -una, rexerit, he will have ruled. rexerimus, we shall have ruled, recti rexeritis, you will have rided. -ae, -a, rexerint, they will have ruled. ero,/ shall have been ruled. eris, thou wilt have, etc. erit, he will have, etc. erimus, we shall have, etc. eritis, you will have, etc. erunt, they will have, etc. regam regas regat regerem regeres regeret rexenm rexeris rexerit rexissem rSxissfcs rexisset regamus regatis regant SUBJUNCTIVES PRESENT. regar regaris (-re) regatur regeremus regerStis regerent rexerimus rgxeritis rexerint IMPERFECT. regerer regereris (-re) regergtur PERFECT, rectus rexissemus rexissfitis r^xissent PLUPERFECT, rectus ( essem -a, -um, -J essgs ( esset regamur regamini regantur regerSmur reger§mini regerentur recti -ae, -a recti -ae,-a, essemus essetis essent * Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the clauses in which they stand. 96 THIRD CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE. rege, rule thou. regite, rule ye. regitd, thou shall rule. regitd, he shall rule. regitote, you shall rule. regunto, they shall rule. PRESENT regere, be thou ruled. regimini, be ye ruled. FUTURE. regitor, thou shalt be ruled. regitor, he shall be ruled. reguntor, they shall be ruled. INFINITIVE. PRES. regere, to rule. r egi, to be ruled. PERF. rexisse, to have ruled. rectus esse, to have been ruled. FUT. recturus esse, to be about rectum in, to be about to be ruled. to rule. PARTICIPLES. PRES. regens, entis, ruling. FUT. recturus, -a, -um, about GER. regendus, -a, -um, to be to rule. ruled. PERF. rectus, -a, -um having been ruled. G. regendi, of riding. D. regendo, for ruling. Ac. regendum, ruling. Ab. regendo, by ruling. GERUND. These forms are used as nouns. J Ac. rectum, to rule. SUPINE. Ab, rectii, to be ruled. THIRD CONJUGATION 97 191. SOME VERBS OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. Principal Parts. Pres. hid. Pres. Inf. J D erf. Ind. P.P. P.N* ■ Meaning. ago agere egi actum — to drive, do cado cadere cecidT casum — to Jail caedo caedere cecidi caesum — to kill cingo eingere clnxi cinctum — to surround claudo claudere clausT clausum — to shut cognosco cognosces j cognovi cognotum — to learn cogo cogere coegi coactum — to compel constituo constituere constitui constitiitum — to determine credo credere ere did! creditum — to believe dedo dedere dedidi deditum — to surrender defendo defendere defend! defensum — to defend deligo deligere delegi delectum — to choose dico dicere dixT dictum — to say diico ducere duxi ductum — to lead educo educere ediixT eductum — to lead out gero gerere gessi gestum — to carry on mitto mittere misi missum — to send ostendo ostendere ostendi ostentum — to show parco parcere perperci parsum — to spare perdo perdere perdidi perditum — to destroy peto petere pet! vi petrtum — to seek pono ponere posui positum — to place quaero quaerere quaesivi quaesitum — to question rego regere rexT rectum — to rule relinquo relinquere reliqm relictum — to leave scribo scribere scrips! scriptum — to write tego tegere tex! tectum — to cover traho trahere trax! tractum — to drag verto vertere vert! versum — to turn vinco vincere v!c! victum — to conquer vivo vivere vix! victum — to live ^Perfect Passive Participle, neuter. 98 THIRD CONJUGATION 192. PRACTICE ON REGO. Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each form and translate wherever possible.* 1. rego 2. regat 3. regebas 4. rexit 5. regere 6. reget 7. rexerint 8. rexeram 9. regar 10. rexerunt 11. regemur 12. regerent 13. rectus esset 14. reguntur 15. reguntor 16. rexisse 17. regam 18. regetur 19. rexi 20. rectus erit 21. rectum 22. rectus eras 23. regas 24. regitur 25. regebant 26. regens 27. recti sunt 28. rexisses 41. regebamini 42. regere 43. regant 44. recti sitis 45. regitis 46. regeretis 47. rexeratis 48. rectu 29. recturus esse 49. regentur 30. reguntur 50. regerer 31. rexeritis 32. rectus sis 33. regamus 34. rexissemus 35- regit 36. regebamus 37. regeremim 38. rexissent 39. rectus es 40. regite 51. regens 52. recti eramus 53. regito 54. rectus est 55. regimur 56. rectus 57. recti erimus 58. regantur 59. rectus essem 60. regunt ^Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. THIRD CONJUGATION 99 193- PRACTICE ON REGO. Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each form and translate. I. he will rule. 3i- I had ruled. 2. to rule. 32. you have been ruled. 3- thou art ruled. 33- he shall rule. 4- I had been ruled. 34- ruling. 5- we shall be ruled. 35. we had been ruled. 6. rule thou. 36. you will have ruled. 7- we have ruled. 37- I shall have been ruled. 8. I rule. 38. they will rule. 9- for ruling. 39. he will have been ruled. 10. they were ruled. 40. you will rule. ii. you had ruled. 41. we shall have been ruled 12. I shall rule. 42. they have been ruled. 13- we were ruled. 43- he is ruled. 14. they shall rule. 44. rule ye. 15- you will be ruled. 45- they have ruled. 16. I was ruled. 46. he will be ruled. 17. thou hast ruled. 47- we rule. 18. be ye ruled. 48. to have ruled. 19. of ruling. 49. I ruled. 20. we shall rule. 50. he was ruled. 21. I shall be ruled. 5i- thou wilt have ruled. 22. they are ruled. 52. he has ruled. 23- they had been ruled. 53- you ruled. 24. he has been ruled. 54. he will have ruled. 25. we are ruled. 55- they had ruled. 26. to have been ruled. 56. I have been ruled. 27. they will be ruled. 57. you will have been ruled 28. he rules. 58. to be ruled. 29. he had ruled. 59- he had been ruled. 30. they ruled. 60. he shall he ruled. 'L.cFC. 100 THIRD CONJUGATION EXERCISES. ago, cognosco, defendo, peto, tego. 194. 1. Peeora a pastoribus in agros agebantur. 2. Urbes provincial a militibus Romanis defenduntur. 3. Homines pacem salutemque auxiliumque petunt. 4. Opiniones omnium civium cognotae erant. 5. Milites latrones ex castris egerunt. 6. Pauci custodes arcem urbis defenderant. 7. Nuntius navibus nautas validos petet. 8. Tectum arcis pice texerunt. 9. Milites magna celeritate opus agebant. 195. 1. The ambassador of the enemy is seeking peace. 2. The soldiers had defended the town and the townsmen. 3. The horsemen were driving the citizens across the bridge. 4. We have sought safety in flight. 5. The plans of the leaders had not been learned by the spies. 6. The roadway will be covered with snow by the storm. 7. The orator will have defended the man's honor. 8. The cattle have been driven toward the river. 9. The father of the boy will seek food and water. 10. The old men were defended by the consul. EXERCISES. dico, mitto, cado, ostendo, scribo. 196. 1. Verba ab interprete dicta sunt. 2. Caro in ignem cadet. 3. Mitto pro civibus ad regem nuntium. 4. Senatores oppidanis leges ostenderunt. 5. Explorato- resne in regionem novam missi erant? 6. Cortex ab arboribus cadebat. 7. Multae epistulae a scribis scriptae erunt. 8. Xovus gladius centurionis legato ostenditur. 9. Legatum ad Romanos non miserimus. 10. Pro lege nova orationem longam scripseram. 197. STUDY RULE OF SYNTAX 27 ON PAGE 37. THIRD CONJUGATION 101 198. i. The messenger of the king had been sent to the leader of the men. 2. The sailor has fallen into the deep river. 3. The farmer shows great pleasure on account of the full crops. 4. Did not the walls of the tower fall upon the man's companion? 5. The com- mander's plan was told to the interpreter. 6. The old men had written letters to the king. 7. He will have sent the youth a sword. 8. A letter will be written on behalf of the merchants. 9. I shall not send the fleet against the enemy. EXERCISES, dedo, duco, gero, pono, vinco. 199. 1. Latro ante judices ducitur. 2. Milites homi- nem in carcere posuerunt. 3. Pedites cum militibus regis bellum gesserant. 4. Vincebamur in multis pugnis ab imperatore Romano. 5. Equi agricolarum in agros ducti erant. 6. Ponemus senes in loco salutis. 7. De- fensores urbis victoribus se dedebant. 8. Gereturne bellum contra socios oppidanorum ? 9. Legiones Cae- saris multitudine servorum vincit. 10. Ducam cives in castra imperatoris. 200. 1. The soldiers of Caesar had been conquered by the enemy. 2. We shall wage war against the men of the city. 3- Have you placed the children in the wagon ? 4. The deserters were led before the king. 5. The townsmen were waging war with the soldiers near the river. 6. The slaves were surrendering themselves (se) to the commander. 7. Will not the children be placed near the women? 8. We are being conquered by the chiefs of Gaul. 9. The old men will have been led to seats near the king. 10. The chief had surrendered the state to the Romans, 102 THIRD CONJUGATION EXERCISES.* cingo, deligo, perdo, rego, traho. 201. i. Rex populum cum lenitate rexerat. 2. Milites fugitivos cinxerint. 3. Arbores ex silvis ad flumen trahebantur. 4. Nonne judices a populo deli- gentur? 5. Princeps magna dimcultate cives urbis re- gebat. 6. Equus in pulvere hominem trahit. 7. Tem- pestas arbores floresque perdidit. 8. Classis ducis na- vibus hostium cincta erat. 9. Gens a principibus multis recta est. 10. Trahent rates in litus. 202. 1. We shall surround the camp of the enemy with soldiers. 2. The judges were chosen by the people. 3. The king ruled the people with great kindness. 4. They will have chosen a leader for the soldiers. 5. Does the king rule with severity? 6. The work of the car- penters had been destroyed by the storm. 7. The city will be surrounded with a wall. 8. The chief of the state will rule the tribes. 9. The soldiers had ruined all the crops. 10. The plough-shares will be dragged through the fields. EXERCISES, caedo, educo, quaero, relinquo, verto. 203. 1. Equites gladiis cives multos ceciderunt. 2. Opiniones ducum a rege quaerentur. 3. Hostes ad oppidum agmen vertunt. 4. Oppidani cum uxoribus a hostibus caesi erant. 5. Imperator milites ex castris educebat. 6. Equi in agros ab agricolis educuntur. 7. Legionem auxilio castris reliquemus. 8. Senex ad fiumen os vertit. 9. Multosne homines caedebant? 10. Mercatorcs carros in litore reliquerunt. *Study Rule of Syntax 22, page 36, THIRD CONJUGATION 103 204. i. The enemy had turned the ships toward the shore. 2. The old men will be left in the woods. 3. The soldiers have killed a multitude of the enemy. 4. The cattle are being led to the fields. 5. A legion was left as an aid to the townsmen. 6. Many sailors had been killed. 7. Will the enemy lead out many men? 8. The leader is seeking brave men on account of the dan- ger. 9. The enemy's fleet did not turn towards the shore. 10. All the senators and the nobility were killed. EXERCISES, elaudo, constituo, credo, parco, vivo.* 205. 1. Oppidani nocte portas oppidi claudent. 2. Constituimus tempus reditionis. 3. Nonne dux civibus liberisque parcet? 4. Responsum nuntii non creditum erat. 5. Caesar hominibus propter virtutem parcit. 6. Ratio pugnae a ducibus constituta est. 7. Portamturris contra hostes clausit. 8. Hiems floribus in agris non parcit. 9. Imperator civibus urbis crediderat. 10. Multae aves in arboribus oppidi vivunt. 206. 1. The commander will spare the children of the city. 2. The townsmen closed the gates of the town. 3. We live according to the customs of the time. 4. The gate of the tower has been closed by the guards. 5. The old men of the city had been spared by the enemy. 6. The judge determined the punishment of the robbers. 7. The centurion did not believe the soldiers. 8. Men live on the earth, but birds in the air. 9. A time for the surrender was determined by the leader. 10. The words of the woman were not believed by the men. *Study again Rule of Syntax 16, page 35. 104 THIRD CONJUGATION REVIEW EXERCISES.* 207. 1. Boni principes in civitate cives cum lenitate regent. 2. Imperator ex castris milites trans pontem duxit. 3. Nonne mulieres atque liberi in urbe a duce parsi sunt? 4. In magna humilitate pacem ab imperatore petivimus. 5. Brevis epistula ad consulem pro homine scripta erat. 6. Mittisne principibus civitatis auxilium? 7. Sine elassi navium magnarum Gallos non vincemus. 8. Films agricolae pecora in agros prope flumen egit. 9. Bellum longum a Roma atque a civitatibus Italiae geretur. 10. Pulchra urbs a multis civibus defende- batur. 11. Multitudo hostium a militibus in longo bello caesa erat. 12. Rex urbis omnes portas propter teme- ritatem civium claudet. 208. 1. The horsemen have killed a great number of men across the river. 2. All the gates of the city will be closed at night. 3. The brave soldiers had conquered the enemy with great difficulty. 4. The noble king ruled the people without difficulty on account of his gen- tleness. 5. Are the citizens waging war against the bold robbers? 6. The fierce animals had killed the faithful shepherd. 7. Prudent generals are leading the soldiers of Rome. 8. The child wrote the letter with great difficulty. 9. The city will be defended through the night by the king's horsemen. 10. The townsmen have closed all the large gates. 11. The children are sending the best flowers to a sick man. 12. The old men with eagerness sought peace on behalf of their wives and children. *Sttidy again Rule of Syntax 25, page 37. THIRD CONJUGATION 105 REVIEW EXERCISES.* 209. 1. Dux liberis in oppido ultra flumen parcet. 2. Magna classis Romanorum vento in litus cum celeritate acta est. 3. Senes cum difficultate turrem defendunt 4. Principes civitatis cum crudelitate regebant. 5 Multae epistulae de bello ad regem scriptae erant. 6 Geremus bellum marique terraque contra hostes. 7 Principes ad Caesarem legationem magnam miserunt 8. Equites celeribus equis milites hostium vincent. 9 Hostes a Caesare pacem non petiverant. 10. Consul a civibus saxis atque gladiis caedebatur. 11. Portae urbis propter bellum a consulibus clausae sunt. 12. Matres liberos in locum salutis cum celeritate ducunt. 210. 1. Within the memory of man such a cruel war had never been waged. 2. The men are seeking safety in swift flight. 3. The soldiers have driven the enemy into the marshes and the woods. 4. The fleet of the Romans was conquered by the ships of the Gauls. 5. The sick old man will be spared. 6. The gates had been quickly shut and the citizens armed for battle. 7. A few brave horsemen had been sent across the bridge into the enemy's country. 8. Is not the chief writing a letter to the king? 9. The wise proconsul will defend the cities of the province. 10. Many foot-men are being killed in the battle near the river. 11. We have led the soldiers with speed through the valley and the woods. 12. The Romans waged war with the Gauls for many years. *Study Rule of Syntax 21, page 37. 106 FOURTH CONJUGATION 211. FOURTH CONJUGATION. I-VERBS. Audio (root aud), to hear. PRINCIPAL PARTS: Audi6, audlre, audivi, audltum. INDICATIVE. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. PRESENT. audio, I hear, (am hearing, do) audior, I am heard (am being h.) audis, thou hear est. audlris (-re), thou art heard. audit, he hears. auditur, he is heard. audlmus, we hear. audfmur, ice are heard. audltis, you hear. audfmini, you are heard. audiunt, they hear. audiuntur, they are heard. IMPERFECT. audiebam, I heard, (was hear g) audiebar, / was heard. audiSbas, thou heardst. audiebaris (-re), thou wast heard. audiSbat, he heard. audiSbatur, he was heard. audi&bamus, we heard. audi§bamur, we were heard. audifibatis, you heard. audiebamini, you were heard. audiebant, they heard. audiSbantur, they were heard. FUTURE. audiam, / shall hear. audiar, / shall be heard. audies, thou wilt hear. audieris (-re), thou wilt be heard. audiet, he will hear. audiStur, he will be heard. audiemus, vje shall hear. audigmur, we shall be heard. audifitis, you will hear. . audieminl, you will be heard. audient, they will hear. audientur, they will be heard. PERFECT. audivl, / have heard. auditus ( sum, / have been heard. audivisti, thou hast heard. -a, -um \ es, thou hast beenheard_ audivit, he Jtas heard. ( est, he has been heard. audivimus, we have heard. auditl / sumus, we have been h. audlvistis, you have heard . -ae,-a - estis, you have been h. audiverunt (-re), they have heard. \ sunt, they have been h. FOURTH CONJUGATION 107 ACTIVE VOICE. PLUPERFECT. audiveram, / had heard. audit us audiveras, thou liadsl heard. -a, -um audlverat, he had heard. audiveramus, we had heard. audit! audiveratis, you had heard. -ae, -a audiverant, they had heard. PASSIVE VOICE i' eram, / had been heard. - eras, thou had si been h. ( erat, he had been heard, t eram us, we had beenh. ' erat is, you had been h. ( erant, they had been h. FUTURE audlvero, / shall have heard. audiveris, thou wilt have heard. audiverit, he will have heard. audiverimus, we shall have heard. audiveritis, you will have heard. audlverint, they will have heard. PERFECT. audltus ( er6, 1 shall have been h. -a, -um < eris, thou wilt have, etc. ' erit, he will have, etc. audit! / erimus, we shall h. , etc. -ae, -a ■] eritis, you will have, etc. ( erunt, they will h., etc. SUBJUNCTIVE.* PRESENT. audiam audi as audiat audiamus audiar audiatis audiaris (-re) audiant audiatur IMPERFECT. audiamur audiamini audiantur audirem audires audiret audirgmus audlrer audlretis audir&ris (-re) audlrent audlretur PERFECT. audiremur audlrfcmini audlrentur audiverim audiveris audiverit audiverimus audltus .' sim audiveritis -a,-um } sis audlverint ( sit PLUPERFECT. audit! ( simus -ae, -a-| sltis ( sint audivissem audlviss€s audivisset audlvissemus audltus , essem audlviss€tis -a, -um -J ess€s audivissent ( esset audit! ( essemus -ae,-a^ sesetis ' essent ♦Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the clauses in which they appear. 108 FOURTH CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE. audi, hear thou. audite, hear ye. audito, thou shalt hear. audito, he shall hear. auditote, ye shall hear. audiunto, they shall hear. PRESENT. audire, be thou heard. audlmini, be ye heard. FUTURE. auditor, thou shalt be heard. auditor, he shall be heard. audiuntor, they shall be heard. INFINITIVE. PRES. audire, to hear. audlrl, to be heard. PERF. audivisse, to have heard, auditus esse, to have been heard. FUT. auditurus esse, to be auditum Irl, to be about to be about to hear. heard. PARTICIPLES. PRES. audiens, -entis, hearing. FUT. auditurus, -a, -um, about GER. audiendus, -a, -um, to be to hear. heard. : PERF. auditus, -a, -um, having been heard. GERUND. G. audiendi, of hearing. D. audiendo, for hearing. Ac. audiendum, hearing. Ab. audiendo, by hearing. These forms are used as nouns. J Ac. auditum, to hear. SUPINE. Ab. audltu, to be heard. FOURTH CONJUGATION 109 212. SOME VERBS OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. Principal Parts. Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. , Per}. Ind. P. P. P. N* Meaning. aperio aperire aperuT apertum — to disclose audio audire audivi auditum — to hear comperio comperire comperT compertum — to discover consentio consentire consensT consensum — to agree convenio con venire convenT conventum — to come together custodio custodlre custodivT custoditum — to guard defmio defmire defimvi defmitum — to appoint evenio evenire even! eventum — to happen exhaurio exhaurire exhausi exhaustum ■ — to carry off expedio expedlre expedivT expedltum — to extricate finio flnlre finivi finitum — to limit impedio impedire impedivi impeditum — to impede invenio invenlre inveni inventum — to find mollio mollire mollivi mollitum — to soften munio munire munivi niiinitum — to fortify pervenio pervenire perveni perventum — to arrive at praesentic praesentire praesensi praesenstini — to find out reperio reperire repperT repertum — to discover sentio sentire sensT sensum — to perceive servio servire servivi servitum — to be a slave subvenio subvemre subveni subventum — to com ; to aid venio venire venl ventum — to come vestio vestlre vestivT vestitum — to clothe vincio vinclre vinx! vinctum — to bind ^Perfect Passive Participle, neuter. 110 FOURTH CONJUGATION 21. PRACTICE ON AUDIO. Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each form and translate wherever possible.* i. audls 2. audi vi 3. audiverit 4. audlveram 5. audiam 21. audio 22. audiamur 23. audi as 24. auditus es 25. audiens 6. auditus essem 26. audiuntor 7. audior 8. audiri 41. audi 42. audiebas 43. audiunto 44. audit! erunt 45. auditis 46. audiverunt 27. auditus erat 47. audit! eramus 28. aud!veris 48. auditus esse 9. audientur 10. aud!te 11. audiant 12. aud!vistis 13. audrto 14. audiebamin! 15. audiet 16. audft! essetis 17. aud!remur 18. audiebar- 19. aud!tum 20. aud!retur 29. aud!tum !r! 30. audit! sint 31. aud!verant 32. aud!verimus 52. a.udieris 33. audit! s!tis 53. aud!visse 49. audiebamur 50. audiris 51. audivissemus 34. aud!mur 35. aud!rent 36. aud!veratis 37. audiantur 38. audiunt 39. aud!vissent 40. audiemus 54. audiebaris 55. auditus sim 56. audias 57. auditu 58. aud!ti sumus 59. audiebatis 60. aud!re *Subjnnctive forms take their meanings from the eontexk FOURTH CONJUGATION Ml 214. PRACTICE ON AUDIO. Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each form and translate. 1. he has heard. 31. he had been heard. 2. he will hear. 32. thou hast heard. 3. he will have been heard. 33. we shall have heard. 4. you had been heard. 34. we are heard. 5. they will have been heard . 35. to be heard. 6. thou wilt hear. 36. we have been heard. 7. be ye heard. 37. we hear. 8. he has been heard. 38. he will have heard. 9. he heard. 39. thou hast been heard 10. you hear. 40. I had heard. 11. we have heard. 41. they hear. 12. to hear. 42. you will be heard. 13. they will have heard. 43. he was heard. 14. for hearing. 44. he shall hear. 15. they heard. 45. they had heard. 16. thou wast heard. 46. he will be heard. 17. I am heard. 47. you had heard. 18. they will hear. 48. he is heard. 19. they have been heard. 49. they have heard. 20. to have heard. 50. hear thou. 21. hearing. 51. I shall hear. 22. I shall be heard. 52. of hearing. 23. we shall be heard. 53. thou wilt have heard 24. you will hear. 54. he hears. 25. we heard. 55. they are heard. 26. I shall have been heard. 56. ye shall hear. 27. he had heard. 57. I was heard. 28. hear ye. 58. I had been heard. 29. we were heard. 59. they were heard. 30. being about to hear. 60. be thou heard. 112 FOURTH CONJUGATION EXERCISES, aperio, convenio, impedio, munio, venio. 215. 1. Regi conjurationem turpem aperiemus. 2. Mulieres liberique in litore fluminis convenerunt. 3. Multa oppida Italiae ab oppidanis munita sunt. 4. Veniebantne in nocte legiones fortes imperatoris? 5. Fortis homo difncultatibus operis impediebatur. 6. Nuntius regis in urbem venit. 7. Scelus viri civibus multis apertum est. 8. Tempestates atque hostes iter cohortum non impe diver ant. 9. Oppidum novum valli- bus firmis non munivisti. 10. Nautae in puppi navis conveniunt. 216. 1. Caesar fortified the camp with a large number of faithful guards. 2. The legions were impeded by trees and swamps in the woods. 3. The Roman general and the ambassadors of the Gauls will come together. 4. The plans of the Roman general were disclosed to the enemy. 5. Many soldiers are coming to the tent of Caesar. 6. We shall fortify the city with high walls. 7. During the night the enemy came together before the town. 8. The horsemen had come to the gate of the new city. 9. The senators will come together in Rome.* EXERCISES, audio, expedio, pervenio. servio, vincio. 217. 1. Legatus bona verba regis audiebat. 2. Legio nova ad altum flumen pervenerat. 3. Servi ex palu- dibus magnas essedas expedient. 4. Senex domino cru- deli serviebat. 5. Equi multi ab equitibus non vincti erant. 6. Milites benigna verba senis audiverant. 7. Prima luce legiones Caesaris ad litus planum perve- nerunt. 8. Equites Romanorum carros e lacu non expediverant. 9. Audaces latrones in silvis viros vinx- erunt. 10. Sermo hominum ab exploratore audiebatur. *Study Rule of Syntax 33, page 38. FOURTH CONJUGATION 113 218. i. The king had heard the cruel words of the centurion. 2. The ships of the merchants have not arrived. 3. The spies were bound with ropes by the soldiers. 4. We shall not be slaves to the enemy. 5. The brave messenger arrived at the bridge at day-break. 6. The old man had been a slave to a noble Roman. 7. Have you not heard the noble response of the com- mander? 8. I did not hear the conversation of the horsemen. 9. The enemy bound the leader and the horsemen. 10. The slave hears the voice of the old man. EXERCISES, consentio, custodio, evenio, invenio, subvenio.* 219. 1. Milites cum imperatore de proelio non con- sentiebant. 2. Difficultates multae in bello atque in pace eveniunt. 3. In brevi tempore legio defensoribus subvenerat. 4. Exploratores a duce cum cura custo- diebantur. 5. In oppido viros multos et fortes invenie- mus. 6. Imperator atque cives de bello consenserunt. 7. Omnia non evenerunt ut expectavimus. 8. Nonne equites oppidanis defessis subvenient? 9. Periculis belli liberos non custodiebas. 10. In oppido pauci homines nobiles inveniebantur. 220. 1. The old men and the children will be guarded by the horsemen. 2. The death of the consul happened last month. 3. The men have found a spy in the city. 4. All the leaders agreed concerning the war. 5. You have guarded the fortress w T ith great bravery. 6. The horsemen had come to the aid of the foot-soldiers. 7. Does not the general agree with the leaders? 8. Many things happen contrary to our expectation. 9. We shall come to the aid of the brave defenders. *Subvenio; Study Rule of Syntax 12, page 34. 114 FOURTH CONJUGATION REVIEW EXERCISES. 221. i. Miles fontem aquae in ariclo loco invenit. 2. Castra aggeribus atque fossis muniebantur. 3. Nomi- na conjuratorum regi aperta sunt. 4. Milites regis funibus latrones vinxerunt. 5. Imperator in fines hostium cum copiis pervenerat. 6. Nonne cum equitibus regi sub- venies? 7. Calones carris impedimentisque impedie- bantur. 8. Senatores togis longis et pulchris vestiti erant. 9. Post bellum longum Galli Romanis servie- bant. 10. Socii in bello Romanis non subvenerant. 11. Omnes cum militibus navibusque conveniemus. 12. Nautae et milites de consilio consentient. 13. Multa oppida Italiae a militibus Romanis custodiuntur. 14. Nonne sermonem senis audiebas? 222. 1. The camp-followers were clothed in old garments. 2. She was a slave to the wife of the Roman general. 3. The bad condition of the enemy's fleet had been disclosed to the general. 4. The good friend of the consul came with a legion of brave soldiers. 5. The general will fortify the old town with a high wall. 6. A large fleet will arrive at the island before night. 7. All the leaders do not agree about the return of the fleet. 8. The men heard an outcry in the solitude of the woods. 9. He has not come to aid the guards at the bridge. 10. The man will guard the wagons with great care. 11. The work of the soldiers was impeded by the sallies of the enemy. 12. All the ships of the Roman fleet are gath- ering together in one place. 13. A large supply of food was found in the fortress of the city. 14. The spy had tied his horse to a tree in the woods. FOURTH CONJUGATION II') REVIEW EXERCISES. 223. I. Prima luce hospites regis venient. 2. Iter copiarum Romanarum montibus tluminibusque impe- diebatur. 3. Mulieres liberosque urbis custodio. 4. Multi milites custodibus pontis subvenerunt. 5. De poena viri omnes judices non consentiebant. 6. Locus hostium fumo aperiebatur. 7. Centurio sacerdotem templi Jovis vinxerat. 8, Nonne senatores vestibus pulchris vestiebantur? 9. Cives in nive virum inve- nerunt. 10. Remiges magistro navis serviunt. 11. Nocte secunda imperator Romanus cum legionibus pervenit. 12. Locus a civibus munitus erat. 13. Verba legati non audiebam. 14. Omnes milites causa belli conveniunt. 224. 1. The camp-followers had disclosed the hiding- place of the spies. 2. A legion is coming to the aid of the general. 3. The condition of the roadway impeded the march of the cohort. 4. At night he tied the horse to a large oak tree. 5. The judges have not agreed con- cerning the new laws. 6. The hill had been fortified on all sides by the Gauls. 7. The large new chariot of the king has not yet come. 8. A legion of soldiers is guard- ing the booty of the battle. 9. The children have found beautiful flowers in the valley. 10. The farmers came together from the fields into the city. 11. A multitude of people will hear Cicero's oration. 12. The brave son of the king had arrived with the horsemen. 13. The noble man was a slave to a cruel master. 14. We shall clothe the children in beautiful new clothes. 116 FOURTH DECLENSION FOURTH DECLENSION. 225. The stem ends in u. 226. Gender. — Most nouns is us are masculine, those in u are neuter.* Example. Singular. senatus, the senate. senatus, of the senate. senatui, to, for the senate. senatum, the senate. senatii Plural. senatus, senates. senatuum, of senates. senatibus, to, for senates. senatus, senates. senatibus Example. Singular. cornu, a wing. cornus, of a wing. cornu, to, for a wing. cornu, a wing. cornu Plural. cornua, wings. cornuum, of wings. cornibus, to, for wings. cornua, wings. cornibus 229. NOTE. — The following nouns have ubus in the dative and the ablative plural : artus, joint; partus, birth; portus, harbor; tribus, tribe; verti, a spit; and two-syllable words in cus. 230. Domus, house, is partly second declension and partly fourth declension. 22 7. Case Endings. Singular. N.V. ... .us G. ... .us D. Ul (u) Ac. . . . .urn Ab. . . . .u Plural. N.V. ... .us G. . . . .uum D. . . . .ibus (ubus) Ac. ... .us Ab. .... ibus (ubus) 228. Case Endings. Singular. N.V. . . . .u G. ... .us D. . . . .u Ac. . . . .u Ab. . . . .u Plural. N.V. . . . .ua G. . . . .uum D. . . . .ibus (ubus) Ac. . . . .ua Ab. .... ibus (ubus) Singular. Plural. N.V. domus domus G. domus (domi, loc.) domuum (domorum) D. domui (domo) domibus Ac. domum domos (domus) Ab. domo (domii) domibus *The following nouns are feminine: acus, anus, colus, domus, Idus, manus, nurus, porticus, socrus, tribus. FOURTH DECLENSION 117 231. VOCABULARY. adventus, M., arrival manus, M. hand conatus, M. attempt metus, M. fear consessus, M. eon sent passus, M. step, pace consulates, M. consulship portus, M. harbor conventus, M. assembly senates, M. senate equitatus, M. cavalry tumultus, M. tumult exercitus, M. army vultus, M. countenance impetus, M . attack cornu, N . wing (of army) lacus, M. lake genu, N. knee magistrates, M. magistrate veru, N. a spit EXERCISES. 232. 1. Naves in portu a civibus captae sunt. 2. Metus populi adventu militum augebatur. 3. Caesar impetum hostium coercuit. 4. Bellum consensu om- nium indictum erat. 5. Exercitus Romanus impetum hostium non exspectabat. 6. Dux in cornu sinistro equitatum instruxit. 7. Lacus ab oppido quinque milia passuum abest. 8. Miles in manu dextra gladium tenebat. 9. Tumultus magnus in urbe est propter crudelitatem magistrates. 10. Homo in genu vulne- ratus erat. 233. 1. On the arrival of the general the senate was called together. 2. The horsemen await the attack on the shore of the lake. 3. For many hours the cavalry- had driven the fugitives. 4. The assembly has ordered new weapons for the army. 5. On their knees the ambassadors begged for peace. 6. The magistrates have seen the ships in the harbor. 7. They tied the hands of all the captives. 8. The man's countenance was pale from fear. 9. The water in the lake is clear. 