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insifuclor Liieraiure Series — No, 315 
 
 ^V%%%/V%^%^iV%%%%%%%V%%%%%%%%%'%%%%%%%%%%%«%%%%%%%%%%%<%%%%%%%9 
 
 The Story of 
 
 Armenia 
 
 By MATTHIAS R. HEILIG 
 
 F. A. OWEN PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
 
 DANSVILLE, N. Y. 
 
INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES 
 
 6c — Supplementary Readers and Classics for all Grades — 6c 
 
 g^ This list is constantly being added to. If a substantial number of books are to be ordered, or if 
 other titles than those shoivn here are desired, send for latest list. 
 
 Part II. 
 
 FIRST GRADE 
 Fables and Myths 
 
 *6 Fairy Stories of the Moon — Maguire 
 *27 Eleven rabies from Msoy>— Belter 
 *28 More Fables from MaoT^—Beiter 
 *29 Indian Mythfi— Bush 
 
 *140 Nursery Tales — Taylor 
 
 *288 Primer from Fableland— Jfafl'Mtre 
 
 Nature 
 *1 Little Plant "People— Parti— O/iase 
 *2 Little Plant People— Part Jl— Chase 
 *30 Story of a Sunbeam— JT/fZe?' 
 *31 Kitty Mittens and Her Friends— C/iase 
 
 History 
 *32 Patriotic Stories — Belter 
 
 Literature 
 
 *104 Mother Goose Header — Faxon 
 
 *228 First Term Primer— ilfag^uM-e 
 
 *230 Phyme and Jingle Reader for Beginners 
 
 ♦245 Three Billy Goats Gruff' and Other Stories 
 
 SECOND GRADE 
 Fables and Myths 
 
 *iZ Stories from Andersen-Ta^/tor 
 
 *34 Stories from Gyxhito.— Taylor 
 
 *36 Little Red Riding JLooA— Better 
 
 *37 Jacic and the Beanstalk— better 
 
 *38 Adventures of a Brownie 
 Nature and Industry 
 *3 Little Workers (Animal Stories)— OTiase 
 
 *39 Little Wood Friends— ilfat/ne 
 
 *40 Wings and Stings— J/aii/oa; 
 
 *41 Story of Wool— ilfo^/ne 
 
 *42 Bird Storiesf fom the Yoets—JolUe 
 History and Biography 
 
 *43 Story of the Mayflower— Jib Cafie 
 
 *45 Boyhood of Washington— Jietter 
 *204 Boyhood of lAncoln— Better \ 
 Literature 
 
 *72 Bow- Wow and Mew-Mew— Ci-aiA; 
 *152 Child's Garden of Verses — Stevenson 
 *206 Picture Study Stories for Little Children 
 *220 Story of the Christ Child^-Hushower 
 ♦262 Four Little Cotton-Tails— <§??!/#(- 
 ♦268 Four Little Cotton Tails in Winter— >S'mi«/i 
 ♦269 Four Little Cotton Tails at Vlay— Smith 
 ♦270 Four Little Cotton-Tails in Y&caiio-a— Smith 
 ♦290 Fuzz in Japan— A Child-Life Reader 
 *300 Four Little Bushy-Tails -SmiiTi 
 ♦301 Patriotic Bushy Tails — Smith 
 ♦308 Story of Peter Rabbit— hotter 
 
 THIRD GRADE 
 Fables and Myths 
 
 ♦46 Puss in Boots and Cinderella 
 
 ♦47 Greek Myths— JiUngensmith 
 
 ♦48 Nature Myilxs—Metcalf 
 
 ♦50 Reynard the Fox— ^esit 
 ♦102 Thumbelina and Dream Stories— iSeWer 
 ♦146 Sleeping Beauty and Other Stories 
 
 174 Sun Myths— iieiter 
 
 175 Norse Legends, I— Better 
 
 176 Norse Legends, II — Better 
 
 ♦177 Legends of the Rhineland— J/cCafte 
 
 ♦282 Siegfried, The Lorelei, and Other Rhine 
 
 Legeu d s —Mc Cabe 
 ♦289 The Snow Man and Other Stories 
 ♦292 East of the Sun and West of the Moon 
 Nature and Industry 
 ♦49 Buds, Stems and Fruits — Mayne 
 *51 Story of Flax — Mayne 
 ♦52 Story of Gl ass— J/anso?i 
 ♦53 Story of a Little Water Drop— il/aj/ne 
 ♦133 Aunt Martha's Corner Cupboard — Part I. 
 
 Story of Tea and the Teacup 
 ♦135 Little People of the Hills (Dry Air and Dry 
 Soil Plants)— CTiase 
 
 ♦137 Aunt Martha's Corner Cupboard 
 
 Story of Sugar, Coffee and Salt 
 ♦138 Aunt Martha's Corner Cupboard— Part III. 
 
 Story of Rice, Currants and Honey 
 ♦203 Little Plant People of theWaterways-C/iase 
 History and Biography 
 ♦4 Stdi'y of Washington— JJeiter 
 ♦7 Story of Longfellow— Jl/cCabe 
 ♦21 Story of the Pilgrims- Pollers 
 ♦44 Famous Early Americans (Smith.Standish, 
 
 'P&nu)— Bush 
 ♦54 Story of Columbus— JfcCa&e 
 55 Story of Whittier— ilfcCafte 
 
 57 Story of Louisa M. Aicott — Bush 
 
 ♦59 Story of the Boston Tea Party— i)fcCa?>e 
 
 ♦60 Children of the Northland— ^us7i 
 
 ♦62 Children of the South Lands— I (Florida, 
 
 Cuba, Puerto R\co)—McFee 
 ♦63 Children of the South Lands— II (Africa, 
 
 Hawaii, The Philippines)— il/bJVe 
 ♦64 Child Life in the Colonies— I (New Amster- 
 dam)— ^a/ce?' 
 ♦65 Child Life in the Colonies — IT (Pennsyl- 
 vania) — Baker 
 ♦66 Child Life in the Colonies — III (Virginia) 
 ♦68 Stories of the Revolution— I (Ethan Allen 
 
 and the Green Mountain 'Boys) —Mc Cabe 
 ♦69 Stories of the Revolution — II (Around 
 
 Philadelphia)— JkrcCa7;e 
 *70 Storiesof the Revolution— ill (Marion, the 
 
 Swamp Fox) — J/cCa?>6 
 ♦132 Story of Franklin- J'aris 
 ♦164 The Little Brown Baby and Other Babies 
 ♦165 Gemila, the Child of the Desert 
 ♦166 Louise on the Rhine and in Her New Home 
 (Nos. 16Jf, 165, 166 are the stories from ^'Seven 
 Little Sisters" by Jane Andrews) 
 ♦167 Famous Artists~I~(Landseer audBonheur) 
 Literature 
 ♦35 Little Goody Two Shoes 
 
 58 Selections from Alice and Phoebe Cary 
 ♦67 The Story of Robiuson Crusoe— 5its/i 
 
 ♦71 Selections from Hiawatha (Five Grades) 
 ♦227 Our Animal Friends : How to Treat Them 
 ♦233 Poems Worth Knowing— Book I— Primary 
 
 FOURTH GRADE 
 Nature and Industry 
 
 ♦75 Story of Coal — McKane 
 ♦76 Story of Wheat— -Hffiz/aa; 
 ♦77 Story of Cotton— jB?tjioti 
 
 ♦134 Conquests of Little Plant People— Cftnse 
 
 ♦136 Peeps into Bird Nooks— I— ilfcJ^i^^ 
 
 ♦181 Stories of t lie Stars— il/cJ*ee 
 
 ♦205 Eyes and No Eyes and The Three (Giants 
 
 History and Biography 
 ♦5 Story of Lincoln— iJei^er 
 ♦56 Indian Children T&\es—Bush 
 ♦78 Stories of the Backwoods 
 *79 A Little New England Viking— 5aA;er 
 *81 Story of De iioio— Hatfield 
 *82 Story of Daniel Boone— iifiiter 
 *83 Story of Printing— i)ibCa?;e 
 *84 Story of David Crockett— i2e«er 
 ♦85 Story of Patrick Henry— Ltttlefleld 
 ♦86 American Inventors— I (Whitney, Fulton) 
 ♦87 American Inventors— 11 (Morse, Edison) 
 *88 American Naval Heroes (Jones, Perry, 
 
 Farragut) —Bush 
 *89 Fremont and Kit O fson—Judd 
 ♦91 Story of Eugene Field— Jl/cCa&e 
 
 *178 Story of Lexington and Bunker Hill— SaA;e?- 
 
 *182 Story of Joan of Arc— McBee 
 
 *207 Famous Artists— II— Reynolds andMurillo 
 
 *243 Famous Artists— III— Millet 
 
 *248 Makers of European History— T^ We 
 
 Literature 
 ♦95 Japanese Myths and Legends— JfcJ'ee 
 
 August— 1919 
 
 (Continued on Third Cover Page) 
 
INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES 
 
 THE STORY OF 
 
 c^RMENIA 
 
 Br MATTHIAS R. HEILIG 
 
 Author of 
 **The Story of Jerusalem," "Literature of the Bible," etc. 
 
 F. A. OWEN PUBLISHING COMPANY, 
 
 DANSVILLE. N. Y. 
 

 Copyright, 1920 
 F. A. OWEN PUBLISHING CO. 
 
 The Story of Armenia 
 
 ©CI.A571522 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 For some strange reason the story of Armenia is not well 
 known. Yet no people in all history has been so conspicu- 
 ously the victim of colossal wrongs, and nowhere in the an- 
 nals of man do we find a nation exhibiting so constantly and 
 consistently such uniform courage and nobility. 
 
 From earliest time the Armenians have been intensely 
 practical — ^they have been called the Yankees of the East. 
 But with it all they have shown a romanticism and ideality 
 and culture of sentiment which have excited admiration 
 wherever they have been understood, and which have borne 
 fruit in a striking fidelity to national integrity, an adven- 
 turous chivalry of the highest order, and an ardent love of 
 freedom. 
 
 Among the several educational and political societies or- 
 ganized by Armenians, two in particular are devoted to the 
 program of accomplishing by fair and righteous methods 
 administrative independence, under the protection or even 
 supervision, if necessary, of the great Powers. These are 
 the Tashnagtzian and the Hunchak societies. The slowness 
 with which Christian Europe and America have responded 
 to the appeals of these societies and others of the Armenians 
 is a severe indictment. This booklet is not an appeal ; it is 
 not written to inflame prejudice against the present enemies 
 of Armenia. It is a plain statement of horrible facts, with 
 the greater portion of horrors omitted for decency's sake. 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 This is the true story of a real land — a land whose re- 
 markable people have had a history more thrilling and 
 strange than a fairy tale. The story began in the dim and 
 distant ages of the past, when History first began to take 
 notice of the then aged civilizations flourishing in the center 
 of the Eastern Hemisphere — ancient Mesopotamia. The 
 story continued while nations and races of mystery, might, 
 and magnificence came and went, and built or destroyed the 
 capital cities of great empires. The story is going on at this 
 moment; for the scene of these ancient, medieval, and mod- 
 ern contests — wars, migrations and catastrophies — is still in 
 the **most coveted highway of the world." 
 