10. At night the army encamped near the town. 118 FIFTH DECLENSION FIFTH DECLENSION. 234. The stem ends in e. 235.— Gender. — Feminine (except dies, day, masc ? ) N.V G. D. Ac. Ab. 236. Case endings. Plur. . . es Sing. es el el em e erum ebus es ebus Example. Sing. Plur. dies dies die! diSrum die! diebus diem dies die diebus 237- acies, F. line 0} battle dies, M . day fides, F. pledge meridies, M. noon mollities, F. softness VOCABULARY. pernicies, F. ruin planities, F. plain res, F. event species, F. sight spes, F. hope res piiblica, F. republic. EXERCISES. 238. 1. Virtus hominum spe praemiorum magnorum aucta est. 2. .In tribus diebus cum equis equitibusque veniam. 3. Romani non magnam spem victoriae ha- bent. 4. Imperator copias collegit atque meridie proe- lium commisit. 5. Mollities vestis principi Gallico placuit. 6. Die quinto consul ad urbem perveniet. 7. Hostes in acie ante portas urbis instructi erant. 8. Meridie Caesar in planitiem milites ducet. 9. Consul rem publicam e manibus conjuratorum sumpsit. 10. In aestate longi, in hieme breves sunt dies. FIFTH DECLENSION 119 239. i. At midday the army arrived at the town. 2. The general has drawn up a line of battle on the plain near the river. 3. The next day the forces pitched camp near the gates of the city. 4. The pledges of the king had been fulfilled by the soldiers. 5. Such events will bring ruin to the state. 6. The people of the republic have obtained pledges from the consul. 7. On account of the number of men the leaders had great hope of victory. 8. There was great destruction of property by the robbers. 9. The ships in the harbor were a beautiful sight. 10. The inhabitants of the neighboring towns had gathered on the plain. REVIEW EXERCISES. [fourth and fifth declensions.] 240. 1. Equitatus Caesaris in urbe tumultum com- movit. 2. Exercitum in planitiem non mittemus. 3. In genibus magistatus civibus pacem petiverunt. 4. Proximo die conventus a consule convocabatur. 5. Homines urbis victoribus fides dederunt. 6. Meridie sol in medio caeli stabat. 7. Magnus metus custodes castrorum opprimebat. 8. ' Domus legati in paucis diebus occupabitur. 9. Remiges magna celeritate trans lacum lintres agebant. 241. 1. The sight of the cavalry in line of battle pleased the children. 2. The affairs of the state had fallen into the hands of wicked men. 3. The ships of the enemy will not remain in the harbor many days. 4. The tumult in the city has disturbed the senate. 5. The soldiers placed the meat on spits over the fire. 6. On the arrival of the senate the people were silent. 7. The army moved the camp into the plain. 8. The left wing of the cavalry was routed by the enemy. 120 THIRD CONJUGATION 242. THIRD CONJUGATION. 10— VERBS. Capio (root cap), to take. Principal Parts: capio, capere, cepi, captum. INDICATIVE. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. PRESENT, capio, I take, {am taking, do) capior, I am taken {am being t.) capis, thou takest. capit, he takes. capimus, we take. capitis, you take. capiunt, they take. caperis (-re), thou art taken. capitur, he is taken. capimur, we are taken. capimini, you are taken. capiuntur, they are taken. IMPERFECT capiebam, / took {ujas taking). capiebar, / was taken capiebas, thou tookest. capiebat, he took. capiebamus, we took. capiebatis, you took. capiebant, they took. capiebaris (-re), thou wast taken. capiebatur, he was taken. capiebamur, we were taken. capiebamini, you were taken. capiebantur, they were taken. capiam, capieSj / shall take, thou wilt take. capiet, he will take. capiemus, we shall take. capietis, you will take. capient, they will take. FUTURE. capiar, / shall be taken. capieris (-re), thou wilt be taken. capietur, he will be taken. capiemur, we shall be taken. capieminl, you will be taken. capientur, they will be taken. PERFECT. cepi, / have taken. cepisti, thou hast taken. cepit, he has taken. cepimus, we have taken. cepistis, you have taken. ceperunt, (-re) they have taken. captus t sum, / have been taken. -a, -urn -| es, thou hast been taken. ( est, he has been taken. captl / sumus, we have been t. -ae, -a -, estis, you have been t, ( sunt, they have been t. THIRD CONJUGATION 121 ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. PLUPERFECT. ceperam, / had taken. ceperas, thou hadst taken. ceperat, he had taken. ceperamus, we had taken. ceperatis, you had taken. ceperant, they had taken. captus i eram, / had been taken -a, -um -n eras, thou hadst been t. \ erat, he had been taken . capti ( eramus, we had been t. -ae, -a \ eratis, you had been t. erant, they had been t. cepero, I shall have taken. ceperis, thou wilt have taken. ceperit, he will have taken. ceperimus, we shall have taken ceperitis, you will have taken. ceperint, they will have taken. FUTURE PERFECT. captus t ero, I shall have been t -a, -um -' eris, thou wilt have, etc. \ erit, he will have, etc. capti t erimus, we shall have, etc. -ae, -a-; eritis, you will have, etc. \ erunt, they will have, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE* PRESENT. capiam capias capiat caperem caperes caperet cepenm ceperis ceperit cepissem cepisses cepisset capiamus capiatis capiant capiar capiaris (-re) capiatur IMPERFECT. caperemus caperetis caperent caperer capereris (-re) caperetur ceperimus ceperitis ceperint PERFECT. captus capiamur capiamini capiantur caperemur caperemini caperentur PLUPERFECT. cepissemus cepissetis cepissent captus -a c essem capti i essemus ] esses -ae,-a^ ( esset ( -ae,-a-j essetis essent *Sttbiunctive forms take their meanings from the clauses in which they appear. 122 THIRD CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. IMPERATIVE. PRESENT. cape, take thou. capere, be thou taken. capite, take ye. capimini, be ye taken. FUTURE. capito, thou shalt take. capitor, thou shalt be taken. capito, he shall take. capitor, he shall be taken. capitote, you shall take. capiunto, they shall take. capiuntor, they shall be taken. INFINITIVE. PRES. capere, to take. capi, to be taken. PERF. cepisse, to have taken. captus esse, to have been taken. FUT. capturus esse, to be about to take. captum iri, to be about to be taken. PARTICIPLES. PRES. capiens, -entis, taking. ■ FUT. capturus, -a, -um, about GER. capiendus, -a, -um, to be to take. taken. PERF. captus, -a, -um, having been taken. GERUND. G. capiendi, of taking. D. capiendd, for taking. These forms are Ac. capiendum, taking. used as nouns. Ab. capiendo, by taking. SUPINE. Ac. captum, to take. Ab. captu, to be taken. THIRD CONJUGATION 123 243. SOME VERBS IN "10" OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. Pres. hid . Pres. Inf. Per). Ind. P. P. P.N .* Meaning. accipio accipere accepT acceptum — to receive capio capere cepi captum — to take, seize conficio conficere confecT confectum — -to accomplish conicio conicere conjeci conjectum — to throw together c6nspicio conspicere conspexT conspectum — to perceive cupio cupere cupivi (if ) cupitum — to desire despicio despicere despexi despectum — to look down diripio diripere diripui dire p turn — to plunder efficio efficere effeci e flee turn — to produce effugio effugere effugi effugitum — to flee out eicio eicere ejeci ejectum — to cast out, up eripio eripere eripui ereptum — to tear out facio facere feci factum — to make, do fugio fugere fugi fugitum — to flee interficio interficere interfeci interfectum — to slay obicio obicere objeci objectum — to throw against pario parere peperT par turn — to procure patefacio patefacere patefeci patefactum — to lay open percipiO percipere percepT perceptum — to take in perficiO perficere perfecT perfectum — to finish proficio proficere pro feci profectum —to advance recipio recipere recepi receptum — to take back re fugio refugere refugi refugitum — to flee back respicio respicere respexi respectum — to look back suscipio suscipere suscepi susceptum — to undertake suspicio suspicere suspexi suspectum — to suspect ^Perfect Passive Participle, neuter* 124 THIRD CONJUGATION 244. PRACTICE ON CAPIO. Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each form and translate wherever possible.* 1. capio 2. capies 3. ceperunt 4. captus eris 5. cepissent 6. capiebar 7. capiantur 8. capiens 9. capti sunt 10. capiebat 11. captus esset 12. capiant 13. capite 14. cepisti 15. captus es 16. ceperas 17. cape 18. capiunt 19. capere 20. caperent 21. capiebantur 41. captus est 22. capitor 42. captu 23. capti sumus 43. capiebatis 24. caperis 25. capietur 26. ceperim 27. ceperit 28. capiemini 29. caperer 30. ceperint 31. capiat 32. cepi 33. capito 34. capient 35. cepisset 36. capti erunt 37. capit 38. cepisse 39. ceperat 44. captus esse 45. capitis 46. caperes 47. capti essent 48. capiuntor 49. cepimus 50. ceperimus 51. capias 52. captum 53. ceperant 54. capimur 55. captus erit 56. cepissemus 57. caperemur 58. capiebatur 59. cepistis 40. captus essem 60. capti essetis * Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. TiriRD CONJUGATION 125 245. PRACTICE ON CAPIO. Give the mood, tense, voice, number and person of each form and translate. 1. we took. 31. 2. be thou taken. 32. 3. he will be taken. 33. 4. you take. 34. 5. they have taken. 35. 6. he will take. 36. 7. to take. 37. 8. we shall take. 38. 9. thou wilt be taken. 39. 10. I shall be taken. 40. 11. he takes. 41. 12. I shall have been taken. 42. 13. you took. 43. 14. they will be taken. 44. 15. we take. 45. 16. taking. 46. 17. be ye taken 47. 18. we are taken. 48. 19. they shall be taken. 49. 20. you are taken. 50. 21. he is taken. 51. 22. take ye. 52. 23. he has taken. 53. 24. he took. 54. 25. thou wilt take. 55. 26. they have been taken. 56. 27. he will be taken. 57. 28. for taking. 58. 29. you were taken. 59. 30. he was taken. 60. they had been taken. we shall be taken. to be taken. thou wilt have taken. they will take. he had taken. they will be taken. I have taken. they are taken. he shall be taken. I had taken. he has been taken. of taking. we had taken. to have taken. we have taken. thou hast taken I took. I shall have taken. he has been taken. I have been taken. I take. you had taken. we shall have been taken take thou. I shall take. they had taken. he shall take. we were taken. they were taken. 126 THIRD CONJUGATION EXERCISES. 246. 1. Servi fugitivi prope pontem veterem capti sunt. 2. Feminae' timidae in arcem fugient. 3. Aeger servus a magistro crudeli e domicilio eiciebatur. 4. Viri ab equitibus effugiebant. 5. Rex nobilis a turpibus conjuratis interfectus erat. 6. Omnia facinora hominis ab oratore patefacientur. 7. Legatus fidelis magno honore accipitur. 8. In silvas refrigerant. 9. Fugi- tivus defessus ab ira acerba imperatoris effugit. 10. Certa oppida provinciae non direpta sunt. 247. 1. The bold slave will seize the master's money. 2. The conspiracy of the wicked soldiers was not sus- pected by the kind general. 3. Many wagons full of fodder will be procured for the army. 4. The citizens are fleeing out from the city into the woody mountains. 5. The famous leaders have undertaken an embassy to the states. 6. An unknown man had been captured in the woods. 7. We shall cast up a rampart around the camp. 8. The cause of peace had been advanced by the old man. 9. Have you not accomplished the work? 248. 1. Puer fortunatus in pugna non vulnus accep- erat. 2. Cives multi a tyranno interfecti sunt. 3. Fugiebantne viri cum uxoribus atque liberis? 4. Opus in paucis diebus a servo perito perficietur. 5. Sus- cipietne pensum difficile? 6. Puer a laeto parente receptus est. 7. Magna multitudo Helvetiorum trans flumen refugerunt. 8. Sociis injuriam magnam fecisti. 9. Ex flammis puer ereptus erat. 10. Agmen magna eeleritate proficit. 249. STUDY RULES OF SYNTAX 19, PAGE 35. THIRD CONJUGATION 127 EXERCISES. 250. 1. Huge stones and many weapons were hurled against* the enemy. 2. The enemy had seized the mountain during the night. 3. The strong rowers were eager for the contest. 4. The weak townsmen had been despised by the soldiers. 5. The danger of the Roman women has been perceived by the men. 6. Do you espy the camp of the Romans in the valley? 7. The plan of war is being carried out with great skill. 8. The treachery of the scouts has been laid open to the Romans. 9. The sailors will flee at the approach of the horsemen. 251. 1. Equites res necessarias exercitui non pepe- rerant. 2. Omne indicium a Cicerone consule pate- faciebatur. 3. Custodes latrones audaces in carcerem conicient. 4. Helvetii in montes altos refugiunt. 5. Agger magnus hostibus obicitur.* 6. Eques ad flumen atque trans pontem fugit. 7. Argentum a mercatoribus recipietur. 8. Iter longum sine multa mora confectum erat. 9. Servum diu suspiciebam. 10. Nonne comes regis pilo interficiebatur? 252. 1. We have not captured the baggage and horses of the cavalry. 2. The work is being carried on with little delay. 3. I am fleeing on account of the number of the horsemen. 4. The cavalry had fled back to camp without the leader. 5. Peace will be made with the brave men of the province. 6. The merchant's wish was carried out by the son. 7. The captive birds long for the freedom of the country. 8. The sharp sword had been torn out of the hands of the robber. 9. A great number of the enemy has been captured. * Sec Rule 1 2. page 34. 128 THIRD CONJUGATION EXERCISES. 253. 1. Tela utilia bello a Romanis capta sunt. 2. Iter difficile in carris conficitur. 3. Mulieres liberique fugiunt. 4. Defensores fortes flammis e castro ejecti erant. 5. In brevi spatio temporis aquila fugam confecerit. 6. Nonne imperator vetus turpitudinem viri suspiciebat? 7. Miles turpis ab omnibus despiciebatur. 8. In spe salutis ad ripam fluminis refugeramus. 9. Captivi e carcere erepti sunt. 10. Omnes civitates in condicio- nem vectigalium accipientur. 254. 1. The magistrate will disclose the boldness of the robber. 2. Many towns and villages have been plundered during the year. 3. The slaves of the town are being slain by order of the victor. 4. We shall not despise the weak and the sick. 5. Caesar is making peace with all the Helvetians. 6. A delay will be caused by the heavy storm. 7. The ships of the Romans had been perceived by the guard. 8. The sick soldier was desiring food and water. 9. After the battle the enemy had plundered the camp of the Romans. 10. Was the noble king captured in the battle? 255. 1. Novum imperatorem exercitui cupimus. 2. Suspiciemini conjurationis contra rem publicam. 3. Multae difficultates hostibus objectae erant. 4. Inter- pres pactum cum Romanis effecerit. 5. Desertores per noctem fugerunt. 6. Prima luce ab equitibus celeribus capiebantur. 7. Dux cum paucis militibus e proelio effugerat. 8. Parietisne magnam copiam gladiorum acrium? 9. Latrones a mercatoribus fortibus despici- untur. 10. Vir legatus factus est. THIRD CONJUGATION 129 EXERCISES. 256. 1. The fort and the town have been plundered. 2. The new messenger of the king is effecting a union. 3. Will a truce be made by our king with the enemy? 4. The ornaments and wealth of the temple are being taken. 5. The legions were laying open the road to Rome. 6. Has the slave been suspected of fraud and baseness? 7. By noon the army had not reached the town. 8. An excellent plan of war has been produced for the king. 9. The men had escaped to the river and were standing on the bridge. 10. Flee with your men to the fortress! 257. 1. Propter arrogantiam ex urbe ejecti sunt. 2. Pauci equites in oppidum refugerunt. 3. Senes oppidi non a orincipe interficientur. 4. Bellum longum in Gallia a Caesare perfectum est. 5. Pauci nostrorum equitum multitudinem hostium capiunt. 6. Rex vetus ab oppidanis multa dona pulchra acceperat. 7. In paucis annis urbs a Romanis perficiebatur. 8. Puerum ex bracchiis patris eripuit. 9. Iter longum a sociis per silvam confectum est. 10. Pensum ingens perfecit. 258. 1. The horsemen of the enemy had fled from the place. 2. Was peace made with the Romans by your king? 3. The spies were perceived behind the trees by the soldiers. 4. On the way to the fort the leader looked back. 5. The documents have been written up by the scribe. 6. The citizens have not secured pardon by the gifts. 7. They are taking away food and drink from the captive man. 8. The king and his companions will flee. 9. Many soldiers had been captured after the battle. 10. The queen was receiving many gifts. 130 REVIEW 259- VOCABULARY REVIEW. Give the meaning of each of the following words. Give the declension and gender of each noun. 1. audio 3i. genu 61. audax 2. dedo 32. servio 62. fugio 3. acies 33- acer 63. domus 4. venio 34- ago 64. clemens 5. ingens 35- invenio 65. gero 6. accipio 36. brevis 66. locus 7. fides 37- capio 67. cognosco 8. vincio 38. spes 68. celer 9, alacer 39- veru 69. perficio 10. dlco 40. caedo 70. levis 11. difficilis 41. equester 7i. convenio 12. munio 42. conficio 72. exercitus 13. dies 43- potens 73. peto 14. adventus 44. vinco 74. facio 15. efncio 45- meridies 75- velox 16. suscipio 46. conatus 76. refugio 17. impetus 47- cingo 77- facilis 18. recipio 48. impedio 78. suspicio 19. consulatus 49. equitatus 79. cado 20. perdo 50. defendo 80. conventu 21. manus 5i. vultus 81. navalis 22. eripio 52. omnis 82. claudo 23. metus 53. interficio 83. gravis 24. dtico 54. rego 84. mitto 25. quaero 55- passus 85. pervenio 26. fidelis 56. scribo 86. tumultus 27. planities 57- tristis 87. fortis 28. subvenio 58. sentio 88. reperio 29. portus 59. res 89. cornu 30. senatus 60. utilis 90. vestio REVIEW 131 260. VOCABULARY REVIEW. Give the Latin form for each of the following words. 1. to say 3i. keen 61. place 2. to destroy 32. powerful 62. to flee back 3- senate 33- to slay 63. tumult 4. to kill 34- house 64. pledge 5. to defend 35- to seek 65. attack 6. useful 36. heavy 66. plain 7. nimble 37. to come 67. to capture 8. assembly 38. arrival 68. to surround 9. to clothe 39- to lead 69. said 10. to hear 40. to drive 70. to learn 11. difficult 41. to conquer 7i. easy 12. hand 42. to rule 72. brave 13. knee 43- merciful 73- to bind 14. equestrian 44. to do 74- to take back 15- countenance 45. to send 75- to come to aid 16. bold 46. huge 76. hope 17. come together 47. to produce 77. to impede 18. naval 48. to question 78. to feel 19. to surrender 49- to find 79. rapid 20. to fortify 50. midday 80. to suspect 21. to snatch awaysi. step 81. to discover 22. to serve 52. to carry on 82. eager 23. to accomplish 53- swift 83. consulship. 24. all 54- to arrive at 84. harbor 25- to flee 55. to receive 85. a spit 26. army 56. to undertake 86. cavalry 27. to shut 57- faithful 87. thing. 28. line of battle 58. short 88. to finish 29. day 59- attempt 89. to fall 30. fear 60. to write 90. horn 132 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 26l. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. Nullus, no one. Singular. Plural. Masc. Fem. Neut Masc. Fem. Neut. N. nullus nulla nullum nulli nullae nulla G. nullius nulllus nulllus nullorum nullarum nullorum D. null! null! nulli nullis nullis nullis Ac. nullum nullam nullum null 6s nullas nulla Ab. nullo nulla nullo nullis nullis nullis NOTE: The declension is like that of bonus except lus (gen. sing.) and 1 (dat. sing.) 262. Decline like nullus : alius-a-ud, one, another. nullus-a-um, no one. solus-a-um, alone. totus-a-um, whole. ullus-a-um, any. unus,-a-um, only. 263. Neuter, neither of two. Singular. Masc. Fem. Neut. N. neuter neutra neutrum G. neutrius neutrius neutrius D. neutri neutri neutri Ac. neutrum neutram neutrum Ab. neutro neutra neutro Ma.sc. Plural. Fem. Neut. neutri neutrae neutra neutrorum neutrarum neutrorum neutris neutris neutris neutros neutras neutri neutris neutris neutris 264. Decline like neuter: alter, altera, aXterum r the one, the other. neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither (of two). uter, utra, utrum, which (of two). uterque, utraque, utrumque, each (of two). IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 133 EXERCISES. 265. 1. Imperator solus in puppi navis stabat. 2. Dux utrique legioni signum dabit. 3. Multi milites nulla tela habuerunt. 4. Pons ab equite uno defensus erat. 5. Arbores totius silvae tempestate deletae sunt. 6. Nex ducis unius totam urbem servavit. 7. Explora- toresne ulli a viris capiebantur? 8. Uter imperator victoriam reportavit? 9. Alii nautae in litore alii in navibus sunt. 10. Neutrique imperatori subveniemus. 266. 1. The women were alone in the tower. 2. No ship of the enemy has been seen by the spies. 3. The one man had a sword, the other a javelin. 4. The men of the whole province are defending the city. 5. The master gave each boy a beautiful book. 6. The work of neither consul will be praised by the citizens. 7. Which man have you sent? 8. The soldiers conquered through valor alone. 9. The whole state had been roused by the war. 10. Some were wounded, others were killed. 267. 1. Nullus cibus equis in carro est. 2. Quies sola equites defessos recreabit. 3. Alius homo cibum, alius aquam viro aegro dedit. 4. Roborane ulla sunt in silva? 5. Vir solus iter fecit. 6. Timor solus hos- tium virum defessum urgebat. 7. Uterque orator ora- tionem formosam habuit. 8. Magister totum opus discipuli laudavit. 9. Alter gladius longus alter brevis erat. 10. In neutraque parte salus erit. 134 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 268. An Adjective may be compared by changing its ending. Ex. — durus, hard; durior, harder; durissimus, hardest. 269. To compare an adjective take the masc. abl. sing., drop the end vowel; then add ior to form the comparative degree and issimus to form the superlative degree. POSITIVE. durus, hard. [duro]t nSbilis, noble, [nobili] audax, bold, [audace] COMPARATIVE. M. F. N. durior, -ius* nobilior, -ius audacior,-ius SUPERLATIVE. durissimus nobilissimus audacissimus 270. Adjectives in er [nom. sing, masc] add rimus, [not issi- mus] to the positive degree in order to form the superlative degree. POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. M. F. N. liber, free, [libero] liberior, -ius liberrimus aeger, sick, [aegro] aegrior, -ius aegerrimus acer, eager, [acri] acrior, -ius acerrimus 271. Six adjectives in lis have limus in the superlative degree. POSITIVE. facilis, easy, [facili] difficilis, difficult, [difricili] similis, like, [simili] dissimilis, unlike, [dissimili] humilis, low. [humili] gracilis, graceful, [gracili] COMPARATIVE. M. F. N. facilior, -ius difficilior,-ius similior, -ius dissimilior, -ius humilior, -ius gracilior, -ius SUPERLATIVE. facillimus difficillimus simillimus dissimillimus humillimus gracillimus 272. Six adjectives have irregular forms in comparison. POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. M. F. N. bonus, good. melior melius optimus malus, bad. pgjor pejus pessimus magnus, large. major majus maximus multus, much. plus plurimus parvus, small. minor minus minimus vetus, old. vetustior vetustius veterrimus *vSpe Ait, 373, p^gc 135, fMasc, Abl Sin.q". COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 135' 273. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. 1. Positive forms have been declined, (seepages 20, 21, 90.) 2. Superlative forms area// declined like bonus, (see page 20.) 3. Comparative forms arc all declined like durior. SINGULAR. PLURAL. M. & F. X. M. & F. N. N. durior durius duriores duriora * A duri6ris durioris duriorum duriorum D. duriori duriori durioribus durioribus Ac. duridrem durius duri&rfts duridra Ab. duriore, 1 duriore, 1 durioribus PRACTICE. durioribus 274. Compare the following adjectives and decline the com- parative of each : I. altus II. felix 21. asper 31. atrox 2. gravis 12. nobilis 22. clarus 32. diligens 3- pulcher 13- piger 23. fortis 33. dignus 4- potens 14. brevis 24. novus 34. acerbus 5- miser 15- placidus 25- niger 35. sapiens 6. longus 16. celer 26. Justus 36. carus 7- velox 17- fidelis 27. cupidus 37. tristis 8. crudSlis 18. benignus 28. grandis 38. falsus 9- celeber 19. l£nis 29. flrmus 39. honestus 10. gratus 20. mollis 30. latus 40. fortunatus Plus is declined as follows : SINGULAR. PLURAL. M .& F. N. M. & F. N. N. plu s N. plures plura G. pluris G. plurium plurium D. D. pluribus pltlres (Is) pluribus plura Ac. plfii Ac. Ab plure Ab pluribus pluribus 136 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 275. STUDY RULES OF SYNTAX 14, 24, 29, ON PAGES 34, 37, 38. EXERCISES. i 276. i, Milites Romani sunt fortiores quam hostes. 2. Equus legati est validus et celer. 3. Equus ducis est celerior. 4. Cives consuli essedam pulcherrimam dederunt. 5. Caesar plurimos militum Romam misit. 6. Liber maximus est discipulo minimo. 7. Imperator est potentior consule. 8. Liberi regis magistro sunt carissimi. 9. Dona oppidanorum principi sunt gra- tiora quam dona regis. 10. Flumen est altum sed lacus est altior. 11. Uxores captivorum sunt tristissimae. 12. In brevi tempore exercitus iter dimcillimum trans Alpes fecit. 13. Mare est placidissimum. 14. Socrates nominatus est vir sapientissimus in Graecia. 15. Puer patri est simillimus. 277. 1. The wisest men are not always the best. 2. The general is richer than the merchant. 3. The horse- man has been very kind to the captive. 4. I shall give a new book to the most diligent scholar. 5. Some days are longer than others. 6. In winter the days are shortest. 7. The cavalry had come by the shortest road. 8. The children of the noblest men will be given as hostages. 9. The chiefs of the most powerful states have formed a compact with the Roman general. 10. The water in the river is very low. 11. The journey through the woods was very difficult. 12. The boy has been captured by very bold robbers. 13. I shall lead the soldiers by a far easier road. 14. The cavalry have very sharp swords. 15. Rome is one of the oldest towns of Italy. FORMATION OF ADVERBS 137 FORMATION OF ADVERBS. 278. To form an adverb from an adjective find the stem of the adjective: If the stem ends in o change the to an e. If the stem ends in i add ter. If the stem ends in a consonant add ter. Adjective. Stem. Justus, just [justo] liber, free [Hbero] pulcher, beautiful [pulchroj levis, light [levi] acer, eager [acri] and ax, bold [audac] sapiens, wise [sapient] Adverb. juste, justly libere, freely pulchre, beautifully lcviter, lightly acriter, eagerly audacter, boldly sapienter,* wisely 279- Sonic adverbs end in o cito, quickly crebro, frequently continuo, immediately raro, rarely falso, falsely primo, at first subito, suddenly 280. Some adverbs use the Neuter Sing. Accus. of the adjective multum, much [plurimum], especially [minimum], least facile, easily paulum, little impune, unhindered 281. Some adjectives in us form adverbs in iter, firmus, firmiter, firmly largus, largiter, copiously hum anus, humaniter, humanly alius, aliter, otherwise *When t comes after nt drop the first t. 138 COMPARISON OF ADVERBS COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 282. The comparative of an adverb is like the nom. sing, neuter of the comparative of the adjective; the superlative may be formed by taking the superlative of the adjective and changing us to e. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. justissime liberrime pulcherrime levissime acerrime audacissime sapientissime facillime - peculiar in formation and optime diutissime maxime pessime ( maturrime ( maturissime plurimum nequissime nuperrime minime juste justius libere Hberius pulchre leviter pulchrius levius acriter acrius audacter audacius sapienter facile sapientius facilius 283. The following adverbs are comparison. bene, well melius diu, long diutius magnopere, greatly male, ill magis p§jus mature, early maturius multum, much plus nequiter, worthlessly nuper, recently n6n multum, K.^ parum ) nequius minus prope, near propius potius, rather prius, before saepe, often secus, otherwise saepius setius, less proxime potissimum, cially primum, first saepissime espe- 284. Form an adverb from each of the following adjectives and compare each adverb formed. 1. placidus, calm. 2. prudens. prudent. 3. facilis, easy. 4. gravis, heavy. 5. Seer, eager. 6. malus, bad. 7. brevis, brief. 13. carus, dear. 8. altus, high. 14. levis, light. 9. miser, wretclied. 15. celer, swift . 10. multus, much. 16. fortis, brave. 11. latus, wide. iq. certus, certain. 20. felix, fortunate. 21. elarus, clear. 22. dignus, worthy. 12. liber, free. 17. pulcher, beau- 23. diligens, dili- tiful. gent. 38. and ii\, bold, 24. y>5r. equal. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ATVERBS 139 EXERCISES. 285. 1. P'abri opus peritissime facient. 2. Milites fortes diu atque acriter pugnaverunt. 3. Equites ad arcem celerius quam pedites pervenient. 4. Consul a conjuratis turpiter interfectus est. 5. Caesar captivis caecis veniam libere dabit. 6. Feminae urbis clamore magnopere terrebantur. 7. Dareus in Athenienses im- petum subito fecit. 8. Multos annos Orgetorix apud Helvetios plurimum valuit. 9. Cur homo equum crude- liter icit? 10. Nonne bellum ab imperatore felicissime confectum est? 11. Senex regem optime noscit. 12. Exploratores in castra Hannibalis quam celerrime se receperunt. 13. Consul vitas omnium civium fortiter defenderat. 14. Helvetii in finitimos bellum saepissime gerebant. 15. Manus latronum post tergum firmiter vinctae erant. 16. Judex a conventu honorifice ex- ceptus est. 286. 1. The ambassador very wisely kept silent. 2. The scholar is studying very diligently. 3. The ships of the enemy have been well built. 4. A bridge has very recently been built across the river. 5. Did not the men fight most nobly in behalf of their wives and children? 6. The children are dearly loved by the good queen. 7. The Barbarians will fight more bravely than the Roman soldiers. 8. The river flows calmly toward the sea. 9. The ambassador had been more kindly received by the king than by the peasants. 10. The brother of the king was falsely accused. 11. The son-in-law has been very justly punished by the judge. 12. The citizens imme- diately fled back to their homes. 13. The sea is calmer to-day than it was yesterday. 14. On account of the danger the allies quickly fortified the camp. 15. The enemy are rapidly surrounding the town. 140 PERSONAL PRONOUNS 287. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. First Person. Singular, Plural. N, ego, I. nos, we. G. mei, of me. nostrum (nostri), of us D. mini (mi), to, for me. nobis, to, for its. Ac. me, me. nos, us. Ab. me, nobis, Second Person. : - j Singular. Plural. N;- tu, thou. vos, ye or you. G. tuf, 0} thee. vestrum (vestri), of you D. •tibi, to, for thee vobis, to, for you. Ac. te, thee. vos, you. Ab. te, vobis, Third Person. There are no forms in Latin for the third person. Hence use the Demonstrative Pronoun is, ea, id (see page 146). 288. Note : In Latin the subject forms of the personal pronouns are used only for emphasis. 289. Note: i. with me = mecum 2. with thee = tecum 3. with us = nobiscum 4. with you = vobiscum 5. with himself (herself) (itself) = secum 6. with themselves = secum PERSONAL PRONOUNS 141 EXERCISES. 290. 1. Ego et tu erimus amici. 2. Nos sine vobis pugnabimus. 3. Mitte mihi librum. 4. Vos non fortes milites estis. 5. Pueros nobiscum capiemus. 6. Nonne tibi novum gladium dedit? 7. Pater te in navi vidit. 8. Imperator mihi epistulam misit. 9. Sine vobis aut vobiscum victoriam reportabimus. 10. Vir a te inter- fectus est. 11. Unus nostrum te juvabit. 12. Nos vobiscum iter faciemus. 13. Bellum longum a nobis confectum est. 14. Misitne vobis auxilium? 15. Alii mihi, alii tibi fa vent. [Translate every pronoun.] 291. i. I shall send you to the general. 2. You are strong, we are weak. 3. Send me brave soldiers. 4. The man was not slain by me. 5. He has invited both you and me. 6. Caesar has sent us aid. 7. I shall not make the journey with you. 8. You also were aided by me. 9. Did the beautiful gift please you? 10. Some praise you, others praise me. 11. You only have not pleased me. 12. He has sent me to you. 13. The general has taken all the soldiers with himself. 14. Without you I shall be wretched. 15. The city had not been destroyed by us. 292. 1. Nos, cum exercitu te juvabimus. 2. Imper- ator ad te cum epistula me misit. 3. Multi viri mecum iter longum fecerunt. 4. Nos gladios, vos pila habetis. 5. Romani nobiscum contra Helvetios pugnabant. 6. Omnes milites sine te pontem transcendunt. 7. Epis- tula longa a me ad Caesarem scripta est. 8. Senex mihi magnum numerum librorum dabit. 9. Rex benig- nus mei* meminit. 10. Venit mecum in templum Jovis. 11. Non ego sed tu facinus turpe fecisti. 12. Magnas copias militum ad vos mittam. 13. Dux omnes legiones fortes secum habet. 14. Da mihi novum scutum atque gladium acrem. 15. Alii nostrum validi, alii aegri sumus. *See Rule 8, page 33. 142 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 293. meus, -a, -um, my, mine. tuus, -a, -um, thy, thime; your, yours. suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their {own). SINGULAR. Masc. N. meus G. mel D. meo Ac. raeum Ab. meo Fern. Neut. mea meae meae meam mea meum mel meo meum meo Masc. mel me6rum meis meos meis PLURAL. Fern. meae me arum meis me as meis Neut. mea meSrum meis mea meis Note ; Vocative sing. masc. mi. 294. his = of him her = of her its =of it ejus j These are pure genitive forms. ejus [ They modify a noun, but do ejus ) not agree with it. 295. noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours. vester, -tra, -trum, your, yours. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern* Neut. N. noster nostra nostrum nostri nostrae nostra G. nostri nostrae nostri nostrorum nostrarum nostrorum D. nostro nostrae nostro nostris nostris nostris Ac. nostrum nostram nostrum nostros nostras nostra Ab. nostro nostra nostro nostris nostris nostris ] These are pure 296. their (masc.) = of them =eorum. genitive forms. their (fern.) =ofthem =earum. 1- They modify a their (neut.) — of them =e6rum. I noun,butdonot J agree with it. 397. Study Rule of Syntax 34, page 39. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 143 EXERCISES. 298. 1. Noster imperator suos milites habet. 2. Meum librum filio meo dabo. 3. Nostri milites sine scutis pugnabant. 4. Hostes naves nostras vident. 5. Virtus ejus imperatori suo placuit. 6. Nostro regi tuum filium mittam. 7. Equi militum vestrorum sunt celeri. 8. Nonne sunt carri eorum magni et lati ? 9. Mitte mihi mea tela? 10. Tuum munus habes. 11. Imperator legionum nostrarum est vetus. 12. Senex filio suo gladium dederat. 13. Tua uxor equum pul- chrum habet. 14. Nonne ejus gladium habes? 15. Tui liberi vocem tuam audiverunt. [Translate every pronoun.] 299. I. He has his own sword. 2. Our king gpve my son a book. 3. Their leader will not send us aid. 4. We saw your slave. 5. Have you not my knife? 6. I have sent my messenger to your house. 7. Our king is kind. 8. The leader of our army is sick. 9. He has g ven my son a sword. 10. The mother of the girls has their books. 11. Bring my javelin to me! 12. His soldiers were brave. 13. I shall fight for my country. 14. The daughter of our master is good. 15. I have given my money to your soldiers. 300. 1. Noster exercitus regem tuum vicit. 2. Nostri milites tela sua habebant. 3. Poculum matri meae dabo. 4. Mitte nobis legatum vestrum. 5. Nuntius nostrum responsum audivit. 6. In castra ejus impetum fecerunt. 7. Mercatores naves suas miserant. 8. Ven- iesne in tuo carro? 9. Milites imperatori suo placuerunt. 10. Impedimenta ejus non capta sunt. 11. Nonne sunt meae naves in portu? 12. Meus nuntius tuo filio epistulam habet. 13. Ubi nostrum exercitum videbas? 14. Carros eorum cepimus. 15. Oppugnaverunt urbem nostram. 144 pronouns: reflexive and intensive REFLEXIVE PRONOUN. 301. Sui, of himself, etc SINGULAR. PLURAL N. G. D Ac. Ab. sui, of himself, herself, itself. sibi, to, for himself, etc. se (sese), himself, etc. se (sese), sui, of themselves. sibi, to, for themselves. se (sese), themselves. se (sese) , 302. The forms of sui, etc., are used only when the pronoun names the same person or thing as the subject. Brutus eum interfecit. 1. Brutus killed him. Femina est ejus memor. 2 . The woman is mindful of her. Brutus se interfecit. Brutus killed himself. Femina est sui memor. The woman is mindful of her- self. INTENSIVE PRONOUN. 303. Ipse, self (myself, thyself, himself, herself, etc.) SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. N. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa G. ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum D. ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis Ac. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa Ab ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis 304. The forms of ipse are used only to intensify the meaning of a noun or a pronoun. If, in English, the himself, herself, itself, themselves can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence, then use some form of ipse. Ex. Homo ipse latronem cepit. The man himself captured the robber. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 305. Hie, this (near.) (See also page 146.) SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut N. hie haec hoc hi hae haec G hiijus hiijus hiijus horum harum horum D huic huic huic his his his Ac. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec Ab. hoc hac hoc his his his 306. The forms of hie are used by the speaker to refer to any person or thing near him (usually, within his reach) ; see art. 313. PRO-NOUN'S : REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE 145 ' — « EXERCISES. 307. 1. Hunc librum tibi dabo. 2. Nemo sibi vivit. 3. Princeps ipse ad regem venit. 4. Filium hujus viri vidimus. 5. Senex se vulneraverat. 6. Mittemus ad regem ducem ipsum. 7. Gladii horum equitum sunt acres. 8. Dueis ipsius responsum habemus. 9. Miles in castris se interfecerat. 10. Mercator a hoc judice punitus est. II. Causa hujus belli fuit odium. 12. Feminae ipsae hos fugitivos juvaverunt. 13. Pater horum liberorum est aeger. 14. Caesar in Italiam se recepit. 15. Epistula per se contumelia fuit. [Translate every pronoun.] 308. I. The town itself has many large buildings. 2. These merchants have sent to the consul himself a beau- tiful gift. 3. Rome itself has been destroyed by this bold commander. 4. The robber slew himself with his own weapon. 5. The temples of these cities have been built by the citizens themselves. 6. I myself shall give to this child a new book. 7. These soldiers procured themselves food. 8. I shall send this letter to the king himself. 9. All the battles of this war are being won by the Barbarians themselves. 10. They had trained themselves in the art of war. 309. 1. Hi viri a rege ipso ad conloquium invitati sunt. 2. Eques suo gladio se interfecit. 3. Ego ipse meum exercitum in planitiem ducam. 4. Hae feminae speculatorem prope castra viderunt. 5. Noster imper- ator his militibus magna praemia dederat. 6. Legati ipsi pro civibus hujus urbis pacem petunt. 7. Haec omnia imperatori placebant. 8. Liberi parentum ha- rum sunt laeti et boni. 9. Opus a his servis magna cura factum est. 10. Milites memores* sui non erant. *See Rule 8, page 33. 146 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.— (Continued.) 310. Iste, that, that of yours. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. N. iste ista istud isti istae ista G. istius istius istius istorum istarum istorum D. isti isti isti istis istis istis Ac. istum istam istud istos istas ista Ab. isto ista isto istis istis istis 3ii- Ille, that (yonder). N. ille ilia illud illl illae ilia G. illius illius illius illSrum illarum illorum D. illl illl illl illis illis illis Ac. ilium illam illud illos ill as ilia Ab. ills ilia illo illis illis illis 312- Is, that, this; also he, she , it. N. is ea id ei (ii) eae ea G. ejus ejus ejus eorum earum eorum D. ei ei ei eis, (iis) eis, (iis) eis, (iis) Ac. eum earn id eos eas ea Ab. eo ea eo eis, (iis) eis, (iis) eis, (iis) NOTE: Idem, same, is a compound of is. To decline idem place dem after each form of is; then the s of is and the d of id are dropped and an m before a d changes to an n. 313. Remarks: 1. Hie (Art. 305) refers to persons or things near the speaker. It is sometimes called the Demonstrative of the First Person. 2. Iste (Art. 310) refers to persons or things near the one spoken to. It is sometimes called the Demonstrative of the Second Person. 3. Ille (Art. 311) refers to persons or things within sight but not near the speaker or the one spoken to. It is sometimes called the Demonstrative of the Third Person. 4. Is (Art. 312) refers to persons or things not -within sight, but known to the speaker or the one spoken to. 5. When two persons or things have been mentioned, ille is used to refer to the former, hie to refer to the latter. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS H7 EXERCISES. 314. 1. Hie nobilis, ille vir est turpis. 2. Ii veteres Romani fuerunt validi. 3. Consules ilium, non hunc virum miserunt. 4. Ista esseda non est nova. 5. Ii hostes nostri capti sunt. 6. Gladius illius imperatoris est pulcher. 7. Reginaene ilium donum mittes? 8. Mores earum gentium sunt crudeles. 9. Ii validi, nos fortes sumus. 10. Esseda ejus deleta erat. 11. Vic- toria ab eo non reportata est. 12. Nos cum eis non ambulabimus. 13. Eorum pars ad flumen fugiebat. 14. Illi sunt benigni sed hi sunt crudeles. [Translate every pronoun.] 315. i. Their baseness has roused the people. 2. This army has won many battles. 3. Have you seen him? 4. In that battle many were wounded. 5. The son of that man is a soldier. 6. All these things will be destroyed by them. 7. This book is large, that (of yours) is smaller, that (yonder) is the smallest. 8. Do you see that camp among the trees? 9. They did it with great swiftness. 10. On that day the city was stormed. 11. The Romans built that bridge. 12. We have given them food and water. 13. Their hearts are sad. 14. I shall give this letter to that man, not to this one. 15. The former is a Roman, the latter a Gaul. 316. 1. Rex hos homines ad urbem invitavit. 2. Eisne id imperator misit? 3. Ilia urbs ab eo deleta est. 4. Nos in castra ejus impetum faciemus. 5. Cives eum consulem fecerunt. 6. Ille magnum numerum militum secum habet. 7. Mltte ad eos aliam legionem militum. 8. Id responsum mihi non placet. 9. Diu atque acriter contra eos pugnabamus. 10. Hie judex tibi erit benignus. 11. Pater hujus pueri ab eis interfectus est. 12. Porta mihi istum scutum. 13. In ea nocte prope flumen remanserunt. 14. Naves eorum adsunt inportu. 148 pronouns: relative- and interrogative RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 317. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN: qui, quae, quod, who, which, what. Singular. Plural. N. qui quae quod qui quae quae G. D. cujus CUl cujus cui cujus CUl quorum quibus quarum quibus quorum quibus Ac. Ab. quem quo quam qua quod quo quos quibus quas quibus quae quibus 318. Study Rule of Syntax 36, page 39. 319. 1. Omnes nos eos amamus qui sunt boni. 2. Imperator militi praemium dabit cujus virtutem viderat. 3. Hie est vir cui cives gladium dederunt. 4. Rex, qui a toto populo amatus est, heri vita excessit. 5. Caesar cum legionibus, quae sibi erant, discessit. 6. Servus, quem dominus crudeliter tractavit, non vivet. 7. Hominem ceperunt a quo dux interfectus erat. 8. Hostes, contra quos pugnamus, sunt fortes validique. 9. Oppidani non fuerunt benigni nobis qui eis sumus socii. 10. Oppidum, quod obsidemus, eras capietur. 320. 1. We have no ships in which to make the jour- ney. 2. Did you send the letter which you had written ? 3. The allies for whom Rome fought have been victorious 4. Many men of whom we do not hear are brave and loyal. 5. The women who had followed the army were slain by the enemy. 6. Those who fight for their country are not always rewarded. 7. The authority which the consul held was very great. 8. They have caught the robbers by whom the gold had been taken. 9. The Romans built ships with which to destroy the pirates. 10. The deeds which this man has done are atrocious. 321. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN: quis, quae, quid? who? which? what? Singular. Plural. N. quis quae quid qui quae quae G. cujus cujus cujus quorum quarum quorum D. cui CUl cui quibus quibus quibus Ac. quem quam quid quos quas quae Ab. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus 322. THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE: whicht what? is declined like qui (Art. 317). pronouns: relative and interrogative 149 323. 1. Qui est hie imperator nobilis? 2. Quern ad regem misisti? 3. Cujus flores sunt hae? 4. In cujus esseda per urbem iter facies? 5. Cui librum novum magister dabit? 6. In qua navi Romam iter facietis? 7. Quae oppida contra nos colonias juverunt? 8. Qui meum scutum vidit? 9. In quo loco hostes sua castra conlocabunt? 10. Quibus militibus magna praemia argenti dederat? 324. 1. Whom shall we send as an ambassador? 2. By which robber was the consul slain? 3. Who is the horseman who has so bravely defended the bridge? 4. Whom did you see yesterday? 5. Which legions has Caesar taken with him? 6. In which wagon will you place the arrows? 7. What did you do to the man whom you caught? 8. Whose child is that with you? 9. Who are these horsemen whom the king has praised? 10. For whose sake has this monument been erected? 325. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. M. in > o rt\iK\.o. pu&sum, pu: j&e, puiui, . INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. possum,* / am able (can) . possim potes, thou art able. possis potest, he is able. possit possumus, we are able. possimus potestis, you are able. possitis possunt, they are able. possint Impf. poteram, / ivas able (could) . possem poteras, thou wast able. posses etc. etc. Fut. potero, / shall be able. poteris, thou wilt be able, etc. Perf. potui, / have been able. potuerim potuisti, thou hast been able. potueris etc. etc. Pluperf. potueram, / had been able. potuissem potueras, thou hast been able. potuisses etc. etc. Fut. Peri '.. potuero, / shall have been able. potueris, thou wilt have been able, etc. INFINITIVE. Pres. posse, to be able. Perf. potuisse, to have been able. *Possum is a compound of potis + sum or rather pot + sum. Before an s the t changes to an s, otherwise the t remains. An i after the t is dropped. Sum: compounds 17> 373- SUM— COMPOUNDS. THE VERB PROSUM,* to benefit. PRINCIPAL PARTS: prosum, prodesse, prdfui, INDICATIVE. Pres. Impf. Fut. Perf. SUBJUNCTIVE, prosim prosis prosit proslmus prdsitis prosint prodessem prodesses etc. prosum,* / help. prodes, thou helpest. prSdest, he helps. prosumus, we help. prSdestis, you help. prdsunt, they help. proderam, I helped. proderas, thou helpedst. etc. prodero, I shall help proderis, thou wilt help. etc. profui, I have helped. profuisti, thou hast helped. etc. Pluperf . profueram, I had helped. profueras, thou hadst helped. etc. Fut. Pcrf. prdfuero, I shall have helped. prdfueris, thou wilt have helped. etc. IMPERATIVE. Pres. prodes, help thou. Fut. prodest6, thou shalt help. prodeste, help ye. prddestote, ye shall -help. INFINITIVE. Pres. prodesse, to help. Perf. profuisse, to have helped. Fut. prSfuturus esse, to be about to help. PARTICIPLE. Fut profuturus, about to help. *Prosum is a compound of prod -f sum. Before a vowel the d is retained, otherwise the d is dropped. profuerim profueris etc. profuissem pr6fuisses etc. 176 Sum: compounds 374. PRACTICE ON POSSUM AND PROSUM. Give the mood, tense, number and person of each form and translate wherever possible.* 1. potero 2. posset 3. possumus 4. possim 5. potueris 6. potuisse 7. potuit 8. poterimus 9. poteris 10. possum 11. potuissent 12. poterit 13. potestis 14. poterat 15. potuimus 16. potes 17. possem 18. possint 19. poteram 20. possent 21. possunt 22. potuerat 23. posse 24. poteras 25. potest 26. potuissem 27. potuerant 28. poterant 29. potuerit 30. possit 31. pro sum 32. profuerunt 33. profuit 34. proderant 35. prosit 36. profuerant 37. prodesse 38. prosumus 39. prodeste 40. prosint 41. prodestis 42. profuissem 43. proderit 44. prodessent 45. profuisse 46. prodes 47. prodesset 48. proderat 49. prosim 50. profuerint 51. prosunt 52. profuistis 53. profuisset 54. profuerat 55. prodest 56. profuerit 57. profuissemus 58. profueris 59. profuturus 60. profui * Subjunctive forms take their meanings from the context. Sum: COMPOUNDS 177 375. PRACTICE ON POSSUM AND PROSUM. Give the mood, tense, number and person of each form and translate. 1. you are able 31. they will have helped 2. he had been able 32. I had helped 3. to have been able 33. you help 4. they will be able 34. he will help 5. I am able 35. they have helped 6. thou wilt be able 36. I help 7. I shall have been able 37. he helped 8. he has been able 38. they had helped 9. thou art able 39. I have helped 10. we are able 40. you helped 11. I shall be able 41. they help 12. they are able 42. we have helped 13. to be able 43. you will help 14. he is able 44. he helps 15. we were able 45. I shall have helped 16. thou wast able 46. to help 17. they were able 47. they helped 18. I have been able 48. we shall help 19. you have been able 490 you have helped 20. he was able 50. I helped 21. they had been able 51. he will have helped 22. we shall be able 52. we had helped 23. I was able 53. he has helped 24. thou hast been able 54. you had helped 25. he will be able 55. I shall help 26. they will have been able 56. to have helped 27. you were able 57. they will help 28. I had been able 58. thou wilt help 29. we have been able 59. help thou 30. you had been able 60. he had helped 178 Sum: COMPOUNDS 376. THE COMPOUNDS OF SUM. PRINCIPAL PARTS. absum abesse afui, to be away, absent. adsum adesse adfui, to be present. dgsum deesse defui, to be lacking. Insum inesse infui. to be in. intersum interesse interfui to be between, or among. obsum obesse obful, to be a hindrance to. possum posse potui. to be able. praesum praeesse praefui, to be at the head of. prosum prodesse profui , to benefit, help. subsum subesse subfui to be under. supersum superesse superfui, to survive, remain over. 377. Rule of Syntax. — The compounds of sum take a dative of the person or thing affected, (except possum, absum and intersum). EXERCISES. 378. 1. Nostri equites fugitivos non longius persequi potuerant. 2. Potestas magna in numeris inest. 3. Amicitia firma inter milites decimae legionis interfuit. 4. Fugitivo vis equi multum profuit. 5. Equites ho- stium a nobis non longissime absunt. 6. Dux fortis eis omnibus militibus praefuerat. 7. Fortes viri Romanis nullo tempore defuerunt. 8. Nostrae naves rostris navium hostium noceri non potuerunt. 9. Perexigua pars sola illius exercitus superfuerat. 10. Decima legio auxilio civibus aderat. 379. 1. I am not able to persuade the leader. 2. From this battle only five hundred of the enemy remain. 3. Our cohort is two miles from the city. 4. The scouts were not able to see the ships in the harbor. 5. The soldiers will not fail the king in time of danger. 6. On that day all the senators were present. 7. Will you help us with wagons and food ? 8. A long road is between us and the end. of our journey. 9. In a few days the sick man will be able to walk. to. There is much wisdom in this plan of the king. Sum: COMPOUNDS 179 EXERCISES. 380. 1. Nautae vim tempestatis pati non poterant. 2. Legatus Romanus omnibus copiis sociorum praeerat. 3. Flumen atque silvae inter nos et oppidum intersunt. 4. Propter latitudinem fossae murique altitudinem op- pidum expugnare non potuerunt. 5. Nox aderat itaque castra conlocavimus. 6. Ex eo proelio circiter milia hominum decern superfuerunt. 7. Hoc bellum nulli profuit. 8. Exercitus ab oppido circiter milia passuum quinque abest. 9. Multae res necessariae exercitui deerant. 10. Magnus terror in animis civium infuerat. 381. 1 . We are all present as an aid to our friends. 2. Ships and grain-supply had been lacking to the com- mander. 3. On account of the calm the ships were not able to be moved from the place. 4. Who is in com- mand of all the ships of the allies? 1 5. There is great reward in true friendship. 6. We shall help all our friends with our money. 7. We cannot send more than three ships. 8. Not much of the summer remains to us. 9. This man alone remains from a whole tribe. 10. We cannot be more than three miles away from Rome. 382. 1. Somnus gratus militibus defessis proderit. 2. Non multum temporis ad solis occasum supererat. 3. Cives defessi oppidum non longius defendere possunt. 4. Pater ac dominus multis modis intersunt. 5. Flu- men a nostris castris non amplius quam milia passuum decern aberat. 6. Nulla omnium navium cursum tenere poterat. 7. Oppidum a nobis paucorum dierum iter abest. 8. Nonne Barbari Romanos e suis finibus expellere poterant? 9. Omnia deerant, quae ad bellum erant usui. 10. Propter custodes flumen clam transire non poterimus. 180 PARTICIPLES 383. PARTICIPLES. Participles may be used as adjectives, coming either before the noun (attributive position) or after the noun, in meaning, (predicate position). Present Participles are declined like amans(see art. 384) , Perfect and Future Participles. . . .like bonus (see art. 5=0. The time of the Participle is relative to the time of the main verb. A Present Participle represents the same time as that of the main verb. A Perfect Participle represents time prior to that of the main verb. A Future Participle represents time later than that of the main verb. Examples. 1 . Milites fortiter pugnantes ceciderunt. The soldiers fell fighting bravely. 2 . Vidi regem in esseda f ugientem. I saw the king fleeing in his chariot. 3 . Eques vulneratus ilia nocte mortuus est. The horseman, having been wounded, died that night. 4. Dux, pugnaturus, suam aciem instruit. The leader, being about to fight, is drawing up his line of battle. 384. Present Participles are declined as follows. Amans, loving. SINGULAR PLURAL. M. & F. NV M. & F. N. N.V. amans amans amantes amantia G. amantis amantis amantium amantium D. amanti amanti amantibus amantibus Ac. amantem amans amantes (is) amantia Ab. amante, 1 amante, i amantibus amantibus Perfect and Future Participles are declined like bonus. (See page 20.) PARTICIPLKS LSI EXERCISES. 38$. 1. Sol oriens nubes fugat. 2. Custos equites ad flumen fugientes vidit. 3. Rex multas naves in portum coactas habet. 4. Magister discipulo studenti diligen- tissime librum dabit. 5. Haec locutus nuntius tacuit. 6. Liberi agricolas in agris arantes spectant. 7. Servi militibus urbem defendentibus cibum ferent. 8. Specu- lators captivos vinctos ad castra ducunt. 9. Numerus hominum in pugna interfectorum erat maximus. 10. Barbari eis rebus commoti bellum gerere incipiebant. 386. 1. Tired out with their wounds the soldiers began to retreat. 2. The leader with his men pursued the fleeing enemy. 3. The king and his companions are making the journey in chariots gathered by the citizens. 4. Will you carry this food to the men working in the fields? 5. Having encouraged the foot-soldiers he en- gaged in battle with the Romans. 6. The Romans will slay all those who are bearing arms against them. 7. When the king had been informed of this, he drew up his line of battle. 8. The faithfulness of those guarding the children is very great. 9. This city has been built by men captured in war. 10. We think that the horse- men terrified with fear have departed. 387. 1. Crassus suos equites cohortatus contra hostes adduxit. 2. Vidimus arma a militibus capta. 3. Flentes cum pluribus verbis pacem a rege petebant. 4. Hie pons a fabris missis Roma aedificatus est. 5. Hostes pulsi in fuga salutem petiverunt. 6. Filius viri in ponte stantis est judex. 7. Imperator arbitratus id bellum celeriter confici posse eo exercitum duxit. 8. Arma Gallorum captorum in pugna novissima efferentur. 9. Urbs a legionibus missis a rege servata est. 10. Per- spiciens periculum miles ad oppidum contendit. 182 ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 388. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. The dependent clause of a complex sentence may be expressed by an ablative absolute, provided its subject is not the same as the subject of the main clause. The subject is put in the ablative case and the verb becomes a participle modifying the noun. EXAMPLES. When he had captured the 1 fleet, Pompey returned to Italy. ! Classi capta, i. e. The fleet having been cap- f Pompejus in Italiam rediit. tured, Pompey returned to Italy. J Because the bridge had been de- stroyed, the army was hindered. i. e. The bridge having been de- stroyed, the army ivas hindered. If this has been done, the gen- eral will conquer. i.e. This having been done, the general will conquer. Sometimes a present active participle is used. When the sun rose, the air be- 1 came clear. I Sole oriente, i. e. The sun rising, the air be- \ aer clarus fiebat ] Ponte deleto, exercitus impeditus est. K Hoc facto, imperator vmcet. Caesare duce, oppidum capietur. came clear. Sometimes two nouns stand as an ablative absolute. If Caesar is leader, the town will be taken. i. e. Caesar being leader, the town will be taken. During the consulship of Lepi- ] dus and Tullus, a conspiracy was I ,• • formed i. e. Lepidus and Tullus [ Le P ldo et Tull ° consukbus, being consuls, a conspiracy was | conspiratio facta est. formed. J Sometimes a noun and an adjective are used. Because the sea was calm, they made the journey quickly. i. e. The sea being calm, they made the journey quickly. Mari sereno, ' Her celeriter fecerunt. ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 1 X.' ■ > 389. Rule of Syntax. — The Ablative Absolute may express time, cause, means, condition, or some other cir- cumstance on which the action of the main clause de- pends. EXERCISES. 390. 1. Obsidibus acceptis exercitum ad mare reducit. 2. Summa tranquilitate consecuta omnes naves in- columes perduxit. 3. Isdem viris ducibus Romani Gallo c superabunt. 4. Hoc facto feminae domum redibant. 5. Ea re constituta milites e castris egressi sunt. 6. Castris munitis tela comparare coepit. 7. Hoc responso dato discessit. 8. Rejectis pilis cominus gladiis pug- natum est. 9. Cognito Caesaris adventu Galli legatos ad eum mittunt. 10. His responsis ad Caesarem relatis iterum ad eum Caesar nuntium misit. 11. His rebus cognitis Caesar virorum animos verbis confirmavit. 12. Hac oratione habita omnes a militibus auxilium petere coeperunt. 13. Hoc proelio facto imperator exercitum trans flumen ducet. 391. 1. When they have reported these things to their chiefs, the ambassadors will return. 2. In the consul- ship of Piso, Pompey was sent into Asia. 3. Since the battle has been fought, Caesar will return to Rome. 4. Since no one opposed the commander, he made his way through the province. 5. Although the war was fin- ished, the soldiers remained in the colony. 6. The men drew their swords and made an attack upon the enemy. 7. Although the enemy have been routed, the army will not return to camp. 8. The soldiers fortified the camp and awaited the attack of the enemy. 9. With this man as leader, we shall conquer our enemies. 10. After the messengers had made their answer, they had departed. 184 GERUND AND GERUNDIVE THE GERUND AND THE GERUNDIVE. 392. The Gerund is a noun. The Gerundive is an adjective. The Gerund can have only the endings — di (gen.), — do (dat.), — dum (ace.), — do (abl.). The Gerundive is declined like bonus (see art. 52). 393. We may use either the Gerund or the Gerundive to express the verbal ideas, such as running, ruling, pre- paring, etc. When the Gerund is used, it is put into the proper case and may take an object. When the Gerundive is used, the noun is put into the proper case and the gerundive agrees with that noun. 394. EXAMPLES. 1. The leader had great hopes of taking the city. GERUND : Dux urbem expugnandi spes magnas habuit. GERUNDIVE: Dux urbis expugnandae spes magnas habuit. 2 . The ships were useful for waging war. GERUND: Naves bellum gerendo erant utiles. GERUNDIVE: Naves bello gerendo erant utiles. 3. The soldiers had been sent to aid the citizens. GERUND: Milites ad* cives juvandum missi erant. GERUNDIVE : Milites ad cives juvandos missi eran J ;. 4. We shall save the city by sending aid. GERUND: Urbem auxilium mittendo servabimus. GERUNDIVE; Urbem auxilio mittendo servabimus. 395. Study Rule of Syntax 1 1 , page 34. *ad with the accusative of the gerund is another way of ex- pressing purpose. GERUND AND GERUNDIVE 185 EXERCISES. 396. 1. Legiones Romanae pugnandi causa convenient. 2. Ad eas res conficiendas biennium sibi satis esse dux- erunt. 3. Hostes parati ad omnia pericula subeunda fuerunt. 4. Occasio negoti bene gerendi non a legato amissa erat. 5. Helvetii fuerunt homines bellandi cupidi. 6. Intellexitne rex de expugnando oppido? 7. Nobis est nulla spes urbem capiendi. 8. Haec omnia ad proficiscendum pertinent. 9. Nos captivos liberandi atque ulciscendi Romanos facultatem non dimittemus. 10. Corpus edendo alitur. 397. 1. An opportunity of making their way through the province was granted. 2. Night made an end of the fighting. 3. There was the greatest difficulty of making a bridge on account of the river's depth. 4. Caesar had learned concerning their crossing the river. 5. The foot- soldiers made a beginning of crossing the river. 6. They had come into Gaul for the sake of plundering the vil- lages, 7. The horsemen had no opportunity of carrying on war. 8. The commander will delay in this place for the sake of preparing the ships. 9. The general has sent a part of the soldiers to pursue the enemy. 10. An army will be collected for the sake of waging war against the Romans. 398. 1. Dies tres a duce ad deliberandum sumpti sunt. 2. Omnia haec nobis magno usui ad bellum gerendum erant. 3. Difficultas navigandi est maxima. 4. Duo legiones ad Caesarem auxili ferendi causa proficiscuntur. 5. Regi ex esseda desiliendi facultas non data est. 6. Hostes in agris vastandis magnam injuriam faciunt. 7. Minimum spati ad se armandos civibus dabatur. 8. Ars bene scribendi non est facilis. 9. Mens militis ad calamitates perferendas est firma. 10. Vos cunctando nihil conncere poteritis. 186 THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 399. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations. 1. Active. 2. Passive. 