 Armenia is a buffer state — a bridge across which pass the 
 civilizations of Europe and Asia. This land must ever be a 
 meeting ground on which races will either exchange their 
 wares or fight their wars, trade their ideas or test their 
 ideals, mingle with mutual concessions or contest for rights 
 and privileges. 
 
 A GLANCE AT THE LAND 
 
 The ancient borders of Armenia were constantly changing. 
 At one time, during the second dynasty (the Arshagoonian) 
 under Tigranes the Great, Armenia included Media, Assyria, 
 Cilicia and Phoenicia. But in general its limits may be said 
 to be from Asia Minor on the west to the Caspian Sea on the 
 east, and from the Caucasus Mountains on the north to the 
 Murad Su (or East Euphrates River) on the south. It is 400 
 to 500 miles long and has nearly the same breadth. 
 
 The interior is a most interesting plateau land, 2700 to 
 7000 feet above sea level, traversed by beautiful and romantic 
 mountain chains which culminate toward the east in Mt. 
 
6 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 Ararat, 16,969 feet high. In the pleasant and fertile foothills 
 the celebrated rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, have their origin. 
 Flowing with countless twists and bends, these rivers find 
 their way into the Persian Gulf. On their shores, tradition 
 says, the human race sprang into existence; and the great 
 story of mankind began. In the plains watered by these 
 rivers the great nations of remote antiquity — Chaldea, Bab- 
 ylonia, Persia, Media, Mesopotamia, Syria, Parthia,- and 
 the Hittite nation — built their cities, fought their wars and 
 left their records and ruins. 
 
 Among the mountain knots of Armenia are found many 
 delightful lakes. Perpetual snows cap many of the rugged 
 cones of long since extinct volcanoes. Rushing, roaring, hiss- 
 ing torrents and jagged volcanic hillsides alternate with 
 gracefully undulating vales and rolling table-lands. The soil 
 is fertile and the earth rich in copper, silver, lead, iron, 
 alum, salt, and arsenic. 
 
 Every variety of climate is found in Armenia. The lover 
 of a cold climate can always find ice and snow and a brac- 
 ing atmosphere in the Ararat mountains. He who prefers 
 the subtropical climate may go to the valley of the Kur from 
 Tiflis to the Caspian Sea, and along the Upper Tigris. A 
 climate similar to that of Southern Europe may be found on 
 the mid-slopes of the frontier mountains. The plateaus have 
 a very severe climate, with long, bitter winters and short 
 summers, scorching hot during the day and cold at night. 
 
 The broad valley of the Aras is the richest in vegetation. 
 There are vineyards and orchards, cotton, rice, hemp, and 
 flax. Flocks and herds graze on the table-lands and a little 
 corn is raised. 
 
 A GLANCE AT THE PEOPLE 
 
 Noah, who built an ark and saved his family at the time 
 of the great deluge (Genesis, Chaps. 6, 7), had three sons — 
 Shem, Ham, and Japhet. According to the Armenian legend- 
 ary history, in which old traditions are curiously interwoven 
 with Biblical lore, the Armenians are direct descendants of 
 Haik, the son of Togarmah, the grandson of Japhet. 
 
 It was in the Ararat mountains that the ark rested when 
 the waters subsided. The great scholars are not in agree- 
 ment regarding the racial origin and the geographic starting 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 7 ' 
 
 points of the various branches of the human family. Mr. 
 Rawlinson thinks Armenia the early home of the Aryan race. 
 Herodotus said that Armenians were an offshoot from the 
 Phrygians, who at first lived in Macedonia. It has been sug- 
 gested that the Armenians were a branch of the great Hittite 
 nation, since many ancient Armenian and Hittite forms of 
 architecture and many characters in the carved inscriptions 
 on ruins are strikingly similar. The Armenians are classified 
 as an Iranian branch of the Indo-European family. Usually 
 the racial origin and relationship of a people can be deter- 
 mined from the type and character of its language. But the 
 language is unlike any Indo-Aryan or Semitic language known 
 to scholars. 
 
 The Armenian of to-day is a little above middle stature, 
 yellowish brown in complexion, with straight black hair 
 large nose, and wide, high brow. He is alert, intelligent, 
 adaptive, and a natural tradesman and artisan. The women 
 are frequently handsome, with fine dark eyes and regular 
 features. 
 
 Notwithstanding the repeated invasions and long occupa- 
 tions by foreign peoples, the Armenians were always able to 
 retain their racial integrity. Because of the never ending 
 persecutions to which Armenia has been subjected, a large 
 number of Armenians- are scattered through Russia, Persia, 
 and India. They are also found in the great commercial cities 
 on the Mediterranean, in the capitals of western Europe, and 
 in America. In 1900 it was estimated that only one million 
 resided in their native land, and almost two million were to 
 be found dispersed among the nations. Foreign peoples now 
 domesticated in Armenia (or at least before the World War) 
 are the Turks, Kurds, Tartars, Greeks, Jews, Gypsies, Nes- 
 torians (in the mountains of the Persian frontier), and 
 Georgians (in the northern parts) . 
 
 Physically, intellectually, industrially, and morally, the 
 Armenians are the equals of the best of the world's races. 
 Their home life is beautiful; their business life exhibits con- 
 summate tact. In educational culture they reach the high- 
 est rank; in moral courage and consistent national and relig- 
 ious loyalty they are unsurpassed. 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 EARLY HISTORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 The city of Van has always been an interesting and beau- 
 tiful place. It is here that scholars have found traces of the 
 first records of Armenian history. Nishan Der-Hagopian, 
 an Armenian patriot, has written recently of this old city. 
 *'Few cities in the world are so ideally and beautifully sit- 
 uated as Van," he says. ''Before the War she lay like a rain- 
 bow across the heart of an exquisite garden valley, set in a 
 framework of vine-clad foothills, flanked by superb moun- 
 tain ranges. Beside her, in crystal purity, stretches Lake 
 Van, embosomed in a verdant plain, surrounded by an ex- 
 ceedingly beautiful mountain chain, which culminates in the 
 north in the sublime monarch of western Asia, Mt. Ararat. 
 In Van were churches and schools and monasteries, beautiful 
 homes, beautiful gardens, fine business places, streets and 
 boulevards." 
 
 Upon the rocks that face Lake Van, and upon the ancient 
 altar stones and the columns of the ruins, are found inscrip- 
 tions in the cuneiform characters of the Assyrians, written 
 in the ninth century B. C. These literary relics tell very 
 little, but they are standing proofs of certain otherwise ob- 
 scure movements of the great nations of that era, and un- 
 questionable evidence of the existence of an organized people 
 in Armenia at that early date. It is possible that before the 
 ninth century B. C. the inhabitants of the land of Armenia 
 (called the kingdom of Ararat or Biainas in those early ages) 
 had no system of written language. At any rate the Assyr- 
 ians introduced their cuneiform characters when, early in 
 the ninth century B. C. under Assur-nazir-pal and again un- 
 der Shalmaneser, their conquests spread into this northern 
 region. While the Van inscriptions are in cuneiform, the 
 language is not known. No ancient language has even a re- 
 semblance to it. And were it not for the frequent use of ideo- 
 graphs, the writings would never have yielded their secrets. 
 
 The early chronicles are very hazy. Semiramis seems to 
 have invaded the land during his campaigns. There are rec- 
 ords of a revolt of Barvir against Sardanapalus. A new 
 regime was established about 840 B. C. by Sar-duris I, son 
 of Lutipris, who appears to have displaced Arame, the earlier 
 antagonist of Shalmaneser II. 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 9 
 
 This Sar-duris had a grandson, Menuas, who was a great 
 "builder and conqueror. He claims to have defeated the great 
 Hittite nation, according to the inscription on the cliff over- 
 hanging the Euphrates river near Palu. It was probably a 
 detatched tribe of the Hittites. Menuas' son, Argistis I, 
 inherited his father's love of conquest. He had inscribed on 
 the rocks of Van the campaigns he made year by year, and 
 the record of the spoils he brought home. He claims to 
 have overthrown the Assyrian forces in Armenia. His son, 
 Sar-duris II, continued his father's conquests and extended 
 the borders of his country as far as Cappadocia. But soon 
 after this the great Tiglath-pileser III came into Armenia 
 and led his Assyrian hosts in triumph to the very gates of 
 Yan. Constant wars were waged until 645 B. C. when Sar- 
 duris HI made an alliance with Assur-bani-pal. 
 
 The Armenians had crossed swords with such illutsrious 
 conquerors as Sargon, Esarhaddon and Sennacherib. And 
 now, when a period of quiet might have been enjoyed, came 
 the great waves of emigrating Scyths and Kimmerians from 
 Asia. They devoured everything in their path. Following 
 this disaster came the Aryan Phrygians, according to the 
 classical authors. These Phrygians, if not the founders of 
 a new Armenia, at least injected new blood and character 
 into the nation. It was with a new and revived Armenia 
 that Cyrus the Great had to deal when he made a conquest 
 of this land in 546 B. C. And though he conquered Tigranes 
 I, this intrepid and tactful monarch in a short time became 
 the trusted ally of the great Persian. 
 
 FROM ALEXANDER THE GREAT TO THE THIRD 
 
 CENTURY A. D. 
 
 Having fallen under Assyrians, Medians, and Persians, 
 sometimes losing almost all of their independence and at 
 other times retaining most of it, the Armenians encountered 
 the Greeks in 328 B. C. and were conquered by Alexander 
 the Great. Here ended the dynasty founded by Haik, of 
 which Vahi was the last king. 
 
 Within six years after the death of Alexander the Great, 
 the Armenians shook off the Macedonian yoke. During the 
 twenty years of war between the successors of Alexander, 
 Seleucus I (Nicator, 358-280 B. C.) received that division 
 
10 
 
 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 of the conquered empire which included Syria and a part of 
 Asia Minor. He built many splendid cities, among them 
 one on the Orontes river which he named Antioch. In 287 
 B. C, Armenia and nearly all of Asia Minor submitted to the 
 Syrians. In 190 B. C, having remained tributary to the 
 Seleucidse for a century, the Armenians brought about the 
 appointment of Artaxias for their governor, by Antiochus HI 
 ("the Great'O- This Syrian ruler, Antiochus, was clever 
 and waged successful wars against Egypt and Rome' until 
 defeated in 190 B. G. by Scipio at Magnesia. Taking ad- 
 
 
 ^/<u*-. 
 