400. The Active Periphrastic Conjugation is formed by placing the Future Active Participle before each part of the verb sum. Active Periphrastic Conjugation. INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. amaturus (-a, -um) sum, es est, etc., I am about to love. etc. Impf. amaturus eram, eras, erat, etc., I was about to love, etc. Fut. amaturus ero, eris, erit, etc., I shall be about to love, etc. Perf. amaturus fui, futsti, fuit, etc., I have been (was) about to love, etc. Plup. amaturus fueram, fueras, etc., / had been about to love, etc. Fut. P. amaturus fuero, fueris, etc., I shall have been about to love, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE. P.es. amaturus sim, sis, sit, etc., (7 may be about to love, etc.) Impf. amaturus essem, esses, esset, etc., (/ might be about to love, etc.) Perf. amaturus fuerim, fueris, etc., (7 may have been about to love, etc.) Plup. amaturus fuissem, fuisses, etc., ( I might have been about to love, etc.) INFINITIVE. Pres. amaturus esse, to be about to love. Perf. amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love. 401 . The Passive Periphrastic Conjugation is formed by placing the Gerundive before each part of the verb sum. Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. INDICATIVE MOOD. Pres. amandus (-a, -um) sum, es, etc., I am {must) (ought) to be loved, etc. Impf. amandus eram, eras, erat, etc., I was to be loved, etc. Fut. amandus ero, eris, erit, etc., I shall be (worthy) to be loved, etc. Perf. amandus fui, fuistl, fuit, etc., I have been (worthy) to be loved, etc. Plup. amandus fueram, fueras, fuerat, etc., I Jtad been (worthy) to be loved, e'c, Fut. P. amandus fuero, fueris, fuerit, etc., I shall have been (worthy) to be loved, etc. SUBJUNCTIVE. Pres. amandus sim, sis, sit, etc., [I may be (worthy) to be loved, etc.] Impf. amandus essem, esses, esset, etc., [/ might be (worthy) to be loved, etc.] Perf. amandus fuerim, fueris, etc. , [I may have been (worthy) to be loved, etc.] Plup. amandus fuissem, fuisses, etc., [/ might have been (worthy) to be loved, etc.] INFINITIVE. Pres. amandus esse, to be (worthy) to be loved. Perf. amandus fuisse, to have been (worthy) to be loved. THE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS 187 402. The Active Periphratic Conjugation expresses purpose, intention, or an emphatic future idea, from the stand point of present, past or future time. 1. Caesar in Gallos helium gesturus est. Caesar is about to wage war on the Gauls. 2. Milites virum interfecturi fuerant. The soldiers had been about to kill the man . 403. The Passive Periphrastic Conjugation expresses necessity, duty or obligation. 1 . Pons in Rhenum faciendus est. A bridge must be made over the Rhine. 2 . Pons Caesari in Rhenum faciendus fuerat. A bridge had to be made over the Rhine by Caesar. 404. Study Rule of Syntax 1 1 , Page 34. EXERCISES. 405. 1. Omnia Caesari uno tempore agenda erant. 2. In Galliam magnum numerum militum missuri sumus. 3. Dux vulneratus in carro Romam referendus fuerat. 4. Ante primam lucem oppidum nobis capien- dum erit. 5. Romanus clarus dixit Carthaginem delen- dam esse. 6. Prima luce castra longius ab hostibus remotura erant. 7. Non existimo nos victoriam repor- taturos esse. 8. Hie servus propter suam fortitudinem tibi liberandus fuit. 9. Impetus in hostes a nostris militibus facturus erat. 10. Caesar pontem in Rhenum faciendum esse curavit. 406. 1. The signal had to be given with the trumpets. 2. We are about to send you a large supply of money. 3. The leader has determined that the city must be taken at once. 4. The Horsemen do not intend to wait for the leader. 5. At day-break the camp will have to be more strongly fortified. 6. The two armies were about to engage in battle. 7. The fugitives ought to be over- taken by the cavalry within three hours. 8. The king was on the point of sending a second messenger. 9. I must procure a large number of boats for our army. 10. On the third day the citizens were about to surrender themselves to the Romans. 188 IMPERSONAL VERBS IMPERSONAL VERBS. 407. An Impersonal Verb is a verb whose subject is not a person, but the indefinite "it." Hence, in Latin, the subject of an impersonal verb is a clause, a phrase or simply "it." (tonat, it thunders). EXAMPLES. 1. Mihi licet remanere. (It is permitted to me to remain.) I may remain. 2. Eum pudet turpitudinis suae. (It shames him of his baseness.) He is ashamed of his baseness. 3. Te ducere decet. {You to lead is fitting.) It is fitting that you shoidd lead. 4. Consuli placuit ut pacem faceret. (It was pleasing to the consul that he should make peace.) The consul decided to make peace. 408. A List of the Chief Impersonal Verbs. 1. apparet, apparuit — it is apparent, evident. 2. constat, constitit— '-it is settled. 3 . contingit, contigit — it happens. 4. decet, decuit — it is fitting, proper. 5 . dedecet, dedecuit — it is not fitting, not proper. 6. interest, interfuit — it is of importance , concerns. 7. libet, libuit — it is agreeable. 8. licet, licuit — it is permitted. 9. miseret, miseruit — it makes miserable. 10. oportet, oportuit — it is necessary (one ought). 1 1 . paenitet, paenituit — it repents. 12. piget, piguit — it disgusts. 13. placet, placuit— it pleases. 14. praestat, praestitit— it is better. 15. pudet, puduit — it shames. 16. stat, stetit — it remains fixed. 17. taedet, taeduit — it tires, wearies. 409. Rule of Syntax. — The impersonal verbs miseret, paenitet, pigetj pudet, taedet take the accusative of the person and the genitive of the cause of the feeling, IMPERSONAL VERBS 189 410. Sometimes an Intransitive Verb is used impersonally. The verb is then always passive and the person or thing acted upon is in the dative case. EXAMPLES. 1. Diu atque acriter pugnabatur, It was fought long and sharply. 2. Consuli persuasum est, (It was persuaded to the consul) The consul was persuaded. 3. Jussibus imperatoris parebatur, (It was being obeyed to the orders of the commander) The orders*pf the commander were being obeyed. EXERCISES. 411. 1. Hostes timere apparuit. 2. Nos temeritatis nostrae pudet. 3. Acriter in eo loco pugnatum est. 4. Eis ex urbe exire licuit. 5. Eis facillime persuasum est. 6. Eos suae crudelitatis paenitere necesse est. 7. Ducemne belli longi taedet? 8. Milites se in castra receperunt ut erat imperatum. 9. Vos Romam redire praestat. 10. Ubi eo ventum est, dux castra conlocavit. 11. Interest vos celerrime venire. 12. Regi huic viro donum dare placuit. 13. Legibus civitatis paretur, 14. Vos nobis esse socios decet. 15. Consulem regem videre interest. 412. 1. It is important that I return into Italy. 2. The king was pleased with my work. 3. It was appa- rent that the enemy were not far away. 4. The com- mands of the consul will be obeyed. 5. We ought to send men to the river. 6. It is better for us to keep silent. 7. This man is not weary of the journey. 8. We are disgusted with you. 9. It was fought long and eagerly. 10. You may leave the camp. 11. Is he not ashamed of his boldness? 12. It is not fitting for a soldier to fear. 13. It will not be permitted that he go out of the city. 190 REVIEW. 413. VOCABULARY REVIEW. Give the meaning of each of the following words. Give the declension and gender of each noun. 31. frater 61. alius 32. talis 62. aliquis 33. nobilis 63. tuus 34 « jus jurandum 64. admiror 35. queror 65. soleo 36. audacter 66. dhl 1. a, enter 2. celeriter 3. epistula 4. conor 5. lenis 6. polliceor 7. ullus 8. custodio 9. confiteor 10. vereor 11. libere 12. cito 13. audeo 14. potior 15. aperio 16. bene 17. rumor 18. effugio 19. largiter 20. ipse 21. cunctor 22. perfacilis 23. cohortor 24. crudelis 25. deprecor 26. similis 27. sequor 28. dominor 29. mihi 30. nullus 37. horribilis 38. Tnsidior 39. orior 40. humilis 41. gratulor 42. proficlscor 43. alter 44. ille 45. diripio 46. hie 47. utilis 48. turpiter 49. desertor 50. utor 51. profiteor 52. alacritas 53. tueor 54. is 55. magis 56. vagor 57. optimus 58. nascor 59. saepe 60. partior 67. morior 68. totus 69. adorior 70. sibi 71. melior 72. obliviscor 73. velox 74. arbitror 75. impune 76. vis 77. dives 78. moror 79. turpis 80. se 81. gaudeo 82. mollities 83. fortiter 84. grandis 85. labor 86. fruor 87. incolumis 88. loquor 89. fungor 90. feliciter REVIEW. 191 414. VOCABULARY REVIEW. Give the Latin form for each of the following words. 1. to dare 3i. deserter 61. to confess 2. none 32. to set out 62. to encourage 3- low 33- gentle 63. another 4- to be master 34- this 64. to forget 5- to wander 35. similar 65. rich 6. quickly 36. brother 66. smoothness 7. such 37- well 67. to slip 8. keenly 38. to disclose 68. unharmed 9- to follow 39. swift 69. liberally 10. thy 40. to beseech 70. the other 11. swiftly 41. often 7i. to use 12. useful 42. any 72. to dread 13. base 43. to complain 73- to be wont 14. to rise 44. to plunder 74. noble 15. nobility 45- to escape 75- to speak 16. strength 46. to lie in wait 76. certain 17. to congratulate 47. with impunity 77. that 18. letter 48. eagerness 78. joyful 19. someone 49- boldly 79- to choose 20. to promise 50. to admire 80. to consider 21. rather 5i. he, they 81. to rejoice 22. to try 52. to enjoy 82. to perform 23- basely 53- best 83. better 24. rumor 54. to be born 84. bravely 25. to attack 55- I, we 85. name 26. to protect 56. to guard 86. oath 27. to share 57- cruel 87. horrible 28. to delay 58. freely 88. to profess 29. himself 59- memorable 89. and so 30. successfully 60. whole 90. bitter 192 THE SUPINES THE SUPINES. 415. A Supine is a verbal noun; i. e. it has a verbal meaning, but is used as a noun. 416. There are only two supines to a verb: — one in um (ace. case) and the other in u (abl.). They are not declined. 417. Rule of Syntax: The Supine in um is used after a verb of motion to express purpose * 418. Rule of Syntax : The Supine in u expresses specification. 419. EXAMPLES. Rex legatos pacem petitum misit. The king has sent ambassadors to seek peace. Hoc est facile factu. This is easy to do (i.e., easy in the doing). EXERCISES. 420. 1. Principes civitatum ad imperatorem gratu- latum convenerunt. 2. Perfacile factu esse illis probat. 3. Haedui Romam ad senatum auxilium postulatum veniunt. 4. Oppidum expugnatu facile erit. 5. Hoc est optimum factu. 6. Nos legatos pacem petitum ab Caesare mittemus. 7. Gives naves spectatum conve- niunt. 8. Vulnera militum fuerunt horribilia visu. 9. Vox oratoris fuit jucunda auditu. 10. Fatum exer- citus cognitu difficile est. 421. 1. We shall send a man to the consul to obtain pardon. 2. This is very easy to do. 3. The soldiers are coming together to look at the chariots. 4. That is not so difficult to learn. 5. Such words are not pleasing to hear. 6. The men have gone to procure fodder. 7. A part of the horsemen have gone pursuing the enemy. 8. The kindness of the old-man was pleasing to see. 9. The gentle voice of the queen is pleasing to hear. 10. Pleasant things are not hard to tell. *We have similar expressions in English: e. g. I go afishing. We shall go a walking, etc. THE SUBJUNCTfVE MOOD 193 INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 422. The Subjunctive Mood is a mood of doubt, i. e., the sub- junctive mood rarely expresses a fact but is used wherever the person is not absolutely positive as to whether or not a thing is true. The Subjunctive is used chiefly in Dependent Clauses. (Some- times in an Independent clause, see .Arts. 443, 453) 423. The translation of a subjunctive form depends upon the clause in which the form stands. Sometimes it is translated by the English Indicative; sometimes by the Subjunctive; sometimes by the Infinitive; sometimes by the Imperative; sometimes by the use of may, might, would, should. Examples. 1. Cum milites venissent, When the soldiers had come, etc. 2. Rex aderat ut naves videret. The king was present in order to sec the ships. or The king was present that he might see the ships. or The king was present to see the ships. 3. Omnes eamus. Let us all go. 4. Licet domum eas. You may go home. SEQUENCE OF TENSES. 424. The tenses of the Indicative and those of the Subjunc- tive mood are divided into two classes — (1) Primary. (2) Sec- ondary. RULE. — Primary tenses of the Subjunctive must follow primary tenses of the Indicative. Secondary tenses of the Sub- junctive must follow secondary tenses of the Indicative. Subjunctive. Primary. Secondary. Indicative. Present ") Future Perfect (has) or Fut. Perfect Imperfect \ ■! Perfect (=Imperf), ( or Pluperfect y followed by followed by I Present { or Perfect {Imperfect or Pluperfect. 194 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 425. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. The chief uses of the Subjunctive Mood are as follows : 1. PURPOSE, (a) ut (in order that) + Subjunctive. (b) ne (in order that not) -f Subjunctive. (c) relative pronoun + Subjunctive. (a) Caesari obsides dederunt ut pacem haberent. They gave hostages to Caesar in order that they might have peace. (b) Viri fugiunt ne capiantur. The men flee in order that they may not be captured. (c) Galli nuntios mittunt qui pacem petant. The Gauls send messengers who should seek peace. 2. RESULT, (a) ut (so that) + Subjunctive. (b) ut non {negative) + Subjunctive. (c) relative pronoun + Subjunctive. (a) Milites ita acriter pugnaverunt ut hostes vincerent. The soldiers fought so earnestly that they conquered the enemy. (b) Milites ita defessi erant ut hostes non vincerent. The soldiers were so tired that they did not conquer the enemy. (c) Caesar milites defessos habebat qui bene non pugnarent. Caesar had tired soldiers who did not fight well. 3. AFTER WORDS OF DOUBT.— quin {but that) '+ Subjunctive. Dubium non est quin nuntium mittat. There is no doubt but that he is sending a messenger. 4. AFTER WORDS OF FEAR, (a) ne (lest) + Subjunctive. (b) ut {lest not) + Subjunctive. (a) Milites timent ne vir capiatur. The soldiers fear that the man is being captured. (b) Viri timent ut Caesar cibum mittat. The men fear that Caesar is not sending food. 5. TEMPORAL CLAUSES.— cum (when) + Subjunctive. Cum id Caesari nuntiatum esset ab urbe profectus est. When this had been announced to Caesar he set out from the city. 6. CAUSAL CLAUSES. — cum (because) + Subjunctive. Caesar finem pugnandi fecit cum milites essent defessi. Caesar made an end of fighting because the soldiers were tired. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 195 7. CONCESSION CLAUSES.— cum {although) + Subjunctive. Cum hostes fortitcr pugncnt Caesar cos vincet. Although the encjny are fighting bravely Caesar will conquer them. 8. INDIRECT QUESTIONS.— Subjunctive. Caesar ab eis quacsivit qui essent. Caesar asked them who they were. 9. HORTATORY.— Subjunctive Present, 1st person. Plural. Legatos ad Caesarem mittamus. Let us send ambassadors to Caesar. 10. CONDITIONS. — si (if) + Subjunctive. (a) Simple — (Present or Fut. Ind. in both clauses). (b) Less Vivid Future — (Pres. Subj. in both clauses). (c) Present Contrary to Fact — (Imperf. Subj. in both clauses). (d) Past Contrary to Fact — (Pluperf. Subj. in both clauses) . (a) Si transire conantur eos prohibebimus. // they try to cross we shall prevent them. (b) Si transire conentur eos prohibeamus. 7/ they should try to cross we would prevent them. (c) Si transire conarentur eos prohiberemus. If they were trying to cross we would be preventing them. (d) Si transire conati essent eos prohibuissemus. If they had tried to cross we would have prevented them. 1 1 . WISHES.— utinam ( would that) + Subjunctive. (a) Simple — Utinam + Pres. or Fut. Ind. (b) Less Vivid Future — Utinam + Pres. Subj . (c) Present contrary to fact — Utinam + Imperf. Subj. (d) Past contrary to fact — Utinam + Pluperf. Subj. (a) Utinam vir cibum habebit. Would that the man may have food. (b) Utinam vir cibum habeat. Wotdd that the man might have food. (c) Utinam vir cibum haberet. Wotdd that the man were having food. (d) Utinam vir cibum habuisset. Would that the man had had food. 196 PURPOSE AND RESULT 426. PURPOSE AND RESULT. 1. PURPOSE, (a) ut (in order that) + Subjunctive. (b) ne (in order that not) + Subjunctive. (c) relative pronoun + Subjunctive. (a) Caesari obsides dederunt ut pacem haberent. They gave hostages to Caesar in order that they might have peace. (b) Viri fugiunt ne capiantur. The men flee in order that they may not be captured. (c) Galli nuntios mittunt qui pacem petant. The Gauls send messengers who should seek peace. 2. RESULT. (a) ut (so that) + Subjunctive. (b) ut not (negative) + Subjunctive. (c) relative pronoun + Subjunctive. (a) Milites ita acriter pugnaverunt ut hostes vincerent. The soldiers fought so earnestly that they conquered the enemy. (b) Milites ita defessi erant ut hostes non vincerent. The soldiers were so tired that they did not conquer the enemy. (c) Caesar milites defessos habebat qui bene non pugnarent. Caesar had tired soldiers who did not fight well. EXERCISES. 427. 1. Imperator ad militem litteram misit ne virum cibo juvaret. 2. Caesari placuit ut ad Gallos nuntium mitteret. 3. Caesar militibus dissuaserat ut pugnae fortunam non experti essent. 4. Accidit ut milites castra prope flumen conlocarent. 5. Milites ex oppido exire jussit ne quam* injuriam oppidani acciperent. 6. Legati venerunt ut locum conloquio deligerent. 7. Equus tarn validus est ut servus eum coercere non possit. 8. Caesar pro castris milites produxit ut proelio contenderet. 9. Puer virum oravit ut sibi scutum daret. 10. Mitte militem ad me ne quam injuriam faciat. *Anv form of quis <>r qui after ne or si nionns "any > > . ," PURPOSE AND RESULT 1!)7 428. i. The Romans had so large an army that they easily drove the Germans out of Gaul. 2. The man hastens in order to see the commander. 3. He will command the townsmen that they give food to the sol- diers. 4. The soldiers had set out so quickly from the camp that they intercepted the men. 5. The com- mander will be requested to come to a conference. 6. We must fortify the camp lest the enemy capture our baggage. 7 . The men had such sharp weapons that they conquered the horsemen. 8. We shall ask the townsmen to give us food and water. EXERCISES. 429. 1 . Viri ad urbem maturant ne tempus dimittant. 2. Quam ob rem secutum est hostes adoriri non posse- mus. 3. Postulabo ne milites trans flumen traducas. 4. Mittam equum in quo in oppidum veharis. 5. Jus jurandum acceperunt ne in populum Romanum bellum inlaturi essent. 6. Dux milites multos habet quibus- cum oppidum oppugnare possit. 7. Imperator multum curaverat ut cibus militibus non defuisset. 8. Virum fortem desidero quern in urbem mittam. 430. 1. The master has sent five books which the chil- dren are to study. 2. The commander will send soldiers who will help us tight with the enemy. 3. Three men were chosen who should seek aid from the townsmen. 4. You will send a man whom I may use as a spy. 5. They built a bridge so that they were able to bring over the horses and the men. 6. The enemy had selected a mes- senger whom they would send to the town. 7. I have summoned the messenger whose response I shall receive. 8. The woman brought so much food to the leader that Hit- soldiers received a share, 198 CLAUSES OF DOUBT AND FEAR 431. CLAUSES OF DOUBT AND FEAR. AFTER WORDS OF DOUBT.— quin (but thai) + Subjunctive. Dubium non est quin nuntium mittat. There is no doubt but that he is sending a messenger. (After an affirmative doubt use an infinitive clause.) AFTER WORDS OF FEAR.— (a) ne (lest) + Subjunctive. (b) ut (lest not) 4- Subjunctive. (a) Milites timent ne vir capiatur. The soliders fear lest the man be captured. (b) Viri timent ut Caesar cibum mittat. The men fear lest Caesar is not sending food. Note : The future idea in the subjunctive is expressed by the Active Periphrastic Conjugation (see page 186.) EXERCISES. 432. 1. Non dubium est quin omnes vos sitis milites fortes. 2. Timeo ne hostes in nostris militibus prope pontem impetum faciant. 3. Dux timebat ut auxilium ad se ante primam lucem perventurum esset. 4. Quis dubitat quin Romani victoriam reportaturi sint. 5. Omnes timuerant ne naves tempestate deletae essent. 6. Nemo dubitabat quin consul futurus esset fortis atque sapiens. 7. Timemus ut fugitivi locum salutis perventuri sint. 8. Quis dubitare poterat quin im- perator celeriter bellum con tectums esset? 9. Socii timent ut Romani auxilium missuri sint. 10. Nos non dubitamus quin vos quam plurimum contendetis. CLAUSES OK DOUBT AND FEAR 199 433. i. There is no doubt but that the enemy are brave. 2. The general feared lest the bridge might be torn down. 3. The citizens did not doubt that the good king was wise. 4. We all fear that the ships will not reach the shore safely. 5. I feared lest the town was about to be taken. 6. There can be no doubt that the general will win the battle. 7. The spies had feared that they would be captured by the horsemen. 8. I did not doubt but that the city had been destroyed by him. 9. Who has doubted that we were about to offer pardon to the captive? 10. The captives had feared that they would be put to death by order of the king. EXERCISES. 434. 1. Nobis non dubium est quin ante noctem ad urbem perventuri simus. 2. Non dubium erat quin consilium senis esset optimum. 3. Nihil impedit quin iter celerrime facere possint. 4. Quis timet ut in quinque diebus urbem occupaturi simus. 5. Consules timuerant ne plebes contra nobilitatem se armaturi essent. 6. Nos non dubitamus quin haec omnia nobis magno usui futura sint. 7. Nemo dubitare poterat quin rex esset benignus atque clemens. 8. Dubito imperatorem Romam aditurum esse. 435* r- There can be no doubt of his gaining a victory 2. We are in fear lest we shall not reach a place of safety before night. 3. Who feared that the river would be too wide? 4. There was no doubt that the army could make the journey in nine days. 5. Why do you fear that the work will not be well done? 6. Do you doubt that the ships are strong and swift? 7. The ambassa- dors are afraid that the king will not receive them kindly. 8. Who can doubt but that all these things are useful for carrying on war? 200 Cum: clauses 436. CUM CLAUSES. TEMPORAL CLAUSES— cum (when) + Subjunctive. Cum id Caesaris nuntiatum esset, ab urbe profectus est. When this had been announced to Caesar, he set out from the city. CAUSAL CLAUSES— cum {because, since) + Subjunc- tive. Caesar finem pugnandi fecit, cum milites essent defessi. Caesar made an end of fighting because the soldiers were tired. CONCESSION CLAUSES— cum (although) + Subjunc- tive. Cum hostes fortiter pugnent, Caesar eos vincet. Although the enemy are fighting bravely, Caesar will conquer them. 437. Rule of Syntax — Cum causal and cum concession clauses have the verb in the Subjunctive mood. 438. Rule of Syntax — Cum temporal (time) clauses have the verb in the Subjunctive mood (Imperfect or Pluperfect tense) but in the Indicative mood (Present, Future, Perfect or Future Perfect). EXERCISES. 439. 1. Cum Caesar de moribus Barbarorum quae- reret,multas res reperiebat. 2. Cum iter agminis nostri impediatur hie castra ponemus. 3. Cum Caesari non sint multi milites, cum hostibus proelium committet. 4. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, ad mag- num locum pervenit. 5. Cum in Italiam multi equites profecti sint, nos in Gallia remanebimus. 6. Cum primi hostium cecidissent, proximi ex eorum corporibus pugnabant. 7. Quae cum ita sint, Romam redibimus. 8. Cum flentes pacem petiverimus, rex nobis veniam dare non vult. 9. Cum sua vitia animadvertit, ea corrigere conatur. Cum: CLAUSES 201 440. 1. Since the ships are useless for sailing, we shall remain here. 2. Although we have few ships, we shall begin battle. 3. When the leader had returned, he encouraged the soldiers. 4. Since this man is wise, we shall make him consul. 5. When my father comes, he will give you the money. 6. Although the journey was long, we were not tired. 7. Because the children prefer to read, we have given them books. 8. Since you are my friend, I shall help you. 9. Although the enemy were fleeing, the cavalry did not pursue them. EXERCISES. 441. 1. Cum dux hoc animadvertisset, naves mili- tibus compleri jussit. 2. Cum bellum sine causa intu- lissent, Caesar ab se obsides impetravit. 3. Cum multi milites a hostibus interfecti sint, in eos impetum se- cundum faciemus. 4. Cum vir haec fecerit, judex eum punivit. 5. Cum naves Britanniae appropinquarent, magna tempestas coorta est. 6. Cum acies instructa sit, nostri non proelium committent. 7. Cum impe- rator castra prope oppidum poneret, legati ad eum ve- nerunt. 8. Cum nos defendere non possimus, legatum ad regem mittemus. 9. Cum exploratores densiores silvas petiverint, non longius persequemur. 442. 1. Since these things are §0, we shall go to the king. 2. Although we are tired, we shall make the journey with you. 3. When the ships arrived in the harbor, the merchants were there. 4. When you send me a letter, I shall ar ?wer. 5. Since the ships moved very swiftly, we soon arrived at port. 6. Although the judge is an old man, he is strong. 7. Because you have done this you will be punished. 8. When the army reached the river, the bridge had been destroyed. 202 indirect questions; hortatory subjunctive 443. INDIRECT QUESTIONS and HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE. Indirect Questions. — Subjunctive. Caesar ab eis quaesivit qui essent. Caesar asked them who they were. Indirect Double Questions are introduced by: utrum an; whether or — ne an; whether or utrum necne; whether or not. Hortatory. — Subjunctive present, first person, plural. Legatos ad Caesarem mittamus. Let us send ambassadors to Caesar. Jussive Subjunctive. — Present, third person sing, or plur. The negative particle (for Hortatory or Jussive Sub- junctive) is ne. EXERCISES. 444. 1. Video quas in partes hostes iter faciant. 2. Cum militibus ad litora quam plurimum contendamus. 3. A captivis quaerit quae civitates quantaeque in armis sint. 4. Ne flumen transeamus cum hostes nobis insidientur. 5. Mihi die utrum hi viri amici an inimici sint. 6. Mittamus ad socios auxilio tertiam legionem. 7. Dux non reperire poterat quanta esset insulae magnitudo. 8. Homo nobis dicat quis sit atque a quo loco veniat. 9. Consules videre non pote- rant naves utrum salvae necne essent. 10. Ne hostes videant quid faciamus. INDIRECT QUESTIONS; HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE 203 445. i. Let us hasten into the territory of our ene- mies. 2. We do not know why the consul has left the city. 3. Let the guard place the spy in the new prison. 4. The king soon found out who the conspirators were. 5. Within two days the horseman will know whether or not his children are safe. 6. Tell us whether you will be an ally to us or an enemy. 7. Let us not try to cross the river in such a storm. 8. The king has been in- formed what the number of the enemy is. 9. I do not know who the man is nor whence he has come. 10. Let not these fugitives perish on account of hunger. EXERCISES. 446. 1. Intellegimus quanto cum periculo id faciat. 2. Hunc virum cum epistulis ad imperatorem mittamus. 3. Ne speculatores videant quid in castris flat. 4. Hie vir cognoscit qui essent ad navium magnitudinem idonei portus. 5. Contendamus Romam quam maximis itine- ribus. 6. Caesar a legato quaesivit quam ob causam de eo tacuisset. 7. Ab hominibus quaesivi rex benignusne an crudelis sit. 8. Nuntius nobis dicat quid rex nos facere velit. 447. 1 . I shall ask the commander how many soliders he has. 2. Let us march as rapidly as possible to the besieged city. 3. He does not know for what reason his father has called him. 4. Do not let him cross the lake during such a storm. 5. Who can tell us at what hour the king will come? 6. Let us all be brave and we shall capture the citadel'. 7. The farmer told us which was the shortest road to the town. 8. Let us not devastate the fields of the good townsmen. 204 CONDITIONS 448. CONDITIONS. CONDITIONS.— si {if) + Subjunctive. (a) Simple — (Present or Fut. Ind. in both clauses). (b) Less Vivid Future — (Pres. Subj. in both clauses). (c) Present Contrary to fact — (Imperf. Subj. in both clauses) . (d) Past Contrary to fact — (Pluperf. Subj. in both clauses). (a) Si transire conantur eos prohibebimus. If they try to cross we shall prevent them. (b) Si transire conentur eos prohibeamus. 7/ they should try to cross we would prevent them. (c) Si transire conarentur eos prohiberemus. If they were trying to cross we would be preventing them. (d) Si transire conati essent eos prohibuissemus. If they had tried to cross we would have prevented them. EXERCISES. 449. 1 . Auxilium vobis non mittere possimus si etiam velimus. 2. Si hie homo cibum habuisset nautae dedis- set. 3. Hostes pontem aedificabunt nisi fiumen latius est. 4. Si etiam oppida nostrorum sociorum oppug- netis, non timeamus. 5. Hos libros pulchros liberis dare possemus si ii adessent. 6. Ibo ad urbem nisi viri veniunt. 7. Si naves firmiores fuissent nautae fortes ad oras pervenissent. 8. Gladii novi acres essent nisi in pugna usi essent. 9. Hi milites cum imperatore ibunt si veniet. 10. Si equitatus flumen transiisset hostes in eum impetum fecissent, CONDITIONS 205 450. 1. The army of the great general will make war upon the townsmen unless they furnish food. 2. If the Romans had ten legions, they could easily conquer the enemy in many battles. 3. Caesar would send another legion to aid us if we should need it. 4. I cannot send you aid unless I can find more soldiers. 5. We would be setting out for town if we had enough wagons. 6. If aid had come, the men would have been able to hold the town against the soldiers. 7. The gate of the town will be opened if the general comes. 8. If the horses were not tired, we could make longer journeys. EXERCISES. 451. 1. Haec urbs nova incolas multas haberet si bona copia aquae esset. 2. Cibum et aquam nautae dem si ab me petat. 3. Magnus numerus virorum interfectus esset nisi imperator eis auxilio legionem misisset. 4. Mitte mihi puerum si tibi placet. 5. Dux victoriam reportaret si sui milites fortiores essent. 6. Naves videre non poteritis nisi nobiscum venitis. 7. Portae urbis claudentur si fugitivi pervenientur. 452. 1. If we march six miles to-day, we shall arrive at Rome. 2. If the townsmen try to force their way into the house, I shall do them injury. 3. This mes- senger would have been captured had we not arrived. 4. The army will remain in camp three days if the enemy do not come. 5. If the men do not obey the laws of the state they will suffer. 6. He would have sent a letter to his father, if he had had a messenger. 7. If the soldiers did their d\ity they would obey their com- mander 206 wishes 453 WISHES. WISHES. — utinam (would that) -f Subjunctive. (a) Simple — Utinam -f Pres. or Fut. Ind. (b) Less Vivid Future — Utinam + Pres. Subj . (c) Present Contrary to fact — Utinam + Imperf. Subj. (d) Past Contrary to fact — Utinam + Pluperf . Subj . (a) Utinam vir cibum habebit. Would that the man may have food. (b) Utinam vir cibum habeat. Would that the man might have food. (c) Utinam vir cibum haberet. Would that the man were having food. (d) Utinani vir cibum habuisset. Would that the man had had food. EXERCISES. 454. 1. Utinam hie homo cibum habuisset! 2. Uti- nam naves nrmiores essent! 3. Utinam equitatus flumen transeant! 4. Utinam haec urbs nova incolas multas habebit! 