 
 
 ^^"""^ '^ 
 
 fRairtiF\ 
 
 ERS\^ 
 
 vEc,ypT 
 
 Armenia and surrounding nations after the death of Alexander 
 (Fourth century, B. C.) 
 
 vantage of these defeats, the Armenian Artaxias proclaimed 
 his country independent. In Lesser Armenia (southwest of 
 Armenia Major) the example of Artaxias was followed by 
 the governor Zadriades. 
 
 It is interesting to note that at this time the great Car- 
 thaginian, Hannibal, now an exile, sought and found a ref- 
 uge in the court of Artaxias, for whom he drew the plans for 
 the interesting city of Ardashat. 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 11 
 
 About this time from the north of Persia the nomadic 
 tribes of Scythian descent, called Parthians, began to emi- 
 grate. Fighting always on horseback, with warrior and 
 horse both clad throughout in scale armor, discharging their 
 arrows backwards in pretended flight, as well as forward in 
 direct attack, they presented a brilliant and formidable array. 
 
 The talented king of the Parthians, Mithridates I, spread 
 his empire over all of Syria and Armenia, and established 
 his brother, Valarsaces, on the Armenian throne. (150 B. 
 C.) Such was the plastic statecraft of the Armenians, and 
 such their power to appease and assimilate their conquerors, 
 that, though many times overpowered, they were never over- 
 come and crushed. Persian satraps, Grecian governors, and 
 Parthian princes were irresistibly drawn to their cause, and 
 made every recognition of the moral stamina of this indom- 
 itable race. 
 
 The barbarous Parthians proved to be generous and pro- 
 gressive. The new king, Valarsaces, busied himself build- 
 ing new cities and improving old ones. He made some val- 
 uable and just laws, and showed himself anxious to reward 
 merit and to honor talent. 
 
 His great-grandson, Tigranes H (Digran), was a real con- 
 queror, and made himself master of Syria and many Parth- 
 ian provinces. During his reign Lesser Armenia was an- 
 nexed to Armenia Major, thus extending the empire from 
 the Orontes to the Caspian. 
 
 But at this point (65 B. C.) the mighty empire of Rome 
 began to rear her great stature skyward, and to look over 
 the eastern horizon, and to take a more decided interest in 
 the political life of Asia Minor. Mithridates of Pontus, the 
 father-in-law of Tigranes H, became involved with Rome in 
 what was known in Roman history as the Third Mithridatic 
 War; and Tigranes went to the assistance of his father-in-law. 
 
 Rome was approaching the zenith of her glory and power 
 at this time. Among the ambitious and talented statesmen 
 of this period was Pompeius (Pompey), who as early as his 
 seventeenth year won fame in the Social Wars, against the 
 faction of Marius. Because of his brilliant military exploits 
 he was the idol of the people and army, and was made Consul 
 in 70 B. C. After ridding the Mediterranean Sea of pirates, 
 he sought fame in campaigns against the principalities in 
 Asia Minor. 
 
12 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 Lucullus had been successful in these campaigns at first; 
 but by 66 B. C. Mithridates had regained all he had lost to 
 the Romans. Pompeius was now made commander in the 
 East for an indefinite term. No Roman had ever enjoyed 
 such a power and privilege. He drove Mithridates out of 
 Pontus and into the bordering Armenia. (Pontus was the 
 region just south of the eastern half of the Black Sea.) 
 
 Tigranes laid his crown at the feet of Pompeius and was 
 allowed to retain Armenia. Pompeius continued a remark- 
 able conquest, not stopping until he had subjugated Syria 
 and Palestine. As for Tigranes, he remained faithful to his 
 truce with the Romans as long as he lived. 
 
 Upon the death of Tigranes in 55 B. C, his son Artavasdes 
 became king. He made the mistake of adopting a rather 
 too independent policy. Provoking the suspicions of Mark 
 Antony, who was then ruler of the East, he was brought to 
 Alexandria, where he was eventually beheaded by Cleopatra 
 in 30 B. C. 
 
 Then followed in Armenia a long period of nominal Roman 
 supremacy, but of actual anarchy and civil strife. For two 
 hundred years Armenia was the battle ground of wars and 
 counter wars between Rome, Parthia, Egypt, Syria, and the 
 independent Armenian principalities. 
 
 Yet, despite it all, the national spirit of the Armenians 
 grew and crystallized, and the longing for an independent 
 national life increased. The Armenians were willing to 
 learn from the various nations with whom they came in con- 
 tact. The luxuries of the East, the culture of the West, the 
 learning of the South, the heroism of the North, became 
 their stock in trade. They built fortified castles and temples 
 of oriental splendor. From the rich caravans and river ar- 
 gosies they bought materials with which to make the most 
 vivid and beautiful costumes. Their dress was "beautiful 
 enough to transform even the most ugly." Fur was exten- 
 sively used; and for ornaments, gold chains, earrings, and 
 necklaces of pearls and rubies were worn. Herodotus speaks 
 of the soldiery of the Armenians as being very picturesque 
 and efficient, with arms ''like those of the Phrygians." The 
 cavalry clad in iron armor, and mounted on the famous Ar- 
 menian horses, charging gallantly, made a reputation as "the 
 best cavalry in the world." 
 
 In the district of Coghtn, a delightful vineyard locality, 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 13 
 
 a group of minstrels sprang up, who went about from one 
 carnival to another, or even to the castles of the wealthy, 
 singing the legends of the old Armenian gods and reciting 
 tales of many human heroes. Festivals, holidays, and ban- 
 quets in honor of the gods were frequently and greatly en- 
 joyed. This sort of thing helped to foster a national con- 
 sciousness and race pride. 
 
 At the beginning of the Christian era the Armenians had 
 learned to prefer the civilization of the Greeks and Romans. 
 Yet prudence suggested yielding much to Persia, a rising 
 and ambitious empire at this time. However, Armenia was 
 destined to look for a new order of social, religious and per- 
 sonal life — to surrender her spiritual life not to Greece, nor 
 to Rome, nor to Persia, but to Judea! She was destined to 
 take a step that would involve stupendous perils and trag- 
 edies, and which would eventually make of her the greatest 
 martyr state in the world! 
 
 THE ARMENIANS ADOPT CHRISTIANITY 
 
 Long before Christianity became the state religion of the 
 Armenians (301 A. D.), the faith had been implanted and 
 had been growing among the people in general. Persia ob- 
 tained control of Arrhenia in 232 A. D.; a massacre of the 
 royalty followed and only one heir to the throne escaped — 
 Tiridates, a son of Chosroes. He fled to Rome; and obtain- 
 ing favor there, he was helped by the Romans to the Armen- 
 ian throne in 259 A. D. His flrst royal act was to persecute 
 the Christians. Among many other Christians, St. Gregory, 
 called **the Illuminator," a prince of the Arsacid family, 
 was cast into prison. But Tiridates, supposing himself to 
 have been cured of a serious malady by the saint, embraced 
 Christianity; and so did most of his people. 
 
 Now the Persians were Zoroastrians — that is, "Fire Wor- 
 shipers" — and they resented the introduction of Christianity 
 as the state religion of their neighbors. As a result Ar- 
 menia became the theater of an almost uninterrupted warfare 
 between Persians, Armenians, and Romans. Whenever jPersia 
 got the opportunity, she imposed heavy tribute and inflicted 
 cruel persecutions upon the Armenians. And Rome, under 
 Emperor Maximianus, according to the early Christian his- 
 torians, declared war against Armenia for this one cause 
 
14 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 alone — that the detested Christian religion had been adopted. 
 But relief in this quarter came when Emperor Constantine 
 became a Christian, about 313 A. D. 
 
 THE CHARACTER AND ACCOMPLISHMENT OF EARLY 
 ARMENIAN CHRISTIANITY 
 
 The Armenians had ample opportunity to forecast the tragic 
 consequences of adopting a religion hated by their political 
 adversaries. Their choice was deliberate. They became the 
 heroic champions and defenders of an exalted life-principle 
 with .a clear consciousness of what material advantages they 
 forfeited. They have remained for fifteen hundred years the 
 advocates of Christianity, loyal and constant, even through 
 periods of persecution and depression, when, had the Armen- 
 ians failed the whole cause which they defended might have 
 failed. 
 
 There are three outstanding features in connection with 
 Armenia's acceptance of the new religion. First, she did 
 not wait until Christianity had been adopted by Rome or 
 Byzantium, nor did she wait for the approval of imperial 
 Rome, nor for the consent of Persia. Secondly, the Church 
 which Armenia established was and has always remained an 
 independent Church, *Mn spite of persistent overtures from 
 both the Roman and the Greek Churches, and the practical 
 advantages which might naturally have accrued from alliance 
 with either." Thirdly, the Church in Armenia assumed at 
 once a very democratic character. The clergy were always 
 elected by popular vote. 
 
 In the ninth century a sect called the Paulicians came out 
 of Armenia into Thrace. They were called **Cathari" or 
 Puritans. Later, in the twelfth century, their principles 
 found expression in the Albigensian orWaldenses movement 
 in Languedoc, France. A struggle was brought about by 
 the crusade against the Albigenses by Pope Innocent III (in 
 1208), in which the ** heretics" were practically extermi- 
 nated. Their spirit, however, lived on. Thus the first 
 germ ideas of the great Reformation and Renaissance of the 
 sixteenth century may be traced back to the Armenians, who 
 were the first to insist upon the principle that the individual 
 has a right to a free conscience and a right to be heard in 
 civil and religious matters. 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 15 
 
 EFFECTS OF CHRISTIANITY UPON THE ARMENIAN 
 ARTISTIC TEMPERAMENT 
 
 It was a tremendous trick of fate to put such a people in 
 such an environment as that in which we find the democratic 
 and loyal-natured Armenians. In weakness and in strength, 
 in pagan days and after their conversion, in peace and in 
 war, the Armenians have stood up for their ideals. History 
 does not record a similar instance of such constant devotion 
 to heroic principles under such continuously desperate cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 One regrettable fact in connection with their adoption of 
 Christianity is their destruction of the old harmless relics 
 of pagan glory — the elaborate altars and temples, the im- 
 ages and golden statues, the libraries and invaluable old 
 records. 
 
 But in the place of the pagan arts a noble Christian art 
 sprang up. This energetic and practical people showed an 
 unusual talent architecturally and musically. And in liter- 
 ature they displayed the true fruits of the new spiritual and 
 intellectual creativeness which the new religion had inspired 
 in them. 
 
 Early in the fifth century they had completed the transla- 
 tion of the Bible (the famous ''Armenian Version"); and 
 with miraculous rapidity and thoroughness a classic Ar- 
 menian literature sprang into being. It was written in a 
 new alphabet (ascribed to Miesrob, and consisting of thirty- 
 eight letters), invented because the alphabets formerly used 
 by them, the Syriac, Greek, and Pelhevi, were considered in- 
 adequate fittingly to set forth this wealth of new thought 
 which cried for extensive and intensive expression. 
 
 To the Armenians' zeal in literary study, translation, and 
 creation, we owe the preservation of some precious things 
 of which the originals have perished — such as Aristotle's 
 * 'Philosophical Definitions," the "Chronicles" of Eusebius, 
 "Homilies" by St. Chrysostom and Basil the Great, and some 
 of the works of Philo, Bardesanes, Faustus of Byzantium, 
 and Lerubna of Edessa. 
 
16 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 AS DEFENDERS OF THE FAITH 
 
 The marked preference which the Armenians showed for 
 western ideas and alliances, as well as the startling awaken- 
 ing and progressiveness which the adoption of Christianity 
 had effected, provoked the bitter hostility of Persia. 
 
 In the middle of the fifth century Persia demanded of Ar- 
 menia that she renounce Christ and worship Fire. King 
 Hazgherd (or Yesgerd) of Persia and his huge army swarmed 
 over the borders and declared a religous war. His decree 
 was: **A11 peoples and tongues throughout my domain must 
 abandon their heresies and worship the Sun." When the 
 grand vizir, Mihermish, wrote to the Armenians making 
 some absurd charges against Christianity, the Armenians 
 replied, saying among other things: '*No one can move us 
 from our belief, neither angels nor men, fire nor sword. 
 Here below we will choose no other God, and in heaven no 
 other Lord but Jesus Christ.'' 
 
 It was an easy matter to collect an Armenian army. A 
 Holy League was formed. It originated in a popular move- 
 ment. It was a democratic action. The war was considered 
 a people's war. 
 
 On the plains of Avaraye (or Avarair) , by the river Dugh- 
 mood, not far from the beautiful Van, the armies clashed. 
 (451 A. D.) Prince Vartan Mamigonian, in command of 
 the Armenians, after kneeling in prayer, thus addressed his 
 men: "Soldiers, as Christians we are averse to fighting, but 
 to defend our religion and our freedom we must fight. Surely 
 our lives are not as valuable as the life of Christ. If He 
 was willing to die on the cross for us, we ought to be willing 
 to die in battle for Him." 
 
 Immediately the order to charge was given. Though 
 greatly outnumbered, the Armenians rushed into battle with 
 such fury and determination that they swept the haughty 
 Persians from the field. Unhappily, Prince Vartan was mor- 
 tally wounded. Persia never again attempted to force her 
 religion upon Armenia. 
 
 POLITICAL ENTANGLEMENTS BEFORE THE CRUSADES 
 
 At one stage of the strife between Rome and Persia over 
 Armenia, Theodosius the Great ceded to Persia the eastern 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 17 
 
 part of the country which was thence called Persarmenia. 
 
 The western part was annexed to the Roman empire. Ar- 
 saces IV, then the nominal king of Armenia, was appointed 
 governor of this western part; and the Persians, hoping to 
 conciliate the people, made Chosroes III of the Arsacid fam- 
 ily governor of Persarmenia. s The Arsacid rule ended in 428 
 A. D. when Ardashes IV was dethroned by Bahram V of 
 Persia. From this time until 632 Persarmenia was ruled 
 by Persian *'marzbans" or governors. 
 
 Armenians, east and west, realized that while they looked 
 to the western civilization for stimulation and encourage- 
 ment, the Byzantine government and church were none too 
 friendly, — indeed were oppressively unfriendly. But, pru- 
 dent as ever, the Armenians insinuated themselves into the 
 confidence of their foes, — and to such an extent that for sev- 
 eral centuries, it is perfectly correct to say, the Eastern Em- 
 pire was not so much Greek as it was Armenian in character. 
 
 Emperor Leo (who reigned 717-741), called the "Isau- 
 rian," also the ''Image Breaker," was an Armenian. He 
 was a disciple of the Armenian Paul, after whom the protes- 
 tant sect, Paulicians, was named. ^ To this Leo, western civ- 
 ilization owes a great debt. 
 
 It happened that the Moslems (a religious and political em- 
 pire at first, made up of the converts to Mohammedanism in 
 Arabia, Egypt, and Syria), had become a terrible menace to 
 both Persia and Byzantium. Moawiyah, becoming Caliph 
 rn 661 A, D., established the seat of government in that 
 notable city, said to be the oldest in the world — Damascus. 
 One of his ambitions was to rule the sea. He built a fleet on 
 the Mediterranean which he placed under an "amir-al" or 
 commander (whence the English term * 'admiral"). For 
 seven successive years he threatened Constantinople with 
 this navy. 
 
 Under Soliman the Great an attempt was made to take 
 Constantinople (717 A. D.). With 120,000 men, the largest 
 Moslem army ever collected up to that time, he traversed 
 Asia Minor and appeared before the great Byzantine capital. 
 He was supported in his attack by his fleet of 1800 ships. 
 
 But, though Leo the "Image Breaker" had no apprecia« 
 tion of art, he had considerable military genius. It was at 
 this siege that the famous "Greek fire," an explosive whose 
 flames were difficult to extinguish, was used, with decisive 
 
18 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 effect upon the Arabs. Leo was too resourceful for Soliman. 
 Only 30,000 of Soliman's trained troops reached home again. 
 For more than twenty years Leo held the Moslems back, 
 and in 739 A. D. he destroyed another large Moslem army. 
 
 For two hundred years thereafter the empire was free from 
 Moslem attacks. 
 
 During this time the Armenians rallied around a powerful 
 native family, called Pakradoonian, or the Bagratidse, claim- 
 ing descent from King David of Judea. If we can judge 
 from the magnificent ruins of Ani, the capital city of this 
 (the third) Armenian dynasty, the prosperity and splendor of 
 this period must have been marked. 
 
 In 885 A. D. Aschod I obtained a certain degree of free- 
 dom from the Persians. But the Greeks, masters again in 
 the Byzantine empire, began a policy of jealous hostility to- 
 ward the Armenians whose church organization had split with 
 the Greek church and would not reunite. The Greeks went 
 so far as to league themselves with the Moslems against the 
 Armenians. In 1045 the Pakradoonian dynasty began to fall; 
 and with it fell again the Armenians' hope of an independent 
 expression of native genius and national life. 
 
 It will be recalled that the first Armenian dynasty began 
 with Haik and ended in 328 B. C. in the rule of Vahi. The 
 second dynasty, the Arsacid (or Arshagoonian), began 150 
 B. C. with Valarsaces, and ended with Ardashes IV in 428 
 A. D. The third dynasty, thePagratid (also called Bagratid 
 or Pakradoonian) began about 743 A. D. and continued until 
 1079, when Cakig II was assassinated and the Greeks took 
 control of Armenia. 
 
 ARMENIA IN DESPERATION 
 
 While the Greeks were maliciously rejoicing in their vic- 
 tory over the Armenians, a new foe was appearing on the 
 eastern horizon. The Byzantine empire was soon to regret 
 the downfall of the strong Pagratid dynasty. 
 
 The terrible Turk had begun his rueful role on the world's 
 stage. The Mongolian tribes from Mongolia and Tartary in 
 northern Asia began to migrate westward, devouring and 
 plundering as they went. 
 
 Armenia had stood as a barrier to hold back the heathen 
 menace from western Christianity. By weakening the 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 19 
 
 Pagratid kingdom the Byzantines had not only crushed a 
 people whose standard of culture was far in advance of their 
 own, but they had knocked down their own first line of for- 
 tifications — '"the advance guard of western civilization in 
 the East." 
 
 The way was now unprotected. The Turks would find the 
 road to Constantinople opened by the Greeks themselves. 
 
 Thus the Armenians might reasonably have gauged the 
 situation. But with an amazing tenacity of purpose they 
 resolved to attempt again to defend the principles and re- 
 ligion so dear to them. Rhupen, a feudal mountain prince, 
 related to the Pakradoonian kings, established another Ar- 
 menian kingdom in the Taurus mountains, near the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea; and made definite, open alliance with Italy. 
 
 For three hundred years the Rhupenian dynasty defied the 
 attacks of Arabs, Turks, and Greeks. Its government was 
 liberal and democratic. Marco Polo, the great traveler, said 
 of it: **It was governed with much justice and economy. 
 Payas, the port, was the magazine of all the precious mer- 
 chandise and wealth of the Orient." When the Rhupenian 
 line came to an end for want of an heir, a French prince of 
 Lusignan was invited to the throne. 
 
 It was this little mountain kingdom of the Rhupenian 
 dynasty (called Lesser Armenia or Cilicia), which, regardless 
 of the danger, openly aided the Crusaders in every_way. 
 
 It was an inspiration to the Armenians to realize that 
 Christian Europe was coming to the rescue of Christians in 
 Asia. It seemed as if their dreams were coming" true. 
 Surely, this was the deliverance they had hoped and waited 
 for! At last Christianity was vital enough in the West to 
 be a dynamic rule of action. At last Christian sympathy 
 was strong enough to become the incentive which spurred 
 the consecrated crusaders to 
 
 "... .direct their course 
 With countless infantry and horse" 
 
 toward the Holy Lands, defiled by pagan Saracens. At last 
 a champion had come to the rescue of those who had been 
 cruelly persecuted for disputing the advance of the enemies of 
 Christ. With joy they welcomed thegayly accoutered heroes 
 from England, France, Germany, and Italy, and lent them 
 
20 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 food and men and horses and guides through the mountains 
 and over the deserts. And hope burned high! 
 
 "Now in the churches cold and dark 
 Once more shall burn the taper's spark.'' 
 
 Alas, what a crushing disappointment it must have been 
 to this nation of age-long crusades to see European knights 
 make failure after failure; relax gradually in their de- 
 termination to conquer; and finally give up their once high 
 and holy ambition and slink back, defeated, abandoning the 
 Christians of Asia to their fate! 
 
 Islam triumphed. In the middle of the fourteenth cen- 
 tury the Kurds held the southern parts of Armenia, the Per- 
 sians held the northern, and the Ottoman Turks (who had. 
 become intolerant proselytes to Mohammedanism) occupied 
 the western. 
 
 Hemmed in and overrun with enemies, her resources ex- 
 hausted and deserted by those she had risked all to help, Ar- 
 menia made one last stand in the year 1375, at the battle 
 of Gaban. Her brave king, and the last to sit on an Ar- 
 menian throne, Leon (or Ghevond) VI, was captured, the 
 battle lost, and a nation erased from the world's geography. 
 Leon spent six weary years in captivity in Egypt. Then, 
 being ransomed by the Spanish court, he traversed all of 
 Europe vainly endeavoring to impress upon the people and 
 governments the advisability — if not the necessity^ — of mak- 
 ing one more and mighty crusade against the great enemies 
 of Christianity and civilization in the East. He urged and 
 pleaded until his death in Paris, in 1393. 
 