5. Utinam dux victoriam reportet! 6. Utinam naves videre possemus! 7. Utinam portae urbis non clauderentur! 8. Utinam cibum et aquam habebo! 455. 1. Oh that I had had five legions! 2. Would that the enemy had been conquered! 3. Oh that the sick man may have water! 4. Would that I might send you aid! 5. O that the horses were not tired! 6. Would that we had remained in the town! 7. O that the messenger may not be captured! 8. Would that we were safe! LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 207 LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS. 456. Translate into English : a Diem dicunt, qua die in unum locum conveniant. b Pace facta Ceasar exercitum suum reduxit. c Oppidum muro muniri iussit. d Vidit hunc locum ad pugnandum idoneum esse e Timebant ne Romani suos fines vastarent. 457. Translate into Latin : a The soldiers were fighting with swords. b We must conquer the enemy. c The general went to lead the army into Gaul. d He says that he will come with all his forces. e They were men of great courage. 458. Translate into English: Prima luce, cum summus mons a Labicno Icncrctur, et Caesar ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingentis passibus abesset, Considius ad eum accurrit et dicit montcm ab hostibus teneri. Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subducit aciemque instruit. Give the reason for the case of luce, Labieno, passibus, montem; for the mode of teneretur. 459. Translate into English : Helvetii per Sequanorum fines iterfacereconstituerunt. Caesar autem in Italiam contendit et ibi duas novas legiones conscribit, et tres ab hibernis ducit. Cum iis copiis per Alpes in Galliam iter facit. 208 LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 460 Translate into Latin : a Let us capture the camp. b Caesar orders the Gauls to send horsemen to him. c Your industry has been praised by your friends. d Have you the book that I gave you? e Caesar is about to go to Rome. 461. Translate into English: Bello Helvetiorum confecto, principes Galliae ad Caesa- rem convenerunt, quod Germanos timcbant. Pro his Divitiacus locutus est: "Multi Germani in Gallia sunt, quibuseum saepe contendimus. Eorum superbiam sus- tinere non possumus. Ad te venimns ut auxilium petamus." Give the reason for the case of bello, Germanos, eorum; for the mode of sustinere, petamus. Conjugate confecto in the present indicative active, in the pluperfect subjunctive active; timebant in the future and the perfect indicative active. 462. Translate into English: Cum celerrime ad fines eorum vents set, Remi, qui proximi Galliae sunt, ad eum legatos, primos civitatis, miserunt, qui dicer ent se in potestatem populi Romani permittere. Hoc ab his factum est. Give the reason for the care of eorum, Galliae; for the mode of venisset, dicer ent, permittere. 463. Translate into Latin : a They called him the father of his country. b You had been conquered by the Romans. c The cities of Italy were very famous. d I can carry a letter to Hannibal. e Give me the large sword. LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 209 464. Translate into English: Postquam Caesar equitatum praemisit, secutus est omnibus copiis. Equites nostri flumen transierunt atque cum hostium equitatu proelium commiscruut. Reliqui hostes, qui in silvas fugerant, in nostros milites impetum jecerunt. Conjugate commiserunt in the pluperfect subjunctive active, in the future indicative passive; jecerunt in the imperfect subjunctive active, in the perfect indicative passive. 465. Translate into English : Cum Dareus ad Atticam cum copiis accessisset, Atheni- enses nuntium Spartam miserunt ut auxilium peter cl. Postea Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt castraque fecerunt. Secundo die sub monte acie instructa, proe- lium cum hostibus commiserunt. Give the reasons for the case of Spartam, die, acie; for the mode of accessissct, peter et. 466. Translate into Latin : a The citizens were going home. b They were ordered to cross the river. c Let us fight bravely, my friends. d Did you tell that to the general? e We shall depart from the town. 210 LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 467. Translate into English: Postquam omnes Belgarum copiae in unum locum venerunt, Caesar flumen, quod est in hostium finibus exercitum transduxit atque ibi castra posuit. In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi Caesar unam legionem et in altera parte fTuminis duas legiones reliquit. Conjugate venerunt in the imperfect indicative active, in the imperfect subjunctive active; posuit in the future indicative passive, in the pluperfect subjunctive passive. Decline in the singular ttnum locum, eo flumine, the masculine of quod. 468. Translate into English: Equites nostri, ut eos subito adoriri possent, celeriter ad eum locum venerunt. Clamore ab ea parte audito pedites nostri magna virtute oppugnare coeperunt. Hostes, cum se superatos viderent, fuga salutem petive- runt. Give the reasons for the case of clamore, virtute, se; for the mode of possent, viderent. 469. Translate into Latin : a We are about to depart from the state. b Let us go into the territories of the Helvetians. c Have you announced this thing to him? d They say that they will send ambassadors to Caesar. e We shall march through their province. LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 211 470. Translate into English : Hostes magnam classem contrahunt. Hos Conon adortus magno proelio fugat et multas naves capit. Qua victoria non solum Athenae, sed etiam omnis Graecia, quae sub imperio hostium fuerat, libcrata est. Conjugate capit in the future indicative active, in the perfect subjunctive passive; libcrata est in the future imperative active, in the present subjunctive passive. 471. Translate into English: Erat inter Graecos, qui urbem Troiam obsidebant, Ulixes, vir summae virtutis ac prudentiae. Hie regnum insulae Ithacae obtinuerat et cum reliquis Graecis Troiam profectus erat. Troia tandem capta, domum redire maturavit. De hoc reditu Homerus, maximus poeta Graecorum, scripsit. 472. Translate into Latin : a Two battles were fought by the Romans. b He sends a ship to capture the island. c We must destroy this city. d He will lead a large army into Italy. e Take the books that I have. 473. Translate into English : Graeci, post excidium Troiae, in patriam revcrtunt. In his erat Ulysses. Multum ille errat, multas terras videt, multa maria transit. Post multos annos ad patriam venit, et adventus eius uxori et caro filio gratis- simus fuit. Write the principal parts of revcrtunt, videt, transit. 212 LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 474. Translate into English : Hamilcar, postquam in Hispaniam venit, magna bella gessit; maximos fortissimosque populos subegit, et equis, armis, viris totam Africam locupletavit. Hie, nono anno postquam in Hispaniam venerat, in proelio pugnans occisus est. 475. Translate into Latin : a Let us go to Rome. b He began to help his brother. c They will fight well because the leader is here. d He was with his father, a tall man. e I shall use your forces. 476. Translate into English: Dum haec Romae geruntur, imperator cum eis militibus quos a Caesare acceperat, in fines Gallorum venit. His praeerat Viridovix ac imperium tenebat earum omnium civitatum quae eo tempore defecerant. -Ex his civitati- bus Viridovix exercitum magnasque copias coegerat. Decline, in the singular, imperium , omnium civitatum, exercitum, the feminine of haec. Conjugate acceperat in the future perfect indicative active, in the imperfect subjunctive passive; tenebat in the perfect indicative active, in the future indicative passive. 477. Translate into English: Erant viae duae quibus imperator ex Asia cum suo exercitu domum redire posset. Earum viarum brevior erat per loca quae nemo incolebat propter aquae inopiam ; altera via erat multo longior sed per agros omnium rerum abundantes. LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 2 Li 478. Translate into Latin : a He says that he is a Roman general b He came to Rome to see the consul. c Because their towns were fortified, the enemv did not fear. d Let us go against the Gauls with our forces. e Have you the sword that you captured? 479. Translated into English : Cum Xerxes in Europam maximis copiis transisset, Leonidas cum septem milibus hominum missus est, ut Thermopylas occuparct. Ii vim hostium sustinere non potuerunt et eo loco omnes interierunt. Post hoc proelium Xerxes Athenas venit atque urbem delevit. Give the reason for the case of hominum, vim, Athenas; for the mode of transisset, occuparet. 480. Translate into English : a Erant itinera duo quibus domo exire possent. b Ubi ea dies venit, legati ad eum reverterunt. c Ipse cum suis copiis eos sequi coepit. d Vidit autem in magno periculo se esse. e In omnibus rebus animo magno fuit. 481. Translate into Latin : a We hear that the camp is fortified. b He had lived for many years at Rome. c The horseman was wounded with a sword. d The mountain was so high that the army did not pro- ceed. e We must set out. 214 LATIN AND ENGLISH SELECTIONS 482. Translate into English : Proximo die Caesar e castris copias suas eduxit aciemque instruxit et hostibus potestatem pugnandi fecit. Cum Caesar exercitum in castra reduxisset, Ariovistus partem suarum copiaritm, quae castra minora oppugnaret, misit. Give the reason for the case of die, hostibus, copiaritm; for the mode of reduxisset, oppugnaret. 483. Translate into English: Hostes Regulum ducem, quern ceperant, Romam miserunt, ut a senatu pacem obtineret. Ille, cum venisset, dixit se non iam esse civem Romanum, et senatui persuasit ne pacem faceret. Cum ad Africam rediit summa crudelitate interfectus est. 484. Translate into Latin : a A thousand horsemen were killed in that war. . b When Agesilaus was leader the soldiers were glad. c He says that that there will not be a battle. d We must conquer them. e They are at Athens. 485. Translate into English: Helvetii cum omnibus copiis e finibus suis exire et per provinciam nostram iter, facere constituerunt. Cum id Caesari nuntiatum esset, ab urbe profectus est, et magnis itineribus in Galliam contendit. Legati nobilissimi civitatis ad eum ab Helvetiis missi sunt. Give the reason for the case of Caesari, itineribus, civitatis; for the mode of exire, nuntiatum esset. QUESTIONS ON THE TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK Note: The number in parentheses at the end of caeh question indicates the page on which the answer can be found, i. Name the eight parts of speech. (I) 2. Define: — Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb. Adverb, Prepo- sition, Conjunction, Interjection. (I) 3. What is the difference between a singular noun and a plural noun? (I) 4. Mention four ways in which a noun may be used. (I) 5. Name five classes of pronouns. (II) 6. Give an English sentence containing an adjective. (II) 7. Name the three degrees of comparison. (II) 8. How are adjectives compared? (II) 9. Mention and compare an adjective in English. (II) 10. Name the four classes of verbs and define each class, (II) 11. Why is a verb inflected? (Ill) 12. Name the four moods. (Ill) 13. Name the six tenses. (Ill) 14. How does the active voice differ from the passive ? (IV) 15. Mention the English pronouns of the 1st person, 2nd per- son and 3rd person. (IV) 16. How are adverbs compared in English? (IV) 17. Give an English sentence containing a preposition and a conjunction. (V) 18. Define "phrase" and "clause." (V) 19. Name the vowels and the diphthongs in Latin. (1) 20. Give the definition of a diphthong. (1) 2 1 . When is a vowel long ? (3) 2 2 . When is a vowel short ? (3) 23. How many syllables has a Latin word ? (4) 215 216 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 24. State three rules for dividing a Latin word into syllables. Illustrate. (4) 25. What names are given to the last three syllables of a Latin word? (4) 26. Can the ultima ever be accented? (4) 27. State the rules for accenting a Latin word. (4) 28. On which syllable is a Latin word accented if it has an enclitic? (4) 29. State the five general rules of gender. (5) 30. Name the six cases and state the use of each. (6) 31. What is the difference between the stem and the base of a noun? (7) 32. In what vowel does the stem of a First-Declension noun end? (7) 33. Nouns of the First Declension are of what gender? (7) 34. Give the case-endings for nouns of the First Declension. (7) 35. In what case should you put the Subject? — the direct object? — the noun in the predicate? (7) 36. How is possession expressed? (7) 3 7 . How does an adjective agree with its noun ? (7) 38. How does a verb agree with its subject? (7) 39. Give the genitive singular and the dative plural of aqua, copia, filia, terra, via. (8) 40. Give the dative singular and the genitive plural of esseda, porta, sagitta. (8) 41. Give the feminine, ablative, singular and the accusative plural of the following adjectives : bona, multa, parva. (8) 42. Decline the nouns in Art. 19. (8) 43. Decline the adjectives in Art. 19. (8) 44. Nouns of the Second Declension have their stem ending in what vowel? (12) 45. Nouns of the Second Declension are of what gender? (12) 46. State, with gender, the seven nouns of the Second Declen- sion which are not masculine. (12) 47. Give the case-endings for nouns in us, second declension. (12) 48. Give the case-endings for nouns in um, second declension. (12) 49. Give the vocative singular of servus. (12) 50. Give the genitive singular and the dative plural of amicus, oppidum, equus, filius, scutum. (13) QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 217 51. Give the dative singular and the nominative plural <>i annus, signum, gladius, murus, telum. (13) 52. Give the masculine and the neuter ablative singular and the accusative plural of the following adjectives: altus, longus, novus. (13) 53. What is meant by the Dative of Service? (13) 54. What is meant by the Ethical Dative? (13) 55. State the gender of nouns in er of the second declension. (16) 56. Give the case-endings of nouns in er. (16) 57. State the difference in declension between puer and ager. (16) 58. Give five nouns in er declined like puer and five declined like ager. (17) 59. Give the genitive singular and the dative plural of the fol- lowing nouns: — gener, vesper, liber, socer, magister. (17) 60. Give the dative singular and the genitive plural of the fol- lowing nouns: — vir, culter, minister, aquilifer, caper. (17) 61. What is meant by an adjective of the first and second declension? (20) 62. State the difference between the declension of bonus, miser, and niger. (20) 63. Decline the following adjectives : — magnus, dexter, pul- cher, noster, liber. (20) 64. Decline the masculine of multus, the feminine of asper, and the neuter of aeger. (20) 65. Give, with meanings, five nouns of the first declension that are masculine in gender. (22) 66. Give the Latin for the following expressions and decline each noun with its adjective (sing, and plur.): - owr poet, a good farmer, the rough sailor, your associate, the sick scribe. (22) 67. Give the principal parts of the verb sum. (23) 68. Give the synopsis of the verb sum in the second person, singular. (23) 69. Give the synopsis of the verb sum in the third person, plural. (23) 70. Give the synopsis of the verb sum in the third person singular. (23) 71. Define and illustrate the Dative of the Possessor. (24) 72. Tell what case must be \ised after each of the following prepositions: (28) 218 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK I. per 6. ante 1 1. cum 16. in 2. e, ex 7- ad I 2. trans i7- de 3- sub 8. contra !3- propter 18. sine 4- inter 9- super 14. post 19. pro 5- circum 10. a, ab 15- ultra 20. apud 73. Give the meaning of each of the above prepositions. (28) 74. How many regular conjugations are there and how are they distinguished ? (40) 7 5 . How many moods are there in Latin ? (40) 76. Define "Gerund" and "Supine." (40) 7 7 . How are participles used ? (40) 78. What is the difference in meaning between the Perfect and the Imperfect tenses? (40) 79. Name the four Principal Parts of a verb. (40) 80. Why are the Principal Parts so called? (40) 8 1 . What is meant by the Present-system and the Perfect- system of tenses? (41) 82. How is Person represented in a Latin verb? (41) 83. Give the active and the passive personal endings. (41) 83a. State how each tense of a Latin verb is formed. (41) 84. Why are verbs like amo called a verbs ? (42) 85. Give the principal parts of amo. (42) 86. Give the synopsis of the verb amo in the third person, singular, active. (42) 87. Give the synopsis of the verb amo in the second person, plural, passive. (42) 88. Give the synopsis of the verb amo in the third person, active and passive, Indicative. (42) 89. Give the synopsis of the verb amo in the second person, singular and plural, active and passive, Subjunctive. (43) 90. Give all the Imperatives of amo. (44) 91. Give the Infinitives and the Participles of amo. (44) 92. How is the gerund used? (44) 93. Give the following rules of syntax and illustrate: 1. Agent with a passive verb. 2. Means or instrument. 3. Cause. 4. Accompaniment. (48) 94. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: cogito, creo, laboro, laudo, voco. (45) 95. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs : accelero, convoco, excito, probo, specto. (45) QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 219 96. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of tin- following verbs: accuso, agito, conloco, enuntio, oppugno. (45) 97. Give the meaning and the principal parts, of each of the following verbs: aedifico, celo, consulto, decerto, invito. (45) 98. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: crepo, do, juvo, seco, sto, veto. (45) 99. Why are verbs like'moneo called e verbs? (54) 100. Give the principal parts of moneo. (54) 10 1. Give the synopsis of the verb moneo in the third person, singular, active. (54) 102. Give the synopsis of the verb moneo in the second person , plural, passive. (54) 103. Give the synopsis of the verb moneo in the third person, plural, active and passive, Indicative. (54) 104. Give the synopsis of the verb moneo in the second person, singular and plural, active and passive, Subjunctive. (55) 105. Give all the Imperatives of moneo. (56) 106. Give the Infinitives and the Participles of moneo. (56) 107. How is the Gerund used? (56) 108. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: coerceo, debeo, exerceo, habeo, moneo. (57) 109. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: prohibeo, taceo, terreo, augeo, commoveo. (57) no. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: deleo, detineo, dissuadeo, doceo, faveo. (57) in. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: fleo, jubeo, maneo, obsideo, obtineo. (57) 112. Give the list of verbs that take the dative case. (62) 113. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs :persuadeo,placeo,possideo,praebeo,provideo. (57) 114. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: remaneo, removeo, teneo, timeo, video. (57) 115. Do all nouns of the Third Declension have the nomina- tive case ending in the same letter? (68) 116. State the Rules of Gender for nouns of the Third Declen- sion. (68) 117. Give the case-endings for masculine and feminine nouns of the thii-d declension. (68) 118. Give the case-endings for neuter nouns of the third declension, (68) 220 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 119. Into what three classes are nouns of the third declension divided? (69) 120. What is meant by an i-stem? Illustrate. (69) 121. What is meant by a mixed stem? Illustrate. (69) 122. What is meant by a consonant stem? Illustrate. (69) 123. How may the stem of a third-declension noun be found? (69) 124. What nouns are i-stems? (69) 125. What nouns are mixed stems? (69.) 126. What nouns are consonant stems? (69) 127. State the peculiarities in the declension of an i-stem. (69) 128. State the peculiarities in the declension of a mixed stem. (69) 129. State the peculiarities in the declension of a consonant stem. (69) 130. How do you account for there being three classes of nouns in the third declension? (69) 131. Give the genitive form for nouns whose nominative ends in:— as, us, ax, o, do, ns, en, es, os, ux, go, rs, ur, 1, or, s, is, ut, ex, ox, e, ar, er. State the gender of each noun. (70) 132. Give the genitive case of: — nubes, miles, animal, calcar, sermo, virgo, laus, lapis, mos, multitudo, obses, pes, corpus, hostis, dux, latus, judex, nomen, mare, pons, aries, pulvis, sacerdos, jus, caput, virtus, fax, vox, cohors, hiems, agger, fur, auctor. (70) 133. Decline bos, caro, frux, grex, homo. (71) 134. Decline lex, nemo, nox, rex, vis. (71) 135. Decline conjunx, cor, iter, nex, robur. (71) 136. Decline sanguis, ver, custos, os, senex. (71) 137. Decline aes, harpago, ebur, glans, heros. (71) 138. Decline Apollo, Ceres, Juppiter, September, Tros. (71) 139. Decline venter, femur, frons, ligo, mel. (71) 140. Decline Minos, pater, remex, praedo. (71) 141. Decline aestas, nubes, aries, miles. (72) 142. Decline pes, hostis, pulvis, lapis. (72) 143. State the rules of syntax for: (1) Dative of Service. (2) Manner. (3) Time when. (4) Place where. (72) 144. State the rules of syntax for: (1) Special verbs which take the dative. (2) Agent. (3) Means or instrument. (72) 145. Decline five nouns out of each group in Art. 141 . (j^) 146. Decline mos, sacerdos, latus, corpus. (76) QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK J21 147. Decline laus, virtus, jus, caput. (76) 148. State the rules of syntax for: (1) Dative of the Possessor. (2) Ethical Dative. (3) Accompaniment. (76*1 149. Decline five nouns out of each group in Art.. 150. (77) 150. Decline dux, rex, judex, sermo. (80) 151. Decline legio, multitudo, virgo, nomen. (80) 152. State the rules of syntax for: (1) Indirect object. (2) Special verbs taking the dative case. (3) Accompaniment. (4) Time, when or within which. (80) 153. Decline five nouns out of each group in Art. 15Q. (81) 154. Decline orator, Conors, hiems, mare. (84) 155. Decline calcar, consul, pater, mulier. (84) 155a. State the rules of syntax for: (1) Dative of Service. (2) Agent. (3) Place where. (84) 156. Decline five nouns out of each group in Art. 168. (85) 157. What is meant by an adjective of three terminations; of two terminations; of one termination? Give an example of each. (90) 158. Decline acer. (90) 159. Decline levis. (90) 160. Decline audax. (90) 161. Is acer an i-stem? (90) 162. Is levis an i-stem? (90) 163. Is audax an i-stem? (90) 164. Decline five adjectives out of each group in Art. 184. (91) 165. Why are verbs like rego called 6 verbs? (94) 166. Give the Principal Parts of rego. (94) 167. Give the synopsis of the verb rego in the third person, singular number, active voice. (94) 168. Give the synopsis of the verb rego in the second person, plural number, passive voice. (94) 169. Give the synopsis of the verb rego in the third person, plural number, active and passive voices, Indicative mood. (94) 170. Give the synopsis of the verb rego in the second person, singular and plural numbers, active and passive voices, Subjunctive mood. (95) 171. Give all the Imperatives of rego. (96) 172. Give the Infinitive and the Participles of rego. (96) 173. How is the Gerund used? (96) 174. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: ago, cognosco, defendo, peto, tego. (97) 222 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 175. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: dico, mitto, cado, ostendo, scribo. (97) 176. Give the rule of syntax for Cause. (100) 177. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: dedo, duco, gero, pono, vinco. (97) 178. Give the meaning and the principal parts of the following verbs: cingo, deligo, perdo, rego, traho. (97) 179. Give the rule of syntax for Separation. (103) 180. Give the meaning and the principal parts of the following verbs: caedo, educo, quaero, relinquo,verto. (97) 181. Give the meaning and the principal parts of the following verbs: ciaudo, constituo, credo, parco, vivo. (97) 182. Give the list of verbs that take the dative case. (103) 183. Give the rule of syntax for Manner. (104) 184. Give the rule of syntax for Extent of Time or Space. (105) 185. Why are verbs like audio called I verbs? (106) 186. Give the Principal Parts of audio. (106) 187. Give the synopsis of the verb audio in the third person, singular number, active voice. (106) 188. Give the synopsis of the verb audio in the second person, plural number, passive voice. (106) 189. Give the synopsis of the verb audio in the third person, plural number, active and passive voices, Indicative Mood. (106) 190. Give the synopsis of the verb audio in the second person, singular and plural numbers, active and passive voices, Sub- junctive mood. (107) 191. Give all the Imperatives of the verb audio. (108) 192. Give the Infinitives and the Participles of the verb audio. (108) 193. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: aperio, convenio, impedio, munio, venio. (109) 194. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: audio, expedio, pervenio, servio, vincio. (109) 195. State the rule of syntax for Domus, Rus and names of towns. (112) 196. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: consentio, custodio, e venio, invenio, sub venio. (109) 197. State the rule of syntax for Compound Verbs. (113, 198. In what vowel does the stem of a noun of the fourth declension end? (116) QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 22o [99. Nouns of the fourth declension are of what gender.' (116) 200. State ten nouns of the fourth declension that are feminine in gender. (116) 201. Give the case endings for masculine nouns of the fourth declension. (116) 202. Give the case endings of neuter nouns of the fourth declension. (116) 203. Which nouns of the fourth declension have ubus in the dative and the ablative plural? (116) 204. Decline senatus, cornu, domus. (116) 205. Decline each of the following nouns: adventus, genu, exer- citus, veru, metus. (117) 206. In what vowel does the stem of a noun of the fifth declension end ? (118) 207. State the gender of nouns of the fifth declension. (118) 208. Give the case endings for nouns of the fifth declension. 118) 209. Decline acies, dies, res, spes, res publica. (118) 210. Why are verbs like capio called io verbs of the third conjugation? (120) 211. Give the Principal Parts of capio. (120) 212. Give the synopsis of the verb capio in the third person, singular number, active voice. (120) 213. Give the synopsis of the verb capio in the second person, plural number, passive voice. (120) 214. Give the synopsis of the verb capio in the third person, plural number, active and passive voices. Indicative mood. (120) 215. Give the synopsis of the verb capio in the second person . singular and plural numbers, active and passive voices, Sub- junctive mood. (121) 216. Give all the Imperatives of capio. (122) 217. Give the Infinitives and the Participles of capio. (122) 218. How is the Gerund used? (122) 219. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: accipio, cupio, facio, fugio, recipio. (123) 220. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: proficio, interficio, diripio, conficio, eripio. (123) 221. Give the meaning and the principal parts of each of the following verbs: patefacio, perficio, efficio, conspicio, suscipio. (123) 224 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 222. State the rule of syntax for a Predicate Accusative. (126) 223. State the rule of syntax for Compound Verbs. (127) 224. Decline nullus, unus, totus, alius, solus. (132) 225. Decline neuter, uter, alter, uterque, neuterque. (132) 226. How may an adjective be compared? Illustrate. (134) 227. How is the comparative of an adjective formed? (134) 228. How is the superative of an adjective formed? (134) 229. When does an adjective add issimus to form the superla- tive and when rimus. (134) 230. Name the six adjectives which form their superlative in limus. (134) 231. Compare the following adjectives: bonus, malus, magnus, multus, parvus, vetus. (134) 232. How are the superlative forms of adjectives declined? (i35) 233. How are the comparative forms of adjectives declined? (i35) 234. Decline durior. (135) 235. Decline plus. (135) 236. Compare the following adjectives: gratus, piger, fidelis, firmus, diligens. (135) 238. State the rules of syntax for (1) Adjectives of fitness, (2) Comparison, (3) Degree of difference. (136) 239. How are adverbs formed from adjectives? (137) 240. Form an adverb from each of the following adjectives: Justus, liber, pulcher, levis, sapiens. (137) 241. Name seven adverbs which end in o. (137) 242. Mention three adverbs ending in um and two ending in e. (i37) 243. Mention four adverbs ending in iter. (137) 244. How are adverbs compared? (138) 245. How is the comparative of an adverb formed? (138) 246. Name and decline each of the personal pronouns. (140) 247. What is used in Latin for the third person in English? (140) 248. -Translate, with me; with us; with himself; with thee; with you. (140) 249. Verbs of remembering and for getting take what case ? (141) 250. Name the possessive adjective pronouns. (142) 251. Give the Latin for his; her; its; their (m.) ; their (f.). (14 2) QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 225 252. State the rule of syntax for the agreement of adjectives with nouns. (142) 253. What is the difference between the use of sui and ejus 3 (i44) 254. Name and decline the intensive pronoun. (144) 254a. What is the difference in use between sui and ipse ? ( 144) 255. Decline hie. (144) 256. Name the four demonstrative pronouns. (146) 257. Decline iste ; ille ; is ; idem. (146) 258. Explain the distinction between hie; ille; iste; is. (146) 259. Adjectives of fitness take what case? (147) 260. Decline the relative pronoun qui. (148) 261. State the rule of syntax for the relative pronoun. (148) 262. Decline the interrogative pronoun quis. (148) 263. Decline the interrogative adjective qui. (148) 264. Mention five indefinite pronouns and give their meanings. (149) 265. What is meant by a Deponent Verb? (150) 266. Give the synopsis of hortor in the third person, singular number. (150) 267. Give the synopsis of tueor in the first person, plural number. (150) 268. Give the synopsis of loquor in the third person, plural number. (150) 269. Give the synopsis of potior in the first person, singular number. (150) 270. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the following verbs: arbitror, polliceor, proficiscor, utor, adorior, sequor. (150) 271. What is meant by a Semi-Deponent Verb? (152) 272. Give the synopsis of the verb gaudeo in the third person, singular number. (152) 273. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the following verbs: audeo, gaudeo, soleo, fido, confido. (152) 274. Give the rule of syntax for Deponent Verbs. (152) 275. State the difference in the use of the cardinals and the ordinals. (154) 276. Count in Latin from one to twenty-two. (154) 277. Decline duo; tres. (155) 278. Decline milia. (155) 226 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 279. State the rule of syntax for (1) Partitive Genitive, (2) Extent of space. (156) 280. Give the Principal Parts of the verb fero. (159) 281. Give the synopsis of the verb fero in the third person, singular number. (159) 282. Give all the Infinitives and the Imperatives of the verb fero. (159) 283. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the following verbs: aufero, confero, differo, infero, tollo. (162) 284. Give the list of compound verbs that take the dative case. (162) 285. Give the Principal Parts of the verb eo. (164) 286. Give the synopsis of verb eo in the first person, plural number. (164) 287. Give the synopsis of the verb eo in the third person, plural number. (164) 288. Give the Principal Parts of the verb fio. (164) 289. Give the synopsis of the verb fio in the first person, singular number. (164) 290. Give the Infinitives and the Participles of the verb fio. (164) 291. Fio is used as the passive of what Latin verb? (164) 292. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the following verbs, abeo, intereo, obeo, praetereo, transeo. (167) 293. State jour uses of the Infinitive mood. (168) 294. What is meant by Indirect Discourse? (168) 295 . State the rules governing the use of the Infinitive in Indi- rect Discourse. (168) 296. State the rule of syntax for the subject of an infinitive. (168) 297. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the following verbs: volo, nolo, malo. (170) 298. Give the synopsis of the verb volo in third person, sin- gular number. (170) 299. Give the synopsis of the verb nolo in the third person, plural number. (170) 300. Give the synopsis of the verb malo in the first person, plural number. (170) 301. Give the present Indicative of volo. (170) 302. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the following verbs: possum, prosum. (174-175) QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 227 303. Give the synopsis of the verb possum in the third person singular number. (174) 304. Give the synopsis of the verb prosum in the third person, plural number. (175) 305. Give the meaning and the Principal Parts of each of the following verbs: obsum, desum, praesum, adsum, supersum. (1 78) 306. Compounds of sum take what case? (178) 307. State the rule of syntax for the compounds of sum. (1 78) 308. How may Participles be used? (180) 309. Decline amans. (180) 310. How do we decline perfect and future participles? (180) 311. What is meant by the Ablative Absolute? Illustrate. (182) 312. State the various uses of the Ablative Absolute. (183) 313. What is the difference between the Gerund and the Gerundive? (184) 314. How is the Gerund declined? (184) 315. What is meant by the Periphrastic Conjugations? (186) 316. How many are there? (186) 317. What does the Active Periphrastic Conjugation express? (187) 318. State the rule of syntax for Agent with the gerundive. (187) 319. What is meant by an Impersonal verb? (188) 320. State the rule of syntax for Impersonal Verbs. (188) 321. What is a Supine? (192) 322. State the rule of syntax for the Supine in um. (192) 323. State the rule of syntax for the Supine in u. (192) 324. What is meant by Sequence of Tenses? (193) 325. Name the primary and the secondary tenses of the Indica- tive. (193) 326. Mention the primary and the secondary tenses of the Subjunctive. (193) 327. Mention the eleven chief uses of the Subjunctive Mood. (194) 328. How is Purpose expressed? (196) 329. How is Result expressed? (196) 330. How is the Subjunctive Mood used after verbs of doubt 'or of fear? ( 1 98) 331. How is the Subjunctive Mood used in clauses of time, 'cause, and concession. (200) 332. What mood is used in Indirect Questions? (202) 33 V V What is meant b.y the Hortmtory Subjunctive? (*©2) 228 QUESTIONS ON TWENTIETH CENTURY LATIN-BOOK 334. Mention the four kinds of Conditions and state how each kind is expressed in Latin. (204) 335. Mention the four kinds of Wishes and state how each kind is expressed in Latin. (206) VOCABULARIES. 229 ABBREVIATIONS. a active. abl ablative. ace accusative adj adjective. adv adverb. C (common) comp., J > comparative compar., \ conj conjunction. dat dative. def defective. dep. ... . . .deponent. Eng English. esp., espec. .especially. F., fern . . . .feminine. gen genitive. impers .... impersonal. indeel indeclinable. indef indefinite. interr., ) interrog., ) mtens intensive. irr irregular. loc locative. M.,masc. . .masculine. neg negative. n neuter (intransitive) num numeral. p.p perfect participle. pass passive. pers person (al). pi., plur . . . plural. poss possessive. prep preposition. pres. part. . present participle. pron pronoun. reflex reflexive. rel relative. sing singular. sup., superl.sM/>i, abl. of causa with a genitive —/or the sake of. cautes, -is, F., rock (sharp or jagged) . cecidi, see cado. cecidi, see caedo. cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, 3. v. n., to give way, to yield. celeber, -bris, -bre, adj., re- nowned, celebrated. celer, -eris, -ere, adj., swift, quick. celeritas, -atis, F., swiftness, speed. celeriter, adv., quickly, swiftly. celo, -are, -avi, -atum, i.v. a.. to conceal, to hide. centum, indecl. num. adj., a hundred. centurio, -onis, M., centurion, a Roman officer in command of a hundred men. Ceres, -eris, F., Ceres, goddess of the cereals. certamen, -inis. X., struggle, conlest. certus, -a, -um, adj., certain. certiorem 236 comes [certidrem facere, (to make . . . more certain), to inform]. Chabrias, -ae, M., Chabrias, an Athenian general. cibus, I, M., food. Cicero, -onis, M., Cicero, (Mar- cus Tullius) the great orator. cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum, 3. v. a., to surround. cinis, -eris, M., ashes. circa, prep, with ace., about. circiter, prep, with ace, about, not far from. circum, prep, with ace, about, around. circumeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, [cir- cum -eo] irr. v. n. (a.), to go around. cis, adv. and prep, with ace, this side of. cito, adv., quickly. citra, adv. and prep, with ace, this side of. civis, -is, C, citizen. civitas, -atis, F., state, citizen- ship. cladSs, -is, F., destruction, de- feat. clam, adv., secretly. clamor, -oris, M., shout, outcry. clams, -a, -urn, adj., bright, clear, famous. classis, -is, F., a fleet. claudd, claudere, clausi, clau- sum, 3. v. a., to close, to shut. clgmens, -entis, adj., gentle, merciful. clfcmentia, -ae, F., kindness, gentleness. cliSns, -entis, C, a dependent, vassal. cloaca, -ae, F., artificial canal, sewer, drain. coed, coire, coivi, no p. p., [con- eo], irr. v. n., to come together, to unite. coepi, coepisse, coeptum, def. v. a., began, undertook. coerceo, -ercere, -ercui, -erci- tum, [con-arceo], 2. v. a., to confine, to keep in check. cogito, -are, -avi, -atum, [con- agito], 1. v. a., to consider, to think over, to plan. edgnitus; see c6gn5sco. c6gn6sc6, -gnoscere, -gnovi, -gnitum, [con-(g)nosco], 3. v. a., to learn, to find out. cog6, cogere, coggi, co actum, [con- ago], 3. v. a., to bring together, to collect, to compel. cohibeS, -ere, -ul, -itum, 2. v. a., to contain, to check. cohors, -hortis, F., a cohort, a tenth part of a legion. cohortor, -ari, -atus, [con- hortor]. 1. v. dep., to encour- age, to rally. colle'ga, -ae, M., associate, col- league. collatus, -a, -um, p. p. of con- fers. colligS, -ligere, -legi, -lectum [con-lego], 3. v. a., to collect. collis, -is, M., hill. col6nia, -ae, F., colony. color, -oris, M., color. colus, -I (-us), F., distaff. combur6, -urere, -ussi, ustum, [con-buro], 3. v. a., to burn up, to consume. comes, -itis, C, companion. cominus 237 Considius cominus, adv., hand to hand. commeatus, -us, M., supplies, provisions . committo, -mittcrc, -misi, mis- sum, [con-mitto], 3. v. a., to join, to engage in. commStus, -a, -um, p. p. of commoveo. commoveo, -movere, -movl, -motum., [con-moveo], 2. v. a., to move, to agitate, to stir up. communis, -e, adj., common, in common. comparo, -are, -avi, -atum, [con-paro], 1 v. a., to prepare, to get together. comperio, -perire, -peri, -per- tum, [con-pario], 4. v. a., to find out, to discover, to ascer- tain. compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum [con-pleo], 2. v. a., to fill up. compos, -otis, adj., controlling. conatum, -I, N., attempt. conatus, -us, M., attempt, effort. conditio, -onis, F., condition. terms. conferd, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [con-fero], irr. v. a., to bring together, to gather. conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectuni, [con-facio], 3. v. a., io accom- plish, to finish, to write up. confido, -fiderc, -fisus, [con- fido], 3. v. 11., scmi-dep., to trust, to trust fully. confirmo, -are, -avi. -atum, [con-firmo], 1. v. a., to strengthen, to encourage, to declare. confiteor, -fit€ri, -fessus, [con- fateor], 2. v. dep., to confess, to acknowledge. conicio, -icere, -jeel, -jectum, [con-jacio], 3. v. a., to throw together, to hurl, to cast. conjungo, -jungere, -junxi, -jiinctum. [con-jungo], 3. v. a., to join together, to fasten together, to unite. conjunx, -ju^is, C. a spouse. Esp., F., a wife, conjuratio, -onis. F., conspir- acy, confederacy. conjiiratus, -a. -urn, []). p. "I conjuro], -Masc. as noun, a conspirator. conloco, -arc, -avi, -alum. [con-loco,] i.v. a.. /<> place. to station, to pitch (camp). conloquium, -I, X., conference, interview. Conon, -onis, Conon, a Greek. conor, -ari, -atus, [con -f- onus], i. v. dep.. to attempt, to try. conscribo, -scribere. -scrips!, -scriptum, [con-scriho], 3. v. a., to write down, to enroll, to enlist. consensus, -us, M., agreement, consent. consentio, -sentire, -sCmis!. -sen- sum [con-scntio], 4. v. n.. to agree, io conspire. consequor, -sequi, -secutus, [con-scquor], 3. v. dep., to follow, to secure, io overtake. cdnsessus, -us, M., assembly. gathering. Considius, -I, M., Considius, a Roman soldier. consido 238 eras consido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, [con-sedeo] 3. v. n., to sit down, to halt, to encamp. consilium, -1, N., deliberation, plan. conspectus, -us, M., sight. conspicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spectum, [con-sped o], 3. v. a., to catch sight of, to espy. consplratio, -onis, F., conspir- acy, agreement. constat, constare, constitit, 1. v. impers., it is evident. constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitutum, [con-statuo], 3. v. a. and n., to set up, to establish, to determine. consuetudo, -inis, F., habit, custom. consul, -ulis, M., consul (a title of the chief magistrate of Rome) . consulatus, -us, M., consulship. consulto, -are, avi, -atum, [con-sulto], 1. v. n., to con- sult. contemno, -ere, -tempsi, temp- tum, [con-temno], 3. v. a., to despise. contendo, -tendere, -tendi, -tentum, [con-tendo], 3. v. n., to strive, to attempt, to hasten, to fight. contentio, -onis, F., struggle, dispute. contentus, -a, -um, adj., con- tent, satisfied. contineo, -tinerc, -tinul, -ten- tum, [con-tineo], 2. v. a., to ■hold together , to restrain, contingit, contingere, contigit, [con-tango], 3. v. a. and n. impers. it happens. contra, prep. with ace., against, contrary to. contraho, -trahere , - 1 r a x 1 , -tractum [con-traho], 3. v. a., to drag together, to narrow down. controversift, -ae, F., quarrel, controversy. contull, see confero. contumelia, -ae, F., insult, out- rage. convenio, -venire, -rem, -ven- tum, [con-venio], 4. v. a. and n., to come together, to assem- ble, to agree. conventus, -us, M., assembly, meeting. convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, [con-vocoj, 1. v. a., to call to- gether, to summon. coorior, -oriri, -ortus, [con- orior], 3. v. dep., to arise. copia, -ae, F., supply, abund- ance. Plur. forces (soldiers) . cor, cordis, N., heart. coram, adv. and prep, with abl., in the presence of. Cornelia, -ae, F., Cornelia. cornti, -Us, N., horn, wing (of an army) . corpus, -oris, N., body. corrigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, [cum-rego], 3. v. a., to cor- rect, to improve. cortex, -icis, M. , bark (of a tree) cotidie, adv., daily. eras, adv,-. to-morrow, Crass us 239 dedo Crassus, I, M., Crassus, consul with Pompey, B.C. 55. crates, -is, P., hurdle. creator, -oris, M., creator. creber, -bra, -brum, adj., thick, close. crebrd, adv., frequently. credo, credere, credidi, cre- ditum, 3. v. a. and n., /(> trust, to believe, to suppose. credulitas, -atis, F., belief , trust. creo, creare, creavi, creatum, 1. v. a., to create. crepo, creparc, crepui, cre- pituin, 1. v. n., to sound, to crack, to crash. crimen, -inis, N., fault, crime. crudglis, -e, adj., cruel. crudelitas, -atis, F., cruelty. crudeliter, adv., cruelly. crureque, (eras, leg; que, and). criis, cruris, N., leg. cucumis, -eris, M., a cucumber. cui, dat. of qui or quis. cujus, gen. of qui or quis. culmen, -inis, N., top, summit. culpa, -ae, F., blame. culter, -tri, M., knife. cum, prep, with abl., with. cum, conj., when, while, since, because, although. cunctor, -ari, -atus, 1. v. dep., to hesitate, to delay. cupiditas, -atis, F., desire, longing, eagerness. cupidus, -a, -um, adj., desirous, longing (for) , eager. cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum. 3 (and 4), v. a. and n., to desire, to be eager (for). cur, adv., why (rel. and interr.) cura, -ae, F., care, attention, euro, -are, -avl, -atuin, 1. v. a. and n., to take care, to pro- vide for. cursus, -us, M., , to act. f actio, -onis, F., a party, a faction. factum, I, N., a deed, a fact. facultas, -atis, F., ease, chance, opportunity. falsus, -a, -um, [p. p. of fallo]; adj., false. falx, falcis, F., sickle, hook. fama, -ae, F., speech, reputa- tion, rumor. fames, famis, F., hunger. familia, -ae, F., a household. fatum, fati, N., fate. faveo, favere, favi, fautum, 2. v. n., to favor, to be favorable to. fax, facis, F., torch, fire-brand. felicissime, adv., superl. de- gree, very successfully. fellcitas, -atis, F.. good-fortune, success. feliciter 244 /s fugo feliciter, adv., fortunately, suc- cessfully. felix, felicis, adj., fruitful, fortunate, successful. femina, -ae, F., woman, female. femur, -oris, N., thigh. fere, adv., almost. fero, ferre, tulT, latum, irr. a. and n., to bear, to carry, to endure. ferus, -a, -um, adj., wild, ferocious.- fidelis, -e, adj., faithful. fides, fidei, F., promise, pledge. fido, fidere, fisus, 3. v. n., to trust. filia, -ae, F., daughter. filius, -I, M., son. fines, finis, M., limit, end. — Plur., boundaries, country. finio, finire, finivi, [-ii], fini- tum, 4. v. a., to set bounds to, to limit. finitimus, -a, -um, adj., neigh- boring, adjacent. — Plur., as noun, neighbors. fid, fieri, f actus, 3. v. n., to be-come, to be made. firmiter, adv., firmly, steadily. firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a. to strengthen, to fortify. firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, steady. flamen, -inis, N., gale, breeze. flamma, -ae, F., flame, fire. fleo, rlere, flevi, rletum, 2. v. a. and n., to weep. flos, floris, M., flower. f lumen, -inis, N., river. fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum, 3. v. n., to flow. foedus, foederis, N., treaty, league. fons, fontis, N., fountain, spring. formosus, -a. -um, adj., beauti- ful, lovely. fors, fortis, F., chance. fortis,-e. adj., brave , courageous . fortiter, adv., bravely. fortitudo, -inis, F., bravery. fortuna, -ae, F., fortune, suc- cess. fortunatus, -a, -um, adj., for- tunate, prosperous. forum, -1, N., market-place, forum. fossa, -ae, F., ditch, trench. frangS, f r anger e, fregi, fr ac- tum, 3. v. a., to break, to wreck. frater, fratris, M., brother. fraus, fraudis, F., deceit, treach- ery, fraud. frigidus, -a, -um, adj., cold. frigus, -oris, N., cold. fronddsus, -a, -um, adj., leafy. frons, frontis, F., brow, face. frtimentum, -1, N., grain. fruor, frui, fructus, 3. v. dep., to enjoy. frux, friigis, F., fruit. — Plur., crops. fuga } -ae, F., flight. fugid, fugere, fugi, fugitum, 3. v. a. and n., to flee, to run away. fugitivus, -a, -um, adj., fugi- tive. — As noun, a fugitive. fugo, fug are, fug avi, fug atum, 1. v. a., to put to flight, to rout. ftimd 245 Helvfitius fum6, fumare. fumavi, fuma- tura, i . v. n., to smoke. fungor, fungi, functus, 3. v. dcp., to perform, to discharge. funis, funis, M.. rope. funus, funeris, N.. death, f it ti- er al. fur, furis, C, thief. furor, furoris, M . , madness, fury. futurus, see sum. Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul, including all the country now occupied by Belgium, France, and northern Italy. Gallicus, -a, -urn, adj., Gallic, of the Gauls. Gallus, -a. -um, adj., Gallic, of Gaul. — As noun, a Gaul. Garumna, -ae M,., Garumna, a river of S. W. Gaul, now the Garonne^ GarumnI, -orum, M., plur., the Garumni, a Gallic tribe. gaude6, gaudere. gavlsus, 2. v. n., semi-dep., to rejoice, to be delighted. gener, generi, M., son-in-law . gfcns, gentis, F., family, tribe. genii, genus, N., knee. genus, generis, N., race, ttibe. Germania, -ae, F., Germany. Germanus, -a, -um, adj., Ger- man. — As noun, a German. gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, 3. v. a., to carry 011, to wage (war). gestus, -a, -um, p. p. of gero. gladiator, -6ris, M., gladiator. gladius, -I, M., sword. glans, glandis, F., acorn, nut. glOria, -ae, P., fame, glory. gracilis, -e, adj., slender, grace- ful. Graecia, -ae, F., Greece. Graecus, -a. -um, adj.. (7 reek. — As noun, a Greek. grandis, -e, adj., large, of great size. gratia, gratiae. F., gratitude, thanks. gratulor, -an, -atus, 1. v. dep., to congratulate. gratus, -a, -um, adj.. pleasing. gravis, -e, adj., heavy, serious. gravitas, -atis, F.. weight, im- portance, power. graviter, adv., heavily, severely. grex, gregis, M.. flock, herd. H habed, habere, habui, habitum, 2. v. a. and n., to have, to hold, to possess. habitd, -are, -avi, -atum, i.v.a., to inhabit. Haeduus, -a, -um, adj.. of the Haeduans. — As noun, the Haeduans, a Gallic tribe. Hamilcar, -aris, M., Hamilcar. a Carthaginian. Hannibal, -alis, M.. Hannibal, a Carthaginian general. Hanno, -6nis. M., Hanno. a general of the Carthaginians. harpag6, -Snis, M.. hook, grap- pling-iron. Helveticus, -a, -um. adj.. Hel- vetian. Helvetius, -a, -um, adj., of tin- Helvetians. — As noun, the Helvetians. heri ^o 246 impetro heri, adv., yesterday. Henna, -ae, M., Hermes, a carved head on a pedestal. heros, -ois, M., a hero. hibernus, -a, -urn, adj., of winter, winter. — Neut. plur., winter -quarters . hie, adv., here. hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this, these, {he, she, it, they). hiems, hiemis, F., Winter. Hispania, -ae, F., Spain. Homerus, -I, M., Homer, a Greek poet. homS, hominis, C, human being, man. honestus, -a, -urn, adj., re- spected, honorable. honor, honSris, M., respect, honor. honSrificus, -a, -urn, adj., honorable. h6ra, -ae, F., hour. Horatius, -I, M., Horatius, Horace. horribilis, -e, adj., frightful, dreadful. hortor, hortari, hortatus, i. v. dep., to encourage, to urge on. hospes, hospitis, M., host, guest. hostis, hostis, C, (stranger), enemy. humanitas, -atis, F., humanity, civilization. humaniter, adv., humanely. humanus, -a, -urn, adj., civil- ized, refined. humilis, -e, adj., low, shallow, humble. humilitas, -atis, F., lowness, shallowness , humility. humus, -I, F., ground, earth. I, for unus, etc., one. ibi, adv., there. ico, icere, ici, ictum, 3. v. a., to strike, to hit. idem, eadem, idem, dem. adj. pron., the same. iddneus, -a, -um, adj., suitable. Idus, -uum, F., plur., the Ides, [15th. day of March, May, July, October; 13th. day of the other months]. Ignis, -is, M., fire. Ign6r6,-are,-avi, -atum, i.v.a., to fail to notice, not to know. Ignotus, -a, -um, adj., un- known, strange. illatus, -a, -um, p. p. of infero. ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that (yonder) . imber, imbris, M., rain-storm. immanis, -e, adj., huge, enor- mous. impedimentum, -i, N., hin- drance, baggage. impediS, -ire, -Ivi, -Itum, 4. v. a.., to entangle, to hinder. imperator, -oris, M., com- mander, general. imperium, -1, N., power, rule, authority. imperd, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a. to demand. impetr6,-are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., to accomplish, to obtain, to succeed in. impetus 247 interea impetus, -us, M., a rush, an attack. improbus, -a, -um, adj., wicked. impune, adv., with impunity. in, prep, with ace. to, into, upon, for, against. With abl. in, on. incertus, -a, -urn, adj., uncer- tain. incipid, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3. v. a. and n., to begin, to undertake. incola, -ae, C, inhabitant. incolo, -colere, -colui, no p. p. [in-colo], 3. v. a. and n., to inhabit, to dwell. incolumis, -e, adj., unharmed , safe. indicium, -1, N., information. indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum, [in-dico], 3. v. a., to order, to appoint. indulgentia, -ae, F., indul- gence, favor. indutiae, -arum, F., plur., truce. ineo, -ire, -ivi (ii), -itum, [in- eo], irr. v. a., to go into, to enter upon. infans, -antis, C, infant, child. Infero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [in-fero], irr. v. a., to bring in, to put upon, bellum inf., to wage war upon. Inndelis, -e, adj., unfaithful. Inflrmus, -a, -um, adj., weak, feeble. infra, adv., below, farther down. — Also, prep, with ace. Infuf , see insum. ing&ns, -entis, adj., huge, enor- mous. ingredior, gredi, gressus, [in- gradior], 3. v. dep , to march in, to enter. inimicus, -I, M., enemy (per- sonal). inlquus, -a, -um, adj., uneven, unjust, unfair. initium, -I. N.. a beghuiing. injuria, -ae, F., injustice, wrong. innocens, -entis, adj., harm- less, innocent. innocentia, -ae, F., innocence. inopia, -ae, F., scarcity, want. inscifcns, -entis, adj., not know- ing, unaivare. insidiae, -arum, F., Plur., am- bush, plot. insidior, -arl, -atus, r. v. dep. to lie in wait (for), to plot against. Insignis, -e, adj., memorable, marked. instruS, -struere, -struxi, -structum, 3. v. a., to build, to draw up, to array. insula, -ae. F., island. insum, inesse, infui, [in-sum], irr. v. n.. to be in, to be there. intellego, -legere, -lexi, -led- um, [inter-lego], 3. v. a., to learn, to find out. inter, prep, with ace. between, among. intercludo, -cludere, -elusi, -clusiim, [inter-claudo], 3. v. a., to cut off, to intercept. interea, adv., meanwhile. intereo 248 labor intereS, -ire, -ivi (il), itum, [inter-eo] irr. v. n., to perish. interficid, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, [inter- facio], 3. v. a., to put to death, to kill. interful, see intersum. interger, -gra, -grum, adj., un- touched, unbroken, whole. interp6n6, -p6nere, -posui, -po- situm, [inter-pono] , 3. v. a., to put between, to interpose. interpres, -etis, C, mediator, interpreter. interest, impers. v., it is of im- portance. intersum, -esse, -fui, (-futurus) , [inter-sum], irr. v. n., to be between, to be among. intra, adv., within, inside. — Also, prep, with ace. introe6, -Ire, -Ivi (-ii), -itum, [intro-eo], irr. v. a. and n. to enter, to come in. intull, see Infero. invalidus, -a, -um, adj., infirm, weak, feeble. inveniS, -venire, -veni, -ven- tum, [in-venio] 4. v. a., to find, to learn. invicem, adv., one after an- other. invito, -are, -avi, -atum, i..v. a., to invite. ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intens. pron., self (him, her, it, them). Ira, -ae, F., anger, wrath. is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that, he, she, it, they. ibdem, see Idem. iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that, near vou. Italia, -ae, F., Italy. itaque, adv., and so, therefore. iter, itineris, N., road, way, march, journey. Ithacus, -a,-um, adj., an 1 thac an jaci6, jacere, jeci, jactum, 3. v. a., to throw, to hurl, to cast. jam, adv., now, already. Jovis, see Juppiter jubed, jubere, jussi, jussum, 2. v. a., to order, to command. jucundus, -a, -um, pleasant. agreeable. judex, -icis, M., judge. Juppiter, Jovis, M.. Jupiter, the supreme Roman deity. jus, juris, N., justice, right. jus jurandum, juris jurandi, N., an oath. juste, adv., justly, rightly. Justus, -a, -um, adj., just, law- ful, right. juvenis, -e, adj., young. juventus, -utis, F., youth. juvo, -are, juvi, jutum, 1. v. a., to aid, to help. jflxta, adv., next, near by. K Kalendae, -arum, F. plur., the Calends, (the first day of the Roman month). L Labienus, -I, M., Labienus, lieutenant of Caesar. labor, laboris, M., labor, exer- tion. laboro 210 longus labor, labi, lapsus, 3. v. dep., to slip, to fall. Iab6r6, -are, -avi,-atum, i. v. n., to work, to toil, to labor, lac, lactis, N., milk. lacrima, -ae, F., a tear. lacus, lacus, M., lake. laetitia, -ae, F., joy, gladness. laetus,-a, -um, adj., joyful, glad. lapis, lapidis, M., stone (small). largiter, adv., lavishly, gener- ously. largus, -a, -urn, adj., abundant, plentiful. lat€, adv., widely. latitude, -dinis, F., width, breadth. latrd, latronis, M., robber. latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide. latus, lateris, N., side. latus, -a, -um, see ferd. Iaud6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., to praise. laus, laudis, F., praise. I§gati6, -6nis, F., ambassy. lSgatus, -i, M., ambassador. legio, legionis, F., legion (3000 to 6000 men). lenis, lene, adj., gentle, smooth. ISnitas, -atis, F., gentleness, smoothness. lfcniter, adv., gently, smoothly. Lepidus, -1, M., Lepidus, a Roman. Leonidas, -ae, M., Leonidas, a king of Sparta. lepus, leporis, M., hare. levis, leve, adj., light (not heavy) . levitas, -atis, F., lightness, fickleness. leviter, adv., lightly, easily, lev6, levare, levavl, levatum, r. v. a., to lighten, to lift up l6x, legis. !•'.. law. libenter, adv., willingly, gladly liber, librl. M.. book. liber, libera, liberum, adj.. free. llber&litas, -atis. F., generosity, liberality. llberfc, adv.. freely. Hberl, -6rum, M.. pluf., chil- dren . Hber6, -are. -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., to free, to set free, to re- lieve. Hbertas, -atis. F.. liberty, free- dom. libet, libere. libuit (libitum est) 2. v. n., impers., it is agree- able. liceor, licerl. licitus. 2. v. dep., to bid. licet, licere, licuit or licitum est, 3. v. n. impers., it is per- mitted. ligo, -onis, M., hoe. lingua, -ae, F., tongue, lan- guage. linter, lintris, F., skiff. littera, -ae, F., letter (of the alphabet) . — Plur. , epistle. litus, litoris, N., shore, beach. locuplStd, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., to make rich, to enrich. locus, loci, M., (plur., loci and loca), place, spot, position. locutus, -a, -um, p. p. of loquor. longS, adv., far, distant. longitudO, -dinis, F., length. longus, -a, -vim, adj., long. loquor 250 Miaerva loquor, ioqul, loeMus, 3. v. dep., to speak, to talk, to con- verse. luged, lugere, luxi, luctum, 2. v. n. and a., to mourn. luna, -ae, F., moon. lux, lucis, F., light; prima luce, at daybreak. M M., 1000. magis, adv., more, rather. magister, -tri, M., master, teacher. magistrates, -us, M., magis- tracy. magnitude, -dinis, F., great- ness, great size. magnopere, adv., greatly. magnus, -a, -um, adj., great, large. maior/, -us, (compar. of mag- nus), greater, larger. male, adv., badly, ill. malo, malle, malui, no p. p., irr.v. a. and n., to ivish rather, to prefer. malus, -a, -um, adj., bad, ill. maneo, manere, mansi, man- sum, 2 . v.n. , to stay, to remain. manus, manus, F., hand. — Also, a band (of men). Marcius, -1, Marcius, fourth king of Rome. mare, maris, N., sea. Mars, Martis, M., Mars, god of war. Martius, -a, -um, adj., of Mars, martial. mater, matris, F., mother, matron. « materia, -ae; F., wood, timb&r. matrimonium, -i, N., marriage, matrimony . matrona, -ae, F., matron. mature", adv., early, speedily. maturd, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a. and n., to hasten. maxim$, adv., in the greatest degree, especially. maximus; superl. of magnus. mecum (me + cum) , with me. medius, -a, -um, adj., middle. mel, mellis, N., honey. melior, -us, (compar. of bonus) , better. me mini, memisse, def. v. a., to remember , to be mindful of. memoria, -ae, F., memory. mens, mentis, F., the intellect, mind. mensis, mensis, M., month. mercator, -oris, M., trader, merchant. mereor, mereri, meritus, 2. v. dep., to deserve, to gain. merldiSs, -£i, M., midday, noon. meritum, -1, N., desert, merit. metu6, -ere, -ul, utum, 3. v. a. and n., to fear, to be afraid of. metus, metus, M., fear. meus, -a, -um, poss. adj. pron., my, mine. mihi, dat. of ego. miles, militis, M., soldier. mflitaris, -e, adj.. military. mllle, indecl. num. adj., at thousand. mllia, -ium, (plur. of mille), noun, N., plur., thousands. Minerva, -ae, F., Minerva, goddess of wisdom. rainime 2.11 namquo minims, adv., in the smallest degree, least. minimus, -a. -um, adj., small- est, least. minister, -tri, M., servant. minor, minus, adj., (compar. of parvus), smaller, less. Minos, -Sis, M., Minos, a king. minu6, minuere, minui, mi- nutum, 3. v. a. to lessen, to weaken. mlratus, -a, -um, p. p. of mlror. mlror, mlrarl, miratus, 1. v. dep., to wonder at. miser, misera, miserum, adj., wretched, miserable. miseret, miserere, miseruit, 2. v. impers., it distresses one, one feels pity (for) . missus, -a, -um, p. p. of mitts. mitt6, mittere, misi, missum, 3. v. a., to let go, to send, to dispatch. modestia, -ae, F., moderation, self-control, modesty. modo, adv., only, merely. modus, modi, M., measure, manner, method, way. moenia, monium, N. plur., for- tifications. mSISs, molis, F., mass, dike. mollis, mollire, mollivi, molli- tum, 4. v. a., to soften. mollis, molle, adj., soft, tender. feeble. mollitie's, -ei, F., softness, weak- ness. moneS, monere, monui, moni- tum, 2. v. a., to remind, to warn, to advise. mGns, montis, M., mountain. mSnstrS, -are, -avl, -Stum, 1. v. a., to show, to point out. mora, morae, F., delay. mor&tus, -a, -um. p. p. of moror. morior, mori (morirl) . mortuus (moriturus), 3. v. dep., to die. moror, moriiri, mor&tus, 1. v. dep. , to hinder, to delay, to wait. mors, mortis, F., death. mortuus, -a, -um, p. p. of morior. mos, moris, M., custom. mStus, -a, -um, p. p. of moveo. moveo, movere, movi. motum. 