 All this time the Moslems were drawing nearer and nearer 
 to Constantinople. 
 
 A PEOPLE WITHOUT A COUNTRY 
 
 Armenia in the palmy days of Tigranes II or during the 
 triumphs of the Ani kingdom, was the home of a culture and 
 an art that rivaled the best of Europe and Asia. Her people 
 were educated, sensitive, and aggressive. 
 
 All the great human virtues and vices found expression 
 among the Armenians. The very topography of the land 
 lent itself to romance. Lords clashed with lords; and these 
 rivalries and hostilities hastened somewhat the final over- 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 21 
 
 throw of the kingdom. The happier side of life was not ab- 
 sent. Hunting parties, gay festivals, extravagant feudal 
 house parties, elaborate weddings — all gave light and color 
 to the social life of this heroic people. 
 
 But many a house which withstands the raging floods is 
 destroyed by the all-devouring flames. It was so with Ar- 
 menia. In her pagan days there were tremendous contests 
 and cruel invasions. And while Armenia in this early period 
 was guilty of the same crimes as were her enemies, she sur- 
 vived the assaults of her more powerful neighbors and devel- 
 oped a civilization in spite of depressing ages of Oriental 
 tyrannies. In her early Christian days she still was able to 
 treat with her enemies so as to obtain, in many cases, a vir- 
 tual autonomy. But when the Turks and Mongols from Cen- 
 tral Asia reached Armenia and made her industrious and in- 
 telligent people their victims, there was no appeal which 
 could be made to the conquerors' clemency and chivalry — 
 they had no such qualities. The Turks possessed no liter- 
 ature, practically no religion, and no culture of their own. 
 Conquest for the sake of plunder was their greatest delight 
 and satisfaction. The hope of loot and pillage was the con- 
 trolling passion and the motive of all their activities. They 
 murdered, robbed, tortured, enslaved, and violated all the 
 laws of social decency as a matter of policy. They were 
 militarists and terrorists who combined with a huge con- 
 ceit an intense and irrational contempt for people of other 
 races. It was no crime to defraud and slaughter aliens. 
 
 For three hundred years the Armenian nation was virtu- 
 ally buried. Yet the race, like the Jewish race in its age- 
 long dispersion, adhered to its traditions, language, and 
 customs, and lost nothing of racial identity and very little 
 of religious loyalty. 
 
 Wherever the intellectually inferior Turks in the last six 
 centuries have been fortunate enough to let their prudence 
 master their pride, they have placed Armenians in execu- 
 tive and administrative positions. Thus in a humble way, 
 it may be said, the conquered have often actually governed 
 the conquerors. 
 
 But from the fourteenth century to the World War the 
 Mohammedan Turk has imposed every kind of abomination 
 and barbarity upon the Armenians. They have been banned 
 from the army and forbidden to own arms. Their word has 
 
22 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 been refused in courts of law. Their women could be seizea 
 at any time. They have been taxed to the uttermost. Their 
 property has been confiscated at the pleasure of covetous 
 Moslems. 
 
 Naturally, as many as could leave their native land have 
 done so. They have settled in large numbers in Russia, 
 Italy, France, England, British East India, and America. 
 And wherever they have made their new home, these once 
 war-loving and ambitious people have been distinguished 
 for their peaceable and industrious conduct. However, 
 when they found themselves among friends fighting for free- 
 dom or for any noble and righteous principles (as in Poland 
 and Hungary), they became the energetic champions of the 
 cause at stake. 
 
 THE COMING OF THE MONGOLS 
 
 In the middle of tne thirteenth century Armenia suffered 
 its first Mongol invasion, when Ogotai descended upon east- 
 ern Europe and western Asia. 
 
 In the middle of the fourteenth century another devastat- 
 ing wave of barbarian emigration swept westward from 
 central Asia. The Mongol, Tamerlane (1336-1405), whose 
 proper name was Timur-i-Leng, and who attained to the 
 rank of the great conquerors, was born at Kesh. After an 
 adventurous and stormy but successful youth, he organized 
 internal affairs and then set out from his native heath to 
 win fame by conquest. 
 
 He repeated the Mongol conquests of a century before. 
 Persia and Georgia fell before him; and in 1390 he con- 
 quered the Tartars. When he came before Swas, the beau- 
 tiful city of the Armenians, the citizens, anxious to win his 
 goodwill by non-resistance, sent their children to meet him 
 with garlands of roses. He trampled the roses and the 
 children under the iron-shod hoofs of his horses. A huge 
 pyramid of skulls soon marked the spot, in a place called to 
 this day, ''The Black Field.'' 
 
 Tamerlane conquered everything between the Indus and the 
 Lower Ganges. Later, loaded with loot, he took Damascus, 
 conquered Egypt, and at last, at the famous battle of Angora, 
 captured Sultan Bajazet and routed his army. 
 
 But the Mongols had less individuality than the Turks. 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 23 
 
 They commingled with the Turks and gradually disappeared 
 as a nation. 
 
 THE MURDEROUS TYRANNY OF THE TURKS 
 
 The migration westward of the Mongols and Turks is one 
 of the sad tragedies of history. They spoiled what gave 
 promise of being very delightful and romantic stories in 
 Arabia, Mesopotamia, and Armenia. 
 
 The Arabs were intelligent and adaptive, and had built 
 up a very imposing material civilization in the Near East 
 while Europe was apparently rotting away under ignorance, 
 superstition, and irreligion. 
 
 Bagdad, founded by Ai-Mansur in 762 on the Tigris (33° 
 N. Lat. by 44° E. Long.) was the seat of the Abassides 
 caliphate, and became the greatest city in the world in 
 wealth, importance, and magnificence. Six hundred canals 
 ran through Bagdad. One hundred and five bridges spanned 
 the Tigris within the double walls of this great city. Many 
 thousands of mosques lifted their glistering minarets heaven- 
 ward. Thousands of baths, bazaars, markets, inns and 
 palaces — prosperous, extravagant and gay — made this a place 
 every whit as delightful and fascinating as the stories in 
 the Arabian Nights have described it. The caliph's palace 
 contained all the splendor which the North, East, and South 
 could contribute and combine in one edifice. 
 
 In the eleventh century the Turks arrived. They looted 
 until they were surfeited. What they left, their near rela- 
 tives, the Mongols, devoured in the thirteenth century. 
 Bagdad was sacked and nearly ruined. 
 
 The Turks, by reason of great numbers, unparalleled bru- 
 tality, and a zeal born of passionate greed, swamped and 
 trampled under foot the prosperous and progressive Arabs. 
 To this day the Turks exclude the Arabs from all share of 
 government control, and whenever there is a sign of a re- 
 vival of learning, art, or industry among the Arabs, the 
 Turks are sure to thwart it. 
 
 The Kurds preceded the Turks into northern Mesopotamia 
 and Armenia. For centuries they have been lawless shep- 
 herds; but when in a lower altitude, among the people of 
 the plains, they are peaceable farmers. Repeatedly the 
 Turks have deliberately licensed the Kurds to plunder and 
 
24 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 kill the Armenians, and have supplied them with the neces- 
 sary firearms. 
 
 The Greeks, bj^ virtue of political prestige, were leaders 
 of cultured Christian civilization until Constantinople was 
 conquered by the Turks in 1453. For a period of four cen- 
 turies the Turks smothered Greek culture and imposed in- 
 tolerable burdens and humiliations upon Greek citizens. 
 
 This Ottoman empire did not spring into being at once as 
 a huge, rapacious Frankenstein among nations; but, starting 
 with a handful of robber Turk^ in the thirteenth century, it 
 grew gradually, though quite rapidly. It conquered first a 
 few square miles of territory near the eastern borders of 
 Armenia. It expanded in 300 years until it extended from 
 Mecca and Bagdad to a few miles from Vienna. Besides 
 overrunning Persia, Arabia, Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt, 
 the Ottomans destroyed in Europe the free Christian domin- 
 ions of Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia, Wallachia, Moldavia, and 
 Hungary. 
 
 This disastrous conquest by an unprincipled and inferior 
 race was made possible by a ruthless militarism, of v/hich 
 the method of conscription is a typical feature. The custom 
 of training alien children is another example. Children 
 were demanded as tribute or hostages from conquered 
 Christians and others; and these were brought up as zealous 
 Moslems and were trained in the barracks to be soldiers. 
 These * 'Janizaries'' (the word means "new soldiers") filled 
 with lust for blood, and ** divorced from every human rela- 
 tionship except loyalty to their war-lords,'' became the most 
 formidable soldiers in Asia and Europe. The Ottoman em- 
 pire continually bled its victims in this manner; and in 
 cruelty and extent its acts as a vampire state are unparal- 
 leled in all history. This barbarous institution was formed by 
 Sultan Orkhan in 1330 and was not dissolved until 1826. 
 This may be called the first stage in the development of 
 Turkish tyranny. 
 
 The second stage may be called the stage of exploitation. 
 It was military still, but was a period of weakening. As 
 nation after nation won back independence and the horns of 
 the Islam crescent began to fade away, Turkey, instead of 
 trying to make her subjects contented, resorted to more and 
 more cunning, violence and treachery. 
 
 Finally, in desperation she adopted the policy of setting 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 25 
 
 one subject nation against another. Instead of strengthen- 
 ing all of her empire with good laws and just government, 
 she endeavored to maintain her grip by making her subjects 
 more wretched and impotent than herself. 
 
 What may be called the last stage of Turkish tyranny ap- 
 pears in the Young Turks' regime. But of that we will deal 
 later. In every stage the Armenians suffered terribly, par- 
 ticularly in the last. 
 
 TWO GREAT ARMENIANS OF THE EIGHTEENTH 
 
 CENTURY 
 
 Of course there was no such thing as a rich class in Ar- 
 menia during the six centuries of Turkish dominance. And 
 in their reduced circumstances it was difficult to get more 
 than the rudiments of an education. History was a sealed 
 book to them. Their masters literally did not allow them 
 to discover the past glories of their national and literary 
 life. They were a proscribed race. Every symptom of 
 awakening or aggressive intelligence was promptly dealt 
 with. Every display of talent and enlightenment was a sig- 
 nal for fresh persecution. 
 
 However, through this weight of oppression there emerged 
 many prominent figures from time to time during the eight- 
 eenth century. In Persian Armenia there arose a man 
 whose words and works were typical and expressive of the 
 spirit and sentiment of the Armenians. For, really, the de- 
 sire and hope for an independent nation had never com- 
 pletely deserted this courageous race. 
 
 Israel Ori was a "melik" (hereditary prince) of the pro- 
 vince of Karabagh. This province was one which had been 
 allowed to retain considerable self-government. Ori be- 
 came a leader among some bold and freedom-loving spirits 
 who made repeated efforts to escape paying tribute to Mos- 
 lem conquerors. Ori was sent to the courts of Europe to ask 
 the great powers to give help or protection to the revolution- 
 ists in Karabagh. The revolt was not to be limited to this 
 province, but was to carry relief and liberation ultimately 
 to all Armenia. 
 
 For twenty years Ori used every talent and ounce of en- 
 ergy in trying to win a promise of help from the Christian 
 princes. But repeatedly he found those he interviewed so 
 
26 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 devoid of true Christian chivalry that he could not excite in 
 them any real disinterested charity. However, at last, he 
 succeeded in persuading Emperor Leopold and Peter the 
 Great of Russia to give their consent to help. Something 
 very significant might have resulted, had not the Russo- 
 Swedish war interrupted the project. 
 
 Another spirit typical of this age of awakening was the 
 monk, Mekhitar. He was a convert to the Roman church. 
 
 It must be understood that Armenian Christianity until 
 1439 had been independent, and rather severely simple in its 
 forms and doctrines. It resembled the Greek church in its 
 doctrinal features. The Roman church made overtures for 
 union in 1145, 1341, and, with partial success, in 1439, when 
 the Armenians outside of Armenia accepted union and rec- 
 ognized the papal supremacy. This gave rise to two fanat- 
 ically opposed parties, which condition added not a little to 
 the general misery of the nation. 
 
 Mekhitar went to Venice and by the Pope's sanction 
 founded the convent of St. Lazar. This soon became a nota- 
 ble seat of learning. Surrounding himself with Armenian 
 brethren, Mekhitar began a work of greater importance than 
 he and his patriotic associates imagined it to be at the time. 
 
 Their first tasks were the translating and editing of the 
 ancient writings of the Armenians which they had managed 
 to obtain in their manuscript form. They wrote historical 
 works; they systemized the grammar of their language; arid 
 they made dictionaries. Later they put into Armenian the 
 great works of the classic authors and of medieval and mod- 
 ern writers. 
 
 Their efi:orts met with such success that in half a century 
 they had brought to the Armenians the story of their own 
 ancient splendors, achievements, and sufferings; also all the 
 riches of western civilization, the theories of philosophy, 
 education, religion and fine arts, and an understanding of 
 the culture of the West — and with these, a burning desire to 
 emulate all they learned. 
 
 THE REST OF THE WORLD IN THE DARK AGES 
 
 It is necessary to consider in connection with Armenian 
 history, the conditions prevailing in the rest of the world. 
 In the middle ages Europe was in a constant turmoil of war. 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 27 
 
 The feudal system that prevailed made war very easy. Re- 
 ligious and moral sentiment took its tone from the chivalry 
 of the age. As the medieval towns gained power, and guilds 
 arose, and civil wars undermined the power of kings and 
 lords, political developments occupied the people's whole at- 
 tention. There were almost no discoveries and inventions in 
 Europe during the dark ages. However, Ibn-Yoonas, an 
 Arabian astronomer, invented the pendulum in the tenth 
 century. Gunpowder, invented by the Chinese, found its 
 way into Europe. The compass, perhaps another Chinese dis- 
 covery, was introduced for navigation in European waters. 
 During the fifteenth century the art of printing, (also in use 
 earlier in China) was developed in Europe. This was the 
 master key to all kinds of progress. It was followed by 
 many apparently independent inventions. Oil painting su- 
 perceded wax painting, and the foundation of the Renais- 
 sance art was laid. Copper engraving was used first in 1460. 
 In the sixteenth century there began to appear such great 
 names as Leonardo da Vinci, Giordano Bruno, Michael An- 
 gelo, Titian, Galileo, Descartes, Bacon, and Shakespeare. 
 Clocks and scientific tools, telescopes, microscopes and the 
 thermometer appeared . A bolting machine was invented for 
 sieving flour; and white flour took the place of the more 
 wholesome whole wheat flour. Forks took the place of fin- 
 gers; and tiles and waoden floors replaced straw and earth. 
 And greater things were in store. Columbus had found a 
 new world; and the mighty reform movement in religion 
 and politics and the social order was gathering momentum. 
 The Armenians were not only keenly alive to all these 
 changes, but in every stage they kept abreast of the van- 
 guard of western civilization. It was the only nation con- 
 sistently, eagerly, continuously interested in, and insistent 
 upon progress. But the Armenians seem never to have been 
 conscious of their superiority. They idealized the Euro- 
 peans. They looked to the West for help. And this persis- 
 tent hope in an impotent, selfish, unchivalrous Europe is the 
 greatest irony in the long succession of tragedies which have 
 afilicted this martyr race. 
 
 THE NEAR EAST QUESTION 
 
 The most pathetic phase of Armenian age-long suffering 
 ' is the last. Compared with the horrors and unbelievable 
 
28 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 degradation of the recent Turkish misrule, all the former 
 persecutions and disasters were feeble rehearsals. From the 
 days of the courtly discussions between Charlemagne and 
 Harun-al-Raschid, the question in the Near East has changed 
 very little. It still concerns the balance of power, what to 
 do with the Moslems, and how to protect the rights of Chris- 
 tians. 
 
 Russia in 1774 assumed the character of Protector of Chris- 
 tians of the Near East. Her motives were ulterior and sor- 
 did; but to some extent the results of this move were bene- 
 ficial. The rest of Europe was indifferent to the outrages 
 perpetrated in Armenia. Politics had divorced Christian 
 sympathy. The Near East situation had become a mere 
 politico-economic speculation. The great Powers were anx- 
 ious for a partition of the Near East; and this became the 
 new phase of the old question: how best to divide it. Now 
 the Armenians by the middle of the ninteenth century had 
 become so involved with Turkish political and industrial life 
 that it seemed the wisest thing to help to preserve the Turk- 
 ish empire, and to try to reform it. Consequently the Ar- 
 menians bent all their energies to saving and reforming 
 Turkey. The 1876 reform constitution was, however, vetoed 
 by Sultan Abdul Hamid. The suicidal policy of oppression 
 was continued. Conditions grew so intolerable that the Ar- 
 menians would have struck for liberty had they possessed the 
 necessary arms and wealth. 
 
 But the Russo-Turkish war (1876-1878) gave the Armen- 
 ians their chance. The adviser of Alexander II in this war 
 was the brilliant Armenian, Loris Melikoff. His influence 
 may be traced in the treaty, after the Russian victory, ac- 
 cording to which the * 'Sublime Porte'* (the modern name 
 for Turkey in diplomatic parlance!) "engages to carry into 
 effect, without delay, the improvements and reforms de- 
 manded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by 
 the Armenians, and to guarantee their security from the 
 Kurds and Circassians.'' 
 
 England, fearful of Russia's growing power, insisted that 
 the treaty be annulled. It was; and Armenia's advantage 
 was lost. But England made haste to sign a separate treaty, 
 distinct from the general treaty of Berlin, with **The Sick 
 Man of Europe," in which Turkey promised England to make 
 the necessary reforms. And now Turkey began a policy of 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 29 
 
 impoverishment with a view to the total annihilation of 
 Armenia. Taking advantage of the jealousies of the Powers, 
 the crafty Sultan referred one to another, when his actions 
 were called into question, and went right on making his 
 taxes higher, his persecutions severer, and his outrages more 
 diabolical. Appeal after appeal was made to the Powers, but 
 to no avail. Armenians lived in constant and abject terror. 
 
 Patriotic societies sprang up here and there for self-de- 
 fense. In some cases they obtained arms and were able to 
 resist the assaults of the Turks. But this resistance gave 
 excuse for the most fiendish and colossal massacres of all his- 
 tory (1895-1896). No form of lewdness and barbarity was 
 too gross for the savage Turks. Scenes too terrible to de- 
 scribe were enacted every day. Women with their children 
 in their arms hurled themselves from the cliffs or housetops, 
 rather than be made prisoners of the vile foe. The Euphrates 
 was choked with the bodies of matrons and maidens who had 
 given up life rather than honor. This monstrous iniquity 
 shocked the world. Yet nothing was done. Even gallant, 
 liberty-loving, justice-doing America was afraid to interfere 
 in foreign affairs. 
 
 GERMANY AND THE TURKS 
 
 And now the Sultan and the Prussian Kaiser seemed about 
 to solve the Near East question. The Turks saw that they 
 needed Prussian help to preserve their tyranny. The Prus- 
 sians saw 70,000,000 Turks and Magyars for sale as cannon 
 fodder. "This seemed to put world dominion within reach.'' 
 
 The blood of slain Armenians had hardly soaked into the 
 ground before Germany, under Emperor Wilhelm Hohenzol- 
 lern, openly declared herself the friend and ally of Turkey! 
 Simultaneously Russia began a reactionary policy according 
 to which one of her aims was to procure 'Armenia without 
 the Armenians." The Tartars were incited by the Russians 
 to a religious war. But the Armenians had sufficient arms 
 to resist, and in a short time this persecution relapsed. 
 
 The Young Turk movement deceived all the world, save 
 the Armenians, into thinking that at last Turkey would re- 
 form. This movement had been gaining strength for several 
 years, and at last triumphed in 1908. But the ''Revolu- 
 tion" which deposed Abdul Hamid was not a real revolt. 
 
30 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 The people had no part in it. It was a machination of a Ger- 
 man-trained military clique. Che Young Turk was not only- 
 like the old, but he was worse. 
 
 The stage was all set in 1914; and the Turk, as he waited 
 for the curtain to rise, lay dreaming of the hour when the 
 hated Armenian would be no more, and the Sublime Porte 
 with the Imperial German Government would divide the 
 riches of the Near East and spread the Turkish dominion 
 into the Orient. 
 
 The ultimate destruction of the Armenians had been de- 
 cided upon; but the Young Turks sensed the advisability of 
 winning the Armenians to the support of the Central Powers 
 first. They promised the Armenians Kars and other north- 
 ern provinces with a qualified autonomy, if they would attack 
 the Russians. The Armenians very nobly refused. ^ 
 
 And now came overtures from Russia and the other Powers, 
 offering, promising, appealing, urging! One hundred and 
 sixty thousand regulars and 200,000 volunteers responded to 
 Russia's call; but did so a little too eagerly. It alarmed the 
 timid Russians. It was decided to scatter the Armenians 
 over the front. 
 
 Meanwhile, those who had been drafted to fight with the 
 Turks were deliberately placed in exposed positions where 
 they were killed by Allied artillery. But the hour had come 
 for the complete settlement of old scores against the Armen- 
 ians. No one could interfere now. The great powers were 
 too busy with war in Europe. As soon as the Armenians 
 could be rendered defenseless the Turks would quietly ex- 
 tinguish the nation. An attempt was made in 1915. 
 