2. v. a., to move, to stir. mulier, mulieris, F., woman. multitudd, -dinis, F., great numbers, multitude. multS; (see multus), by much. multum, adv., much. multus, -a, -um, adj., much, many. — multum, N. as noun, much. — plur. many things. — multS difi, late in the day. mundus, -1, M., ivorld. munio, munire, munivl (-il), munitum, 4. v. a. and n., to fortify, to protect. munus, muneris, N., duty, task. share. murus, -I, M., wall. mus, muris, C, mouse. N nactus, -a, -um, p. p. of nan- clscor. nam, conj., for. namque, (nam-que), conj., for (emphatic). >-n nanciscor 252 nonne nanciscor, nancisci, nactus (nanctus), 3. v. dep., to find, to procure, to obtain. nanctus, -a, -um, p. p. of nanciscor. nascor, nascl, natus, 3. v. dep., to be born, to spring up. natio, -onis, F., race, nation. natura, -ae, F., nature, charac- ter. natus, -us, VL., birth. nauta, -ae, M., sailor. navalis, -e, adj., naval. navig6, -are, -avi, atum, 1. v. n., to sail, to navigate. navis, nevis, F., ship. n§, conj., lest, that. . . .not. ne, (enclitic), the sign of a question; cannot be trans- lated. nee; see neque. necessarius, -a, -um, adj.. necessary. necesse, indecl. adj., necessary. necessities, -atis, F. ( necessity. necne, conj., or not (in double questions) . need, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., to put to death, to murder. nefarius, -a, -um, adj., wicked, infamous. neglegd, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum, 3. v. a., to dis- regard, to neglect. negd, negare, negavi, negatum, 1. v. a. and n., to say no, to refuse. negdtium, -I, N. ( business, occupation, undertaking. nemd, neminis, G., no one, nobody. ngquaquam, adv., in no way, by no means. neque, adv., and not, nor. nfcquiter, adv., icorthlessly, wretchedly. neuter, neutra, neutrum, adj. pron., neither. nex, necis, F., death (violent). niger, nigra, nigrum, adj., black, dark. nihil, N., indecl., nothing. nil; see nihil, nisi, conj., unless, if not. nix, nivis, F,, snow. ndbilis, -e. adj., noble, famous. ndbilitas, -atis, F., nobility. nobis, dat. or abl. of n6s. ndblscum, (nobis + cum), with us. nocgns, -entis, adj., harmfid. Pres. part, of noced. noceo, nocere, nocui, no p. p., 2. v. n., to do harm to, to injure. ndld, n&lle, nolui, irr. v. a. and n., to wish not, to be tinwill- ing. ndmen, nominis, N., name. ndmind, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a. , to name, to call by name. ndn, adv., not. ndn minus, none the less. N6nae, -arum. The Nones. The fifth day of each month, except March, May, July, October, in which they oc- curred on the 7th day. ndn&ginta, indecl. num. adj., ninety. ndnne, (non-ne), sign of a negative question. nonus _'•>•> oculus nonus, -a, -urn, num. adj.. ninth. nos; see ego. n6sc6, noscere. novi, ndtum, 3. v. a., to learn, to know. noster, -Ira. -trum. poss. adj. pron., our, ours. — -Plur., our men. nfitus, -a. -urn, p. p. of nosco. novem, inecl. num. adj., nine. novitas, -atis. P.. strangeness, novelty. novus, -a, -um, adj.. new, fresh. nox, noctis. P.. night. nubes, nubis, F., cloud. nullus, -a. -um, adj.. not any, no, none. numen,numinis, N., will, power. numerus, -T, M., number. numquam, adv.. never. niintiatus, -a. -um. p. p. of nuntio. niintiS, -are. -avi, -atum. 1. v. a., to report, to make known. nuntius, -T. M., messenger. nuper, adv., lately, not long ago. nurus, -us, F., daughter-in-law. O ob, prep., on account of, because of. obduco, obducere, obduxl. ob- ductum, [ob-duco], 3. v. a., to lead toward, to lead against. obe6, obire. obii, obitum, [ob- eo], irr. v. a., to go to, to attend to. obful, see obsum. obicio, obicere, objeci, oojec- tum, [ob-jacio], 3. v. a., to throw against, to set up. oblatus, -a. -um. p. p. of offcro. obllviscor, oblivfsci, oljlltus. (ob-li\'io]. 3. v. dc]).. to forget. obses, obsidis. C, hostage. obside6, obsid&re, obsedl. <^1)- sessum, [ob-scdeo], 2. v. a., to besiege, to blockade. obsum, obesse. obfui. [ob-sum] irr. v. n.. to be opposed to. to injure. obtine6, obtinere, obtinui. ob tentum [ob-teneo], 2. v. a., to retain, to occupy, to possess. obtuli; pert, of offerd. occasid, -onis, P.. opportunity, occasion. occasus, -us, M.. a falling, a setting. occido, occidere, occidi. occa- surus, [ob-cado], 3. v. n to fall, to set. to be slain. ocdd6, occidere. occidi, occi- sum, [ob-caedo], 3. v. a.. to kill, to massacre. occlsus, -a, -um, p. p. of occid6. occupatus, -a, -um, p. p. of occupo. occup6, -are, -avi. -atum, r. v. a., to seize upon, to occupy. octavus, -a. -um. num. adj.. eighth. octingenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., eight hundred. octd, indecl. num. adj., eight. octddecim, indecl. num. adj.. eighteen. octdginta, indecl. num. adj., eighty. oculus, -I, M., the eye. odium 254 pared odium, -I, N., hatred. offers, offerre, obtuli, oblatum, [ob-fero], irr. v. a., to place in the way, to bring, to offer. omnia, -ium, N., Plur. of om- nis, all things. omnlnS, adv., entirely, at all. omnis, omne, adj., all, every. onus, oneris, N., burden, load. opera, -ae, F., work, attention. opinio, -onis, F., expectation, opinion. oportet, oportere, oportuit, 2. v. impers., it is best, it ought. oppidanus, -a, -urn, adj., of a town. Plur. as noun, towns- men. oppidum, -I, N., stronghold, town. oppdnd, -ponere, -posui,. -posi- tum, [ob. -pono], 3. v. a., to place opposite, to oppose. opprimd, opprimere, oppressi, oppressum, [ob-premo], 3. v. a., to overwhelm, to op- press, to crush. oppugns, -are, -avi, -atum, [ob-pugno], 1. v. a., to attack, to storm (a place). optime, (superl. of bene), adv. very well. optimus, -a, -um, (superl. of bonus), adj. very good, best. opus, operis, N., work, labor. opus, N., indeclin. need, neces- sity. ora, -ae, F., shore. 6rati6, -onis, F., address, speech, oration. orator, -oris, M., speaker, ora- tor. orbis, -is, M., circle; orbis ter- rarum, circle of lands, the whole world. 6rd6, -inis, M., row, order, rank. Orgetorix, -igis, M., Orgetorix, an Helvetian nobleman. orior, oriri, ortus, 3. (and 4.) v. n., to arise, to start. oriSns, -entis, (p.p. of orior) adj., rising. Srnamentum, -i, N., adornment. Srnatus, -a, -um, p. p. of orn6. 6rno, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., to adorn, to honor. 6r6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a. and n., to pray, to entreat. ortus, -a, -um, p. p. of orior. ortus, -us, M., a rising. 6s, Sris, N., mouth, face. os, ossis, N., a bone. ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- turn, [obs-tendo], 3. v. a., to show, to make known, to de- clare. 6tium, -1, N., repose, rest. pabulum, -i, N., fodder. Padus, -I, M., the Po, a river of northern Italy. paene, adv., almost, nearly. paenitentia, -ae, F., repentance. paenitet, -ere, -uit, 2. v. a., impers., it repents (one), one repents. palus, -udis, F., marsh. paluster, -tris, -tre, adj., marshy, swampy. par, paris, adj., equal. pared, parcere, peperci (pars!), parsurn, 3. v. n., to spare. parens 255 perfacilis parens, -eritis, C, parent. pared, parere, parul, paritum. 2. v. n., to obey, to submit to. parid, parere, peperl, partum, 3. v. a., to procure. paro, -arc, -avl, -atum. 1. v. a., to procure, to prepare, to arrange. pars, partis, F., po'stion, part. share. partim, adv., partly. patior, -in, -Itus, 4. v. dep.. to divide. partitus, -a, -urn, p.p. of partior partus, -us, birth. partus, -a, -urn, p.p. of parid. parum, adv., not much, not very. parvus, -a, -urn, adj., small. little. passus, -a, -um, p.p. of patior. passus, -us, M., stride, step, pace (equal to five feet). p§.stor, -6ris, M., shepherd, keeper. patefacid, -facere, -feci, fac- tum, [patio + facio], 3. v. a., to lay open, to open. patefactus, -a, -um, p.p. of patefacid. patefld, -fieri, -factus sum, 3. v. n. , to lie open, to be open. pater, patris, M., father. patienter, adv., patiently. patientia, -ae, F., patience. patior, pati, passus, 3. v. dep., to suffer, to endure, to permit. patrius, -a, -um, adj., ances- tral. paucus, -a, -um; adj., /«w: paulum, adv., little, somewhat. paulo, adv.. by a little. pauper, -eris, adj., poor. pax, pads, F., peace. pectus, -oris. \., the breast. pecunia, -ae. P., money, wealth. pecus, -oris, N.. cattle. pedes, -itis, M., footman, foot- soldier. pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., in- fantry. p&jor, pejus, (comp. of malus) . adj., worse. pejus; (see male), adv., worse. pelagus, -I, N., the sea. pellis, -is, F., hide, shin. pelld, pellere, pepuli, pulsum. 3. v. a., to strike, to defeat, to rout. pensum, -i, N., task. per, prep, with ace, through, by means of. perceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of per- cipi6. percipid, -cipere, -cepl, -cep- tum, [per-capio], 3. v. a., to take in, to learn, to hear. perditus, -a, -um, p. p. of perdd. perdd, perdere, perdidi, per- ditum, [per-do], 3. v. a., to destroy, to ruin. perduco, -ducere, -duxl, -duc- tum, [perduco], 3. v. a., to lead through, to bring over. perductus, -a. -um. p.p. of perduco. pere6, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum. [per-eo], irr. v. n., to perish. perexiguus, -a, -um, adj., very small. perfacilis, -e. adj.. very easy. perfectus 256 polliceor perfectus, -a. -urn, p.p. of perficio. perferd, -ferre, -tull, -latum, [per-fero], irr. v. a., to carry through, to endure, to suffer. perficio, -ficere, -feci, --fee-turn, [per-facio], 3. v. a., to ac- complish, to finish. perlculum, -T, N., danger, peril. peritus, -a, -um, adj., skilled, skilfid. perlatus, -a, -um, p.p. of perfero. permissus, -a, -um, p.p. of permittG. permitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum, [per-mitto], 3. v. a., to grant, to allow, to permit. pernicies, -el, F., destruction, ruin. Persae, -arum, M.. the Persians. persequor, -sequi, -secutus, [per-sequor], 3. v. dep., to follow up, to pursue. perspectus, -a, -um, p.p. of perspicio. perspicid, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, [per-specio], 3. v. a., to see clearly, to learn, to discover. persuaded, -suadere, -suasi, -suasum, [per-suadeo], 2. v. a. and n., to persuade. perterred, -terrere, -terrui, -territum, [per-terreo], 2. v. a., to terrify, to alarm. pertineS, -tinere, -tinui, no p.p., [per-teneo], 3. v. n., to ex- tend, to pertain. pertuli; see perfero. pervenio, -venire, -vein, -ven- tum, [per-venio], 4. v. n,, to arrive at, to reach. perventus, -a, -um, p.p. of pervenio. ; pes, pedis, M.. foot. ! peto, petere, petivl, petitum, 3. v. a. and n., to seek. phalanx, -angis, F., phalanx, troops in a solid mass. philosophus, -I, M., philosopher. pietas, -atis, F., piety, affec- tion. piger, pigra, pigrum, adj.. lazy. piget, pigere, pigitum est, 2. v. impers., it disgusts one. pilum, -1, N., javelin. pix, picis, F., pitch. placeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, 2. v. n., to please. placet, placere, placuit, 2. v. impers., it pleases one. ■ placid§, adv., quietly, calmly. placidus, -a, -um, adj., quiet, calm. planities, -el, F., a plain. planus, -a, -um, adj., flat, level. plebs, -is, F., populace, the com^- mon people. plenus, -a, -um, adj., full. plurimum, superl. of multum plurimus, -a, -um, very many, most. plus, adj., more, (compar. of multus). pSculum, -i, N., cup. poema, -atis, N., poem. poena, -ae, F., penalty, punish- ment, polliceor, -liceri, -licitus, 2. v. dep., to offer, to promise. PompSjus 2.57 praetereo PompSjus, -I, M., Pompey, a Roman. pondus, -eris, N., weight. pone, prep, with ace, behind. p6n6, ponerc. posui, positum. 3. v. a., to lay down, to place. p6ns, pontis, M., bridge. populus, -I. M., a people, nation. porta, -ae, F., gate. porticus, -us, portico, porch. portfi, -are, -avi. -atum. 1. v. a., to carry. portus, -us, M., harbor, port. posc6, poscere, poposci, no. p.p. , 3. v. a., to claim, to demand. positus, -a, -urn, p.p. of p6n6. possessiS, -onis, F., possession. possideo, -sidere. -sedi. -scs- sum, 2. v. a., to occupy, to hold possession of. possum, posse, potui, irr. v. 11., to be able, can. post, prep, with ace., behind, after. postea, adv., afterwards. posterus, -a, -um, adj., next, later. postp6n6, -ponere, -posui, -po- situm, [post-pono], 3. v. a., to place behind, to postpone. postquam, conj., after. postrSmo, adv., at last, finally. postrgmus, -a, -um, adj., the last, the end. postulatum, -I, N., demand, request. postulS, -are, -avi, -Stum, 1. v. a., to claim, to request. potfcns, -entis, adj., powerful. potestas, -atis, F., power, op- portunity, chance. potior, potiri, potltus, 4. v. dep., to become master of, to gain control of. potior, -us, (gen. -oris), adj.. preferable . potissimum, adv., most of all. especially. potltus, -a, -um, p. p, of potior. potius, adv., rather. prae, prep, with abl.. in com- parison with, before. praebed, praebere, praebui, praebitum, [prae-habeo], 2. v. a., to offer, to furnish. praecedo,-cedere, -cessi, -ccs- sum, [prae-cedo], 3. v. a to go before, to excel. praeda, -ae, F. booty, plunder. praeful, perf. of, praesum. praemittfi, -mittere. -mi -missum,[prae-mitto]. 3. v. a . . to send forward, to send ahead. praemium, -I. N., reward. praesens, -entis. adj., present. praesentio, -sentire. -sensi, -sensum. [prae-sentio], 4. v. a., to see beforehand , to find out. praesidium, -T. N., guard, gar- rison . praestat, praestarc, praestitit, 1. v. dep., it is better. praesum, praeesse, praeful, [prae-sum], irr. v. n., to be in front, to be in command. praeter, prep, with ace. be- yond, contrary to. praeterea, adv.. furthermore. praetere6, -Ire. -il. -itum, [prac- ter-eo], irr. v. a. and n., to pas:: by. to pass over. praeter 258 propterea praetor, ^oxis, M., praetor, a Roman magistrate. prex, precis, F., prayer, en- treaty. prima luce, adv. express., at daybreak. primd, adv. , at first. primum, adv. , first, in the first place. primus, -a, -urn, adj., first. princeps, -ipis, M., chief, leader. principatus, -us, M., leadership. Priscus, -I, M., Priscus, a Ro- man. prior, prius, adj., former. prius, neut. of prior. pridsquam, conj. adv., earlier than, before. pr6, prep, with abl., in front of, before, in behalf of. probatus, -a, -um, p. p. of probo. probo, -are, -avi, -atum, i. v. a., to approve, to favor. procdnsul, -ulis, M., a pro- consul. prdde6, -ire, -Ivi (-ii), -itum, [prod-eo], irr. v. n., to go forth, to come out. prddesse, inf. of prdsum. prdduco, -ducere, -duxl, -duc- tum, [pro-duco], 3. v. a., io lead forth, to bring out, to pro- long. productus, -a, -um, p. p. of produco. proelium, -I, N., battle. proelium committere, to engage in battle. prdfectus, -a, -um, p. p. of pro- ficiscor. prdiero, -ferre, -tull, -latum, [pro-fero], irr. v. a., to hrini forth, to bring out. prSficiS, -ficere, -feci, -tectum, [pro-facio], 3. v. n., to ad- vance, to accomplish. proficiscor,-ficiscI, -fectus,pro- faciscor], 3. v. dep., to start, to set out, to go out, to march, profiteor, -fiten, -fessus, [pro- fateor], 2. v. dep., to declare publicly, to profess. profui, perf. of prosum. pr6gredior,gredi,-gressus, [pro- gradior], 3. v. dep., to go for- ward, to proceed. progressus, -a, -um, p. p. of pr6gredior. prohibeS, -hibere, -hibui, -hib- itum, [pro-habeo], 2. v. a., to hold off , to forbid. prohibitus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro- hibe6. prdicio, -icere, -jeci, -jectum, [pro-jacio], 3. v. a., to throw forward, to cast (down). prolatus, -a, -um, p. p. of pro- ferd. pr6m6tus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro- move 5. prdmoved, -movere, -movi, -motum, [pro-mo veo], 2. v. a., to move forward, to ad- vance. prope, prep, with ace., near. proprius, -a, -vim, adj., one's own. propter, prep, with ace, on ac- count of. propterea, adv., on this ac- count. prosum 259 quis prosum, prodesse, profui, pro- futiirus, [pro (d) -sum], irr. v. n., to benefit. protull, perf. of pr6fer&. prdvide6, -videre, vidi, -visum, [pro- video], 2. v. a., to foresee, to provide. prSvincia, -ae, F., province. prSvisus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro- vides. proximS, see prope. proximus, -a, -um, adj., near- est, next. pudet, pudere, puduit, 2. v. impers. (it shames), one is ashamed. puella, -ae, F.,girl. puer, pueri, M., boy. Plur.. children. pugna, -ae, F., fight, battle. pugn6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. n., to fight. pulcher, -chra, -chrum. adj., beautiful. pulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of pello. pulvis, -eris, M., dust. punid, -Ire, -Ivl,(-ii), -Itum. 4. v. a., to punish. puppis, -is, F., stern (of a boat) . put6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., to think, to suppose. Pyrenaeus, -a, -um, adj.. the Pyrenees (mountains) . Q qua, abl. of quis or qui. quadringenti, -ae, -a, num. adj. , four hundred. quae, see quis or qui. quaer6, quaerere, quaeslvl, quaesltum. 3. v. a., to search for, to inquire, to ask. quam, adv., than. quam celerrime, adv. express., as quickly as possible. quam -f superlative of adj., as much as possible. quam ob rem, adv. phrase, wherefore. quantus, -a, -um. adj., how much'? how great 9 quasi, conj., as if. quattuor, indecl. num. adj.. four. -que, conj., and. quern, ace. of quis or qui. queror, queri, questus, 3. v. dep., to complain (of). questus, -a, -um, p.p. of queror. qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, which, that. quibus, dat. or abl. plur. of quis or qui. quibuscum, [cum +• quibus], with whom. quldam, quaedam, quoddam. indef. adj. pron., a certain. quifcs, -etis, F.. rest, quiet. quln, conj.. but that, that. qulndecim, indecl. num. adj. fifteen . quingenti, -ac. -a, num. adj. five hundred. qulnquaginta, indecl. nuni adj.. fifty. quinque, indecl. num. adj. five. qulntus, -a, -um. num. adj. fifth. qulntus decimus, num. adj. fifteen. quis, quae, quid, Interrog. adj pron., who? which? what'? quis 260 removed ■, quid, indef. pron. quis, ~ any one, any thing. quisquam, (no fern.)- quid- quam, indef. pron., any, any one, any thing. quisque, quaeque, quidque, indef. pron., each, each one. quo, see qui, or quis. quod, conj., because. quod, see qui or quis. quoque, conj., also. qudque, see quisque. qu6s, see qui or quis. R radix, -Icis, F.. root. rapiditas, -atis. F., rapidity, swiftness. raplna, -ae, F.. plunder. rarus, -a, -um, adj., thin, scat- tered, rare. ratio, -onis, F., reason, plan. ratis, -is. F.. raft. recede, -cedere. -cessi, -cessum, [re-cedo], 3. v. n., to retire, to withdraw. recens, -entis, adj., new, recent. receptus, -a, -um, p.p. of re- cipi6. recipi6, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, [re-cap io], 3. v. a., to take back, to receive. — -with re- flexive, to retreat. reconcilid, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., to reunite, to reconcile. recred,-are. -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., to refresh. reddd, -dere. -didi, -ditum, 3. v. a., to give back, to restore. reded, -Ire, -il (-ivi),-itum [re- (red-)-eo], irr. v. n., to go back, to return. reditid, -onis, F., a return. reditus, -us, M., a return. reducd, -ducere, -duxi. -duc- tum, [re-duco], 3. v. a., to lead back, to bring back. referd, referre, rettuli. relatum. [re-fero], irr. v. a., to bring back, to report. refugi6, -fugere, -fugl. -fugi- tum [re-fugio], 3. v. n.. to flee back, to escape. reglna, -ae, F., queen. regid, -onis, F., region, country. rggnd, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. n . , to reign . regnum, -1, N., kingdom.. reg6, regere, rexi, rectum, 3. v. a., to manage, to rule. Regulus, -1, M., Regulus, a Ro- man. reicio, -icere. -jeci, jectum, [re- jacio], 3. v. a., to throw back, to drive back, to throw away. rejectus, -a, -um, p.p. of reicid. relatus, -a, -um, p.p. of referd. relinquS, -linquere, -liqui, -lic- tum, [re-linguo], 3. v. a., to leave behind, to abandon. reliquus, -a, -um, adj., left, re- maining, rest. remaned, -manere, -mansi, -mansum, [re-maneo], 2. v. n.j to remain, to stay. rSmex, remigis, M., oarsman, rower. RemI, -6rum, M. plur., the Remi, a tribe. remdtus, -a, -um, p.p. of re- moved. removed, -movere, -movi, -mo- tum, [re-moveo], 2. v. a., to move away, to remove. remus 261 sapiens remus, -I, M., oar. reor, rere, ratus, 2. v. dep., to think, to deem. repelld, repellere, reppuli, re- pulsum, [re-pello], 3. v. a., to drive back, to repulse. repente, adv., suddenly. reperid, reperirc. repperi, re- pcrtum, [re-(red-)pario], 4. v. a., to find out, to dis- cover. repertus, -a. -um. p.p. of re- peri6. reporto, -are, -avi, -atum, [re- porto]. 1. v. a., to carry. back, to report. repulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of re- pello. res, rei, affair, matter, thing. rescinds, -scindere , -scidi , -scis- sum, [re-scindo], 3. v. a., to cut away, to break down, to destroy. respiciS, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn, [re-specio], 3. v. a. and n., to look back. responded, -spondere. -spondi, -sponsum, [re-spondeo]. 2. v. 11., to reply, to answer. responsum, -i. N.. reply. res publica, rei publicae, etc., F., republic. retentus, -a. -um, p.p. of re- tineS. retineS, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- turn, [re-teneo], 2. v. a., to hold back, to restrain. rettuli, perf . of referd. reverts, -vertere, -verti. -ver- sum, [re-verto], 3. v. n., to go back, to return. revertor, reverti, reversus, 3 v. dep. n., to turn about. revoco, -arc -avi, -atum, [rc- voco], 1. v. a., to call back, to retail. rfcx, regis, M.. king. Rhfinus, -1. M.. the Rhine, a river. Rhodanus, -I. M.. the Rhone, a river. ripa, -a.e,F., bank, (of a stream). rlvus, -1, M.. brook, stream. roborane, [robora 4- ne]. rSbur, -oris, N., oak. rogo, -are, -avi. -atum. 1. v. a.. to ask, to request. R6ma, -ae, F., Rome. Rdmanus, -a. -um. M.. Roman — As noun, a Roman. , rSstrum, -i. N.. beak (of a ship). ruber, rtibra. rubrum, adj.. red. rumor, -oris, M.. rumor. rumpd, rumpere, rupi. rup- tum, 3. v. a., to break. /<> force open. rupfis, -is, F., cliff. rus, ruris, N., country, fields. sacerdos, -dotis, C, priest. saepe, adv.. often. saepes, -is. F., hedge. saepissime, very often. sagitta, -ae, F.. arrow. saltus, -iis, M., glade, pass. salfls, -utis, F., health, safety. salvus, -a. -um. adj., saved, un- hurt. Samos, 1. F., Samos. an island. sanguis, -inis, M., blood. sapiens, -entis. adj.. wise sapienter 262 SGcratSs sapienter, adv. , wisely. satis, adv., enough, sufficiently. saxum, -I, N., stone, rock. scelus, -eris, N., crime, wicked- ness. sci6, scire, scivi, scitum, 4. v. a., to know. Sclpi6, -onis, Scipio, a Roman. scrlba, -ae, M., clerk, scribe. scribd, scribere, scrips!, scrip- turn, 3. v. a., to write. scutum, -i, N., shield. sS, see sul. se recipiS, see recipid. sec6, secare, secui, sectum, 1. v. a., to cut. secum, [se-fcum], with him- self, herself, etc. secundus, -a, -um, adj., follow- ing, second, favorable. secus, adv., otherwise. sed, conj., but. sedes, -is, F., seat, abode. seges, -etis, F., crop. semel, adv., once. semper, adv. always. senator, -oris, M., senator. senatus, -us, M., senate. senex, senis, M., old man. sententa, -ae, F., opinion, feel- ing. sentid, sentire, sensi, sensum, 4. v. a., to perceive, to know. sentis, -is, M., briar. septem, indecl. num. adj., seven. September, -bris, M., Septem- ber. septimus, -a, -um, adj., sev- enth. S&quanus, -1, a Sequanian. Bequor, sequl, secutus, 3. v. dep., to follow. serm5, -onis, M., conversation. serviO, -ire, -ii, (-ivi), Itum, 4. v. n., to be a slave. servitus, -utis, F., slavery. serv6, -are, -avi , -atum, 1 . v. a. , to guard, to preserve. servus, -I, M., slave. sSse, see sul. setius, [Compar. of secus] , less. severitas, -atis, F., severity, sternness. sex, indecl. num, adj., six. sexaginta, indecl. num. adj., sixty. si, conj., if, whether. sibi, see sul. sic, adv., so, thus. sidus, -eris, N., star. signifer, -feri, M., standard- bearer. significatiS, -onis, F., signal. warning. signum, -1, N., signal, sign. silva, -ae, F., forest, woods. Silvester, -tris, -tre, adj., wooded. similis, -e, adj., like, similar. sine, prep, with abl., without. singularis, -e, adj., solitary, single. singull, -ae, -a, adj., single, one by one. sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., on the left. slve, seu. conj . , if either, or if. socer, -erl, M., father-in-law. socius, -1, M., ally. Sdcratds, -is, M.. Socrates, a Greek. socrus 263 superfui socrus, -us, F., mother-in-law. sol, solis, M., sun. soled, sol€re, solitus. 2. v. n., to be wont. sdlitudd, -dinis, F., solitude, loneliness. sSlus, -a, -um., adj., alone, only. somnus, -1, M., sleep. soror, -oris, F., sister. sors, sortis, F., lot, chance. sospes, sospitis, adj., saving. Sparta, -ae, F., Sparta, a city, spatium, -1, N., space, distance. species, -el, F., sight, appear- ance. specto, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a. and n., to look at, to face. speculator, -oris, M.,spy, scout. spe-s, spei, F., hope, expectation. stat, stare, stetit, 1. v. impers., it stands fixed. statim, adv., immediately. statua, -ae, F., statue. stipes, stipitis. M., trunk (of a tree) . stirps, stirpis, M., stock, stem, race. sto, stare, steti. statum, 1. v. n., to stand. studed, studere, studui, no p.p., 2. v. n., to be eager, to desire. studium, -I, N., eagern-ess, zeal. stultitia, -ae, F., stupidity. folly. sub, prep, with abl. or ace. under. subduco, -ducere. -duxl. -duc- tum, [sub-duco], 3. v. a., to draw up, to lead up. subductus, -a, -um, p.p of sub- ducfi. subed, -ire, -ii, -itum. [sub-eo], irr. v. a., to go under, to undergo, to approach. subfui, see subsum. subig6, -igere, -egi, -actum, [sub-ago], 3. v. a., to subject. subito, adv., suddenly. subitus, -a, -um, adj., sudden. sublatus, -a, -um, p.p. of toll6. subsidium, -I, N., aid, help. subsum, -esse, -fui, [sub-sum], irr. v. n., to be under, to be near. subter, prep, with ace. or abl.. beneath. subveniS, -venire, -veni, -yen- turn, (sub-venio], 4. v. n., to come under, to come to the aid of. suffero, sufferre, sustuli, sub- latum, irr. v. a., to carry, to suffer, to sustain. sul, reflex, pron., himself, her- self, etc. sum, esse, fui, futurus, irr. v. n., to be. summa, -ae. F., highest point, the main part. summus, -a, -um. adj., highest, greatest. sumS, sumere. sumpsi, sump- turn, [sub-emo], 3. v. a., to take away, to get. super, prep, with ace. or abl.. over, above. superatus, -a, -um. p.p. of supers. superbia, -ae.. F.. haughti- yiess. superbus, -:i, -um, haughty. superfui, see supersum. supero 264 t6tus supers, -are, -avi, -atum, i. v. a. and n.. to conquer, to be superior to. superstes, -itis, adj., surviving. supersum, -esse, -fui, -(futur- us), [super-sum], irr. v. n., to be over, to survive. supplex, -icis, C, suppliant. supra, adv., formerly, beyond. susceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of suscipiS. suscipiS, -cipere, -cepT, -cep- tum, [sub(s)-capio], 3. v. a., to take up, to undertake . suspectus, -a, -um, p.p. of sus- picio. suspiciS, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- turn, [sub-specio], 3. v. a. and n., to suspect. suspicio, -onis, F., suspicion. sustined, -tinere, -tinul, -ten- turn, [sub(s)-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., to hold up, to with- stand, to hold out. sustuli, see tolls. suus, -a, -um, reflex, adj., pron. his, her, its (own). T faced, tacere, tacui, taciturn, 2. v. a. and n., to be silent. tacitus, -a, -um. p.p. of taceo. taedet, taedere, taeduit, 2. v. impers.. it disgusts, it wearies. talis, -e, adj., such. tam, adv., so, so much. tamen, adv., nevertheless. tandem, adv., at last, finally. tantus, -a, -um, adj., so much, so great. Tarquinius, -I, M., Tarquin, a Rom-an king. tfcctum, -1, N., roof. tficum, [cum-fte], with thee. teg6, tegere, tSxI, tectum, 3. v. a., to cover, to conceal. t&lum, -I, N., weapon. temeritas, -atis, F., rashness. tempestas, -atis, F., weather, storm. templum, -I, N., temple. tempus, -oris, N., time, season. tene6, tenere, tenui, tentum, 2. v. a., to hold, to retain. tener, -era, -erum, adj., deli- cate. tenuis, -e, adj., delicate, thin. tenus, adv., as far as. Also prep, with abl. tergum, -I, N., back. terra, -ae, F., earth, land. terre6, terrere, terrui, territum, 2. v. a., to frighten. terror, -oris, M., alarm, terror. tertius, -a, -um, num. adj., third. tertius decimus, num. adj., thirteenth. testis, -is, C, witness. testudd, -inis, F., "testudo." Thermopylae, -arum, Ther- mopylae. Thrasybulus, -i, M., Thrasybu- lits, an Athenian. timed, -ere, -ul, no p.p., 2. v. a. and n., to fear, to be afraid. timidus, -a, -um, adj., timid. timor, -6ris, M., fear, dread. toga, -ae, F., toga, the Roman garment. tolls, tollere, sustvill, stiblatum, 3. v. a., to raise, to take away. lotus, -a, -um, adj. , whole, entire trabs 265 ut trabs, U'abis. P., beam, timber. tractus, -a, -um, p.p. of trahfi. traducS, -ducere, -duxl, -duc- tum, [trans-duco], 3. v. a., to lead over. trah6, trahere, traxi, tractum, 3. v. a., to drag. traicio, -icere, -jeci, -jectum, [trans- jacio], 3. \. a., to throw across, to pierce. trajectus, -a, -um, p.p. of traicio. trano, -are, -avl, -alum, [trans- no], 1. v. a., and n., to swim across. tranquillitas, -atis, F.. calm. trans, prep, with ace., across. transduco, sec traducS. transeo, -ire. -iT, -itum. [trans- co], irr. v. a. and n.. to go across, to pass through. transfers, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, [trans-fero], irr. v. a., to carry over . to transfer. translatus, -a. -um, p.p. of transfers, transmissus, -a. -um, p.p. of transmitto. transmittS, -mittere, -misi, -missum. [trans-mitto], 3. v. a., to send over. tr&nstuli, perf. of transfers, trecenti, -ae, -a, num. adj.. three hundred. tres, tria, gen. trium, num. adj., three. triduum, -I, N., three days' time. triginta, indecl. num. adj., thirty. tristis, -e, adj.. sad. Troja, -ae. F. t Troy. Tios, Tr6is, F . Troy. tu, tui, pron. ^d pers. thou. tuba, -ae, F , trumpet. tucor, tuerl. tuitus. 2. \. dep., /<> watch, to protect. tuli, perf. of fero. Tullus, -i. M., T nil us. a Roman name. turn, adv., then, at that time. tumultus, -us, M.. uproar, com- motion. turpis, -v. adj., disgraceful . base. turpiter, adv., basely. turpitudo, -dinis, F.. baseness. turris, -is. F.. tower. tutus, -a, -um. adj.. protected, safe. tuus, -a. -um, adj. pron., your, yours. tyrannus, -T. M.. tyrant. U ubi, adv.. where. ulclscor, ulcisci, ultus, 3. v. dep., to punish, to avenge. Ulixes, -is, M , Ulysses, King of Ithaca. villus, -a. -um; gen. -uis. adj., any. ultra, prep, with ace, beyond. unus, -a, -um; gen. -lus, adj., one, alone. urbanus, -a. -um, adj., of a city, urban. urbs, urbis, F.. city. urged, urgere. ursi. no p.p.. 2. v. a., to press, to urge. usus, -us, M.. use, experience. usus, -a. -um, p.p. of utor. ut, coni., how? as, — with subjv., that, in order that, 5.) that. uter 266 Viridovix uter, utra, utrum; gen. -ins, adj . , which (of two) ? uterque, utraque, utrumque; gen. utrius-, adj., both. utilis, e, adj., tiseful. utilit&s, -atis, F., usefulness, advantage . utinam, adv., Oh that! Would that! iitor, uti, usus, 3. v. dep., to use, to employ. utrum, see uter. uxor, -oris, F., wife. V V, for quinque, five. vagor, -ari, -atus, 1. v. dep., to wander, to roam around. valeo, valere, valui, valitum, 2. v. n., to be strong. validus, -a, -urn, strong, healthy. valles, -is, F., valley. vallum, -1, N., wall, rampart. v alius, -I, M., stake. vannus, -1, F., a fan, for win- nowing. vast6, -are, -avi, -atum, 1. v. a., to lay waste, to ravage. vectlgal, -alis, N., tribute, reve- nue. vectlgalis, -e, adj., tributary. vend, vehere, vexl, vectum. 