 A scheme was perfected to execute as many males as pos- 
 sible and, with the pretense of deporting the women and 
 children to settlements in the desert to the southeast, to mur- 
 der them also. To a large extent the plan was a success. 
 A million and a half of Armenians were shot, bayonetted, 
 starved, drowned or tortured to death. It was the most 
 ghastly and cruel mass-martyrdom ever enacted! The ago- 
 nies suffered by the women, aged men and children during 
 the pretended deportation are past description. Robbed, 
 beaten, tied in groups and shot or thrown into the river, re- 
 fused shelter and food, deprived of their clothing, and sub- 
 jected to every bestial violence and degradation, the miser- 
 able columns of humanity moved out into the desolate wil-^ 
 derness and thousands fell by the way. 
 
THE STORY OF ARMENIA 31 
 
 Many Armenian cities resisted, notably Van, which held 
 out for four weeks against a German-led Turkish army, and 
 was finally rescued by the Russians. 
 
 As soon as possible the Armenians all through the Near 
 East united their efforts and held the front against the Turks. 
 By the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, (March 3, 1918), Russia was 
 to cede Armenia to the Turks. The Armenians utterly 
 repudiated the treaty and continued to fight. The Tartars 
 arose against them again; and the Georgians, their allies, 
 had to surrender; but the Armenians fought on. 
 
 Lord Roberts has said of the Armenians: **they threw 
 themselves into the breach which the Russian breakdown 
 left open in Asia, by taking over the Caucasian front, and for 
 five months they delayed the Turks' advance, — thus rendering 
 important service to the British army in Mesopotamia.'' 
 
 WHAT WILL BECOME OF ARMENIA? 
 
 In reply to President Wilson's note, the Allied Powers 
 made public, on Jan. 11, 1917, the aims they had in the 
 war. Among these were : * 'The liberation of the peoples who 
 now lie beneath the murderous tyranny of the Turks" and 
 **The expulsion from Europe of the Ottoman Empire, which 
 has proved itself so radically alien to Western Civilization." 
 
 Gladstone, one of the few statesmen who have expressed 
 their honest aversion to this treacherous people, once said: 
 **Let the Turks now carry away their abuses in the only possi- 
 ble manner, namely, by carrying away themselves, bag and 
 baggage, from the province they have desolated and pro- 
 faned." 
 
 Considerable publicity has been given to the destitution 
 and misery of the Armenian survivors. The terrible havoc 
 wrought in beautiful Armenia, and the pitiable condition of 
 -the refugees returned to their destroyed homes, have excited 
 the pity of the whole world. Many tardy champions ap- 
 peared after the conclusion of the World War asking Chris- 
 tian America to send its dollars, and begging the Powers to 
 intervene to make Armenia and her sister states really free 
 and safe. The response of the so-called Christian nations 
 was prompted less by principles of abstract right than by 
 considerations of prudent international diplomacy. 
 
 The Pagan character of modern international relationships 
 
32 THE STORY OF ARMENIA 
 
 has been shown very clearly in the treatment which Armenia 
 and other small and persecuted nations have received. 
 
 A brighter day, however, is dawning for Armenia. 
 Henry Morgenthau, formerly American Ambassador to 
 Turkey, once stated that the World War could not be con- 
 sidered as a successful victory for the Allies, had not their 
 strong arm broken from off the neck of suffering Armenia 
 the cruel yoke of the unspeakable Turk. 
 
 The extraordinary endurance of the Armenians under per- 
 secution, their faithfulness to national traditions and loyalty 
 to their religious ideals, are all pledges of the future solid- 
 arity of the race. 
 
 ^^ '29.0. 
 
' INSTRUCTOR LITERA 
 
 *90 Fifteen Selections from Longfellow — (Vil- 
 lage Blacksmith, Children's Hour, etc. 
 *103 Stories from the Old Testanient— -il/ci^ee 
 *111 "Water Babies (Abridged)— A'ingsley 
 ♦159 Little Lame Prince (Cond.)— j/utocA; 
 *171 Tolmiof theTreetops— G^j'imes 
 *172 Labu the Little Lake Dweller— G'rimes 
 *173 Taraof the Tents— Grimes 
 *195 Night before Christmas and Other Christ- 
 mas Poems and Stories (Any Grade) 
 *201 Alice's First Adventures in Wonderland 
 *202 Alice's Further Adventures in Wonderland 
 •256 Bolo the Cave Boy — Grimes 
 *257 Kwasathe CliflF Dweller— (x?-imes 
 *291 Voj-ageto Lilli put (Condensed)— <S'it'(/i 
 *293 Hansel and Grettel.and Pretty Goldilocks 
 
 304 Story Lessons in Everyday Manners-^a/is?/ 
 
 312 Legends froin Many Lands — Bailey 
 
 FIFTH GRADE 
 Nature and Industry 
 
 *92 Animal Life in the i^ea— Better 
 
 *93 Story of Silk— ^roit'?!, 
 
 *94 Story of Sugar— i^e/Ye?' 
 
 »96 What We Drink (Tea, Coflfee and Cocoa) 
 *139 Peeps into Bird Nooks— II 
 
 210 Snowdrops and Crocuses 
 
 263 The Sky Family— Dm^on 
 *280 Making of the World— ^ernc?on 
 ♦281 Builders of the World— ^emrion 
 *283 Stories of Time— ^usTi 
 History and Biography 
 
 ♦16 Ex'plorations of the Northwest 
 
 *80 Story of the Cabots— Jfc^ruie 
 
 ♦97 Stories of the Norsemen — Hanson 
 
 *98 Story of Nathan Hale— J/cCabe 
 
 *99 Story of Jefferson — McCabe 
 
 100 Storyof Brvant— ilici^'ce 
 ■•101 Story of Robert E.I,pe—ilf c^ang 
 
 105 Story of Canada— il/cCo?>6 
 ♦106 Story of Mexico— ii/cCrtbe 
 ♦107 Story of Robert Louis Stevenson— i?i(.s/i 
 
 110 Story of Hawthorne — McFre 
 
 112 Biographical Stories— i/rtw</io»'?i(" 
 *141 Story of Grant — Mr.Kane 
 *144 Story of Steam— JicCa&e 
 *145 Story of ]McKinley— J/^5ride 
 
 157 Story of Dickens— (SjjkV^. 
 *179 Story of the Flag— J?aA:er 
 *185 Story of the First Crusade— il/eocZ 
 
 190 Story of Father Hennepin — McBride 
 
 191 Story of La Salle— il^ciijide 
 
 *217 Story of Florence Nightingale— Jfci^fee 
 *218 Story of Peter Cooper— J/cJ^i?e 
 *219 Little Stories of Discovery— jfZaise?/ 
 232 Story of Shakespeare— G'?-ames 
 *265 Four Little Discoverers in Panama— JSks/i 
 274 Stories from Grandfather's Chair— JTaw;- 
 
 thoryie 
 *275 When Plymouth Colony Was Young — Bush 
 *287 Life in Colonial Days— TiWinfir/ios^ 
 Literature 
 *8 King of the Golden River— -EttsAin 
 ♦9 The Golden ToMC\\—JIawtho7-ne 
 ♦61 Story of Sindbad the Sailor 
 *108 History in Verse (Sheridan's Ride, Inde- 
 pendence Bell, the Blue and the Gray, etc.) 
 ♦113 Little Daffydowndilly and Other Stories 
 *1S0 Story of Aladdin and of Ali Baba— iet^is 
 *183 A Dog of Flanders— Z>e La Ramee 
 *184 The Nurnberg Stove— -De La Ramee 
 ♦186 Heroes from King Arthur — Qrames 
 194 Whittier's Poems — Selected 
 *199 Jackanapes — Ewing 
 ♦200 The Child of Urbino— De La Ramee 
 *208 Heroes of Asgard— Selections— i'isar?/ 
 ♦212 Stories of Robin Hooa—Bnsh 
 *234 Poems Worth Knowing— Book II— Inter- 
 mediate — Faxon 
 ♦244 What Happened at the Zoo, and Other 
 
 Stories— -Bai7ej/ 
 "250 At the Back of the North Wind, Selection 
 irom—Macdonald 
 
 T U R E S E R I E.S— Continued 
 
 255 Chinese I'ables and Stories— i'>?if/e.s- 
 
 309 Moni tlie Goat noy—Spi/ri 
 *313 Jn Nature's Fairyland— 7:?rt«e2/ 
 
 SIXTH GRADE 
 Nature and Industry 
 
 *109 Gifts of the Forests (Rubber, Cinchona, 
 Resins, etc.) — McFee 
 
 249 Flowers and Birds of Illinois— PoWerson 
 ♦298 Story of Leather— Peirce 
 *299 Story of Iron— Ofl'den 
 Agricultural 
 
 *271 Animal Husbandry, I— Horses and Cattle 
 ♦272 Animal Husbandry, II— Sheep and Swine 
 Geography 
 
 ♦114 Great European Cities — I (London-Paris) 
 ♦115 Great European Cities- II (Rome-Berlin) 
 ♦168 Great European Cities— III (St. Petersburg- 
 
 Constantinople)— i?u,s'7i 
 ♦246 What I Saw in Japan— G'ri^a 
 ♦247 The Chinese and Their Vountvy— Paulson 
 ♦285 Story of Panama and the Csmsd—Nida 
 History and Biography 
 
 *73 Four Great Musicians— .Sif.sTi 
 
 ♦74 Four More Great INlusicians— ^its^i 
 *116 Old English Heroes- ^i/.vA 
 *117 Later English Heroes (Cromwell, Welling- 
 ton, Gladstone)— i?«.v/i 
 *160 Heroes of the Revolution— 2Vis/;ram 
 *1G3 Stories of Courage— i?u.v/(. 
 
 187 Lives of Webster and i:\i\y— Tristram 
 *188 Story of Napoleon— i?i(.s7t 
 ♦189 Stories of Heroism— ^uA/t 
 
 197 Story of Lafayettp—^i(A7i, 
 
 198 Story of Roger Williams— iei.cr/ito/z, 
 ♦209 Lewis and Clark Expedition-^J/ermZo?i 
 ♦224 Story of MMlliam TeU~JIalloek 
 
 253 Storj'ofthe Aeroplane — G'a^brea^/i, 
 *266 Story of Belgium— GV/^s 
 
 267 Story of Wheels— ^j^sTi 
 
 *286 Story of Slavery— ^ooArer T. Washington 
 ♦310 Story of Frances E. Willard— .SabcocA; 
 Stories of the States 
 
 508 Story of ¥\o\\([a.—Bauskett 
 
 509 Story of Georgia— Der?-?/ 
 
 511 Story of Illinois— /S'?» (7 /t 
 
 512 Story of Indiana — Clem 
 
 513 Story of Iowa— J/cPee 
 
 515 Story of Kentucky— Pw&miA; 
 
 520 Storj^ of Michigan— ;S'A.-ui?ie7* 
 
 521 Story of Minnesota— /S'A:inne?' 
 523 Story of Missouri — Pierce 
 
 ♦525 Story of Nebraska — Mears 
 
 ♦528 Story of New 3 Gv?,ey— Hutchinson 
 
 533 Storyof Ohio— &V(??^r<?a/;i 
 *536 Story of Pennsylvania— Jl/arc/j. 
 *540 Story of Tennessee — Overall 
 
 542 Story of Utah— Young 
 
 546 Story of West Virginia— »S'/iawA:e 
 
 547 Story of Wisconsin— /S%m?ie7- 
 Literature 
 
 ♦10 The Snow Image — Haivthoi'ne 
 
 ♦11 Rip Van Winkle — Irving 
 
 ♦12 Legend of Sleepy Hollow— J?-t)t«fl' 
 
 *22 Rab and His Fripnds— Prou-n 
 
 *24 Three Golden Apples— 7/rar//ior?i.e t 
 
 ♦25 The Miraculous P\\.c\\eT—Hawthoi~ne\ 
 
 ♦26 The Minotaur — Hawthorne 
 
 ♦118 A Tale of the White Hills and Other Stories 
 —Hawthorne 
 
 ♦119 Bryant's Thanatopsis, and Other Poems 
 
 *120 Ten Selections from Longfellow — (Paul 
 
 Revere's Ride, The Skeleton in Armor, etc.) 
 
 121 Selections from Holmes (The Wonderful 
 
 One HossShay, Old Ironsides, and Others) 
 
 ♦122 The Pied Piper of Hamelin— ProfrM/'/igr 
 
 161 The Great Carbuncle, Mr. Higginbotham's 
 Catastrophe, Snowllakes — Hawthorne 
 
 162 The Pygmies— J/fni;</;o7*ne 
 *211 The Golden Fleece— i7oir<7ior?ie 
 
 ♦222 Kingsley's Greek Heroes — Part I. The 
 Story of Perseus 
 
 (Continued on Next Pase) 
 
INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SKR\KS— Continued 
 
 *228 Kingsley's Greek Heroes — Part II. The 
 Story of Theseus 
 
 *225 Tennyson's Poems— Selected (Any grade) 
 226 A Child's Dream of a Star, and otherStories 
 229 Kesponsive Bihle Headings— ^eZier 
 
 *2o8 The Pilgrim's Progress (Coud.)— Simons 
 
 *264 The Story of Don Quixote— ^its/i 
 277 Thrift Stories— J3eni. Franklin and Others 
 
 *284 Story of Little JSfell (Dickens)— ^mzY/i 
 
 *295 The Gentle Boy— JlaivtJiortie 
 
 SEVENTH GRADE 
 
 *13 Courtship of Miles Stunamx—ZojigfeUoiu 
 
 *14 Evangeline— ion.ff/eWoic; t 
 
 *15 Snowbound— Whittier t 
 
 *20 The Great Stone YacQ—Haivtlinrne 
 
 123 Selections from Wordsworlh (Ode on Im- 
 naortality, We are Seven, To the Cuckoo, 
 and other poems) 
 
 124 Selections from Shelley and Keats 
 
 125 Selections from U'he Mercliant of Venice 
 *147 Story of Kiiisr Arthur, as told by Tennj'son 
 *149 Blan Without a Country, The— Hale t 
 *192 Story of Jean YaAieau—Grames 
 *193 Selections from the Sketch F>oo\<.— Irving 
 
 196 The Gray Cliumpion— 77rt!f//(o?'7ie 
 
 213 J^oeras of Thomas Moore— (Selected) 
 
 214 IMore Selections from the Sketch Book 
 "•216 Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare— Selected 
 *23] The Oregon Trail (Condensed)— PorA-wurji 
 *235 Poems Worth Knowing— Book II I— Gram- 
 mar — Faxon 
 
 *238 Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses— Part I 
 *239 Lamb's Adventures of Uivsses— Part II 
 *241 Slory of the Iliad— C7MMr7i (Cond.) 
 *242 Story of the^neid— CMmt/i (Cond.) 
 *251 Story of Language and Literature— .HeMir? 
 *252 The Battle of Waterloo— J/'Hr/o 
 254 Story of "The Talisman" (Scott)— 7I^eeA"«.s 
 *259 The Last of the Mohicans (Abridged) 
 *260 Oliver Twist (abridged)— D/cA-cti.s 
 *261 SelectedTalesof a Wayside Inn— ionfl/e?,'oi« 
 *206 Uncle Tom's Cabin (Condensed) 
 *2<.)7 Story of David Copperfield (Condensed) 
 *307 The Chariot 'Rskce— Wallace 
 
 -IleiUy 
 
 *3n story of Jerusalem- 
 Nature 
 
 "278 JNIarsand Its Mysteries— Tl'(7son 
 
 *279 True Story of the Man in the Moon— IFtYsoji 
 
 EIGHTH GRADE 
 
 *17 Enoch Arden— Ten?i'!/son t 
 *18 Vision of Sir I^amxikl- Lowell ] 
 *19 Cotter's Saturday 'Night— Burns f 
 *23 The Deserted Village— (?o?a'6.?;i«/i 
 *126 Rime of the Ancient Mariner t 
 *127 Gray's Elegy and Other Poems 
 *128 Speeches of Lincoln 
 *129 Julius Csesar— Selections— 5'7ioA;e,speare 
 
 130 Henry the VIII— Seleci ions— 67mA-e.spmvT 
 
 131 Macbeth— Selections— >S7if(A:e.s;2^«"'e 
 *142 Scott's Lady of the Lake- Canto If 
 *154 Scott'sLady of the Lake— Cant' I'f 
 
 143 Building of the Ship and o .-her Poems— 
 
 Longfellow 
 148 Horatius, Ivry, The Ar'.nada— ilfacaittoi/ 
 *150 Bunker Hill Address - .-'elections from 
 
 Adams and .Tetlerson C Vix A d-a— Webster '\ 
 *151 Gold Bug, The— Poe 
 
 153 Prisoner of Chillon and other poems— 
 Byron f 
 
 155 Rhoecus and Other Poems— Zo?t>r/?t 
 
 156 Edgar Allan Poe — Biographj' and selected 
 poems— LmA- 
 
 "158 Washington's Farewell Address 
 
 169 Abram Joseph Ryan— Biography and se- 
 lected poems— »S'm(7/i 
 
 170 Paul H. Hayne— Biography and selected 
 IToems — Link 
 
 215 liife of Samuel Johnson — Maca^nlay f 
 *221 Sir Roger de Coverley Papers— ^c/ci'/.son t 
 *236 Poems Worth Knowing — Book iV — 
 
 A d van ced — Faxon 
 237.Layof the Last Minstrel —6'co«. Intro- 
 duction and Canto I f 
 276 Landingof the Pilgrims(Orations)— TFeJ>s^er 
 *305 Wee Willie Winkie—iC/pZmfir 
 *306 Howe's M-'AsqueraAe — Hawthorne 
 ^TJiese have biographical sketch of author, with 
 introduction or explanatory notes. 
 
 Price 6 Cents Each. / Pos age, 1 cent per copy extra on orders of twelve or less. 
 
 The titles indicated toy F) are supplied also in Limp Cloth Binding at lo cents per copy. 
 
 EXCELSIOR LITERATURE SERIES 
 
 1 Evangeline. Biogr£iphj% introduction, oral 
 
 and wri tten exercises and notes 10c 
 
 3 Courtship of Miles Standish. Longfellow. 
 
 With introduction and notes 1 Oc 
 
 5 Vision of Sir Launfal. Lowell. Biogra- 
 phy, introduction, notes, outhnes 10c 
 
 7 Enoch Arden. Tennyson. Biography, in- 
 troduction, notes, outlines, questions 10c 
 
 9 Great Stone Pace, Hawthorne. Biog- 
 raphy, introduction, notes, outlines l6c 
 
 11 Browning's Poems. Selected poems with 
 notes and outlines for study 1 Oc 
 
 13 Wordsworth's Poems. Selected poems 
 with introduction, notes and outlines ICc 
 
 15 Sohrab and Rustum. Arnold. With in- 
 t roduction , notes and outlines. 1 Oc 
 
 17 Longfellow for Boys and Girls. Study of 
 Longfellow's poetry for children 10c 
 
 19 A Christmas Carol. Charles Dickens. 
 Complete with notes 10c 
 
 21 Cricket on the Hearth. Chas. Dickens 
 Complete with notes 1 Cc 
 
 23 Familar Legends. McFee ICc 
 
 25 Some Water Birds. McFee. Description, 
 and stories of. Fourth to Sixth grades 10c 
 
 27 Hiawatha. Introduction and notes.... 15c 
 
 29 Milton's Minor Poems. Biography, intro- 
 duction, notes, questions, critical comments 
 and pronouncing vocabulary 10c 
 
 31 Idylls of the King. (Coming of Arthur,Gar- 
 eth and Lynette, Lancelot and Elaine, Passing 
 of Arthur.) Biography, introduction, notes, 
 q uestions, comments, pronouncing vocab.. 15c 
 
 33 Silas Marner. Eliot. Biography,, notes, 
 questions, critical comments. 238 pages. 20c 
 
 35 Lady of the Lake. Scott. Biographjr, in- 
 troduction, pronouncing vocabulary 15c 
 
 37 Literature of the Bible. Heilig 15c 
 
 39 The Sketch Book. (Selected) Irving. Biog- 
 raphy, introduction and notes I5c 
 
 41 Julius Ceesar. Edited bj' Thomas C. Blais- 
 dell, Ph.D., LL.D. Notes and questions..! 5c 
 
 43 Macbeth. Edited by Thomas C. Blaisdell. 
 Notes and questions 15c 
 
 45 Merchant of Venice. Edited by Thomas C. 
 Blaisdell. Notes and questions 15c 
 
 47 As You Like It. Edited by Thomas C.BIais- 
 dell. Introduction, notes, questions 15c 
 
 59 Poe's Tales. (Selected) Biography, intro- 
 duction and notes ■ 1 Sc 
 
 61 Message to Garcia and Other Inspiration^ 
 al Stories. Introduction and notes 15c 
 
 63 Lincoln=Douglas Debates. Edited by Ed- 
 win Erie Sparks, Pres. Pa. State College. . .20c 
 
 65 The Man Without a Country. With intro- 
 duction and notes by Horace G. Brown.... 10c 
 
 67 Democracy and the War. Seventeen Ad- 
 dresses of President Wilson,with others. ..20c 
 
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