3. v. a., to bear, to carry. velSx, -ocis, adj., swift, quick. vgneo, venire, venivi (ii), veni- tum, 4. v. n., to go on sale. veni6, venire, veni, ventuni, 4. v. n., to come, to go. venter, ventris, M., belly. ventus, -I, M., the wind. ver, veris, N., Spring. verbero, -are, -avi, -atum, 1 v. a., to lash, to beat. verbum, -1, N., a ward. vereor, -en, -itus, 2. v. dep., to fear, to reverence. versus, adv., and prep, wi h ace., toward. vertd, vertere, verti, versum, 3. v. a., to turn. veru, -us, N., a spit. vesper, -eri, M., evening. vester, vestra, vestrum, poss. adj. pron., your, yours. vestigium, -I, N., footsteps, track. vestid, -ire, -ivi (ii), -itum, 4. v. a., to clothe, to cover. vestis, -is, F., clothing, gar- ments. vet6, vet are, vetui, vetitum, 1. v. a., to forbid. vetus, -eris, adj., old, former. via, -ae, F., road, way. victor, -oris, M., victor. victSria, -ae, F., victory, suc- cess. victdriam reportare, to bring back victory, to win a battle. vicus, -I, M., village. video, videre, vidi, visum, 2. v. a., to see. viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty. vimen, -inis, N., twig. vinciS, vinclre, vinxl, vinctum, 4. v. a., to bind. vinc6, vincere, viei, victum, 3. v. a. and n., to conquer. vir, virl, M., man, husband. virgd, -inis, F., maiden. Viridovix, -icis, M., Viridovix. virttts 267 Xerxes virtus, -utis, F., manliness, courage. virus, -I, N., slime, poison. vis, vis, F., force, strength. vlsus, -a, -urn, p.p. of video, vita, -ae, F., life. vita excSdere, to depart from life, to die. vitium, -I, fault, a defect. vtt6, -are, -avl, -atum, i. v. a., to shun, to avoid, to escape. vlv6, vivere, vixl, victum, 3. v. n., to live. vdblscum [cum-f vobis], with you. vocd, -are, -avi, -atum. 1. v. a., to call, to summon. vol6, velle, volui, irr. v. a. and n., to wish, to be willing. voluntas, -atis. F., willingness, desire. voluptas, -atis. F., pleasure, de- light. v6mis, -eris. M., ploughshare. v6s, plural of tii. v6x, v6cis, F., voice. vulgus, -i, N., crowd, mass. vulneratus, -a. -urn, adj.. wounded (P.P. of vulnerot . vulner6, -are, -a\i, -atum, 1 v. a., to wound. vulnus, -eris, N.. a wound. vultus, -us, M.. ( oiuitenance , face. X X, for decern, ten. Xerxes, -is, M.. Xerxes, a king of Persia. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. a, not translated. (certain), quid-am. (325) able, (be), possum, w. inf. (372) about, (around), circum, w. ace. (concerning), de. with abl. (time), circiter, w. ace. (about to), Use Act. Peri- phr. Conj. (400) absent, (be), absum. (376) accomplish, conficio, 3. (243) according to, prd, w. abl. accuse, accuso, 1. (80) accustomed, (be), soled, 2. semi-dep. (329) across, trans, w. ace. (=beyond) , ultrd, w. ace. (of a bridge), m, w. abl. admire, admlror, 1. dep. (327.1) advance, prdgredior, 3. (326) (peace), proficid, 3. (243) affair, res, -e£, F. (237) afraid, (be), timed, 2. (100) after, (prep.) £os*, w. ace. (conj.) postquam, w. Ind. (=when), cum, w. Subjv. (436) or Ablative Absolute. (388) against, control, in, w. ace. age, aetds, -dtis, F. (141) Agesil&us, Agesildus , -i, M. (32) another agitate, agito, 1. (80) agree, consenfro, 4. (212) aid, auxilium, -I, N. (33) (assist), juvo, 1. w. ace. (80) (benefit), prdsum, (dat.) (373) air, der, deris, etc., M. (166) alarmed, (be), timed, 2. (100) all, (every one) , omnis, -e, (184) (the whole), totus, -a, -urn. (262) ally, socius. -I, M. (32) alone, solus, -a. -um. (262) unus, -a, -um. (262) also, quoque, adv. although, cum with subjv. (436) Ablative Absolute. (388) always, semper, adv. am, see to be. ambassador, legdtus, -t, M. (32) among, inter, a pud, w. ace. among, (be), intersum. (376) ; ancient, antiquus, -a, -um. (52) and, et, -que. (also) atque, (and so) itaque. anger, na, -ae, F. (17) animal, animal, -alts, N. (168) announce, enuntio, 1. (80) J another, alius, -a, -ud. (262) 268 answer 269 battle answer, respdnsum, -l, N. ( ^jj (verb) responded, 2. w. dat. (100) any, idlus, -a, -urn. (262) apparent, (it is), apparel, 2, impers. (408) appearance, species, -Hi, F. (337) approach, approplnquo, 1. w. dat. (80) approve, probo, 1. (80) Aquitania, Aquitdnia, -ae, F. (17) are, see to be. are not, Nonne sunt . . . . are there, Suntne are carrying == carry. arise, orior, 3 and 4, dep. (327.29) arm, bracchium, -I, N. (^t,) (verb), armo, 1. (80) (arms for war), anna, -.drum, N. plur. (^^) army, exercitus, -us, M. (231) around, circum, w. ace. arouse, see rouse, arrival, adventus, -its, M. (231) arrive (at), pervenio, 4, \v. ad (212) arrow, sagitta, -ae, F. (17) art, ars, artis, F. (168) as, Use a noun in apposition or Use a dative of service, or (conj.) ut, w. Ind. as possible, quam, w. superl. ashamed, (be), pttdet, 2. im- pers. (408) ashes, cinis, -eris, M. (141) Asia, Asia, -ae, F. (17) ask, (for), rogo, 1. (80) (question) , quaero, 3.(191) assembly, lonventns, ih M (231) associate, cuilega. -ae. M (61) at, (in, on), in w. abl (=»time when), use abl (=ncar) . prope w ace (at Athens), AthinU (78.33) at once, statim, adv. atrocious, atrdx, -oris. (18 attack, impetus, -us, M. ( _• • 1 (verb), adorior. 4. dep. (327.2O) attempt, (noun),' condtus, -w.v. M. (227) (verb), conor, \. dep. (3273) authority, auctdritds, -dtis, F. (MO avenge, ulciscor, 3 . dep . (327.241 await, exspecto. 1. (80) away, (be), absum, (376) away from. a,(a6),e,(e%),w. abl. B bad, mains, -a. -urn. (52) (wicked), improbus. -a, -urn. (52) baggage, impedimenta, -drum, N. plur. (33) bank, /i*M5, -oris, X. (150) Barbarian, Barbaras, -I, M. (32 ) barrier, impedimentum, -i. X (33) base, turpis, -e. (184) basely, turpiter, adv. baseness, turpitiido. -dinis. F. (i59) battering-ram, arics, -ietis, M. (i39) battle, piigna, -ae, F. (17) : />mr- /*/<«/, -1, X. (33) be 270 calm be, sum. (65) bear, fero. (346) vehd, 3. (191) (=endure), perfero. (349) (across), transfer 0. (349) (away), deferd. (349) (back), referd. (349) (to), adferd. (349) beautiful, pulcher , -chr a , -chrutn. (59) because, cww, w. subjv. (436) become, /*e/<5, 3. (191) begin, incipid, 3. (243) beginning, initium, -t, N. (33) behind, pdne, w. ace. believe, credo, 3. (191) belong to, xww, w. dat. (66) benefit, prdsunt, w. dat. (373) beseech, deprecor, 1, dep. (326) besiege, obsided, 2. w. ace. (100) best, optimus, -a, -urn. (273.2) betake oneself, (-flee) , se reci- pere. (243) better, melior, -ius, (273) (it is b.), praestat, 1, im- pers. (408.14) between (be), intersum, (376) beyond, ultra, w. ace. bind, vincio, 4. (212) bird, avis, -is, F. (141) bitter, acerbus, -a, -urn. (52) black, niger, -gra, -grum. (59) boat, ndvis, -is, F. (141) body, corpus, -oris, N. (148) bold, auddx, -dcis. (182) boldly, auddcter, adv. boldness, auddcia, -ae, F. (17) book, liber, -bri, M. (45) booty, praeda, -ae, F. (17) born (be), ndscor, 3, dep. (327-17) both, ambd, -ae, -o. (336 note) both .... and, et . . . .et. boy, puer, -erl, M. (42) brave, fortis, -e. (180) bravely, fortiter, adv. bravery, fortitildo, -dinis, F. (i59) break, frango, 3. (191) breast, pectus, -oris, N. (150) bridge, pons, pontis, M. (168) bring, porto, 1 , (80) ; fero; offerd; (349) (against), Infero. (349) (back), referd. (349) (over), (i.e., to lead), trdnsduco. (191) (to) , adferd. (349) (together), conferd. (349) (b. war), bellum tnferre w. dat. (349) broad, latus, -a, -um. (52) brother, frdter, -tris, M. (168) Brutus, Brutus, -I, M. (32) build, aedifico, 1. (80) building, aedificium, -I, N. (33) burden, onus, -eris, N. (150) burn, comburd, 3. (191) but, serf, autem. but that, gwm, w. subjv. by, (agent), d, (afr), w. abl. (means) , abl. alone. C Caesar, Caesar, -aris, M. (168) call, (=summon), vocd, 1. (80) (=name), ndmind, 1. (80) together, convocd, 1. (80) calm, (noun) tranquillitds, -dtis, F. (141). (adj.) ,placidus, -a, -um. (5 2) calmly 271 compare calmly, placide, adv. camp, castra, -drum, N. plur. (33) camp-follower, cdld, -onis, M. (i59) can, possum, w. inf. (372) cannot, non possum. (372) captive, (adj.) captivus, -a, -um. (52) (noun) captivus, -i, M. (32) capture, cap-id, 3. (243) care, cwra, -ae, F. (17) (take c.) : . curd, 1. (80) carpenter, faber, -bri, M. (43) carry, portd, 1 ; fcrd, (349) (c. off) c#ero. (349) (c. on) conficio, 3. (243) (c. on war) bellum gerd, 3 (19O (c. out) = (accomplish) conficio, 3. (243) cast up, eicid, 3. (243) catch, capid, 3. (242) cattle, pecus, -oris, N. (150) cause, (noun) causa, -ae, F. (i7) (verb) = (to produce) of- ficio, 3. (243) cavalry, equitdtus, -us, M. (231) centurion, centurid, -onis, M. (i59) certain, (adj.), certus, -a, -um. (52) (pron.), quidam. (325) chance, fors, fortis, F. (168); casus, -us, M. (227) chariot, (not war) , carrus, -t,M. (32) check, coerced, 2. (100) chief, prince ps, -cipis, M. (168) child, puer, -ert, M. (42) children, liberi, -drum, M plui (45) choose, dcligo, 3. (191) Cicero, Cicero, -onis, M. (159) citadel, arx, arcis, F. (159) citizen, cfvw, •«, C. (141) city, urbs, -bis, P. (168) clear, cldrus, -a, -um. (52) cliff, rupds, -is, F. (141) close, claudd, 3. (191) clothe, vest id, 4. (212) clothes, vestis, -is, F. (141) clothing, vestis, -is, F. (141) cloud, nubes, -bis, F. (139) cohort, cohors, -ortis, F. (166) cold, frigus, -oris, N. (150) coldness, frigus, -oris, N. (150) colleague, collega, -ae, M. (61) collect, conloco, 1. (80); conferd. (349) (an army), rdgd, 3. (191) colony, colonia, -ae, F. (17) come, www, 4. (212); ed. (355) (together), convenid, 4 (212) (to the aid of), subvenid, 4. w. dat. (212) command, jiissus, -its, M. (231); imperium, -I, N. (33) (to), jubed, 2. w, ace. (100) (be in c.), praesum. w. dat (376) commander, imperdtor, -oris, M. (168) common people, valgus, -1. X. (32) compact, pactum, -i, N. (33) companion, comes, -itis, C. (141) compare, conferd. (349) complain 272 desire complain, queror, 3, ciep. (327.21) conceal, celo, 1. (80) concerning, de, w. abl. condition, conditio, -ionis, F. (i59) conference, conloquiuni, -1, N. (33) confess, cdnfiieor, 2, dep. (327-9) congratulate, grdtulor, 1, dep. (326) conquer, super 0, 1. (80) vinco, 3. (191) consider, arbitror, 1, dcp. (3 2 7- 2 ) conspiracy, conjuratid, -ionis, F. (159) conspirator, conjurdtus, -I, M. (32) consul, consul, -ulis, M. (166) consulship, consuldtus, -us, M. (231) consult, consulto, 1. (80) contrary to, contra, w. ace. conversation, sermd, -onis, F. (i57) , could, see can. countenance, vultus, -us, M. (23O country, patria, -ae, F. (17) (not city), rws, rtlris, N. (enemy's) , /mw, -is, M. (141) courage, virtus, -utis, F. (150) cover, tego, 3. (191) cow, 605, bovis, C. (138.3) create, creo, 1. (80) crime, scelus, -cris, N. (150) crimen, -minis, N. (159) crisis, discrimcn, -minis, N. (i59) crop, 5t?g. (243) destroy, deled, 2. (100) destruction, pernicies, -el. F. (237) detain, detinco, 2. (100) determine, constituo, 3. (191) devastate, vdsto, 1. (80) die, morior, 3, dep. (327.28) difficult, difficilis, -e. (180) (184) difficulty, difficultds, -dtis, F. (141) diligent, diligens, -entis. (182) diligently, diligenter, adv. disaster, calamitds, -dtis, F. (141) disclose, aperio, 4. (212); />a/f- /aci'o, 3. (243) discover, invenio, comperid, 4. (212) disgusted, (be), piget. 2. impers. (408) dissuade, dissuaded, 2. (100) disturb, commoved, 2. (100) do, facto, 3. (243) document, document u in. -I. N. (33) doubt (noun) dubium, -J, N. (33) (verb) dvibito, 1 . (80) drag, traho, 3. (191) draw, (=drag), traho, 3, (191) (=lead) , due d, 3. (iyi) (up), instruo, 3. (191) dread, vereor, 2, dep. (327.14) drink, (noun), polus, -us, M. (227) drive, ago, 3. (191) (out) , ex pell , 3. (191) during, i«, u. abl. dust, pulvis, -eris. M. (139) duty, munus, -eris. X. (150) K each, (one), quisque. (325) (of two), uterque, (264) eager, (adj.), cupidus, -a. -urn. (52) (be), cupio. 3. (191) eagerness, alacritds, -at is. (139) eagerly, dcriter, adv. early, mature, adv. easy, facilis, -e. (180) (184) easily, facile, adv. effect, o) escape, effugio, 3 (24 espy 274 for espy, (perceive), cdnspicio, 3. (243) evening, vesper, -eri, M. (45) evidence, indicium, -I, N. (33) evil, mains, -a, -um. (52) excel, anteed (359) or praecedd, 3, w. dat. (191) excellent, optimus, -a, -um. (52) exercise, exerced, 2. (100) exile, exsul, -ulis, C. (168) expect, exspectd, 1. (80) expectation, exspectdtid, -dnis, F. (157) eye, oculus, -i, M. (32) F face, os, oris, N. (150); vultus, -us, M. (227) fail, (be lacking) , desum,w. dat. (376) faithful, fidelis, -e. (180) (184) faithfulness. fall, cado, 3. (191) falsely, falsd, adv. famous, (=well known), cld- rus, -a, -um. (52) (=frequented) , celeber, -bris, -bre. (184) far, longe, adv. (by far), abl. deg. differ- ence. farmer, agricola, -ae, M. (61) farther, longius, adv. fate, fdtutn. -I, N. (33) father, pater, -tris, M. (166) father-in-law, socer, -erf, M. (45) favor, faved, 2. w. dat. (100) fear, metus, -us, M. (227) fear, (to), timed, 2. (100); ■metuo, 3. (191) (to be in), timed, 2. (100) feel, sentio, 4. (212) few, paucus, -a, -um, (in the plur.) (52) fidelity, fides, -el, F. (237) field, ager, agrl, M. (43) fierce, dtrox, -ocis; ferox, -ocis. (182) fifth, quintus, -a, -um. (52) fifty, quinqudgintd. (337) fight, pugno, 1., decerto, 1. (80) find, invenio, 4., re per id, 4. (212) find out, compcrio, 4. (212) finish, cdnficid, 3. (243) fir tree, abies, -etis, F. (141) fire, Ignis, -is, M. (141) firm, firmus, -a, -um. (52) fitting, iddneus, -a, -um. (52) five, quinque. (337) five hundred, quingenti, -ae, -a. (52) flame, flamma, -ae, F. (17) flee, /«Z) similar, similis, -e. (180) (184) since, cum, w. subjv. (436) or Abl. Absolute. (389) six, sex.- (335) size, mdgnitudo, -inis, F. (159) skiff, linter, -iris, F. (168) skill, ars, artis, F. (168) skilful, peritus, -a, -urn. (52) skilfully, cum arte. slaughter, caedes, -is, F. (141) slave, servus, -i, M. (32) slave (to be a), servio, 4. w. dat. (212) slavery, servitiis, -iitis, F. (150) slay, inter ficio, 3. (243) slip (to), labor, 1. dep. (326) small, parvus, -a, -um. (52) smoothness, mollities, -iei, F. (237) snatch away, eripio, 3. (243) snow, nix, nivis, F. (159) so, (=thus), ita, sic. adv. SO, (modifier), tarn. SO great, tantus, -a, -um. (52) p many, tot, tarn, adv. so that, ut, w. subjv. (426) Socrates, Socrates, -is, M. (141) soldier, miles, -itis, M. (139) solitude, solitudo, -inis, F. (159) some, quldam, (325); nonniilli, (262) some. . . .others, alii. . . .alii. (262) someone, aliquis. (325) son, filius, -i, M. (32) son-in-law, gener, -eri, M. (45) soon, mox, adv. cito, adv. sortie, eruptid, -ionis, F. (159) spare, pared, 3, w. dat. (191) speak, (say), died, 3. (191) (converse), loquor, (326) speed, celeritds, -dtis, F. (141) spit (a), verii, -us, (223) spring, ver, veris, N. (138.38) SPY? speculator, -dris, M. (168) stand, sto, 1. (80) standard-bearer, signifer, -eri, (45) state, civitds, -dtis, F, (141) stay, remaned, 2. (100) step, passus, -us, M. (227) stern (of ship), puppis, -is, F. (141) stone, saxum, -i, N. (33) Storm, tempest as, -dtis, F. (141) (rain), imber, -bris, M. (168) (verb), oppugno, 1. (80) strength, vis, vis, F. (138.39) strong, (healthy), validus, -a, -um. (52) (firm), firmits, -a, -um. (52) struggle, certdmen, -inis, N. (159) study (to), studeo, 2. (100) successfully, feliciter, adv. such, *£/&, -e. (180) (184) such a, talis, -e. (180) (184) suffer, patior, 3, dep. (327.19) suitable, iddneus, -a, -um. (52) summer, aestds, -dtis, F. (140) summit 28,') this one summit, c acumen, -inis. X (159) sun, sol, solis, M. (168) supply, copra, -ae, F. (17) surrender, (noun), dfditid. -idnis F. (159) (verb), dedo, 3. (191) surround, cingo, 3. (191) survive, super sum (376) suspect, susplcid, 3. (243) swamp, palus, -udis, F. (150) swift, veldx, -dcis. (182) (184) (of wing) volucer, -cris, -ere, (178) swiftly, celeriter, adv. swiftness, celeritds, -dtis, F. (141) sword, gladius, -f, M. (32) table, mensa, -ae, F. (17) take, capio, 3. (242) (accept), accipio, 3. (243) take, (=lead), due 6, 3. (191) take (a walk), ambulo, 1. (80) take away, (bear), effero. (349) (snatch), diripio, 3 (243) take counsel (consult), con- sulto, 1. (80) take with,, capio and cum, \v. abl. tall, altus, -a, -urn, (52) task, pensum, -I, N. (t,^) teach, doceo, 2. (100) tear down, rescindo, 3. (190 tear out (of), eripio ex, w. abl. 3- ( 2 43) tell, died, 3. (191) tempest, tempestds, -dtis. F. temple, templum. -1, N. (33) ten, decern. (335) tender, tewr, -mi. -. j.-s irregular, 261, 262. irregular comparison, 272. one, two and three terminat: 179. 181, 183. possessive adjectives. 292. 203. 294 distinction between suns and 6 jus, 294. stems, i, 185. consonant. 185. mixed. 185. with dative. 78:14. adverbs, comparison, English Pg. IV Latin, 282. definition. Pg. IV formation, 278. in e, 280; iter. 281 : 6. 271,1; tan. aestas, declension, 139. agent, d or ab with abl.. 78:2 ; with the gerundive. 78:11. ager. declension. 143. agreement, of adjectives. 78:34 appositives, 78:2. predicate nouns. 78:3. relative pronouns. 78:3ft. aliquis, 325. alius, declension, m?. alphabet, 1 . alter, declension. 204 amans, declension. 184. 2S9 290 INPEX n , ., ■ ,,. amd, conjugation, 79. antepenult, definition, 10. when accented, 10. appeals, 443. apposition, 78:2 ar-nouns of third declension, 168. ari£s, declension, 139. article, none in Latin, 21. artus, dat. and abl. plur. -ubus, 229. as-nouns of third declension, 141. audax, adjectives like, 184. comparison, 269. declension, 182. audid, conjugation, 211. B base, 16. bellum, declension, 33. bonus, comparison, 272. -declension, 52. b&s, declension, 138:3. calcar, declension, 166. canis, genitive plural um, 130. capid, conjugation, 342. caput, declension, 148. cardinals, declension, 336, 33&< 330. definition, 335 indeclinable, 337- table of, 335. case of rel. pronouns, 78:36- case endings, first declension, 17. second declension, 32, 33, 42, 43. third declension, 126. fourth declension, 237, 228. fifth declension, 236. cases, names of Latin, 13. meanings, 17. causal clauses, with cum, 436. cause, ablative, 78:27. characteristic vowels of the four con- jugations. Pg. 40, 41. classes of nouns (third declen.), 127- clause, definition, Pg. V. purpose, 426. result, 426. relative of purpose, 426. cum (when, because, although), 436. cohors, declension. 166. --: comparative, declension, 273. plus, declension, Pg. 135. with ablative, 78:24. without quam, 78:24. comparison of adjectives, Pg. 134. English, Pg. II, Latin, 368. irregular, 272. six adjectives in -lis, 271. adverbs, 269. complement of verb, 362:3. compound verbs with dative, 78.12. conditional sentences, 448. simple conditions, 448a. doubtful conditions, 448b. contrary to fact, 448c, d. conjugation, definition, Pg. V. conjunction, definition, Pg. V. consonant stems, 134. 135. 136. consonants, 5. pronunciation, 6. contraction of genitive of nouns in -turn and -ius, Pg. 14 foot-note. consul, declension, 166. cornfl, declension, 228. corpus, declension, 148. cum, preposition with ablative, 72. with pronouns, 289. cum, conjunction with subj., 436. causal, concession, temporal, 436. D dative case, 13. agent, 78:11. indirect object, 78:9- possessor, 78:10. servite, 78:13. with adjectives, 78:14. with compound verbs, 78:12. with verbs meaning to benefit, to please, to believe, etc., 78:16. declension, definition, Pg. V. first, 17. second, 32, 33. third, 139. 148, 157. 166. fourth, 227, 228. fifth, 236. degree of difference, ablative, 78:20- demonstrative adjectives, 305, 310, 311. 312- pronouns, 305, 310, 311, 3^.2. See also hie, iste, ilk, is; idem, ipse. INDEX 291 deponent verbs, conjugation, 326. list and principal parts, 327. descriptive genitive, 78:6. difis, declension, 236. gender, 335. diphthongs, 5. pronunciation, 5, b. quantity, 7. direct statements, 363. dives, declension, 185. do-nouns of third declension, 159. domi, locative, 78:33. dom6, place from which, 78:33. 230. domum, place to which, 78:33. 230. domus, declension, 230. gender, Pg. 116, foot-note. use, 78:33- duo, declension, 336. dux, declension, 157. e-nouns of third declension, 168. e-stems, nouns, 234. . 8-verbs, conjugation, 99. list and principal parts, 100. e-verbs, conjugation, 190. list and principal parts, 191. ego, declension, 287. used only for emphasis, 288. ejus, compared with suus, 294. en-nouns of third declension, 150. enclitics, Pg. 4 foot-note. endings, see case-endings. e6, conjugation, 355. compounds, 359, 359a. er-nouns of second declension , 42, 43. e (dropped or retained) , 44 er-nouns of third declension, 168. es-nouns of third declension, 141. ex-nouns of third declension, 159. extent of time or space, 78:21. fearing, verbs of, 431 feminine nouns, fourth declension, Pg. 116, foot-note. fer6, conjugation, 346. compounds, 349. list, and principal parts, 340. Alia, dative and abl. plur.. Pr. 8, foot- note. flo, conjugation, 356. fourth-declension nouns, fern., Pg. 1 iO. foot-note. fruor, with ablative, 78:37. fungor, with ablative, 78:37. future active participle, used in the active periphrastic conjugation, 399- gaudeo, conjugation, 329. gender, English and Latin, Pg. I. general rules for, 12. first declension, 15; exceptions, 61. second declension, 31 ; exceptions, Pg. 12, foot-note. third declension, 123, 124. 125. fourth declension, 226. fifth declension, 235. genitive case, 13. limiting, 78:33- material, 78:6. partitive, 78:7. possession, 78:10 source, 78:6. with verbs of remembering and for- getting, 78:7. gerund, use, 393. verbal noun, 392. gerundive, verbal adjective, 392. agent in the dative case, 78:11. agreement, 393. use, 393. used with ad to express purpose. Pg. 184, foot-note. used with sum to form, th« passive periphrastic conjugation, 401. with sum implies necessity, duty, obligation, 403. go-nouns of third declension, r ><) H hie, declension, 305. uses, 306, 313, 313 o- hiems, declension, 166. historical tenses, 424- hom6, declension, 138:17. hortor, conjugation, 326. hostis, declension. 139 292 INDEX i-Stems, nouns, 128, 129, 130. I- verbs, conjugation, ml list and principal parts, 212. idem, declension, 312, note. Idus, gender, Pg. 116, foot-note, iens, declension, see amans, 384. ille, declension, 311. uses, 3:3, 313:5- Impersonal use of verbs, 410. impersonal verb, definition, 407. list and principal parts, 408. in, with accusative and ablative, 73. indefinite adjectives and pronouns, 325. indirect discourse, 363. indirect object, 78:9. indirect questions, 443. infinitive, definition, Pg. III. as subject, 362:1. as object, 362:2. complementary , 362:3. indirect discourse, 362:4. not used to express purpose. 363, note. takes subject accusative, 363 rule. tense3 (indirect discourse), 363 rule. inflection, definition, Pg. V. adjectives, 52, 55, 58, 178, iSo, 182. nouns, 17, 32, 33, 139, 148, 157, 166, 227, 228, 236. verbs, 79, 99, 190, 211, 342. instrument, ablative, 78:26. insum, takes in with abl., 377. interjection, definition, Pg. V. interrogative adjectives, 323, 325. pronouns, 321, 325. intersum, takes inter with accu., 377. intransitive verbs, definition, Pg. III. take dative case, 410. used impersonally, 410. io-verbs, third conjugation, 242. list and principal parts, 243. ipse, declension, 303. compared with shI 304. for emphasis, 304. ir-nouns, third declension, 141. irregular adjectives, 361. comparison of adjectives, 372. comparison of adverbs, 283. verbs: — eo, 355; ferd, 346, fid, 356; possum, 372; prdsum, 373; volo, nolo, mala, 367. is, declension, 312. compared with hie and ilk, 313. use, 313:4- used in place of third personal, 287. is-nouns, third declension, 141. iste, declension, 310. use, 313. iter, declension, n8:iS. judeii declension, 157. Juppiter, declension, 138:19. jus, declension, 148. juvenis, gen. pur. um, 130. L 1-nouns, third declension, 168. lapis, declension. 139. latus, declension, 148. laus, declension, 148. legio, declension, 157. levis, declension, 180. adjectives like levis, 184. locative case, 78:33. i loquor, conjugation, 326. M magnus, comparison, 272. ! maid, conjugation, 367. ; malus, comparison, 272. manner, cum with abl., 78:35. : rnanus, gender, Pg. 116, foot-note. mare, declension, 166. j masculine, rule of gender, 12:1 and 3. means, ablative case, 78-26. meus, declension, 29:3. miles, declension, 139. mllle, declension, 33^. use, 339. miser, declension, 55. miseret, rule, 409. mixed-stems. 131, 132, 133 moneo, conjugation, 99. moods, defined, Pg. III. mds, declension, 148. mulier, declension, 166. multitudd, declension. 157. multus, comparison, 373 mute followed by a liquid, 10, note. INDEX 293 H ne, after verbs of fear, 4jt. as negative in commands and ap- peals, 443. in negative clauses of purpose, 420. -ne, enclitic, Pg. 4, foot-note neuter, declension, 26,3. niger, declension, 58. ndl&, conjugation, 367. nomen, declension, 157. nominative case, 13. subject of finite ver'o, 78:1. predicate nominative, 78:3. expressed only for emphasis in pronouns, 288. nos, declension, 287. noster, declension, 295. nouns, definition, Pg. I. gender, 12. first declension. 14, 15. 16, 17, 61. second declension, 30, 31, 32. 33, 42, 43, 44. third declension , 122. fourth declension, 226. fifth declension, 235. noun in predicate, 78:3. rules of gender, 12. ns-nouns, third declension, r6'8. nubes, declension, 130. nullus, declension, 262. number, sing, and plur., Pg. IV, also 13- numerals, table of, 335. o-nouns, third declension. 159. o-stems, (o-declension), 30, 31, 32, 33, 42, 43, 44- object, direct, 78:17. indirect, 78:g. or-nouns, third declension, 168. OratiS Recta, 363 Obliqua, 363 orator, declension, 166. order of words in a Latin sentence Pg. 6 ordinals, definition, 335. table, 335- declension, 340. os-nouns, third declension. 150. paenitet, rule, 400. parts of speech , Pg. I . participles, agreement. 383. declension, 384. future with sum forming the peri- phrastic conjugation, 400. tenses, rel. to main verb, 383. time denoted by, 383. partitive genitive, 78:7. parvus, comparison, 272. passive voice, Pg IV. agent, a or ab with abl., 78:2.?. pater, declension, too. penult, 10. accentuation. 10 and note. perfect tense compared with the im perfect, Pg. 40, note. periphrastic conjugations, 300. synopsis, 400. person, first, second, third, defined, Pg. IV. personal pronouns, see pronouns. pes, declension, 139. phrase, defined, Pg. V. place, where, 78:32; whither. 78:33; whence, 78:22; with names of towns, 78:33- plus, declension, Pg. 135. portus, dat. and abl. in -ubus; 220. possessive adjectives, see adjectives, possessor, genitive. 78:5-. dative with sum, 78:10. possum, how formed, 372, foot-note. conjugation, 372. potior, conjugation, 376. takes the ablative, 87:37- predicate nominative, 7S:.;. prepositions, definition, Pg. V. with accusative, 71. with ablative, 72. with accusative or ablative, 73. principal parts of verbs, Pg. 40. list and principal parts, 80. iox 101, 212 243. principal tenses, 42; pronouns, definition, Pg. II. kinds, Pg. II. demonstrative, 305. indefinite. .125 294 INDEX intensive. 303. interrogative. 321. personal, 287. possessive, see adjectives, reflexive, 301, 302. relative, 317; agreement, 78:37. aliquis, 325. ego, nos, 287. hie, 305. idem, 312, note. ille, 311. ipse, 303. is, 312. iste, 310. qui, 317. quidam, 325. qui vis, 335- quis, 331. quisquam, 325. quisque, 325. sul, 301. tu, vos, 287. pronunciation, Roman method. 6. pr6sum. how formed, 373, foot-note. conjugation, 373- pudet, rule, 409. puer, declension, 42. pugna, declension, 42. pulvis, declension, 139. purpose clauses, ut and ne with the subjunctive, 426 ad with the gerund or gerundive, Pg. 184, foot-note, dative of service, 78:13. relative pronoun with subj., 426. supine in -urn, 417- not translated by the infinitive, 363, note. Q quam, after a comparative, 78:24. quantity, of vowels and diphthongs, 7. -que, enclitic, Pg. 4, foot-note. questions, indirect, 443. qui, declension. 317. See also Pg. 190, foot-note. quidam, 325. quis, declension, 321. after ni or si, Pg. 196. foot-note. quisquam, 3*5, qufoque, 325. guf*f*. 395. R reflexive pronouns, see pronouns. reg6. conjugation, 190. relative pronouns, 317. m clauses of purpose, 426. result, ut or ut ndn with the subjunc- tive, 426. rex, declension, 157. Roman method of pronunciation, 0. rs-nouns, third declension, 168. riiri, locative 78:33. rus, omits the preposition, 78:33. s-nouns, third declension. jOS. sacredos, declension. 148. s§, compared with ipse, 304. semi-deponent verbs, 328, 320. senatus, declension, 227. senex, declension, 138:34. separation use ablative, 78:2 2. sequence of tenses, 424. sequor, principal parts, 327:23. sermo, declension, 157. service, dative of, 78:13. servus, declension, 32. solus, declension, 262. space, extent of, 78:21. specification, ablative, 78:30. stem, first-declension nouns, 14. second-declension nouns, 30. third-declension nouns 127, 12;; 131. 134- fourth-declension nouns. 225. fifth-declension nouns, 234. r-stems, 127. mixed, 127. consonant, 127. adjectives, third declension. 185. subject, agrees with verb, 78:35. of a finite verb, 78 1 . of an infinitive, 78:20. subjunctive mood, 425. after verbs of doubt, 431. after verbs of fearing ,4.31. appeals, 443. commands, 443. conditions, 448. cum causal, concessive, temporal: INDEX 295 hortatory, 44.1. how translated, 423. indirect questions, 44^. purpose, 426. relative clauses of purpose, 420. result, 426. sequence of tenses-, 424, sul, declension, 301. compared with ipse, 304. sum, conjugation, 65. list of compounds, 376. compounds take dative, 377. supine, definition, 415 in -it, 41S. in -«m, 417. not declined ,416. suus, declined, 293. compared with ejus, 20-1. syllables, number of, q. division of, 9. compound words, 10. names, 10. when long, 10, note. taedet, rule, 409. temporal clauses, cum w. subjv., 4.;f>. tense, explained, Pg. III. tenses, difference between imperfect and perfect, Pg. 40, note. infinitive in indirect discourse, ^6.5, rule. present system, Pg. 4 1 . perfect system, Pg. 41. primary, 424. secondary, 424. sequence, 424. sign of imperfect, Pg. 4'- sign of future, Pg. 41 . terminations, first declension, 17. second declension, 32, 33. third declension, 126. fourth declension, 227, 22R. fifth declension, 236. the, (definite article) , omitted, 21. third declension, changes to genitive ease, 137. classes of nouns, 127. time, when or within which, 78:31. extent, 78.21. totus, declension, 20*. towns, rule, 78-33. transitive verb, Pg. 11 L. tres, declension, 336. tu, declension, 287. tueor, conjugation, > .">. tuus declension, 293. U u-stems, 225. -ubus, dat. and abl. plur , 220.. ullus, declension, 262. ultima, defined. 10. unus, declension, 262. ur-nouns, third declension. 168 us-nouns, third declension, 150. ut-nouns, third declension, 150. ut, conjunction : after verbs of fearing, 4.31. purpose, 426. result, 426. uter, declension, 2 04. uterque, declension, 2O4. utor, principal parts, 327 .25. takes the abl., 78:37. verbs, definition, Pg. II. kinds, Pg. II, III. agree with subject, 78:3.=;. conjugations, Pg. 40 first conjugation, 79 — list of verbs, 80. second conjugation, 99. list of verbs, 100. third conjugation, 100. list oi verbs, tgi. third (io) conjugation, 242. list of verbs, 243. fourth conjugation, 211. list ol verbs, 212. deponent, 320, -list. $27. forgetting, 78:7- impersonal, 407, 410. list, yo&. irregular see ed. fI6, etc. object, 7S:i". periphrastic conjugations, 399, 400. 401. personal endings, Pg. 41. 296 INDEX principal parts. Pg/40. virtus, declension, 148. also sections 80 , 100, 191, 212, vis, declension. 138:39. 243- vocative case, 13. remembering, take genitive, 78:7, use, 78:4. semi-deponent, 328. Ms-nouns, second declension, 32. . subject, 78:1. voices, defined, Pg. IV. vescor, takes the ablative case, 78:37. volo, conjugation, 367. vester, declension, 295 v6s, declension, 28.7. vetus, declension, 185. vowels, 2 ; comparison, 272. pronunciation-, 6. virgo, declension, 157. quantity, 7; short, 2. 3, ; long, .2, .3. OCT 20 1903